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56deeaae3277331400b4d811 | Materialism | Davies' and Gribbin's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to be fundamental. Their objections were also shared by some founders of quantum theory, such as Max Planck, who wrote: | Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter? | {
"answer_start": [
86
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"text": [
"information"
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} | Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter? | [
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0.009199451... | There are also other types of museums in the city. The Museo del Gaucho y de la Moneda, located in the Centro, has distinctive displays of the historical culture of Uruguay's gauchos, their horse gear, silver work and mate (tea), gourds, and bombillas (drinking straws) in odd designs. The Museo Naval, is located on the... | Another debate developed around the (distinct) criticisms of liberal political theory made by Michael Walzer, Michael Sandel and Charles Taylor. The liberal-communitarian debate is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems, rather than a profound and illuminating clash of perspective.... | An argument for idealism, such as those of Hegel and Berkeley, is ipso facto an argument against materialism. Matter can be argued to be redundant, as in bundle theory, and mind-independent properties can in turn be reduced to subjective percepts. Berkeley presents an example of the latter by pointing out that it is im... | information | 12,069 |
56deebf2c65bf219000b3e32 | Materialism | According to the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1907-1912, materialism, defined as "a philosophical system which regards matter as the only reality in the world [...] denies the existence of God and the soul". Materialism, in this view, therefore becomes incompatible with most world religions, including Christianity, Judaism... | Based on the above definition, materialism is not consistent with what? | {
"answer_start": [
278
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"text": [
"religions"
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} | Based on the above definition, materialism is not consistent with what? | [
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0.34505054354... | The League of American Bicyclists gave Tucson a gold rating for bicycle friendliness in late April 2007. Tucson hosts the largest perimeter cycling event in the United States. The ride called "El Tour de Tucson" happens in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving. El Tour de Tucson produced and promoted by Perimete... | Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the pri... | Any philosophy that assigns crucial importance to the ideal or spiritual realm in its account of human existence may be termed "idealist". Metaphysical idealism is an ontological doctrine that holds that reality itself is incorporeal or experiential at its core. Beyond this, idealists disagree on which aspects of the m... | religions | 12,070 |
56deed163277331400b4d827 | Materialism | In contrast, Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, taught: "There is no such thing as immaterial matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter." This spirit e... | Neoplatonism describes divinity as what? | {
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933
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"simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical"
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} | Neoplatonism describes divinity as what? | [
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0.465685725... | It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the s... | The last centuries of philosophy have seen vigorous questions regarding the arguments for God's existence raised by such philosophers as Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew, although Kant held that the argument from morality was valid. The theist response has been either to contend, as does Alvin Plantinga, that ... | In addition, Hegel does believe we can know the structure of God's mind, or ultimate reality. Hegel agrees with Kierkegaard that both reality and humans are incomplete, inasmuch as we are in time, and reality develops through time. But the relation between time and eternity is outside time and this is the "logical stru... | simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical | 12,071 |
56deed163277331400b4d828 | Materialism | In contrast, Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, taught: "There is no such thing as immaterial matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter." This spirit e... | Which religious group strongly opposed the idea of Neoplatonism? | {
"answer_start": [
1065
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"text": [
"Christians"
]
} | Which religious group strongly opposed the idea of Neoplatonism? | [
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56deee36c65bf219000b3e37 | Materialism | An argument for idealism, such as those of Hegel and Berkeley, is ipso facto an argument against materialism. Matter can be argued to be redundant, as in bundle theory, and mind-independent properties can in turn be reduced to subjective percepts. Berkeley presents an example of the latter by pointing out that it is im... | If you believe in idealism, you are disbeliving in what? | {
"answer_start": [
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"materialism"
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} | If you believe in idealism, you are disbeliving in what? | [
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0.02897786349... | Some predators take advantage of the concentration of birds during migration. Greater noctule bats feed on nocturnal migrating passerines. Some birds of prey specialize on migrating waders. | Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meani... | Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fund... | materialism | 12,073 |
56deef443277331400b4d82e | Materialism | If matter and energy are seen as necessary to explain the physical world, but incapable of explaining mind, dualism results. Emergence, holism, and process philosophy seek to ameliorate the perceived shortcomings of traditional (especially mechanistic) materialism without abandoning materialism entirely. | What 3 types of philosophies attempt to correct the problem with matter and energy without removing every belief about materialism? | {
"answer_start": [
125
],
"text": [
"Emergence, holism, and process philosophy"
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} | What [MASK] types of philosophies attempt to correct the problem with matter and energy without removing every belief about materialism? | [
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0.15554429590702057... | On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study. | The first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and belonging to a collective group as a fixed thing, defined by objective criteria such as common ancestry and common biological characteristics. The second, rooted in social constructionist theory, takes the view that identity is formed by a pre... | Modern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment. It makes sense of ... | Emergence, holism, and process philosophy | 12,074 |
56def0c53277331400b4d83a | Materialism | Some critics object to materialism as part of an overly skeptical, narrow or reductivist approach to theorizing, rather than to the ontological claim that matter is the only substance. Particle physicist and Anglican theologian John Polkinghorne objects to what he calls promissory materialism — claims that materialisti... | Instead of faith, John Polkinghorne relies on what when it comes to the theory of materialism? | {
"answer_start": [
440
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"text": [
"dual-aspect monism"
]
} | Instead of faith, [MASK] relies on what when it comes to the theory of materialism? | [
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0.054925516247749... | As of the census of 2000, there were 427,652 people, 140,079 households, and 97,915 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,097.9 people per square mile (1,582.2/km²). There were 149,025 housing units at an average density of 1,427.9 square miles (3,698 km2). The racial makeup of the city was 50.2% ... | To Popper, who was an anti-justificationist, traditional philosophy is misled by the false principle of sufficient reason. He thinks that no assumption can ever be or needs ever to be justified, so a lack of justification is not a justification for doubt. Instead, theories should be tested and scrutinised. It is not th... | The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-Fren... | dual-aspect monism | 12,075 |
56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba37 | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocke... | Whose technology enabled the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the united States? | {
"answer_start": [
308
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"text": [
"German rocket technology"
]
