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56d2726659d6e41400145ffa | Buddhism | During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yo... | In India the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else? | {
"answer_start": [
96
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"text": [
"Yogacara"
]
} | In [MASK] the [MASK] main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else? | [
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56d2733d59d6e41400146000 | Buddhism | Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire a... | Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor? | {
"answer_start": [
84
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"text": [
"Ashoka"
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} | Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what [MASK] emperor? | [
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56d2733d59d6e41400146001 | Buddhism | Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire a... | The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more? | {
"answer_start": [
209
],
"text": [
"stūpas"
]
} | The support of [MASK] and his descendants led to what being built more? | [
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0.11658500880... | The election held in 1988 saw the advent of the mlolongo (queuing) system, where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot. This was seen as the climax of a very undemocratic regime and it led to widespread agitation for constitutional reform. Several contentious clause... | There were many religions practiced during the Yuan dynasty, such as Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. The establishment of the Yuan dynasty had dramatically increased the number of Muslims in China. However, unlike the western khanates, the Yuan dynasty never converted to Islam. Instead, Kublai Khan, the founder of t... | In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans, the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire, from a king in modern Burma, from a ruler in Japan, and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin (Rome) in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary. A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180 AD) is recorde... | stūpas | 6,848 |
56d2733d59d6e41400146002 | Buddhism | Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire a... | What does stupas mean in English? | {
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"Buddhist religious memorials"
]
} | What does stupas mean in [MASK]? | [
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0.228585496544837... | Founded as the School of Commerce and Finance in 1917, the Olin Business School was named after entrepreneur John M. Olin in 1988. The school's academic programs include BSBA, MBA, Professional MBA (PMBA), Executive MBA (EMBA), MS in Finance, MS in Supply Chain Management, MS in Customer Analytics, Master of Accounting... | There were many religions practiced during the Yuan dynasty, such as Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. The establishment of the Yuan dynasty had dramatically increased the number of Muslims in China. However, unlike the western khanates, the Yuan dynasty never converted to Islam. Instead, Kublai Khan, the founder of t... | The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BCE) north to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan). | Buddhist religious memorials | 6,849 |
56d273d059d6e41400146006 | Buddhism | This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. I... | Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from India? | {
"answer_start": [
143
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"text": [
"west"
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} | Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from [MASK]? | [
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56d273d059d6e41400146007 | Buddhism | This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. I... | Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist what? | {
"answer_start": [
426
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"text": [
"missionaries"
]
} | Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by [MASK] what? | [
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56d273d059d6e41400146008 | Buddhism | This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. I... | What were the emissaries used for? | {
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"to spread Buddhism"
]
} | What were the emissaries used for? | [
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56d2779759d6e4140014601a | Buddhism | The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples o... | The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization? | {
"answer_start": [
182
],
"text": [
"Persian and Greek"
]
} | The gradual spread of [MASK] exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization? | [
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0.2869388163... | His father's career as a university professor influenced Friedrich's goals later in life. Both of his grandfathers, who lived long enough for Friedrich to know them, were scholars. Franz von Juraschek was a leading economist in Austria-Hungary and a close friend of Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, one of the founders of the Aust... | From the fifth century to the thirteenth, Śrauta sacrifices declined, and initiatory traditions of Buddhism, Jainism or more commonly Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism expanded in royal courts. This period produced some of India's finest art, considered the epitome of classical development, and the development of the ... | The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek (Hellenic) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. At this time, G... | Persian and Greek | 6,853 |
56d2779759d6e4140014601c | Buddhism | The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples o... | Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon? | {
"answer_start": [
520
],
"text": [
"Menander"
]
} | Who was the [MASK] king immortalized in [MASK] canon? | [
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56d277f759d6e41400146020 | Buddhism | The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BCE) north to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan). | The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE? | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"3rd century"
]
} | The Theravada school spread south from [MASK] in what century [MASK]? | [
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0.125... | The Tribhuvan Museum contains artifacts related to the King Tribhuvan (1906–1955). It has a variety of pieces including his personal belongings, letters and papers, memorabilia related to events he was involved in and a rare collection of photos and paintings of Royal family members. The Mahendra Museum is dedicated to... | Early history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist (bheda), and non-dualist-... | This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the east of aryavarta, the land of the Aryas, was recognized as non-Vedic. Other Vedic t... | 3rd century | 6,855 |
56d277f759d6e41400146021 | Buddhism | The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BCE) north to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan). | The Dharmagupta schol spread in what century to Kashmir? | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"3rd century"
]
} | The [MASK] schol spread in what century to [MASK]? | [
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0.296016991... | Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Persian: تاجيكستان Тоҷикистон [tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Persian: جمهورى تاجيكستان Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Çumhuriji Toçikiston/Jumhuriyi Tojikiston; Russian: Респу́блика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is... | Early history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist (bheda), and non-dualist-... | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna ne... | 3rd century | 6,856 |
