id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 4.06k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict | masked_query stringlengths 1 25.7k | query_embedding list | random_answer stringlengths 151 4.06k | similar_answer stringlengths 152 4.06k | similar_answer_v2 stringlengths 151 4.06k ⌀ | answer stringlengths 1 239 | __index_level_0__ int64 0 98.2k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
57267ebfdd62a815002e872d | Geology | Among the most well-known experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges, which are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries. In the analog versions of these experiments, horizontal layers of sand are pulled along a lower surface into a back stop, which result... | What are among the most well known experiments in structural geology? | {
"answer_start": [
64,
80,
70
],
"text": [
"those involving orogenic wedges",
"orogenic wedges",
"involving orogenic wedges"
]
} | What are among the most well known experiments in structural geology? | [
0.3606702387332916,
0.3952876031398773,
-0.2409096360206604,
-0.06035320460796356,
0.428322970867157,
0.19841976463794708,
0.11924222111701965,
-0.15879371762275696,
-0.32124680280685425,
-0.007696496322751045,
-0.2514004409313202,
0.15874968469142914,
0.105410136282444,
0.1440200805664062... | Bush's margin of victory in the popular vote was the smallest ever for a reelected incumbent president, but marked the first time since his father's victory 16 years prior that a candidate won a majority of the popular vote. The electoral map closely resembled that of 2000, with only three states changing sides: New Me... | In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were de... | In the laboratory, biostratigraphers analyze rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for the fossils found in them. These fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed. Geochronologists precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in or... | those involving orogenic wedges | 92,704 |
57267ebfdd62a815002e872e | Geology | Among the most well-known experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges, which are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries. In the analog versions of these experiments, horizontal layers of sand are pulled along a lower surface into a back stop, which result... | Horizontal layers of what are pulled along a surface into a back stop in analog versions of orogenic wedge experiments? | {
"answer_start": [
252,
252,
252
],
"text": [
"sand",
"sand",
"sand"
]
} | Horizontal layers of what are pulled along a surface into a back stop in analog versions of orogenic wedge experiments? | [
0.06498595327138901,
-0.13108977675437927,
-0.036483824253082275,
0.29005444049835205,
0.43007412552833557,
0.28922319412231445,
-0.11341701447963715,
-0.27054262161254883,
-0.13297435641288757,
-0.0609072744846344,
-0.3400852680206299,
0.050700582563877106,
-0.09889377653598785,
-0.134296... | Despite the disagreements on the Eucharist, the Marburg Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession, and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic League the following year by leading Protestant nobles such as John of Saxony, Philip of Hesse, and George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach. The Sw... | In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were de... | Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This post-glacial reb... | sand | 92,705 |
57267ebfdd62a815002e872f | Geology | Among the most well-known experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges, which are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries. In the analog versions of these experiments, horizontal layers of sand are pulled along a lower surface into a back stop, which result... | What does critically tapered mean? | {
"answer_start": [
404,
404,
404
],
"text": [
"all angles remain the same",
"all angles remain the same",
"all angles remain the same"
]
} | What does critically tapered mean? | [
0.25730839371681213,
0.20105937123298645,
0.010214326903223991,
0.008737620897591114,
-0.18862052261829376,
0.19554825127124786,
0.22688546776771545,
-0.07459288090467453,
-0.12093611061573029,
0.05575861409306526,
-0.041612379252910614,
0.20288443565368652,
0.13636280596256256,
0.40226113... | The Bohr magneton and the nuclear magneton are units which are used to describe the magnetic properties of the electron and atomic nuclei respectively. The Bohr magneton is the magnetic moment which would be expected for an electron if it behaved as a spinning charge according to classical electrodynamics. It is define... | In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were de... | The lateral cut NAB curve was remarkably similar to the NBC Orthacoustic curve that evolved from practices within the National Broadcasting Company since the mid-1930s. Empirically, and not by any formula, it was learned that the bass end of the audio spectrum below 100 Hz could be boosted somewhat to override system h... | all angles remain the same | 92,706 |
57267ebfdd62a815002e8730 | Geology | Among the most well-known experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges, which are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries. In the analog versions of these experiments, horizontal layers of sand are pulled along a lower surface into a back stop, which result... | Which is more sophisticated, numericals model or an analog models of orogenic wedges? | {
"answer_start": [
448,
448,
448
],
"text": [
"Numerical models",
"Numerical",
"Numerical models"
]
} | Which is more sophisticated, numericals model or an analog models of orogenic wedges? | [
-0.19473719596862793,
-0.09482748061418533,
-0.06741249561309814,
0.22922810912132263,
0.21447716653347015,
0.3525354266166687,
-0.07363653182983398,
-0.2504761815071106,
-0.04524455592036247,
-0.297610342502594,
-0.19834136962890625,
0.29738104343414307,
-0.1498696655035019,
-0.1450452059... | Since 2004, through the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership, the RIBA and V&A have worked together to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture. | In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were de... | In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were de... | Numerical models | 92,707 |
57268066708984140094c821 | Geology | In the laboratory, stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field, such as those from drill cores. Stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface. Geophysical data and well logs can be combined to p... | The analysis of stratigraphic sections such as drill cores is done by who? | {
"answer_start": [
19,
19,
19
],
"text": [
"stratigraphers",
"stratigraphers",
"stratigraphers"
]
} | The analysis of stratigraphic sections such as drill cores is done by who? | [
0.3757375180721283,
0.2293754667043686,
-0.22119705379009247,
0.3254099488258362,
0.31373319029808044,
0.21945735812187195,
0.05661839246749878,
-0.23100776970386505,
-0.10744048655033112,
-0.010123603977262974,
-0.3345954120159149,
0.13942064344882965,
0.2160552442073822,
-0.1080656200647... | In China, a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boy... | In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer... | Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals (behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures). They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropolo... | stratigraphers | 92,708 |
57268066708984140094c822 | Geology | In the laboratory, stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field, such as those from drill cores. Stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface. Geophysical data and well logs can be combined to p... | What type of surveys show the location of stratigraphic units in the subsurface? | {
"answer_start": [
183,
183,
183
],
"text": [
"geophysical surveys",
"geophysical",
"geophysical"
]
} | What type of surveys show the location of stratigraphic units in the subsurface? | [
0.053992871195077896,
0.13058331608772278,
-0.013368077576160431,
0.2662099301815033,
0.37800705432891846,
0.3850081264972687,
0.16894575953483582,
-0.08897411078214645,
-0.18209801614284515,
-0.3390912115573883,
-0.25215521454811096,
-0.06713614612817764,
0.10699624568223953,
0.0921047702... | In the first year, 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country, far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns, pubs, inns and hotels. Because it was so easy to obtain permission and the profits could be huge compared to the low cost of gaining permission, the num... | In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer... | Modern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Benoît de Maillet and the Comte de Buffon saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars. Jean-Étienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and recorded their observations ... | geophysical surveys | 92,709 |
57268066708984140094c823 | Geology | In the laboratory, stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field, such as those from drill cores. Stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface. Geophysical data and well logs can be combined to p... | What can be combined with geophysical data to produce a better view of the subsurface? | {
"answer_start": [
290,
290,
290
],
"text": [
"well logs",
"well logs",
"well logs"
]
} | What can be combined with geophysical data to produce a better view of the subsurface? | [
0.10579106211662292,
-0.06488634645938873,
0.18225425481796265,
0.22047707438468933,
0.31385645270347595,
0.2458704560995102,
0.24182935059070587,
-0.15440282225608826,
-0.13001412153244019,
-0.39936572313308716,
-0.25151535868644714,
0.14553338289260864,
0.0386519730091095,
-0.02671051025... | Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 AD, when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye (建業), the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 AD. Although conquered by the Western Jin dynasty in 280, Nanjing and its neighbouring areas had bee... | In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer... | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been... | well logs | 92,710 |
57268066708984140094c824 | Geology | In the laboratory, stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field, such as those from drill cores. Stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface. Geophysical data and well logs can be combined to p... | What tool do stratigraphers use to see their data in three dimensions? | {
"answer_start": [
389,
389,
389
],
"text": [
"computer programs",
"computer programs",
"computer programs"
]
} | What tool do stratigraphers use to see their data in [MASK] dimensions? | [
0.07023873180150986,
0.25350525975227356,
0.24161949753761292,
0.39469945430755615,
0.08865583688020706,
0.4772355556488037,
-0.025452209636569023,
-0.31050413846969604,
-0.05849042534828186,
-0.3147726356983185,
-0.09024860709905624,
0.14063695073127747,
-0.17152689397335052,
-0.062456790... | The term "Sumerian" is the common name given to the ancient non-Semitic inhabitants of Mesopotamia, Sumer, by the Semitic Akkadians. The Sumerians referred to themselves as ùĝ saĝ gíg-ga (cuneiform: 𒌦 𒊕 𒈪 𒂵), phonetically /uŋ saŋ giga/, literally meaning "the black-headed people", and to their land as ki-en-gi(-r) ... | In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer... | Analogous definitions can be made for space requirements. Although time and space are the most well-known complexity resources, any complexity measure can be viewed as a computational resource. Complexity measures are very generally defined by the Blum complexity axioms. Other complexity measures used in complexity the... | computer programs | 92,711 |
57268066708984140094c825 | Geology | In the laboratory, stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field, such as those from drill cores. Stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface. Geophysical data and well logs can be combined to p... | Stratigraphers try to locate areas for what types of extraction? | {
"answer_start": [
600,
617,
617
],
"text": [
"water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction",
"hydrocarbon",
"hydrocarbon"
]
} | Stratigraphers try to locate areas for what types of extraction? | [
0.13649550080299377,
0.1709100306034088,
0.1385098397731781,
0.1511373668909073,
0.5419530868530273,
0.48820555210113525,
0.10672599077224731,
-0.31465160846710205,
-0.1907728612422943,
-0.4554884433746338,
-0.29279041290283203,
0.08005081862211227,
-0.13974514603614807,
-0.324908643960952... | Bronx native Nancy Savoca's 1989 comedy, True Love, explores two Italian-American Bronx sweethearts in the days before their wedding. The film, which debuted Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard as the betrothed couple, won the Grand Jury Prize at that year's Sundance Film Festival. The CBS television sitcom Becker, 1998–2... | In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer... | Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeolog... | water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction | 92,712 |
57268220f1498d1400e8e218 | Geology | In the laboratory, biostratigraphers analyze rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for the fossils found in them. These fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed. Geochronologists precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in or... | Why is it important to precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section? | {
"answer_start": [
327,
568,
327
],
"text": [
"provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition",
"gain information about past climate",
"provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition"
]
} | Why is it important to precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section? | [
0.16806316375732422,
0.220218688249588,
-0.2553826868534088,
0.19467197358608246,
0.19739624857902527,
0.17061932384967804,
0.01953348144888878,
-0.062393683940172195,
-0.10018658638000488,
-0.09248383343219757,
-0.326842337846756,
-0.016864344477653503,
0.1728793978691101,
0.2283486425876... | As in Brazil, the mandolin has played an important role in the Music of Venezuela. It has enjoyed a privileged position as the main melodic instrument in several different regions of the country. Specifically, the eastern states of Sucre, Nueva Esparta, Anzoategui and Monagas have made the mandolin the main instrument ... | For many geologic applications, isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature, the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice. These are use... | Petrologists can also use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear, and how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes. This research can be extrapolated to the field to understand... | provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition | 92,713 |
57268220f1498d1400e8e216 | Geology | In the laboratory, biostratigraphers analyze rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for the fossils found in them. These fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed. Geochronologists precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in or... | Who analyzes rock samples from drill cores in the lab? | {
"answer_start": [
19,
19,
19
],
"text": [
"biostratigraphers",
"biostratigraphers",
"biostratigraphers"
]
} | Who analyzes rock samples from drill cores in the lab? | [
0.4730890691280365,
0.09129254519939423,
-0.37687504291534424,
0.40656960010528564,
0.6256047487258911,
0.10435007512569427,
0.19451041519641876,
-0.24261468648910522,
0.1514883190393448,
0.14803481101989746,
-0.17196638882160187,
0.08152434229850769,
0.11877670884132385,
-0.14429119229316... | BMW released the first iPod automobile interface, allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, ... | For many geologic applications, isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature, the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice. These are use... | When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what i... | biostratigraphers | 92,714 |
57268220f1498d1400e8e219 | Geology | In the laboratory, biostratigraphers analyze rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for the fossils found in them. These fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed. Geochronologists precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in or... | What types of scientists looks for signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rocks within the drill cores? | {
"answer_start": [
397,
397,
397
],
"text": [
"Magnetic stratigraphers",
"Magnetic stratigraphers",
"Magnetic stratigraphers"
]
} | What types of scientists looks for signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rocks within the drill cores? | [
0.349195659160614,
0.24010884761810303,
-0.05787638574838638,
0.3587775230407715,
0.38737329840660095,
-0.1448017656803131,
0.3322242498397827,
-0.06427960097789764,
-0.1008673682808876,
0.040050406008958817,
-0.37159332633018494,
0.1943277269601822,
0.14006400108337402,
0.0194410532712936... | During its development, MCA, which co-owned the technology, referred to it as the Optical Videodisc System, "Reflective Optical Videodisc" or "Laser Optical Videodisc", depending on the document; changing the name once in 1969 to Disco-Vision and then again in 1978 to DiscoVision (without the hyphen), which became the ... | For many geologic applications, isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature, the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice. These are use... | When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what i... | Magnetic stratigraphers | 92,715 |
57268220f1498d1400e8e217 | Geology | In the laboratory, biostratigraphers analyze rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for the fossils found in them. These fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed. Geochronologists precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in or... | Who dates rocks, precisely, within the stratigraphic section? | {
"answer_start": [
244,
244,
244
],
"text": [
"Geochronologists",
"Geochronologists",
"Geochronologists"
]
} | Who dates rocks, precisely, within the stratigraphic section? | [
0.09324443340301514,
0.2349032312631607,
-0.2591322064399719,
0.21641330420970917,
0.1519850343465805,
0.2609572112560272,
-0.018187357112765312,
0.04944075644016266,
-0.057216379791498184,
-0.16411128640174866,
-0.28783461451530457,
-0.06998924165964127,
0.1357741355895996,
