Split (1)

train · 97.7k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	title stringlengths 3 59	context stringlengths 151 4.06k	question stringlengths 1 25.7k	answers dict	masked_query stringlengths 1 25.7k	query_embedding list	random_answer stringlengths 151 4.06k	similar_answer stringlengths 152 4.06k	similar_answer_v2 stringlengths 151 4.06k ⌀	answer stringlengths 1 239	__index_level_0__ int64 0 98.2k
5726559edd62a815002e81ca	Black_Death	In England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300, and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million. By the end of 1350, the Black Death subsided, but it never really died out in England. Over the n...	How many people died in the outbreak of 1471?	{ "answer_start": [ 493, 493, 493 ], "text": [ "10–15% of the population", "10–15% of the population", "10–15% of the population" ] }	How many people died in the outbreak of [MASK]?	[ 0.3895424008369446, 0.10273763537406921, -0.05102415382862091, -0.06300877034664154, -0.04905695095658302, 0.44757741689682007, 0.3325656056404114, -0.1406097710132599, -0.3124455511569977, -0.1348569244146347, -0.0683962032198906, -0.10092989355325699, -0.42746224999427795, 0.202350407838...	Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became Shizoku (士族) who retained some of their salaries, but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid...	The population of England rose rapidly during the 19th and 20th centuries whereas the populations of Scotland and Wales have shown little increase during the 20th century, with the population of Scotland remaining unchanged since 1951. Ireland for most of its history comprised a population proportionate to its land are...	In other cities, class conflict was more evident. Over a quarter of London's population had left the city by November 1940. Civilians left for more remote areas of the country. Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went. Other reasons, including industry dispersal may ...	10–15% of the population	92,604
5726559edd62a815002e81cb	Black_Death	In England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300, and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million. By the end of 1350, the Black Death subsided, but it never really died out in England. Over the n...	When was the great plague of London?	{ "answer_start": [ 771, 771, 771 ], "text": [ "1665", "1665", "1665" ] }	When was the great plague of [MASK]?	[ -0.015247413888573647, 0.09839984029531479, -0.22332681715488434, -0.3181876242160797, -0.18031734228134155, 0.11312079429626465, 0.4448479413986206, 0.19254469871520996, -0.2710934579372406, -0.20958447456359863, 0.05206122621893883, -0.10661358386278152, -0.13849250972270966, 0.439097613...	The opening years of the 1980s saw a number of changes in personnel and direction of established hard rock acts, including the deaths of Bon Scott, the lead singer of AC/DC, and John Bonham, drummer with Led Zeppelin. Whereas Zeppelin broke up almost immediately afterwards, AC/DC pressed on, recording the album Back in...	The population of England rose rapidly during the 19th and 20th centuries whereas the populations of Scotland and Wales have shown little increase during the 20th century, with the population of Scotland remaining unchanged since 1951. Ireland for most of its history comprised a population proportionate to its land are...	Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants. The...	1665	92,605
57265642f1498d1400e8dc68	Black_Death	In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 ...	How many people died of plague in Paris in 1466?	{ "answer_start": [ 17, 17, 17 ], "text": [ "40,000", "40,000", "40,000" ] }	How many people died of plague in [MASK] in [MASK]?	[ 0.30801817774772644, 0.06023203209042549, 0.004325510933995247, -0.10996775329113007, 0.04468236491084099, 0.6225802898406982, 0.3578297197818756, -0.06718888878822327, -0.4910786747932434, -0.12052158266305923, -0.011744911782443523, -0.16462388634681702, -0.397391676902771, 0.13520801067...	The Swiss climate is generally temperate, but can vary greatly between the localities, from glacial conditions on the mountaintops to the often pleasant near Mediterranean climate at Switzerland's southern tip. There are some valley areas in the southern part of Switzerland where some cold-hardy palm trees are found. S...	Demographically, it was the most diverse city in Poland, with significant numbers of foreign-born inhabitants. In addition to the Polish majority, there was a significant Jewish minority in Warsaw. According to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 638,000, Jews constituted 219,000 (around 34% percent)...	Between the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and the Anglo-French declaration of War against the German Reich on 3 September 1939, the entire city (a total of 120,000 people) was evacuated, like other border towns as well. Until the arrival of the Wehrmacht troops mid-June 1940, the city was, for ten month...	40,000	92,606
