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56de73fbcffd8e1900b4b937 | Heresy | The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy,... | What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios? | {
"answer_start": [
326
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"text": [
"metaphors"
]
} | What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios? | [
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56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b2 | Warsaw_Pact | The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the mil... | In which year was the Warsaw Pact established? | {
"answer_start": [
573
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"1955"
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} | In which year was [MASK] established? | [
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0.200737357... | At no more than 200 kilometres (120 mi) north to south and 130 kilometres (81 mi) east to west, Swaziland is one of the smallest countries in Africa. Despite its size, however, its climate and topography is diverse, ranging from a cool and mountainous highveld to a hot and dry lowveld. The population is primarily ethni... | Germany and the Soviet Union entered an intricate trade pact on February 11, 1940, that was over four times larger than the one the two countries had signed in August 1939. The trade pact helped Germany to surmount a British blockade of Germany. In the first year, Germany received one million tons of cereals, half a mi... | Eleven days after the Soviet invasion of the Polish Kresy, the secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was modified by the German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation,) allotting Germany a larger part of Poland and transferring Lithuania's territory (with the exception of left bank of river S... | 1955 | 11,970 |
56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b3 | Warsaw_Pact | The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the mil... | Which nation formed the nucleus of the Warsaw Pact? | {
"answer_start": [
182
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"text": [
"Soviet Union"
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} | Which nation formed the nucleus of [MASK]? | [
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56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b4 | Warsaw_Pact | The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the mil... | Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the Pact? | {
"answer_start": [
279
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"text": [
"the Cold War"
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} | Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the [MASK]? | [
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0.268133729... | The relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers. The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship, like a traditional hierarchical model, and many-to-many relationship, like a navigati... | Germany and the Soviet Union entered an intricate trade pact on February 11, 1940, that was over four times larger than the one the two countries had signed in August 1939. The trade pact helped Germany to surmount a British blockade of Germany. In the first year, Germany received one million tons of cereals, half a mi... | When World War II started in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances—the Allies (the United Kingdom and France at first in Europe, China in Asia since 1937, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, the United States); and the Axis powers consisting of Germany, Italy and Japan.[nb 1] During World War II, the United S... | the Cold War | 11,972 |
56deff93c65bf219000b3eb7 | Warsaw_Pact | The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the mil... | How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact? | {
"answer_start": [
199
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"text": [
"seven"
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} | How many [MASK] allied countries were members of [MASK]? | [
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0.223524406552314... | The National Maritime College of Ireland is also located in Cork and is the only college in Ireland in which Nautical Studies and Marine Engineering can be undertaken. CIT also incorporates the Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design as constituent schools. The Cork College of Commerce is the larges... | Germany and the Soviet Union entered an intricate trade pact on February 11, 1940, that was over four times larger than the one the two countries had signed in August 1939. The trade pact helped Germany to surmount a British blockade of Germany. In the first year, Germany received one million tons of cereals, half a mi... | The Soviet Union, which feared Western powers and the possibility of "capitalist encirclements", had little faith either that war could be avoided, or faith in the Polish army, and wanted nothing less than an ironclad military alliance with France and Britain that would provide a guaranteed support for a two-pronged at... | seven | 11,973 |
56deff93c65bf219000b3eb8 | Warsaw_Pact | The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the mil... | The acceptance of which country into NATO prompted the formation of the Warsaw Pact? | {
"answer_start": [
547
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"text": [
"West Germany"
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} | The acceptance of which country into [MASK] prompted the formation of [MASK]? | [
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0.12974... | A working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof (The Netherlands), Gerhard Stoll (Germany), Leonardo Chiariglione (Italy), Yves-François Dehery (France), Karlheinz Brandenburg (Germany) and James D. Johnston (USA) took ideas from ASPEC, integrated the filter bank from Layer 2, added some of their own ideas and create... | Germany and the Soviet Union entered an intricate trade pact on February 11, 1940, that was over four times larger than the one the two countries had signed in August 1939. The trade pact helped Germany to surmount a British blockade of Germany. In the first year, Germany received one million tons of cereals, half a mi... | By spring 1950, Stalin believed the strategic situation had changed. The Soviets had detonated their first nuclear bomb in September 1949; American soldiers had fully withdrawn from Korea; the Americans had not intervened to stop the communist victory in China, and Stalin calculated that the Americans would be even les... | West Germany | 11,974 |
56de83744396321400ee29bf | Warsaw_Pact | While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsa... | Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact? | {
"answer_start": [
80
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"NATO"
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} | Which organization was in direct competition with [MASK]? | [
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56de83744396321400ee29c0 | Warsaw_Pact | While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsa... | Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment? | {
"answer_start": [
385
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"text": [
"Czechoslovakia"
]
} | Which nation saw the most significant [MASK] military deployment? | [
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56de83744396321400ee29c1 | Warsaw_Pact | While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsa... | What was the name of the Polish revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress? | {
"answer_start": [
580
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"text": [
"Solidarity"
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} | What was the name of the [MASK] revolutionary movement which [MASK] failed to suppress? | [
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0.21696953... | Tesla was born on 10 July [O.S. 28 June] 1856 into a Serb family in the village of Smiljan, Austrian Empire (modern-day Croatia). His father, Milutin Tesla, was a Serbian Orthodox priest. Tesla's mother, Đuka Tesla (née Mandić), whose father was also an Orthodox priest,:10 had a talent for making home craft tools, mech... | In mid-June 1940, when international attention was focused on the German invasion of France, Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. State administrations were liquidated and replaced by Soviet cadres, in which 34,250 Latvians, 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians were deporte... | One significant consequence of the tension arising between Yugoslavia and Soviet Union, was that Tito fought Yugoslav Stalinists with Stalin's methods. In other words, Aleksandar Ranković and the State Security Service (UBDA) employed the same inhumane methods against their opponents as Stalin did in the Soviet Union a... | Solidarity | 11,977 |