} | Whose technology enabled [MASK] between [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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-0.00436725... | The Cambrian is a major division of the geologic timescale that begins about 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma. Cambrian continents are thought to have resulted from the breakup of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent called Pannotia. The waters of the Cambrian period appear to have been widespread and shallow. Continental drift rates may hav... | The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958, presenting issues for debate to the United Nations, which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959. | Grissom, White, and Chaffee decided to name their flight Apollo 1 as a motivational focus on the first manned flight. They trained and conducted tests of their spacecraft at North American, and in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center. A "plugs-out" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch... | German rocket technology | 12,076 |
56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba38 | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocke... | Who was able to launch the first orbiting satellite? | {
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"the Soviet Union"
]
} | Who was able to launch the [MASK] orbiting satellite? | [
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-0.1465665... | Whitehead was unimpressed by this objection. In the notes of one his students for a 1927 class, Whitehead was quoted as saying: "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized." In Whitehead's view, scientists a... | The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958, presenting issues for debate to the United Nations, which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959. | In 1967, both nations faced serious challenges that brought their programs to temporary halts. Both had been rushing at full-speed toward the first piloted flights of Apollo and Soyuz, without paying due diligence to growing design and manufacturing problems. The results proved fatal to both pioneering crews. | the Soviet Union | 12,077 |
56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba39 | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocke... | Who was the first human in space? | {
"answer_start": [
1080
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"text": [
"Yuri Gagarin"
]
} | Who was the [MASK] human in space? | [
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56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba3a | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocke... | When did Apollo 11 land on the moon? | {
"answer_start": [
1144
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"text": [
"July 20, 1969"
]
} | When did [MASK] land on the moon? | [
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-0.083327... | CJON-DT, known on air as "NTV", is an independent station. The station sublicenses entertainment programming from Global and news programming from CTV and Global, rather than purchasing primary broadcast rights. Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters in St. John's, and their community channel Rogers TV airs local... | The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958, presenting issues for debate to the United Nations, which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959. | The American Lunar Module was finally ready for a successful piloted test flight in low Earth orbit on Apollo 9 in March 1969. The next mission, Apollo 10, conducted a "dress rehearsal" for the first landing in May 1969, flying the LM in lunar orbit as close as 47,400 feet (14.4 km) above the surface, the point where t... | July 20, 1969 | 12,079 |
56e073cb7aa994140058e4ea | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocke... | On what date did the Space Race begin? | {
"answer_start": [
702
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"text": [
"August 2, 1955"
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} | On what date did [MASK] begin? | [
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0.273804157... | Reflections generally affect polarization. For radio waves, one important reflector is the ionosphere which can change the wave's polarization. Thus for signals received following reflection by the ionosphere (a skywave), a consistent polarization cannot be expected. For line-of-sight communications or ground wave prop... | The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958, presenting issues for debate to the United Nations, which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959. | The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14, 1973. It weighed 169,950 pounds (77,090 kg), was 58 feet (18 m) long by 21.7 feet (6.6 m) in diameter, with a habitable volume of 10,000 cubic feet (280 m3). Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit, losing one of its solar panels and a meteoro... | August 2, 1955 | 12,080 |
56e073cb7aa994140058e4eb | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocke... | Sputnik 1 started orbiting on what date? | {
"answer_start": [
990
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"text": [
"October 4, 1957"
]
} | [MASK] started orbiting on what date? | [
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56e073cb7aa994140058e4ec | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocke... | Who was the first person in space? | {
"answer_start": [
1080
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"text": [
"Yuri Gagarin"
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} | Who was the [MASK] person in space? | [
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56e073cb7aa994140058e4ed | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocke... | What was the date that the first human reached space? | {
"answer_start": [
1097
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"text": [
"April 12, 1961"
]
} | What was the date that the [MASK] human reached space? | [
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56dea15d4396321400ee2a53 | Space_Race | The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets... | Where were the actual origin of the Space Race? | {
"answer_start": [
40
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"Germany"
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} | Where were the actual origin of [MASK]? | [
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0.362357586622238... | The franchise was first created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets, akin to—and influenced in style by—the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys. The creatures were first designed to look cute and iconic even on the devices' small screens; later developments had them created with a harder-edged style influence... | Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing, in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini, a two-man spacecraft that would support the later three-man Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft, flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moo... | Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and thought. Scientific progress ... | Germany | 12,084 |
56dea15d4396321400ee2a54 | Space_Race | The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets... | What were German aerospace engineers experimenting with in the 1930's? | {
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"liquid-fueled rockets"
]
} | What were [MASK] aerospace engineers experimenting with in [MASK] 's? | [
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56dea15d4396321400ee2a56 | Space_Race | The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets... | What engineer was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret program? | {
"answer_start": [
774
],
"text": [
"Wernher von Braun"
]
} | What engineer was recruited by [MASK] and [MASK] to join their secret program? | [
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56e0796b231d4119001ac197 | Space_Race | The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets... | Which war in history did the Space Race begin to take root? | {
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"World War II"
]
} | Which war in history did [MASK] begin to take root? | [
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0.501138925552... | As of 2012, renewable energy plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries globally. Renewables are becoming increasingly economic in both developing and developed countries. Prices for renewable energy technologies, primarily wind power and solar power, continued to drop, making renewables competitive with co... | Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing, in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini, a two-man spacecraft that would support the later three-man Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft, flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moo... | The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches w... | World War II | 12,087 |
56e0796b231d4119001ac199 | Space_Race | The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets... | A secretive army installation began in Kummersdorf-West in what year? | {
"answer_start": [
918
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"text": [
"1932"
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} | A secretive army installation began in [MASK] in what [MASK]? | [
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56dea3774396321400ee2a5d | Space_Race | During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which becam... | What was von Braun's role in the army's rocket program during during World War II? | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"technical director of the ballistic missile program"
