id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 4.06k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict | masked_query stringlengths 1 25.7k | query_embedding list | random_answer stringlengths 151 4.06k | similar_answer stringlengths 152 4.06k | similar_answer_v2 stringlengths 151 4.06k ⌀ | answer stringlengths 1 239 | __index_level_0__ int64 0 98.2k |
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56cd70e962d2951400fa65b4 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of "tribute emissaries" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority... | Who believed that the titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority? | {
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"Melvyn C. Goldstein"
]
} | Who believed that the titles given to [MASK] leaders did not confer authority? | [
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56cd70e962d2951400fa65b5 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of "tribute emissaries" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority... | What years did the Tsangpa start and end? | {
"answer_start": [
754
],
"text": [
"1565–1642"
]
} | What years did the [MASK] start and end? | [
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0.39436852931... | Initially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photomask on a clear mylar sheet, usually at two or four times the true size. Starting from the schematic diagram the component pin pads were laid out on the mylar and then traces were routed to connect the pads. Rub-on dry transfers of common component footprints inc... | Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over al... | Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the M... | 1565–1642 | 2,318 |
56cd727662d2951400fa65ba | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Kar... | What year did the Jianwen Emperor reign start and end? | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"1398–1402"
]
} | What year did the Jianwen Emperor reign start and end? | [
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0.01280257105... | Fulton Street in Downtown Fresno was Fresno's main financial and commercial district before being converted into one of the nation's first pedestrian malls in 1964. Renamed the Fulton Mall, the area contains the densest collection of historic buildings in Fresno. While the Fulton Mall corridor has suffered a sharp decl... | Historians disagree on what the relationship was between the Ming court and Tibet and whether or not Ming China had sovereignty over Tibet. Van Praag writes that Chinese court historians viewed Tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in Tibet besides a lama-patron relationship. The historian T... | Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely "strengthened a... | 1398–1402 | 2,319 |
56cd727662d2951400fa65bb | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Kar... | Who aided the Yongle Emperor? | {
"answer_start": [
105
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"text": [
"the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao"
]
} | Who aided the Yongle Emperor? | [
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56cd727662d2951400fa65bc | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Kar... | Who was Yongle Emperor's father? | {
"answer_start": [
159
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"text": [
"the Hongwu Emperor"
]
} | Who was [MASK] father? | [
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0.285504698... | However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's... | Historians disagree on what the relationship was between the Ming court and Tibet and whether or not Ming China had sovereignty over Tibet. Van Praag writes that Chinese court historians viewed Tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in Tibet besides a lama-patron relationship. The historian T... | In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407. | the Hongwu Emperor | 2,321 |
56cd727662d2951400fa65bd | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Kar... | When did the Yongle Emperor invite Deshin Shekpa to his court? | {
"answer_start": [
255
],
"text": [
"March 10, 1403"
]
} | When did the Yongle Emperor invite [MASK] to his court? | [
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56cd73b562d2951400fa65cc | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407. | Who did the Yongle Emperor send to Tibet? | {
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang"
]
} | Who did the Yongle Emperor send to [MASK]? | [
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56cd73b562d2951400fa65cd | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407. | Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"to seek out the Karmapa"
]
} | Why did the Yongle Emperor send [MASK] and [MASK] to [MASK]? | [
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-0.25487327... | These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863, which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street, London. The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five... | Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260–1294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, Ögedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203–1283)—the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism—rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited ... | Sonam Gyatso, after being granted the grandiose title by Altan Khan, departed for Tibet. Before he left, he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng (1525–1582), which arrived on March 12, 1579. Sometime in August or September of that year, Sonam Gyatso's representative stationed with Altan Kh... | to seek out the Karmapa | 2,324 |
56cd73b562d2951400fa65ce | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407. | When did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang return to Nanjing? | {
"answer_start": [
265
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"text": [
"1407"
]
} | When did [MASK] and [MASK] return to [MASK]? | [
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-0.012472520582377... | Season 11 premiered on January 18, 2012. On February 23, it was announced that one more finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25, and that was Jermaine Jones. However, on March 14, Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants. Jones denied the accusation that he concea... | Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260–1294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, Ögedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203–1283)—the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism—rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited ... | A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived (in various degrees of preservation) in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District. Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu (47... | 1407 | 2,325 |
56cd73b562d2951400fa65cf | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407. | Where did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang travel through on their way to the Karmapa? | {
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan"
]
} | Where did [MASK] and [MASK] travel through on their way to the [MASK]? | [
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56cd779762d2951400fa65dc | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Sh... | When did Deshin Shekpa travels start? | {
"answer_start": [
32
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"1403"
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} | When did [MASK] travels start? | [
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0.23081694543... | One man who has encountered this problem is Taiwanese politician Yu Shyi-kun, due to the rarity of the last character in his name. Newspapers have dealt with this problem in varying ways, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters, including a picture of the personality, or, especially as is t... | With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchang... | The history of a unified Tibet begins with the rule of Songtsän Gampo (604–650 CE), who united parts of the Yarlung River Valley and founded the Tibetan Empire. He also brought in many reforms, and Tibetan power spread rapidly, creating a large and powerful empire. It is traditionally considered that his first wife was... | 1403 | 2,327 |
56cd779762d2951400fa65dd | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Sh... | Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the Karmapa? | {
"answer_start": [
115
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"Nanjing"
]
} | Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the [MASK]? | [