56d2786c59d6e41400146025 | Buddhism | The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question.[note 41] The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence... | When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China? | {
"answer_start": [
279
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"text": [
"2nd century CE"
]
} | When was the [MASK] documented translation efforts by foreign [MASK] monks in [MASK]? | [
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56d278ee59d6e41400146028 | Buddhism | In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia. | Mahayana Sutras spread to China during what century? | {
"answer_start": [
7
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"text": [
"2nd century CE"
]
} | [MASK] spread to [MASK] during what century? | [
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0.387... | The first public library in Montevideo was formed by the initial donation of the private library of Father José Manuel Pérez Castellano, who died in 1815. Its promoter, director and organizer was Father Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga, who also made a considerable donation along with donations from José Raimundo Guerra, as we... | Religion is extremely important to the Tibetans and has a strong influence over all aspects of their lives. Bön is the ancient religion of Tibet, but has been almost eclipsed by Tibetan Buddhism, a distinctive form of Mahayana and Vajrayana, which was introduced into Tibet from the Sanskrit Buddhist tradition of northe... | The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism). | 2nd century CE | 6,858 |
56d278ee59d6e41400146029 | Buddhism | In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia. | What two countries after China was the Mahayana sutras spread? | {
"answer_start": [
68
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"text": [
"Korea and Japan"
]
} | What [MASK] countries after [MASK] was the [MASK] sutras spread? | [
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56d278ee59d6e4140014602a | Buddhism | In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia. | When did Buddhism apread from India to Tibet? | {
"answer_start": [
175
],
"text": [
"8th century onwards"
]
} | When did Buddhism apread from [MASK] to [MASK]? | [
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56d28a5d59d6e41400146055 | Buddhism | By the late Middle Ages, Buddhism had become virtually extinct in India, although it continued to exist in surrounding countries. It is now again gaining strength worldwide. China and India are now starting to fund Buddhist shrines in various Asian countries as they compete for influence in the region.[web 20] | China and India are now starting to fund what type of shrines in various Asian countries? | {
"answer_start": [
215
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"text": [
"Buddhist"
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56d28b0659d6e41400146063 | Buddhism | Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all th... | What is the Dharma? | {
"answer_start": [
205
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"text": [
"the teachings of the Buddha"
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} | What is the Dharma? | [
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56d28b0659d6e41400146064 | Buddhism | Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all th... | What is the Sangha? | {
"answer_start": [
251
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"text": [
"the Buddhist community"
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} | What is the [MASK]? | [
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56d28b0659d6e41400146065 | Buddhism | Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all th... | West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what? | {
"answer_start": [
503
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"text": [
"progressive"
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} | West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what? | [
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56d28b0659d6e41400146066 | Buddhism | Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all th... | New forms of Buddhism are created because of what reason? | {
"answer_start": [
751
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"text": [
"Modern influences"
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} | New forms of [MASK] are created because of what reason? | [
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56d28b6559d6e4140014606c | Buddhism | A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century, including the Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism'), Engaged Buddhism, and the further development of various Western Buddhist traditions. | When did a number of modern movement in Buddhism emerge? | {
"answer_start": [
74
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"text": [
"second half of the 20th Century"
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} | When did a number of modern movement in [MASK] emerge? | [
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56d28b6559d6e4140014606d | Buddhism | A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century, including the Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism'), Engaged Buddhism, and the further development of various Western Buddhist traditions. | What is the Dalit buddhist movement sometimes called? | {
"answer_start": [
169
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"text": [
"neo-Buddhism"
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} | What is the [MASK] buddhist movement sometimes called? | [
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56d28bf559d6e4140014607a | Buddhism | In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the ... | What Buddhism emerged in the second half of the 20th century in Japan? | {
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai"
]
} | What Buddhism emerged in [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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56d28bf559d6e4140014607b | Buddhism | In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the ... | What does Soka Gakkai mean in English? | {
"answer_start": [
92
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"text": [
"Value Creation Society"
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} | What does [MASK] mean in [MASK]? | [
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0.13903774321... | Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian. | Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Lat... | Buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects. For example, Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed Buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs, customs and institutions in countries where ... | Value Creation Society | 6,869 |
56d28bf559d6e4140014607c | Buddhism | In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the ... | What Buddhist movement has linked more than 12 million people? | {
"answer_start": [
172
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"text": [
"Soka Gakkai International"
]
} | What [MASK] movement has linked [MASK] people? | [
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56d28bf559d6e4140014607d | Buddhism | In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the ... | What is the largest Buddhist movement in the world? | {
"answer_start": [
199
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"text": [
"SGI"
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} | What is the largest [MASK] movement in the world? | [
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... | Imamah (Arabic: إمامة) is the Shia Islam doctrine (belief) of religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. The Shia believe that the Imams are the true Caliphs or rightful successors of Muhammad, and further that Imams are possessed of divine knowledge and authority (Ismah) as well as being part of the ... | Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Lat... | Buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects. For example, Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed Buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs, customs and institutions in countries where ... | SGI | 6,871 |