0.265229493379... | The Bengali Renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Bengal region of India during the period of British rule dominated by English educated Bengali Hindus. The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833) and ended wi... | For many geologic applications, isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature, the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice. These are use... | Midway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of earthquakes and volcanoes. Lo... | Geochronologists | 92,716 |
572683f95951b619008f7525 | Geology | Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geol... | Fielding H. Garrison believes that the science of geology can be traced to where? | {
"answer_start": [
130,
130,
130
],
"text": [
"Persia",
"Persia",
"Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end"
]
} | [MASK] believes that the science of geology can be traced to where? | [
0.19019754230976105,
0.43356549739837646,
-0.28426459431648254,
0.165262833237648,
0.43528732657432556,
-0.062398511916399,
0.08674854040145874,
0.09680459648370743,
0.014468756504356861,
0.10306115448474884,
-0.1765064150094986,
0.05316385626792908,
0.11711684614419937,
0.1882356107234954... | In 2002, the Musharraf-led government took a firm stand against the jihadi organizations and groups promoting extremism, and arrested Maulana Masood Azhar, head of the Jaish-e-Mohammed, and Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, chief of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, and took dozens of activists into custody. An official ban was imposed on the ... | Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring to... | Geographical theories such as environmental determinism also suggested that tropical environments created uncivilized people in need of European guidance. For instance, American geographer Ellen Churchill Semple argued that even though human beings originated in the tropics they were only able to become fully human in ... | Persia | 92,717 |
572683f95951b619008f7526 | Geology | Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geol... | Living from 973–1048 CE he was one of the earliest Persian geologists, what was his name? | {
"answer_start": [
184,
184,
184
],
"text": [
"Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni",
"Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni",
"Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni"
]
} | Living from 973–1048 CE he was [MASK] of the earliest [MASK] geologists, what was his name? | [
-0.0053220405243337154,
0.3203529417514801,
-0.3170683979988098,
0.16673743724822998,
0.008236636407673359,
0.05528450384736061,
0.010976899415254593,
0.11319103837013245,
-0.22147363424301147,
-0.1609344333410263,
-0.21437408030033112,
0.05070101097226143,
0.0971573069691658,
-0.049265239... | The earthquake was the worst to strike the Sichuan area in over 30 years. Following the quake, experts and the general public sought information on whether or not the earthquake could have been predicted in advance, and whether or not studying statistics related to the quake could result in better prediction of earthqu... | Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring to... | Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is De Materia Medica, a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides. De Materia Medica was widely read for more than 1,500 years. Important contri... | Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni | 92,718 |
572683f95951b619008f7527 | Geology | Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geol... | In China, this person inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by silt deposition, what was his name? | {
"answer_start": [
782,
782,
782
],
"text": [
"Shen Kuo",
"Shen Kuo",
"Shen Kuo"
]
} | In [MASK], this person inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by silt deposition, what was his name? | [
-0.00962235126644373,
0.16930097341537476,
-0.3228490650653839,
-0.01791607029736042,
0.22535860538482666,
0.43031251430511475,
0.1947574019432068,
-0.07878877967596054,
-0.18667098879814148,
-0.18360942602157593,
-0.18539342284202576,
-0.0058541810140013695,
0.18475960195064545,
0.1258014... | The College's endowment is sub-divided into three distinct portfolios: (i) Unitised Scheme – a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term; (ii) Non-Core Property – a portfolio containing around 120 operational and development... | Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring to... | In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans, the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire, from a king in modern Burma, from a ruler in Japan, and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin (Rome) in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary. A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180 AD) is recorde... | Shen Kuo | 92,719 |
572683f95951b619008f7528 | Geology | Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geol... | This person proposed explanations for the origins of earthquakes and the formation of mountains, what was his name? | {
"answer_start": [
514,
514,
514
],
"text": [
"Ibn Sina",
"Ibn Sina",
"Ibn Sina"
]
} | This person proposed explanations for the origins of earthquakes and the formation of mountains, what was his name? | [
0.02987842820584774,
0.38243409991264343,
-0.3962807357311249,
0.16622668504714966,
0.10242793709039688,
0.1987237185239792,
0.26200398802757263,
-0.19389784336090088,
-0.27158358693122864,
-0.0699690729379654,
-0.14553464949131012,
0.006936659105122089,
-0.21777965128421783,
0.05126892775... | Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the closing days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and—by agreement with the United States—occupied Korea north of the 38th parallel. U.S. forces subsequently occupied the south and Japan surrendered. By 1948, two separate governments had be... | Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring to... | Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve t... | Ibn Sina | 92,720 |
572683f95951b619008f7529 | Geology | Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geol... | What prompted Shen Kuo to believe the land was formed by erosion of the mountains? | {
"answer_start": [
871,
890,
862
],
"text": [
"his observation of fossil animal shells",
"fossil animal shells",
"based on his observation of fossil animal shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean"
]
} | What prompted [MASK] to believe the land was formed by erosion of the mountains? | [
0.05985315516591072,
0.21113930642604828,
-0.29240497946739197,
0.07176420837640762,
0.3092808425426483,
0.21892914175987244,
0.3491871953010559,
-0.056893397122621536,
-0.0661483034491539,
-0.02599480003118515,
-0.13591104745864868,
0.030239466577768326,
0.10022672265768051,
0.17581205070... | On November 18, 1990, the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church enthroned Mstyslav as Patriarch of Kiev and all Ukraine during ceremonies at Saint Sophia's Cathedral. Also on November 18, Canada announced that its consul-general to Kiev would be Ukrainian-Canadian Nestor Gayowsky. On November 19, the United States an... | Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring to... | In the 1960s, a series of discoveries, the most important of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle, is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which i... | his observation of fossil animal shells | 92,721 |
57268527708984140094c8bf | Geology | James Hutton is often viewed as the first modern geologist. In 1785 he presented a paper entitled Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In his paper, he explained his theory that the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and ... | Who is viewed as the first modern geologist? | {
"answer_start": [
0,
0,
0
],
"text": [
"James Hutton",
"James Hutton",
"James Hutton"
]
} | Who is viewed as the [MASK] modern geologist? | [
0.13775798678398132,
0.5236445665359497,
-0.06708671152591705,
0.13936874270439148,
0.13322606682777405,
-0.05285774916410446,
0.16219329833984375,
-0.07503334432840347,
0.04643956571817398,
0.09197698533535004,
-0.34850409626960754,
0.3257354199886322,
0.10415948182344437,
0.1279033273458... | In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spect... | In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and n... | The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and o... | James Hutton | 92,722 |
57268527708984140094c8c0 | Geology | James Hutton is often viewed as the first modern geologist. In 1785 he presented a paper entitled Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In his paper, he explained his theory that the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and ... | In 1785 James Hutton presented what paper to the Royal Society of Edinburgh? | {
"answer_start": [
98,
98,
98
],
"text": [
"Theory of the Earth",
"Theory of the Earth",
"Theory of the Earth"
]
} | In [MASK] [MASK] presented what paper to [MASK]? | [
0.17878837883472443,
0.1582024246454239,
-0.06531331688165665,
0.17445921897888184,
-0.02853495441377163,
0.19188940525054932,
-0.2330038696527481,
-0.30522072315216064,
0.05978906899690628,
0.07267975062131882,
-0.12709316611289978,
0.07093430310487747,
0.05306799337267876,
0.023947928100... | Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into machine code b... | In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and n... | Physician Valerius Cordus (1515–1544) authored a botanically and pharmacologically important herbal Historia Plantarum in 1544 and a pharmacopoeia of lasting importance, the Dispensatorium in 1546. Naturalist Conrad von Gesner (1516–1565) and herbalist John Gerard (1545–c. 1611) published herbals covering the medicinal... | Theory of the Earth | 92,723 |
57268527708984140094c8c1 | Geology | James Hutton is often viewed as the first modern geologist. In 1785 he presented a paper entitled Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In his paper, he explained his theory that the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and ... | James Hutton published a 2 volume version of his theories in what year? | {
"answer_start": [
481,
481,
481
],
"text": [
"1795",
"1795",
"1795"
]
} | [MASK] published a [MASK] volume version of his theories in what [MASK]? | [
0.14664649963378906,
0.11298321187496185,
-0.14423948526382446,
0.10687298327684402,
0.17838440835475922,
0.16357466578483582,
0.03613393008708954,
-0.4172038733959198,
0.03824198246002197,
-0.029048770666122437,
-0.17421844601631165,
-0.05701500549912453,
-0.1323011964559555,
0.1159909218... | Beyoncé announced a hiatus from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, "to live life, to be inspired by things again". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyoncé's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of Ch... | In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and n... | Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanis... | 1795 | 92,724 |
57268527708984140094c8c2 | Geology | James Hutton is often viewed as the first modern geologist. In 1785 he presented a paper entitled Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In his paper, he explained his theory that the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and ... | What was the main idea of James Hutton's paper? | {
"answer_start": [
200,
200,
196
],
"text": [
"Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed",
"Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed",
"the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed"
]
} | What was the main idea of [MASK] paper? | [
0.2522456645965576,
0.06346910446882248,
-0.042784739285707474,
0.4303073287010193,
-0.025834815576672554,
0.2209857553243637,
-0.2645490765571594,
0.12313243746757507,
-0.3649927079677582,
-0.021583063527941704,
0.027943167835474014,
-0.10273265093564987,
0.13265934586524963,
-0.123146250... | The conflict in northern Mali began in January 2012 with radical Islamists (affiliated to al-Qaeda) advancing into northern Mali. The Malian government had a hard time maintaining full control over their country. The fledgling government requested support from the international community on combating the Islamic milita... | In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and n... | The mid 20th century saw a series of studies relying to the role of science in a social context, starting from Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962. It opened the study of science to new disciplines by suggesting that the evolution of science was in part sociologically determined and that posit... | Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed | 92,725 |
572686ac5951b619008f75a9 | Geology | The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure. In 1807, Maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him, the Allegheny Mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times. The resul... | Who produced the first geological map of the U.S.? | {
"answer_start": [
61,
61,
61
],
"text": [
"William Maclure",
"William Maclure",
"William Maclure"
]
} | Who produced the [MASK] geological map of the [MASK]? | [
0.0659685805439949,
0.029328765347599983,
-0.13683311641216278,
0.15547697246074677,
0.1532980054616928,
0.3009096086025238,
-0.1060081198811531,
-0.0776004046201706,
-0.19015029072761536,
-0.210178941488266,
-0.23479783535003662,
0.038298480212688446,
0.026636239141225815,
-0.027347521856... | In January 1790, Burke read Dr. Richard Price's sermon of 4 November 1789 entitled, A Discourse on the Love of our Country, to the Revolution Society. That society had been founded to commemorate the Glorious Revolution of 1688. In this sermon Price espoused the philosophy of universal "Rights of Men". Price argued tha... | Geology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the remains of once-living creatu... | The name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña, meaning "mountain", or more broadly, "mountainous country". Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west. The name Montana was added to a bill by the United States House Committee on Territories, which ... | William Maclure | 92,726 |
572686ac5951b619008f75aa | Geology | The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure. In 1807, Maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him, the Allegheny Mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times. The resul... | In what year was the first geological map of the U.S. produced? | {
"answer_start": [
53,
53,
53
],
"text": [
"1809",
"1809",
"1809"
]
} | In what year was the [MASK] geological map of the [MASK] produced? | [
-0.05996938422322273,
0.10088864713907242,
0.014112508855760098,
0.13245822489261627,
0.11783237010240555,
0.235650435090065,
-0.08804593980312347,
0.08937998861074448,
-0.21441011130809784,
-0.18654309213161469,
-0.18640077114105225,
0.06589853018522263,
0.13851158320903778,
0.09841980785... | On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system... | Geology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the remains of once-living creatu... | An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implica... | 1809 | 92,727 |
572686ac5951b619008f75ab | Geology | The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure. In 1807, Maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him, the Allegheny Mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times. The resul... | In what year did William Maclure begin the process of creating the first geological map of the U.S.? | {
"answer_start": [
81,
81,
81
],
"text": [
"1807",
"1807",
"1807"
]
} | In what year did [MASK] begin the process of creating the [MASK] geological map of the [MASK]? | [
0.11095818132162094,
0.1512448638677597,
0.013388773426413536,
0.23359166085720062,
-0.010790600441396236,
0.2121925801038742,
-0.05394180864095688,
0.0710085928440094,
-0.2679715156555176,
-0.2691099941730499,
-0.01873972825706005,
0.08166028559207916,
0.158879354596138,
0.105795823037624... | The competition is open to any eligible club down to Levels 10 of the English football league system - all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League and Football League (Levels 1 to 4), and several hundred "non-league" teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System (Levels 5 to 10). A record 763 clubs competed i... | Geology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the remains of once-living creatu... | In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and n... | 1807 | 92,728 |
572686ac5951b619008f75ad | Geology | The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure. In 1807, Maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him, the Allegheny Mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times. The resul... | What was the memoir entitled which was submitted to the American Philosophical Society? | {
"answer_start": [
420,
420,
420
],
"text": [
"Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map",
"Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map",
"Observations on the Geology of the United States"
]
} | What was the memoir entitled which was submitted to [MASK]? | [
0.14339327812194824,
-0.023718327283859253,
-0.18368513882160187,
0.09373214840888977,
0.2617742717266083,
0.194464772939682,
0.04670373722910881,
-0.5248035788536072,
0.10946553200483322,
0.09853897988796234,
-0.023573219776153564,
0.12253119051456451,
0.10688680410385132,
-0.139745771884... | Music was an important part of both secular and spiritual culture, and in the universities it made up part of the quadrivium of the liberal arts. From the early 13th century, the dominant sacred musical form had been the motet; a composition with text in several parts. From the 1330s and onwards, emerged the polyphonic... | Geology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the remains of once-living creatu... | Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring to... | Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map | 92,729 |
572686ac5951b619008f75ac | Geology | The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure. In 1807, Maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him, the Allegheny Mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times. The resul... | To whom did William Maclure submit the map? | {
"answer_start": [
364,
368,
368
],
"text": [
"the American Philosophical Society",
"American Philosophical Society",
"American Philosophical Society"
]
} | To whom did [MASK] submit the map? | [
0.08878646790981293,
-0.056855376809835434,
0.08131323754787445,
0.39801788330078125,
0.11408299207687378,
0.3638581931591034,
-0.1334676295518875,
-0.37148967385292053,
0.05071568489074707,
-0.24899959564208984,
-0.11476965248584747,
0.042114924639463425,
0.042556338012218475,
-0.13218727... | In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not t... | Geology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the remains of once-living creatu... | There are many notable contributors to the field of Chinese science throughout the ages. One of the best examples would be Shen Kuo (1031–1095), a polymath scientist and statesman who was the first to describe the magnetic-needle compass used for navigation, discovered the concept of true north, improved the design of ... | the American Philosophical Society | 92,730 |
