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56d08f34234ae51400d9c388 | Solar_energy | Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperat... | What has been a main area of solar chemical research since the 1970s? | {
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56d08f34234ae51400d9c389 | Solar_energy | Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperat... | What is one of the thermochemical processes that has been explored besides electrolysis? | {
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56d08f34234ae51400d9c38a | Solar_energy | Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperat... | What is the name of the process being developed by the Weizmann Institute? | {
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} | What is the name of the process being developed by [MASK]? | [
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56ce79c4aab44d1400b887e1 | Solar_energy | Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shif... | In what form do thermal mass systems store solar energy? | {
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56d09004234ae51400d9c38e | Solar_energy | Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shif... | What is the system called that can store solar energy in the form of heat? | {
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56d09004234ae51400d9c38f | Solar_energy | Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shif... | What are some of the materials used in thermal storage systems? | {
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} | What are some of the materials used in thermal storage systems? | [
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56d09004234ae51400d9c390 | Solar_energy | Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shif... | What is something that can be accomplished by a thermal mass system? | {
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56ce7a03aab44d1400b887e3 | Solar_energy | Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heatin... | Paraffin wax is an example of what kind of storage media? | {
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56ce7a03aab44d1400b887e4 | Solar_energy | Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heatin... | The first Glauber's salt heating system was first used where? | {
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} | The [MASK] [MASK] salt heating system was first used where? | [
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56d09106234ae51400d9c394 | Solar_energy | Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heatin... | What are some examples of phase change materials? | {
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31
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"paraffin wax and Glauber's salt"
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56d09106234ae51400d9c395 | Solar_energy | Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heatin... | What are the approximate temperatures that can be delivered by phase change materials? | {
"answer_start": [
214
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"64 °C or 147 °F"
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} | What are the approximate temperatures that can be delivered by phase change materials? | [
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56d09106234ae51400d9c396 | Solar_energy | Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heatin... | What was the name of the heating system that first used Glauber's salt? | {
"answer_start": [
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} | What was the name of the heating system that [MASK] used [MASK] 's salt? | [
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56d09106234ae51400d9c397 | Solar_energy | Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heatin... | Why are salts good for thermal storage? | {
"answer_start": [
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} | Why are salts good for thermal storage? | [
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56d09106234ae51400d9c398 | Solar_energy | Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heatin... | How much energy was the Solar Two able to store using salts? | {
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56ce7ba4aab44d1400b887ed | Solar_energy | Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they ... | Where do off-grid PV systems store excess electricity? | {
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56d09249234ae51400d9c39e | Solar_energy | Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they ... | What do off-grid PV systems use to store excess electricity? | {
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"rechargeable batteries"
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} | What do off-grid PV systems use to store excess electricity? | [
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56d09249234ae51400d9c39f | Solar_energy | Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they ... | What are the programs that gives credit to households for delivering electricity to the grid called? | {
"answer_start": [
241
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"text": [
"Net metering programs"
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} | What are the programs that gives credit to households for delivering electricity to the grid called? | [
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56d09249234ae51400d9c3a0 | Solar_energy | Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they ... | How is the credit to households accomplished? | {
"answer_start": [
357
],
"text": [
"by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes"
]
} | How is the credit to households accomplished? | [
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0.01658903807401... | The emergence of Susa as a city, as determined by radiocarbon dating, dates back to early 4,395 BC. There are dozens of prehistoric sites across the Iranian plateau, pointing to the existence of ancient cultures and urban settlements in the 4th millennium BC. During the Bronze Age, Iran was home to several civilization... | Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate... | In electric power distribution, capacitors are used for power factor correction. Such capacitors often come as three capacitors connected as a three phase load. Usually, the values of these capacitors are given not in farads but rather as a reactive power in volt-amperes reactive (var). The purpose is to counteract ind... | by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes | 5,043 |
56d09249234ae51400d9c3a1 | Solar_energy | Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they ... | Why is a second meter usually unnecessary to monitor electricity use? | {
"answer_start": [
747
],
"text": [
"Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions"
]
} | Why is [MASK] usually unnecessary to monitor electricity use? | [
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56ce7bd2aab44d1400b887f1 | Solar_energy | Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator. | When water is released due to high demand, the pump become swhat? | {