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56cd779762d2951400fa65de | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Sh... | Who did the Emperor give the place of honor at his left to? | {
"answer_start": [
388
],
"text": [
"the Karmapa"
]
} | Who did the Emperor give the place of honor at his left to? | [
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56cd779762d2951400fa65df | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Sh... | Who sat on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric? | {
"answer_start": [
643
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"text": [
"Kublai"
]
} | Who sat on a lower platform than the [MASK] cleric? | [
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56cd779762d2951400fa65e0 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Sh... | Who showed a great amount of respect to Deshin Shekpa? | {
"answer_start": [
160
],
"text": [
"the Yongle Emperor"
]
} | Who showed a great amount of respect to [MASK]? | [
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56cd798262d2951400fa65f6 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Throughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages ... | At what temple did the ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents take place? | {
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
"Linggu Temple"
]
} | At what temple did the ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents take place? | [
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56cd798262d2951400fa65f7 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Throughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages ... | Where was the Linggu Temple located? | {
"answer_start": [
121
],
"text": [
"Nanjing"
]
} | Where was [MASK] located? | [
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0.03461241... | Sugar, starch, cotton, linen, hemp, some types of rope, wood and particle boards, papyrus and paper, vegetable oils, wax, and natural rubber are examples of commercially important materials made from plant tissues or their secondary products. Charcoal, a pure form of carbon made by pyrolysis of wood, has a long history... | Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely "strengthened a... | There were many religions practiced during the Yuan dynasty, such as Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. The establishment of the Yuan dynasty had dramatically increased the number of Muslims in China. However, unlike the western khanates, the Yuan dynasty never converted to Islam. Instead, Kublai Khan, the founder of t... | Nanjing | 2,333 |
56cd798262d2951400fa65f8 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Throughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages ... | What title was Deshin Shekpa given at Nanjing? | {
"answer_start": [
437
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"text": [
"Great Treasure Prince of Dharma"
]
} | What title was [MASK] given at [MASK]? | [
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0.10594225674... | Immediately after the War The Saint-Germain-des-Pres quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, mostly found in cellars because of a lack of space; these included the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, Le Tabou.... | Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely "strengthened a... | Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requestin... | Great Treasure Prince of Dharma | 2,334 |
56cd798262d2951400fa65fa | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Throughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages ... | Who did Deshin Shekpa persuade the Yongle Emperor to give the title to? | {
"answer_start": [
943
],
"text": [
"religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects"
]
} | Who did [MASK] persuade [MASK] to give the title to? | [
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0.2450711876153... | However, in Bahasa Indonesia, Politeknik carries a rather different meaning than Institut Teknologi. Politeknik provides vocational education and typically offers three-year Diploma degrees, which is similar to associate degrees, instead of full, four-year bachelor's degree and the more advanced Master's and doctoral d... | Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely "strengthened a... | The Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a "living Buddha" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa. Zhengde's top advisors ... | religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects | 2,335 |
56cd7c1962d2951400fa661e | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over al... | Who imposed on the military might on Tibet in the past? | {
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"the Mongols"
]
} | Who imposed on the military might on [MASK] in the past? | [
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0.00178771349... | Vladimir had been prince of Novgorod when his father Sviatoslav I died in 972. He was forced to flee to Scandinavia in 976 after his half-brother Yaropolk had murdered his other brother Oleg and taken control of Rus. In Scandinavia, with the help of his relative Earl Håkon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway, Vladimir assemble... | Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title "Master of Vajradhara" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616. This was noted in the Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama, which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama. The Wanli Emperor had inv... | However, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese—especially lay Chinese—studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912–1949). Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor... | the Mongols | 2,336 |
56cd7c1962d2951400fa661f | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over al... | Hok-Lam Chan states that Deshin Skekpa was only invited for what purpose? | {
"answer_start": [
560
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"text": [
"religious purposes"
]
} | [MASK] states that [MASK] was only invited for what purpose? | [
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56cd7c1962d2951400fa6620 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over al... | What was said to be the Yongle Emperor plans? | {
"answer_start": [
238
],
"text": [
"to send a military force into Tibet"
]
} | What was said to be the [MASK] plans? | [
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56cd7c1962d2951400fa6621 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over al... | Why was the Yongle Emperor said to have been planning to send military forces into Tibet? | {
"answer_start": [
274
],
"text": [
"to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools"
]
} | Why was [MASK] said to have been planning to send military forces into [MASK]? | [
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0.01579577662050... | T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: The Arians sought the approval of an Ecumenical Council. They sought to hold two councils. Constantius, summoned the bishops of the East to meet at Seleucia in Isauria, and those of the West to Rimini in Italy. A preliminar... | Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title "Master of Vajradhara" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616. This was noted in the Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama, which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama. The Wanli Emperor had inv... | Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requestin... | to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools | 2,339 |
56cd7c1962d2951400fa6622 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over al... | Who convinced the Yongle emperor not to send military forces into Tibet? | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"Deshin Shekpa"
]
} | Who convinced the [MASK] emperor not to send military forces into [MASK]? | [
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56cd7dda62d2951400fa6640 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles "testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne," referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the l... | Who did the Yongle Emperor have a conflict with? | {
"answer_start": [
261
],
"text": [
"Jianwen Emperor"
]
} | Who did the Yongle Emperor have a conflict with? | [
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56cd7dda62d2951400fa6641 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles "testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne," referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the l... | Who aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule? | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"Deshin Shekpa"
]