57265642f1498d1400e8dc69	Black_Death	In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 ...	The black plague ravaged Europe for three years followed by what country?	{ "answer_start": [ 235, 235, 235 ], "text": [ "Russia", "Russia", "Russia" ] }	The black plague ravaged [MASK] for [MASK] followed by what country?	[ 0.05076472461223602, -0.059616439044475555, -0.07696543633937836, -0.13471639156341553, -0.018576350063085556, 0.28027597069740295, 0.4131525754928589, 0.2846214473247528, -0.2716689109802246, -0.03272634372115135, -0.19180865585803986, -0.2970607876777649, -0.4171503186225891, 0.390103340...	New Haven is the birthplace of former president George W. Bush, who was born when his father, former president George H. W. Bush, was living in New Haven while a student at Yale. In addition to being the site of the college educations of both Presidents Bush, as Yale students, New Haven was also the temporary home of f...	During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.	In England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300, and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million. By the end of 1350, the Black Death subsided, but it never really died out in England. Over the n...	Russia	92,607
57265642f1498d1400e8dc6b	Black_Death	In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 ...	Which outbreak was associated with troops in the thirty years war?	{ "answer_start": [ 732, 736, 736 ], "text": [ "the Italian Plague of 1629–1631", "Italian Plague", "Italian Plague" ] }	Which outbreak was associated with troops in the [MASK] war?	[ 0.03223875164985657, -0.009522128850221634, -0.20820297300815582, -0.040846049785614014, -0.3274821639060974, 0.27303367853164673, 0.2674308121204376, 0.11919193714857101, -0.2276829034090042, -0.21802380681037903, -0.27799537777900696, -0.25427138805389404, -0.26265421509742737, 0.3294273...	The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations Executive. This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). O...	Demographically, it was the most diverse city in Poland, with significant numbers of foreign-born inhabitants. In addition to the Polish majority, there was a significant Jewish minority in Warsaw. According to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 638,000, Jews constituted 219,000 (around 34% percent)...	Renewed religious warfare in the 1620s caused the political and military privileges of the Huguenots to be abolished following their defeat. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV, who progressively increased persecution of them until he issued the Edict of Fontaineble...	the Italian Plague of 1629–1631	92,608
57265642f1498d1400e8dc6c	Black_Death	In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 ...	When was the last plague outbreak?	{ "answer_start": [ 925, 966, 966 ], "text": [ "The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.", "1654", "1654" ] }	When was the last plague outbreak?	[ 0.014637143351137638, -0.12838521599769592, 0.06368202716112137, -0.1424347460269928, 0.004082652274519205, 0.12407009303569794, 0.2679665684700012, 0.135080948472023, -0.31154513359069824, -0.24694152176380157, -0.06858442723751068, -0.31815606355667114, -0.26580432057380676, 0.2572714090...	Continuing the style of the earlier buildings, various designers were responsible for the decoration, the terracotta embellishments were again the work of Godfrey Sykes, although sgraffito was used to decorate the east side of the building designed by F. W. Moody, a final embellishment were the wrought iron gates made ...	Demographically, it was the most diverse city in Poland, with significant numbers of foreign-born inhabitants. In addition to the Polish majority, there was a significant Jewish minority in Warsaw. According to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 638,000, Jews constituted 219,000 (around 34% percent)...	The city went through serious troubles in the mid-fourteenth century. On the one hand were the decimation of the population by the Black Death of 1348 and subsequent years of epidemics — and on the other, the series of wars and riots that followed. Among these were the War of the Union, a citizen revolt against the exc...	The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.	92,609
57265642f1498d1400e8dc6a	Black_Death	In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 ...	How many times did plague occur in Venice?	{ "answer_start": [ 577, 577, 577 ], "text": [ "22 times between 1361 and 1528", "22", "22" ] }	How many times did plague occur in [MASK]?	[ 0.38021320104599, 0.10503838211297989, -0.020244119688868523, -0.17726178467273712, 0.03032241202890873, 0.41068923473358154, 0.3241764008998871, 0.1583918035030365, -0.5065990090370178, -0.2118690460920334, 0.1707286685705185, -0.1181103065609932, -0.42519426345825195, 0.27761295437812805...	Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps, many governments have introduced measures to ban their use, by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps. Measures to ban light bulbs have been implemented in the European Union, the U...	Demographically, it was the most diverse city in Poland, with significant numbers of foreign-born inhabitants. In addition to the Polish majority, there was a significant Jewish minority in Warsaw. According to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 638,000, Jews constituted 219,000 (around 34% percent)...	The government planned to voluntarily evacuate four million people—mostly women and children—from urban areas, including 1.4 million from London. It expected about 90% of evacuees to stay in private homes, and conducted an extensive survey to determine available space. Detailed preparations for transporting them were d...	22 times between 1361 and 1528	92,610