"answer_start": [
250
],
"text": [
"a hydroelectric power generator"
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} | When water is released due to high demand, the pump become swhat? | [
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56d092a1234ae51400d9c3a6 | Solar_energy | Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator. | Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in what form? | {
"answer_start": [
61
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"text": [
"water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one"
]
} | Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in what form? | [
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56d092a1234ae51400d9c3a7 | Solar_energy | Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator. | How is the energy stored by pumped-storage hydroelectricity recovered? | {
"answer_start": [
203
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"text": [
"by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator"
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} | How is the energy stored by pumped-storage hydroelectricity recovered? | [
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56ce7c26aab44d1400b887fb | Solar_energy | The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Ot... | The oil embargo in what year was a contributing factor to the reorganization of energy policies? | {
"answer_start": [
4
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"text": [
"1973"
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} | The oil embargo in what [MASK] was a contributing factor to the reorganization of energy policies? | [
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56d097fb234ae51400d9c3ae | Solar_energy | The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Ot... | What brought attention to solar technologies in the 1970s? | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis"
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} | What brought attention to solar technologies in [MASK]? | [
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56d097fb234ae51400d9c3af | Solar_energy | The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Ot... | What are the names of some of the incentive programs used to promote solar technology? | {
"answer_start": [
228
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"text": [
"the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan"
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} | What are the names of some of the incentive programs used to promote solar technology? | [
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56d097fb234ae51400d9c3b0 | Solar_energy | The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Ot... | What is the name of the solar energy research facility in the US? | {
"answer_start": [
389
],
"text": [
"SERI, now NREL"
]
} | What is the name of the solar energy research facility in the [MASK]? | [
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56d097fb234ae51400d9c3b1 | Solar_energy | The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Ot... | What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Japan? | {
"answer_start": [
413
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"text": [
"NEDO"
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} | What is the name of the solar energy research facility in [MASK]? | [
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56d097fb234ae51400d9c3b2 | Solar_energy | The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Ot... | What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Germany? | {
"answer_start": [
433
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"text": [
"Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE"
]
} | What is the name of the solar energy research facility in [MASK]? | [
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0.09403312... | During the 19th century, Paris was the home and subject for some of France's greatest writers, including Charles Baudelaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, Mérimée, Alfred de Musset, Marcel Proust, Émile Zola, Alexandre Dumas, Gustave Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant and Honoré de Balzac. Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre Dame inspi... | The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces: | Just as there is a need for tax shifting, there is also a need for subsidy shifting. Subsidies are not an inherently bad thing as many technologies and industries emerged through government subsidy schemes. The Stern Review explains that of 20 key innovations from the past 30 years, only one of the 14 was funded entire... | Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE | 5,053 |
56ce7c97aab44d1400b88801 | Solar_energy | Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but... | The solar water heaters introduced in the US in the 1890s saw growth until what time period? | {
"answer_start": [
121
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"text": [
"the 1920s"
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} | The solar water heaters introduced in the [MASK] in [MASK] saw growth until what time period? | [
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56ce7c97aab44d1400b88802 | Solar_energy | Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but... | Since 1999, what average rate has the solar water heating sector progressed at? | {
"answer_start": [
503
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"text": [
"20% per year"
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} | Since [MASK], what average rate has the solar water heating sector progressed at? | [
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56d098d8234ae51400d9c3b8 | Solar_energy | Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but... | When did the use of solar water heaters in the US first begin? | {
"answer_start": [
68
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"text": [
"in the 1890s"
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} | When did the use of solar water heaters in the [MASK] [MASK] begin? | [
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56d098d8234ae51400d9c3b9 | Solar_energy | Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but... | Why did interest in solar water heating decrease in the 1980s? | {
"answer_start": [
359
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"text": [
"falling petroleum prices"
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} | Why did interest in solar water heating decrease in [MASK]? | [
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56d098d8234ae51400d9c3ba | Solar_energy | Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but... | Growth of solar water heating development has averaged how much per year since 1999 | {
"answer_start": [
503
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"text": [
"20%"