56deffef3277331400b4d87d | Warsaw_Pact | While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsa... | Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment? | {
"answer_start": [
385
],
"text": [
"Czechoslovakia"
]
} | Which country saw the largest [MASK] deployment? | [
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56deffef3277331400b4d87e | Warsaw_Pact | While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsa... | In which year did the Warsaw Pact cease to function effectively? | {
"answer_start": [
525
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"text": [
"1989"
]
} | In which year did [MASK] cease to function effectively? | [
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0.01422121096... | Tanzania: Dar es Salaam was the torch's only stop in Africa, on April 13. The relay began at the grand terminal of the TAZARA Railway, which was China's largest foreign aid project of the 1970s, and continued for 5 km through the old city to the Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium in Temeke, which was built with Chinese a... | In mid-June 1940, when international attention was focused on the German invasion of France, Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. State administrations were liquidated and replaced by Soviet cadres, in which 34,250 Latvians, 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians were deporte... | On 21 September, the Soviets and Germans signed a formal agreement coordinating military movements in Poland, including the "purging" of saboteurs. A joint German–Soviet parade was held in Lvov and Brest-Litovsk, while the countries commanders met in the latter location. Stalin had decided in August that he was going t... | 1989 | 11,979 |
56deffef3277331400b4d87f | Warsaw_Pact | While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsa... | What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact? | {
"answer_start": [
580
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"text": [
"Solidarity"
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} | What was the name of the [MASK] labor movement which successfully defied [MASK]? | [
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56de83e34396321400ee29c6 | Warsaw_Pact | On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance wh... | In which country did the Warsaw Pact dissolution meeting take place? | {
"answer_start": [
143
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"text": [
"Hungary"
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} | In which country did the [MASK] dissolution meeting take place? | [
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0.08094372... | The divisions between all these groups are approximate and their boundaries are not always clear. The Mizrahim for example, are a heterogeneous collection of North African, Central Asian, Caucasian, and Middle Eastern Jewish communities that are no closer related to each other than they are to any of the earlier mentio... | On 23 October 1954 – only nine years after Allies (UK, USA and USSR) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe – the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as "a decisive t... | The Alma-Ata Protocol also addressed other issues, including UN membership. Notably, Russia was authorized to assume the Soviet Union's UN membership, including its permanent seat on the Security Council. The Soviet Ambassador to the UN delivered a letter signed by Russian President Yeltsin to the UN Secretary-General ... | Hungary | 11,981 |
56df006ec65bf219000b3ec0 | Warsaw_Pact | On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance wh... | Who was the president of Czechoslovakia during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact? | {
"answer_start": [
195
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"text": [
"Václav Havel"
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} | Who was the president of [MASK] during the dissolution of [MASK]? | [
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56de848fcffd8e1900b4b9d0 | Warsaw_Pact | The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Tr... | Despite being headquartered in Poland, the top-ranking operatives of the Warsaw Pact were from which country? | {
"answer_start": [
461
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"text": [
"the USSR"
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} | Despite being headquartered in [MASK], the top- ranking operatives of [MASK] were from which country? | [
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-0.2280... | Everton's second successful era started when Harry Catterick was made manager in 1961. In 1962–63, his second season in charge, Everton won the League title and in 1966 the FA Cup followed with a 3–2 win over Sheffield Wednesday. Everton again reached the final in 1968, but this time were unable to overcome West Bromwi... | The mayor of Warsaw is called President. Generally, in Poland, the mayors of bigger cities are called presidents – i.e. such cities, which have over 100,000 people or these, where already was president before 1990. The first Warsaw President was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695–1696). Between 1975 and 1990 the Warsaw President... | In 1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of the General Sejm, permanent from 1569. In 1573 the city gave its name to the Warsaw Confederation, formally establishing religious freedom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Due to its central location between the Commonwealth's capitals of Kraków and Vilnius, W... | the USSR | 11,983 |
56df00c33277331400b4d88d | Warsaw_Pact | The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Tr... | Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of the Warsaw Pact? | {
"answer_start": [
461
],
"text": [
"the USSR"
]
} | Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of [MASK]? | [
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56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9d8 | Warsaw_Pact | The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the glo... | Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe? | {
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"socialism and communism"
]
} | Which ideologies did [MASK] aspire to lead around the globe? | [
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0.004666969180107... | Pain is the most common reason for people to use complementary and alternative medicine. An analysis of the 13 highest quality studies of pain treatment with acupuncture, published in January 2009, concluded there is little difference in the effect of real, sham and no acupuncture. However other reviews have found bene... | The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Tr... | The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality, but all were refus... | socialism and communism | 11,985 |
56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9d9 | Warsaw_Pact | The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the glo... | Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line? | {
"answer_start": [
528
],
"text": [
"Brezhnev"
]
} | Which [MASK] leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line? | [
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56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9da | Warsaw_Pact | The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the glo... | The Soviet Union feared invasion from which potential enemy? | {
"answer_start": [
639
],
"text": [
"Western Europe"
]
} | [MASK] feared invasion from which potential enemy? | [
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56df02483277331400b4d8a1 | Warsaw_Pact | Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO... | The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself? | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"West Germany"
]
} | The formation of [MASK] was driven by fears of which country rearming itself? | [
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56df02483277331400b4d8a2 | Warsaw_Pact | Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO... | Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament? | {
"answer_start": [
817
],
"text": [
"the USSR"
]
} | Which country sought [MASK] admission in response to the fear of [MASK] rearmament? | [
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56df03473277331400b4d8ab | Warsaw_Pact | The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality, but all were refus... | Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification? | {
"answer_start": [
130
],
"text": [
"Molotov"
]
} | Who was the [MASK] minister who proposed [MASK] reunification? | [