56d28c4259d6e41400146082 | Buddhism | Buddhism is practiced by an estimated 488 million,[web 1] 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population. | What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Buddhism"
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} | What religion is practiced by [MASK] people? | [
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56d28c9259d6e41400146086 | Buddhism | China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population.[web 1] They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practiced in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of worl... | What country has the largest population of Buddhists? | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"China"
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} | What country has the largest population of [MASK]? | [
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0.18429806828498... | Quakers, or Friends, are members of a family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends. The central unifying doctrine of these movements is the priesthood of all believers. Many Friends view themselves as members of a Christian denomination. They include those with evangelical, holin... | According to Pew Research, 7% of the population identifies as Christian; 4% as Muslim; 1% follows traditional animistic beliefs; and 2% follow other religions, including Mahayana Buddhism, Hinduism, and East Asian religions. However, according to a US State Department's 2010 international religious freedom report, offi... | East Asian cultures are influenced by two schools of thought, Confucianism, which advocated good governance as rule by leaders who are benevolent and virtuous, and Legalism, which advocated strict adherence to law. The influence of one school of thought over the other has varied throughout the centuries. One study indi... | China | 6,873 |
56d28c9259d6e41400146087 | Buddhism | China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population.[web 1] They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practiced in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of worl... | How many Buddhists are in China? | {
"answer_start": [
77
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"text": [
"244 million"
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} | How many [MASK] are in [MASK]? | [
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56d28ce759d6e41400146092 | Buddhism | According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): Mahayana has 360 million adherents; Theravada has 150 million adherents; and Vajrayana has 18,2 million adherents. Seven million additional Buddhists are found outside of Asia. | How may adherents does Mahayana have? | {
"answer_start": [
82
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"text": [
"360 million"
]
} | How may adherents does [MASK] have? | [
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0.190349772572... | In 1927, the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928. The following decade is known as the Nanking decade. | Theravāda is primarily practiced today in Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia as well as small portions of China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Bangladesh. It has a growing presence in the west. | Theravāda is primarily practiced today in Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia as well as small portions of China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Bangladesh. It has a growing presence in the west. | 360 million | 6,875 |
56d28ce759d6e41400146093 | Buddhism | According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): Mahayana has 360 million adherents; Theravada has 150 million adherents; and Vajrayana has 18,2 million adherents. Seven million additional Buddhists are found outside of Asia. | How many adherents does Thervada have? | {
"answer_start": [
119
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"text": [
"150 million"
]
} | How many adherents does [MASK] have? | [
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56d28ce759d6e41400146095 | Buddhism | According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): Mahayana has 360 million adherents; Theravada has 150 million adherents; and Vajrayana has 18,2 million adherents. Seven million additional Buddhists are found outside of Asia. | How many Buddists are outside of Asia? | {
"answer_start": [
184
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"text": [
"Seven million"
]
} | How many [MASK] are outside of [MASK]? | [
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56d28d3d59d6e4140014609a | Buddhism | According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western Europe... | How many Buddhists were there in 1910? | {
"answer_start": [
73
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"text": [
"138 million"
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} | How many [MASK] were there in [MASK]? | [
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56d28d3d59d6e4140014609b | Buddhism | According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western Europe... | How many Buddhists are there in 2010? | {
"answer_start": [
142
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"text": [
"495 million"
]
} | How many [MASK] are there in [MASK]? | [
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56d28d3d59d6e4140014609c | Buddhism | According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western Europe... | How many buddhists are in Asia? | {
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"487 million"
]
} | How many [MASK] are in [MASK]? | [
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56d28e7059d6e414001460a8 | Buddhism | Some scholars[note 44] use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally "lesser vehicle") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewp... | What does Hinayana mean in English? | {
"answer_start": [
117
],
"text": [
"lesser vehicle"
]
} | What does [MASK] mean in [MASK]? | [
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56d28e7059d6e414001460a9 | Buddhism | Some scholars[note 44] use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally "lesser vehicle") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewp... | What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools? | {
"answer_start": [
96
],
"text": [
"Hinayana"
]
} | What is used by [MASK] followers to name the early schools? | [
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56d28ecf59d6e414001460b2 | Buddhism | Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them. For example, according to one Buddhist ecumenical organization,[web 23] several concepts common to both ma... | Each tradition has its own core what? | {
"answer_start": [
87
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"text": [
"concepts"
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} | Each tradition has its own core what? | [
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56d28ecf59d6e414001460b3 | Buddhism | Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them. For example, according to one Buddhist ecumenical organization,[web 23] several concepts common to both ma... | there are common concepts to both major buddhist branches according to what organization? | {
"answer_start": [
244
],
"text": [
"Buddhist ecumenical organization"
]
} | there are common concepts to both major [MASK] branches according to what organization? | [
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0.1644487679... | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character ... | Hindu philosophy refers to a group of darśanas (philosophies, world views, teachings) that emerged in ancient India. The mainstream Hindu philosophy includes six systems (ṣaḍdarśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. These are also called the Astika (orthodox) philosophical traditions and are th... | Mahayana Buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas and to take the bodhisattva vow, where the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six pāramitās. According to Mahayana teachings, these perfections are: dāna, śīla, kṣanti, vīrya, dhyāna, and prajñā. | Buddhist ecumenical organization | 6,884 |