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} | Growth of solar water heating development has averaged how much per year since [MASK] | [
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56d098d8234ae51400d9c3bb | Solar_energy | Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but... | What was the estimated capacity of solar water heating and cooling in 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
677
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} | What was the estimated capacity of solar water heating and cooling in [MASK]? | [
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56ce7cbbaab44d1400b88805 | Solar_energy | The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces: | Which organization believes that solar energy can solve some of our most pressing issues? | {
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56d0990e234ae51400d9c3c0 | Solar_energy | The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces: | Who said that solar energy can help solve some of the most urgent problems in the world? | {
"answer_start": [
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} | Who said that solar energy can help solve some of the most urgent problems in the world? | [
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56ce7d1aaab44d1400b88809 | Solar_energy | The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters. | ISO 9050 relates to standards for what? | {
"answer_start": [
158
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} | [MASK] relates to standards for what? | [
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56ce7d1aaab44d1400b8880a | Solar_energy | The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters. | ISO 10217 relates to standards for what? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
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} | [MASK] relates to standards for what? | [
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56d09a77234ae51400d9c3c6 | Solar_energy | The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters. | What is the name of the standard related to glass in building? | {
"answer_start": [
138
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"text": [
"ISO 9050"
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} | What is the name of the standard related to glass in building? | [
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56d09a77234ae51400d9c3c7 | Solar_energy | The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters. | What is the name of the standard related to the materials used in solar water heaters? | {
"answer_start": [
182
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"text": [
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} | What is the name of the standard related to the materials used in solar water heaters? | [
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56ce9211aab44d1400b88893 | Solar_energy | It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and... | What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as? | {
"answer_start": [
103
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"passive solar or active solar"
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} | What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as? | [
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56ce9211aab44d1400b88894 | Solar_energy | It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and... | What are some active solar techniques used to harness solar energy? | {
"answer_start": [
270
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} | What are some active solar techniques used to harness solar energy? | [
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56ce9211aab44d1400b88895 | Solar_energy | It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and... | What is an example of a passive solar technique? | {
"answer_start": [
397
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56ce9464aab44d1400b88899 | Solar_energy | The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumpt... | What was the total worldwide energy consumption in 2012? | {
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335
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56ce9464aab44d1400b8889a | Solar_energy | The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumpt... | What is solar energy's yearly potential? | {
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226
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56ce9464aab44d1400b8889b | Solar_energy | The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumpt... | What makes solar energy an appealing source of electricity> | {
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0
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56ce9464aab44d1400b8889c | Solar_energy | The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumpt... | Who estimated the annual potential of solar energy in 2000? | {
"answer_start": [
97
],
"text": [
"The United Nations Development Programme"
]
} | Who estimated the annual potential of solar energy in [MASK]? | [
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56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea3 | Solar_energy | In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainab... | How will solar energy increase energy security? | {
"answer_start": [
214
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"text": [
"through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource"
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} | How will solar energy increase energy security? | [
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56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea4 | Solar_energy | In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainab... | What costs will solar energy lower? | {
"answer_start": [
351
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"text": [
"the costs of mitigating global warming"
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} | What costs will solar energy lower? | [
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56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea5 | Solar_energy | In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainab... | What should the cost of incentives for producing solar energy be considered? | {
"answer_start": [
557
],
"text": [
"learning investments"
]
} | What should the cost of incentives for producing solar energy be considered? | [
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56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea6 | Solar_energy | In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainab... | What effect will solar energy have on the price of fossil fuels? | {
"answer_start": [
395
],
"text": [
"keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise"
]
} | What effect will solar energy have on the price of fossil fuels? | [
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56cfbb5c234ae51400d9bf29 | Solar_energy | The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that we can acquire. | Why does the amount of usable solar energy differ from the amount near the planets surface? | {