57265700dd62a815002e820e	Black_Death	In the first half of the 17th century, a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14% of the population. In 1656, the plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants. More than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain. The plague of 1649 probably ...	How many were killed by plague in Italy in the 17th century?	{ "answer_start": [ 56, 61, 61 ], "text": [ "some 1.7 million victims", "1.7 million", "1.7 million" ] }	How many were killed by plague in [MASK] in [MASK]?	[ 0.39240410923957825, 0.06283142417669296, 0.001712003257125616, -0.0783136785030365, -0.003998907748609781, 0.6661878824234009, 0.29475393891334534, -0.051889270544052124, -0.4937334954738617, -0.18370682001113892, -0.055690500885248184, -0.12303478270769119, -0.4067595303058624, 0.1469170...	On January 21, 2014 IBM announced that company executives would forgo bonuses for fiscal year 2013. The move came as the firm reported a 5% drop in sales and 1% decline in net profit over 2012. It also committed to a $1.2bn plus expansion of its data center and cloud-storage business, including the development of 15 ne...	The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterra...	Although Germany used forced labourers in most occupied countries, Poles and other Slavs were viewed as inferior by Nazi propaganda, thus, better suited for such duties. Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for forced labour, against their will. All Polish males were required to perfo...	some 1.7 million victims	92,611
57265700dd62a815002e820f	Black_Death	In the first half of the 17th century, a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14% of the population. In 1656, the plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants. More than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain. The plague of 1649 probably ...	How many were killed by plague in Naples in 1656?	{ "answer_start": [ 150, 156, 156 ], "text": [ "about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants", "half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants", "half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants" ] }	How many were killed by plague in [MASK] in [MASK]?	[ 0.39240410923957825, 0.06283142417669296, 0.001712003257125616, -0.0783136785030365, -0.003998907748609781, 0.6661878824234009, 0.29475393891334534, -0.051889270544052124, -0.4937334954738617, -0.18370682001113892, -0.055690500885248184, -0.12303478270769119, -0.4067595303058624, 0.1469170...	Though Britain and the empire emerged victorious from the Second World War, the effects of the conflict were profound, both at home and abroad. Much of Europe, a continent that had dominated the world for several centuries, was in ruins, and host to the armies of the United States and the Soviet Union, who now held the...	The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterra...	The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses. Stephen J. Lee estimates that, by the end of World War II in 1945, the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have be...	about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants	92,612
57265700dd62a815002e8210	Black_Death	In the first half of the 17th century, a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14% of the population. In 1656, the plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants. More than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain. The plague of 1649 probably ...	How many residents of Seville died of plague in 1649?	{ "answer_start": [ 320, 357, 357 ], "text": [ "reduced the population of Seville by half", "half", "half" ] }	How many residents of [MASK] died of plague in [MASK]?	[ 0.3083634078502655, 0.13268983364105225, 0.0850190669298172, -0.13426204025745392, 0.1905200481414795, 0.6048791408538818, 0.4098188579082489, -0.0645972415804863, -0.41996368765830994, -0.10530874878168106, -0.1402205228805542, -0.18228338658809662, -0.35870862007141113, 0.140777811408042...	The first direct elections for native Kenyans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957. Despite British hopes of handing power to "moderate" local rivals, it was the Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta that formed a government. The Colony of Kenya and the Protectorate of Kenya each came to an end ...	The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterra...	The persecution reached a peak in Nazi Germany's Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews. Of the world's 15 million Jews in 1939, more than a third were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust—the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews (and cer...	reduced the population of Seville by half	92,613
