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56df827c56340a1900b29c9a | Plymouth | Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Il... | What genre of music does John Surman play? | {
"answer_start": [
479
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56df827c56340a1900b29c9b | Plymouth | Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Il... | What local figure played in the bands AMM and MIMEO? | {
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645
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"Keith Rowe"
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56df827c56340a1900b29c9c | Plymouth | Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Il... | Where do the family of Michael Foot live? | {
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1110
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"Trematon Castle"
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} | Where do the family of [MASK] live? | [
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56df83025ca0a614008f9be1 | Plymouth | Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris ... | What is the occupation of Trevor Francis? | {
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90
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"footballer"
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} | What is the occupation of [MASK]? | [
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56df83025ca0a614008f9be2 | Plymouth | Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris ... | What is the current nationality of former Plymouth resident Chris Axworthy? | {
"answer_start": [
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"Canadian"
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} | What is the current nationality of former [MASK] resident [MASK]? | [
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56df83025ca0a614008f9be3 | Plymouth | Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris ... | What United States vice president did Donald Moffat play? | {
"answer_start": [
429
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"text": [
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} | What [MASK] vice president did [MASK] play? | [
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56df83025ca0a614008f9be4 | Plymouth | Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris ... | In what film did Donald Moffat play President Bennett? | {
"answer_start": [
511
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"text": [
"Clear and Present Danger"
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} | In what film did [MASK] play President [MASK]? | [
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56df83025ca0a614008f9be5 | Plymouth | Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris ... | What is Dawn French's job? | {
"answer_start": [
254
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"text": [
"comedian"
]
} | What is [MASK] job? | [
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56de6f914396321400ee28c3 | Heresy | Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance ... | What is heresy mainly at odds with? | {
"answer_start": [
77
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"text": [
"established beliefs or customs"
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} | What is heresy mainly at odds with? | [
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56de6f914396321400ee28c4 | Heresy | Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance ... | What is a person called is practicing heresy? | {
"answer_start": [
109
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"text": [
"A heretic"
]
} | What is a person called is practicing heresy? | [
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0.04669972881... | The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honored, a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists. The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture, introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as t... | Deism holds that God is wholly transcendent: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it. In this view, God is not anthropomorphic, and neither answers prayers nor produces miracles. Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of ... | Non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged "wrong" by an individual conscience, or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue. Revolutionary civil di... | A heretic | 11,878 |
56de6fdecffd8e1900b4b8c3 | Heresy | The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. It is used in particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism. | What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in? | {
"answer_start": [
199
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"text": [
"Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism"
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} | What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in? | [
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56de6fea4396321400ee28c9 | Heresy | In certain historical Christian, Islamic and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been and in some cases still is subjected not merely to punishments such as excommunication, but even to the death penalty. | What cultures are listed as examples of discipline for being a heretic? | {
"answer_start": [
22
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"text": [
"Christian, Islamic and Jewish"
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} | What cultures are listed as examples of discipline for being a heretic? | [
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56de70004396321400ee28cd | Heresy | The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewis... | What language does the term heresy find its roots in? | {
"answer_start": [
24
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"text": [
"Greek"
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} | What language does the term heresy find its roots in? | [
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56de70004396321400ee28ce | Heresy | The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewis... | What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"slightly different"
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} | What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for [MASK], [MASK], or [MASK] cultures? | [
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56de70004396321400ee28cf | Heresy | The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewis... | What is the head person of a heretical movement called? | {
"answer_start": [
450
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"text": [
"heresiarch"
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} | What is the head person of a heretical movement called? | [
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56de70004396321400ee28d0 | Heresy | The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewis... | What is the study of heresy? | {
"answer_start": [
539
],
"text": [
"Heresiology"
]
} | What is the study of heresy? | [
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56de70004396321400ee28d1 | Heresy | The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewis... | What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word? | {
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"\"choice\" or \"thing chosen\""
]
} | What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word? | [
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56de7016cffd8e1900b4b8c6 | Heresy | According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase "divisive person" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of "heretic" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith... | How many times is it suggested that you should warn people you are in disagreement with before parting ways? | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"two times"
]
} | How many times is it suggested that you should warn people you are in disagreement with before parting ways? | [
