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56e48f5d39bdeb140034799d | Architecture | Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals. | What kind of books did housebuilders use? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"pattern books and architectural journals"
]
} | What kind of books did housebuilders use? | [
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0.0042941663414... | The Battle of Spicheren, on 5 August, was the second of three critical French defeats. Moltke had originally planned to keep Bazaine's army on the Saar River until he could attack it with the 2nd Army in front and the 1st Army on its left flank, while the 3rd Army closed towards the rear. The aging General von Steinmet... | Throughout Europe at this time there was a rapid growth in trade and an associated growth in towns. Germany and the Lowlands had large flourishing towns that grew in comparative peace, in trade and competition with each other, or united for mutual weal, as in the Hanseatic League. Civic building was of great importance... | It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to appeals to the emotions, whether springing from faith or from civic pride. A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period, of w... | pattern books and architectural journals | 10,962 |
56e48f5d39bdeb140034799e | Architecture | Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals. | What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate? | {
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"current architectural design"
]
} | What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate? | [
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56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a2 | Architecture | Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machi... | At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"20th"
]
} | At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor? | [
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0.33588534... | Notable Old Etonians in the media include the former Political Editor of both ITN and The Times, Julian Haviland; the current BBC Deputy Political Editor, James Landale, and the BBC Science Editor, David Shukman; the current President of Conde Nast International and Managing Director of Conde Nast UK, Nicholas Coleridg... | Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. | Architectural interest in Cubism centered on the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form, using simple geometric shapes, juxtaposed without the illusions of classical perspective. Diverse elements could be superimposed, made transparent or penetrate one another, while retaining their spatial relationsh... | 20th | 10,964 |
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a3 | Architecture | Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machi... | What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time? | {
"answer_start": [
206
],
"text": [
"Modern Architecture"
]
} | What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time? | [
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0.3434265255... | The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum... | Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. | By the 12th century, Romanesque architecture (termed Norman architecture in England because of its association with the Norman invasion), was established throughout Europe and provided the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in evolution throughout the Medieval period. The important categories of bu... | Modern Architecture | 10,965 |
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a4 | Architecture | Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machi... | When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start? | {
"answer_start": [
284
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"text": [
"1907"
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} | When did [MASK] get its start? | [
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0.073168009519... | The abundant variety of natural life depicted in the Butrint mosaics celebrates the richness of God’s creation; some elements also have specific connotations. The kantharos vase and vine refer to the eucharist, the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ leading to salvation. Peacocks are symbols of paradise and resurrection... | Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. | The modern trend in design is toward integration of previously separated specialties, especially among large firms. In the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies, even in the larger firms. Presently, ... | 1907 | 10,966 |
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a5 | Architecture | Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machi... | What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund? | {
"answer_start": [
289
],
"text": [
"to produce better quality machine made objects"
]
} | What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund? | [
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0.24888364970684... | In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other wo... | Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I... | to produce better quality machine made objects | 10,967 |
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a6 | Architecture | Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machi... | In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany? | {
"answer_start": [
430
],
"text": [
"the Bauhaus school"
]
} | In [MASK] what school opened in [MASK], [MASK]? | [
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0.1630334854125... | As a side effect of the electrochemical processes used by neurons for signaling, brain tissue generates electric fields when it is active. When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity, the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull, using electroencephalography (EEG) ... | Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. | Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. | the Bauhaus school | 10,968 |
56e4b61539bdeb14003479ac | Architecture | When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the ne... | What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning? | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"avant-garde movement"
]
} | What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning? | [
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0.22... | There were several protests along the torch relay route. Members of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, including pro-democracy activist Szeto Wah, waved novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames, which they said symbolised democracy. They wanted accountability for the Tiananme... | As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style. For sincere tradition... | A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the "Louis XVI style", and the second in the styles called "Directoire" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popul... | avant-garde movement | 10,969 |
56e4b61539bdeb14003479ad | Architecture | When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the ne... | Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of? | {
"answer_start": [
327
],
"text": [
"the middle and working classes"
]
} | Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of? | [
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0.21402367949485... | In late 1975, Queen recorded and released A Night at the Opera, taking its name from the popular Marx Brothers movie. At the time, it was the most expensive album ever produced. Like its predecessor, the album features diverse musical styles and experimentation with stereo sound. In "The Prophet's Song", an eight-minut... | As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style. For sincere tradition... | The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century is usually referred to as Neo-Georgian; the work of Edwin Lutyens includes many examples. Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s, Bradshaw Gass &... | the middle and working classes | 10,970 |
56e4b61539bdeb14003479ae | Architecture | When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the ne... | Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style? | {
"answer_start": [
461
],
"text": [
"the rapidly declining aristocratic order"
]
} | Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style? | [
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0.0504133515059... | Several companies, refusing to pay the licensing fee or having been rejected by Nintendo, found ways to circumvent the console's authentication system. Most of these companies created circuits that used a voltage spike to temporarily disable the 10NES chip in the NES. A few unlicensed games released in Europe and Austr... | As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style. For sincere tradition... | A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the "Louis XVI style", and the second in the styles called "Directoire" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popul... | the rapidly declining aristocratic order | 10,971 |