57268882f1498d1400e8e306 | Geology | Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring to... | First published by Sir Charles Lyell in 1830 this book was called what? | {
"answer_start": [
51,
51,
51
],
"text": [
"Principles of Geology",
"Principles of Geology",
"Principles of Geology"
]
} | [MASK] published by Sir [MASK] in [MASK] this book was called what? | [
-0.19347605109214783,
0.058312270790338516,
0.12834495306015015,
-0.048249226063489914,
0.028537793084979057,
0.028712304309010506,
0.17062102258205414,
-0.41860735416412354,
-0.023318344727158546,
0.16738268733024597,
-0.2896377444267273,
0.04714226722717285,
-0.13062651455402374,
0.05212... | With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established thei... | Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provi... | In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living ... | Principles of Geology | 92,731 |
57268882f1498d1400e8e307 | Geology | Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring to... | What doctrine did the doctrine of the Principles of Geology successfully promote? | {
"answer_start": [
180,
180,
180
],
"text": [
"uniformitarianism",
"uniformitarianism",
"uniformitarianism"
]
} | What doctrine did the doctrine of [MASK] successfully promote? | [
0.07801607996225357,
0.11519816517829895,
-0.1395483762025833,
0.22680234909057617,
-0.01739293895661831,
0.08353031426668167,
0.2915361523628235,
-0.3318188786506653,
0.07172460108995438,
0.02930556796491146,
-0.16834820806980133,
0.2961323857307434,
0.1262217015028,
0.06506488472223282,
... | While Dutch generally refers to the language as a whole, Belgian varieties are sometimes collectively referred to as Flemish. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, the native official name for Dutch is Nederlands, and its dialects have their own names, e.g. Hollands "Hollandish", West-Vlaams "Western Flemish", Brabants ... | Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provi... | Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his... | uniformitarianism | 92,732 |
57268882f1498d1400e8e308 | Geology | Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring to... | Which theory states that slow geological processes are still occurring today, and have occurred throughout Earth's history? | {
"answer_start": [
180,
180,
180
],
"text": [
"uniformitarianism",
"uniformitarianism",
"uniformitarianism"
]
} | Which theory states that slow geological processes are still occurring [MASK], and have occurred throughout [MASK] 's history? | [
0.12145613878965378,
0.0691545233130455,
-0.07138306647539139,
0.06700478494167328,
0.38821861147880554,
0.18377257883548737,
0.3215135633945465,
0.25561726093292236,
-0.30084818601608276,
-0.05362047627568245,
-0.2992507517337799,
-0.04792018607258797,
-0.1358359158039093,
0.2819465100765... | By the beginning of the 20th century, the city's population had reached 85,050 in 5 square miles (13 km2), making it the most densely populated city in the Southern United States. In 1900, the Census Bureau reported Richmond's population as 62.1% white and 37.9% black. Freed slaves and their descendants created a thriv... | Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provi... | In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living ... | uniformitarianism | 92,733 |
57268882f1498d1400e8e309 | Geology | Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring to... | Which theory states that Earth's features remained unchanged after forming in one single catastrophic event? | {
"answer_start": [
338,
338,
338
],
"text": [
"catastrophism",
"catastrophism",
"catastrophism"
]
} | Which theory states that [MASK] 's features remained unchanged after forming in [MASK] single catastrophic event? | [
0.10035457462072372,
0.043366800993680954,
-0.22601927816867828,
0.011288365349173546,
0.21132926642894745,
0.2672843933105469,
0.4122200310230255,
-0.05208054184913635,
-0.21720989048480988,
-0.22285713255405426,
-0.4047059714794159,
0.11335251480340958,
-0.11151191592216492,
0.2872098982... | The humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa) of central, southern and eastern Oklahoma is influenced heavily by southerly winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Traveling westward, the climate transitions progressively toward a semi-arid zone (Koppen BSk) in the high plains of the Panhandle and other western ar... | Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provi... | Geologists use a number of field, laboratory, and numerical modeling methods to decipher Earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology (the study of rocks), stratigraphy (the study of sedimenta... | catastrophism | 92,734 |
57268882f1498d1400e8e30a | Geology | Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring to... | Which famous evolutionist was influenced by the book Principles of Geology? | {
"answer_start": [
126,
126,
126
],
"text": [
"Charles Darwin",
"Charles Darwin",
"Charles Darwin"
]
} | Which famous evolutionist was influenced by the book [MASK]? | [
0.045485880225896835,
0.20935681462287903,
-0.6481490731239319,
-0.05158137530088425,
0.01608889363706112,
0.3084716796875,
0.31377601623535156,
-0.33876192569732666,
0.24693870544433594,
-0.09509018808603287,
-0.120725616812706,
-0.15459316968917847,
-0.31786656379699707,
-0.0411777123808... | European Union law is a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union member states. The three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law. The main sources of primary law are the Tre... | Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provi... | In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather th... | Charles Darwin | 92,735 |
5726642f5951b619008f7157 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Newcastle upon Tyne (RP: i/ˌnjuːkɑːsəl əˌpɒn ˈtaɪn/; Locally: i/njuːˌkæsəl əˌpən ˈtaɪn/), commonly known as Newcastle, is a city in Tyne and Wear, North East England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London on the northern bank of the River Tyne, 8.5 mi (13.7 km) from the North Sea.... | How many miles south of Edinburgh is Newcastle? | {
"answer_start": [
167,
167,
167
],
"text": [
"103 miles",
"103 miles",
"103 miles"
]
} | How many miles south of [MASK] is [MASK]? | [
0.13808615505695343,
0.18051712214946747,
0.28556200861930847,
0.2204076498746872,
0.4849325120449066,
0.1409727931022644,
0.3778226673603058,
-0.11116255074739456,
0.001210880232974887,
-0.09012334793806076,
-0.0741361528635025,
0.033168599009513855,
-0.006042202468961477,
0.0602814555168... | Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that "the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians." | There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the Centre for Life with its Science Village; the Discovery Museum a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the Great North Museum; in 2009 the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of A... | There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the Centre for Life with its Science Village; the Discovery Museum a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the Great North Museum; in 2009 the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of A... | 103 miles | 92,736 |
5726642f5951b619008f7158 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Newcastle upon Tyne (RP: i/ˌnjuːkɑːsəl əˌpɒn ˈtaɪn/; Locally: i/njuːˌkæsəl əˌpən ˈtaɪn/), commonly known as Newcastle, is a city in Tyne and Wear, North East England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London on the northern bank of the River Tyne, 8.5 mi (13.7 km) from the North Sea.... | How many miles from the north Sea is Newcastle? | {
"answer_start": [
284,
284,
284
],
"text": [
"8.5 mi",
"8.5 mi",
"8.5 mi"
]
} | How many miles from the north Sea is [MASK]? | [
0.2439097911119461,
0.05569435656070709,
0.4613153338432312,
-0.16742253303527832,
0.2853814661502838,
0.0830170288681984,
0.4232655465602875,
-0.21309970319271088,
-0.022843776270747185,
-0.11676756292581558,
-0.13109470903873444,
0.00285810767672956,
0.14418785274028778,
-0.1759272962808... | The military effectiveness of bombing varied. The Luftwaffe dropped around 45,000 short tons (41,000 t) of bombs during the Blitz disrupting production and transport, reducing food supplies and shaking the British morale. It also helped to support the U-Boat blockade by sinking some 58,000 long tons (59,000 t) of shipp... | There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the Centre for Life with its Science Village; the Discovery Museum a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the Great North Museum; in 2009 the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of A... | There are 3 main bus companies providing services in the city; Arriva North East, Go North East and Stagecoach North East. There are two major bus stations in the city: Haymarket bus station and Eldon Square bus station. Arriva mainly operates from Haymarket Bus Station providing the majority of services to the north o... | 8.5 mi | 92,737 |
5726642f5951b619008f7159 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Newcastle upon Tyne (RP: i/ˌnjuːkɑːsəl əˌpɒn ˈtaɪn/; Locally: i/njuːˌkæsəl əˌpən ˈtaɪn/), commonly known as Newcastle, is a city in Tyne and Wear, North East England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London on the northern bank of the River Tyne, 8.5 mi (13.7 km) from the North Sea.... | What network is Newcastle a member of? | {
"answer_start": [
526,
526,
473
],
"text": [
"Eurocities",
"Eurocities",
"the English Core Cities Group"
]
} | What network is [MASK] a member of? | [
0.3457353413105011,
-0.20113961398601532,
0.08811406046152115,
0.2173822969198227,
0.25124526023864746,
-0.06748063862323761,
0.22063736617565155,
0.04738926887512207,
-0.3315768837928772,
0.09058338403701782,
-0.0076181646436452866,
0.008429237641394138,
-0.33966758847236633,
-0.150820896... | In January 1917, the Watch Tower Society's legal representative, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, was elected as its next president. His election was disputed, and members of the Board of Directors accused him of acting in an autocratic and secretive manner. The divisions between his supporters and opponents triggered a maj... | There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the Centre for Life with its Science Village; the Discovery Museum a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the Great North Museum; in 2009 the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of A... | The city still contains many theatres. The largest, the Theatre Royal on Grey Street, first opened in 1837, designed by John and Benjamin Green. It has hosted a season of performances from the Royal Shakespeare Company for over 25 years, as well as touring productions of West End musicals. The Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre h... | Eurocities | 92,738 |
5726642f5951b619008f715a | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Newcastle upon Tyne (RP: i/ˌnjuːkɑːsəl əˌpɒn ˈtaɪn/; Locally: i/njuːˌkæsəl əˌpən ˈtaɪn/), commonly known as Newcastle, is a city in Tyne and Wear, North East England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London on the northern bank of the River Tyne, 8.5 mi (13.7 km) from the North Sea.... | What county was Newcastle a part of until 1400? | {
"answer_start": [
601,
601,
591
],
"text": [
"Northumberland",
"Northumberland",
"county of Northumberland"
]
} | What county was [MASK] a part of until [MASK]? | [
-0.1938386857509613,
-0.21683228015899658,
-0.08448126912117004,
0.27757325768470764,
0.06211501732468605,
0.0006290741148404777,
-0.016239214688539505,
0.09356822818517685,
-0.14611689746379852,
0.1951327621936798,
-0.1619674265384674,
-0.15993930399417877,
-0.30656272172927856,
0.1131208... | Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was then exposed in a camera. Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insolu... | There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the Centre for Life with its Science Village; the Discovery Museum a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the Great North Museum; in 2009 the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of A... | There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the Centre for Life with its Science Village; the Discovery Museum a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the Great North Museum; in 2009 the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of A... | Northumberland | 92,739 |
5726642f5951b619008f715b | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Newcastle upon Tyne (RP: i/ˌnjuːkɑːsəl əˌpɒn ˈtaɪn/; Locally: i/njuːˌkæsəl əˌpən ˈtaɪn/), commonly known as Newcastle, is a city in Tyne and Wear, North East England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London on the northern bank of the River Tyne, 8.5 mi (13.7 km) from the North Sea.... | What's the regional nickname for Newcastle and its surrounding area? | {
"answer_start": [
838,
838,
838
],
"text": [
"Geordie",
"Geordie",
"Geordie"
]
} | What's the regional nickname for [MASK] and its surrounding area? | [
0.07984337955713272,
-0.08471734821796417,
0.21828481554985046,
0.061949942260980606,
0.15898223221302032,
0.010729556903243065,
0.37867382168769836,
0.37898144125938416,
-0.3126924932003021,
-0.00017857718921732157,
-0.5492056608200073,
-0.30516743659973145,
-0.053985171020030975,
0.15645... | From early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard, ultimately published as ISO/IEC 646 (1972), which would share most characters in common but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for "national use.... | There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the Centre for Life with its Science Village; the Discovery Museum a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the Great North Museum; in 2009 the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of A... | Newcastle International Airport is located approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) from the city centre on the northern outskirts of the city near Ponteland and is the larger of the two main airports serving the North East. It is connected to the city via the Metro Light Rail system and a journey into Newcastle city centre take... | Geordie | 92,740 |
5726651ff1498d1400e8de30 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son. The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th century, and later became a major coal mining area. The port developed in the 16th century a... | Who built a castle in Newcastle in 1080? | {
"answer_start": [
107,
107,
107
],
"text": [
"Robert Curthose",
"Robert Curthose",
"Robert Curthose"
]
} | Who built a castle in [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
-0.07949081808328629,
0.08947154879570007,
0.14958566427230835,
0.033954918384552,
0.37328147888183594,
0.27043986320495605,
0.14209696650505066,
-0.3030037581920624,
-0.2149827778339386,
0.08193355798721313,
-0.38755473494529724,
-0.07434505224227905,
0.008808583952486515,
0.1334376037120... | The Kalahari Desert, an arid region shared with South Africa and Botswana, is one of Namibia's well-known geographical features. The Kalahari, while popularly known as a desert, has a variety of localised environments, including some verdant and technically non-desert areas. One of these, known as the Succulent Karoo, ... | Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, the Newgate Centre, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byke... | Large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge, the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council and has integrated the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major cultural developments in Gateshead, including ... | Robert Curthose | 92,741 |
5726651ff1498d1400e8de31 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son. The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th century, and later became a major coal mining area. The port developed in the 16th century a... | What trade was the city an important center of in the 14th century? | {
"answer_start": [
205,
205,
201
],
"text": [
"wool",
"wool",
"the wool trade"
]
} | What trade was the city an important center of in [MASK]? | [
-0.25572970509529114,
-0.08081880956888199,
-0.1441815048456192,
0.17999522387981415,
0.07459274679422379,
0.26732081174850464,
-0.06692526489496231,
0.6374762654304504,
-0.2421904355287552,
-0.1373460590839386,
0.0635477676987648,
-0.031993526965379715,
-0.08845160901546478,
0.10927606374... | Jiangsu Art Gallery is the largest gallery in Jiangsu Province, presenting some of the best traditional and contemporary art pieces of China; many other smaller-scale galleries, such as Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery, also have their own special exhibitions. | Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, the Newgate Centre, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byke... | From Newcastle International Ferry Terminal, at North Shields, Danish DFDS Seaways run a service to IJmuiden (near Amsterdam). The DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg, Sweden, ceased at the end of October 2006 – the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause – and their serv... | wool | 92,742 |
5726651ff1498d1400e8de32 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son. The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th century, and later became a major coal mining area. The port developed in the 16th century a... | What resource was mined in the Newcastle area? | {
"answer_start": [
262,
262,
262
],
"text": [
"coal",
"coal",
"coal"
]
} | What resource was mined in the [MASK] area? | [
0.2076767235994339,
0.2402908205986023,
-0.523880124092102,
0.2481599599123001,
0.4134913384914398,
0.33480703830718994,
0.24818387627601624,
0.2564738690853119,
-0.11340730637311935,
0.19254934787750244,
-0.03721925988793373,
-0.03881803900003433,
-0.021118955686688423,
0.3390993177890777... | An important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university. The University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling sc... | Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, the Newgate Centre, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byke... | Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, the Newgate Centre, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byke... | coal | 92,743 |
5726651ff1498d1400e8de33 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son. The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th century, and later became a major coal mining area. The port developed in the 16th century a... | What century was Newcastle's port developed in? | {