57265700dd62a815002e8211	Black_Death	In the first half of the 17th century, a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14% of the population. In 1656, the plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants. More than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain. The plague of 1649 probably ...	Who fought in the great Northern war?	{ "answer_start": [ 440, 440, 440 ], "text": [ "Sweden v. Russia and allies", "Sweden v. Russia and allies", "Sweden v. Russia and allies" ] }	Who fought in the great [MASK] war?	[ -0.11972950398921967, -0.011552555486559868, -0.17258627712726593, 0.0493336096405983, -0.14970150589942932, 0.19512709975242615, 0.29605531692504883, 0.01248666737228632, -0.2821333110332489, -0.14757415652275085, -0.17412707209587097, 0.08014039695262909, -0.019382262602448463, 0.1971164...	The Israel Defense Forces is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces, and is headed by its Chief of General Staff, the Ramatkal, subordinate to the Cabinet. The IDF consist of the army, air force and navy. It was founded during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War by consolidating paramilitary organizations—chiefly ...	The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterra...	Realizing that war was imminent, Prussia preemptively struck Saxony and quickly overran it. The result caused uproar across Europe. Because of Prussia's alliance with Britain, Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war. Reluctantly, by follo...	Sweden v. Russia and allies	92,614
57265700dd62a815002e8212	Black_Death	In the first half of the 17th century, a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14% of the population. In 1656, the plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants. More than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain. The plague of 1649 probably ...	When was Europe's last major epidemic?	{ "answer_start": [ 674, 674, 674 ], "text": [ "1720 in Marseille.", "1720", "1720" ] }	When was [MASK] 's last major epidemic?	[ -0.06846257299184799, -0.082463338971138, -0.10490769147872925, -0.15108166635036469, 0.10142897069454193, 0.15848641097545624, 0.38367801904678345, 0.2862328588962555, -0.2778407037258148, -0.11004968732595444, -0.11720872670412064, -0.2147762030363083, -0.21524135768413544, 0.29324725270...	In a 1986 interview, Rocky Jones, the former club DJ who ran the D.J. International record label, doesn't mention Importes Etc., Frankie Knuckles, or the Warehouse by name, but agrees that "house" was a regional catch-all term for dance music, and that it was once synonymous with older disco music.	The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterra...	The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, Northern India and Uganda. Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscr...	1720 in Marseille.	92,615
5726577f708984140094c301	Black_Death	The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world. Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850. Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants to it in 1620–21, and again in 1654–57, 1665, 1691, and 1740–42....	During which years was the plague present in Islamic countries?	{ "answer_start": [ 137, 145, 145 ], "text": [ "between 1500 and 1850", "1500 and 1850", "1500 and 1850" ] }	During which years was the plague present in [MASK] countries?	[ -0.059311285614967346, -0.028206631541252136, -0.05204855278134346, -0.11673485487699509, -0.012514027766883373, 0.28674060106277466, 0.3309851288795471, 0.3507370948791504, -0.4252684712409973, -0.012728055007755756, -0.005737829487770796, -0.33778220415115356, -0.2755272686481476, 0.3579...	Northwestern is a large, residential research university. Accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and the respective national professional organizations for chemistry, psychology, business, education, journalism, music, engineering, law, and medicine, the university offers 124 undergraduate ...	Prior to 1948, approximately 800,000 Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel). Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French-controlled Maghreb region, 15–20% in the Kingdom of Iraq, approximately 10% in the Kingdom of Egypt and approximately 7% in the Kingdom of Yemen. A furt...	The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacement by the Abbasid d...	between 1500 and 1850	92,616