56e4b61539bdeb14003479af | Architecture | When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the ne... | What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings? | {
"answer_start": [
639
],
"text": [
"functionalist"
]
} | What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings? | [
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0.234185025095939... | The Maratha states, following the Anglo-Maratha wars, eventually lost to the British East India Company in 1818 with the Third Anglo-Maratha War. The rule lasted until 1858, when, after the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858, the British government assumed the task of directly a... | As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style. For sincere tradition... | In their theoretical rules, the Cubist architects expressed the requirement of dynamism, which would surmount the matter and calm contained in it, through a creative idea, so that the result would evoke feelings of dynamism and expressive plasticity in the viewer. This should be achieved by shapes derived from pyramids... | functionalist | 10,972 |
56e4b61539bdeb14003479b0 | Architecture | When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the ne... | What details did Modernists' do away with? | {
"answer_start": [
592
],
"text": [
"historical references and ornament"
]
} | What details did [MASK] ' do away with? | [
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0.0131970634683... | The Martorana church (decorated around 1143) looked originally even more Byzantine although important parts were later demolished. The dome mosaic is similar to that of the Cappella Palatina, with Christ enthroned in the middle and four bowed, elongated angels. The Greek inscriptions, decorative patterns, and evangelis... | As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style. For sincere tradition... | Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals. | historical references and ornament | 10,973 |
56e4b69439bdeb14003479b6 | Architecture | Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater. | Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture? | {
"answer_start": [
19
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"text": [
"Frank Lloyd Wright"
]
} | Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture? | [
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56e4b69439bdeb14003479b7 | Architecture | Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater. | What are two of Wright's designs? | {
"answer_start": [
236
],
"text": [
"Robie House and Fallingwater"
]
} | What are [MASK] of [MASK] 's designs? | [
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0.1733061224222... | Cuisine aroused a cultural pride in the accumulated richness of a long and varied past. The gentleman gourmet, such as Yuan Mei, applied aesthetic standards to the art of cooking, eating, and appreciation of tea at a time when New World crops and products entered everyday life. The Suiyuan Shidan written by him, detail... | Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machi... | It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacul... | Robie House and Fallingwater | 10,975 |
56e4b69439bdeb14003479b8 | Architecture | Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater. | What was Wright's intention regarding humans and nature? | {
"answer_start": [
144
],
"text": [
"to promote harmony"
]
} | What was [MASK] 's intention regarding humans and nature? | [
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0.0607113316655... | The passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role in the Antarctic eco... | Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machi... | Also labeled an Orphist by Apollinaire, Marcel Duchamp was responsible for another extreme development inspired by Cubism. The ready-made arose from a joint consideration that the work itself is considered an object (just as a painting), and that it uses the material detritus of the world (as collage and papier collé i... | to promote harmony | 10,976 |
56e4c33039bdeb14003479bc | Architecture | Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industria... | What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods? | {
"answer_start": [
307
],
"text": [
"the Industrial Revolution"
]
} | What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods? | [
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0.141244247... | In some team matches, only one entrant from each team may be designated as the "legal" or "active" wrestler at any given moment. Two wrestlers must make physical contact (typically palm-to-palm) in order to transfer this legal status. This is known as a "tag", with the participants "tagging out" and "tagging in". Typic... | The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the "Louis XVI style" of architects like Ange-Jacques Gabriel (Petit Trianon, 1762–68); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and "Empire", might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the t... | Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as we... | the Industrial Revolution | 10,977 |
56e4c33039bdeb14003479bd | Architecture | Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industria... | What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers? | {
"answer_start": [
344
],
"text": [
"steel-frame construction"
]
} | What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers? | [
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56e4c33039bdeb14003479be | Architecture | Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industria... | What style came after Modernism? | {
"answer_start": [
464
],
"text": [
"International Style"
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} | What style came after [MASK]? | [
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56e4c33039bdeb14003479bf | Architecture | Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industria... | What is an example of International Style? | {
"answer_start": [
529
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"text": [
"Twin Towers"
]
} | What is an example of International Style? | [
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56e4c33039bdeb14003479c0 | Architecture | Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industria... | Who designed the Twin Towers? | {
"answer_start": [
586
],
"text": [
"Minoru Yamasaki"
]
} | Who designed [MASK]? | [
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56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c6 | Architecture | Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, bui... | What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles? | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"decorative richness"
]
} | What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles? | [
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56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c7 | Architecture | Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, bui... | Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism? | {
"answer_start": [
210
],
"text": [
"Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen"
]
} | Who were [MASK] architects who influenced [MASK]? | [
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56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c8 | Architecture | Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, bui... | What material was used in Brutalist structures? | {
"answer_start": [
370
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"text": [
"unfinished concrete"
]
} | What material was used in [MASK] structures? | [
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56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c9 | Architecture | Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, bui... | Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism? | {
"answer_start": [
415
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"text": [
"postwar generation"
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} | Who disagreed with the aesthetic of [MASK]? | [
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56e4c4a539bdeb14003479ce | Architecture | One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, o... | What school was a response to Brutalism? | {
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"the school of metaphoric architecture"
]
} | What school was a response to [MASK]? | [
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56e4c4a539bdeb14003479cf | Architecture | One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, o... | What are two examples of metaphoric architecture? | {
"answer_start": [
139
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"text": [
"biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture"
]
} | What are [MASK] examples of metaphoric architecture? | [