56d28f5159d6e414001460b7 | Buddhism | Theravada ("Doctrine of the Elders", or "Ancient Doctrine") is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. The name Theravāda comes from the ancestral Sthāvirīya, one of the early Buddhist schools, from which the Theravadins claim descent. After unsucces... | What is the oldest surviving Buddhist school? | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Theravada"
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} | What is the oldest surviving [MASK] school? | [
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56d28f5159d6e414001460b8 | Buddhism | Theravada ("Doctrine of the Elders", or "Ancient Doctrine") is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. The name Theravāda comes from the ancestral Sthāvirīya, one of the early Buddhist schools, from which the Theravadins claim descent. After unsucces... | Where does the name theravada come from? | {
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"ancestral Sthāvirīya"
]
} | Where does the name [MASK] come from? | [
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56d28f5159d6e414001460b9 | Buddhism | Theravada ("Doctrine of the Elders", or "Ancient Doctrine") is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. The name Theravāda comes from the ancestral Sthāvirīya, one of the early Buddhist schools, from which the Theravadins claim descent. After unsucces... | Sinhalese buddhist reformer portrayed what Canon as the original version of scripture? | {
"answer_start": [
616
],
"text": [
"Pali Canon"
]
} | [MASK] [MASK] reformer portrayed what Canon as the original version of scripture? | [
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56d291c759d6e414001460be | Buddhism | Theravāda is primarily practiced today in Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia as well as small portions of China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Bangladesh. It has a growing presence in the west. | Where is there a growing presence of Theravada? | {
"answer_start": [
184
],
"text": [
"the west"
]
} | Where is there a growing presence of [MASK]? | [
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0.2752257287502... | According to Ismā‘īlīsm, Allah has sent "seven" great prophets known as “Nātıq” (Spoken) in order to disseminate and improve his Dīn of Islam. All of these great prophets has also one assistant known as “Sāmad (Silent) Imām”. At the end of each seven “Sāmad” silsila, one great “Nātıq” (Spoken) has ben sent in order to ... | The arts of Southeast Asia have affinity with the arts of other areas. Dance in much of Southeast Asia includes movement of the hands as well as the feet, to express the dance's emotion and meaning of the story that the ballerina is going to tell the audience. Most of Southeast Asia introduced dance into their court; i... | The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism). | the west | 6,888 |
56d2924159d6e414001460c2 | Buddhism | Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit. | What type of Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth? | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Theravadin"
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} | What type of [MASK] believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth? | [
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56d2924159d6e414001460c4 | Buddhism | Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit. | Laypersons can perform good actions, producing what? | {
"answer_start": [
210
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"text": [
"merit"
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} | Laypersons can perform good actions, producing what? | [
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56d2929e59d6e414001460c9 | Buddhism | Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India. | What was the most important Mahayana centre of learning? | {
"answer_start": [
185
],
"text": [
"Nālandā University"
]
} | What was the most important [MASK] centre of learning? | [
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56d293b759d6e414001460cc | Buddhism | Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayana Sutras. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of B... | Mahayana schools recognize all or part of what? | {
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"Mahayana Sutras"
]
} | [MASK] schools recognize all or part of what? | [
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0.2040444463491... | Before the foundation can be dug, contractors are typically required to verify and have existing utility lines marked, either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services. This lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, whic... | Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Lat... | In addition, Mahayana Buddhists believe there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes. A Theravada commentary says that Buddhas arise one at a time in this world element, and not at all in others. The understandings of this matter reflect widely differing interpretations of basic terms, such as "world realm", ... | Mahayana Sutras | 6,892 |
56d293b759d6e414001460cd | Buddhism | Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayana Sutras. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of B... | A few of the sutras for Mahayanists became a manifestation of who? | {
"answer_start": [
126
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"the Buddha"
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} | A few of the sutras for [MASK] became a manifestation of who? | [
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56d293b759d6e414001460ce | Buddhism | Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayana Sutras. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of B... | Faith in and veneration of Mahayana are stated in what sutras? | {
"answer_start": [
225
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"text": [
"Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra"
]
} | Faith in and veneration of [MASK] are stated in what sutras? | [
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56d2946f59d6e414001460d2 | Buddhism | Native Mahayana Buddhism is practiced today in China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, parts of Russia and most of Vietnam (also commonly referred to as "Eastern Buddhism"). The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (al... | Native Mahayana buddhism is also called what? | {
"answer_start": [
146
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"text": [
"Eastern Buddhism"
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} | Native [MASK] buddhism is also called what? | [
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56d2946f59d6e414001460d3 | Buddhism | Native Mahayana Buddhism is practiced today in China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, parts of Russia and most of Vietnam (also commonly referred to as "Eastern Buddhism"). The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (al... | The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions and Mongolia are often referred to as? | {
"answer_start": [
348
],
"text": [
"Northern Buddhism"
]
} | The Buddhism practiced in [MASK], the [MASK] regions and [MASK] are often referred to as? | [
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56d2946f59d6e414001460d4 | Buddhism | Native Mahayana Buddhism is practiced today in China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, parts of Russia and most of Vietnam (also commonly referred to as "Eastern Buddhism"). The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (al... | What is the most widely practised Eastern Buddhism? | {
"answer_start": [
431
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"text": [
"the Pure Land school of Mahayana"
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} | What is the most widely practised [MASK] Buddhism? | [
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56d2955559d6e414001460e2 | Buddhism | Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. The Mañjusrimulakalpa, which later came to classified under Kriyatantra, states that mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all ... | The royal courts sponsored both Buddhism and what? | {