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56df03473277331400b4d8ac | Warsaw_Pact | The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality, but all were refus... | When was reunification first proposed as an idea? | {
"answer_start": [
482
],
"text": [
"1952"
]
} | When was reunification first proposed as an idea? | [
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56df047bc65bf219000b3edf | Warsaw_Pact | One month later, the proposed European Treaty was rejected not only by supporters of the EDC but also by western opponents of the European Defense Community (like French Gaullist leader Palewski) who perceived it as "unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in the collective secur... | The omission of which nation from involvement in the proposed security system led to its NATO opposition? | {
"answer_start": [
270
],
"text": [
"the USA"
]
} | The omission of which nation from involvement in the proposed security system led to its [MASK] opposition? | [
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56df0af2c65bf219000b3ef3 | Warsaw_Pact | Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO "must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella." He opposed the request to... | Who was the general who spoke out against the USSR joining NATO? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"Hastings Ismay"
]
} | Who was the general who spoke out against the [MASK] joining [MASK]? | [
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56df0af2c65bf219000b3ef4 | Warsaw_Pact | Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO "must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella." He opposed the request to... | To what did the British general compare the USSR in his opposition to their joining NATO? | {
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"burglar"
]
} | To what did the [MASK] general compare the [MASK] in his opposition to their joining [MASK]? | [
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56df0bf73277331400b4d919 | Warsaw_Pact | In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO. | In what year did Konrad Adenauer first visit the United States? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"1954"
]
} | In what year did [MASK] [MASK] visit [MASK]? | [
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56df114cc65bf219000b3f1d | Warsaw_Pact | Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too. On 30 August 1954 French Parliament rejected the EDC, thus ensuring its failure and blocking a major objective of US policy towards Europe: to associate Germany militarily with the West. The US Department of State... | Which NATO country feared a unified and rearmed Germany? | {
"answer_start": [
95
],
"text": [
"France"
]
} | Which [MASK] country feared a unified and rearmed [MASK]? | [
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56df11aac65bf219000b3f1f | Warsaw_Pact | On 23 October 1954 – only nine years after Allies (UK, USA and USSR) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe – the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as "a decisive t... | In which year was West Germany admitted to NATO? | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"1954"
]
} | In which year was [MASK] admitted to [MASK]? | [
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56df11aac65bf219000b3f20 | Warsaw_Pact | On 23 October 1954 – only nine years after Allies (UK, USA and USSR) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe – the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as "a decisive t... | Halvard Lange was a minister of which NATO member? | {
"answer_start": [
412
],
"text": [
"Norway"
]
} | [MASK] was a minister of which [MASK] member? | [
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56df12383277331400b4d93e | Warsaw_Pact | On 14 May 1955, the USSR and other seven European countries "reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems" established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the ... | In which month of 1955 was this pact declared? | {
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"May"
]
} | In which month of [MASK] was this pact declared? | [
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56df12853277331400b4d94f | Warsaw_Pact | One of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany. | Which nation was permitted rearmament by the foundation of the Warsaw Pact? | {
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"East Germany"
]
} | Which nation was permitted rearmament by the foundation of [MASK]? | [
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56df12853277331400b4d950 | Warsaw_Pact | One of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany. | What was the name of the East German armed forces? | {
"answer_start": [
88
],
"text": [
"the National People's Army"
]
} | What was the name of the [MASK] armed forces? | [
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56df12ec3277331400b4d953 | Warsaw_Pact | The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all ... | How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"eight"
]
} | How many countries formed the initial [MASK] membership? | [
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56df13573277331400b4d957 | Warsaw_Pact | In July 1963 the Mongolian People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. For this purpose a special protocol should have been taken since the text of the treaty applied only to Europe. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. Soviet stationing troops ... | In which year did Mongolia seek entry in the Warsaw Pact? | {
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"1963"
]
} | In which year did [MASK] seek entry in [MASK]? | [
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0.04147156... | The Theater District is a 17-block area in the center of downtown Houston that is home to the Bayou Place entertainment complex, restaurants, movies, plazas, and parks. Bayou Place is a large multilevel building containing full-service restaurants, bars, live music, billiards, and Sundance Cinema. The Bayou Music Cente... | The Soviet answer on 4 May admonished Tito and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) for failing to admit and correct its mistakes, and went on to accuse them of being too proud of their successes against the Germans, maintaining that the Red Army had saved them from destruction. Tito's response on 17 May suggested t... | For decades, it was the official policy of the Soviet Union to deny the existence of the secret protocol to the Soviet–German Pact. At the behest of Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev headed a commission investigating the existence of such a protocol. In December 1989, the commission concluded that the p... | 1963 | 12,003 |
56df13573277331400b4d959 | Warsaw_Pact | In July 1963 the Mongolian People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. For this purpose a special protocol should have been taken since the text of the treaty applied only to Europe. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. Soviet stationing troops ... | In which year were Soviet forces scheduled to leave Mongolia? | {
"answer_start": [
357
],
"text": [
"1966"
]
} | In which year were [MASK] forces scheduled to leave [MASK]? | [
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56df13b6c65bf219000b3f3b | Warsaw_Pact | For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the inte... | What was the focus of both alliances' policies towards the other in lieu of direct fighting? | {
"answer_start": [
205
],
"text": [
"containment"
]
} | What was the focus of both alliances' policies towards the other in lieu of direct fighting? | [
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56df13b6c65bf219000b3f3c | Warsaw_Pact | For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the inte... | Which continent was considered to be at the center of NATO/Warsaw Pact intrigues? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"Europe"
]
} | Which continent was considered to be at the center of [MASK] / Warsaw Pact intrigues? | [
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56df14683277331400b4d95d | Warsaw_Pact | In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens. | In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1956"
]
} | In which year did [MASK] attempt to leave [MASK]? | [
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56df14683277331400b4d95f | Warsaw_Pact | In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens. | Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt? | {
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"Imre Nagy"
]
} | Who was the head of the [MASK] government at the time of the revolt? | [