"answer_start": [
306,
302,
302
],
"text": [
"16th century",
"the 16th",
"the 16th century"
]
} | What century was [MASK] 's port developed in? | [
-0.1958359330892563,
-0.1277526468038559,
0.20766736567020416,
-0.034511517733335495,
0.2831841707229614,
0.2860713303089142,
-0.13400061428546906,
0.2796855866909027,
-0.13337068259716034,
-0.19740411639213562,
0.08062373846769333,
-0.20993152260780334,
0.0749698281288147,
0.3192379772663... | The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding ... | Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, the Newgate Centre, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byke... | The city is served by the Tyne and Wear Metro, a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of Tyne and Wear. It was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984, and was Britain's first urban light rail transit system; two extensions were opened in 1991 and 2002. It was developed from a combination of ex... | 16th century | 92,744 |
5726651ff1498d1400e8de34 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son. The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th century, and later became a major coal mining area. The port developed in the 16th century a... | What globally popular half marathon began in 1981? | {
"answer_start": [
796,
796,
796
],
"text": [
"the Great North Run",
"the Great North Run",
"the Great North Run"
]
} | What globally popular [MASK] marathon began in [MASK]? | [
0.1721714586019516,
0.002015000907704234,
0.17468291521072388,
0.026364509016275406,
-0.12954145669937134,
-0.019628070294857025,
0.17633633315563202,
0.23189198970794678,
-0.16399627923965454,
0.08300867676734924,
-0.14374370872974396,
-0.23562556505203247,
-0.2366231381893158,
0.16222982... | Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and corrupt for the purpose of personal gain, more often through monetary, while, parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics, populist left wing pol... | Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, the Newgate Centre, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byke... | In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. During World War II the winter games were canceled bu... | the Great North Run | 92,745 |
5726660d5951b619008f71b1 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests that Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour o... | What was the first recorded settlement in what became Newcastle? | {
"answer_start": [
59,
59,
59
],
"text": [
"Pons Aelius",
"Pons Aelius",
"Pons Aelius"
]
} | What was the [MASK] recorded settlement in what became [MASK]? | [
-0.07796351611614227,
0.06754946708679199,
-0.00831583235412836,
-0.020549600943922997,
0.32569873332977295,
0.331001341342926,
0.12762928009033203,
0.1189546138048172,
-0.2839217185974121,
-0.16817308962345123,
-0.1962079256772995,
-0.2854408323764801,
0.047897301614284515,
0.072655968368... | In other cases, such as New Zealand and Canada, treaties allowed native peoples to maintain a minimum amount of autonomy. In the case of indigenous Australians, unlike with the Māori of New Zealand, no treaty was ever entered into with the indigenous peoples entitling the Europeans to land ownership, under the doctrine... | The city has two universities — Newcastle University and Northumbria University. Newcastle University has its origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834 and became independent from Durham University on 1 August 1963 to form the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle University is now one o... | The dialect of Newcastle is known as Geordie, and contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive word pronunciations not used in other parts of the United Kingdom. The Geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxon populations who migrated to and conquered much of England after... | Pons Aelius | 92,746 |
5726660d5951b619008f71b2 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests that Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour o... | What river was there originally a bridge across in Roman times? | {
"answer_start": [
113,
103,
103
],
"text": [
"Tyne",
"the River Tyne",
"the River Tyne"
]
} | What river was there originally a bridge across in [MASK] times? | [
-0.06122057884931564,
-0.011326005682349205,
-0.005905394908040762,
0.1745595782995224,
0.2569125294685364,
0.489244282245636,
-0.09658225625753403,
0.19695088267326355,
-0.18884602189064026,
-0.3103087544441223,
0.2581123411655426,
-0.15101782977581024,
-0.1514158844947815,
-0.03087516315... | In central portions of the U.S., tornadoes are more common than anywhere else on Earth and touch down most commonly in the spring and summer. Deadly and destructive hurricanes occur almost every year along the Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf of Mexico. The Appalachian region and the Midwest experience the worst floods, ... | The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans built settlem... | Two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area. In 1999, the remains of a Bronze Age bridge were found on the foreshore north of Vauxhall Bridge. This bridge either crossed the Thames, or went to a now lost island in the river. Dendrology dated the timbers to 1500 BC.... | Tyne | 92,747 |
5726660d5951b619008f71b3 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests that Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour o... | What was the estimated population of Pons Aelius around the 2nd century? | {
"answer_start": [
393,
393,
393
],
"text": [
"2,000",
"2,000",
"2,000"
]
} | What was the estimated population of [MASK] around [MASK]? | [
-0.001824788167141378,
0.06491276621818542,
0.11237166821956635,
-0.006988505367189646,
-0.10844281315803528,
0.4667673707008362,
0.305020809173584,
0.03383338823914528,
-0.36558911204338074,
-0.04535219818353653,
-0.16719740629196167,
-0.22394326329231262,
-0.25107941031455994,
0.08149108... | Each season premieres with the audition round, taking place in different cities. The audition episodes typically feature a mix of potential finalists, interesting characters and woefully inadequate contestants. Each successful contestant receives a golden ticket to proceed on to the next round in Hollywood. Based on th... | The city has two universities — Newcastle University and Northumbria University. Newcastle University has its origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834 and became independent from Durham University on 1 August 1963 to form the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle University is now one o... | After recovering surprisingly fast from the sack of Rome, the Romans immediately resumed their expansion within Italy. The First Samnite War from 343 BC to 341 BC was relatively short: the Romans beat the Samnites in two battles, but were forced to withdraw before they could pursue the conflict further due to the revol... | 2,000 | 92,748 |
5726660d5951b619008f71b4 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests that Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour o... | Whose wall has fragments visible in places around Newcastle even today? | {
"answer_start": [
413,
413,
677
],
"text": [
"Hadrian's",
"Hadrian's",
"Hadrian's Wall"
]
} | Whose wall has fragments visible in places around [MASK] even today? | [
0.11832625418901443,
0.18758529424667358,
-0.2950132191181183,
-0.11670687794685364,
0.08487588167190552,
0.13541525602340698,
0.16651475429534912,
-0.043546952307224274,
-0.23302242159843445,
-0.11612427234649658,
-0.2967691719532013,
-0.2592262327671051,
0.10891496390104294,
0.3221701979... | Lancashire had a lively culture of choral and classical music, with very large numbers of local church choirs from the 17th century, leading to the foundation of local choral societies from the mid-18th century, often particularly focused on performances of the music of Handel and his contemporaries. It also played a m... | The city has two universities — Newcastle University and Northumbria University. Newcastle University has its origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834 and became independent from Durham University on 1 August 1963 to form the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle University is now one o... | During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King. In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644 the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege. In 1644 the city was then besieged for many mon... | Hadrian's | 92,749 |
5726660d5951b619008f71b5 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests that Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour o... | What tribes were the Romans fearful would invade from the North? | {
"answer_start": [
921,
921,
921
],
"text": [
"Pictish",
"Pictish",
"Pictish tribes"
]
} | What tribes were the [MASK] fearful would invade from the [MASK]? | [
-0.13119171559810638,
0.12480522692203522,
-0.10209433734416962,
0.19954052567481995,
0.1803942620754242,
0.22837822139263153,
0.60820472240448,
0.004871996585279703,
-0.07923200726509094,
-0.15594805777072906,
0.03728842735290527,
0.14058521389961243,
-0.21263113617897034,
0.1098690330982... | Starting in the late 1950s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of D... | The city has two universities — Newcastle University and Northumbria University. Newcastle University has its origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834 and became independent from Durham University on 1 August 1963 to form the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle University is now one o... | As with most ancient civilizations, Rome's military served the triple purposes of securing its borders, exploiting peripheral areas through measures such as imposing tribute on conquered peoples, and maintaining internal order. From the outset, Rome's military typified this pattern and the majority of Rome's wars were ... | Pictish | 92,750 |
572666d9dd62a815002e83b4 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589. A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century, to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland. The Scots ki... | Newcastle served as a northern fortress for which country during the Middle Ages? | {
"answer_start": [
42,
42,
42
],
"text": [
"England's",
"England",
"England"
]
} | [MASK] served as a northern fortress for which country during [MASK]? | [
-0.31733930110931396,
-0.000008337514373124577,
-0.05170421302318573,
0.16378432512283325,
0.15112505853176117,
0.12357825040817261,
0.2630470097064972,
-0.10200873762369156,
-0.3373250961303711,
0.06924913078546524,
0.02477242238819599,
-0.1235184520483017,
0.011494618840515614,
-0.254604... | Due to its large size and wide range of geographic features, the United States contains examples of nearly every global climate. The climate is temperate in most areas, subtropical in the Southern United States, tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida, polar in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains west of the 100th mer... | The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. The Prince of Płock, Bolesław II of ... | The city has a proud history of theatre. Stephen Kemble of the famous Kemble family successfully managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years (1791–1806). He brought members of his famous acting family such as Sarah Siddons and John Kemble out of London to Newcastle. Stephen Kemble guided the theatre... | England's | 92,751 |
572666d9dd62a815002e83b5 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589. A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century, to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland. The Scots ki... | Who granted Newcastle a new charter in 1589? | {
"answer_start": [
141,
141,
141
],
"text": [
"Elizabeth",
"Elizabeth",
"Elizabeth"
]
} | Who granted [MASK] a new charter in [MASK]? | [
0.11419052630662918,
-0.21186238527297974,
0.2809945344924927,
0.32826876640319824,
0.18745946884155273,
0.007261537481099367,
-0.031865864992141724,
-0.30574461817741394,
-0.2755964696407318,
-0.0408426858484745,
-0.0972229391336441,
0.2522054612636566,
-0.1468808501958847,
0.027120891958... | Following the 2007 Federal Election, Dr Brendan Nelson was elected leader by the Parliamentary Liberal Party. On 16 September 2008, in a second contest following a spill motion, Nelson lost the leadership to Malcolm Turnbull. On 1 December 2009, a subsequent leadership election saw Turnbull lose the leadership to Tony ... | The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. The Prince of Płock, Bolesław II of ... | John spent much of 1205 securing England against a potential French invasion. As an emergency measure, John recreated a version of Henry II's Assize of Arms of 1181, with each shire creating a structure to mobilise local levies. When the threat of invasion faded, John formed a large military force in England intended f... | Elizabeth | 92,752 |
572666d9dd62a815002e83b6 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589. A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century, to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland. The Scots ki... | How high was the stone wall built around Newcastle in the 13th century? | {
"answer_start": [
162,
162,
162
],
"text": [
"25-foot",
"25-foot",
"25-foot (7.6 m) high"
]
} | How high was the stone wall built around [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
0.03862975165247917,
0.15009044110774994,
-0.042150821536779404,
0.21206340193748474,
0.07335760444402695,
0.08203311264514923,
0.20940439403057098,
-0.43413761258125305,
-0.023576583713293076,
0.005790855269879103,
0.13100890815258026,
-0.01483382098376751,
0.0608433336019516,
-0.00720025... | The music of the Romantic era, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era ... | The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. The Prince of Płock, Bolesław II of ... | The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. The Prince of Płock, Bolesław II of ... | 25-foot | 92,753 |
572666d9dd62a815002e83b7 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589. A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century, to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland. The Scots ki... | What was the name of the King of the Scots? | {
"answer_start": [
323,
323,
323
],
"text": [
"William the Lion",
"William the Lion",
"William the Lion"
]
} | What was the name of [MASK]? | [
0.05626202002167702,
0.16117975115776062,
-0.2757459580898285,
0.20462031662464142,
-0.1534113734960556,
0.18798600137233734,
0.11646689474582672,
0.031885094940662384,
-0.12110911309719086,
0.11544150114059448,
-0.1067371666431427,
-0.06882356852293015,
-0.10016656666994095,
0.25014093518... | During World War II, when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany, the United States briefly controlled Greenland for battlefields and protection. In 1946, the United States offered to buy Greenland from Denmark for $100 million ($1.2 billion today) but Denmark refused to sell it. Several politicians and others have in re... | The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. The Prince of Płock, Bolesław II of ... | Throughout the 14th century, French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility. They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France, leading to the Hundred Years' War, waged from 1337 to 1453. Early in the w... | William the Lion | 92,754 |
572666d9dd62a815002e83b8 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589. A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century, to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland. The Scots ki... | How many times did Newcastle fight off the Scots during the 14th century? | {
"answer_start": [
515,
515,
515
],
"text": [
"three times",
"three",
"three times"
]
} | How many times did [MASK] fight off the [MASK] during [MASK]? | [
0.2013539969921112,
0.08260089159011841,
-0.049517374485731125,
0.2605659067630768,
-0.008856432512402534,
0.26719969511032104,
0.36784496903419495,
-0.46059900522232056,
-0.20856688916683197,
0.1522143930196762,
0.044263459742069244,
0.32871055603027344,
-0.03407932445406914,
-0.335605770... | Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ... | The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. The Prince of Płock, Bolesław II of ... | The city has two universities — Newcastle University and Northumbria University. Newcastle University has its origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834 and became independent from Durham University on 1 August 1963 to form the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle University is now one o... | three times | 92,755 |
57266783f1498d1400e8de86 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | From 1530 a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside, giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as the Hostmen. This monopoly, which lasted for a considerable time, helped Newcastle prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase taking coals to... | What did a 1530 royal act restrict shipments of? | {
"answer_start": [
50,
50,
50
],
"text": [
"coal",
"coal",
"coal"
]
} | What did a [MASK] royal act restrict shipments of? | [
0.09661321341991425,
0.025623872876167297,
-0.014163116924464703,
0.1773032695055008,
-0.00530696427449584,
-0.10175113379955292,
0.07801671326160431,
-0.09005406498908997,
0.011664689518511295,
0.414699524641037,
-0.031671494245529175,
0.19437295198440552,
-0.4154471755027771,
0.226172357... | The central highlands were already home to over a million members of the Kikuyu people, most of whom had no land claims in European terms and lived as itinerant farmers. To protect their interests, the settlers banned the growing of coffee, introduced a hut tax, and the landless were granted less and less land in excha... | The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning "The Dragon" after he raided many of their ships. He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Pu... | In the 17th century, the Somers Isles Company suppressed shipbuilding, as it needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land. Agricultural production met with limited success, however. The Bermuda cedar boxes used to ship tobacco to England were reportedly worth more than their contents.[citation needed] The... | coal | 92,756 |
57266783f1498d1400e8de87 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | From 1530 a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside, giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as the Hostmen. This monopoly, which lasted for a considerable time, helped Newcastle prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase taking coals to... | What was the cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as? | {