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56de7016cffd8e1900b4b8c7 | Heresy | According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase "divisive person" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of "heretic" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith... | What term is used to describe an individual in the early Church that introduced discord? | {
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"divisive person"
]
} | What term is used to describe an individual in the early [MASK] that introduced discord? | [
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56de7016cffd8e1900b4b8c8 | Heresy | According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase "divisive person" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of "heretic" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith... | What word is used when speaking of correct teachings in contrast to a false teacher? | {
"answer_start": [
272
],
"text": [
"sound"
]
} | What word is used when speaking of correct teachings in contrast to a false teacher? | [
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56de70364396321400ee28d7 | Heresy | The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus ... | What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy? | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"Jews and Judaism"
]
} | What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy? | [
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56de70364396321400ee28d8 | Heresy | The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus ... | What religion were these Fathers of the Church? | {
"answer_start": [
85
],
"text": [
"Orthodox Christianity"
]
} | What religion were these Fathers of the Church? | [
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56de70364396321400ee28d9 | Heresy | The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus ... | Who suggested that it were the Jews that brought dissension into Christianity? | {
"answer_start": [
159
],
"text": [
"Tertullian"
]
} | Who suggested that it were the [MASK] that brought dissension into [MASK]? | [
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56de7066cffd8e1900b4b8cc | Heresy | The use of the word "heresy" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from ὀρθός, orthos ... | Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity? | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"Irenaeus"
]
} | Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during [MASK] of [MASK]? | [
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56de7066cffd8e1900b4b8cd | Heresy | The use of the word "heresy" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from ὀρθός, orthos ... | What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies? | {
"answer_start": [
291
],
"text": [
"orthodox"
]
} | What term did [MASK] use to describe the [MASK] community 's ideologies? | [
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56de7066cffd8e1900b4b8cf | Heresy | The use of the word "heresy" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from ὀρθός, orthos ... | What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments? | {
"answer_start": [
448
],
"text": [
"apostolic succession"
]
} | What concept did [MASK] cite to help support his arguments? | [
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56de708f4396321400ee28df | Heresy | Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs ... | Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Constantine the Great"
]
} | Who was the [MASK] [MASK] Emporor that was baptized? | [
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56de708f4396321400ee28e0 | Heresy | Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs ... | What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"Edict of Milan"
]
} | What did [MASK] and [MASK] pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in [MASK]? | [
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0.179858118... | Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most important early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with develop... | After the death of the replacement bishop Gregory in 345, Constans used his influence to allow Athanasius to return to Alexandria in October 345, amidst the enthusiastic demonstrations of the populace. This began a "golden decade" of peace and prosperity, during which time Athanasius assembled several documents relatin... | As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire; most occurred in the Balkans. Peace with Persia, the traditional enemy of Rome,... | Edict of Milan | 11,896 |
56de708f4396321400ee28e1 | Heresy | Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs ... | What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"Pontifex Maximus"
]
} | What was the high priest in [MASK] called? | [
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56de708f4396321400ee28e2 | Heresy | Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs ... | What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority? | {
"answer_start": [
510
],
"text": [
"the ecumenical councils"
]
} | What were the meetings called that were hosted by [MASK] that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority? | [
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0.05035404488... | Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, International Telecommunica... | After the death of the replacement bishop Gregory in 345, Constans used his influence to allow Athanasius to return to Alexandria in October 345, amidst the enthusiastic demonstrations of the populace. This began a "golden decade" of peace and prosperity, during which time Athanasius assembled several documents relatin... | Early in the year 343 we find Athanasius had travelled, via Rome, from Alexandria, North Africa, to Gaul; nowadays Belgium / Holland and surrounding areas, where Hosius of Cordoba was Bishop, the great champion of orthodoxy in the West. The two, together, set out for Sardica. A full Council of the Church was convened /... | the ecumenical councils | 11,898 |
56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8dc | Heresy | The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as... | In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context? | {
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"AD 380"
]
} | In what [MASK] was the [MASK] usage of the term heresy in a legal context? | [
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56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8dd | Heresy | The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as... | Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"Thessalonica of Theodosius I"
]
} | Who intitiated [MASK] to be a state church of [MASK]? | [
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0.158628016710... | One of the early anthemic tunes, "Promised Land" by Joe Smooth, was covered and charted within a week by the Style Council. Europeans embraced house, and began booking legendary American house DJs to play at the big clubs, such as Ministry of Sound, whose resident, Justin Berkmann brought in Larry Levan. | In the Middle Ages, the Church and the worldly authorities were closely related. Martin Luther separated the religious and the worldly realms in principle (doctrine of the two kingdoms). The believers were obliged to use reason to govern the worldly sphere in an orderly and peaceful way. Luther's doctrine of the priest... | The Eastern Roman Empire – today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not in use during its own time – became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language. Certainly from then on, but likely earlie... | Thessalonica of Theodosius I | 11,900 |
56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8de | Heresy | The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as... | What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy? | {
"answer_start": [
230
],
"text": [
"state-sponsored support"
]
} | What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy? | [
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56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8df | Heresy | The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as... | What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict? | {
