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572647e2dd62a815002e805c | Packet_switching | The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) beginning in 1985 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States. NSFNET was also the name given to several nationwide backbone networks operati... | What is NSFNET | {
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0.319768... | The Oklahoma History Center is the history museum of the state of Oklahoma. Located across the street from the governor's mansion at 800 Nazih Zuhdi Drive in northeast Oklahoma City, the museum opened in 2005 and is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society. It preserves the history of Oklahoma from the prehistoric t... | In 2001, Comcast announced it would acquire the assets of the largest cable television operator at the time, AT&T Broadband, for US$44.5 billion. The proposed name for the merged company was "AT&T Comcast", but the companies ultimately decided to keep only the Comcast name. In 2002, Comcast acquired all assets of AT&T ... | In 2001, Comcast announced it would acquire the assets of the largest cable television operator at the time, AT&T Broadband, for US$44.5 billion. The proposed name for the merged company was "AT&T Comcast", but the companies ultimately decided to keep only the Comcast name. In 2002, Comcast acquired all assets of AT&T ... | The National Science Foundation Network | 92,504 |
572647e2dd62a815002e805d | Packet_switching | The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) beginning in 1985 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States. NSFNET was also the name given to several nationwide backbone networks operati... | What did NSFNET promote | {
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"advanced research and education networking",
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0.209941282868... | In time, some ideas from these experiments and paradigm challenges may be adopted as the norm in education, just as Friedrich Fröbel's approach to early childhood education in 19th-century Germany has been incorporated into contemporary kindergarten classrooms. Other influential writers and thinkers have included the S... | In 2001, Comcast announced it would acquire the assets of the largest cable television operator at the time, AT&T Broadband, for US$44.5 billion. The proposed name for the merged company was "AT&T Comcast", but the companies ultimately decided to keep only the Comcast name. In 2002, Comcast acquired all assets of AT&T ... | In November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have previously been nearly impossible. The first large peer-to-peer filesharing network, Napster, ... | advanced research and education networking in the United States | 92,505 |
572647e2dd62a815002e805e | Packet_switching | The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) beginning in 1985 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States. NSFNET was also the name given to several nationwide backbone networks operati... | What did NSFNET eventually provide | {
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0.1772218942... | The first debate was held on September 30 at the University of Miami, moderated by Jim Lehrer of PBS. During the debate, slated to focus on foreign policy, Kerry accused Bush of having failed to gain international support for the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, saying the only countries assisting the U.S. during the invasion we... | In 2001, Comcast announced it would acquire the assets of the largest cable television operator at the time, AT&T Broadband, for US$44.5 billion. The proposed name for the merged company was "AT&T Comcast", but the companies ultimately decided to keep only the Comcast name. In 2002, Comcast acquired all assets of AT&T ... | It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built... | it developed into a major part of the Internet backbone | 92,506 |
572648d1708984140094c15d | Packet_switching | The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States. The network was engineered and operated by MCI... | what does vBNS stand for | {
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0.3203824162483... | An example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is Smart Bodies, a public-private partnership between the state’s largest university system and largest health insurer, Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation. Launched in 2005, this program promotes lifel... | Comcast announced in May 2007 and launched in September 2008 a dashboard called SmartZone. Hewlett-Packard led "design, creation and management". Collaboration and unified messaging technology came from open-source vendor Zimbra. "SmartZone users will be able to send and receive e-mail, listen to their voicemail messag... | In 1994, Comcast became the third largest cable operator in the United States with around 3.5 million subscribers following its purchase of Maclean-Hunter's American division for $1.27 billion. The company's UK branch, Comcast UK Cable Partners, goes public while constructing a cable telecommunications network. With fi... | The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service | 92,507 |
572648d1708984140094c15e | Packet_switching | The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States. The network was engineered and operated by MCI... | What did vBNS do | {
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"provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the Unite... | What did [MASK] do | [
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572648d1708984140094c15f | Packet_switching | The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States. The network was engineered and operated by MCI... | Who operated the vBSN network | {
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0.17838208377361... | Anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present. Its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology, which describes the workings of societies around the world, linguistic anthropology, which investigates the influence of language in social life, and biological or ph... | Comcast announced in May 2007 and launched in September 2008 a dashboard called SmartZone. Hewlett-Packard led "design, creation and management". Collaboration and unified messaging technology came from open-source vendor Zimbra. "SmartZone users will be able to send and receive e-mail, listen to their voicemail messag... | The CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin. First demonstrated in 1973, it was developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally. It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable deliv... | The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF | 92,509 |
572648d1708984140094c160 | Packet_switching | The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States. The network was engineered and operated by MCI... | By 199 how many universities were connected | {
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0.37708520889282... | In recent decades, a series of inscribed graphs and pictures have been found at Neolithic sites in China, including Jiahu (c. 6500 BC), Dadiwan and Damaidi from the 6th millennium BC, and Banpo (5th millennium BC). Often these finds are accompanied by media reports that push back the purported beginnings of Chinese wri... | Comcast announced in May 2007 and launched in September 2008 a dashboard called SmartZone. Hewlett-Packard led "design, creation and management". Collaboration and unified messaging technology came from open-source vendor Zimbra. "SmartZone users will be able to send and receive e-mail, listen to their voicemail messag... | For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchron... | By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with DS-3 | 92,510 |
572648d1708984140094c161 | Packet_switching | The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States. The network was engineered and operated by MCI... | What did the network install in 1999 | {
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57264684708984140094c123 | Black_Death | The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterra... | Where did the black death originate? | {
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57264684708984140094c124 | Black_Death | The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterra... | How did the black death make it to the Mediterranean and Europe? | {
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} | How did the black death make it to the [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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0.12307795... | Ephesus is a cultic centre of Mary, the site of the first Church dedicated to her and the rumoured place of her death. Ephesus was previously a centre for worship of Artemis a virgin goddess. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus being regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The cult of Mary was furthered ... | Of the estimated 8.8 million Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, the majority of whom were Ashkenazi, about 6 million – more than two-thirds – were systematically murdered in the Holocaust. These included 3 million of 3.3 million Polish Jews (91%); 900,000 of 1.5 million in Ukraine (60%); and 50–90%... | In the first half of the 17th century, a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14% of the population. In 1656, the plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants. More than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain. The plague of 1649 probably ... | merchant ships. | 92,513 |