]
} | What was [MASK] role in the army 's rocket program during during [MASK]? | [
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56dea3774396321400ee2a5e | Space_Race | During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which becam... | What was the name of the first vehicle to reach outer space? | {
"answer_start": [
279
],
"text": [
"the Aggregate-4"
]
} | What was the name of the [MASK] vehicle to reach outer space? | [
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56e079e87aa994140058e541 | Space_Race | During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which becam... | During WWII, who was in charge of the German army's rocket program? | {
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"General Dornberger"
]
} | During [MASK], who was in charge of the [MASK] army 's rocket program? | [
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56e079e87aa994140058e542 | Space_Race | During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which becam... | What was the first object to enter space? | {
"answer_start": [
283
],
"text": [
"Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket"
]
} | What was the [MASK] object to enter space? | [
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0.12555731832981... | At the Salon d'Automne of the same year, in addition to the Indépendants group of Salle 41, were exhibited works by André Lhote, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye, André Dunoyer de Segonzac and František Kupka. The exhibition was reviewed in the October 8, 1911 issue of The New York Times. This artic... | On March 18, 1965, about a week before the first American piloted Project Gemini space flight, the USSR accelerated the competition, by launching the two-cosmonaut Voskhod 2 mission with Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov. Voskhod 2's design modifications included the addition of an inflatable airlock to allow for extrav... | The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA... | Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket | 12,092 |
56e079e87aa994140058e543 | Space_Race | During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which becam... | When did the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket reach space? | {
"answer_start": [
395
],
"text": [
"1942 and 1943"
]
} | When did the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket reach space? | [
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56dea480cffd8e1900b4ba41 | Space_Race | At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefi... | After World War II what did the American, English and Soviet allies want to capture? | {
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"Germany's rocket engineers"
]
} | After [MASK] what did the [MASK], [MASK] and [MASK] allies want to capture? | [
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56e07a467aa994140058e549 | Space_Race | At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefi... | What military operation allowed the US to recruit the German engineer, Von Braun? | {
"answer_start": [
338
],
"text": [
"Operation Paperclip"
]
} | What military operation allowed the [MASK] to recruit the [MASK] engineer, [MASK]? | [
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56e07a467aa994140058e54a | Space_Race | At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefi... | The US had captured what type of missiles during Operation Paperclip? | {
"answer_start": [
551
],
"text": [
"V2 rockets"
]
} | The [MASK] had captured what type of missiles during [MASK]? | [
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56dea63ccffd8e1900b4ba48 | Space_Race | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Koro... | Who led the Soviet rocket engineers | {
"answer_start": [
309
],
"text": [
"Sergei Korolev"
]
} | Who led the [MASK] rocket engineers | [
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56dea63ccffd8e1900b4ba49 | Space_Race | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Koro... | Where was Sergei Korolev imprisoned for six years? | {
"answer_start": [
498
],
"text": [
"Siberia"
]
} | Where was [MASK] imprisoned for [MASK]? | [
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56dea63ccffd8e1900b4ba4a | Space_Race | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Koro... | What was his "secret" title after World War II? | {
"answer_start": [
732
],
"text": [
"the Chief Designer"
]
} | What was his" secret" title after [MASK]? | [
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56e07b187aa994140058e54d | Space_Race | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Koro... | The German rocket center was located in what city? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"Peenemünde"
]
} | The [MASK] rocket center was located in what city? | [
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56e07b187aa994140058e54e | Space_Race | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Koro... | Who was in charge of the Soviet rocket engineer team that went into Germany? | {
"answer_start": [
309
],
"text": [
"Sergei Korolev"
]
} | Who was in charge of the [MASK] rocket engineer team that went into [MASK]? | [
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56e07b187aa994140058e54f | Space_Race | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Koro... | What year was Sergei Korolev arrested? | {
"answer_start": [
426
],
"text": [
"1938"
]
} | What year was [MASK] arrested? | [
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56e07b187aa994140058e550 | Space_Race | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Koro... | Sergei Korolev died in what year? | {
"answer_start": [
820
],
"text": [
"1966"
]
} | [MASK] died in what year? | [
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56e07b187aa994140058e551 | Space_Race | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Koro... | After the war, Sergei Korolev was known under what title? | {
"answer_start": [
536
],
"text": [
"USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer"
]
} | After the war, [MASK] was known under what title? | [
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0.2811043560504... | A major battleground, Burma was devastated during World War II. By March 1942, within months after they entered the war, Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon and the British administration had collapsed. A Burmese Executive Administration headed by Ba Maw was established by the Japanese in August 1942. Wingate's Bri... | Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6, 1961. The Soviet Union demonstrated 24-hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft, Vostok 3 and Vostok 4, in essentially identical orbits, on August 11 and 12, 1962. The two ... | In recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on December 20, 1944, he was promoted to General of the Army, equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies. In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents for leadership and diplomacy. Although he had ne... | USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer | 12,104 |
56e07b847aa994140058e559 | Space_Race | After almost a year in the area around Peenemünde, Soviet officials moved most of the captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger, about 240 kilometers (150 mi) northwest of Moscow. They were not allowed to participate in Soviet missile design, but were used as problem-solving consultants to... | What year was the R1 rocket born? | {
"answer_start": [
792
],
"text": [
"1948"
]
} | What year was the [MASK] rocket born? | [
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0.2208876... | On 23 November 1991, in a prepared statement made on his deathbed, Mercury confirmed that he had AIDS. Within 24 hours of the statement, he died of bronchial pneumonia, which was brought on as a complication of AIDS. His funeral service on 27 November in Kensal Green, West London was private, and held in accordance wit... | The introduction of the guided missile resulted in a significant shift in anti-aircraft strategy. Although Germany had been desperate to introduce anti-aircraft missile systems, none became operational during World War II. Following several years of post-war development, however, these systems began to mature into viab... | Having lost the race to the Moon, the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations. During 1969 and 1970, they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3, then launched the first space station, the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov, on April 19, 1971. Three days later, the Soyuz 10 crew attempte... | 1948 | 12,105 |
56e07bc7231d4119001ac1c3 | Space_Race | The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid-fuel rockets since 1914, and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921; yet he had not bee... | What professor began working on solid-fuel rockets since 1914? | {
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"Robert H. Goddard"
]
} | What professor began working on solid- fuel rockets since [MASK]? | [
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56e07bc7231d4119001ac1c4 | Space_Race | The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid-fuel rockets since 1914, and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921; yet he had not bee... | Liquid-fueled rockets were developed in what year? | {
"answer_start": [
296
],
"text": [
"1921"
]
} | Liquid- fueled rockets were developed in what [MASK]? | [