"answer_start": [
172,
172,
172
],
"text": [
"the Hostmen",
"the Hostmen",
"the Hostmen"
]
} | What was the cartel of [MASK] burgesses known as? | [
0.15368908643722534,
-0.21541240811347961,
-0.09499920904636383,
0.10553528368473053,
-0.09505154937505722,
0.06995438784360886,
0.21614114940166473,
-0.0913882777094841,
-0.21538324654102325,
0.14765243232250214,
-0.07916116714477539,
0.3267936110496521,
-0.23760265111923218,
0.2049184888... | RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture. Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK. | The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning "The Dragon" after he raided many of their ships. He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Pu... | As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment amon... | the Hostmen | 92,757 |
57266783f1498d1400e8de88 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | From 1530 a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside, giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as the Hostmen. This monopoly, which lasted for a considerable time, helped Newcastle prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase taking coals to... | What does the phrase "taking coals to Newcastle" mean? | {
"answer_start": [
396,
396,
396
],
"text": [
"a pointless pursuit",
"a pointless pursuit",
"a pointless pursuit"
]
} | What does the phrase" taking coals to [MASK]" mean? | [
0.4159887135028839,
0.02442094497382641,
-0.2921251356601715,
-0.08740430325269699,
0.1839267611503601,
-0.10065575689077377,
0.25918808579444885,
0.10038163512945175,
-0.0037029185332357883,
-0.02272372879087925,
-0.32080814242362976,
-0.048089295625686646,
-0.26298609375953674,
0.1294742... | Photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP. This process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis—it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar. It ca... | The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning "The Dragon" after he raided many of their ships. He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Pu... | Newcastle has a horse racing course at Gosforth Park. The city is also home to the Newcastle Eagles basketball team who play their home games at the new Sport Central complex at Northumbria University. The Eagles are the most successful team in the history of the British Basketball League (BBL). The city's speedway tea... | a pointless pursuit | 92,758 |
57266783f1498d1400e8de89 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | From 1530 a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside, giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as the Hostmen. This monopoly, which lasted for a considerable time, helped Newcastle prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase taking coals to... | What was the American Timothy Dexter widely regarded as? | {
"answer_start": [
498,
498,
498
],
"text": [
"an eccentric",
"an eccentric",
"an eccentric,"
]
} | What was the [MASK] [MASK] widely regarded as? | [
0.09687656909227371,
0.1187080442905426,
-0.19416484236717224,
0.22763648629188538,
-0.2573912739753723,
0.07281284779310226,
0.11737409234046936,
-0.10837379842996597,
-0.10111759603023529,
0.26050257682800293,
-0.14176499843597412,
0.15398496389389038,
-0.06953871250152588,
0.18785940110... | In France, the established men of letters (gens de lettres) had fused with the elites (les grands) of French society by the mid-18th century. This led to the creation of an oppositional literary sphere, Grub Street, the domain of a "multitude of versifiers and would-be authors". These men came to London to become autho... | The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning "The Dragon" after he raided many of their ships. He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Pu... | Among the reasons this speech was so greatly admired was its passage on Lord Bathurst (1684–1775); Burke describes an angel in 1704 prophesying to Bathurst the future greatness of England and also of America: "Young man, There is America – which at this day serves little more than to amuse you with stories of savage me... | an eccentric | 92,759 |
57266783f1498d1400e8de8a | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | From 1530 a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside, giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as the Hostmen. This monopoly, which lasted for a considerable time, helped Newcastle prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase taking coals to... | What did the merchants of Newcastle plot to do to Timothy Dexter? | {
"answer_start": [
613,
613,
610
],
"text": [
"ruin him",
"ruin him",
"to ruin him"
]
} | What did the merchants of [MASK] plot to do to [MASK]? | [
0.20028342306613922,
0.22743630409240723,
-0.005163573194295168,
0.15613393485546112,
0.25826066732406616,
0.1991448849439621,
0.04442771151661873,
-0.09364642202854156,
0.13262277841567993,
-0.008936255238950253,
-0.18527618050575256,
0.05130935087800026,
-0.4336512088775635,
0.2450064271... | In an interview published by Vogue in April 2013, Beyoncé was asked if she considers herself a feminist, to which she said, "that word can be very extreme... But I guess I am a modern-day feminist. I do believe in equality". She would later align herself more publicly with the movement, sampling "We should all be femin... | The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning "The Dragon" after he raided many of their ships. He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Pu... | In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham House and it was enlarged over the next 75 years. During the 18th century, London was dogged by crime, and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force. In total, more than 200 offences were punishable by death, including petty theft. Most childr... | ruin him | 92,760 |
57266a15f1498d1400e8def6 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families. They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s a... | Who did the keelmen live with in a tight-knight community east of Newcastle? | {
"answer_start": [
116,
116,
116
],
"text": [
"their families",
"their families",
"their families"
]
} | Who did the [MASK] live with in a tight- knight community east of [MASK]? | [
-0.04167172685265541,
-0.13761740922927856,
0.07361400872468948,
0.31942105293273926,
0.41481438279151917,
0.5099005699157715,
0.38497689366340637,
-0.1633632481098175,
-0.02193441241979599,
0.02971721440553665,
-0.31562545895576477,
-0.15779565274715424,
-0.19930531084537506,
-0.139014258... | The energy crisis led to greater interest in renewable energy, nuclear power and domestic fossil fuels. There is criticism that American energy policies since the crisis have been dominated by crisis-mentality thinking, promoting expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realitie... | The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of arch... | The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street,... | their families | 92,761 |
57266a15f1498d1400e8def7 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families. They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s a... | How was coal transferred from the river banks to colliers? | {
"answer_start": [
186,
179,
179
],
"text": [
"boats",
"keels",
"keels"
]
} | How was coal transferred from the river banks to colliers? | [
0.09167953580617905,
-0.24541206657886505,
-0.12480152398347855,
0.2797683775424957,
0.5836650729179382,
0.42663270235061646,
0.012824036180973053,
-0.06268011778593063,
-0.13724184036254883,
-0.05206543579697609,
-0.12213374674320221,
-0.021778669208288193,
0.025022709742188454,
0.1885774... | Ethnically and linguistically the population of the Republic of the Congo is diverse—Ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country—but can be grouped into three categories. The Kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are Laari in... | The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of arch... | Surviving remains of 12th century merchants' houses such as King John's House and Canute's Palace are evidence of the wealth that existed in the town at this time. In 1348, the Black Death reached England via merchant vessels calling at Southampton. | boats | 92,762 |
57266a15f1498d1400e8def8 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families. They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s a... | How many folks died of plague in Newcastle in the 1630s? | {
"answer_start": [
325,
325,
325
],
"text": [
"7,000",
"7,000",
"7,000"
]
} | How many folks died of plague in [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
0.41994941234588623,
0.1293734908103943,
0.09484825283288956,
-0.05456606298685074,
0.1223185658454895,
0.5257043242454529,
0.3456088900566101,
0.08483277261257172,
-0.5152015089988708,
-0.07689137011766434,
0.03281848132610321,
-0.15781022608280182,
-0.43405938148498535,
0.144473269581794... | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of arch... | The city has a proud history of theatre. Stephen Kemble of the famous Kemble family successfully managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years (1791–1806). He brought members of his famous acting family such as Sarah Siddons and John Kemble out of London to Newcastle. Stephen Kemble guided the theatre... | 7,000 | 92,763 |
57266a15f1498d1400e8def9 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families. They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s a... | What percentage of Newcastle's population was culled by the plague? | {
"answer_start": [
538,
386,
538
],
"text": [
"47%",
"more than one-third",
"47%"
]
} | What percentage of [MASK] 's population was culled by the plague? | [
0.04085945710539818,
-0.15709225833415985,
-0.13902373611927032,
-0.000019060355043620802,
-0.028566481545567513,
0.539883553981781,
0.2895015776157379,
-0.006341222207993269,
-0.3928897976875305,
0.14514119923114777,
-0.1665406972169876,
-0.2649259567260742,
-0.35632404685020447,
0.201744... | More recent Lancashire-born composers include Hugh Wood (1932- Parbold), Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (1934-, Salford), Sir Harrison Birtwistle (1934-, Accrington), Gordon Crosse (1937-, Bury),John McCabe (1939-2015, Huyton), Roger Smalley (1943-2015, Swinton), Nigel Osborne (1948-, Manchester), Steve Martland (1954-2013, ... | The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of arch... | The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medieval... | 47% | 92,764 |
57266a15f1498d1400e8defa | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families. They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s a... | The epidemic in Newcastle was the most what in any British city at the time? | {
"answer_start": [
635,
635,
635
],
"text": [
"devastating loss",
"devastating loss",
"devastating loss"
]
} | The epidemic in [MASK] was the most what in any [MASK] city at the time? | [
-0.035037603229284286,
-0.13933165371418,
-0.0666172206401825,
0.09301147609949112,
-0.24946822226047516,
0.13370460271835327,
0.15669158101081848,
0.32454705238342285,
-0.41409245133399963,
-0.10718272626399994,
-0.06394557654857635,
-0.13204628229141235,
-0.32901671528816223,
0.207546323... | The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves. He post... | The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of arch... | The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medieval... | devastating loss | 92,765 |
57266ab3dd62a815002e8434 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King. In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644 the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege. In 1644 the city was then besieged for many mon... | Who did the North declare for during the English civil war? | {
"answer_start": [
53,
53,
49
],
"text": [
"the King",
"the King",
"for the King"
]
} | Who did the [MASK] declare for during the [MASK] civil war? | [
0.018793266266584396,
0.10305354744195938,
-0.14148466289043427,
0.03996940329670906,
-0.11076702177524567,
0.25231072306632996,
0.20969051122665405,
0.0003725563583429903,
-0.08141971379518509,
-0.03602652624249458,
-0.2938198745250702,
0.10864777117967606,
-0.4376333951950073,
0.33734849... | In the midst of the European sovereign-debt crisis, Radek Sikorski, Poland's Foreign Minister, stated in November 2011, "I will probably be the first Polish foreign minister in history to say so, but here it is: I fear German power less than I am beginning to fear German inactivity. You have become Europe's indispensab... | On June 28, 1776, General Sir Henry Clinton along with 2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles Towne, hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina. When the fleet fired cannonballs, they failed to penetrate Fort Sullivan's unfinished, yet thick, palmetto-log walls. No local Loyalists atta... | In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. | the King | 92,766 |
57266ab3dd62a815002e8435 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King. In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644 the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege. In 1644 the city was then besieged for many mon... | Who was Cromwell's allies? | {
"answer_start": [
123,
123,
123
],
"text": [
"the Scots",
"the Scots",
"the Scots"
]
} | Who was [MASK] 's allies? | [
0.03553397208452225,
-0.06228705123066902,
-0.13728466629981995,
0.39777782559394836,
-0.003912188578397036,
0.210924431681633,
0.18712040781974792,
-0.148881196975708,
-0.11499277502298355,
0.06474550068378448,
-0.13801658153533936,
0.16734613478183746,
-0.07386821508407593,
-0.2045543491... | Despite Tom's conviction, Bob Ewell is humiliated by the events of the trial, Atticus explaining that he "destroyed [Ewell's] last shred of credibility at that trial." Ewell vows revenge, spitting in Atticus' face, trying to break into the judge's house, and menacing Tom Robinson's widow. Finally, he attacks the defens... | On June 28, 1776, General Sir Henry Clinton along with 2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles Towne, hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina. When the fleet fired cannonballs, they failed to penetrate Fort Sullivan's unfinished, yet thick, palmetto-log walls. No local Loyalists atta... | The British—by inclination as well as for practical reasons—had tended to avoid large-scale commitments of troops on the Continent. They sought to offset the disadvantage of this in Europe by allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies, particularly... | the Scots | 92,767 |
57266ab3dd62a815002e8436 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King. In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644 the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege. In 1644 the city was then besieged for many mon... | What was roaring as Newcastle was stormed? | {
"answer_start": [
366,
366,
366
],
"text": [
"drummes",
"drummes",
"drummes"
]
} | What was roaring as [MASK] was stormed? | [
0.11740463972091675,
0.1686345338821411,
0.05964527651667595,
-0.08752225339412689,
-0.26956647634506226,
-0.1361796110868454,
0.07557211071252823,
-0.1452312171459198,
-0.2852036654949188,
0.12210038304328918,
-0.14186103641986847,
0.2241334617137909,
-0.1565895676612854,
0.38943174481391... | Madonna has sold more than 300 million records worldwide. The Guinness World Records acknowledged her as the best-selling female recording artist and the fourth best-selling act of all time, behind The Beatles, Elvis Presley, and Michael Jackson. According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), she is... | On June 28, 1776, General Sir Henry Clinton along with 2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles Towne, hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina. When the fleet fired cannonballs, they failed to penetrate Fort Sullivan's unfinished, yet thick, palmetto-log walls. No local Loyalists atta... | Between 7 September 1940 and 21 May 1941, 16 British cities suffered aerial raids with at least 100 long tons of high explosives. Over a period of 267 days, London was attacked 71 times, Birmingham, Liverpool and Plymouth eight times, Bristol six, Glasgow five, Southampton four, Portsmouth and Hull three and a minimum ... | drummes | 92,768 |
57266ab3dd62a815002e8437 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King. In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644 the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege. In 1644 the city was then besieged for many mon... | What does Fortiter Defendit Triumphans mean? | {
"answer_start": [
479,
479,
479
],
"text": [
"Triumphing by a brave defence",
"Triumphing by a brave defence",
"Triumphing by a brave defence"
]
} | What does [MASK] mean? | [
0.3590099811553955,
0.2132222056388855,
0.13217806816101074,
0.24133628606796265,
0.1523686796426773,
-0.1440882831811905,
0.07634565234184265,
-0.022103259339928627,
-0.07148678600788116,
0.07330885529518127,
-0.40406665205955505,
-0.17982922494411469,
-0.22271326184272766,
0.317564845085... | The low mechanical complexity of hydraulic elevators in comparison to traction elevators makes them ideal for low rise, low traffic installations. They are less energy efficient as the pump works against gravity to push the car and its passengers upwards; this energy is lost when the car descends on its own weight. The... | On June 28, 1776, General Sir Henry Clinton along with 2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles Towne, hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina. When the fleet fired cannonballs, they failed to penetrate Fort Sullivan's unfinished, yet thick, palmetto-log walls. No local Loyalists atta... | Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754–63) when Britain was victorious over all th... | Triumphing by a brave defence | 92,769 |
57266ab3dd62a815002e8438 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King. In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644 the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege. In 1644 the city was then besieged for many mon... | Who was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646 through 1647? | {
"answer_start": [
526,
526,
526
],
"text": [
"Charles I",
"Charles I",
"Charles I"
]
} | Who was imprisoned in [MASK] by the [MASK] in [MASK] through [MASK]? | [
0.11199667304754257,
0.02290470339357853,
-0.2556793987751007,
0.22490297257900238,
0.16492940485477448,
0.19594639539718628,
0.34799090027809143,
-0.32266727089881897,
-0.39350593090057373,
0.22303959727287292,
-0.28544044494628906,
-0.11278440058231354,
-0.3124707341194153,