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0.208328... | Plymouth (i/ˈplɪməθ/) is a city on the south coast of Devon, England, about 37 miles (60 km) south-west of Exeter and 190 miles (310 km) west-south-west of London, between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall. | Representatives of the Polish government officially took over the civilian administration of the southern part of East Prussia on 23 May 1945. Subsequently Polish expatriates from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union as well as Ukrainians and Lemkos from southern Poland, expelled in Operation Vistula in 1947, were ... | The six Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe, while nominally independent, were widely recognized in the international community as the Soviet satellite states. All had been occupied by the Soviet Red Army in 1945, had Soviet-style socialist states imposed upon them, and had very restricted freedom of action in eith... | Imre Nagy | 12,008 |
56df14d0c65bf219000b3f49 | Warsaw_Pact | The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion. | In which year was the Warsaw Pact activated in a joint action? | {
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"1968"
]
} | In which year was [MASK] activated in a joint action? | [
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56df14d0c65bf219000b3f4a | Warsaw_Pact | The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion. | Which country did the Pact conquer? | {
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"Czechoslovakia"
]
} | Which country did the [MASK] conquer? | [
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56df18663277331400b4d981 | Warsaw_Pact | On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assista... | In which country did Warsaw Pact officials meet to dissolve the alliance? | {
"answer_start": [
147
],
"text": [
"Hungary"
]
} | In which country did [MASK] officials meet to dissolve the alliance? | [
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56df18663277331400b4d982 | Warsaw_Pact | On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assista... | In which year did Romania overthrow its communist government? | {
"answer_start": [
470
],
"text": [
"1989"
]
} | In which year did [MASK] overthrow its communist government? | [
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56df18663277331400b4d983 | Warsaw_Pact | On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assista... | For how many years did the Warsaw Pact formally exist? | {
"answer_start": [
370
],
"text": [
"36"
]
} | For how many years did [MASK] formally exist? | [
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56df18c9c65bf219000b3f55 | Warsaw_Pact | On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009. | Which former Eastern Bloc country was the latest to join NATO? | {
"answer_start": [
153
],
"text": [
"Albania"
]
} | Which former [MASK] country was the latest to join [MASK]? | [
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0.15597373247... | NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) as "measures taken to defend a maritime force against attacks by airborne weapons launched from aircraft, ships, submarines and land-based sites." In some armies the term All-Arms Air Defence (AAAD) is used for air defence by non-specialist troops. Other terms from the late 20th... | On December 24, Yeltsin informed the Secretary-General of the United Nations that by agreement of the member states of the CIS Russian Federation would assume the membership of the Soviet Union in all UN organs (including permanent membership in the UN Security Council). Thus, Russia is considered to be an original mem... | The UN ultimately created a Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, which was signed by the United States, USSR, and the United Kingdom on January 27, 1967 and went into force the following October 10. | Albania | 12,014 |
56df18c9c65bf219000b3f56 | Warsaw_Pact | On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009. | In which year did Poland join NATO? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"1999"
]
} | In which year did [MASK] join [MASK]? | [
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56df18c9c65bf219000b3f57 | Warsaw_Pact | On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009. | In which year did Slovakia join NATO? | {
"answer_start": [
147
],
"text": [
"2004"
]
} | In which year did [MASK] join [MASK]? | [
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56df1961c65bf219000b3f5b | Warsaw_Pact | In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 10... | In which year did Poland declassify most of its Warsaw Pact-era archives? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"2005"
]
} | In which year did [MASK] declassify most of its [MASK]- era archives? | [
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0.348602831... | After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good ... | In the Kingdom of Holland, the British launched the Walcheren Campaign to open up a second front in the war and to relieve the pressure on the Austrians. The British army only landed at Walcheren on 30 July, by which point the Austrians had already been defeated. The Walcheren Campaign was characterized by little fight... | Nazi Germany terminated the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact at 03:15 on 22 June 1941 by launching a massive attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland which marked the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa. Stalin had ignored several warnings that Germany was likely to invade, and or... | 2005 | 12,017 |
56df1961c65bf219000b3f5c | Warsaw_Pact | In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 10... | How many documents remain classified? | {
"answer_start": [
348
],
"text": [
"70"
]
} | How many documents remain classified? | [
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56df1961c65bf219000b3f5d | Warsaw_Pact | In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 10... | What was the name of the Warsaw Pact's planned counteroffensive to a NATO first strike? | {
"answer_start": [
456
],
"text": [
"Seven Days to the River Rhine"
]
} | What was the name of [MASK] planned counteroffensive to a [MASK] [MASK] strike? | [
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0.3178656... | Richard Phillips Feynman was born on May 11, 1918, in Queens, New York City, the son of Lucille (née Phillips), a homemaker, and Melville Arthur Feynman, a sales manager. His family originated from Russia and Poland; both of his parents were Ashkenazi Jews. They were not religious, and by his youth Feynman described hi... | In the Kingdom of Holland, the British launched the Walcheren Campaign to open up a second front in the war and to relieve the pressure on the Austrians. The British army only landed at Walcheren on 30 July, by which point the Austrians had already been defeated. The Walcheren Campaign was characterized by little fight... | In the following months, NATO took a wide range of measures to respond to the threat of terrorism. On 22 November 2002, the member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism, which explicitly states, "EAPC States are committed to the protection and prom... | Seven Days to the River Rhine | 12,019 |
56df1961c65bf219000b3f5e | Warsaw_Pact | In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 10... | How many nuclear weapons were eventually housed in Poland? | {
"answer_start": [
905
],
"text": [
"250"
]
} | How many nuclear weapons were eventually housed in [MASK]? | [
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56df1961c65bf219000b3f5f | Warsaw_Pact | In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 10... | In which year was the counteroffensive strategy first conceived? | {
"answer_start": [
683
],
"text": [
"1979"
]
} | In which year was the counteroffensive strategy first conceived? | [
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56de92c1cffd8e1900b4b9fc | Materialism | Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions. | What is materialism? | {
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"a form of philosophical monism"
]
} | What is materialism? | [
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0.39803144335746... | Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater. | Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through, for example, religious experience and the prayers of humans. Theism hol... | Some modern day physicists and science writers—such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin—have argued that materialism has been disproven by certain scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book The Matter Myth, the first chapter of which, "The Dea... | a form of philosophical monism | 12,022 |
56de92c1cffd8e1900b4b9fd | Materialism | Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions. | In nature, this is an essential substance? | {
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"matter"
]
} | In nature, this is an essential substance? | [