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56e4c4a539bdeb14003479d0 | Architecture | One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, o... | What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise? | {
"answer_start": [
191
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"text": [
"nature"
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} | What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise? | [
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56e4c4a539bdeb14003479d1 | Architecture | One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, o... | What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of? | {
"answer_start": [
397
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"text": [
"expressionist architecture"
]
} | What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of? | [
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56e4cced8c00841900fbafeb | Architecture | Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an intere... | When was the start of the architectural phenomenology movement? | {
"answer_start": [
13
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"text": [
"the late 1950s and 1960s"
]
} | When was the start of the architectural phenomenology movement? | [
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56e4cced8c00841900fbafec | Architecture | Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an intere... | What was architectural phenomenology reacting to? | {
"answer_start": [
130
],
"text": [
"modernism"
]
} | What was architectural phenomenology reacting to? | [
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56e4cced8c00841900fbafed | Architecture | Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an intere... | What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand? | {
"answer_start": [
377
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"text": [
"human experience"
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} | What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand? | [
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0.2224987745285034... | A psychological identity relates to self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-esteem, and individuality. Consequently, Weinreich gives the definition "A person's identity is defined as the totality of one's self-construal, in which how one construes oneself in the present expresses the continuity between how one... | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brun... | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brun... | human experience | 10,992 |
56e4cced8c00841900fbafee | Architecture | Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an intere... | Who called postmodern architecture a "decorated shed"? | {
"answer_start": [
693
],
"text": [
"Robert Venturi"
]
} | Who called postmodern architecture a "decorated shed"? | [
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0.20741689205... | Pluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe. Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of a single ultimat... | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brun... | In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture." | Robert Venturi | 10,993 |
56e4cced8c00841900fbafef | Architecture | Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an intere... | What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings? | {
"answer_start": [
910
],
"text": [
"\"ducks\""
]
} | What term did [MASK] use for brutalist and mondernist buildings? | [
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0.4283524... | It has been revealed that Southampton has the worst behaved secondary schools within the UK. With suspension rates three times the national average, the suspension rate is approximately 1 in every 14 children, the highest in the country for physical or verbal assaults against staff. | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brun... | The traditional interpretation of "Cubism", formulated post facto as a means of understanding the works of Braque and Picasso, has affected our appreciation of other twentieth-century artists. It is difficult to apply to painters such as Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier, whose fun... | "ducks" | 10,994 |
56e4cdc339bdeb14003479d6 | Architecture | Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an incre... | About when did architecture begin specializing? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Since the 1980s"
]
} | About when did architecture begin specializing? | [
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56e4cdc339bdeb14003479d8 | Architecture | Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an incre... | Who can no longer design a large structure? | {
"answer_start": [
782
],
"text": [
"one person"
]
} | Who can no longer design a large structure? | [
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56e4cdc339bdeb14003479d9 | Architecture | Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an incre... | What two architectural movements have come under criticism for their focus on individuality? | {
"answer_start": [
823
],
"text": [
"Modernism and Postmodernism"
]
} | What [MASK] architectural movements have come under criticism for their focus on individuality? | [
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0.11113243... | Faced with this loss of business, Valencia suffered a severe economic crisis. This manifested early in 1519–1523 when the artisan guilds known as the Germanies revolted against the government of the Habsburg king Charles I in Valencia, now part of the Crown of Aragon, with most of the fighting done in 1521. The revolt ... | In the modern industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. A formal design team may be assembled to plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts. The design usually consists of drawings and specifications, usually prepared by a de... | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived ... | Modernism and Postmodernism | 10,997 |
56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff5 | Architecture | Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate co... | What issue has moved to the forefront in recent years? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Environmental sustainability"
]
} | What issue has moved to the forefront in [MASK]? | [
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0.185487642884... | Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philos... | The discipline of ecology typically traces its origin to the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Equally important in the rise of ecology, however, were microbiology and soil science—particularly the cycle of life concept, prominent in the work Louis... | Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist move... | Environmental sustainability | 10,998 |
56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff6 | Architecture | Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate co... | What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays? | {
"answer_start": [
579
],
"text": [
"the environment"
]
} | What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays? | [
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56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff7 | Architecture | Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate co... | Who was the first to design architecture environmentally? | {
"answer_start": [
644
],
"text": [
"Frank Lloyd Wright"
]
} | Who was the [MASK] to design architecture environmentally? | [
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56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff8 | Architecture | Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate co... | Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1960s? | {
"answer_start": [
680
],
"text": [
"Buckminster Fuller"
]
} | Who was known for focusing on the environment in [MASK]? | [
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56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff9 | Architecture | Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate co... | What organization's rating system promotes sustainability? | {
"answer_start": [
1130
],
"text": [
"The U.S. Green Building Council"
]
} | What organization's rating system promotes sustainability? | [
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56e4cfd839bdeb14003479de | Architecture | Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as we... | What are three new movements that have a focus on sustainability? | {
"answer_start": [
38
],
"text": [
"New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture"
]
} | What are [MASK] new movements that have a focus on sustainability? | [
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56e4cfd839bdeb14003479df | Architecture | Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as we... | What kinds of buildings and building developments are the new movements not in favor of? | {
"answer_start": [
342
],
"text": [
"solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl."