} | Who aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule? | [
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56cd7dda62d2951400fa6644 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles "testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne," referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the l... | What served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's succession to the throne? | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"Deshin Shekpa's miracles"
]
} | What served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's succession to the throne? | [
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56cd8d1462d2951400fa66b8 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchang... | According to Norbu who failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship? | {
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"Chinese Communist historians"
]
} | According to [MASK] who failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the [MASK]- Tibetan relationship? | [
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-0.176647037... | The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "Carriage R... | Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolish... | Rawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug "can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, Tümen Khan." To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan—the 4th Dalai Lama (1589–1616)—was made the fourth Dalai Lama. In 1642... | Chinese Communist historians | 2,344 |
56cd8d1462d2951400fa66b9 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchang... | What were the items of tribute? | {
"answer_start": [
502
],
"text": [
"Buddhist artifacts"
]
} | What were the items of tribute? | [
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0.1802692413... | Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of meditative absorption (Pali: jhāna; Skt: dhyāna). The most ancient sustained expression of yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of the Buddha. One key innovative teaching of the Buddha was that meditative absorption must be combined with liberating cognition. The diffe... | Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolish... | Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely "strengthened a... | Buddhist artifacts | 2,345 |
56cd8d1462d2951400fa66bb | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchang... | Who believe that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet? | {
"answer_start": [
582
],
"text": [
"Josef Kolmaš"
]
} | Who believe that [MASK] did not exercise any direct political control over [MASK]? | [
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56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c2 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmap... | What years did the Zhengtong Emperor reign? | {
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"1435–1449"
]
} | What years did [MASK] reign? | [
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0.06368637... | Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet. | The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang a... | The Guangxu Emperor died on November 14, 1908, and on November 15, 1908, Cixi also died. Rumors held that she or Yuan Shikai ordered trusted eunuchs to poison the Guangxu Emperor, and an autopsy conducted nearly a century later confirmed lethal levels of arsenic in his corpse. Puyi, the oldest son of Zaifeng, Prince Ch... | 1435–1449 | 2,347 |
56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c3 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmap... | Who maintains an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC"
]
} | Who maintains an edict of [MASK]? | [
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56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c4 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmap... | Who was the edict addressed to? | {
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"the Karmapa"
]
} | Who was the edict addressed to? | [
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0.0604809932... | According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in.[dated info] This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in l... | In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans, the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire, from a king in modern Burma, from a ruler in Japan, and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin (Rome) in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary. A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180 AD) is recorde... | Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260–1294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, Ögedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203–1283)—the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism—rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited ... | the Karmapa | 2,349 |
56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c5 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmap... | Who had a message delivered to them by Zhengtong? | {
"answer_start": [
277
],
"text": [
"Great Treasure Prince of Dharma"
]
} | Who had a message delivered to them by [MASK]? | [
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56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c6 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmap... | When was the edict written? | {
"answer_start": [
156
],
"text": [
"after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court"
]
} | When was the edict written? | [
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0.05333... | By the twentieth century, the U.S. Army had mobilized the U.S. Volunteers on four separate occasions during each of the major wars of the nineteenth century. During World War I, the "National Army" was organized to fight the conflict, replacing the concept of U.S. Volunteers. It was demobilized at the end of World War ... | The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang a... | Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that "after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them." Wang and Nyima state that... | after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court | 2,351 |
56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cc | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the M... | Who did the Ming cut off all relations with? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"the Karmapa hierarchs"
]
} | Who did the [MASK] cut off all relations with? | [
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56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cd | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the M... | What year did the Ming cut off the Karmapa hierarchs? | {
"answer_start": [
78
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"text": [
"1446"
]
} | What year did the [MASK] cut off the [MASK] hierarchs? | [
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0.20423583686351... | Sebastian Cabot declares in a handwritten Latin text in his original 1545 map, that the St. John's earned its name when he and his father, the Venetian explorer John Cabot became the first Europeans to sail into the harbour, in the morning of 24 June 1494 (against British and French historians stating 1497), the feast ... | Following Kammu's death in 806 and a succession struggle among his sons, two new offices were established in an effort to adjust the Taika-Taihō administrative structure. Through the new Emperor's Private Office, the emperor could issue administrative edicts more directly and with more self-assurance than before. The n... | Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that "after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them." Wang and Nyima state that... | 1446 | 2,353 |
56cd8d2162d2951400fa66ce | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the M... | When did Deshin Shekpa die? | {
"answer_start": [
214
],
"text": [
"1415"
]
} | When did [MASK] die? | [
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0.187858656... | In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, "What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?" However, by... | Following Kammu's death in 806 and a succession struggle among his sons, two new offices were established in an effort to adjust the Taika-Taihō administrative structure. Through the new Emperor's Private Office, the emperor could issue administrative edicts more directly and with more self-assurance than before. The n... | Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that "after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them." Wang and Nyima state that... | 1415 | 2,354 |