57264684708984140094c125 | Black_Death | The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterra... | How much of the European population did the black death kill? | {
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} | How much of the [MASK] population did the black death kill? | [
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57264684708984140094c126 | Black_Death | The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterra... | When did the world's population finally recover from the black death? | {
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57264684708984140094c127 | Black_Death | The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterra... | For how long did the plague stick around? | {
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572647935951b619008f6ec9 | Black_Death | The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, Northern India and Uganda. Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscr... | What does it mean for a disease to be enzootic? | {
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572647935951b619008f6eca | Black_Death | The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, Northern India and Uganda. Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscr... | How old are the gravestones that reference the plague? | {
"answer_start": [
258,
268,
268
],
"text": [
"dating to 1338–39",
"1338–39",
"1338–39"
]
} | How old are the gravestones that reference the plague? | [
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0.247361391782... | Three other efforts to improve regulation of international pesticide trade are the United Nations London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade and the United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission.[citation needed] The former seeks to implement procedures for ensuring that prior ... | Tuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortalit... | One-third of the world's population is thought to be infected with TB. New infections occur in about 1% of the population each year. In 2014, there were 9.6 million cases of active TB which resulted in 1.5 million deaths. More than 95% of deaths occurred in developing countries. The number of new cases each year has de... | dating to 1338–39 | 92,518 |
572647935951b619008f6ecb | Black_Death | The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, Northern India and Uganda. Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscr... | Where do scientists think all of the plagues originated from? | {
"answer_start": [
594,
594,
594
],
"text": [
"China",
"China",
"China"
]
} | Where do scientists think all of the plagues originated from? | [
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572647935951b619008f6ecc | Black_Death | The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, Northern India and Uganda. Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscr... | When did the Chinese famine begin? | {
"answer_start": [
867,
867,
867
],
"text": [
"1331",
"1331",
"1331"
]
} | When did the [MASK] famine begin? | [
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572647935951b619008f6ecd | Black_Death | The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, Northern India and Uganda. Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscr... | How many did this epidemic in China kill? | {
"answer_start": [
962,
975,
975
],
"text": [
"an estimated 25 million",
"25 million",
"25 million"
]
} | How many did this epidemic in [MASK] kill? | [
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57264845f1498d1400e8db0a | Black_Death | Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants. The... | Who introduced plague to Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
53,
53,
53
],
"text": [
"Genoese traders",
"Genoese traders",
"Genoese traders"
]
} | Who introduced plague to [MASK]? | [
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57264845f1498d1400e8db0b | Black_Death | Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants. The... | Who did the army siege belong to? | {
"answer_start": [
179,
179,
179
],
"text": [
"Jani Beg",
"Jani Beg",
"Jani Beg"
]
} | Who did the army siege belong to? | [
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57264845f1498d1400e8db0c | Black_Death | Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants. The... | What did the Mongol army throw in their catapults? | {
"answer_start": [
244,
244,
244
],
"text": [
"infected corpses",
"infected corpses",
"infected corpses"
]
} | What did the [MASK] army throw in their catapults? | [
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57264845f1498d1400e8db0d | Black_Death | Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants. The... | Where did the genoese traders bring the plague? | {
"answer_start": [
374,
374,
374
],
"text": [
"Sicily",
"Sicily and the south of Europe",
"Sicily"
]
} | Where did the [MASK] traders bring the plague? | [
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57264845f1498d1400e8db0e | Black_Death | Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants. The... | What contributed to the severity of the plague? | {
"answer_start": [
527,
527,
527
],
"text": [
"war, famine, and weather",
"war, famine, and weather",
"war, famine, and weather"
]
} | What contributed to the severity of the plague? | [
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572648ed5951b619008f6f03 | Black_Death | From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland. Finally ... | Which direction did the disease first move in? | {
"answer_start": [
31,
31,
31
],
"text": [
"northwest across Europe",
"northwest",
"northwest"
]
} | Which direction did the disease [MASK] move in? | [
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572648ed5951b619008f6f04 | Black_Death | From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland. Finally ... | Which country was the last to receive the disease? | {
"answer_start": [
333,
346,
346
],
"text": [
"northwestern Russia",
"Russia",
"Russia"
]
} | Which country was the last to receive the disease? | [
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572648ed5951b619008f6f05 | Black_Death | From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland. Finally ... | What types of European groups were able to avoid the plague? | {
"answer_start": [
401,
426,
426
],
"text": [
"parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours",
"smaller trade relations with their neighbours",
"smaller trade relations with their neighbours"
]
} | What types of [MASK] groups were able to avoid the plague? | [
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572648ed5951b619008f6f06 | Black_Death | From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland. Finally ... | Where was the disease spreading between 1348 and 1350? | {
"answer_start": [
151,
151,
151
],
"text": [
"Germany and Scandinavia",
"Germany and Scandinavia",
"Germany and Scandinavia"
]
} | Where was the disease spreading [MASK]? | [
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572648ed5951b619008f6f07 | Black_Death | From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland. Finally ... | When did a plague-ridden ship land in Norway? | {
"answer_start": [
225,
225,
225
],
"text": [
"1349",
"1349",
"1349"
]
} | When did a plague- ridden ship land in [MASK]? | [
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0.08291389048... | Commentaries dealing with the zahir (outward aspects) of the text are called tafsir, and hermeneutic and esoteric commentaries dealing with the batin are called ta'wil ("interpretation" or "explanation"), which involves taking the text back to its beginning. Commentators with an esoteric slant believe that the ultimate... | One-third of the world's population is thought to be infected with TB. New infections occur in about 1% of the population each year. In 2014, there were 9.6 million cases of active TB which resulted in 1.5 million deaths. More than 95% of deaths occurred in developing countries. The number of new cases each year has de... | The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India. The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientist... | 1349 | 92,531 |
57264991f1498d1400e8db2e | Black_Death | The plague struck various countries in the Middle East during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures. As it spread to western Europe, the disease entered the region from southern Russia also. By autumn 1347, the plague reached Alexandria in Egypt, proba... | What effect did the plague have on the Middle East? | {
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"serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures",
"depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures",
"depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures"
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} | What effect did the plague have on [MASK]? | [