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0.0876996964... | The club have entered the UK pop charts on four occasions under different titles during the 1980s and 1990s when many clubs released a song to mark their reaching the FA Cup Final. "The Boys in Blue", released in 1984, peaked at number 82. The following year the club scored their biggest hit when "Here We Go" peaked at... | In 1821, Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus. Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction. In 1843, John Couch Adams began work ... | But even after NASA reached internal agreement, it was far from smooth sailing. Kennedy's science advisor Jerome Wiesner, who had expressed his opposition to manned spaceflight to Kennedy before the President took office, and had opposed the decision to land men on the Moon, hired Golovin, who had left NASA, to chair h... | 1921 | 12,107 |
56e084b77aa994140058e595 | Space_Race | Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer s... | The United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground is located where? | {
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"New Mexico"
]
} | [MASK] [MASK] is located where? | [
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56e084b77aa994140058e596 | Space_Race | Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer s... | Von Braun and his associates were sent to United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground in what year? | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"1945"
]
} | [MASK] and his associates were sent to [MASK] [MASK] in what [MASK]? | [
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56e084b77aa994140058e597 | Space_Race | Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer s... | The first two-stage rocket was developed in what year? | {
"answer_start": [
394
],
"text": [
"1949"
]
} | The [MASK] [MASK]- stage rocket was developed in what [MASK]? | [
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56e084b77aa994140058e598 | Space_Race | Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer s... | The Army's new Redstone Arsenal is located in what city and state? | {
"answer_start": [
496
],
"text": [
"Huntsville, Alabama"
]
} | The [MASK] 's new [MASK] is located in what city and state? | [
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0.065808810... | For many years, he wrote a monthly column for the bodybuilding magazines Muscle & Fitness and Flex. Shortly after being elected Governor, he was appointed executive editor of both magazines, in a largely symbolic capacity. The magazines agreed to donate $250,000 a year to the Governor's various physical fitness initiat... | In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the "starting line" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites... | During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highl... | Huntsville, Alabama | 12,111 |
56e084b77aa994140058e599 | Space_Race | Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer s... | What year was the German rocket team moved to Alabama? | {
"answer_start": [
520
],
"text": [
"1950"
]
} | What year was the [MASK] rocket team moved to [MASK]? | [
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0.05934581... | Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia, at approximately 85% of the nation's inhabitants. They are traditionally nomads, but since the late 20th century, many have moved to urban areas. While most Somalis can be found in Somalia proper, large numbers also live in Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Yemen, the Mi... | In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the "starting line" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites... | The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force ... | 1950 | 12,112 |
56e08587231d4119001ac24f | Space_Race | In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded i... | What year did the US lose its monopoly to the atomic bomb? | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"1949"
]
} | What year did the [MASK] lose its monopoly to the atomic bomb? | [
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56e08587231d4119001ac250 | Space_Race | In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded i... | What type of bomb was first developed during the Cold War? | {
"answer_start": [
605
],
"text": [
"the hydrogen bomb"
]
} | What type of bomb was first developed during [MASK]? | [
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0.044948548078... | J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, and FBI. He was chiefly responsible for creating the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, or the FBI Laboratory, which officially opened in 1932, as part of his work to professionalize investigations by the government. Hoover... | Since 2005, Iran's nuclear program has become the subject of contention with the international community following earlier quotes of Iranian leadership favoring the use of an atomic bomb against Iran's enemies and in particular Israel. Many countries have expressed concern that Iran's nuclear program could divert civil... | The U.N. speech was well received but the Soviets never acted upon it, due to an overarching concern for the greater stockpiles of nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal. Indeed, Eisenhower embarked upon a greater reliance on the use of nuclear weapons, while reducing conventional forces, and with them the overall defense... | the hydrogen bomb | 12,114 |
56e08587231d4119001ac251 | Space_Race | In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded i... | ICBMs is an abbreviation for what? | {
"answer_start": [
635
],
"text": [
"intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles"
]
} | ICBMs is an abbreviation for what? | [
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0.21961602568... | Some of the best examples of later Islamic mosaics were produced in Moorish Spain. The golden mosaics in the mihrab and the central dome of the Great Mosque in Corduba have a decidedly Byzantine character. They were made between 965 and 970 by local craftsmen, supervised by a master mosaicist from Constantinople, who w... | Since 2005, Iran's nuclear program has become the subject of contention with the international community following earlier quotes of Iranian leadership favoring the use of an atomic bomb against Iran's enemies and in particular Israel. Many countries have expressed concern that Iran's nuclear program could divert civil... | During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which becam... | intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles | 12,115 |
56e08587231d4119001ac252 | Space_Race | In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded i... | The SAC is an abbreviation for what US force? | {
"answer_start": [
1220
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"Strategic Air Command"
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} | The [MASK] is an abbreviation for what [MASK] force? | [
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56e08587231d4119001ac253 | Space_Race | In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded i... | During what decade, did a fear of communism oversweep the US? | {
"answer_start": [
837
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"1950s"
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} | During what decade, did a fear of communism oversweep the [MASK]? | [
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56e08680231d4119001ac26b | Space_Race | For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States ha... | How many casualties did the Soviet Union have during WWII? | {
"answer_start": [
84
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"27 million"
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} | How many casualties did [MASK] have during [MASK]? | [
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56e08680231d4119001ac26c | Space_Race | For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States ha... | The Soviet Union was first invaded by Nazi controlled Germany in what year? | {
"answer_start": [
165
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"1941"
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} | [MASK] was [MASK] invaded by [MASK] controlled [MASK] in what year? | [
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56e08680231d4119001ac26d | Space_Race | For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States ha... | Until what year, was the US the sole possessor of the atomic bomb? | {
"answer_start": [
253
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"1949"
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} | Until what year, was the [MASK] the sole possessor of the atomic bomb? | [
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0.240758568048... | The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface... | After the German occupation of France in 1940, Britain and the empire stood alone against Germany, until the entry of the Soviet Union to the war in 1941. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill successfully lobbied President Franklin D. Roosevelt for military aid from the United States, but Roosevelt was not yet read... | Towards the end of the war as the role of strategic bombing became more important, a new command for the U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific was created to oversee all U.S. strategic bombing in the hemisphere, under United States Army Air Forces General Curtis LeMay. Japanese industrial production plunged as nearl... | 1949 | 12,120 |