56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cf | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the M... | Who did the Ming court think the representatives were sent by? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"the Karmapa"
]
} | Who did the [MASK] court think the representatives were sent by? | [
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56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d5 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La Count... | Why did Yongle order the construction? | {
"answer_start": [
196
],
"text": [
"to facilitate trade with Tibet"
]
} | Why did [MASK] order the construction? | [
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0.22089092433... | In reaction to the emergence of Reform Judaism, a group of traditionalist German Jews emerged in support of some of the values of the Haskalah, but also wanted to defend the classic, traditional interpretation of Jewish law and tradition. This group was led by those who opposed the establishment of a new temple in Hamb... | Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requestin... | Early during the Taiping Rebellion, Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing in 1853. Shortly thereafter, a Taiping expeditionary force penetrated as far north as the suburbs of Tianjin, the imperial heartlands. In desperation the Qing court ord... | to facilitate trade with Tibet | 2,356 |
56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d6 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La Count... | What did Yongle want to trade with Tibet? | {
"answer_start": [
230
],
"text": [
"tea, horses, and salt"
]
} | What did [MASK] want to trade with [MASK]? | [
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0.33167472... | As a young child, Bell, like his brothers, received his early schooling at home from his father. At an early age, however, he was enrolled at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, Scotland, which he left at age 15, completing only the first four forms. His school record was undistinguished, marked by absenteeism and lacklu... | Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requestin... | In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038–1227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongo... | tea, horses, and salt | 2,357 |
56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d7 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La Count... | where did the trade route pass through? | {
"answer_start": [
276
],
"text": [
"through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan"
]
} | where did the trade route pass through? | [
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0.0006088810041... | New Haven is repeatedly referenced by Nick Carraway in F. Scott Fitzgerald's literary classic The Great Gatsby, as well as by fellow fictional Yale alumnus C. Montgomery Burns, a character from The Simpsons television show. A fictional native of New Haven is Alex Welch from the novella, The Odd Saga of the American and... | Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requestin... | From roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs. The Han also expanded southward. The naval conques... | through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan | 2,358 |
56cd8d2762d2951400fa66de | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials, that horses were c... | Why does Van Praag believe the Ming court set up a diplomatic delegation with Tibet? | {
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"to secure urgently needed horses"
]
} | Why does [MASK] believe the [MASK] court set up a diplomatic delegation with [MASK]? | [
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0.01791029982... | Ideas for affirmative action came as early as the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) in which a former slave population lacked the skills and resources for sustainable living. In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and grant it to families of color which became the "For... | Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolish... | As evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340–1383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in Nanjing. The Hongwu Emperor also en... | to secure urgently needed horses | 2,359 |
56cd8d2762d2951400fa66df | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials, that horses were c... | What shops were catered to the Tibetan market? | {
"answer_start": [
1980
],
"text": [
"Silk workshops"
]
} | What shops were catered to the [MASK] market? | [
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56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e0 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials, that horses were c... | What visual images and symbols were on furnishings from the silk workshops? | {
"answer_start": [
2103
],
"text": [
"Tibetan Buddhist"
]
} | What visual images and symbols were on furnishings from the silk workshops? | [
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56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e1 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials, that horses were c... | who were the Tibetan areas were ruled by? | {
"answer_start": [
22
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"text": [
"the Ming"
]
} | who were the [MASK] areas were ruled by? | [
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56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e2 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials, that horses were c... | Wang and Nyima believed horses were collected from Tibet as what kind of tax? | {
"answer_start": [
343
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"text": [
"a mandatory \"corvée\" tax"
]
} | [MASK] and [MASK] believed horses were collected from [MASK] as what kind of tax? | [
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56cd8d2962d2951400fa66e8 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to "drive them from the frontiers of China." However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582)—leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mon... | Who did the Ming trade horses with? | {
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"Tibet"
]
} | Who did the [MASK] trade horses with? | [
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56cd8d2962d2951400fa66e9 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to "drive them from the frontiers of China." However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582)—leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mon... | Who was the leader of the Tümed Mongols? | {
"answer_start": [
242
],
"text": [
"Altan Khan"
]
} | Who was the leader of [MASK]? | [
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56cd8d2962d2951400fa66ea | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to "drive them from the frontiers of China." However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582)—leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mon... | Who did Altan Khan overthrow? | {
"answer_start": [
307
],
"text": [
"the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony"
]
} | Who did [MASK] overthrow? | [
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56cd8d2962d2951400fa66eb | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to "drive them from the frontiers of China." However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582)—leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mon... | Who did Altan Khan make peace with? | {
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"the Ming dynasty"
]
} | Who did [MASK] make peace with? | [
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56cd8d2962d2951400fa66ec | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to "drive them from the frontiers of China." However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582)—leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mon... | Who convinced the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573? | {
"answer_start": [
242
],
"text": [
"Altan Khan"
]
} | Who convinced the [MASK] to reopen their border markets in [MASK]? | [
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0.1747607141733... | However, the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries. It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work. The most well-known of these works... | During the turbulent reign of Wang Mang, Han lost control over the Tarim Basin, which was conquered by the Northern Xiongnu in AD 63 and used as a base to invade Han's Hexi Corridor in Gansu. Dou Gu (d. 88 AD) defeated the Northern Xiongnu at the Battle of Yiwulu in AD 73, evicting them from Turpan and chasing them as ... | From the late 1340s onwards, people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods and the resulting famines, and the government's lack of effective policy led to a loss of popular support. In 1351, the Red Turban Rebellion started and grew into a nationwide uprising. In 1354, when... | Altan Khan | 2,368 |