]
} | What kinds of buildings and building developments are the new movements not in favor of? | [
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56e4cfd839bdeb14003479e0 | Architecture | Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as we... | What are three things the new movements try to achieve? | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design"
]
} | What are [MASK] things the new movements try to achieve? | [
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0.126593485... | The plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups of clay pits. The pattern of the Vistula terraces is asymmetrical. The left side consist mainly of two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces and the lowest one the flood plain terrace. The contemporary flooded terra... | It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacul... | Architectural interest in Cubism centered on the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form, using simple geometric shapes, juxtaposed without the illusions of classical perspective. Diverse elements could be superimposed, made transparent or penetrate one another, while retaining their spatial relationsh... | smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design | 11,005 |
56e4cfd839bdeb14003479e1 | Architecture | Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as we... | What older architectural movements do the newer movements not go along with? | {
"answer_start": [
270
],
"text": [
"modernist and globally uniform architecture"
]
} | What older architectural movements do the newer movements not go along with? | [
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56de2c7c4396321400ee2625 | Human_Development_Index | The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per c... | Which three statistics does the HDI compile? | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"life expectancy, education, and income per capita"
]
} | Which [MASK] statistics does the HDI compile? | [
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0.0628218948... | But by the 1940s, many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the "Axis" (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan). Many served in the armed forces, while others worked in intelligence (for example, Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information). At ... | A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" gro... | The best, worst and average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring the time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs of the same size. Since some inputs of size n may be faster to solve than others, we define the following complexities: | life expectancy, education, and income per capita | 11,007 |
56de2c7c4396321400ee2626 | Human_Development_Index | The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per c... | Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy? | {
"answer_start": [
260
],
"text": [
"longer"
]
} | Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy? | [
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56de2c7c4396321400ee2628 | Human_Development_Index | The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per c... | Who developed the HDI? | {
"answer_start": [
386
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"text": [
"Mahbub ul Haq"
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} | Who developed the HDI? | [
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56de2c7c4396321400ee2629 | Human_Development_Index | The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per c... | What entity publishes the HDI? | {
"answer_start": [
524
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"text": [
"United Nations Development Programme"
]
} | What entity publishes the HDI? | [
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56de3d98cffd8e1900b4b6c9 | Human_Development_Index | The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per c... | Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth? | {
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260
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"longer"
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} | Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth? | [
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56de2d2acffd8e1900b4b624 | Human_Development_Index | The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum... | In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"2010"
]
} | In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI? | [
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56de2d2acffd8e1900b4b625 | Human_Development_Index | The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum... | What does IHDI stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index"
]
} | What does IHDI stand for? | [
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0.3148021697... | Jobs stated during the Macintosh's introduction "we expect Macintosh to become the third industry standard", after the Apple II and IBM PC. Although outselling every other computer, it did not meet expectations during the first year, especially among business customers. Only about ten applications including MacWrite an... | In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with ... | Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annual... | Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index | 11,013 |
56de2d2acffd8e1900b4b627 | Human_Development_Index | The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum... | Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI? | {
"answer_start": [
153
],
"text": [
"the IHDI"
]
} | Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI? | [
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MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita | the IHDI | 11,014 |
56de2e934396321400ee2646 | Human_Development_Index | The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered... | In what year did Mahbub ul Haq devise and launch the HDI? | {
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"1990"
]
} | In what year did [MASK] devise and launch the HDI? | [
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56de2e934396321400ee2648 | Human_Development_Index | The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered... | Who was initially opposed to the idea of creating the HDI? | {
"answer_start": [
566
],
"text": [
"Amartya Sen"
]
} | Who was initially opposed to the idea of creating the HDI? | [
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56de2e934396321400ee2649 | Human_Development_Index | The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered... | Mahbub ul Haq was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies? | {
"answer_start": [
305
],
"text": [
"people-centered policies"
]
} | [MASK] was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies? | [
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0.17455437... | The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later. Altogether, they spent... | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously ... | Maududi also believed that Muslim society could not be Islamic without Sharia, and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state. This state should be a "theo-democracy," based on the principles of: tawhid (unity of God), risala (prophethood) and khilafa (caliphate). Although Maududi talked about Islamic revolut... | people-centered policies | 11,018 |
56de3e61cffd8e1900b4b6e6 | Human_Development_Index | The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered... | Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report? | {
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"1990"
]
} | Which year was used for estimates in the [MASK] report? | [
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56de2ee04396321400ee2650 | Human_Development_Index | LE: Life expectancy at birth
MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita | What does LE stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Life expectancy at birth"
]
} | What does [MASK] stand for? | [
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56de2ee04396321400ee2651 | Human_Development_Index | LE: Life expectancy at birth
MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita | What does MYS stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
34
],
"text": [
"Mean years of schooling"
]
} | What does MYS stand for? | [