56e08680231d4119001ac26e | Space_Race | For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States ha... | In what year did Stalin order the development of ICBMs? | {
"answer_start": [
624
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"1947"
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} | In what year did [MASK] order the development of ICBMs? | [
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56e08680231d4119001ac26f | Space_Race | For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States ha... | What type of military force did the US possess a much larger fleet than the Soviet Union? | {
"answer_start": [
514
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"text": [
"air force"
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} | What type of military force did the [MASK] possess a much larger fleet than [MASK]? | [
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56e087477aa994140058e5b8 | Space_Race | In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was succ... | Who began developing the R-7 Semyorka rocket? | {
"answer_start": [
9
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"Korolev"
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} | Who began developing the [MASK] rocket? | [
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56e087477aa994140058e5b9 | Space_Race | In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was succ... | R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile? | {
"answer_start": [
205
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"text": [
"German G-4"
]
} | [MASK] rocket resembled closely to what other missile? | [
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56e087477aa994140058e5ba | Space_Race | In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was succ... | When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successfully? | {
"answer_start": [
339
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"text": [
"August 21, 1957"
]
} | When was the [MASK] rocket tested successfully? | [
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56e087477aa994140058e5bb | Space_Race | In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was succ... | The first satellite launched into space used what rocket? | {
"answer_start": [
55
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"text": [
"R-7 Semyorka rocket"
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} | The [MASK] satellite launched into space used what rocket? | [
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56e087e6231d4119001ac275 | Space_Race | The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches w... | The US Air Force began research of ICBMs in what year? | {
"answer_start": [
217
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"text": [
"1945"
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} | [MASK] began research of ICBMs in what year? | [
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0.20340757071... | Provide Campaign Assistance. Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers. There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention. For example, they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to... | The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14, 1973. It weighed 169,950 pounds (77,090 kg), was 58 feet (18 m) long by 21.7 feet (6.6 m) in diameter, with a habitable volume of 10,000 cubic feet (280 m3). Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit, losing one of its solar panels and a meteoro... | Before the Apollo program began, Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket engineers had started work on plans for very large launch vehicles, the Saturn series, and the even larger Nova series. In the midst of these plans, von Braun was transferred from the Army to NASA, and made Director of the Marshall Space Flight C... | 1945 | 12,127 |
56e087e6231d4119001ac276 | Space_Race | The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches w... | What type of rocket was first researched by the Air Force? | {
"answer_start": [
231
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"text": [
"MX-774"
]
} | What type of rocket was first researched by [MASK]? | [
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56e087e6231d4119001ac277 | Space_Race | The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches w... | The MX-774 was tested in what year? | {
"answer_start": [
337
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"text": [
"1947"
]
} | [MASK] was tested in what [MASK]? | [
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-0.148454830050468... | From 1898, it was commonly accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos; this explanation has since been rejected. Richard Coates put forward an explanation in 1998 that it is derived from the pre-Celtic Old European *(p)lowonida, meaning 'river too wide to ford', and ... | The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14, 1973. It weighed 169,950 pounds (77,090 kg), was 58 feet (18 m) long by 21.7 feet (6.6 m) in diameter, with a habitable volume of 10,000 cubic feet (280 m3). Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit, losing one of its solar panels and a meteoro... | In the 1970s, the United States began developing a new generation of reusable orbital spacecraft known as the Space Shuttle, and launched a range of unmanned probes. The USSR continued to develop space station technology with the Salyut program and Mir ('Peace' or 'World', depending on the context) space station, suppo... | 1947 | 12,129 |
56e087e6231d4119001ac278 | Space_Race | The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches w... | The Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family was tested where? | {
"answer_start": [
423
],
"text": [
"Cape Canaveral"
]
} | The [MASK] [MASK] rocket family was tested where? | [
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56e087e6231d4119001ac279 | Space_Race | The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches w... | The Atlas-A first launched on what date? | {
"answer_start": [
648
],
"text": [
"June 11, 1957"
]
} | [MASK] [MASK] launched on what date? | [
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0.2657614946... | Pioneer Electronics later purchased the majority stake in the format and marketed it as both LaserVision (format name) and LaserDisc (brand name) in 1980, with some releases unofficially referring to the medium as "Laser Videodisc". Philips produced the players while MCA produced the discs. The Philips-MCA cooperation ... | The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14, 1973. It weighed 169,950 pounds (77,090 kg), was 58 feet (18 m) long by 21.7 feet (6.6 m) in diameter, with a habitable volume of 10,000 cubic feet (280 m3). Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit, losing one of its solar panels and a meteoro... | The act created the National Military Establishment (renamed Department of Defense in 1949), which was composed of three subordinate Military Departments, namely the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the newly created Department of the Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military avia... | June 11, 1957 | 12,131 |
56e088c6231d4119001ac280 | Space_Race | In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the "starting line" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites... | Who was president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary? | {
"answer_start": [
356
],
"text": [
"James C. Hagerty"
]
} | Who was president [MASK] 's press secretary? | [
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56e088c6231d4119001ac281 | Space_Race | In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the "starting line" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites... | The starting date for the Space Race was which date? | {
"answer_start": [
902
],
"text": [
"August 30, 1955"
]
} | The starting date for [MASK] was which date? | [
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56e0893c7aa994140058e5d5 | Space_Race | Initially, President Eisenhower was worried that a satellite passing above a nation at over 100 kilometers (62 mi), might be construed as violating that nation's sovereign airspace. He was concerned that the Soviet Union would accuse the Americans of an illegal overflight, thereby scoring a propaganda victory at his ex... | A Jupiter-C was launched by Von Braum on what date? | {
"answer_start": [
1012
],
"text": [
"September 20, 1956"
]
} | [MASK] was launched by [MASK] on what date? | [
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0.28858825564... | West Raleigh lies along Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard. The area is bordered to the west by suburban Cary. It is home to North Carolina State University, Meredith College, Pullen Park, Pullen Memorial Baptist Church, Cameron Village, Lake Johnson, the North Carolina Museum of Art and historic Saint Mary's Sc... | For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States ha... | On March 18, 1965, about a week before the first American piloted Project Gemini space flight, the USSR accelerated the competition, by launching the two-cosmonaut Voskhod 2 mission with Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov. Voskhod 2's design modifications included the addition of an inflatable airlock to allow for extrav... | September 20, 1956 | 12,134 |
56e0bc7b231d4119001ac363 | Space_Race | The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force ... | The civilian rocket and satellite project in the US was called what? | {