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0.07849728316068649... | The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.[citation needed] Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.[citation needed] For example, at th... | Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through, for example, religious experience and the prayers of humans. Theism hol... | Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through, for example, religious experience and the prayers of humans. Theism hol... | matter | 12,023 |
56de936b4396321400ee2a30 | Materialism | Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energ... | What are some examples of philosophical physicalism? | {
"answer_start": [
295
],
"text": [
"spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter"
]
} | What are some examples of philosophical physicalism? | [
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56de936b4396321400ee2a31 | Materialism | Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energ... | Some people consider physicalism to be synonymous with what? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Materialism"
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} | Some people consider physicalism to be synonymous with what? | [
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0.123451940715... | Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long frost-free period, plenty of sunshine, and a moderate rainfall, usually from 600 to 1,200 mm (24 to 47 in). Soils usually need to be fairly heavy, although the level of nutrients does not need to be exceptional. In general, these conditions are met within the seasonally ... | Replacing the classical physics in use since the end of the scientific revolution, modern physics arose in the early 20th century with the advent of quantum physics, substituting mathematical studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure.[citation needed] The old quantum theo... | Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fund... | Materialism | 12,025 |
56de94434396321400ee2a3b | Materialism | Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism. | What class does materialism belong to? | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"monist ontology"
]
} | What class does materialism belong to? | [
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56de957acffd8e1900b4ba02 | Materialism | Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the pri... | What is the first question to ask in order to define the two classes? | {
"answer_start": [
400
],
"text": [
"\"what does reality consist of?\""
]
} | What is the [MASK] question to ask in order to define the [MASK] classes? | [
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0.10296060... | For some species of waders, migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route. This gives the migrants an opportunity to refuel for the next leg of the voyage. Some examples of important stopover locations are the Bay of Fundy and Delaware Bay. | Even non-theist views about gods vary. Some non-theists avoid the concept of God, whilst accepting that it is significant to many; other non-theists understand God as a symbol of human values and aspirations. The nineteenth-century English atheist Charles Bradlaugh declared that he refused to say "There is no God", bec... | Many current and recent philosophers—e.g., Daniel Dennett, Willard Van Orman Quine, Donald Davidson, and Jerry Fodor—operate within a broadly physicalist or materialist framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate mind, including functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory, and so on. | "what does reality consist of?" | 12,027 |
56de957acffd8e1900b4ba03 | Materialism | Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the pri... | What is the second question to ask in order to define the two classes? | {
"answer_start": [
436
],
"text": [
"\"how does it originate?\""
]
} | What is the [MASK] question to ask in order to define the [MASK] classes? | [
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0.10296060... | In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many ... | Even non-theist views about gods vary. Some non-theists avoid the concept of God, whilst accepting that it is significant to many; other non-theists understand God as a symbol of human values and aspirations. The nineteenth-century English atheist Charles Bradlaugh declared that he refused to say "There is no God", bec... | This idea was later developed in ancient philosophy by the Stoic school. Stoic epistemology generally emphasized that the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it. The doxographer Aetius summarizes this view as "When a man is born, the Stoics say, he has the commanding part of... | "how does it originate?" | 12,028 |
56de957acffd8e1900b4ba04 | Materialism | Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the pri... | An idealist considers what as the most important? | {
"answer_start": [
475
],
"text": [
"spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas)"
]
} | An idealist considers what as the most important? | [
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56de957acffd8e1900b4ba05 | Materialism | Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the pri... | A materialist considers what as the most important? | {
"answer_start": [
538
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"matter"
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56de9609cffd8e1900b4ba0b | Materialism | The materialist view is perhaps best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of immaterial substance applied to the mind historically, famously by René Descartes. However, by itself materialism says nothing about how material substance should be characterized. In practice, it is frequently assimilated to one vari... | Was René Descartes an idealist or a materialist? | {
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4
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56de9609cffd8e1900b4ba0c | Materialism | The materialist view is perhaps best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of immaterial substance applied to the mind historically, famously by René Descartes. However, by itself materialism says nothing about how material substance should be characterized. In practice, it is frequently assimilated to one vari... | Materialism does not define what? | {
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219
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56de997dcffd8e1900b4ba22 | Materialism | During the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels extended the concept of materialism to elaborate a materialist conception of history centered on the roughly empirical world of human activity (practice, including labor) and the institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity (see materialist conc... | What type of materialism defined the Marxist philosophy? | {
"answer_start": [
379
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"dialectical materialism"
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56de99cfcffd8e1900b4ba26 | Materialism | Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age (approximately 800 to 200 BC). | Who coined the Axial Age? | {
"answer_start": [
114
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56de99cfcffd8e1900b4ba27 | Materialism | Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age (approximately 800 to 200 BC). | In what part of the world did materialism develop during the Axial Age? | {
"answer_start": [
94
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"Eurasia"
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56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2b | Materialism | In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism... | Around what time did materialism become part of Ancient Indian philosophy? | {
"answer_start": [
59
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"600 BC"
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56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2c | Materialism | In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism... | At that time, who helped develop materialism? | {
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"Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy"
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56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2d | Materialism | In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism... | What school advanced atomism? | {
"answer_start": [
233
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"text": [
"Nyaya–Vaisesika school"
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} | What school advanced atomism? | [