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0.00619004433... | In 1219 Pope Honorius III invited Saint Dominic and his companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina, which they did by early 1220. Before that time the friars had only a temporary residence in Rome at the convent of San Sisto Vecchio which Honorius III had given to Dominic circa 1218 i... | A study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University reports that the richest 1% of adults alone owned 40% of global assets in the year 2000. The three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined. The combined wealth of the "10 ... | Quoted at constant 2002 prices, GDP fell from £12 million in 1999-2000 to £11 million in 2005-06. Imports are mainly from the UK and South Africa and amounted to £6.4 million in 2004-05 (quoted on an FOB basis). Exports are much smaller, amounting to £0.2 million in 2004-05. Exports are mainly fish and coffee; Philatel... | Mean years of schooling | 11,021 |
56de2ee04396321400ee2652 | Human_Development_Index | LE: Life expectancy at birth
MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita | What does EYS stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
131
],
"text": [
"Expected years of schooling"
]
} | What does [MASK] stand for? | [
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0.27232444286... | Non-English terms for air defence include the German Flak (Fliegerabwehrkanone, "aircraft defence cannon", also cited as Flugabwehrkanone), whence English flak, and the Russian term Protivovozdushnaya oborona (Cyrillic: Противовозду́шная оборо́на), a literal translation of "anti-air defence", abbreviated as PVO. In Rus... | A study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University reports that the richest 1% of adults alone owned 40% of global assets in the year 2000. The three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined. The combined wealth of the "10 ... | A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent "high development". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian... | Expected years of schooling | 11,022 |
56de2ee04396321400ee2653 | Human_Development_Index | LE: Life expectancy at birth
MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita | What does GNIpc stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
240
],
"text": [
"Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita"
]
} | What does [MASK] stand for? | [
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0.27232444286... | On the other hand, Luther also points out that the Ten Commandments – when considered not as God's condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal will, that is, of the natural law – also positively teach how the Christian ought to live. This has traditionally been called the "third use of the law." For Luther,... | A study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University reports that the richest 1% of adults alone owned 40% of global assets in the year 2000. The three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined. The combined wealth of the "10 ... | Household survey results suggest the percentage of households spending less than £20 per week on a per capita basis fell from 27% to 8% between 2000 and 2004, implying a decline in income poverty. Nevertheless, 22% of the population claimed social security benefit in 2006/7, most of them aged over 60, a sector that rep... | Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita | 11,023 |
56de2f34cffd8e1900b4b63a | Human_Development_Index | The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In general, to transform a raw variable, say , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used: | What entity makes the defining formula for the HDI well-known? | {
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"the United Nations Development Programme"
]
} | What entity makes the defining formula for the HDI well-known? | [
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0.032608043402433395,
0.3594855666160583... | Television personality Piers Morgan, a former editor of the Daily Mirror and of The Sun's Bizarre pop column, has said that during the late 1980s, at Kelvin MacKenzie's behest, he was ordered to speculate on the sexuality of male pop stars for a feature headlined "The Poofs of Pop". He also recalls MacKenzie headlining... | For the commercial naming of a product, the frame rate is often dropped and is implied from context (e.g., a 1080i television set). A frame rate can also be specified without a resolution. For example, 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second, and 50i means 25 interlaced frames per second. | The most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks, which are accurate to seconds in many millions of years, and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments. Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms to measure the second. One of the most common atoms used is cae... | the United Nations Development Programme | 11,024 |
56de2f784396321400ee2658 | Human_Development_Index | The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on December 14, 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries: | On what date was the 2015 Human Development Report released? | {
"answer_start": [
92
],
"text": [
"December 14, 2015"
]
} | On what date was the [MASK] [MASK] released? | [
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0.1895162761... | On matchdays, in a tradition going back to 1962, players walk out to the theme tune to Z-Cars, named "Johnny Todd", a traditional Liverpool children's song collected in 1890 by Frank Kidson which tells the story of a sailor betrayed by his lover while away at sea, although on two separate occasions in the 1994, they ra... | The Sustainable Development Goals are ambitious, and they will require enormous efforts across countries, continents, industries and disciplines - but they are achievable. UNFPA is working with governments, partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on... | The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. | December 14, 2015 | 11,025 |
56de2f784396321400ee2659 | Human_Development_Index | The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on December 14, 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries: | Which year was used for estimates in the 2015 report? | {
"answer_start": [
160
],
"text": [
"2014"
]
} | Which year was used for estimates in the [MASK] report? | [
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0.1038449108... | When the act is assented to by the sovereign in person, or by empowered Royal Commissioners, royal assent is considered given at the moment when the assent is declared in the presence of both houses jointly assembled. When the procedure created by the Royal Assent Act 1967 is followed, assent is considered granted when... | The Sustainable Development Goals are ambitious, and they will require enormous efforts across countries, continents, industries and disciplines - but they are achievable. UNFPA is working with governments, partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on... | From January 18–20, 2010 a national conference on Tibet and areas inhabited by Tibetans in Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai was held in China and a substantial plan to improve development of the areas was announced. The conference was attended by General secretary Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Li Ch... | 2014 | 11,026 |
56de2fa0cffd8e1900b4b63e | Human_Development_Index | The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on July 24, 2014, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries: | On what date was the 2014 Human Development Report released? | {
"answer_start": [
92
],
"text": [
"July 24, 2014"
]
} | On what date was the [MASK] [MASK] released? | [
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0.1895162761... | The English concentrated on the spirit of the events of Christ's life, not the literality of events. They neither expected nor sought the appearance of the stigmata or any other physical manifestation. They wanted to create in themselves that environment that allowed Jesus to fulfill His divine mission, insofar as they... | A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" gro... | The Sustainable Development Goals are ambitious, and they will require enormous efforts across countries, continents, industries and disciplines - but they are achievable. UNFPA is working with governments, partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on... | July 24, 2014 | 11,027 |
56de2fa0cffd8e1900b4b63f | Human_Development_Index | The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on July 24, 2014, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries: | Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report? | {
"answer_start": [
156
],
"text": [
"2013"
]
} | Which year was used for estimates in the [MASK] report? | [