"answer_start": [
495
],
"text": [
"state powers of legal enforcement"
]
} | What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict? | [
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56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8e0 | Heresy | The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as... | What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics? | {
"answer_start": [
658
],
"text": [
"death sentence"
]
} | What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics? | [
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56de70e54396321400ee28e7 | Heresy | Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siric... | Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
119
],
"text": [
"Priscillian"
]
} | Who was the [MASK] [MASK] individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in [MASK]? | [
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0.06740676611661... | On December 12, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR formally ratified the Belavezha Accords and renounced the 1922 Union Treaty. The Russian deputies were also recalled from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The legality of this action was questionable, since Soviet law did not allow a republic to unilaterally recall ... | The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewis... | Over the next five days, private conferences were held to determine Luther's fate. The Emperor presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms on 25 May 1521, declaring Luther an outlaw, banning his literature, and requiring his arrest: "We want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic." It also made i... | Priscillian | 11,904 |
56de70e54396321400ee28e8 | Heresy | Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siric... | What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death? | {
"answer_start": [
266
],
"text": [
"excommunicated"
]
} | What happened to the people that sentenced [MASK] to death? | [
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56de70e54396321400ee28e9 | Heresy | Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siric... | What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation? | {
"answer_start": [
580
],
"text": [
"Catholics"
]
} | What religion is an example of [MASK] killing for conviction of heresy after the [MASK]? | [
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56de70e54396321400ee28ea | Heresy | Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siric... | Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church? | {
"answer_start": [
689
],
"text": [
"Cayetano Ripoll"
]
} | Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by [MASK]? | [
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0.0730929002... | The Israel Museum in Jerusalem is one of Israel's most important cultural institutions and houses the Dead Sea scrolls, along with an extensive collection of Judaica and European art. Israel's national Holocaust museum, Yad Vashem, is the world central archive of Holocaust-related information. Beth Hatefutsoth (the Dia... | The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewis... | Renewed religious warfare in the 1620s caused the political and military privileges of the Huguenots to be abolished following their defeat. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV, who progressively increased persecution of them until he issued the Edict of Fontaineble... | Cayetano Ripoll | 11,907 |
56de70e54396321400ee28eb | Heresy | Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siric... | From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy? | {
"answer_start": [
911
],
"text": [
"Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter"
]
} | From what passage is cited as being one of the [MASK] known examples of using the word heresy? | [
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56de71014396321400ee28f1 | Heresy | In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had alwa... | What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication? | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"obstinate and willful manifest heresy"
]
} | What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the [MASK] even before excommunication? | [
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0.1957539469... | Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used com... | Roman Catholicism was the sole established religion in the Holy Roman Empire until the Reformation changed this drastically. In 1517, Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church as he saw it as a corruption of Christian faith. Through this, he altered the course of European and world history and established Protestant... | In Johannine "agent Christology" the submission of Jesus to crucifixion is a sacrifice made as an agent of God or servant of God, for the sake of eventual victory. This builds on the salvific theme of the Gospel of John which begins in John 1:29 with John the Baptist's proclamation: "The Lamb of God who takes away the ... | obstinate and willful manifest heresy | 11,909 |
56de71014396321400ee28f2 | Heresy | In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had alwa... | What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"The Codex Justinianus"
]
} | What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow [MASK] or the orthodox holy faith? | [
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56de71014396321400ee28f3 | Heresy | In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had alwa... | What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century? | {
"answer_start": [
506
],
"text": [
"Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism"
]
} | What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the [MASK] before [MASK]? | [
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56de71014396321400ee28f4 | Heresy | In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had alwa... | What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
612
],
"text": [
"Paulicians"
]
} | What group moved westward to give rise to the famous [MASK] [MASK] heresy in western [MASK]? | [
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56de71014396321400ee28f5 | Heresy | In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had alwa... | What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century? | {
"answer_start": [
882
],
"text": [
"Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars"
]
} | What groups began to appear in northern [MASK] and southern [MASK] during [MASK]? | [
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56de71114396321400ee28fb | Heresy | In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heret... | In what country did the Cathars grow to represent a popular movement? | {
"answer_start": [
3
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"France"
]
} | In what country did the [MASK] grow to represent a popular movement? | [
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56de71114396321400ee28fc | Heresy | In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heret... | What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc? | {
"answer_start": [
109
],
"text": [
"The Cathar Crusade"
]
} | What was started by [MASK] to dispense of the [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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56de71114396321400ee28fd | Heresy | In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heret... | What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion? | {
"answer_start": [
216
],
"text": [
"Heresy"
]
} | What was a major reason and justification for the [MASK] wars of religion? | [
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56de7126cffd8e1900b4b8e8 | Heresy | Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Ear... | Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Galileo Galilei"
]
} | Who was brought before the [MASK] for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life? | [