"answer_start": [
107
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"text": [
"Saivism"
]
} | The royal courts sponsored both Buddhism and what? | [
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56d2955559d6e414001460e3 | Buddhism | Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. The Mañjusrimulakalpa, which later came to classified under Kriyatantra, states that mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all ... | Mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda, and Vaisnava tantra will be effective if applied by who? | {
"answer_start": [
290
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"text": [
"Buddhists"
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} | Mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda, and Vaisnava tantra will be effective if applied by who? | [
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56d2955559d6e414001460e4 | Buddhism | Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. The Mañjusrimulakalpa, which later came to classified under Kriyatantra, states that mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all ... | What work is associated with Guhyasamaja tradition? | {
"answer_start": [
352
],
"text": [
"The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra"
]
} | What work is associated with [MASK] tradition? | [
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56d295de59d6e414001460e8 | Buddhism | Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach. Buddhist scriptures are mainly written in Pāli, Tib... | There is a great variety of what type of scripture? | {
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0
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"text": [
"Buddhist"
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} | There is a great variety of what type of scripture? | [
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56d295de59d6e414001460e9 | Buddhism | Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach. Buddhist scriptures are mainly written in Pāli, Tib... | Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what? | {
"answer_start": [
200
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"text": [
"objects"
]
} | Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what? | [
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56d296f259d6e414001460f8 | Buddhism | Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāy... | Unlike most religions, Buddhism has no single central what? | {
"answer_start": [
54
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"text": [
"text"
]
} | Unlike most religions, [MASK] has no single central what? | [
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56d296f259d6e414001460fa | Buddhism | Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāy... | Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the what? | {
"answer_start": [
447
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"text": [
"āgamas"
]
} | [MASK] have not even translated most of the what? | [
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56d296f259d6e414001460fb | Buddhism | Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāy... | Some scholars say there is no universally accepted common what? | {
"answer_start": [
229
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"text": [
"core"
]
} | Some scholars say there is no universally accepted common what? | [
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56d296f259d6e414001460fc | Buddhism | Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāy... | What has been seen by some as a hinderance to understanding Buddhist philosophy? | {
"answer_start": [
656
],
"text": [
"size and complexity of the Buddhist canons"
]
} | What has been seen by some as a hinderance to understanding [MASK] philosophy? | [
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0.0960997790098... | Artists contributing to this format include mainly soft rock/pop singers such as, Andy Williams, Johnny Mathis, Nana Mouskouri, Celine Dion, Julio Iglesias, Frank Sinatra, Barry Manilow, Engelbert Humperdinck, and Marc Anthony. | Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha was the first to achieve enlightenment in this Buddha era and is therefore credited with the establishment of Buddhism. A Buddha era is the stretch of history during which people remember and practice the teachings of the earliest known Buddha. This Buddha era will end when all the know... | During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yo... | size and complexity of the Buddhist canons | 6,906 |
56d2981a59d6e41400146112 | Buddhism | Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Lat... | In Sri Lanka, what was determined to be the best unifying scripture? | {
"answer_start": [
341
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"text": [
"Dhammapada"
]
} | In [MASK], what was determined to be the best unifying scripture? | [
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0.1259339004... | Laurisilva is a unique type of subtropical rainforest found in few areas of Europe and the world: in the Azores, and in particular on the island of Madeira, there are large forests of endemic Laurisilva forests (the latter protected as a natural heritage preserve). There are several species of diverse mammalian fauna, ... | Buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation, the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures, and especially their respective practices. Buddhism denies a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as Mahabrahma are misperceived to be a creator. The foundations of Buddh... | Religious knowledge or "vision" was indicated as a result of practice both within and outside of the Buddhist fold. According to the Samaññaphala Sutta, this sort of vision arose for the Buddhist adept as a result of the perfection of "meditation" coupled with the perfection of "discipline" (Pali sīla; Skt. śīla). Some... | Dhammapada | 6,907 |
56d2981a59d6e41400146113 | Buddhism | Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Lat... | There have been attempts to create a single text with all the main ideas of what religion? | {
"answer_start": [
135
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"text": [
"Buddhism"
]
} | There have been attempts to create a single text with all the main ideas of what religion? | [
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56d2981a59d6e41400146114 | Buddhism | Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Lat... | condensed study texts where created in what tradition? | {
"answer_start": [
152
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"text": [
"Theravada"
]
} | condensed study texts where created in what tradition? | [
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56d298dd59d6e41400146118 | Buddhism | Dwight Goddard collected a sample of Buddhist scriptures, with the emphasis on Zen, along with other classics of Eastern philosophy, such as the Tao Te Ching, into his 'Buddhist Bible' in the 1920s. More recently, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single, combined document of Buddhist principles in "The Budd... | Goddard collected mainly what type of Buddhist scripture? | {
"answer_start": [
79
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"text": [
"Zen"
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} | [MASK] collected mainly what type of [MASK] scripture? | [
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56d298dd59d6e4140014611a | Buddhism | Dwight Goddard collected a sample of Buddhist scriptures, with the emphasis on Zen, along with other classics of Eastern philosophy, such as the Tao Te Ching, into his 'Buddhist Bible' in the 1920s. More recently, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single, combined document of Buddhist principles in "The Budd... | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single combined document with all Buddhist principles and called it? | {
"answer_start": [
312
],
"text": [
"The Buddha and His Dhamma"
]
} | Dr. [MASK] attempted to create a single combined document with all [MASK] principles and called it? | [
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56d29a9a59d6e4140014611e | Buddhism | The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. T... | What means "three baskets"? | {