0.04054067656... | The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Lesser Armenia, the Bosporan Kingdom, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia. Mithridates VI, himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry, presente... | On June 28, 1776, General Sir Henry Clinton along with 2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles Towne, hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina. When the fleet fired cannonballs, they failed to penetrate Fort Sullivan's unfinished, yet thick, palmetto-log walls. No local Loyalists atta... | The English held the city for 16 months and defeated several attempts to expel them. English soldiers advanced as far as Requena on the road to Madrid. After the victory of the Bourbons at the Battle of Almansa on 25 April 1707, the English army evacuated Valencia and Philip V ordered the repeal of the privileges of Va... | Charles I | 92,770 |
57266cc9f1498d1400e8df53 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. This revolution resulted in the urbanization of the city. In 1817 the Maling company, at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city. The Vi... | What did the Industrial Revolution cause to happen to Newcastle? | {
"answer_start": [
187,
187,
183
],
"text": [
"urbanization",
"urbanization",
"the urbanization of the city"
]
} | What did [MASK] cause to happen to [MASK]? | [
0.20687507092952728,
0.35004889965057373,
-0.08336513489484787,
-0.08271771669387817,
0.07789096981287003,
0.10310980677604675,
0.34656596183776855,
-0.06979939341545105,
-0.09682680666446686,
0.13517075777053833,
-0.03746020048856735,
-0.07314328104257584,
-0.25979143381118774,
0.39331680... | In 2016, Israel's population was an estimated 8,476,600 million people, of whom 6,345,400 (74.9%) were recorded by the civil government as Jews. 1,760,400 Arabs comprised 20.7% of the population, while non-Arab Christians and people who have no religion listed in the civil registry made up 4.4%. Over the last decade, l... | According to the UK Government's returned 2001 census information, the city of Newcastle had a population of 189,863, whereas the metropolitan borough of Newcastle had a population of around 259,000. Newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the Office for National Statistics. The metropolitan boroughs of Nort... | During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King. In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644 the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege. In 1644 the city was then besieged for many mon... | urbanization | 92,771 |
57266cc9f1498d1400e8df54 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. This revolution resulted in the urbanization of the city. In 1817 the Maling company, at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city. The Vi... | What was the largest pottery company in the world in 1817? | {
"answer_start": [
221,
225,
225
],
"text": [
"the Maling company",
"Maling",
"Maling company"
]
} | What was the largest pottery company in the world in [MASK]? | [
-0.10353492200374603,
0.3423987030982971,
-0.1877283751964569,
0.003023469354957342,
-0.053050119429826736,
0.368539422750473,
-0.0705728679895401,
0.24283479154109955,
-0.256594181060791,
0.32154035568237305,
-0.08319338411092758,
-0.09176275134086609,
0.05791516229510307,
0.4218312501907... | In 1993, the FCC repealed the Financial Interest and Syndication Rules, once again allowing networks to hold interests in television production studios. That same year, Capital Cities/ABC purchased the French animation studio DIC Entertainment; it also signed an agreement with Time Warner Cable to carry its owned-and-o... | According to the UK Government's returned 2001 census information, the city of Newcastle had a population of 189,863, whereas the metropolitan borough of Newcastle had a population of around 259,000. Newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the Office for National Statistics. The metropolitan boroughs of Nort... | Within the city there have been two tram networks in operation. A proposal to develop a horse-drawn tram (linking the city's railway termini) was made by American George Francis Train in the 1860s, and implemented in 1872 by the Cork Tramway Company. However, the company ceased trading in 1875 after Cork Corporation re... | the Maling company | 92,772 |
57266cc9f1498d1400e8df55 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. This revolution resulted in the urbanization of the city. In 1817 the Maling company, at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city. The Vi... | Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to have what innovation? | {
"answer_start": [
706,
611,
611
],
"text": [
"electric lighting",
"the incandescent lightbulb",
"the incandescent lightbulb"
]
} | [MASK] was [MASK] of the [MASK] cities in the world to have what innovation? | [
0.24389879405498505,
-0.16272497177124023,
0.31908103823661804,
0.3578248620033264,
0.11461520940065384,
0.20616386830806732,
-0.017517132684588432,
0.35973602533340454,
-0.24590371549129486,
-0.151971235871315,
-0.0657767727971077,
-0.1998755782842636,
-0.1928127557039261,
0.0046591423451... | The university operates under 11 colleges or schools, which collectively offer 194 bachelor's degree programs, 68 master's degree programs, 25 PhD programs, and a Juris Doctor program. BYU also manages some courses and majors through the David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies and "miscellaneous" college depa... | According to the UK Government's returned 2001 census information, the city of Newcastle had a population of 189,863, whereas the metropolitan borough of Newcastle had a population of around 259,000. Newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the Office for National Statistics. The metropolitan boroughs of Nort... | Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, the Newgate Centre, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byke... | electric lighting | 92,773 |
57266cc9f1498d1400e8df52 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. This revolution resulted in the urbanization of the city. In 1817 the Maling company, at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city. The Vi... | What were shipbuilding and engineering important to Newcastle for in the 19th century? | {
"answer_start": [
83,
72,
72
],
"text": [
"prosperity",
"the city's prosperity",
"the city's prosperity;"
]
} | What were shipbuilding and engineering important to [MASK] for in [MASK]? | [
0.24888141453266144,
0.07239166647195816,
-0.1646089255809784,
0.4395744800567627,
0.17359548807144165,
0.5002809762954712,
-0.3007812201976776,
0.13113191723823547,
-0.3107930123806,
-0.08731275796890259,
0.042402178049087524,
0.2735515534877777,
0.2987836003303528,
0.008464411832392216,
... | The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic states t... | According to the UK Government's returned 2001 census information, the city of Newcastle had a population of 189,863, whereas the metropolitan borough of Newcastle had a population of around 259,000. Newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the Office for National Statistics. The metropolitan boroughs of Nort... | Large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge, the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council and has integrated the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major cultural developments in Gateshead, including ... | prosperity | 92,774 |
57266cc9f1498d1400e8df56 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. This revolution resulted in the urbanization of the city. In 1817 the Maling company, at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city. The Vi... | What did Charles Parsons invent? | {
"answer_start": [
946,
946,
946
],
"text": [
"the steam turbine",
"the steam turbine",
"the steam turbine"
]
} | What did [MASK] invent? | [
0.21931107342243195,
0.30409038066864014,
-0.10102245956659317,
0.30249306559562683,
0.3088790476322174,
0.11437446624040604,
-0.09924612939357758,
-0.2967814803123474,
0.19184324145317078,
0.08124354481697083,
0.1432175189256668,
0.10709527134895325,
-0.174034982919693,
0.2262433916330337... | Of Alaska's 2010 Census population figure of 710,231, 20,429 people, or 2.88% of the population, did not live in an incorporated city or census-designated place. Approximately three-quarters of that figure were people who live in urban and suburban neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city limits of Ketchikan, Kodiak,... | According to the UK Government's returned 2001 census information, the city of Newcastle had a population of 189,863, whereas the metropolitan borough of Newcastle had a population of around 259,000. Newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the Office for National Statistics. The metropolitan boroughs of Nort... | The Tower has been inextricably linked with the Everton area since its construction in 1787. It was originally used as a bridewell to incarcerate mainly drunks and minor criminals, and it still stands today on Everton Brow in Netherfield Road. The tower was accompanied by two laurel wreaths on either side and, accordin... | the steam turbine | 92,775 |
57266dd4f1498d1400e8df78 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | In large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street layout. Narrow alleys or 'chares', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the riverside. Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant Castle Keep, originally recorded in the 14th ... | What type of layout does Newcastle's streets have in many parts? | {
"answer_start": [
42,
42,
42
],
"text": [
"medieval",
"medieval",
"medieval street layout."
]
} | What type of layout does [MASK] 's streets have in many parts? | [
0.1929447203874588,
-0.19609564542770386,
0.23772282898426056,
0.28056272864341736,
0.19961674511432648,
0.29396364092826843,
0.1561179906129837,
0.2106633186340332,
-0.22500911355018616,
-0.31917643547058105,
-0.29013121128082275,
-0.24807876348495483,
-0.36061960458755493,
-0.07456370443... | The first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and belonging to a collective group as a fixed thing, defined by objective criteria such as common ancestry and common biological characteristics. The second, rooted in social constructionist theory, takes the view that identity is formed by a pre... | According to the UK Government's returned 2001 census information, the city of Newcastle had a population of 189,863, whereas the metropolitan borough of Newcastle had a population of around 259,000. Newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the Office for National Statistics. The metropolitan boroughs of Nort... | According to the UK Government's returned 2001 census information, the city of Newcastle had a population of 189,863, whereas the metropolitan borough of Newcastle had a population of around 259,000. Newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the Office for National Statistics. The metropolitan boroughs of Nort... | medieval | 92,776 |
57266dd4f1498d1400e8df79 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | In large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street layout. Narrow alleys or 'chares', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the riverside. Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant Castle Keep, originally recorded in the 14th ... | What are chares? | {
"answer_start": [
66,
66,
66
],
"text": [
"Narrow alleys",
"Narrow alleys",
"Narrow alleys"
]
} | What are chares? | [
0.32873326539993286,
0.365719735622406,
-0.3243909478187561,
-0.02034461870789528,
-0.14268037676811218,
0.6004369854927063,
0.43972229957580566,
0.36925023794174194,
-0.08060272783041,
-0.23708535730838776,
0.017629897221922874,
-0.17711250483989716,
-0.02449531853199005,
0.32337060570716... | The last census in Mexico that asked for an individual's race, which was taken in 1921, indicated that 50.09% of the population identified as Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European descent). The second-largest group was whites at 36.33% of the population. The third-largest group was the "pure indigenous" population, co... | According to the UK Government's returned 2001 census information, the city of Newcastle had a population of 189,863, whereas the metropolitan borough of Newcastle had a population of around 259,000. Newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the Office for National Statistics. The metropolitan boroughs of Nort... | According to the UK Government's returned 2001 census information, the city of Newcastle had a population of 189,863, whereas the metropolitan borough of Newcastle had a population of around 259,000. Newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the Office for National Statistics. The metropolitan boroughs of Nort... | Narrow alleys | 92,777 |
57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7a | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | In large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street layout. Narrow alleys or 'chares', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the riverside. Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant Castle Keep, originally recorded in the 14th ... | What runs from the riverside to higher parts of the city center? | {
"answer_start": [
199,
199,
84
],
"text": [
"Stairs",
"Stairs",
"chares'"
]
} | What runs from the riverside to higher parts of the city center? | [
0.28842636942863464,
-0.20340940356254578,
0.083629310131073,
0.3932483196258545,
0.42625004053115845,
0.2505720257759094,
0.08584214746952057,
0.12424997985363007,
-0.1367386281490326,
-0.37521401047706604,
0.028961097821593285,
-0.11103132367134094,
-0.23566973209381104,
-0.3457478284835... | Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union, the Napoleonic Wars, and the clamour for political reform. It was to be William Wilkins's winning design for ... | According to the UK Government's returned 2001 census information, the city of Newcastle had a population of 189,863, whereas the metropolitan borough of Newcastle had a population of around 259,000. Newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the Office for National Statistics. The metropolitan boroughs of Nort... | Outward urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt, although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, resulting in a separately defined Greater London Urban Area. Beyond this is the vast London commuter belt. Greater London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer Lond... | Stairs | 92,778 |
57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7b | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | In large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street layout. Narrow alleys or 'chares', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the riverside. Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant Castle Keep, originally recorded in the 14th ... | What kind of buildings are in the towns of Close, Sandhill and Quayside? | {
"answer_start": [
391,
391,
391
],
"text": [
"modern",
"modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries",
"modern buildings"
]
} | What kind of buildings are in the towns of [MASK], [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
0.5083924531936646,
0.32886287569999695,
0.19001230597496033,
0.2672775685787201,
0.4347645938396454,
0.253242552280426,
0.20447693765163422,
-0.009610955603420734,
-0.19556771218776703,
-0.08342336863279343,
-0.330607146024704,
-0.18902917206287384,
-0.20372751355171204,
0.126398667693138... | Though Decca would continue to keep picture budgets lean, it was favored by changing circumstances in the film business, as other studios let their contract actors go in the wake of the 1948 U.S. vs. Paramount Pictures, et al. decision. Leading actors were increasingly free to work where and when they chose, and in 195... | According to the UK Government's returned 2001 census information, the city of Newcastle had a population of 189,863, whereas the metropolitan borough of Newcastle had a population of around 259,000. Newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the Office for National Statistics. The metropolitan boroughs of Nort... | Pockets of Georgian architecture survived the war, but much of the city was levelled. There has been extensive redevelopment since World War II. Increasing traffic congestion in the 1920s led to partial demolition of medieval walls around the Bargate in 1932 and 1938. However a large portion of those walls remain. | modern | 92,779 |
57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7c | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | In large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street layout. Narrow alleys or 'chares', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the riverside. Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant Castle Keep, originally recorded in the 14th ... | What is the House of Tides? | {
"answer_start": [
580,
580,
580
],
"text": [
"a restaurant",
"a restaurant",
"a restaurant situated at a Grade"
]
} | What is [MASK]? | [
0.21777169406414032,
0.14820264279842377,
-0.054969314485788345,
0.14694024622440338,
0.09014614671468735,
-0.07755731046199799,
0.2449391484260559,
-0.05306538939476013,
-0.06867067515850067,
0.08619720488786697,
-0.3616909384727478,
-0.14941032230854034,
-0.1818048655986786,
0.2207538634... | The following is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces. It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations. | According to the UK Government's returned 2001 census information, the city of Newcastle had a population of 189,863, whereas the metropolitan borough of Newcastle had a population of around 259,000. Newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the Office for National Statistics. The metropolitan boroughs of Nort... | Newcastle has a horse racing course at Gosforth Park. The city is also home to the Newcastle Eagles basketball team who play their home games at the new Sport Central complex at Northumbria University. The Eagles are the most successful team in the history of the British Basketball League (BBL). The city's speedway tea... | a restaurant | 92,780 |
57266ec2dd62a815002e84a0 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of arch... | What has recently undergone extensive restoration? | {
"answer_start": [
61,
61,
231
],
"text": [
"Tyneside Classical",
"Tyneside Classical",
"Newcastle"
]
} | What has recently undergone extensive restoration? | [
-0.003220049198716879,
-0.05200216546654701,
-0.005642179399728775,
0.037234626710414886,
0.5758091807365417,
0.08988495916128159,
0.17513643205165863,
-0.307193785905838,
-0.39536091685295105,
-0.07780114561319351,
-0.27635279297828674,
-0.08716687560081482,
0.12823700904846191,
0.2294338... | In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o.