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56de7126cffd8e1900b4b8e9 | Heresy | Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Ear... | What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church? | {
"answer_start": [
253
],
"text": [
"the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe"
]
} | What belief did [MASK] have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church? | [
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56de71424396321400ee2901 | Heresy | Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceiv... | Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pope St. Gregory"
]
} | Who denounced [MASK] People in many of his writings? | [
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56de71424396321400ee2902 | Heresy | Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceiv... | What were the Jews described as enemies of? | {
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"Christ"
]
} | What were the [MASK] described as enemies of? | [
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0.014469064772... | The reefs at Funafuti have suffered damage, with 80 per cent of the coral becoming bleached as a consequence of the increase in ocean temperatures and ocean acidification. The coral bleaching, which includes staghorn corals, is attributed to the increase in water temperature that occurred during the El Niños that occur... | The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief in the power of the... | Officially, human sacrifice was obnoxious "to the laws of gods and men." The practice was a mark of the "Other", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committe... | Christ | 11,920 |
56de71424396321400ee2903 | Heresy | Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceiv... | According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic? | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"Jewish"
]
} | According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic? | [
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56de71424396321400ee2904 | Heresy | Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceiv... | In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together? | {
"answer_start": [
437
],
"text": [
"Roman-Christian law"
]
} | In what culture of law were [MASK] and heretics often lumped together? | [
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56de717acffd8e1900b4b8ee | Heresy | In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deeme... | What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"Eastern Christianity"
]
} | What area of [MASK] commonly cited the [MASK] [MASK] [MASK] in regards to heresy? | [
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56de717acffd8e1900b4b8ef | Heresy | In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deeme... | After what two events did various Christian churches also begin using the first seven Ecumenical Councils to identify heresy? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation"
]
} | After what [MASK] events did various [MASK] churches also begin using the [MASK] [MASK] [MASK] to identify heresy? | [
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56de717acffd8e1900b4b8f0 | Heresy | In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deeme... | What beginning Christian heresies did the Orthodox Church also reject during this time? | {
"answer_start": [
403
],
"text": [
"Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm"
]
} | What beginning [MASK] heresies did [MASK] also reject during this time? | [
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56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f4 | Heresy | In his work "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was "assailed by much heresy", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, "as it still does daily before our eyes." He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being "blasphemous" (s... | What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"\"On the Jews and Their Lies\""
]
} | What is the work called that [MASK] created regarding [MASK] and heresy? | [
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0.2079274505376... | Börte had three more sons, Chagatai (1187—1241), Ögedei (1189—1241), and Tolui (1190–1232). Genghis Khan also had many other children with his other wives, but they were excluded from the succession. While the names of sons were documented, daughters were not. The names of at least six daughters are known, and while th... | Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceiv... | Luther spoke out against the Jews in Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia. Josel of Rosheim, the Jewish spokesman who tried to help the Jews of Saxony in 1537, later blamed their plight on "that priest whose name was Martin Luther—may his body and soul be bound up in hell!—who wrote and issued many heretical books in which... | "On the Jews and Their Lies" | 11,926 |
56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f5 | Heresy | In his work "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was "assailed by much heresy", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, "as it still does daily before our eyes." He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being "blasphemous" (s... | What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer? | {
"answer_start": [
305
],
"text": [
"blasphemous"
]
} | What term does [MASK] assign to the practice of [MASK] Prayer? | [
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0.02814819663... | The fact that the 1912 exhibition had been curated to show the successive stages through which Cubism had transited, and that Du "Cubisme" had been published for the occasion, indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience (art critics, art collectors, art dealers and the genera... | Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceiv... | The Ten Commandments, and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism, are a present foreshadowing of the believers' future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life. Luther's teaching of the Ten Commandments, therefore, has clear eschatological overtones, whi... | blasphemous | 11,927 |
56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f7 | Heresy | In his work "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was "assailed by much heresy", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, "as it still does daily before our eyes." He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being "blasphemous" (s... | What is said to be a special spiritual problem? | {
"answer_start": [
553
],
"text": [
"Jewish circumcision"
]
} | What is said to be a special spiritual problem? | [
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0.01765521988... | The first helicopter landing at the new airfield was conducted by the Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377 from 825 Squadron 201 Flight, embarked on visiting HMS Lancaster on 23 October 2015. | Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceiv... | Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceiv... | Jewish circumcision | 11,928 |
56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fc | Heresy | In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treas... | What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy? | {
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"European Reformation"
]
} | What event in [MASK] during [MASK] had an outcome of many deaths for heresy? | [
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0.289318... | Consent will also be invalidated if it was induced by the fraudulent conduct of another party, or by the direct or indirect "corruption" of its representative by another party to the treaty. Coercion of either a representative, or the state itself through the threat or use of force, if used to obtain the consent of tha... | The Scottish Reformation of 1560 decisively shaped the Church of Scotland. The Reformation in Scotland culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along Reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformati... | In the course of this religious upheaval, the German Peasants' War of 1524–25 swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities. After the Eighty Years' War in the Low Countries and the French Wars of Religion, the confessional division of the states of the Holy Roman Empire eventually erupted in the Th... | European Reformation | 11,929 |