"answer_start": [
4
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"text": [
"Pāli Tipitaka"
]
} | What means" [MASK] baskets"? | [
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56d29a9a59d6e4140014611f | Buddhism | The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. T... | What does the "three baskets" refer to? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka"
]
} | What does the" [MASK] baskets" refer to? | [
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0.0332912057638168... | Drinks especially high in simple sugars, such as soft drinks and fruit juices, are not recommended in children under 5 years of age as they may increase dehydration. A too rich solution in the gut draws water from the rest of the body, just as if the person were to drink sea water. Plain water may be used if more speci... | The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early ... | Initially, prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's t... | the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka | 6,913 |
56d29a9a59d6e41400146120 | Buddhism | The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. T... | What contains disciplinary rules for Buddhist Monks and nuns? | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"Vinaya Pitaka"
]
} | What contains disciplinary rules for [MASK] Monks and nuns? | [
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56d29a9a59d6e41400146121 | Buddhism | The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. T... | What contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha? | {
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"the Sutta Pitaka"
]
} | What contains discourses ascribed to [MASK]? | [
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56d29a9a59d6e41400146122 | Buddhism | The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. T... | What contains material ofen described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha teachings? | {
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"Abhidhamma Pitaka"
]
} | What contains material ofen described as systematic expositions of the [MASK] teachings? | [
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56d29b0e59d6e41400146128 | Buddhism | The Pāli Tipitaka is the only early Tipitaka (Sanskrit: Tripiṭaka) to survive intact in its original language, but a number of early schools had their own recensions of the Tipitaka featuring much of the same material. We have portions of the Tipitakas of the Sārvāstivāda, Dharmaguptaka, Sammitya, Mahāsaṅghika, Kāśyapī... | What is the only Tipitaka to survive intact in its original language? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Pāli Tipitaka"
]
} | What is the only [MASK] to survive intact in its original language? | [
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0.0143408076837... | T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: On the death of Alexander, five months after the termination of the Council of Nice, Athanasius was unanimously elected to fill the vacant see. He was most unwilling to accept the dignity, for he clearly foresaw the difficu... | Sanskrit, as defined by Pāṇini, evolved out of the earlier Vedic form. The present form of Vedic Sanskrit can be traced back to as early as the second millennium BCE (for Rig-vedic). Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or "Pāṇinian" Sanskrit as separate dialects. Though they are quite similar, they ... | The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early ... | Pāli Tipitaka | 6,917 |
56d29b0e59d6e41400146129 | Buddhism | The Pāli Tipitaka is the only early Tipitaka (Sanskrit: Tripiṭaka) to survive intact in its original language, but a number of early schools had their own recensions of the Tipitaka featuring much of the same material. We have portions of the Tipitakas of the Sārvāstivāda, Dharmaguptaka, Sammitya, Mahāsaṅghika, Kāśyapī... | Is is said that some early schools of buddhism had how many pitakas? | {
"answer_start": [
461
],
"text": [
"five or seven"
]
} | Is is said that some early schools of buddhism had how many pitakas? | [
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56d29bca59d6e4140014612c | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named Mahākāśyapa (Pāli: Mahākassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's teachings. Upāli recited the vinaya. Ānanda, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dham... | Which monk presided after the death of the Buddha? | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"Mahākāśyapa"
]
} | Which monk presided after the death of the [MASK]? | [
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56d29bca59d6e4140014612d | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named Mahākāśyapa (Pāli: Mahākassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's teachings. Upāli recited the vinaya. Ānanda, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dham... | What was the goal of the council? | {
"answer_start": [
185
],
"text": [
"to record the Buddha's teachings"
]
} | What was the goal of the council? | [
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0.190827116370... | The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official international football match also took place in 1872, between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is also home to... | According to Tilmann Vetter, the core of earliest Buddhism is the practice of dhyāna. Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhist invention, whereas Norman notes that "the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices." Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a ... | Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit. | to record the Buddha's teachings | 6,920 |
56d29bca59d6e4140014612e | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named Mahākāśyapa (Pāli: Mahākassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's teachings. Upāli recited the vinaya. Ānanda, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dham... | the vinaya was recited by? | {
"answer_start": [
219
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"text": [
"Upāli"
]
} | the [MASK] was recited by? | [
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56d29bca59d6e4140014612f | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named Mahākāśyapa (Pāli: Mahākassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's teachings. Upāli recited the vinaya. Ānanda, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dham... | Who was the Buddha's personal attendant? | {
"answer_start": [
245
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"text": [
"Ānanda"
]
} | Who was the [MASK] 's personal attendant? | [
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56d29bca59d6e41400146130 | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named Mahākāśyapa (Pāli: Mahākassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's teachings. Upāli recited the vinaya. Ānanda, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dham... | Ananda was called upon to recite what? | {
"answer_start": [
316
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"text": [
"dhamma"
]
} | [MASK] was called upon to recite what? | [
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56d29c7059d6e41400146136 | Buddhism | Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically "Theravadin", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: "The Theravadins, then, may have ... | Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically what? | {
"answer_start": [
55
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"text": [
"Theravadin"
]
} | Much of the material in the [MASK] is not specifically what? | [