"answer_start": [
133
],
"text": [
"Vanguard"
]
} | The civilian rocket and satellite project in the [MASK] was called what? | [
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56e0bc7b231d4119001ac364 | Space_Race | The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force ... | Project Vanguard launch failed on what date? | {
"answer_start": [
234
],
"text": [
"December 6, 195"
]
} | [MASK] launch failed on what date? | [
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0.0089975837618... | The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, the only few surviving representative texts being those of Menander (born 342/1 BCE). Only one play, Dyskolos, survives in its entirety. The plots of this new Hellenistic comedy of manners were more domestic and formulaic, stereotypical low born characters such as slav... | After the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt, and forced them to withdraw. He also condemned the Soviet ... | The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches w... | December 6, 195 | 12,136 |
56e0bc7b231d4119001ac365 | Space_Race | The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force ... | Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is located in what state? | {
"answer_start": [
331
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"text": [
"Florida"
]
} | [MASK] is located in what state? | [
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56e0bc7b231d4119001ac366 | Space_Race | The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force ... | in response to Project Vanguard's failed launch, what was the rocket the Soviet Union launched? | {
"answer_start": [
854
],
"text": [
"Jupiter-C rocket"
]
} | in response to [MASK] failed launch, what was the rocket [MASK] launched? | [
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0.073210671544075... | Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form. In addition, liquid hydrogen is a cryogen and presents dangers (such as frostbite) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in many metals, and,... | After the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt, and forced them to withdraw. He also condemned the Soviet ... | After almost a year in the area around Peenemünde, Soviet officials moved most of the captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger, about 240 kilometers (150 mi) northwest of Moscow. They were not allowed to participate in Soviet missile design, but were used as problem-solving consultants to... | Jupiter-C rocket | 12,138 |
56e0e8b47aa994140058e79b | Space_Race | On January 31, 1958, nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1, von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four-stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army's Redstone missile, at Cape Canaveral. The satellite Explorer 1 was 30.8 pounds (14.0 kg) in mass. It carried a micromet... | The first US satellite to launch without failure was on what date? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"January 31, 1958"
]
} | The [MASK] [MASK] satellite to launch without failure was on what date? | [
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56e0e8b47aa994140058e79d | Space_Race | On January 31, 1958, nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1, von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four-stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army's Redstone missile, at Cape Canaveral. The satellite Explorer 1 was 30.8 pounds (14.0 kg) in mass. It carried a micromet... | The Explorer gathered what 3 measurements? | {
"answer_start": [
916
],
"text": [
"cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites"
]
} | The [MASK] gathered what [MASK] measurements? | [
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56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a1 | Space_Race | On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronaut... | Who was the Senate's Majority Leader in 1958? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"Lyndon B. Johnson"
]
} | Who was the [MASK] 's Majority Leader in [MASK]? | [
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56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a2 | Space_Race | On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronaut... | The National Aeronautics and Space Act was established in what year? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"1958"
]
} | [MASK] was established in what [MASK]? | [
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0.118117... | Dell was the first company to publicly state a timeline for the elimination of toxic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which it planned to phase out by the end of 2009. It revised this commitment and now aims to remove these toxics by the end of 2011 but only in its computing products. In... | As President, Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs, promoting them as Kennedy's legacy to the American public. One week after Kennedy's death, he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy. | In 1967, a new U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) combined major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport. The Federal Aviation Agency's name changed to the Federal Aviation Administration as it became one of several agencies (e.g., Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, the... | 1958 | 12,142 |
56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a3 | Space_Race | On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronaut... | What was NASA called before it became NASA? | {
"answer_start": [
410
],
"text": [
"National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics"
]
} | What was [MASK] called before it became [MASK]? | [
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56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a4 | Space_Race | On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronaut... | The first US satellite was launched on what date? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"April 2, 1958"
]
} | The [MASK] [MASK] satellite was launched on what date? | [
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0.098705075681... | Although professional wrestling started out as petty acts in sideshows, traveling circuses and carnivals, today it is a billion-dollar industry. Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video. ... | As President, Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs, promoting them as Kennedy's legacy to the American public. One week after Kennedy's death, he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy. | On January 31, 1958, nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1, von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four-stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army's Redstone missile, at Cape Canaveral. The satellite Explorer 1 was 30.8 pounds (14.0 kg) in mass. It carried a micromet... | April 2, 1958 | 12,144 |
56e0e9887aa994140058e7ab | Space_Race | On October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the Saturn rocket family, which when mature, would finally give... | The Redstone Arsenal became the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center when? | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"July 1, 1960"
]
} | [MASK] became [MASK] when? | [
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56e0e9887aa994140058e7ac | Space_Race | On October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the Saturn rocket family, which when mature, would finally give... | Who was the first director in charge of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center? | {
"answer_start": [
209
],
"text": [
"von Braun"
]
} | Who was the [MASK] director in charge of [MASK]? | [
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0.060182515531... | However, this was not always the case; in the early 20th century, once it became apparent that the "sport" was worked, pro wrestling was looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class — an attitude that still exists to varying degrees today. The French theorist Roland Barthes was among the fir... | The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations Executive. This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). O... | With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (Léo... | von Braun | 12,146 |
56e0ea497aa994140058e7af | Space_Race | In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. T... | How many attempts to the Moon did Luna E-1-class probes fail before successfully launching? | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"4"
]
} | How many attempts to the [MASK] did [MASK] probes fail before successfully launching? | [
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-0.08278483897447... | In 1981, The Times and The Sunday Times were bought from Thomson by Rupert Murdoch's News International. The acquisition followed three weeks of intensive bargaining with the unions by company negotiators, John Collier and Bill O'Neill. | By 1959, American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury's first launch. On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1.... | Salyut 1's orbit was increased to prevent premature reentry, but further piloted flights were delayed while the Soyuz was redesigned to fix the new safety problem. The station re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on October 11, after 175 days in orbit. The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut-class station designated ... | 4 | 12,147 |