"answer_start": [
159
],
"text": [
"geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans"
]
} | Why does the amount of usable solar energy differ from the amount near the planets surface? | [
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56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf33 | Solar_energy | Geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation. However, the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator. Time variation effec... | Why does geography have an effect of the amount of solar energy available? | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation"
]
} | Why does geography have an effect of the amount of solar energy available? | [
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-0.126178383827... | Typical measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters. | These statistics point to the complexities surrounding the lack of health/nutrition literacy and reveal the degree to which they are embedded in the social structure and interconnected with other problems. Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices, a lack of understanding of nutritional inform... | Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlorofluorocarbons, a... | areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation | 5,078 |
56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf34 | Solar_energy | Geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation. However, the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator. Time variation effec... | What is the process called that can increase solar energy in areas further away from the earth's equator? | {
"answer_start": [
148
],
"text": [
"photovoltaics"
]
} | What is the process called that can increase solar energy in areas further away from the earth's equator? | [
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56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf35 | Solar_energy | Geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation. However, the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator. Time variation effec... | Why does time have an effect of the amount of available solar energy? | {
"answer_start": [
361
],
"text": [
"during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb"
]
} | Why does time have an effect of the amount of available solar energy? | [
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56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf36 | Solar_energy | Geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation. However, the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator. Time variation effec... | What effect does cloud coverage have on the amount of solar energy available? | {
"answer_start": [
605
],
"text": [
"clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells"
]
} | What effect does cloud coverage have on the amount of solar energy available? | [
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56cfbd75234ae51400d9bf3d | Solar_energy | In addition, land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells, as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their hom... | Why does land availability have an effect on solar energy? | {
"answer_start": [
88
],
"text": [
"solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels"
]
} | Why does land availability have an effect on solar energy? | [
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56cfbd75234ae51400d9bf3e | Solar_energy | In addition, land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells, as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their hom... | Why are roofs a good place for solar panels? | {
"answer_start": [
240
],
"text": [
"many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way"
]
} | Why are roofs a good place for solar panels? | [
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56cfe547234ae51400d9c029 | Solar_energy | In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The ... | What factors were taken into account in the estimate published in 2000 on solar energy? | {
"answer_start": [
252
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"text": [
"insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans"
]
} | What factors were taken into account in the estimate published in [MASK] on solar energy? | [
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56cfe547234ae51400d9c02a | Solar_energy | In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The ... | What was the total potential of solar energy found in the estimate? | {
"answer_start": [
379
],
"text": [
"1,575–49,837 EJ per year"
]
} | What was the total potential of solar energy found in the estimate? | [
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56d005e1234ae51400d9c287 | Solar_energy | Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoele... | What is solar power? | {
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"conversion of sunlight into electricity"
]
} | What is solar power? | [
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56d005e1234ae51400d9c288 | Solar_energy | Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoele... | How is sunlight converted into electricity? | {
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)"
]
} | How is sunlight converted into electricity? | [
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56d005e1234ae51400d9c289 | Solar_energy | Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoele... | What does a concentrated solar power system use? | {
"answer_start": [
170
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"text": [
"lenses or mirrors and tracking systems"
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} | What does a concentrated solar power system use? | [
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56d005e1234ae51400d9c28a | Solar_energy | Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoele... | What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system? | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam"
]
} | What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system? | [
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56d005e1234ae51400d9c28b | Solar_energy | Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoele... | What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity? | {
"answer_start": [
312
],
"text": [
"photoelectric effect"
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} | What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity? | [
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56d07d26234ae51400d9c326 | Solar_energy | Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth. | What has influenced the design since the beginning of architectural history? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Sunlight"
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} | What has influenced the design since the beginning of architectural history? | [