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0.1038449108... | Brigham Young University (often referred to as BYU or, colloquially, The Y) is a private research university located in Provo, Utah, United States. It is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and, excluding online students, is the largest of any religious university and the... | A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" gro... | In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality. Creating an index of "Health and Social Problems" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems "more common in countries with bigger income inequalit... | 2013 | 11,028 |
56de2fedcffd8e1900b4b642 | Human_Development_Index | The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account." | What does the IHDI specifically take into account? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Inequality"
]
} | What does the IHDI specifically take into account? | [
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0.0903561860322... | In 1999, ILO helped lead the Worst Forms Convention 182 (C182), which has so far been signed upon and domestically ratified by 151 countries including the United States. This international law prohibits worst forms of child labour, defined as all forms of slavery and slavery-like practices, such as child trafficking, d... | The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries: | Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annual... | Inequality | 11,029 |
56de2fedcffd8e1900b4b643 | Human_Development_Index | The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account." | Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development? | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"the average level"
]
} | Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development? | [
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56de30cdcffd8e1900b4b64f | Human_Development_Index | Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait. | Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)? | {
"answer_start": [
215
],
"text": [
"Cuba"
]
} | Which [MASK] nation is in the top quartile of HDI( but missing IHDI)? | [
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56de30cdcffd8e1900b4b650 | Human_Development_Index | Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait. | Is the top quartile of HDI considered "high" or "very high" human development? | {
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"very high"
]
} | Is the top quartile of HDI considered "high" or "very high" human development? | [
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56de3178cffd8e1900b4b659 | Human_Development_Index | Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, India, Pakistan, South Sudan, and Tuvalu. | What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2014 report? | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"lack of necessary data"
]
} | What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the [MASK] report? | [
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0.3235092... | Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks. Highly sought after by collectors, and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery, the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions "E PLURIBUS U... | A major international priority for Tuvalu in the UN, at the 2002 Earth Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa and in other international fora, is promoting concern about global warming and the possible sea level rising. Tuvalu advocates ratification and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. In December 2009 the islands s... | The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilizatio... | lack of necessary data | 11,033 |
56de412c4396321400ee2710 | Human_Development_Index | Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, India, Pakistan, South Sudan, and Tuvalu. | Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2014 report? | {
"answer_start": [
173
],
"text": [
"North Korea"
]
} | Which [MASK] dictatorship was excluded from the [MASK] report? | [
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56de31984396321400ee2672 | Human_Development_Index | The 2013 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on March 14, 2013, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2012. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries: | On what date was the 2013 Human Development Report released? | {
"answer_start": [
92
],
"text": [
"March 14, 2013"
]
} | On what date was the [MASK] [MASK] released? | [
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56de31984396321400ee2673 | Human_Development_Index | The 2013 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on March 14, 2013, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2012. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries: | Which year was used for estimates in the 2013 report? | {
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"2012"
]
} | Which year was used for estimates in the [MASK] report? | [
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0.1038449108... | According to some historians, Bismarck adroitly created a diplomatic crisis over the succession to the Spanish throne, then edited a dispatch about a meeting between King William of Prussia and the French ambassador, to make it appear that the French had been insulted. The French press and parliament demanded a war, wh... | The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. | 2013 Economics Nobel prize winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem. Increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Un... | 2012 | 11,036 |
56de31f34396321400ee2680 | Human_Development_Index | The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account." | Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development? | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"the average level"
]
} | Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development? | [
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56de43294396321400ee2736 | Human_Development_Index | Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2011 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Sudan, Somalia and Tuvalu. | What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report? | {
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"unavailability of certain crucial data"
]
} | What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the [MASK] report? | [
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0.3235092... | The city itself is hilly, though not uniformly so. Like Rome, the city is said to lie on seven hills; the lists vary, but typically include Capitol Hill, First Hill, West Seattle, Beacon Hill, Queen Anne, Magnolia, and the former Denny Hill. The Wallingford, Mount Baker, and Crown Hill neighborhoods are technically loc... | Until 2005, the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus. But in 2006 a divided United Nations General Assembly voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights. In Ja... | The United Nations formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations. But few of them include a Near East, and that poorly defined. UNICEF recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region, where the Middle East is bounded by the Red Sea on the west and includes Iran on the east. UNE... | unavailability of certain crucial data | 11,043 |
56de43294396321400ee2738 | Human_Development_Index | Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2011 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Sudan, Somalia and Tuvalu. | Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2011 report? | {
"answer_start": [
186
],
"text": [
"North Korea"
]
} | Which [MASK] dictatorship was excluded from the [MASK] report? | [
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56de4347cffd8e1900b4b741 | Human_Development_Index | The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries: | On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released? | {
"answer_start": [
92
],
"text": [
"November 4, 2010"
]
} | On what date was the [MASK] [MASK] released? | [
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0.1895162761... | The infinitive form ends in t (archaically, ti). It is the form found in dictionaries and the form that follows auxiliary verbs (for example, můžu tě slyšet—"I can hear you"). Czech verbs have three grammatical moods: indicative, imperative and conditional. The imperative mood adds specific endings for each of three pe... | The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. | Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO. This program is tasked to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking w... | November 4, 2010 | 11,045 |