56cd8f8962d2951400fa6716 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that "after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them." Wang and Nyima state that... | When did the Hongwu Emperor use military force in Tibet? | {
"answer_start": [
597
],
"text": [
"the 14th century"
]
} | When did the Hongwu Emperor use military force in [MASK]? | [
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56cd8f8962d2951400fa6717 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that "after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them." Wang and Nyima state that... | When was the Marquis Mu Ying commissioned to quell? | {
"answer_start": [
823
],
"text": [
"November 1378"
]
} | When was the Marquis Mu Ying commissioned to quell? | [
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56cd8f8962d2951400fa6718 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that "after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them." Wang and Nyima state that... | How many Tibetan prisoners did Mu Ying capture? | {
"answer_start": [
955
],
"text": [
"30,000"
]
} | How many [MASK] prisoners did [MASK] capture? | [
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56cd8f8962d2951400fa6719 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that "after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them." Wang and Nyima state that... | How many animals did Mu Ying capture? | {
"answer_start": [
984
],
"text": [
"200,000"
]
} | How many animals did [MASK] capture? | [
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56cd8f8962d2951400fa671a | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that "after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them." Wang and Nyima state that... | Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan? | {
"answer_start": [
1047
],
"text": [
"Ming general Qu Neng"
]
} | Who was ordered to force a [MASK] assault into [MASK]? | [
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56cd982562d2951400fa6770 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up ... | What did the mid Ming dynasty discussion focus mainly on? | {
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"recovery of the Ordos region"
]
} | What did the [MASK] discussion focus mainly on? | [
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56cd982562d2951400fa6771 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up ... | Who used the the Ordos region as a place to stage raids? | {
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"the Mongols"
]
} | Who used the the [MASK] region as a place to stage raids? | [
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56cd982562d2951400fa6772 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up ... | Where were the Mongols trying to raise? | {
"answer_start": [
161
],
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"Ming China"
]
} | Where were the [MASK] trying to raise? | [
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0.1812883168458938... | Reports on the Delhi relay were similarly distinct. Despite intended torchbearers Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar and Bhaichung Bhutia all withdrawing from the event, the official Chinese website for the relay reported "Indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of Olympics", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit... | Edward Hallett Carr, a frequent defender of Soviet policy, stated: "In return for 'non-intervention' Stalin secured a breathing space of immunity from German attack."[page needed] According to Carr, the "bastion" created by means of the Pact, "was and could only be, a line of defense against potential German attack."[p... | The Qing showed that the Manchus valued military skills in propaganda targeted towards the Ming military to get them to defect to the Qing, since the Ming civilian political system discriminated against the military. The three Liaodong Han Bannermen officers who played a massive role in the conquest of southern China f... | Ming China | 2,376 |
56cd982562d2951400fa6774 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up ... | Why did P. Christiaan Klieger believe that the Ming court supported high Tibetan lamas? | {
"answer_start": [
957
],
"text": [
"to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes"
]
} | Why did [MASK] believe that the [MASK] court supported high [MASK] lamas? | [
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56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ec | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Historians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a "divide-and-rule" policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen. Chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the Yongle Emperor, as exclusive patronage to one Tibetan sect would have given... | What policy does Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi claim the Ming held towards the Tibet? | {
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"divide-and-rule"
]
} | What policy does [MASK] and [MASK] claim the [MASK] held towards the [MASK]? | [
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0.23328158259391... | Title I of the U.S. DMCA, the WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act has provisions that prevent persons from "circumvent[ing] a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work". Thus if a distributor of copyrighted works has some kind of software, dongle or password... | With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Depa... | Elliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University’s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that "the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction." He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th centur... | divide-and-rule | 2,378 |
56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ed | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Historians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a "divide-and-rule" policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen. Chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the Yongle Emperor, as exclusive patronage to one Tibetan sect would have given... | When did the Ming hold the divide and rule policy? | {
"answer_start": [
145
],
"text": [
"after the Sakya regime had fallen"
]
} | When did the [MASK] hold the divide and rule policy? | [
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56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ee | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Historians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a "divide-and-rule" policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen. Chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the Yongle Emperor, as exclusive patronage to one Tibetan sect would have given... | Who did Yongle Emperor fail to build a solid relationship with? | {
"answer_start": [
952
],
"text": [
"fifth Karmapa"
]
} | Who did [MASK] fail to build a solid relationship with? | [
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56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ef | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Historians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a "divide-and-rule" policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen. Chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the Yongle Emperor, as exclusive patronage to one Tibetan sect would have given... | Who did the Yongle Emperor give patronage to? | {
"answer_start": [
1144
],
"text": [
"many different Tibetan lamas"
]
} | Who did [MASK] give patronage to? | [
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56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f4 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug—Gendün Drup (1391–1474) and Gendün Gyatso (1475–1571)—had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing with the powerful secula... | Who were the Rinpungpa leaders related to? | {
"answer_start": [
440
],
"text": [
"the Phagmodrupa"
]
} | Who were the [MASK] leaders related to? | [
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56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f6 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug—Gendün Drup (1391–1474) and Gendün Gyatso (1475–1571)—had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing with the powerful secula... | When did the the prince of Rinbung occupy Lhasa? | {
"answer_start": [
615
],
"text": [
"1498"
]
} | When did the the prince of [MASK] occupy [MASK]? | [