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0.168754190... | A person may display either relative weakness or relative strength in terms of both exploration and commitments. When assigned categories, four possible permutations result: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Diffusion is when a person lacks both exploration in life... | Early history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist (bheda), and non-dualist-... | This new approach liberated scientific speculation from the dogmatic restraints of Aristotelian science, and paved the way for new approaches. Particularly within the field of theories of motion great advances were made, when such scholars as Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators challenged the work of... | Nyaya–Vaisesika school | 12,038 |
56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2e | Materialism | In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism... | Between what years did the school advance atomism? | {
"answer_start": [
257
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"text": [
"600 BC - 100 BC"
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} | Between what years did the school advance atomism? | [
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0.00717294495... | Meanwhile, in January 1968, Nasser commenced the War of Attrition to reclaim territory captured by Israel, ordering attacks against Israeli positions east of the then-blockaded Suez Canal. In March, Nasser offered Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement arms and funds after their performance against Israeli forces in the Battle... | Early history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist (bheda), and non-dualist-... | In 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassiz's approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans' "participation in the Divine Nature" and the possibility of understanding "intellectual existences". Agassiz's perspective on sci... | 600 BC - 100 BC | 12,039 |
56de9c91cffd8e1900b4ba33 | Materialism | Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description — typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive materialism explici... | Materialism is linked to what? | {
"answer_start": [
37
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"text": [
"reductionism"
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} | Materialism is linked to what? | [
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56dede143277331400b4d77c | Materialism | Ancient Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaxagoras (ca. 500 BC – 428 BC), Epicurus and Democritus prefigure later materialists. The Latin poem De Rerum Natura by Lucretius (ca. 99 BC – ca. 55 BC) reflects the mechanistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. According to this view, all that exists is matter and void, ... | De Rerum Natura is a poem by who? | {
"answer_start": [
162
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"text": [
"Lucretius"
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} | [MASK] is a poem by who? | [
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56dede143277331400b4d77d | Materialism | Ancient Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaxagoras (ca. 500 BC – 428 BC), Epicurus and Democritus prefigure later materialists. The Latin poem De Rerum Natura by Lucretius (ca. 99 BC – ca. 55 BC) reflects the mechanistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. According to this view, all that exists is matter and void, ... | What kinf of explanation does De Rerum Natura provide for phenomena? | {
"answer_start": [
484
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"text": [
"mechanistic explanations"
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} | What kinf of explanation does De Rerum Natura provide for phenomena? | [
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56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8b | Materialism | Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philos... | Name the title of the work by Jayaraashi Bhatta. | {
"answer_start": [
69
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"Tattvopaplavasimha (\"The upsetting of all principles\")"
]
} | Name the title of the work by [MASK]. | [
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56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8c | Materialism | Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philos... | Which type of philosphy did not continue after 1400? | {
"answer_start": [
166
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"materialistic Cārvāka philosophy"
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} | Which type of philosphy did not continue after [MASK]? | [
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0.1072249710559845... | In 525 BC, the powerful Achaemenid Persians, led by Cambyses II, began their conquest of Egypt, eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium. Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh, but ruled Egypt from his home of Susa in Persia (modern Iran), leaving Egypt under the control of ... | In its metaphysics, Nyāya school is closer to the Vaiśeṣika school than others. It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects produced by activity under wrong knowledge (notions and ignorance). Moksha (liberation), it states, is gained through right knowledge. This premise led Nyāya to concern itself with... | Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught someth... | materialistic Cārvāka philosophy | 12,044 |
56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8d | Materialism | Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philos... | What is Sarva-darśana-samgraha? | {
"answer_start": [
298
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"text": [
"a digest of all philosophies"
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} | What is Sarva-darśana-samgraha? | [
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0.2986074... | The 20th century saw the arrival of Modernism, and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly by the Delaunays. Among his best-known works is Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro. Another great modernist painters/writers w... | In its metaphysics, Nyāya school is closer to the Vaiśeṣika school than others. It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects produced by activity under wrong knowledge (notions and ignorance). Moksha (liberation), it states, is gained through right knowledge. This premise led Nyāya to concern itself with... | Several references in Indian literature praise the knowledge of the Yavanas or the Greeks. The Mahabharata compliments them as "the all-knowing Yavanas" (sarvajnaa yavanaa) i.e. "The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so. The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy." and the cr... | a digest of all philosophies | 12,045 |
56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8e | Materialism | Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philos... | Who wrote the Sarva-darśana-samgraha? | {
"answer_start": [
251
],
"text": [
"Madhavacharya"
]
} | Who wrote [MASK]? | [
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-0.16923320293426... | Guinea-Bissau is a republic. In the past, the government had been highly centralized. Multi-party governance was not established until mid-1991. The president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. Since 1974, no president has successfully served a full five-year term. | In its metaphysics, Nyāya school is closer to the Vaiśeṣika school than others. It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects produced by activity under wrong knowledge (notions and ignorance). Moksha (liberation), it states, is gained through right knowledge. This premise led Nyāya to concern itself with... | The Vaiśeṣika philosophy is a naturalist school; it is a form of atomism in natural philosophy. It postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to paramāṇu (atoms), and one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements),... | Madhavacharya | 12,046 |
56dedf32c65bf219000b3d99 | Materialism | In early 12th-century al-Andalus, the Arabian philosopher, Ibn Tufail (Abubacer), wrote discussions on materialism in his philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus), while vaguely foreshadowing the idea of a historical materialism. | What is the name of the novel written by Ibn Tufail? | {
"answer_start": [
143
],
"text": [
"Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)"
]
} | What is the name of the novel written by [MASK]? | [
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56dee0713277331400b4d7a1 | Materialism | The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-Fren... | Pierre Gassendi lived from what year to what year? | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"1592-1665"
]
} | [MASK] lived from what year to what year? | [