56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fd | Heresy | In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treas... | During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy? | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"Henry VIII"
]
} | During what king 's reign did [MASK] [MASK] die for heresy? | [
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56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fe | Heresy | In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treas... | What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England? | {
"answer_start": [
332
],
"text": [
"Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher"
]
} | What [MASK] notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up [MASK]? | [
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0.102418281137... | In December 2013, Vatican officials approved a supposed miracle that was attributed to the intercession of the late pontiff which was the curing of an unborn child in California, U.S.A in the 1990s. It was expected that Pope Francis would approve the miracle in the near future, thus, warranting the beatification of the... | The Scottish Reformation of 1560 decisively shaped the Church of Scotland. The Reformation in Scotland culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along Reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformati... | The revocation forbade Protestant services, required education of children as Catholics, and prohibited emigration. It proved disastrous to the Huguenots and costly for France. It precipitated civil bloodshed, ruined commerce, and resulted in the illegal flight from the country of hundreds of thousands of Protestants, ... | Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher | 11,931 |
56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8ff | Heresy | In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treas... | Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547? | {
"answer_start": [
452
],
"text": [
"Edward VI"
]
} | Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in [MASK]? | [
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56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b900 | Heresy | In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treas... | In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy? | {
"answer_start": [
1234
],
"text": [
"1612"
]
} | In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in [MASK] for heresy? | [
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56de71ee4396321400ee2911 | Heresy | Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the ... | During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place? | {
"answer_start": [
112
],
"text": [
"1659, 1660, and 1661"
]
} | During which years did the execution of the [MASK] martyrs take place? | [
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0.1741963922... | After just 100 hours of ground combat, and with all of Kuwait and much of southern Iraq under coalition control, US President George H. W. Bush ordered a cease-fire and negotiations began resulting in an agreement for cessation of hostilities. Some US politicians were disappointed by this move, believing Bush should ha... | In the 16th century political and religious changes altered the attitude of historians towards John. Tudor historians were generally favourably inclined towards the king, focusing on John's opposition to the Papacy and his promotion of the special rights and prerogatives of a king. Revisionist histories written by John... | The pattern of warfare, followed by brief periods of peace, continued for nearly another quarter-century. The warfare was definitively quelled in 1598, when Henry of Navarre, having succeeded to the French throne as Henry IV, and having recanted Protestantism in favour of Roman Catholicism, issued the Edict of Nantes. ... | 1659, 1660, and 1661 | 11,934 |
56de71ee4396321400ee2912 | Heresy | Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the ... | Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs? | {
"answer_start": [
184
],
"text": [
"Anglican Puritans"
]
} | Which group was responsible for the deaths of the [MASK] martyrs? | [
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56de71ee4396321400ee2913 | Heresy | Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the ... | What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place? | {
"answer_start": [
388
],
"text": [
"purer absolute theocracy"
]
} | What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place? | [
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0.085725471... | Zhejiang is the home of Yueju (越劇), one of the most prominent forms of Chinese opera. Yueju originated in Shengzhou and is traditionally performed by actresses only, in both male and female roles. Other important opera traditions include Yongju (of Ningbo), Shaoju (of Shaoxing), Ouju (of Wenzhou), Wuju (of Jinhua), Tai... | In the 16th century political and religious changes altered the attitude of historians towards John. Tudor historians were generally favourably inclined towards the king, focusing on John's opposition to the Papacy and his promotion of the special rights and prerogatives of a king. Revisionist histories written by John... | Notable exceptions include the massacre of Jews and forcible conversion of some Jews by the rulers of the Almohad dynasty in Al-Andalus in the 12th century, as well as in Islamic Persia, and the forced confinement of Moroccan Jews to walled quarters known as mellahs beginning from the 15th century and especially in the... | purer absolute theocracy | 11,936 |
56de71ee4396321400ee2914 | Heresy | Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the ... | What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area? | {
"answer_start": [
518
],
"text": [
"Quaker sect"
]
} | What rival group did the [MASK] [MASK] want purged from their area? | [
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56de71ee4396321400ee2915 | Heresy | Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the ... | Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy? | {
"answer_start": [
729
],
"text": [
"Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox"
]
} | Which [MASK] groups viewed the [MASK] themselves as nothing more than heresy? | [
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0.3406942486763000... | Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold. | In the 16th century political and religious changes altered the attitude of historians towards John. Tudor historians were generally favourably inclined towards the king, focusing on John's opposition to the Papacy and his promotion of the special rights and prerogatives of a king. Revisionist histories written by John... | Throughout history, many rulers, empires and nations have oppressed their Jewish populations or sought to eliminate them entirely. Methods employed ranged from expulsion to outright genocide; within nations, often the threat of these extreme methods was sufficient to silence dissent. The history of antisemitism include... | Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox | 11,938 |
56de71ffcffd8e1900b4b906 | Heresy | The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a "heretic", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition. | What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end? | {
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"1826"
]
} | What year did the deaths of heretics under [MASK] come to an end? | [