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0.14666518568... | The Ann Arbor News, owned by the Michigan-based Booth Newspapers chain, is the major daily newspaper serving Ann Arbor and the rest of Washtenaw County. The newspaper ended its 174-year print run in 2009, due to economic difficulties. It was replaced by AnnArbor.com, but returned to a limited print publication under it... | With successive Persian rule, the region, divided between Syria-Coele province and later the autonomous Yehud Medinata, was gradually developing back into urban society, largely dominated by Judeans. The Greek conquests largely skipped the region without any resistance or interest. Incorporated into Ptolemaic and final... | The persecution reached a peak in Nazi Germany's Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews. Of the world's 15 million Jews in 1939, more than a third were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust—the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews (and cer... | serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures | 92,532 |
57264991f1498d1400e8db2f | Black_Death | The plague struck various countries in the Middle East during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures. As it spread to western Europe, the disease entered the region from southern Russia also. By autumn 1347, the plague reached Alexandria in Egypt, proba... | When had the plague reached Alexandria? | {
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} | When had the plague reached [MASK]? | [
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57264991f1498d1400e8db30 | Black_Death | The plague struck various countries in the Middle East during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures. As it spread to western Europe, the disease entered the region from southern Russia also. By autumn 1347, the plague reached Alexandria in Egypt, proba... | How did the plague infiltrate Alexandria? | {
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"y through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea",
"port's trade",
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} | How did the plague infiltrate [MASK]? | [
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57264991f1498d1400e8db31 | Black_Death | The plague struck various countries in the Middle East during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures. As it spread to western Europe, the disease entered the region from southern Russia also. By autumn 1347, the plague reached Alexandria in Egypt, proba... | Where did the residents of Antioch flee to? | {
"answer_start": [
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"The city's residents fled to the north",
"the north",
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} | Where did the residents of [MASK] flee to? | [
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57264a74708984140094c18b | Black_Death | Gasquet (1908) claimed that the Latin name atra mors (Black Death) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 1631 in a book on Danish history by J.I. Pontanus: "Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant. ("Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death"). The name spread through Sc... | Who claimed that the name Black Death first appeared in 1631? | {
"answer_start": [
0,
0,
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"text": [
"Gasquet",
"Gasquet",
"Gasquet"
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} | Who claimed that the name Black Death first appeared in [MASK]? | [
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57264a74708984140094c18c | Black_Death | Gasquet (1908) claimed that the Latin name atra mors (Black Death) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 1631 in a book on Danish history by J.I. Pontanus: "Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant. ("Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death"). The name spread through Sc... | What is the Latin name for Black Death? | {
"answer_start": [
43,
43,
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"text": [
"atra mors",
"atra mors",
"atra mors"
]
} | What is the [MASK] name for Black Death? | [
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57264a74708984140094c18d | Black_Death | Gasquet (1908) claimed that the Latin name atra mors (Black Death) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 1631 in a book on Danish history by J.I. Pontanus: "Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant. ("Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death"). The name spread through Sc... | Who allegedly coined the name Black Death? | {
"answer_start": [
167,
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"text": [
"J.I. Pontanus",
"J.I. Pontanus",
"J.I. Pontanus"
]
} | Who allegedly coined the name Black Death? | [
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57264a74708984140094c18e | Black_Death | Gasquet (1908) claimed that the Latin name atra mors (Black Death) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 1631 in a book on Danish history by J.I. Pontanus: "Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant. ("Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death"). The name spread through Sc... | When did the name black death officially take root in England? | {
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"text": [
"1823",
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} | When did the name black death officially take root in [MASK]? | [
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0.4518965780735016... | The city's K-12 enrollment in district run schools has dropped in the last five years from 156,211 students in 2010 to 130,104 students in 2015. During the same time period, the enrollment in charter schools has increased from 33,995 students in 2010 to 62,358 students in 2015. This consistent drop in enrollment has le... | But after emancipation, a sense of a unified French Jewry emerged, especially when France was wracked by the Dreyfus affair in the 1890s. In the 1920s and 1930s, Ashkenazi Jews from Europe arrived in large numbers as refugees from antisemitism, the Russian revolution, and the economic turmoil of the Great Depression. B... | In addition to the dead and wounded, government leaders feared mass psychological trauma from aerial attack and a resulting collapse of civil society. A committee of psychiatrists reported to the government in 1938 that there would be three times as many mental as physical casualties from aerial bombing, implying three... | 1823 | 92,539 |
57264a74708984140094c18f | Black_Death | Gasquet (1908) claimed that the Latin name atra mors (Black Death) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 1631 in a book on Danish history by J.I. Pontanus: "Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant. ("Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death"). The name spread through Sc... | Did the plague spread in Scandinavia or Germany first? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"Scandinavia",
"Scandinavia",
"Scandinavia"
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} | Did the plague spread in [MASK] or [MASK] [MASK]? | [
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57264b3edd62a815002e80aa | Black_Death | Medical knowledge had stagnated during the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a "great pestilence in the air". This report became the f... | What was the black death originally blamed on? | {
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"text": [
"the heavens",
"the heavens",
"the heavens"
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} | What was the black death originally blamed on? | [
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57264b3edd62a815002e80ab | Black_Death | Medical knowledge had stagnated during the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a "great pestilence in the air". This report became the f... | Who was the medical report written for? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"the king of France",
"king of France",
"king of France"
]
} | Who was the medical report written for? | [
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57264b3edd62a815002e80ac | Black_Death | Medical knowledge had stagnated during the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a "great pestilence in the air". This report became the f... | What is the newer, more widely accepted theory behind the spread of the plague? | {
"answer_start": [
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452,
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],
"text": [
"That the plague was caused by bad air",
"bad air",
"great pestilence in the air"
]
} | What is the newer, more widely accepted theory behind the spread of the plague? | [
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57264b3edd62a815002e80ad | Black_Death | Medical knowledge had stagnated during the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a "great pestilence in the air". This report became the f... | What is the bad air theory officially known as? | {
"answer_start": [
528,
528,
528
],
"text": [
"Miasma theory",
"Miasma theory.",
"Miasma theory"
]
} | What is the bad air theory officially known as? | [
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57264c42dd62a815002e80c6 | Black_Death | The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India. The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientist... | What was considered responsible for the black death as well as the epidemic in southern China? | {
"answer_start": [
100,
100,
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"text": [
"Yersinia pestis",