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0.032708764... | The biggest change in this year's census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting the race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded a... | Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanis... | The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Spinoza. The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rouss... | 1592-1665 | 12,048 |
56dee0713277331400b4d7a2 | Materialism | The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-Fren... | René Descartes lived from what year to what year? | {
"answer_start": [
133
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"text": [
"1596-1650"
]
} | [MASK] lived from what year to what year? | [
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0.032708764... | "Hellenistic" is a modern word and a 19th-century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece. Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. Hellenist (Ancient Greek: Ἑλληνιστής, Hellēnistēs), have been attested since ancient times, it was J. G. Droysen in the mid-19th century, who in hi... | Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanis... | A number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment, including Deism and talk of atheism. Deism, according to Thomas Paine, is the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source. Instead, the Deist relies solely on personal reason to guide his creed, ... | 1596-1650 | 12,049 |
56dee0713277331400b4d7a3 | Materialism | The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-Fren... | abbé Jean Meslier lived from what year to what year? | {
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"1664-1729"
]
} | [MASK] lived from what year to what year? | [
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0.032708764... | Industry is diversified, ranging from automotive (Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen), aerospace (Embraer and OGMA), electronics and textiles, to food, chemicals, cement and wood pulp. Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa motor vehicle assembly plant in Palmela is among the largest foreign direct investment projects in... | Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanis... | There is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment; the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments), between 1715 and 1789, from ... | 1664-1729 | 12,050 |
56dee0713277331400b4d7a4 | Materialism | The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-Fren... | Denis Diderot lived from what year to what year? | {
"answer_start": [
402
],
"text": [
"1713-1784"
]
} | [MASK] lived from what year to what year? | [
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0.032708764... | Collectively encompassing more than 900 million adherents, or nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, Protestantism is present on all populated continents.[t] The movement is more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either Eastern Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism, lacking both structural unity and centr... | Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanis... | Deleuze's and Latour's opinions, however, are minority ones, as Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools. It is impossible to say exactly why Whitehead's influence has not been more widespread, but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming... | 1713-1784 | 12,051 |
56dee0713277331400b4d7a5 | Materialism | The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-Fren... | William Wordsworth lived from what year to what year? | {
"answer_start": [
653
],
"text": [
"1770-1850"
]
} | [MASK] lived from what year to what year? | [
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0.032708764... | Currently, (2004), there are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion; their existence can be factually established; each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion; these principles have a strong persuasive ... | Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanis... | One of the most influential works during this burgeoning period was Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince, written between 1511–12 and published in 1532, after Machiavelli's death. That work, as well as The Discourses, a rigorous analysis of the classical period, did much to influence modern political thought in the West. A... | 1770-1850 | 12,052 |
56dee0f43277331400b4d7ab | Materialism | Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) wrote that "...materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself". He claimed that an observing subject can only know material objects through the mediation of the brain and its particular organization. That is, the brain itself is the "determiner" of ho... | Arthur Schopenhauer lived from what year to what year? | {
"answer_start": [
21
],
"text": [
"1788-1860"
]
} | [MASK] lived from what year to what year? | [
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0.032708764... | All of these traditions, including festivals, martial arts, dress, literature, sport and games such as Shax, have immensely contributed to the enrichment of Somali heritage. | Subjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or "bundles" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he called immaterialis... | In his Harvard "Lectures on Pragmatism" (1903), Peirce enumerated what he called the "three cotary propositions of pragmatism" (L: cos, cotis whetstone), saying that they "put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism". First among these he listed the peripatetic-thomist observation mentioned above, but he further observed t... | 1788-1860 | 12,053 |
56dee0f43277331400b4d7ac | Materialism | Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) wrote that "...materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself". He claimed that an observing subject can only know material objects through the mediation of the brain and its particular organization. That is, the brain itself is the "determiner" of ho... | What did he say that the brain would decide? | {
"answer_start": [
318
],
"text": [
"how material objects will be experienced or perceived"
]
} | What did he say that the brain would decide? | [
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56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dbf | Materialism | The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx. | Who wrote "The Essence of Christianity"? | {
"answer_start": [
50
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"text": [
"Ludwig Feuerbach"
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} | Who wrote" [MASK]"? | [
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56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc0 | Materialism | The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx. | In what year was "The Essence of Christianity" written? | {
"answer_start": [
153
],
"text": [
"1841"
]
} | In what year was" [MASK]" written? | [
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56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc1 | Materialism | The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx. | What did the author of "The Essence of Christianity" consider religion to be? | {
"answer_start": [
209
],
"text": [
"the outward projection of man's inward nature"
]
} | What did the author of" [MASK]" consider religion to be? | [
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56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc2 | Materialism | The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx. | The author's ideas would later influence what well known philosopher? | {
"answer_start": [
310
],
"text": [
"Karl Marx"
]
} | The author's ideas would later influence what well known philosopher? | [
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56dee346c65bf219000b3ddf | Materialism | Many current and recent philosophers—e.g., Daniel Dennett, Willard Van Orman Quine, Donald Davidson, and Jerry Fodor—operate within a broadly physicalist or materialist framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate mind, including functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory, and so on. | In regards to the mind, what are 3 theories that modern day philosophers try to harmonize? | {
"answer_start": [
248
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"text": [
"functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory"
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} | In regards to the mind, what are [MASK] theories that modern day philosophers try to harmonize? | [
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ICTV (formerly STOIC (Student Television of Imperial College)) is Imperial College Union's TV station, founded in 1969 and operated from a small TV studio in the Electrical Engineering block. The department had bought an early AMPEX Type A 1-inch videotape recorder and this was used to produce an oc... | Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energ... | Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energ... | functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory | 12,059 |