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0.2211883515... | Lawrence Houston, head counsel of the SSU, CIG, and, later CIA, was a principle draftsman of the National Security Act of 1947 which dissolved the NIA and the CIG, and established both the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1949, Houston would help draft the Central Intelligence Agency Ac... | Various methods have been used in the history of the American colonies and the United States but only five methods are currently used. Historically, burning, crushing, breaking on wheel, and bludgeoning were used for a small number of executions, while hanging was the most common method. The last person burned at the s... | During the fighting, the Communards killed c. 500 people, including the Archbishop of Paris, and burned down many government buildings, including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville. Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed from 7,000–30,000 Communards in the... | 1826 | 11,939 |
56de71ffcffd8e1900b4b907 | Heresy | The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a "heretic", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition. | Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition? | {
"answer_start": [
150
],
"text": [
"Cayetano Ripoll"
]
} | Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition? | [
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56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90a | Heresy | Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "... | Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times? | {
"answer_start": [
95
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"text": [
"Christian"
]
} | Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times? | [
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0.23502059280... | The concept of legal certainty is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1960s. It is an important general principle of international law and public law, which predates European Union law. As a general principle in European Union law it means that the l... | Criticism of the term intellectual property ranges from discussing its vagueness and abstract overreach to direct contention to the semantic validity of using words like property and rights in fashions that contradict practice and law. Many detractors think this term specially serves the doctrinal agenda of parties opp... | Other churches in the Anglican Communion around the world (e.g., the Episcopal Church in the United States, and the Anglican Church of Canada) still function under their own private systems of canon law. | Christian | 11,941 |
56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90b | Heresy | Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "... | Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism? | {
"answer_start": [
141
],
"text": [
"Protestant"
]
} | Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism? | [
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56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90c | Heresy | Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "... | What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy? | {
"answer_start": [
252
],
"text": [
"Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith"
]
} | What belief of [MASK] criticizes writings without using the word heresy? | [
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56de723e4396321400ee291b | Heresy | Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theo... | What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times? | {
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"Spanish inquisition"
]
} | What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times? | [
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0.1734439134597... | The FBI also spied upon and collected information on Puerto Rican independence leader Pedro Albizu Campos and his Nationalist political party in the 1930s. Abizu Campos was convicted three times in connection with deadly attacks on US government officials: in 1937 (Conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United S... | Protestantism has had an important influence on science. According to the Merton Thesis, there was a positive correlation between the rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism on the one hand and early experimental science on the other. The Merton Thesis has two separate parts: Firstly, it presents a theory that sc... | The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus ... | Spanish inquisition | 11,944 |
56de723e4396321400ee291c | Heresy | Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theo... | Who was the author of the short story "The Theologians"? | {
"answer_start": [
274
],
"text": [
"Jorge Luis Borges"
]
} | Who was the author of the short story" [MASK]"? | [
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0.004121855... | Rex Stout's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London Times' crossword puzzle at his New York home, in preference to those of American papers. | Protestantism has had an important influence on science. According to the Merton Thesis, there was a positive correlation between the rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism on the one hand and early experimental science on the other. The Merton Thesis has two separate parts: Firstly, it presents a theory that sc... | Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) and Ibn al-Nafis were pioneers of the philosophical novel. Ibn Tufail wrote the first Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) as a response to Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Ibn Tuf... | Jorge Luis Borges | 11,945 |
56de723e4396321400ee291d | Heresy | Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theo... | What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard? | {
"answer_start": [
170
],
"text": [
"Christian heresy"
]
} | What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard? | [
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0.1462590098381... | The Football Association Premier League Ltd (FAPL) is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs. Each club is a shareholder, with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts. The clubs elect a chairman, chief executive, and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the lea... | Protestantism has had an important influence on science. According to the Merton Thesis, there was a positive correlation between the rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism on the one hand and early experimental science on the other. The Merton Thesis has two separate parts: Firstly, it presents a theory that sc... | Some findings in the fields of cosmology, evolutionary biology and neuroscience are interpreted by atheists (including Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris) as evidence that God is an imaginary entity only, with no basis in reality. A single, omniscient God who is imagined to have created the universe and is particularly ... | Christian heresy | 11,946 |
56de7251cffd8e1900b4b910 | Heresy | Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that "the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians." | What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics? | {
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"Shia Qizilbash"
]
} | What group did Sultan [MASK] label as heretics? | [
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56de7251cffd8e1900b4b911 | Heresy | Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that "the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians." | What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite? | {
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"70"
]
} | What number of [MASK] did [MASK] equate to the killing of [MASK] [MASK]? | [
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0.051275484263896... | From the early stages of Christianity, belief in the virginity of Mary and the virgin conception of Jesus, as stated in the gospels, holy and supernatural, was used by detractors, both political and religious, as a topic for discussions, debates and writings, specifically aimed to challenge the divinity of Jesus and th... | The Ottoman Empire (/ˈɒtəmən/; Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye, Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. After co... | Napoleon continued to entertain a grand scheme to establish a French presence in the Middle East in order to put pressure on Britain and Russia, and perhaps form an alliance with the Ottoman Empire. In February 1806, Ottoman Emperor Selim III finally recognized Napoleon as Emperor. He also opted for an alliance with Fr... | 70 | 11,948 |