"Yersinia pestis",
"Yersinia pestis"
]
} | What was considered responsible for the black death as well as the epidemic in southern [MASK]? | [
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57264c42dd62a815002e80c7 | Black_Death | The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India. The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientist... | Where and when did the investigation of the plague pathogen begin? | {
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} | Where and when did the investigation of the plague pathogen begin? | [
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57264c42dd62a815002e80c8 | Black_Death | The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India. The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientist... | Who was yersinia pestis named for? | {
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"French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin",
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57264c42dd62a815002e80c9 | Black_Death | The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India. The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientist... | What did Paul-Louis Simond establish in 1898? | {
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"The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted",
"mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted",
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} | What did [MASK] establish in [MASK]? | [
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57264c42dd62a815002e80ca | Black_Death | The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India. The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientist... | What was the bubonic plague mechanism reliant on? | {
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"two populations of rodents",
"two populations of rodents",
"two populations of rodents"
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} | What was the bubonic plague mechanism reliant on? | [
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57264cc6dd62a815002e80e4 | Black_Death | The historian Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893 and suggested that "it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague". He was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the Black Death for the second edition in 1908, implicating rats and fleas in the... | Who wrote about the great pestilence in 1893? | {
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"Francis Aidan Gasquet",
"Francis Aidan Gasquet",
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} | Who wrote about the great pestilence in [MASK]? | [
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57264cc6dd62a815002e80e5 | Black_Death | The historian Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893 and suggested that "it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague". He was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the Black Death for the second edition in 1908, implicating rats and fleas in the... | What did Gasquet think the plague was? | {
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"some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague",
"bubonic plague",
"ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague"
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} | What did [MASK] think the plague was? | [
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57264cc6dd62a815002e80e6 | Black_Death | The historian Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893 and suggested that "it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague". He was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the Black Death for the second edition in 1908, implicating rats and fleas in the... | When did the second edition of Gasquet's book come out? | {
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"1908"
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} | When did the [MASK] edition of [MASK] 's book come out? | [
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57264cc6dd62a815002e80e7 | Black_Death | The historian Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893 and suggested that "it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague". He was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the Black Death for the second edition in 1908, implicating rats and fleas in the... | What did Gasquet's book blame the plague on? | {
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"text": [
"rats and fleas",
"rats and fleas",
"rats and fleas"
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} | What did [MASK] 's book blame the plague on? | [
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57264cc6dd62a815002e80e8 | Black_Death | The historian Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893 and suggested that "it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague". He was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the Black Death for the second edition in 1908, implicating rats and fleas in the... | What is another plague thought to have spread the same way? | {
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"text": [
"the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE.",
"Justinian plague",
"Justinian plague"
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} | What is another plague thought to have spread the same way? | [
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57264d58f1498d1400e8db7a | Black_Death | Other forms of plague have been implicated by modern scientists. The modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 30–75% and symptoms including fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic pla... | What is the mortality rate of the modern bubonic plague? | {
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"30–75%",
"30–75%"
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} | What is the mortality rate of the modern bubonic plague? | [
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57264d58f1498d1400e8db7b | Black_Death | Other forms of plague have been implicated by modern scientists. The modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 30–75% and symptoms including fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic pla... | How high do plague fevers run? | {
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"text": [
"100–106 °F",
"38–41 °C",
"41 °C"
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} | How high do plague fevers run? | [
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57264d58f1498d1400e8db7c | Black_Death | Other forms of plague have been implicated by modern scientists. The modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 30–75% and symptoms including fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic pla... | What percent of untreated victims of the plague die within 8 days? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"80 percent",
"80",
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} | What percent of untreated victims of the plague die within [MASK]? | [
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57264d58f1498d1400e8db7d | Black_Death | Other forms of plague have been implicated by modern scientists. The modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 30–75% and symptoms including fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic pla... | What is the mortality rate of pneumonic plague? | {
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"text": [
"90 to 95 percent",
"90 to 95",
"90 to 95 percent"
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} | What is the mortality rate of pneumonic plague? | [
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57264d58f1498d1400e8db7e | Black_Death | Other forms of plague have been implicated by modern scientists. The modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 30–75% and symptoms including fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic pla... | What skin-related symptom appears from the pneumonic plague? | {
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"text": [
"purple skin patches",
"purple skin patches",
"purple skin patches"
]
} | What skin-related symptom appears from the pneumonic plague? | [
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57264e2f708984140094c1e1 | Black_Death | In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase ... | When did the Plos Pathogens paper come out? | {
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"October 2010",
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57264e2f708984140094c1e2 | Black_Death | In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase ... | What was the Plos Pathogens paper about? | {
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"a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death",
"role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death",
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} | What was the Plos Pathogens paper about? | [
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57264e2f708984140094c1e3 | Black_Death | In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase ... | How did scientists assess the DNA/RNA of yersinia pestis? | {
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"text": [
"with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)",
"Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques",