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0.02073335833... | Melbourne rates highly in education, entertainment, health care, research and development, tourism and sport, making it the world's most liveable city—for the fifth year in a row in 2015, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit. It is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region, and ranks among the top 3... | Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that "after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them." Wang and Nyima state that... | Following the conquest of Dali in 1253, the former ruling Duan dynasty were appointed as governors-general, recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan, Ming, and Qing-era governments, principally in the province of Yunnan. Succession for the Yuan dynasty, however, was an intractable problem, later causing much strife... | 1498 | 2,383 |
56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f7 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug—Gendün Drup (1391–1474) and Gendün Gyatso (1475–1571)—had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing with the powerful secula... | What was the most important event to the Gelug? | {
"answer_start": [
658
],
"text": [
"New Years ceremonies and prayers"
]
} | What was the most important event to the [MASK]? | [
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56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f8 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug—Gendün Drup (1391–1474) and Gendün Gyatso (1475–1571)—had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing with the powerful secula... | When was Gelug was given the right to conduct the New Years prayer? | {
"answer_start": [
893
],
"text": [
"1518"
]
} | When was [MASK] was given the right to conduct the [MASK] prayer? | [
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56cdae5962d2951400fa67fe | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a "living Buddha" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa. Zhengde's top advisors ... | When did the Zhengde Emperor rule? | {
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"1505–1521"
]
} | When did [MASK] rule? | [
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0.09524203091... | Logan Airport, located in East Boston and operated by the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), is Boston's principal airport. Nearby general aviation airports are Beverly Municipal Airport to the north, Hanscom Field to the west, and Norwood Memorial Airport to the south. Massport also operates several major facili... | Zhu Yousong, however, fared a lot worse than his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang three centuries earlier. Beset by factional conflicts, his regime could not offer effective resistance to Qing forces, when the Qing army, led by the Manchu prince Dodo approached Jiangnan the next spring. Days after Yangzhou fell to the Manchus in... | As evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340–1383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in Nanjing. The Hongwu Emperor also en... | 1505–1521 | 2,386 |
56cdae5962d2951400fa67ff | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a "living Buddha" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa. Zhengde's top advisors ... | Who's company did the Zhengde Emperor enjoy? | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"the company of lamas"
]
} | Who's company did the Zhengde Emperor enjoy? | [
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-0.419559240... | On November 4, 1979, a group of students seized the United States Embassy and took the embassy with 52 personnel and citizens hostage, after the United States refused to return Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to Iran to face trial in the court of the new regime. Attempts by the Jimmy Carter administration to negotiate for the re... | Zhu Yousong, however, fared a lot worse than his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang three centuries earlier. Beset by factional conflicts, his regime could not offer effective resistance to Qing forces, when the Qing army, led by the Manchu prince Dodo approached Jiangnan the next spring. Days after Yangzhou fell to the Manchus in... | Zhu Yousong, however, fared a lot worse than his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang three centuries earlier. Beset by factional conflicts, his regime could not offer effective resistance to Qing forces, when the Qing army, led by the Manchu prince Dodo approached Jiangnan the next spring. Days after Yangzhou fell to the Manchus in... | the company of lamas | 2,387 |
56cdae5962d2951400fa6800 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a "living Buddha" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa. Zhengde's top advisors ... | Who was the 8th Karmapa Lama? | {
"answer_start": [
245
],
"text": [
"Mikyö Dorje"
]
} | Who was the [MASK] Karmapa Lama? | [
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56ce1d0caab44d1400b8845e | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Elliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University’s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that "the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction." He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th centur... | Who said Tibet wasn't an integral part of of China? | {
"answer_start": [
280
],
"text": [
"Chinese writers of the early 20th century"
]
} | Who said [MASK] was n't an integral part of of [MASK]? | [
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0.36890286207199... | Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible, although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only six clubs remaining: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927), Swansea City, Newport County, Wrexham, Merthyr Town and Colwyn Bay. In the early years other teams from W... | Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requestin... | Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that "after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them." Wang and Nyima state that... | Chinese writers of the early 20th century | 2,389 |
56ce1d0caab44d1400b8845f | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Elliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University’s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that "the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction." He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th centur... | What does Sperling claim did not have any control over Tibet? | {
"answer_start": [
707
],
"text": [
"China's intervening Ming dynasty"
]
} | What does [MASK] claim did not have any control over [MASK]? | [
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56ce1d0caab44d1400b88460 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Elliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University’s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that "the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction." He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th centur... | Since what century has Sperling described Ming and Tibet's relation being problematic for China? | {
"answer_start": [
216
],
"text": [
"the 13th century"
]
} | Since what century has [MASK] described [MASK] and [MASK] 's relation being problematic for [MASK]? | [
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0.27136766... | In some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects. This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social stratificati... | Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that "after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them." Wang and Nyima state that... | The Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as "A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kub... | the 13th century | 2,391 |
56ce1d0caab44d1400b88461 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Elliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University’s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that "the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction." He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th centur... | When was the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion? | {
"answer_start": [
421
],
"text": [
"the 18th century"
]
} | When was the [MASK] invasion? | [
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0.046783827... | Enlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War. Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious controversy to spill over int... | Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requestin... | Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," whi... | the 18th century | 2,392 |