56de725c4396321400ee2921 | Heresy | In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were decl... | What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution? | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"Sharia law"
]
} | What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution? | [
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0.257854282855987... | The People's Republic of China constitution set a premier just one place below the National People's Congress in China. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: 总理; pinyin: Zŏnglĭ) in Chinese. | In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent ... | Throughout history, many rulers, empires and nations have oppressed their Jewish populations or sought to eliminate them entirely. Methods employed ranged from expulsion to outright genocide; within nations, often the threat of these extreme methods was sufficient to silence dissent. The history of antisemitism include... | Sharia law | 11,949 |
56de725c4396321400ee2922 | Heresy | In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were decl... | What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran? | {
"answer_start": [
280
],
"text": [
"Salman Rushdie"
]
} | What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of [MASK]? | [
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0.21752977371215... | In some countries, formal education can take place through home schooling. Informal learning may be assisted by a teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member, or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting. | In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent ... | In July 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq overthrew Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's regime in Pakistan. Ali Bhutto, a leftist in democratic competition with Islamists, had announced banning alcohol and nightclubs within six months, shortly before he was overthrown. Zia-ul-Haq was much more committed to Islamism, and "Islam... | Salman Rushdie | 11,950 |
56de7280cffd8e1900b4b914 | Heresy | Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Ju... | What does Orthodox Judaism regard Jews who depart from traditional practices as? | {
"answer_start": [
108
],
"text": [
"heretical"
]
} | What does [MASK] Judaism regard [MASK] who depart from traditional practices as? | [
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0.302281528711318... | Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3 | Orthodox Judaism holds that the words of the Torah, including both the Written Law (Pentateuch) and those parts of the Oral Law which are "halacha leMoshe m'Sinai", were dictated by God to Moses essentially as they exist today. The laws contained in the Written Torah were given along with detailed explanations as how t... | Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means "Jewishness" in the Yiddish language. Yiddishkeit is specifically the Jewishness of Ashkenazi Jews. Before the Haskalah and the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of Torah and Talmud for men, and a family and com... | heretical | 11,951 |
56de7280cffd8e1900b4b915 | Heresy | Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Ju... | What alignment within Orthodox Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith? | {
"answer_start": [
141
],
"text": [
"right-wing groups"
]
} | What alignment within [MASK] Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject [MASK] 's [MASK] principles of [MASK] faith? | [
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0.19849118590354... | Southampton has two large live music venues, the Mayflower Theatre (formerly the Gaumont Theatre) and the Guildhall. The Guildhall has seen concerts from a wide range of popular artists including Pink Floyd, David Bowie, Delirious?, Manic Street Preachers, The Killers, The Kaiser Chiefs, Amy Winehouse, Lostprophets, Th... | Orthodox Judaism holds that the words of the Torah, including both the Written Law (Pentateuch) and those parts of the Oral Law which are "halacha leMoshe m'Sinai", were dictated by God to Moses essentially as they exist today. The laws contained in the Written Torah were given along with detailed explanations as how t... | Islamism is a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for Islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect Islam, while the contrary idea that Islam is, or can be, apolitical is an error. Scholars and observers who do not believe that Islam is merely a political ideolog... | right-wing groups | 11,952 |
56de7280cffd8e1900b4b917 | Heresy | Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Ju... | Which wing of Orthodox Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of Conservative Judaism? | {
"answer_start": [
449
],
"text": [
"The liberal wing"
]
} | Which wing of [MASK] Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of [MASK] Judaism? | [
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56de728f4396321400ee2925 | Heresy | The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as "squirreling" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the offi... | What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned? | {
"answer_start": [
145
],
"text": [
"squirreling"
]
} | What term is used for the act of using [MASK] techniques in contrast to what [MASK] envisioned? | [
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0.005624181590... | There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or cork-screw. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally do... | Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Mi... | Sociologist James A. Beckford, in his 1975 study of Jehovah's Witnesses, classified the religion's organizational structure as Totalizing, characterized by an assertive leadership, specific and narrow objectives, control over competing demands on members' time and energy, and control over the quality of new members. Ot... | squirreling | 11,954 |
56de728f4396321400ee2926 | Heresy | The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as "squirreling" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the offi... | What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission? | {
"answer_start": [
208
],
"text": [
"The Religious Technology Center"
]
} | What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official [MASK] without permission? | [
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56de739f4396321400ee2929 | Heresy | In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstra... | What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary? | {
"answer_start": [
130
],
"text": [
"innovation"
]
} | What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary? | [
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0.0195964463055... | On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendum... | Popper is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method, in favour of empirical falsification: A theory in the empirical sciences can never be proven, but it can be falsified, meaning that it can and should be scrutinized by decisive experiments. He used the black swan fallacy to d... | The formalist definition is that the history of "literature" foregrounds poetic effects; it is the "literariness" or "poeticity" of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing (e.g., journalism). Jim Meyer considers this a useful characteristic in explaining the use of the term to me... | innovation | 11,956 |
56de739f4396321400ee292a | Heresy | In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstra... | What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as? | {
"answer_start": [
311
],
"text": [
"an abstraction"
]
} | What did [MASK] consider heresy as? | [