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57264e2f708984140094c1e4 | Black_Death | In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase ... | Where did scientists find their Y. pestis sample? | {
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366,
413,
375
],
"text": [
"from the tooth sockets in human skeletons",
"mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe",
"tooth sockets in human skeletons"
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} | Where did scientists find their Y. pestis sample? | [
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57264e2f708984140094c1e5 | Black_Death | In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase ... | What does the plos pathogen paper claim? | {
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"unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague",
"Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague",
"Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the... | What does the plos pathogen paper claim? | [
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57264f18f1498d1400e8dbae | Black_Death | The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medieval... | What are clades? | {
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"text": [
"genetic branches",
"genetic branches",
"genetic branches"
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} | What are clades? | [
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57264f18f1498d1400e8dbaf | Black_Death | The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medieval... | What strains of y. pestis were found in the mass graves? | {
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285
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"text": [
"Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis",
"Y. pestis",
"Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis"
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} | What strains of y. pestis were found in the mass graves? | [
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57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb0 | Black_Death | The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medieval... | What do the strains of y. pestis suggest abut the plague? | {
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"text": [
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"the plague may have entered Europe in two waves",
"may have entered Europe in two waves"
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} | What do the strains of y. pestis suggest abut the plague? | [
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57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb1 | Black_Death | The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medieval... | How and when did the first variant of y. pestis enter Europe? | {
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"the port of Marseille around November 1347",
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} | How and when did the [MASK] variant of y. pestis enter [MASK]? | [
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57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb2 | Black_Death | The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medieval... | When did the y. pestis reach England? | {
"answer_start": [
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} | When did the y. pestis reach [MASK]? | [
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57264fe65951b619008f6fa1 | Black_Death | The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y. pestis that may no longer exist." ... | What is the current status of the Haensch study? | {
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57264fe65951b619008f6fa2 | Black_Death | The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y. pestis that may no longer exist." ... | Where was the burial site used for testing located? | {
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57264fe65951b619008f6fa3 | Black_Death | The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y. pestis that may no longer exist." ... | What is thought to have happened to the y. pestis that caused the black death? | {
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} | What is thought to have happened to the y. pestis that caused the black death? | [
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57264fe65951b619008f6fa4 | Black_Death | The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y. pestis that may no longer exist." ... | When was the study on sequenced Y genomes published? | {
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} | When was the study on sequenced Y genomes published? | [
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5726509bdd62a815002e815a | Black_Death | The plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970, who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague, leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were... | Who challenged the plague theory first? | {
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"text": [
"British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury",
"J. F. D. Shrewsbury",
"J. F. D. Shrewsbury"
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} | Who challenged the plague theory [MASK]? | [
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5726509bdd62a815002e815b | Black_Death | The plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970, who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague, leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were... | What did Shrewsbury note about the plague? | {
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"rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague",
"the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plagu... | What did [MASK] note about the plague? | [
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0.2002361118793... | According to statistics collected by the Association of Religion Data Archives from 2010, about 34% of Alaska residents were members of religious congregations. 100,960 people identified as Evangelical Protestants, 50,866 as Roman Catholic, and 32,550 as mainline Protestants. Roughly 4% are Mormon, 0.5% are Jewish, 1% ... | Even though the book had barely hinted at human evolution, it quickly became central to the debate as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul, and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities. This conflict could be reconciled by supposing there was some superna... | These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years.[AC] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were especially hard-hit because of their crowded conditions.[AD] Large areas of... | rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague | 92,575 |
5726509bdd62a815002e815c | Black_Death | The plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970, who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague, leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were... | What was Shrewsbury's conclusion? | {
"answer_start": [
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],
"text": [
"contemporary accounts were exaggerations",
"contemporary accounts were exaggerations",
"contemporary accounts were exaggerations"
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} | What was [MASK] 's conclusion? | [
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0.2246398627758026... | The most recent episodes of the network's shows are usually made available on WATCH ABC, Hulu and ABC on Demand the day after their original broadcast. In addition, ABC on Demand (like the video-on-demand television services provided by the other U.S. broadcast networks) disallows fast forwarding of accessed content. R... | Even though the book had barely hinted at human evolution, it quickly became central to the debate as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul, and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities. This conflict could be reconciled by supposing there was some superna... | Historical interpretations of John have been subject to considerable change over the years. Medieval chroniclers provided the first contemporary, or near contemporary, histories of John's reign. One group of chroniclers wrote early in John's life, or around the time of his accession, including Richard of Devizes, Willi... | contemporary accounts were exaggerations | 92,576 |
5726509bdd62a815002e815d | Black_Death | The plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970, who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague, leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were... | What did Graham Twigg publish in 1984? | {
"answer_start": [
376,
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"text": [
"the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly",
"the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly",
"first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly,"
]
} | What did [MASK] publish in [MASK]? | [
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5726509bdd62a815002e815e | Black_Death | The plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970, who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague, leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were... | Who discussed Twigg's study in 2002? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.",
"Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.",
"Samuel K. Cohn, Jr."