56e0ea497aa994140058e7b0 | Space_Race | In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. T... | The first probe to land on the Moon was in what year? | {
"answer_start": [
240
],
"text": [
"1959"
]
} | The [MASK] probe to land on the [MASK] was in what [MASK]? | [
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56e0ea497aa994140058e7b2 | Space_Race | In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. T... | Which Luna probe successfully photographed the back side of the Moon? | {
"answer_start": [
434
],
"text": [
"Luna 3"
]
} | Which [MASK] probe successfully photographed the back side of the [MASK]? | [
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-0.28358298540... | Windows 8 development started before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009. At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2011, it was announced that the next version of Windows would add support for ARM system-on-chips alongside the existing x86 processors produced by vendors, especially AMD and Intel. Windows division presiden... | Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966. Gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the Apollo missions. Apollo used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles. Apollo/Saturn ve... | Apollo set several major human spaceflight milestones. It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low Earth orbit. Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while the final Apollo 17 mission marked the sixth Moon landing and the ninth manned mission beyond low Earth orbit. The pro... | Luna 3 | 12,149 |
56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7b9 | Space_Race | The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed t... | The Ranger program from 1959 was managed by what organization? | {
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory"
]
} | The [MASK] program from [MASK] was managed by what organization? | [
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56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7ba | Space_Race | The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed t... | The first spacecraft to make it to the Moon was what? | {
"answer_start": [
352
],
"text": [
"Ranger 4"
]
} | The [MASK] spacecraft to make it to the [MASK] was what? | [
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56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bb | Space_Race | The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed t... | The first Ranger mission that didn't fail was which one? | {
"answer_start": [
703
],
"text": [
"Block III Ranger 7"
]
} | The [MASK] [MASK] mission that did n't fail was which one? | [
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56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bc | Space_Race | The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed t... | The Block III Ranger 7 mission successfully reached the moon on what date? | {
"answer_start": [
740
],
"text": [
"July 31, 1964"
]
} | The [MASK] [MASK] mission successfully reached the moon on what date? | [
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56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bd | Space_Race | The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed t... | What program led to the establishment of the Ranger program? | {
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"Luna"
]
} | What program led to the establishment of the [MASK] program? | [
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56e0eb947aa994140058e7c3 | Space_Race | By 1959, American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury's first launch. On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1.... | Which country succesfully launched the first person into space in 1961? | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"the USSR"
]
} | Which country succesfully launched the [MASK] person into space in [MASK]? | [
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... | Traditional Eritrean attire is quite varied among the ethnic groups of Eritrea. In the larger cities, most people dress in Western casual dress such as jeans and shirts. In offices, both men and women often dress in suits. Traditional clothing for Christian Tigrinya-speaking highlanders consists of bright white gowns c... | The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later. Altogether, they spent... | In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the "starting line" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites... | the USSR | 12,155 |
56e0eb947aa994140058e7c4 | Space_Race | By 1959, American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury's first launch. On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1.... | The first ship to carry a human through space was called what? | {
"answer_start": [
311
],
"text": [
"Vostok 1"
]
} | The [MASK] ship to carry a human through space was called what? | [
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56e0eb947aa994140058e7c5 | Space_Race | By 1959, American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury's first launch. On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1.... | How long did Yuri Gagarin orbit the earth in the spacecraft? | {
"answer_start": [
812
],
"text": [
"108 minutes"
]
} | How long did [MASK] orbit the earth in the spacecraft? | [
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56e0ebdb231d4119001ac44a | Space_Race | Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945. April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR, and is celebrated today in ... | April 12, in the USSR, is what special day? | {
"answer_start": [
263
],
"text": [
"Cosmonautics Day"
]
} | [MASK], in the [MASK], is what special day? | [
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0.0369578... | But early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe. When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold; they had the tiny cochineal, a parasitic scale insect which liv... | In the fall of 1985, Gorbachev continued to bring younger and more energetic men into government. On September 27, Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, effectively the Soviet prime minister, and on October 14, Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairma... | Faced with growing separatism, Gorbachev sought to restructure the Soviet Union into a less centralized state. On August 20, 1991, the Russian SFSR was scheduled to sign a New Union Treaty that would have converted the Soviet Union into a federation of independent republics with a common president, foreign policy and m... | Cosmonautics Day | 12,158 |
56e0ebdb231d4119001ac44b | Space_Race | Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945. April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR, and is celebrated today in ... | What year was established as the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations? | {
"answer_start": [
386
],
"text": [
"2011"
]
} | What year was established as [MASK] by [MASK]? | [
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0.243211925029... | Estonia (i/ɛˈstoʊniə/; Estonian: Eesti [ˈeːsti]), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Ru... | In the fall of 1985, Gorbachev continued to bring younger and more energetic men into government. On September 27, Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, effectively the Soviet prime minister, and on October 14, Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairma... | On March 18, 1965, about a week before the first American piloted Project Gemini space flight, the USSR accelerated the competition, by launching the two-cosmonaut Voskhod 2 mission with Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov. Voskhod 2's design modifications included the addition of an inflatable airlock to allow for extrav... | 2011 | 12,159 |
56e0f1b27aa994140058e7e5 | Space_Race | The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA... | Man in Space Soonest was a program by which organization? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"US Air Force"
]
} | [MASK] was a program by which organization? | [
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0.03596862778... | Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial proc... | The first four Saturn I test flights were launched from LC-34, with only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water. The first flight with a live S-IV was launched from LC-37. This was followed by five launches of boilerplate CSMs (designated AS-101 through AS-105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965. The... | Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966. Gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the Apollo missions. Apollo used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles. Apollo/Saturn ve... | US Air Force | 12,160 |
56e0f1b27aa994140058e7e6 | Space_Race | The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA... | Man in Space Soonest was reestablished as what in November 26, 1958? | {
"answer_start": [
401
],
"text": [
"Project Mercury"
]
} | [MASK] was reestablished as what in [MASK]? | [