56de4347cffd8e1900b4b742 | Human_Development_Index | The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries: | Which year was used for estimates in the 2010 report? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"2010"
]
} | Which year was used for estimates in the [MASK] report? | [
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0.1038449108... | In British English, the word 'asphalt' is used to refer to a mixture of mineral aggregate and asphalt/bitumen (also called tarmac in common parlance). When bitumen is mixed with clay it is usually called asphaltum. The earlier word 'asphaltum' is now archaic and not commonly used.[citation needed] In American English, ... | The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. | In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The ... | 2010 | 11,046 |
56de43cdcffd8e1900b4b746 | Human_Development_Index | The 2010 Human Development Report was the first to calculate an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), which factors in inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development (income, life expectancy, and education). Below is a list of countries in the top quartile by IHDI: | In the IHDI, inequality is factored into what three human development dimensions? | {
"answer_start": [
198
],
"text": [
"income, life expectancy, and education"
]
} | In the IHDI, inequality is factored into what [MASK] human development dimensions? | [
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0.1836469024419... | The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as "invasions", they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples into the empire. Such movements were aided by the refusal of the ... | A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" gro... | Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment". According to work by Barro in 1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries. A study of S... | income, life expectancy, and education | 11,047 |
56de44f14396321400ee2742 | Human_Development_Index | Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internati... | What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report? | {
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"unavailability of certain crucial data"
]
} | What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the [MASK] report? | [
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0.3235092... | Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour. This can progres... | International observers of Council of Europe and US Department of State have questioned the fairness of Armenia's parliamentary and presidential elections and constitutional referendum since 1995, citing polling deficiencies, lack of cooperation by the Electoral Commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and p... | On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (−1.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers pred... | unavailability of certain crucial data | 11,049 |
56de44f14396321400ee2743 | Human_Development_Index | Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internati... | Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report? | {
"answer_start": [
186
],
"text": [
"Cuba"
]
} | Which [MASK] nation protested its exclusion from the [MASK] report? | [
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56de44f14396321400ee2745 | Human_Development_Index | Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internati... | What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed? | {
"answer_start": [
650
],
"text": [
"High Human Development country"
]
} | What ranking has [MASK] been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed? | [
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56de45944396321400ee274a | Human_Development_Index | The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "very high human development". The report refers to these countries as develope... | On what date was the 2009 Human Development Report released? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"October 5, 2009"
]
} | On what date was the [MASK] [MASK] released? | [
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0.1895162761... | The Age of Enlightenment was a European affair. The 17th century "Age of Reason" opened the avenues to the decisive steps towards modern science, which took place during the 18th century "Age of Enlightenment". Directly based on the works of Newton, Descartes, Pascal and Leibniz, the way was now clear to the developmen... | Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internati... | On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (−1.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers pred... | October 5, 2009 | 11,052 |
56de45944396321400ee274b | Human_Development_Index | The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "very high human development". The report refers to these countries as develope... | What period is covered by the 2009 Human Development Report? | {
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"period up to 2007"
]
} | What period is covered by the [MASK] [MASK]? | [
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56de45944396321400ee274c | Human_Development_Index | The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "very high human development". The report refers to these countries as develope... | What was another title for the 2009 Human Development Report? | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development"
]
} | What was another title for the [MASK] [MASK]? | [
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56de45944396321400ee274d | Human_Development_Index | The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "very high human development". The report refers to these countries as develope... | What new category was added in the 2009 Human Development Report? | {
"answer_start": [
242
],
"text": [
"very high human development"
]
} | What new category was added in the [MASK] [MASK]? | [
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56de45944396321400ee274e | Human_Development_Index | The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "very high human development". The report refers to these countries as develope... | How does the 2009 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank "very high"? | {
"answer_start": [
312
],
"text": [
"developed countries"
]
} | How does the [MASK] [MASK] refer to countries that rank" very high"? | [
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0.1488690376281738... | Criticism of the War on Terror addresses the issues, morality, efficiency, economics, and other questions surrounding the War on Terror and made against the phrase itself, calling it a misnomer. The notion of a "war" against "terrorism" has proven highly contentious, with critics charging that it has been exploited by ... | Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internati... | The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account." | developed countries | 11,056 |
56de45d84396321400ee2754 | Human_Development_Index | Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states were also not included. | What three reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded? | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication"
]
} | What [MASK] reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded? | [
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0.19521041214466095... | City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education (CGLI), which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers. The two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London... | The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data. Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources. According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources. Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed source... | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication | 11,057 |
56de46cb4396321400ee275e | Human_Development_Index | A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countr... | What type of update was released on December 18, 2008? | {
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"statistical update"
]
} | What type of update was released on [MASK]? | [
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56de46cb4396321400ee275f | Human_Development_Index | A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countr... | What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking? | {
"answer_start": [
139
],
"text": [
"an accompanying Human Development Report"
]
} | What was the index published on [MASK] lacking? | [