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} | Who discussed [MASK] 's study in [MASK]? | [
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5726516a708984140094c223 | Black_Death | It is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period. Most work has been done on the spread of the plague in England, and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by... | What is as important as identifying plague symptoms? | {
"answer_start": [
25,
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],
"text": [
"epidemiological account of the plague",
"an epidemiological account",
"epidemiological account of the plague"
]
} | What is as important as identifying plague symptoms? | [
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0.07373863... | In the 2004 Democratic presidential primaries, John Kerry defeated several Democratic rivals, including Sen. John Edwards (D-North Carolina.), former Vermont Governor Howard Dean and retired Army General Wesley Clark. His victory in the Iowa caucuses is widely believed to be the tipping point where Kerry revived his sa... | In other cities, class conflict was more evident. Over a quarter of London's population had left the city by November 1940. Civilians left for more remote areas of the country. Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went. Other reasons, including industry dispersal may ... | The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries. According to Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671. The Second Pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–63; 1374; 1400; 1438–39; 1456–57;... | epidemiological account of the plague | 92,579 |
5726516a708984140094c224 | Black_Death | It is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period. Most work has been done on the spread of the plague in England, and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by... | Why are researchers struggling to identify the history of the plague? | {
"answer_start": [
145,
145,
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],
"text": [
"the lack of reliable statistics from this period",
"the lack of reliable statistics",
"lack of reliable statistics"
]
} | Why are researchers struggling to identify the history of the plague? | [
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0.419013738... | In an interview with Talk magazine in late 1999, Schwarzenegger was asked if he thought of running for office. He replied, "I think about it many times. The possibility is there, because I feel it inside." The Hollywood Reporter claimed shortly after that Schwarzenegger sought to end speculation that he might run for g... | In other cities, class conflict was more evident. Over a quarter of London's population had left the city by November 1940. Civilians left for more remote areas of the country. Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went. Other reasons, including industry dispersal may ... | The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y. pestis that may no longer exist." ... | the lack of reliable statistics from this period | 92,580 |
5726516a708984140094c225 | Black_Death | It is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period. Most work has been done on the spread of the plague in England, and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by... | How much do estimations of the population during the plague vary? | {
"answer_start": [
318,
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"by over 100%",
"by over 100%",
"over 100%"
]
} | How much do estimations of the population during the plague vary? | [
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5726516a708984140094c226 | Black_Death | It is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period. Most work has been done on the spread of the plague in England, and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by... | Where can population estimates be extrapolated from? | {
"answer_start": [
502,
489,
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"text": [
"the clergy",
"figures from the clergy",
"figures from the clergy"
]
} | Where can population estimates be extrapolated from? | [
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5726516a708984140094c227 | Black_Death | It is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period. Most work has been done on the spread of the plague in England, and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by... | During which years was no census taken? | {
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425,
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"text": [
"between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377",
"1377",
"between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377"
]
} | During which years was no census taken? | [
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0.09853965789... | Newton's First Law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force or resultant force. This law is an extension of Galileo's insight that constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force (see a more detailed description of this below). N... | In other cities, class conflict was more evident. Over a quarter of London's population had left the city by November 1940. Civilians left for more remote areas of the country. Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went. Other reasons, including industry dispersal may ... | For 1890, the Census Office changed the design of the population questionnaire. Residents were still listed individually, but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family. Additionally, this was the first year that the census distinguished between different East Asian races, such as Japanese and Chinese, due to i... | between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377 | 92,583 |
57265285708984140094c25b | Black_Death | In addition to arguing that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic, sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague); that transference via fleas in goods was likely to... | Why might rats not be responsible for the plague? | {
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28,
32,
32
],
"text": [
"the rat population was insufficient",
"rat population was insufficient",
"rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic"
]
} | Why might rats not be responsible for the plague? | [
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57265285708984140094c25c | Black_Death | In addition to arguing that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic, sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague); that transference via fleas in goods was likely to... | How significant was the transfer of disease through fleas? | {
"answer_start": [
324,
327,
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],
"text": [
"of marginal significance",
"marginal",
"marginal"
]
} | How significant was the transfer of disease through fleas? | [
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57265285708984140094c25d | Black_Death | In addition to arguing that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic, sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague); that transference via fleas in goods was likely to... | Why might the temperature affect the theory of plague spreading? | {
"answer_start": [
613,
635,
635
],
"text": [
"temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas",
"too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas",
"too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas"
]
} | Why might the temperature affect the theory of plague spreading? | [
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57265285708984140094c25e | Black_Death | In addition to arguing that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic, sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague); that transference via fleas in goods was likely to... | Was the bubonic plague spread faster or slower than modern bubonic plague? | {
"answer_start": [
747,
772,
772
],
"text": [
"the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague",
"faster",
"faster"
]
} | Was the bubonic plague spread faster or slower than modern bubonic plague? | [
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0.25947180390... | A computer does not need to be electronic, nor even have a processor, nor RAM, nor even a hard disk. While popular usage of the word "computer" is synonymous with a personal electronic computer, the modern definition of a computer is literally: "A device that computes, especially a programmable [usually] electronic mac... | The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate of about a third. The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population. Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people died. In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from 110–120 thousand... | The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterra... | the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague | 92,587 |