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0.2514717280... | UNFPA has been falsely accused by anti-family planning groups of providing support for government programs which have promoted forced-abortions and coercive sterilizations. Controversies regarding these claims have resulted in a sometimes shaky relationship between the organization and three presidential administration... | The first four Saturn I test flights were launched from LC-34, with only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water. The first flight with a live S-IV was launched from LC-37. This was followed by five launches of boilerplate CSMs (designated AS-101 through AS-105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965. The... | In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was succ... | Project Mercury | 12,161 |
56e0f229231d4119001ac4b2 | Space_Race | Three weeks later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7. Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin, he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft's attitude and retro-rock... | The first American to travel into space was whom? | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"Alan Shepard"
]
} | The [MASK] [MASK] to travel into space was whom? | [
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0.06885085... | Vinyl records can be warped by heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects such as excessively tight plastic shrinkwrap on the album cover. A small degree of warp was common, and allowing for it was part of the art of turntable and tonearm design. "wow" (once-per-revolution pitch variation) c... | Having lost the race to the Moon, the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations. During 1969 and 1970, they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3, then launched the first space station, the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov, on April 19, 1971. Three days later, the Soyuz 10 crew attempte... | The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later. Altogether, they spent... | Alan Shepard | 12,162 |
56e0f229231d4119001ac4b3 | Space_Race | Three weeks later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7. Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin, he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft's attitude and retro-rock... | When did Alan Shepard first arrive in space? | {
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"May 5, 1961"
]
} | When did [MASK] first arrive in space? | [
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0.1828123... | The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country and by function. Furthermore, even within a single nation state or culture there can be different ages at which an individual is considered (chronologically and legally) mature enough for society to entrust them with certain privileges and responsi... | Having lost the race to the Moon, the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations. During 1969 and 1970, they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3, then launched the first space station, the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov, on April 19, 1971. Three days later, the Soyuz 10 crew attempte... | The Space Age is a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events. The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that culminated with the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union. This was the ... | May 5, 1961 | 12,163 |
56e0f229231d4119001ac4b4 | Space_Race | Three weeks later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7. Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin, he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft's attitude and retro-rock... | The spaceship that carried Alan Shepard was named what? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"Freedom 7"
]
} | The spaceship that carried [MASK] was named what? | [
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0.2848832011222... | The Xbox 360's original graphical user interface was the Xbox 360 Dashboard; a tabbed interface that featured five "Blades" (formerly four blades), and was designed by AKQA and Audiobrain. It could be launched automatically when the console booted without a disc in it, or when the disc tray was ejected, but the user ha... | Having lost the race to the Moon, the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations. During 1969 and 1970, they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3, then launched the first space station, the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov, on April 19, 1971. Three days later, the Soyuz 10 crew attempte... | Meanwhile, the Soviet Union was having its own problems with Soyuz development. Engineers reported 200 design faults to party leaders, but their concerns "were overruled by political pressures for a series of space feats to mark the anniversary of Lenin's birthday."[citation needed] On April 24, 1967, the single pilot ... | Freedom 7 | 12,164 |
56e0f229231d4119001ac4b5 | Space_Race | Three weeks later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7. Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin, he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft's attitude and retro-rock... | The first person to have control over driving their spacecraft was whom? | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"Alan Shepard"
]
} | The [MASK] person to have control over driving their spacecraft was whom? | [
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56e0f229231d4119001ac4b6 | Space_Race | Three weeks later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7. Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin, he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft's attitude and retro-rock... | Which president awarded Alan Shepard the NASA Distinguished Service Medal? | {
"answer_start": [
530
],
"text": [
"John F. Kennedy"
]
} | Which president awarded [MASK] the [MASK] Distinguished Service Medal? | [
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0.2960746288299... | A liberal foreign investment law was approved in June 1994, and a law on privatisation was adopted in 1997, as well as a program of state property privatisation. Continued progress will depend on the ability of the government to strengthen its macroeconomic management, including increasing revenue collection, improving... | Having lost the race to the Moon, the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations. During 1969 and 1970, they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3, then launched the first space station, the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov, on April 19, 1971. Three days later, the Soyuz 10 crew attempte... | Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945. April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR, and is celebrated today in ... | John F. Kennedy | 12,166 |
56e0f281231d4119001ac4bc | Space_Race | Gagarin's flight changed this; now Kennedy sensed the humiliation and fear on the part of the American public over the Soviet lead. He sent a memo dated April 20, 1961, to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, asking him to look into the state of America's space program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportun... | President Kennedy sent a letter on April 20, 1961 to who about the US's space program? | {
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson"
]
} | President [MASK] sent a letter on [MASK] to who about the [MASK] 's space program? | [
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0.297296... | The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantine... | Gorbachev also radically expanded the scope of Glasnost, stating that no subject was off-limits for open discussion in the media. Even so, the cautious Soviet intelligentsia took almost a year to begin pushing the boundaries to see if he meant what he said. For the first time, the Communist Party leader had appealed ov... | In 1955 American nuclear arms policy became one aimed primarily at arms control as opposed to disarmament. The failure of negotiations over arms until 1955 was due mainly to the refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections. In talks located in London that year, they expressed a willingness to discuss inspe... | Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson | 12,167 |
56e0f2ae231d4119001ac4be | Space_Race | Kennedy ultimately decided to pursue what became the Apollo program, and on May 25 took the opportunity to ask for Congressional support in a Cold War speech titled "Special Message on Urgent National Needs". Full text | The speech by Kennedy, "Special Message on Urgent National Needs" was delivered on what date? | {
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"May 25"
]
} | The speech by [MASK]," [MASK]" was delivered on what date? | [
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0.079713366... | Known as the world's automotive center, "Detroit" is a metonym for that industry. Detroit's auto industry, some of which was converted to wartime defense production, was an important element of the American "Arsenal of Democracy" supporting the Allied powers during World War II. It is an important source of popular mus... | When the White House is controlled by the House majority party, then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for his or her party. "As Minority Leader during [President Lyndon Johnson's] Democratic administratio... | On October 2, 1997, it was reported that Khrushchev's son Sergei claimed Khrushchev was poised to accept Kennedy's proposal at the time of Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963. During the next few weeks he reportedly concluded that both nations might realize cost benefits and technological gains from a joint ve... | May 25 | 12,168 |
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