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0.2182660996913... | While short-term memory encodes information acoustically, long-term memory encodes it semantically: Baddeley (1966) discovered that, after 20 minutes, test subjects had the most difficulty recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings (e.g. big, large, great, huge) long-term. Another part of long-term memor... | Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of so... | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brun... | Sunlight | 5,091 |
56d07d26234ae51400d9c327 | Solar_energy | Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth. | Who first utilized solar architecture? | {
"answer_start": [
168
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"text": [
"Greeks and Chinese"
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} | Who first utilized solar architecture? | [
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56d07d26234ae51400d9c328 | Solar_energy | Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth. | In which direction were the buildings built by the Greeks and Chinese facing? | {
"answer_start": [
217
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"text": [
"toward the south"
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} | In which direction were the buildings built by the [MASK] and [MASK] facing? | [
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56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36a | Solar_energy | A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the to... | What is a solar balloon? | {
"answer_start": [
19
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"text": [
"a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air"
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} | What is a solar balloon? | [
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56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36b | Solar_energy | A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the to... | What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon? | {
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
"the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force"
]
} | What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon? | [
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56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36c | Solar_energy | A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the to... | What is the use of solar balloons typically limited to? | {
"answer_start": [
314
],
"text": [
"the toy market"
]
} | What is the use of solar balloons typically limited to? | [
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56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36d | Solar_energy | A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the to... | Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market? | {
"answer_start": [
332
],
"text": [
"the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high"
]
} | Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market? | [
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56d09354234ae51400d9c3aa | Solar_energy | Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of... | Why was solar technology developed in the 1860s? | {
"answer_start": [
236
],
"text": [
"driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce"
]
} | Why was solar technology developed in [MASK]? | [
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56d09354234ae51400d9c3ab | Solar_energy | Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of... | What slowed the development of solar technologies in the early 20th century? | {
"answer_start": [
395
],
"text": [
"increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum"
]
} | What slowed the development of solar technologies in [MASK]? | [
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56d09a0e234ae51400d9c3c2 | Solar_energy | In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world’s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carboniz... | According to a report in 2011, by what year could solar energy provide a third of the world's energy? | {
"answer_start": [
205
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"text": [
"2060"
]
} | According to a report in [MASK], by what year could solar energy provide [MASK] of the world 's energy? | [
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56d09a0e234ae51400d9c3c3 | Solar_energy | In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world’s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carboniz... | What could the sun's energy do to help limit climate change? | {
"answer_start": [
284
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"text": [
"could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters"
]
} | What could the sun's energy do to help limit climate change? | [
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0.06118403375... | However, Reuters reported in June that, to date, Chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during May's devastating earthquake to gain first-hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools, launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into prof... | As of 2012, renewable energy plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries globally. Renewables are becoming increasingly economic in both developing and developed countries. Prices for renewable energy technologies, primarily wind power and solar power, continued to drop, making renewables competitive with co... | Renewable energy technologies are getting cheaper, through technological change and through the benefits of mass production and market competition. A 2011 IEA report said: "A portfolio of renewable energy technologies is becoming cost-competitive in an increasingly broad range of circumstances, in some cases providing ... | could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters | 5,101 |
57335842d058e614000b588e | Tajikistan | The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christ... | What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land? | {
"answer_start": [
434
],
"text": [
"Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire"
]
} | What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land? | [
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57335842d058e614000b588d | Tajikistan | The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christ... | What other culutres has ruled the area? | {
"answer_start": [
256
],
"text": [
"Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism"
]
} | What other culutres has ruled the area? | [
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0.277975916... | Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value. Instead, it must be some multiple of a very small quantity, the "quantum of action", now called the Planck... | The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris ov... | Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000–2007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded econom... | Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism | 5,103 |