57265285708984140094c25f | Black_Death | In addition to arguing that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic, sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague); that transference via fleas in goods was likely to... | How many years could separate outbreaks of the black death? | {
"answer_start": [
1108,
1108,
1108
],
"text": [
"5 to 15 years",
"5 to 15",
"5 to 15"
]
} | How many [MASK] could separate outbreaks of the black death? | [
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5726534d708984140094c26d | Black_Death | A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward. Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax, and Norman Cantor (2001) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics. Scott and Duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as hem... | What does Graham Twigg propose about the spread of disease? | {
"answer_start": [
101,
97,
87
],
"text": [
"a form of anthrax",
"was a form of anthrax",
"the cause was a form of anthrax"
]
} | What does [MASK] propose about the spread of disease? | [
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0.428982704... | The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (officially abbreviated the Super NES[b] or SNES[c], and commonly shortened to Super Nintendo[d]) is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea, 1991 in North America, 1992 in Europe and Australasia (Oceania), and 199... | If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs (in about 90% of cases). Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged cough producing sputum. About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e. they remain "asymptomatic"). Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small amounts, ... | In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. By the 1950s, mortality had decreased nearly 90%. Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other an... | a form of anthrax | 92,589 |
5726534d708984140094c26e | Black_Death | A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward. Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax, and Norman Cantor (2001) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics. Scott and Duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as hem... | What was Norman Cantor's theory about the plague? | {
"answer_start": [
170,
170,
170
],
"text": [
"a combination of anthrax and other pandemics",
"a combination of anthrax and other pandemics",
"a combination of anthrax and other pandemics"
]
} | What was [MASK] theory about the plague? | [
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0.30642578005790... | In a nationally televised speech early in the morning of December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR – or, as he put it, "I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." He declared the office extinct, and all of its powers (such as control of ... | If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs (in about 90% of cases). Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged cough producing sputum. About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e. they remain "asymptomatic"). Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small amounts, ... | These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years.[AC] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were especially hard-hit because of their crowded conditions.[AD] Large areas of... | a combination of anthrax and other pandemics | 92,590 |
5726534d708984140094c26f | Black_Death | A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward. Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax, and Norman Cantor (2001) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics. Scott and Duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as hem... | Which diseases do many scientists believe contributed to plague pandemic? | {
"answer_start": [
982,
982,
982
],
"text": [
"typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections",
"typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections",
"typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections"
]
} | Which diseases do many scientists believe contributed to plague pandemic? | [
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0.3086049258... | The galleries also link design to wider trends in British culture. For instance, design in the Tudor period was influenced by the spread of printed books and the work of European artists and craftsmen employed in Britain. In the Stuart period, increasing trade, especially with Asia, enabled wider access to luxuries lik... | If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs (in about 90% of cases). Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged cough producing sputum. About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e. they remain "asymptomatic"). Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small amounts, ... | From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland. Finally ... | typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections | 92,591 |
5726534d708984140094c270 | Black_Death | A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward. Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax, and Norman Cantor (2001) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics. Scott and Duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as hem... | What is septicemia? | {
"answer_start": [
1103,
1104,
1104
],
"text": [
"(a type of \"blood poisoning\"",
"a type of \"blood poisoning\"",
"a type of \"blood poisoning\""
]
} | What is septicemia? | [
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0.31666699051... | The prevalence of HIV-infection among the adult population is 1.8%. Only 20% of infected pregnant women receive anti retroviral coverage to prevent transmission to newborns. | If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs (in about 90% of cases). Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged cough producing sputum. About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e. they remain "asymptomatic"). Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small amounts, ... | From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland. Finally ... | (a type of "blood poisoning" | 92,592 |
5726534d708984140094c271 | Black_Death | A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward. Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax, and Norman Cantor (2001) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics. Scott and Duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as hem... | How many bodies did Public Health England exhume? | {
"answer_start": [
1473,
1473,
1473
],
"text": [
"25",
"25",
"25"
]
} | How many bodies did [MASK] exhume? | [
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5726542ff1498d1400e8dc28 | Black_Death | The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate of about a third. The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population. Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people died. In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from 110–120 thousand... | How much of the population in the Middle East died of the plague? | {
"answer_start": [
128,
128,
128
],
"text": [
"about a third.",
"about a third",
"about a third"
]
} | How much of the population in [MASK] died of the plague? | [
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0.214584... | Bern is also served by Bern Airport, located outside the city near the town of Belp. The regional airport, colloquially called Bern-Belp or Belpmoos, is connected to several European cities. Additionally Zürich Airport, Geneva Airport and EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg also serve as international gateways, all rea... | The persecution reached a peak in Nazi Germany's Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews. Of the world's 15 million Jews in 1939, more than a third were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust—the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews (and cer... | As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace (Eu... | about a third. | 92,594 |
5726542ff1498d1400e8dc29 | Black_Death | The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate of about a third. The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population. Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people died. In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from 110–120 thousand... | How much of Paris' population was killed by the plague? | {