56ce1e45aab44d1400b8847a | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Josef Kolmaš, a sinologist, Tibetologist, and Professor of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, writes that it was during the Qing dynasty "that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China, both practically and theoretically subject to... | During Which dynasty does Josef Kolmaš claim Tibet was considered an organic part of China? | {
"answer_start": [
152
],
"text": [
"the Qing dynasty"
]
} | During Which dynasty does [MASK] claim [MASK] was considered an organic part of [MASK]? | [
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0.08606931567... | Compared to the vigorous convergent plate mountain-building of the late Paleozoic, Mesozoic tectonic deformation was comparatively mild. The sole major Mesozoic orogeny occurred in what is now the Arctic, creating the Innuitian orogeny, the Brooks Range, the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy Ranges in Siberia, and the Khingan M... | Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that "these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet," despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yu... | However, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese—especially lay Chinese—studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912–1949). Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor... | the Qing dynasty | 2,393 |
56ce1e45aab44d1400b8847b | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Josef Kolmaš, a sinologist, Tibetologist, and Professor of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, writes that it was during the Qing dynasty "that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China, both practically and theoretically subject to... | Josef Kolmaš states that Tibet became subject to what government? | {
"answer_start": [
321
],
"text": [
"the Chinese central government"
]
} | [MASK] states that [MASK] became subject to what government? | [
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0.26660987734... | The effects of local surface low pressure are extremely limited because upper-level subsidence still continues to block any form of air ascent. Also, to be protected against rain-bearing weather systems by the atmospheric circulation itself, the desert is made even drier by his geographical configuration and location. ... | Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that "these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet," despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yu... | When the Dzungar Mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now Xinjiang into Tibet, the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722) responded to Tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to Tibet, occupying Lhasa in 1720. By 1751, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796), a protectorate and permanen... | the Chinese central government | 2,394 |
56ce2752aab44d1400b884d2 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lama... | Who does P. Christiaan Klieger claim to have had a mutual role of religious prelate? | {
"answer_start": [
304
],
"text": [
"the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans"
]
} | Who does [MASK] claim to have had a mutual role of religious prelate? | [
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56ce2752aab44d1400b884d3 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lama... | Who does P. Christiaan Klieger believe undertook the former imperial tributaries? | {
"answer_start": [
534
],
"text": [
"the Republic of China and its Communist successors"
]
} | Who does [MASK] believe undertook the former imperial tributaries? | [
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0.006878871... | The National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) crime statistics system aims to address limitations inherent in UCR data. The system is used by law enforcement agencies in the United States for collecting and reporting data on crimes. Local, state, and federal agencies generate NIBRS data from their records manage... | However, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build "nationalist sentiment" amongst Tibetans, and to "remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty." Georges Dreyfus,... | However, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build "nationalist sentiment" amongst Tibetans, and to "remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty." Georges Dreyfus,... | the Republic of China and its Communist successors | 2,396 |
56ce2752aab44d1400b884d4 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lama... | Where does P. Christiaan Klieger work? | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco"
]
} | Where does [MASK] work? | [
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56ce2752aab44d1400b884d5 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lama... | Who was the vice royalty of the Sakya regime established by? | {
"answer_start": [
171
],
"text": [
"the Mongols"
]
} | Who was the vice royalty of the [MASK] regime established by? | [
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0.0428447723388... | Bell began a series of public demonstrations and lectures to introduce the new invention to the scientific community as well as the general public. A short time later, his demonstration of an early telephone prototype at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia brought the telephone to international attention. In... | However, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build "nationalist sentiment" amongst Tibetans, and to "remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty." Georges Dreyfus,... | Dawa Norbu argues that modern Chinese Communist historians tend to be in favor of the view that the Ming simply reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet and perpetuated their rule of Tibet in this manner. Norbu writes that, although this would have been true for the eastern Tibetan regions of Amdo and Kham's "tr... | the Mongols | 2,398 |
56ce2752aab44d1400b884d6 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lama... | The Sakya regime established what kind of relationship between the Tibetans and Mongol converts? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"patron and priest relationship"
]
} | The [MASK] regime established what kind of relationship between the [MASK] and [MASK] converts? | [
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56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f0 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | China Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, "Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China." It also states that ... | When was Tibet included into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China? | {
"answer_start": [
202
],
"text": [
"the 13th century"
]
} | When was [MASK] included into the territory of [MASK] [MASK]? | [
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56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f1 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | China Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, "Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China." It also states that ... | Who was said to have gained the right to rule Tibet? | {
"answer_start": [
320
],
"text": [
"the Ming dynasty"
]
} | Who was said to have gained the right to rule [MASK]? | [
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56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f2 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | China Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, "Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China." It also states that ... | When was China Daily started? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"1981"
]
} | When was [MASK] started? | [
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56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f3 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | China Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, "Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China." It also states that ... | Who does the article claim had two itinerant high commands over Tibet? | {
"answer_start": [
320
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"text": [
"the Ming"
]
} | Who does the article claim had [MASK] itinerant high commands over [MASK]? | [
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56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f4 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | China Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, "Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China." It also states that ... | According to article Tibet has remained under what jurisdiction? | {
"answer_start": [
266