57335842d058e614000b588c | Tajikistan | The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christ... | What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age? | {
"answer_start": [
109
],
"text": [
"city of Sarazm"
]
} | What was the territory of [MASK] during the Neolithic and [MASK]? | [
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0.18308313190... | During the period between 1582, when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar, and 1923, when the last European country adopted it, it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar, for example, "10/21 February 1750/51", where the dual year ac... | The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris ov... | According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day. Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase f... | city of Sarazm | 5,104 |
57335842d058e614000b588f | Tajikistan | The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christ... | When did Tajikistan become an independent nation? | {
"answer_start": [
654
],
"text": [
"1991"
]
} | When did [MASK] become an independent nation? | [
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57335842d058e614000b5890 | Tajikistan | The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christ... | What years did the civil war take place? | {
"answer_start": [
735
],
"text": [
"1992 to 1997"
]
} | What years did the civil war take place? | [
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0.3927425742... | Through 2010, the party improved its vote in the Tasmanian and South Australian state elections and achieved state government in Victoria. In March 2011, the New South Wales Liberal-National Coalition led by Barry O'Farrell won government with the largest election victory in post-war Australian history at the State Ele... | The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris ov... | In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire divided Armenia. From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell under Iranian Safavid rule. Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequentl... | 1992 to 1997 | 5,106 |
5733eb534776f419006614ef | Tajikistan | The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christ... | What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home? | {
"answer_start": [
256
],
"text": [
"Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism"
]
} | What were some of the different kindoms and people that called [MASK] home? | [
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0.122730173170... | Therefore, according to Mahayana Buddhism, the arahant has attained only nirvana, thus still being subject to delusion, while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well. He thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha. In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning a... | The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris ov... | As a result of the 19th century Russo-Persian wars, the Russians took over the Caucasus, and Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region (comprising modern-day Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), which got confirmed per the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay. The area to the nor... | Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism | 5,107 |
5733eb534776f419006614f0 | Tajikistan | The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christ... | What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane? | {
"answer_start": [
430
],
"text": [
"the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire"
]
} | What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane? | [
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0.20225691795... | Until 18 December 2010, Eton College was an exempt charity under English law (Charities Act 1993, Schedule 2). Under the provisions of the Charities Act 2006, it is now an excepted charity, and fully registered with the Charities Commission, and is now one of the 100 largest charities in the UK. As a charity, it benefi... | The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris ov... | In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September, and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 s... | the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire | 5,108 |
5733eb534776f419006614f1 | Tajikistan | The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christ... | What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation? | {
"answer_start": [
654
],
"text": [
"1991"
]
} | What year did [MASK] become an independant nation? | [
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5733eb534776f419006614f2 | Tajikistan | The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christ... | What years did the war last through? | {
"answer_start": [
735
],
"text": [
"1992 to 1997"
]
} | What years did the war last through? | [
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5733acebd058e614000b600b | Tajikistan | Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to f... | When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army? | {
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"1939"
]
} | When did [MASK] start being part of [MASK]? | [
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5733acebd058e614000b600c | Tajikistan | Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to f... | How many Tajik troops fought against Germany, Finland and Japan during WWII? | {
"answer_start": [
91
],
"text": [
"260,000 Tajik"
]
} | How many [MASK] troops fought against [MASK], [MASK] and [MASK] during [MASK]? | [
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5733acebd058e614000b600d | Tajikistan | Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to f... | What percent of Tajiks were killed during the war? | {
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)"
]
} | What percent of [MASK] were killed during the war? | [
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5733acebd058e614000b600e | Tajikistan | Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to f... | What was not developing as fast as other Soviet Republics? | {
"answer_start": [
474
],
"text": [
"living conditions, education and industry"
]
} | What was not developing as fast as other [MASK]? | [
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0.29646629... | In the early 21st century, Republican voters control most of the state, especially in the more rural and suburban areas outside of the cities; Democratic strength is mostly confined to the urban cores of the four major cities, and is particularly strong in the cities of Nashville and Memphis. The latter area includes a... | During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. Follow... | Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Rus... | living conditions, education and industry | 5,114 |