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0.2100852578... | Following a tentative agreement on by December 1, on December 3, 2009, the parties announced that Comcast would buy a controlling 51% stake in NBCUniversal for $6.5 billion in cash and $7.3 billion in programming. GE would take over the remaining 49% stake in NBCUniversal, using $5.8 billion to buy out Vivendi's 20% mi... | The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset ... | The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilizatio... | an accompanying Human Development Report | 11,059 |
56de46cb4396321400ee2760 | Human_Development_Index | A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countr... | What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2008? | {
"answer_start": [
102
],
"text": [
"up to 2006"
]
} | What period was covered by the statistical update index released in [MASK]? | [
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0.0071109... | The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent; the blending of the Indus Valley Civilization and Indo-Aryan culture into the Vedic Civilization; the development of Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions; the rise of the Śramaṇa movement; th... | The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset ... | The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on December 14, 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries: | up to 2006 | 11,060 |
56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b77d | Human_Development_Index | The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world." Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states cho... | On what date was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report released? | {
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"November 27, 2007"
]
} | On what date was the 2007/2008 [MASK] released? | [
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0.2170230746269226... | Combining statements in the canonical Gospels produces the following account: Jesus was arrested in Gethsemane following the Last Supper with the Twelve Apostles, and then stood trial before the Sanhedrin (a Jewish judicial body), Pontius Pilate (a Roman authority in Judaea), and Herod Antipas (king of Judea, appointed... | Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresh... | During the five-years from the end of 2004 through 2009, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates of 10–60 percent annually for many technologies. In 2011, UN under-secretary general Achim Steiner said: "The continuing growth in this core segment of the green economy is not happening by chance. The combination... | November 27, 2007 | 11,061 |
56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b77e | Human_Development_Index | The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world." Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states cho... | What was the focus of the 2007/2008 Human Development Report? | {
"answer_start": [
117
],
"text": [
"Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world"
]
} | What was the focus of the 2007/2008 [MASK]? | [
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0.056946702... | The vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run "universal libraries" set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were open to the public, they were not the only sources of reading material. On one end of the spectrum was the Bibliothèque Bleue, a collection ... | Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresh... | Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO. This program is tasked to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking w... | Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world | 11,062 |
56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b77f | Human_Development_Index | The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world." Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states cho... | What is the most recent year that was included in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report? | {
"answer_start": [
242
],
"text": [
"2005"
]
} | What is [MASK] that was included in the 2007/2008 [MASK]? | [
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-0.12798976898... | Pressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead. | Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresh... | The Sustainable Development Goals are ambitious, and they will require enormous efforts across countries, continents, industries and disciplines - but they are achievable. UNFPA is working with governments, partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on... | 2005 | 11,063 |
56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b780 | Human_Development_Index | The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world." Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states cho... | The HDI in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report is for what year? | {
"answer_start": [
242
],
"text": [
"2005"
]
} | The HDI in the 2007/2008 [MASK] is for what [MASK]? | [
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56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b781 | Human_Development_Index | The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world." Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states cho... | Where was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report launched? | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"Brasília, Brazil"
]
} | Where was the [MASK] [MASK] launched? | [
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0.1805909574031... | The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 (released in 2007) defines a new type of USB port, called the charging port. Contrary to the standard downstream port, for which current draw by a connected portable device can exceed 100 mA only after digital negotiation with the host or hub, a charging port can supp... | Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresh... | A number of parties have collected survey data, from the public and from experts, to try and gauge the level of corruption and bribery, as well as its impact on political and economic outcomes. A second wave of corruption metrics has been created by Global Integrity, the International Budget Partnership, and many lesse... | Brasília, Brazil | 11,065 |
56de48cc4396321400ee276d | Human_Development_Index | The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries. | Which countries experienced a decrease in HDI? | {
"answer_start": [
284
],
"text": [
"high income countries"
]
} | Which countries experienced a decrease in HDI? | [
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0.0773183479... | At the beginning of the Caliphate or Islamic Empire, the reliance on courts initially confined sponsorship and scholarly activities to major centres. Within several centuries, the development of Muslim educational institutions such as the madrasah and masjid eventually introduced such activities to provincial towns and... | The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per c... | Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment". According to work by Barro in 1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries. A study of S... | high income countries | 11,066 |
56de494dcffd8e1900b4b795 | Human_Development_Index | A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" gro... | Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a "low development" country? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"0.5"
]
} | Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a "low development" country? | [
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56de494dcffd8e1900b4b796 | Human_Development_Index | A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" gro... | On which continent are all 22 of the low development countries located? | {
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"Africa"
]
} | On which continent are all [MASK] of the low development countries located? | [
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0.1406837850809... | For 2016, U.S. News & World Report ranked BYU as tied for 66th for national universities in the United States. A 2013 Quarterly Journal of Economics study of where the nation's top high school students choose to enroll ranked BYU No. 21 in its peer-reviewed study. The Princeton Review has ranked BYU the best value for ... | In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality. Creating an index of "Health and Social Problems" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems "more common in countries with bigger income inequalit... | British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births, incarceration, child conflict, drug use), and lower rates of social goods (life expectancy by country, educational performance, trust among strangers, wome... | Africa | 11,068 |
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