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56de739f4396321400ee292c | Heresy | In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstra... | Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against? | {
"answer_start": [
491
],
"text": [
"endoheretics"
]
} | Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against? | [
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0.011835320852696... | Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeuti... | Popper is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method, in favour of empirical falsification: A theory in the empirical sciences can never be proven, but it can be falsified, meaning that it can and should be scrutinized by decisive experiments. He used the black swan fallacy to d... | The creation–evolution controversy in the United States raises the issue of whether creationistic ideas may be legitimately called science and whether evolution itself may be legitimately called science. In the debate, both sides and even courts in their decisions have frequently invoked Popper's criterion of falsifiab... | endoheretics | 11,958 |
56de739f4396321400ee292d | Heresy | In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstra... | What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become? | {
"answer_start": [
696
],
"text": [
"orthodoxy"
]
} | What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become? | [
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56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92c | Heresy | The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely e... | What is the title of the book published by Robert T. Bakker regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs? | {
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"The Dinosaur Heresies"
]
} | What is the title of the book published by [MASK] regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs? | [
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56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92d | Heresy | The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely e... | What criticism did Robert T. Bakker share about the paleontologist community regarding the last fifty years? | {
"answer_start": [
267
],
"text": [
"the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough"
]
} | What criticism did [MASK] share about the paleontologist community regarding [MASK]? | [
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56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92e | Heresy | The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely e... | What film did Robert T. Bakker's book reportedly influence? | {
"answer_start": [
513
],
"text": [
"Jurassic Park"
]
} | What film did [MASK] book reportedly influence? | [
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56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92f | Heresy | The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely e... | What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as? | {
"answer_start": [
583
],
"text": [
"active poses"
]
} | What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as? | [
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56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b930 | Heresy | The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely e... | What label is associated with Robert T. Bakker as a result of his work? | {
"answer_start": [
692
],
"text": [
"endoheretic"
]
} | What label is associated with [MASK] as a result of his work? | [
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56de73eb4396321400ee2933 | Heresy | Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained accept... | What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline? | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"exoheretic"
]
} | What label is associated with [MASK] due to his works outside the accepted discipline? | [
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0.23313264548778... | The Brazilian federal constitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such treaties must be approved by Congress (articles 84, clause VIII, and 49, clause I). In practice, this has been interpreted as meaning that the executive branch is free to negotiate and sign a treaty,... | Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology... | The traditional interpretation of "Cubism", formulated post facto as a means of understanding the works of Braque and Picasso, has affected our appreciation of other twentieth-century artists. It is difficult to apply to painters such as Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier, whose fun... | exoheretic | 11,965 |
56de73eb4396321400ee2934 | Heresy | Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained accept... | What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice? | {
"answer_start": [
142
],
"text": [
"scientific journals"
]
} | What medium did [MASK] not publish his works in that is accepted practice? | [
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0.078626573... | The term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree. This is evidenced by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed. Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life, so having only a thin layer of live sapwood, while in others the change come... | Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology... | Another objection is that it is not always possible to demonstrate falsehood definitively, especially if one is using statistical criteria to evaluate a null hypothesis. More generally it is not always clear, if evidence contradicts a hypothesis, that this is a sign of flaws in the hypothesis rather than of flaws in th... | scientific journals | 11,966 |
56de73eb4396321400ee2935 | Heresy | Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained accept... | What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance? | {
"answer_start": [
258
],
"text": [
"extinction event and punctuated equilibrium"
]
} | What [MASK] examples of ideas from [MASK] are stated as to have gained some acceptance? | [
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0.2174039... | Ibn Sina's first appointment was that of physician to the emir, Nuh II, who owed him his recovery from a dangerous illness (997). Ibn Sina's chief reward for this service was access to the royal library of the Samanids, well-known patrons of scholarship and scholars. When the library was destroyed by fire not long afte... | Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology... | Studies on income inequality and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming the Kuznets curve hypothesis, which states that with economic development, inequality first increases, then decreases. Economist Thomas Piketty challenges this notion, claiming that from 1914 to 1945 wars and "violent economic and politica... | extinction event and punctuated equilibrium | 11,967 |
56de73fbcffd8e1900b4b936 | Heresy | The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy,... | By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on? | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"an established orthodoxy"
]
} | By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on? | [
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0.151976302266120... | Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of the consonants. While /k/, /ɡ/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ], only /kʲ/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which argues for /kʲ/ to be a s... | Adherents of different religions generally disagree as to how to best worship God and what is God's plan for mankind, if there is one. There are different approaches to reconciling the contradictory claims of monotheistic religions. One view is taken by exclusivists, who believe they are the chosen people or have exclu... | Linda Woodhead attempts to provide a common belief thread for Christians by noting that "Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance." Philosopher Michael Martin, in his book The Case Against Christianity, evaluated three historical Christian... | an established orthodoxy | 11,968 |
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