56dee668c65bf219000b3e01 | Materialism | The nature and definition of matter - like other key concepts in science and philosophy - have occasioned much debate. Is there a single kind of matter (hyle) which everything is made of, or multiple kinds? Is matter a continuous substance capable of expressing multiple forms (hylomorphism), or a number of discrete, un... | What is hyle? | {
"answer_start": [
29
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"matter"
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0.2207538634... | Villa and Carranza had different political goals causing Villa to become an enemy of Carranza. After Carranza took control in 1914, Villa and other revolutionaries who opposed him met at what was called the Convention of Aguascalientes. The convention deposed Carranza in favor of Eulalio Gutiérrez. In the winter of 191... | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | matter | 12,060 |
56dee7883277331400b4d7e3 | Materialism | One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible "stuff" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is... | Relativity illustrates that what is interchangeable? | {
"answer_start": [
150
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"text": [
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0.2740588784... | The Norfolk Island Group Nepean Island is also home to breeding seabirds. The providence petrel was hunted to local extinction by the beginning of the 19th century, but has shown signs of returning to breed on Phillip Island. Other seabirds breeding there include the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel, wedge-tailed s... | Almost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of his namesake co... | The example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situation, however, is not possible, accord... | matter and energy | 12,061 |
56dee7883277331400b4d7e4 | Materialism | One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible "stuff" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is... | Ontological theory suggests that what is the main substance? | {
"answer_start": [
161
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"energy"
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} | Ontological theory suggests that what is the main substance? | [
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0.259179532527... | Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents, allegedly inherited from AT&T-Bell Labs, in litigation of its own. In November 2006, before the companies' merger, Alcatel sued Microsoft for allegedly infringing seven patents. On 23 February 2007, a San Diego jury awarded Alcatel-Lucent US $1.52 ... | Almost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of his namesake co... | Subjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or "bundles" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he called immaterialis... | energy | 12,062 |
56dee7883277331400b4d7e5 | Materialism | One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible "stuff" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is... | Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance? | {
"answer_start": [
215
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"text": [
"fields"
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} | Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance? | [
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0.34216323494... | The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions. | In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-m... | From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton mod... | fields | 12,063 |
56dee82a3277331400b4d7f3 | Materialism | According to the dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the "matter" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amongst scientists about w... | Which model suggests that matter is 5% of the universe? | {
"answer_start": [
50
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"text": [
"Lambda-CDM model"
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} | Which model suggests that matter is [MASK] of the universe? | [
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56dee82a3277331400b4d7f4 | Materialism | According to the dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the "matter" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amongst scientists about w... | What type of matter does the model consider it to be? | {
"answer_start": [
242
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"text": [
"dark matter"
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} | What type of matter does the model consider it to be? | [
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0.45271000266... | The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies. Candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry, first in the degree of Entered Apprentice. Some time later, in a separate ceremony, they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft, and finally they will be raised to the degree of Master... | The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virt... | In particle physics, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of virtual particles which carry momentum, exchange by which and with real particles, is responsible for the creation of all known fundamental forces (more accurately known as fundamental interactions). Virtual photons (which are simply lowest qua... | dark matter | 12,065 |
56dee9483277331400b4d7f7 | Materialism | With the advent of quantum physics, some scientists believed the concept of matter had merely changed, while others believed the conventional position could no longer be maintained. For instance Werner Heisenberg said "The ontology of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence, the direct 'actualit... | Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what? | {
"answer_start": [
450
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"text": [
"things"
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} | [MASK] suggested that atoms are not what? | [
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0.1223949864... | In the light of Mother F. A. Forbes research and reference to Pope Saint Gregory's writings, it would appear that Athanasius was constrained to be Bishop: She writes that when the Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius, who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made Bishop. "When the Bishops... | From the 18th century through late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented in a progressive narrative in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of ... | Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energ... | things | 12,066 |
56deea683277331400b4d80a | Materialism | Some modern day physicists and science writers—such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin—have argued that materialism has been disproven by certain scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book The Matter Myth, the first chapter of which, "The Dea... | What are some of the findings that support their argument? | {
"answer_start": [
183
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"text": [
"quantum mechanics and chaos theory."
]
} | What are some of the findings that support their argument? | [
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0.1812736690044403... | Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman E... | According to the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1907-1912, materialism, defined as "a philosophical system which regards matter as the only reality in the world [...] denies the existence of God and the soul". Materialism, in this view, therefore becomes incompatible with most world religions, including Christianity, Judaism... | Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description — typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive materialism explici... | quantum mechanics and chaos theory. | 12,067 |
56deea683277331400b4d80b | Materialism | Some modern day physicists and science writers—such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin—have argued that materialism has been disproven by certain scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book The Matter Myth, the first chapter of which, "The Dea... | What is the name of the 1991 book by Paul Davies and John Gribbins? | {
"answer_start": [
267
],
"text": [
"The Matter Myth"
]
} | What is the name of the [MASK] book by [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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