E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations.
E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern),... | The city has two universities — Newcastle University and Northumbria University. Newcastle University has its origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834 and became independent from Durham University on 1 August 1963 to form the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle University is now one o... | In 2004, the V&A alongside Royal Institute of British Architects opened the first permanent gallery in the UK covering the history of architecture with displays using models, photographs, elements from buildings and original drawings. With the opening of the new gallery, the RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection has be... | Tyneside Classical | 92,781 |
57266ec2dd62a815002e84a1 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of arch... | What did John Dobson describe Newcastle as? | {
"answer_start": [
244,
244,
244
],
"text": [
"England's best-looking city",
"England's best-looking city",
"England's best-looking city"
]
} | What did [MASK] describe [MASK] as? | [
0.1649779975414276,
0.21001660823822021,
-0.3887098729610443,
0.0770987942814827,
-0.07597973197698593,
0.2934323847293854,
0.3934815227985382,
-0.07920998334884644,
-0.1332298368215561,
0.15984687209129333,
-0.18741272389888763,
-0.09952916204929352,
-0.2450472116470337,
0.263798832893371... | Since 1972, International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) had been working on creating a global recommendation for Analog HDTV. These recommendations, however, did not fit in the broadcasting bands which could reach home users. The standardization of MPEG-1 in 1993 also led to the acce... | The city has two universities — Newcastle University and Northumbria University. Newcastle University has its origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834 and became independent from Durham University on 1 August 1963 to form the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle University is now one o... | Newcastle has a horse racing course at Gosforth Park. The city is also home to the Newcastle Eagles basketball team who play their home games at the new Sport Central complex at Northumbria University. The Eagles are the most successful team in the history of the British Basketball League (BBL). The city's speedway tea... | England's best-looking city | 92,782 |
57266ec2dd62a815002e84a2 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of arch... | What street does Nikolaus Pevsner think is one of the finest in England? | {
"answer_start": [
358,
358,
358
],
"text": [
"Grey Street",
"Grey Street",
"Grey Street"
]
} | What street does [MASK] think is one of the finest in [MASK]? | [
0.2169080376625061,
-0.019152244552969933,
0.07789269834756851,
0.289866179227829,
0.2858527898788452,
0.24865680932998657,
0.1576620191335678,
0.35110971331596375,
0.02328294888138771,
-0.14748242497444153,
-0.4289965033531189,
0.21164138615131378,
0.042281825095415115,
-0.026068193838000... | As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book... | The city has two universities — Newcastle University and Northumbria University. Newcastle University has its origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834 and became independent from Durham University on 1 August 1963 to form the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle University is now one o... | In his 1854 book "The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star" John Choules described Southampton thus: "I hardly know a town that can show a more beautiful Main Street than Southampton, except it be Oxford. The High Street opens from the quay, and under various names it winds in a gently sweeping line for one mile and a ... | Grey Street | 92,783 |
57266ec2dd62a815002e84a3 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of arch... | When was a part of Grainger Town destroyed? | {
"answer_start": [
771,
774,
774
],
"text": [
"in the 1960s",
"the 1960s",
"the 1960s"
]
} | When was a part of [MASK] destroyed? | [
-0.057143423706293106,
0.035728082060813904,
-0.301440566778183,
0.2585603892803192,
0.1987197995185852,
-0.07253026217222214,
0.06465546786785126,
-0.09324995428323746,
-0.08919481933116913,
0.11187366396188736,
-0.24670341610908508,
-0.1572861671447754,
-0.03151046112179756,
0.3574919402... | Feynman traveled to Brazil, where he gave courses at the BCPF (Brazilian Center for Physics Research) and near the end of his life schemed to visit the Russian land of Tuva, a dream that, because of Cold War bureaucratic problems, never became reality. The day after he died, a letter arrived for him from the Soviet gov... | The city has two universities — Newcastle University and Northumbria University. Newcastle University has its origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834 and became independent from Durham University on 1 August 1963 to form the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle University is now one o... | With the death of Captain Francis Fowke, Royal Engineers the next architect to work at the museum was Colonel (later Major General) Henry Young Darracott Scott, also of the Royal Engineers. He designed to the north west of the garden the five-storey School for Naval Architects (also known as the science schools), now t... | in the 1960s | 92,784 |
57266ec2dd62a815002e84a4 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of arch... | What is in Eldon Square? | {
"answer_start": [
817,
817,
800
],
"text": [
"Shopping Centre",
"Shopping Centre",
"the Eldon Square Shopping Centre"
]
} | What is in [MASK]? | [
0.11064235121011734,
0.28019025921821594,
-0.11857128143310547,
0.1909657120704651,
0.1953457146883011,
0.06669341027736664,
0.004658191930502653,
-0.04612690582871437,
-0.0505577027797699,
0.1450364887714386,
-0.3906789720058441,
-0.0896981880068779,
0.014614290557801723,
0.18893140554428... | Ireland, the United Kingdom and the three Crown Dependencies are all parliamentary democracies, with their own separate parliaments. All parts of the United Kingdom return members to parliament in London. In addition to this, voters in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland return members to a parliament in Edinburgh and... | The city has two universities — Newcastle University and Northumbria University. Newcastle University has its origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834 and became independent from Durham University on 1 August 1963 to form the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle University is now one o... | The city still contains many theatres. The largest, the Theatre Royal on Grey Street, first opened in 1837, designed by John and Benjamin Green. It has hosted a season of performances from the Royal Shakespeare Company for over 25 years, as well as touring productions of West End musicals. The Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre h... | Shopping Centre | 92,785 |
57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa4 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Another green space in Newcastle is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it. The right incidentally extends to the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United F... | What's the name of the green space north of the center of Newcastle? | {
"answer_start": [
40,
36,
36
],
"text": [
"Town Moor",
"the Town Moor",
"the Town Moor"
]
} | What's the name of the green space north of the center of [MASK]? | [
0.20927110314369202,
-0.2073269784450531,
0.35886457562446594,
0.27684837579727173,
0.4250771403312683,
-0.12196255475282669,
-0.4158722758293152,
0.1039833277463913,
-0.2617451548576355,
-0.1685914248228073,
-0.25602832436561584,
-0.37362927198410034,
-0.17027246952056885,
0.1069471314549... | During the early 20th century it became increasingly common to bury cremated remains rather than coffins in the abbey. In 1905 the actor Sir Henry Irving was cremated and his ashes buried in Westminster Abbey, thereby becoming the first person ever to be cremated prior to interment at the abbey. The majority of interme... | In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK. There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK. It incorporates a flagship Debenhams store as... | Charles Avison, the leading British composer of concertos in the 18th century, was born in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770. Basil Hume, Archbishop of Westminster, was born in the city in 1923. Vice Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood, was born in the city. Ironmaster, metallurgist, an... | Town Moor | 92,786 |
57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa5 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Another green space in Newcastle is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it. The right incidentally extends to the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United F... | What an the freeman of Newcastle do with their cows on the Town Moor? | {
"answer_start": [
218,
218,
218
],
"text": [
"graze",
"graze",
"graze cattle on it."
]
} | What an the freeman of [MASK] do with their cows on [MASK]? | [
0.33258822560310364,
0.40578415989875793,
-0.14583349227905273,
0.16315555572509766,
0.27542629837989807,
0.23717643320560455,
0.3787992596626282,
-0.09764181077480316,
0.08396909385919571,
-0.13189125061035156,
-0.19440415501594543,
0.16063205897808075,
-0.0334620326757431,
0.211488753557... | Prior to the 12th century, women accounted for less than one percent of the world’s Islamic scholars. However, al-Sakhawi and Mohammad Akram Nadwi have since found evidence of over 8,000 female scholars since the 15th century. al-Sakhawi devotes an entire volume of his 12-volume biographical dictionary al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ... | In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK. There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK. It incorporates a flagship Debenhams store as... | The major soap operas on British television each feature a pub, and these pubs have become household names. The Rovers Return is the pub in Coronation Street, the British soap broadcast on ITV. The Queen Vic (short for the Queen Victoria) is the pub in EastEnders, the major soap on BBC One and the Woolpack in ITV's Emm... | graze | 92,787 |
57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa7 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Another green space in Newcastle is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it. The right incidentally extends to the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United F... | What is said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
586,
586,
586
],
"text": [
"The Hoppings funfair",
"The Hoppings funfair",
"The Hoppings funfair"
]
} | What is said to be the largest travelling funfair in [MASK]? | [
-0.12018836289644241,
-0.06944750994443893,
0.5147760510444641,
0.247775137424469,
0.26174062490463257,
0.06958938390016556,
0.02397456392645836,
0.27540647983551025,
-0.45352140069007874,
0.2546185553073883,
-0.43490344285964966,
-0.2612495720386505,
-0.15049569308757782,
0.32773432135581... | There are more than 900 million Protestants worldwide,[ad] among approximately 2.4 billion Christians.[ae] In 2010, a total of more than 800 million included 300 million in Sub-Saharan Africa, 260 million in the Americas, 140 million in Asia-Pacific region, 100 million in Europe and 2 million in Middle East-North Afric... | In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK. There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK. It incorporates a flagship Debenhams store as... | There were 72.1 million visitors to the city's museums and monuments in 2013. The city's top tourist attraction was the Notre Dame Cathedral, which welcomed 14 million visitors in 2013. The Louvre museum had more than 9.2 million visitors in 2013, making it the most visited museum in the world. The other top cultural a... | The Hoppings funfair | 92,788 |
57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa8 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Another green space in Newcastle is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it. The right incidentally extends to the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United F... | When is the funfair held in Newcastle? | {
"answer_start": [
686,
686,
674
],
"text": [
"June",
"June",
"annually in June"
]
} | When is the funfair held in [MASK]? | [
-0.010010440833866596,
-0.19088655710220337,
0.5703244805335999,
0.157762348651886,
0.18531081080436707,
-0.22645659744739532,
-0.010255442000925541,
0.27885448932647705,
-0.1390206217765808,
0.08960612118244171,
-0.5850450396537781,
-0.1094878688454628,
-0.02024311013519764,
0.17786048352... | An ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy by Kautilya and Viṣhṇugupta, who are traditionally identified with Chāṇakya (c. 350–-283 BCE). In this treatise, the behaviors and relationships of the people, the King, the State, the Government Superintendents, Courtiers, Enemies, Invader... | In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK. There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK. It incorporates a flagship Debenhams store as... | In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK. There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK. It incorporates a flagship Debenhams store as... | June | 92,789 |
57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa6 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Another green space in Newcastle is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it. The right incidentally extends to the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United F... | What honorary title does Bob Geldof hold? | {
"answer_start": [
446,
446,
437
],
"text": [
"freemen",
"freemen",
"Honorary freemen"
]
} | What honorary title does [MASK] hold? | [
0.2356080412864685,
0.3167575001716614,
0.14746294915676117,
0.023127499967813492,
0.07047884911298752,
-0.21960683166980743,
0.15124033391475677,
-0.04473999887704849,
-0.1943756341934204,
0.2786404490470886,
-0.28516584634780884,
0.05067019909620285,
-0.029014524072408676,
0.138651013374... | Unfortunately for those who wanted or were required to wear green, there were no good vegetal green dyes which resisted washing and sunlight. Green dyes were made out of the fern, plantain, buckthorn berries, the juice of nettles and of leeks, the digitalis plant, the broom plant, the leaves of the fraxinus, or ash tre... | In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK. There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK. It incorporates a flagship Debenhams store as... | Of the 80 torch-bearers in London, Sir Steve Redgrave, who started the relay, mentioned to the media that he had received e-mailed pleas to boycott the event and could "see why they would like to make an issue" of it. Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan refused to carry the torch, while Konnie Huq decided to carry i... | freemen | 92,790 |
57267076708984140094c601 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge, the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council and has integrated the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major cultural developments in Gateshead, including ... | What has replaced the former shipping premises? | {
"answer_start": [
0,
0,
77
],
"text": [
"Large-scale regeneration",
"Large-scale regeneration",
"new office developments"
]
} | What has replaced the former shipping premises? | [
0.14617426693439484,
0.10297606885433197,
0.24579539895057678,
-0.17980584502220154,
0.5632597804069519,
0.2590004503726959,
-0.22787566483020782,
0.13094164431095123,
-0.1950158178806305,
-0.06617556512355804,
-0.2111566960811615,
-0.022526942193508148,
-0.057572390884160995,
0.3229162096... | Street vendors play their trade from stalls in the tianguis as well as at non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals; at plazas comerciales, where vendors of a certain "theme" (e.g. stationery) are housed; originally these were organized to accommodate vendors formerly selling on the s... | The Hoppings, reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park. Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest... | The V&A is in discussion with the University of Dundee, University of Abertay, Dundee City Council and the Scottish Government with a view to opening a new £43 million gallery in Dundee that would use the V&A brand although it would be funded through and operated independently. As of 2015, with costs estimated at £76 m... | Large-scale regeneration | 92,791 |
57267076708984140094c602 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge, the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council and has integrated the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major cultural developments in Gateshead, including ... | Who commissioned the Gateshead Milennium Bridge? | {