"answer_start": [
199,
229,
199
],
"text": [
"Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people",
"100,000",
"Half"
]
} | How much of [MASK] ' population was killed by the plague? | [
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0.2783708572... | Innate bisexuality is an idea introduced by Sigmund Freud. According to this theory, all humans are born bisexual in a very broad sense of the term, that of incorporating general aspects of both sexes. In Freud's view, this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes b... | The persecution reached a peak in Nazi Germany's Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews. Of the world's 15 million Jews in 1939, more than a third were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust—the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews (and cer... | But after emancipation, a sense of a unified French Jewry emerged, especially when France was wracked by the Dreyfus affair in the 1890s. In the 1920s and 1930s, Ashkenazi Jews from Europe arrived in large numbers as refugees from antisemitism, the Russian revolution, and the economic turmoil of the Great Depression. B... | Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people | 92,595 |
5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2a | Black_Death | The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate of about a third. The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population. Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people died. In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from 110–120 thousand... | What do isolated, spaced out graves of plague victims indicate? | {
"answer_start": [
795,
804,
804
],
"text": [
"at least some pre-planning and Christian burials",
"some pre-planning and Christian burials",
"some pre-planning and Christian burials"
]
} | What do isolated, spaced out graves of plague victims indicate? | [
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0.00114517542533... | In 1824 the British government instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to occupy Norfolk Island as a place to send "the worst description of convicts". Its remoteness, previously seen as a disadvantage, was now viewed as an asset for the detention of recalcitrant male prisoners. The convicts detained... | The persecution reached a peak in Nazi Germany's Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews. Of the world's 15 million Jews in 1939, more than a third were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust—the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews (and cer... | After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under Napoleon Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits. Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of Père Lachaise, Montmartre, Montparnasse,... | at least some pre-planning and Christian burials | 92,596 |
5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b | Black_Death | The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate of about a third. The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population. Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people died. In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from 110–120 thousand... | How many people would die of plague in largely populated cities? | {
"answer_start": [
1202,
1213,
1213
],
"text": [
"as much as 50%",
"50%",
"50%"
]
} | How many people would die of plague in largely populated cities? | [
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5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2c | Black_Death | The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate of about a third. The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population. Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people died. In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from 110–120 thousand... | Which areas were least vulnerable to disease? | {
"answer_start": [
1284,
1289,
1289
],
"text": [
"most isolated areas",
"isolated areas",
"isolated"
]
} | Which areas were least vulnerable to disease? | [
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572654e2708984140094c2b7 | Black_Death | The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries. According to Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671. The Second Pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–63; 1374; 1400; 1438–39; 1456–57;... | When did the plague return to Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
69,
84,
84
],
"text": [
"throughout the 14th to 17th centuries",
"14th to 17th centuries",
"14th to 17th centuries"
]
} | When did the plague return to [MASK]? | [
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0.31653383... | The climate of Florida is tempered somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is distant from the ocean. North of Lake Okeechobee, the prevalent climate is humid subtropical (Köppen: Cfa), while areas south of the lake (including the Florida Keys) have a true tropical climate (Köppen: Aw). Mean high temperatures fo... | The persecution reached a peak in Nazi Germany's Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews. Of the world's 15 million Jews in 1939, more than a third were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust—the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews (and cer... | Other forms of plague have been implicated by modern scientists. The modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 30–75% and symptoms including fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic pla... | throughout the 14th to 17th centuries | 92,599 |
572654e2708984140094c2b8 | Black_Death | The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries. According to Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671. The Second Pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–63; 1374; 1400; 1438–39; 1456–57;... | What did Biraben say about the plague in Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
130,
141,
130
],
"text": [
"the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671.",
"was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671",
"the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671"
]
} | What did [MASK] say about the plague in [MASK]? | [
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0.24545674... | The monastic communities of the Judean Desert also decorated their monasteries with mosaic floors. The Monastery of Martyrius was founded in the end of the 5th century and it was re-discovered in 1982–85. The most important work of art here is the intact geometric mosaic floor of the refectory although the severely dam... | The persecution reached a peak in Nazi Germany's Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews. Of the world's 15 million Jews in 1939, more than a third were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust—the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews (and cer... | Other forms of plague have been implicated by modern scientists. The modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 30–75% and symptoms including fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic pla... | the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671. | 92,600 |
572654e2708984140094c2b9 | Black_Death | The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries. According to Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671. The Second Pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–63; 1374; 1400; 1438–39; 1456–57;... | How many French people were lost to plague between 1628-31? | {
"answer_start": [
609,
609,
616
],
"text": [
"almost a million people",
"almost a million people",
"a million"
]
} | How many [MASK] people were lost to plague [MASK]? | [
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5726559edd62a815002e81c8 | Black_Death | In England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300, and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million. By the end of 1350, the Black Death subsided, but it never really died out in England. Over the n... | What did historians do in the absence of census figures? | {
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5726559edd62a815002e81c9 | Black_Death | In England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300, and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million. By the end of 1350, the Black Death subsided, but it never really died out in England. Over the n... | When did the black death technically subside? | {
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