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0.284831404685974... | The islands are at relatively low altitudes, with central Ireland and southern Great Britain particularly low lying: the lowest point in the islands is Holme, Cambridgeshire at −2.75 m (−9.02 ft). The Scottish Highlands in the northern part of Great Britain are mountainous, with Ben Nevis being the highest point on the... | Esoteric or Sufi interpretation attempts to unveil the inner meanings of the Quran. Sufism moves beyond the apparent (zahir) point of the verses and instead relates Quranic verses to the inner or esoteric (batin) and metaphysical dimensions of consciousness and existence. According to Sands, esoteric interpretations ar... | Since the canons of criticism are highly susceptible to interpretation, and at times even contradict each other, they may be employed to justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda. Starting in the 19th century, scholars sought more rigorous methods to guide editorial judgment. Best-... | Theravadin | 6,924 |
56d29c7059d6e41400146137 | Buddhism | Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically "Theravadin", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: "The Theravadins, then, may have ... | Who may have added texts to the Canon for some time? | {
"answer_start": [
288
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"text": [
"The Theravadins"
]
} | Who may have added texts to the [MASK] for some time? | [
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56d29d4659d6e41400146144 | Buddhism | The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early ... | What are considered the original teachings of the Buddha? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Mahayana sutras"
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} | What are considered the original teachings of the [MASK]? | [
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56d29d4659d6e41400146145 | Buddhism | The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early ... | What is a very broad genre of Buddhist scripture? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Mahayana sutras"
]
} | What is a very broad genre of [MASK] scripture? | [
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56d29d4659d6e41400146146 | Buddhism | The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early ... | What teaching was criticized by Nagarjuna? | {
"answer_start": [
229
],
"text": [
"Sarvastivada Abhidharma"
]
} | What teaching was criticized by [MASK]? | [
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56d29dd059d6e4140014614a | Buddhism | The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name Mahāyāna (lit., the Great Vehicle). | What sutras are reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Mahayana"
]
} | What sutras are reserved for those who follow the [MASK] path? | [
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56d29dd059d6e4140014614b | Buddhism | The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name Mahāyāna (lit., the Great Vehicle). | What does Mahayana mean? | {
"answer_start": [
281
],
"text": [
"the Great Vehicle"
]
} | What does [MASK] mean? | [
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0.317564845085... | Typically the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, with frequent clear skies, provides more than 300 days of sunshine per year. It is situated at the southern edge of the tropics; the Tropic of Capricorn cuts the country about in half. The winter (June – August) is generally dry, both rainy seasons occur in summer, the sma... | Mahayana Buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas and to take the bodhisattva vow, where the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six pāramitās. According to Mahayana teachings, these perfections are: dāna, śīla, kṣanti, vīrya, dhyāna, and prajñā. | Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāy... | the Great Vehicle | 6,930 |
56d29dd059d6e4140014614c | Buddhism | The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name Mahāyāna (lit., the Great Vehicle). | What path is described as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"bodhisattva path"
]
} | What path is described as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings? | [
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0.069940991699... | In September 2005, West announced that he would release his Pastelle Clothing line in spring 2006, claiming "Now that I have a Grammy under my belt and Late Registration is finished, I am ready to launch my clothing line next spring." The line was developed over the following four years – with multiple pieces teased by... | Mahayana Buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas and to take the bodhisattva vow, where the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six pāramitās. According to Mahayana teachings, these perfections are: dāna, śīla, kṣanti, vīrya, dhyāna, and prajñā. | In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are see... | bodhisattva path | 6,931 |
56d29e6759d6e41400146150 | Buddhism | According to Mahayana tradition, the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them: | What sutras were transmitted in secret? | {
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"Mahayana"
]
} | What sutras were transmitted in secret? | [
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56d29e6759d6e41400146151 | Buddhism | According to Mahayana tradition, the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them: | What sutras could have been preserved in non-human worlds? | {
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"Mahayana"
]
} | What [MASK] could have been preserved in non - human worlds? | [
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0.165507525205... | Fourth, national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law "as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of the directive". Textbooks (though not the Court itself) often called this "indirect effect". In Marleasing SA v La Comercial SA the Court of Justice held that a Spanish Court had to interpret its... | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna ne... | The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among th... | Mahayana | 6,933 |
56d29e6759d6e41400146152 | Buddhism | According to Mahayana tradition, the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them: | What tradition says that sutras might have come from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas? | {
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"Mahayana tradition"
]
} | What tradition says that [MASK] might have come from other [MASK] or [MASK]? | [
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0.168463364243507... | In 2006, Morgan Stanley purchased 20 acres (8.1 ha) directly north of the Showboat Atlantic City Hotel and Casino for a new $2 billion plus casino resort. Revel Entertainment Group was named as the project's developer for the Revel Casino. Revel was hindered with many problems, with the biggest setback to the company b... | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna ne... | Buddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period, primarily through two major esoteric sects, Tendai and Shingon. Tendai originated in China and is based on the Lotus Sutra, one of the most important sutras of Mahayana Buddhism; Saichō was key to its transmission to Japan. Shingon is the Japanese trans... | Mahayana tradition | 6,934 |
56d29ed559d6e41400146156 | Buddhism | Approximately six hundred Mahayana sutras have survived in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations. In addition, East Asian Buddhism recognizes some sutras regarded by scholars as of Chinese rather than Indian origin. | How many Mahayana sutras have survivied in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations? | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"six hundred"
]
} | How many [MASK] sutras have survivied in [MASK] or in [MASK] or [MASK] translations? | [
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0.075533971190... | The higher-level phylogeny of the arthropods continues to be a matter of debate and research. In 2008, researchers at Tufts University uncovered what they believe is the world's oldest known full-body impression of a primitive flying insect, a 300 million-year-old specimen from the Carboniferous period. The oldest defi... | Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). Vajrayana, a body of teachings attributed to Indian siddhas, may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of Mahayana. Theravada has a widespread following in Sri La... | In Theravada Buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one's karma, since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe.[citation needed] In Mahayana Buddhism, the texts of certain Mahayana sutras (such as the Lotus Sutra, the Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra and the Mahāyāna Mahāp... | six hundred | 6,935 |