"answer_start": [
184,
184,
184
],
"text": [
"Gateshead Council",
"Gateshead Council",
"Gateshead Council"
]
} | Who commissioned [MASK]? | [
0.3966487646102905,
-0.07638376951217651,
-0.1418159306049347,
0.3047279119491577,
0.13095435500144958,
0.5498145818710327,
-0.20432354509830475,
-0.3343210816383362,
-0.24276481568813324,
0.07202979922294617,
-0.20961807668209076,
0.028120256960392,
-0.053758181631565094,
0.02956211939454... | Glass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index of refraction... | The Hoppings, reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park. Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest... | From Newcastle International Ferry Terminal, at North Shields, Danish DFDS Seaways run a service to IJmuiden (near Amsterdam). The DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg, Sweden, ceased at the end of October 2006 – the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause – and their serv... | Gateshead Council | 92,792 |
57267076708984140094c603 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge, the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council and has integrated the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major cultural developments in Gateshead, including ... | Who designed the Sage Gateshead music center? | {
"answer_start": [
404,
404,
404
],
"text": [
"Norman Foster",
"Norman Foster",
"Norman Foster"
]
} | Who designed the [MASK] music center? | [
0.09393783658742905,
0.01864016056060791,
0.12009955197572708,
0.2507767677307129,
0.6797078847885132,
0.1049545481801033,
-0.15298353135585785,
-0.1178537905216217,
-0.038132619112730026,
-0.017216231673955917,
-0.21447058022022247,
-0.0815606564283371,
-0.08342977613210678,
0.14711551368... | The climate of Cork, like the rest of Ireland, is mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes. Cork lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b. Met Éireann maintains a climatological weather station at Cork Airport, a few kilometres south of the city. It should be noted that the airport is at an ... | The Hoppings, reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park. Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest... | The redevelopment of the city was planned by Sir Patrick Abercrombie in his 1943 Plan for Plymouth whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for London. Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types; by 1964 over 20,... | Norman Foster | 92,793 |
57267076708984140094c604 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge, the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council and has integrated the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major cultural developments in Gateshead, including ... | Why have Newcastle and Gateshead linked together under a common banner? | {
"answer_start": [
583,
686,
686
],
"text": [
"tourist promotion",
"to spearhead the regeneration of the North-East",
"to spearhead the regeneration of the North-East"
]
} | Why have [MASK] and [MASK] linked together under a common banner? | [
0.41480574011802673,
-0.044884566217660904,
-0.04368852078914642,
-0.10511866956949234,
0.015676116570830345,
-0.15401843190193176,
0.008587720803916454,
-0.0197625532746315,
-0.13434574007987976,
-0.3335360288619995,
-0.2526858448982239,
-0.25488537549972534,
-0.10445500165224075,
0.27720... | Before the Apollo program began, Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket engineers had started work on plans for very large launch vehicles, the Saturn series, and the even larger Nova series. In the midst of these plans, von Braun was transferred from the Army to NASA, and made Director of the Marshall Space Flight C... | The Hoppings, reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park. Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest... | Newcastle upon Tyne (RP: i/ˌnjuːkɑːsəl əˌpɒn ˈtaɪn/; Locally: i/njuːˌkæsəl əˌpən ˈtaɪn/), commonly known as Newcastle, is a city in Tyne and Wear, North East England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London on the northern bank of the River Tyne, 8.5 mi (13.7 km) from the North Sea.... | tourist promotion | 92,794 |
57267076708984140094c605 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | Large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge, the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council and has integrated the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major cultural developments in Gateshead, including ... | How many days did the River Tyne have the Bambuco Bridge? | {
"answer_start": [
795,
795,
791
],
"text": [
"ten",
"ten",
"for ten days"
]
} | How many days did [MASK] have [MASK]? | [
0.6446472406387329,
0.2370273768901825,
0.031462348997592926,
0.09495826810598373,
0.0698499083518982,
-0.017289241775870323,
0.18177057802677155,
0.039986029267311096,
-0.16060902178287506,
0.20609475672245026,
0.03611461818218231,
0.29588955640792847,
-0.10329514741897583,
-0.11338649690... | From 22 March through 26 March 1991, mass pro-democracy rallies and a nationwide strike was held in both urban and rural communities, which became known as les evenements ("the events") or the March Revolution. In Bamako, in response to mass demonstrations organized by university students and later joined by trade unio... | The Hoppings, reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park. Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest... | There are concentrations of pubs, bars and nightclubs around the Bigg Market and the Quayside area of the city centre. There are many bars on the Bigg Market, and other popular areas for nightlife are Collingwood Street, popularly referred to as the 'Diamond Strip' due to its concentration of high-end bars, Neville Str... | ten | 92,795 |
572671165951b619008f72b7 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street,... | What is the historic heart of Newcastle? | {
"answer_start": [
35,
39,
35
],
"text": [
"the Grainger Town area",
"Grainger Town area",
"the Grainger Town area"
]
} | What is the historic heart of [MASK]? | [
-0.24473024904727936,
-0.016254818066954613,
-0.009751403704285622,
0.11231391876935959,
0.4138101637363434,
0.13070853054523468,
0.20348557829856873,
0.20801013708114624,
-0.10874374210834503,
-0.12403407692909241,
-0.3123265504837036,
-0.28276556730270386,
0.1697363555431366,
0.267148315... | Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles give a long critique of the application of FST to human populations in their 2003 paper "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races". They find that the figure of 85% is misleading because it implies that all human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic div... | According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8 (the national average being 38.6). Many people in the city have Scottish or Irish ancestors. There is a strong presence of Border Reiver surnames, such as Armstrong, Charlton, Elliot, Johnstone, Kerr, Hall, Nixon, Little and Robson.... | The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests that Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour o... | the Grainger Town area | 92,796 |
572671165951b619008f72b8 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street,... | When was Richard Grainger actively building and developing? | {
"answer_start": [
144,
144,
144
],
"text": [
"between 1835 and 1842",
"between 1835 and 1842",
"between 1835 and 1842,"
]
} | When was [MASK] actively building and developing? | [
0.23471955955028534,
0.054753758013248444,
-0.07429379224777222,
0.09334751218557358,
0.14534394443035126,
0.2485947459936142,
-0.01374002918601036,
-0.006711494643241167,
-0.14425267279148102,
-0.08870593458414078,
0.04322459548711777,
0.06652499735355377,
0.08683475106954575,
-0.00502207... | Also, other human rights were advocated for by some Protestants. For example, torture was abolished in Prussia in 1740, slavery in Britain in 1834 and in the United States in 1865 (William Wilberforce, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Abraham Lincoln - against Southern Protestants). Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf were among t... | According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8 (the national average being 38.6). Many people in the city have Scottish or Irish ancestors. There is a strong presence of Border Reiver surnames, such as Armstrong, Charlton, Elliot, Johnstone, Kerr, Hall, Nixon, Little and Robson.... | The Parish Church of St Andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town'. The present building was begun in the 12th Century and the last addition to it, apart from the vestries, was the main porch in 1726. It is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from Saxon times. This ol... | between 1835 and 1842 | 92,797 |
572671165951b619008f72b9 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street,... | How high are many of the buildings with turrets? | {
"answer_start": [
391,
391,
391
],
"text": [
"four stories",
"four stories",
"four stories high"
]
} | How high are many of the buildings with turrets? | [
0.35977110266685486,
0.37844228744506836,
0.1255178451538086,
0.2277684062719345,
0.2981557548046112,
0.20352894067764282,
0.30747532844543457,
-0.18697981536388397,
-0.26076748967170715,
0.05298064276576042,
-0.260775625705719,
0.3233691453933716,
-0.21407254040241241,
-0.0547072850167751... | The departures of Núñez and van Gaal were hardly noticed by the fans when compared to that of Luís Figo, then club vice-captain. Figo had become a cult hero, and was considered by Catalans to be one of their own. However, Barcelona fans were distraught by Figo's decision to join arch-rivals Real Madrid, and, during sub... | According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8 (the national average being 38.6). Many people in the city have Scottish or Irish ancestors. There is a strong presence of Border Reiver surnames, such as Armstrong, Charlton, Elliot, Johnstone, Kerr, Hall, Nixon, Little and Robson.... | Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, the Newgate Centre, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byke... | four stories | 92,798 |
572671165951b619008f72ba | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street,... | How man of Grainger Town's 450 buildings are listed? | {
"answer_start": [
589,
589,
589
],
"text": [
"244",
"244",
"244 are listed,"
]
} | How man of [MASK] [MASK] buildings are listed? | [
0.15921786427497864,
0.49868330359458923,
-0.04658947512507439,
-0.189548060297966,
0.3673117756843567,
0.3089313805103302,
0.33934566378593445,
-0.4141157567501068,
-0.4053834080696106,
0.05769866704940796,
-0.43088299036026,
-0.005238069221377373,
-0.15276789665222168,
-0.071930333971977... | Scarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt, Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures. The ancient Chinese regarded cicadas as symbols of rebirth or immortality. In Mesopotamian literature, the epic poem of Gilgamesh has allusions to Odonata which signify the impossibility of immortality. Am... | According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8 (the national average being 38.6). Many people in the city have Scottish or Irish ancestors. There is a strong presence of Border Reiver surnames, such as Armstrong, Charlton, Elliot, Johnstone, Kerr, Hall, Nixon, Little and Robson.... | There are concentrations of pubs, bars and nightclubs around the Bigg Market and the Quayside area of the city centre. There are many bars on the Bigg Market, and other popular areas for nightlife are Collingwood Street, popularly referred to as the 'Diamond Strip' due to its concentration of high-end bars, Neville Str... | 244 | 92,799 |
572671e55951b619008f72d7 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market. The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market. At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe. The opening was celebra... | What earlier market did the Grainger Market replace? | {
"answer_start": [
79,
79,
79
],
"text": [
"the Butcher Market",
"the Butcher Market",
"the Butcher Market"
]
} | What earlier market did [MASK] replace? | [
0.1077428013086319,
-0.17995978891849518,
-0.00117040507029742,
0.08594764024019241,
0.13715200126171112,
0.29584595561027527,
-0.4697819650173187,
-0.012868898920714855,
-0.12779641151428223,
-0.10965671390295029,
-0.05532168969511986,
0.058820098638534546,
0.1369415521621704,
0.266881823... | In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporar... | In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families. They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s a... | In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families. They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s a... | the Butcher Market | 92,800 |
572671e55951b619008f72d8 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market. The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market. At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe. The opening was celebra... | When did Newcastle's first indoor market open? | {
"answer_start": [
141,
141,
138
],
"text": [
"1835",
"1835",
"in 1835"
]
} | When did [MASK] 's [MASK] indoor market open? | [
0.24128448963165283,
-0.023983115330338478,
0.1504666656255722,
0.035208456218242645,
0.20614369213581085,
0.17129188776016235,
-0.0022708927281200886,
0.19896382093429565,
-0.04550423100590706,
-0.0850217342376709,
-0.051079656928777695,
-0.039194658398628235,
-0.21465201675891876,
0.1750... | Carnivore was an electronic eavesdropping software system implemented by the FBI during the Clinton administration; it was designed to monitor email and electronic communications. After prolonged negative coverage in the press, the FBI changed the name of its system from "Carnivore" to "DCS1000." DCS is reported to sta... | In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families. They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s a... | Following guidelines set in the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998. As of 2012, the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living… The authority also ha... | 1835 | 92,801 |
572671e55951b619008f72d9 | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market. The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market. At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe. The opening was celebra... | How many guests attended the dinner celebrating the opening of the Grainger Market? | {
"answer_start": [
356,
356,
356
],
"text": [
"2000",
"2000",
"2000 guests"
]
} | How many guests attended the dinner celebrating the opening of [MASK]? | [
0.14284439384937286,
0.22513817250728607,
0.41579535603523254,
0.04828830063343048,
0.11828164756298065,
0.003970371559262276,
0.07037422806024551,
-0.054011519998311996,
-0.12482953816652298,
-0.031200436875224113,
-0.3215903639793396,
0.1462937444448471,
0.05110634118318558,
0.0508245974... | Specialty pharmacies supply high cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and filled, specialty ... | In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families. They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s a... | The Bingley Arms, Bardsey, Yorkshire, is claimed to date to 905 AD. Ye Olde Salutation Inn in Nottingham dates from 1240, although the building served as a tannery and a private residence before becoming an inn sometime before the English Civil War. The Adam and Eve in Norwich was first recorded in 1249, when it was an... | 2000 | 92,802 |
572671e55951b619008f72da | Newcastle_upon_Tyne | The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market. The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market. At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe. The opening was celebra... | How is the opening of the Grainger Market documented in the Laing Art Gallery? | {
"answer_start": [
399,
399,
399
],
"text": [
"a painting",
"a painting",
"a painting"
]
} | How is the opening of [MASK] documented in [MASK]? | [
0.1045670211315155,
0.13358953595161438,
0.12087065726518631,
0.14246682822704315,
0.393229216337204,
-0.10084974765777588,
0.08616665005683899,
-0.027796847745776176,
-0.04670659452676773,
-0.23114913702011108,
-0.4437946081161499,
-0.05480366572737694,
0.2669619619846344,
0.1870399713516... | In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was succ... | In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families. They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s a... | The main gallery was redesigned in 1994, the glass balustrade on the staircase and mezzanine are the work of Danny Lane, the gallery covering contemporary glass opened in 2004 and the sacred silver and stained-glass gallery in 2005. In this latter gallery stained glass is displayed alongside silverware starting in the ... | a painting | 92,803 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.