5733af0cd058e614000b603d | Tajikistan | The nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties. More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former S... | How were the different factions distinguished from eachother? | {
"answer_start": [
143
],
"text": [
"by clan loyalties"
]
} | How were the different factions distinguished from eachother? | [
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0.2360007... | The Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a "living Buddha" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa. Zhengde's top advisors ... | On December 7, 1989, the Communist Party of Lithuania under the leadership of Algirdas Brazauskas, split from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and abandoned its claim to have a constitutional "leading role" in politics. A smaller loyalist faction of the Communist Party, headed by hardliner Mykolas Burokevičius, ... | Gorbachev's inability to alleviate any of Armenia's problems created disillusionment among the Armenians and fed a growing hunger for independence. In May 1990, the New Armenian Army (NAA) was established, serving as a defence force separate from the Soviet Red Army. Clashes soon broke out between the NAA and Soviet In... | by clan loyalties | 5,115 |
5733af0cd058e614000b6040 | Tajikistan | The nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties. More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former S... | What did the ceasefire guaranteed? | {
"answer_start": [
983
],
"text": [
"30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition"
]
} | What did the ceasefire guaranteed? | [
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5733af0cd058e614000b603f | Tajikistan | The nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties. More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former S... | Who came into power in 1992? | {
"answer_start": [
337
],
"text": [
"Emomali Rahmon"
]
} | Who came into power in [MASK]? | [
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5733af0cd058e614000b603e | Tajikistan | The nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties. More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former S... | Why did more than half a million people flee? | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities"
]
} | Why did [MASK] people flee? | [
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0.052642237... | The Logic and Metaphysics have been extensively reprinted, the latter, e.g., at Venice in 1493, 1495, and 1546. Some of his shorter essays on medicine, logic, etc., take a poetical form (the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836).[citation needed] Two encyclopaedic treatises, dealing with philosophy, are o... | On December 7, 1989, the Communist Party of Lithuania under the leadership of Algirdas Brazauskas, split from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and abandoned its claim to have a constitutional "leading role" in politics. A smaller loyalist faction of the Communist Party, headed by hardliner Mykolas Burokevičius, ... | Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and Soviet troops occurred in Sovetashen, near the capital and resulted in the deaths of over 26 people, mostly Armenians. The pogrom of Armenians in Baku in January 1990 forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in the Azerbaijani capital Baku to flee to Armenia. On 17 M... | because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities | 5,118 |
5733b06ad058e614000b6059 | Tajikistan | Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik–Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personn... | Who was stationed along the boarder? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Russian border troops"
]
} | Who was stationed along the boarder? | [
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5733b06ad058e614000b605a | Tajikistan | Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik–Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personn... | Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001? | {
"answer_start": [
158
],
"text": [
"at the Dushanbe Airport"
]
} | Where have [MASK] Troops been stationed since [MASK]? | [
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5733b06ad058e614000b605c | Tajikistan | Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik–Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personn... | Where is the main base for the Tajikistan air force? | {
"answer_start": [
489
],
"text": [
"t located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe"
]
} | Where is the main base for the [MASK] air force? | [
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5733b06ad058e614000b605b | Tajikistan | Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik–Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personn... | Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often? | {
"answer_start": [
353
],
"text": [
"to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration."
]
} | Why do [MASK] troops visit [MASK] every so often? | [
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5733b195d058e614000b6084 | Tajikistan | In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September, and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 s... | How many solider were killed in September when Islamic militants escaped? | {
"answer_start": [
208
],
"text": [
"28 Tajik soldiers"
]
} | How many solider were killed in [MASK] when [MASK] militants escaped? | [
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0.0751115828752... | Notably, the most broadly influential innovation of 20th-century American tort law was the rule of strict liability for defective products, which originated with judicial glosses on the law of warranty. In 1963, Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California threw away legal fictions based on warranties and impose... | Ethnic tensions had escalated between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis in spring and summer 1988. On January 9, 1990, after the Armenian parliament voted to include Nagorno-Karabakh within its budget, renewed fighting broke out, hostages were taken, and four Soviet soldiers were killed. On January 11, Popular Front radic... | Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top po... | 28 Tajik soldiers | 5,123 |
5733b195d058e614000b6086 | Tajikistan | In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September, and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 s... | When did Russia say they will be sending more troops to Tajikistan? | {
"answer_start": [
644
],
"text": [
"2015"
]
} | When did [MASK] say they will be sending more troops to [MASK]? | [
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5733b195d058e614000b6085 | Tajikistan | In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September, and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 s... | When did the military operation end in Rasht Valley? | {
"answer_start": [
580
],
"text": [
"November 2010"
]
} | When did the military operation end in [MASK]? | [
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