56d29ed559d6e41400146157 | Buddhism | Approximately six hundred Mahayana sutras have survived in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations. In addition, East Asian Buddhism recognizes some sutras regarded by scholars as of Chinese rather than Indian origin. | What buddhism recognizes sutras of Chinese origin? | {
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"East Asian Buddhism"
]
} | What buddhism recognizes sutras of [MASK] origin? | [
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0.05524699017... | Songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel. The family's last name of Finch also shares Lee's mother's maiden name. The titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme, which first appears when Atticus, having given his children air-rifles for Christmas, allows their Uncle Jack to teach them ... | Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). Vajrayana, a body of teachings attributed to Indian siddhas, may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of Mahayana. Theravada has a widespread following in Sri La... | Buddhism first entered China during the Eastern Han and was first mentioned in 65 AD. Liu Ying (d. 71 AD), a half-brother to Emperor Ming of Han (r. 57–75 AD), was one of its earliest Chinese adherents, although Chinese Buddhism at this point was heavily associated with Huang-Lao Daoism. China's first known Buddhist te... | East Asian Buddhism | 6,936 |
56d29fc959d6e4140014615c | Buddhism | Generally, scholars conclude that the Mahayana scriptures were composed from the 1st century CE onwards: "Large numbers of Mahayana sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century", five centuries after the historical Gautama Buddha. Some of these had their roots i... | When did Mahayana sutras start to influence the behavior of mainstream buddhists in India? | {
"answer_start": [
389
],
"text": [
"after the 5th century CE"
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} | When did Mahayana sutras start to influence the behavior of mainstream [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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56d29fc959d6e4140014615d | Buddhism | Generally, scholars conclude that the Mahayana scriptures were composed from the 1st century CE onwards: "Large numbers of Mahayana sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century", five centuries after the historical Gautama Buddha. Some of these had their roots i... | What was the pejorative label for those that rejected Mahayana sutras? | {
"answer_start": [
900
],
"text": [
"Hinayana"
]
} | What was the pejorative label for those that rejected [MASK] sutras? | [
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56d2a05e59d6e41400146162 | Buddhism | Only the Theravada school does not include the Mahayana scriptures in its canon. As the modern Theravada school is descended from a branch of Buddhism that diverged and established itself in Sri Lanka prior to the emergence of the Mahayana texts, debate exists as to whether the Theravada were historically included in t... | What school does not include the Mahayava scriptures in its canon? | {
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"the Theravada"
]
} | What school does not include the [MASK] scriptures in its canon? | [
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56d2a05e59d6e41400146163 | Buddhism | Only the Theravada school does not include the Mahayana scriptures in its canon. As the modern Theravada school is descended from a branch of Buddhism that diverged and established itself in Sri Lanka prior to the emergence of the Mahayana texts, debate exists as to whether the Theravada were historically included in t... | The modern Theravada school stablished itself in what country? | {
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"Sri Lanka"
]
} | The modern [MASK] school stablished itself in what country? | [
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56d2a05e59d6e41400146164 | Buddhism | Only the Theravada school does not include the Mahayana scriptures in its canon. As the modern Theravada school is descended from a branch of Buddhism that diverged and established itself in Sri Lanka prior to the emergence of the Mahayana texts, debate exists as to whether the Theravada were historically included in t... | What Mahayana related label is considered derogatory? | {
"answer_start": [
323
],
"text": [
"hinayana"
]
} | What [MASK] related label is considered derogatory? | [
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56d2a16f59d6e41400146168 | Buddhism | Scholar Isabelle Onians asserts that although "the Mahāyāna ... very occasionally referred contemptuously to earlier Buddhism as the Hinayāna, the Inferior Way," "the preponderance of this name in the secondary literature is far out of proportion to occurrences in the Indian texts." She notes that the term Śrāvakayāna ... | The mahayana occasionally referred to early Buddhism as what? | {
"answer_start": [
441
],
"text": [
"Hinayana"
]
} | The mahayana occasionally referred to early [MASK] as what? | [
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0.0245074611... | In 1995, Sony and Michael Jackson formed a joint venture which merged Sony's music publishing operations with Jackson's ATV Music to form Sony/ATV Music Publishing. | Islamism is a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for Islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect Islam, while the contrary idea that Islam is, or can be, apolitical is an error. Scholars and observers who do not believe that Islam is merely a political ideolog... | Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them. For example, according to one Buddhist ecumenical organization,[web 23] several concepts common to both ma... | Hinayana | 6,942 |
56d2a16f59d6e4140014616a | Buddhism | Scholar Isabelle Onians asserts that although "the Mahāyāna ... very occasionally referred contemptuously to earlier Buddhism as the Hinayāna, the Inferior Way," "the preponderance of this name in the secondary literature is far out of proportion to occurrences in the Indian texts." She notes that the term Śrāvakayāna ... | What term was more politically correct term for the word Hinayana? | {
"answer_start": [
308
],
"text": [
"Śrāvakayāna"
]
} | What term was more politically correct term for the word [MASK]? | [
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56d2a28059d6e4140014616e | Buddhism | Buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects. For example, Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed Buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs, customs and institutions in countries where ... | What provides chances for comparative study with a large range of subjects? | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Buddhism"
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} | What provides chances for comparative study with a large range of subjects? | [
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56d2a28059d6e4140014616f | Buddhism | Buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects. For example, Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed Buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs, customs and institutions in countries where ... | Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle Way provides a guideline for what? | {
"answer_start": [
185
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"text": [
"ethics"
]
} | Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle Way provides a guideline for what? | [
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The method of self-exertion or "self-power"—without reliance on an external force or being—stands in contrast to another major form of Buddhism, Pure Land, which is characterized by utmost trust in the salvific "other-power" of Amitabha Buddha. Pure Land Buddhism is a very widespread and perhaps the most faith-orienta... | ethics | 6,945 |
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