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"the central government of China"
]
} | According to article [MASK] has remained under what jurisdiction? | [
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56ce3406aab44d1400b8856c | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court a... | When did the Jiajing Emperor reign? | {
"answer_start": [
44
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"text": [
"1521–1567"
]
} | When did [MASK] reign? | [
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56ce3406aab44d1400b8856d | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court a... | What ideology was sponsored at the Ming court? | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"the native Chinese ideology of Daoism"
]
} | What ideology was sponsored at the [MASK] court? | [
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0.11930... | The biggest Presbyterian church is the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de México), which has around 2,500,000 members and associates and 3000 congregations, but there are other small denominations like the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico which was founded in 1875 ... | With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchang... | Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260–1294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, Ögedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203–1283)—the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism—rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited ... | the native Chinese ideology of Daoism | 2,406 |
56ce3406aab44d1400b8856e | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court a... | Who stopped their trips to Ming China? | {
"answer_start": [
248
],
"text": [
"the Tibetan lamas"
]
} | Who stopped their trips to [MASK]? | [
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0.070993572473526,... | As it has on every aspect of Charleston culture, the Gullah community has had a tremendous influence on music in Charleston, especially when it comes to the early development of jazz music. In turn, the music of Charleston has had an influence on that of the rest of the country. The geechee dances that accompanied the ... | With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchang... | The reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy,... | the Tibetan lamas | 2,407 |
56ce3406aab44d1400b8856f | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court a... | Who was the Grand Secretary under Jiajing? | {
"answer_start": [
350
],
"text": [
"Yang Tinghe"
]
} | Who was the Grand Secretary under [MASK]? | [
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0.0672311112284... | In most jurisdictions (such as the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payme... | With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchang... | After the death of Tugh Temür in 1332 and subsequent death of Rinchinbal (Emperor Ningzong) the same year, the 13-year-old Toghun Temür (Emperor Huizong), the last of the nine successors of Kublai Khan, was summoned back from Guangxi and succeeded to the throne. After El Temür's death, Bayan became as powerful an offic... | Yang Tinghe | 2,408 |
56ce3406aab44d1400b88570 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court a... | Who broke the eunuch influence at court? | {
"answer_start": [
350
],
"text": [
"Yang Tinghe"
]
} | Who broke the eunuch influence at court? | [
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56ce362faab44d1400b885c6 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Depa... | Who was Zhengde's successor? | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"Jiajing"
]
} | Who was [MASK] 's successor? | [
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56ce362faab44d1400b885c7 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Depa... | What establishment did the politics at court shift in favor of? | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"Neo-Confucian establishment"
]
} | What establishment did the politics at court shift in favor of? | [
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56ce362faab44d1400b885c8 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Depa... | Which embassy did the Neo-Confucian establishment reject? | {
"answer_start": [
150
],
"text": [
"the Portuguese embassy"
]
} | Which embassy did the [MASK] - Confucian establishment reject? | [
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56ce362faab44d1400b885c9 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Depa... | Who did the Neo-Confucian establishment have animosity towards? | {
"answer_start": [
251
],
"text": [
"Tibetan Buddhism and lamas"
]
} | Who did the [MASK] establishment have animosity towards? | [
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0.05734290... | Shias believe that Imamah is of the Principles of Faith (Usul al-Din).As the verse 4:165 of quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets; so after the demise of the prophet who will play the role of the prophet; till the people have not any plea against Allah.So the same logic that necessitated the ... | Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely "strengthened a... | Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolish... | Tibetan Buddhism and lamas | 2,413 |
56ce362faab44d1400b885ca | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Depa... | Evelyn S. Rawski claims that Ming's relationship with Tibetan prelates ended during who's reign? | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"Jiajing"
]
} | [MASK] claims that [MASK] 's relationship with [MASK] prelates ended during who 's reign? | [
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-0.16352432966... | Greek art has a long and varied history. Greeks have contributed to the visual, literary and performing arts. In the West, ancient Greek art was influential in shaping the Roman and later the modern western artistic heritage. Following the Renaissance in Europe, the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards o... | Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely "strengthened a... | Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requestin... | Jiajing | 2,414 |
56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ea | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507–1582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced Ming influence and contact with Tibet. After Altan Khan ... | What region did the Tumed Mongols move into? | {
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"the Kokonor region"
]
} | What region did [MASK] move into? | [
0.1624964028596878,
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0.176273018121... | In May 2013, ABC launched "WATCH ABC", a revamp of its traditional multi-platform streaming services encompassing the network's existing streaming portal at ABC.com and a mobile app for smartphones and tablet computers; in addition to providing full-length episodes of ABC programs, the service allows live programming s... | Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title "Master of Vajradhara" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616. This was noted in the Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama, which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama. The Wanli Emperor had inv... | During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Sh... | the Kokonor region | 2,415 |
56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885eb | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507–1582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced Ming influence and contact with Tibet. After Altan Khan ... | Which frontier did the Tumed Mongols raid? | {
"answer_start": [
92
],
"text": [
"the Ming Chinese frontier"
]
} | Which frontier did the Tumed Mongols raid? | [
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-0.036938413... | Melbourne is notable as the host city for the 1956 Summer Olympic Games (the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere and Oceania, with all previous games held in Europe and the United States), along with the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Melbourne is so far the southernmost city to host the games. The city is ho... | Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title "Master of Vajradhara" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616. This was noted in the Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama, which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama. The Wanli Emperor had inv... | Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that "after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them." Wang and Nyima state that... | the Ming Chinese frontier | 2,416 |
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