5726577f708984140094c302	Black_Death	The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world. Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850. Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants to it in 1620–21, and again in 1654–57, 1665, 1691, and 1740–42....	How many people were lost in Algiers during 1620-21?	{ "answer_start": [ 226, 226, 226 ], "text": [ "30 to 50 thousand inhabitants", "30 to 50 thousand", "30 to 50 thousand" ] }	How many people were lost in [MASK] during [MASK]?	[ 0.351647287607193, 0.21200092136859894, 0.07258141785860062, 0.1911194771528244, 0.34760719537734985, 0.43298548460006714, 0.45011019706726074, -0.11574915796518326, -0.46832790970802307, 0.0981404036283493, -0.3255619406700134, 0.011015343479812145, -0.13212238252162933, 0.072026722133159...	The Gregorian reform contained two parts: a reform of the Julian calendar as used prior to Pope Gregory XIII's time and a reform of the lunar cycle used by the Church, with the Julian calendar, to calculate the date of Easter. The reform was a modification of a proposal made by Aloysius Lilius. His proposal included re...	Prior to 1948, approximately 800,000 Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel). Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French-controlled Maghreb region, 15–20% in the Kingdom of Iraq, approximately 10% in the Kingdom of Egypt and approximately 7% in the Kingdom of Yemen. A furt...	From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland. Finally ...	30 to 50 thousand inhabitants	92,617
5726577f708984140094c303	Black_Death	The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world. Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850. Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants to it in 1620–21, and again in 1654–57, 1665, 1691, and 1740–42....	How long did plague last in the Ottoman empire?	{ "answer_start": [ 370, 370, 370 ], "text": [ "until the second quarter of the 19th century.", "until the second quarter of the 19th century", "until the second quarter of the 19th century" ] }	How long did plague last in the [MASK] empire?	[ 0.03977411612868309, 0.13230180740356445, -0.16692036390304565, -0.008048162795603275, -0.09454550594091415, 0.22119969129562378, 0.24470466375350952, 0.25483155250549316, -0.3467952013015747, -0.06942871958017349, 0.12690281867980957, -0.12358742207288742, -0.08310626447200775, 0.22400568...	The climate of New Delhi is a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) with high variation between summer and winter in terms of both temperature and rainfall. The temperature varies from 46 °C (115 °F) in summers to around 0 °C (32 °F) in winters. The area's version of a humid subtropical climate is n...	Prior to 1948, approximately 800,000 Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel). Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French-controlled Maghreb region, 15–20% in the Kingdom of Iraq, approximately 10% in the Kingdom of Egypt and approximately 7% in the Kingdom of Yemen. A furt...	While Western Armenia still remained under Ottoman rule, the Armenians were granted considerable autonomy within their own enclaves and lived in relative harmony with other groups in the empire (including the ruling Turks). However, as Christians under a strict Muslim social system, Armenians faced pervasive discrimina...	until the second quarter of the 19th century.	92,618
5726577f708984140094c304	Black_Death	The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world. Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850. Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants to it in 1620–21, and again in 1654–57, 1665, 1691, and 1740–42....	How many people, at most, have died of plague in Baghdad?	{ "answer_start": [ 642, 642, 642 ], "text": [ "two-thirds of its population", "two-thirds of its population", "two-thirds of its population" ] }	How many people, at most, have died of plague in [MASK]?	[ 0.4369150996208191, 0.0646023228764534, 0.008740490302443504, -0.13512083888053894, 0.17340657114982605, 0.5382452607154846, 0.3218032121658325, 0.07116765528917313, -0.49606817960739136, -0.15455806255340576, -0.08073098957538605, -0.16047817468643188, -0.3898504674434662, 0.1003587469458...	Madonna holds the record for the most number-ones on all combined Billboard charts, including twelve number-one songs on the Billboard Hot 100 and eight number-one albums on the Billboard 200. With 45 songs topping the Hot Dance Club Songs chart, Madonna became the artist with the most number-one songs on an active Bil...	Prior to 1948, approximately 800,000 Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel). Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French-controlled Maghreb region, 15–20% in the Kingdom of Iraq, approximately 10% in the Kingdom of Egypt and approximately 7% in the Kingdom of Yemen. A furt...	Prior to 1948, approximately 800,000 Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel). Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French-controlled Maghreb region, 15–20% in the Kingdom of Iraq, approximately 10% in the Kingdom of Egypt and approximately 7% in the Kingdom of Yemen. A furt...	two-thirds of its population	92,619
572657d9dd62a815002e8230	Geology	There are three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock, and magma. When a rock crystallizes from melt (magma and/or lava), it is an igneous rock. This rock can be weathered and er...	An igneous rock is a rock that crystallizes from what?	{ "answer_start": [ 238, 238, 215, 238 ], "text": [ "melt (magma and/or lava)", "melt", "rock crystallizes from melt (magma and/or lava)", "melt (magma and/or lava)" ] }	An igneous rock is a rock that crystallizes from what?	[ -0.025664914399385452, 0.3724493980407715, -0.28421393036842346, 0.20368123054504395, 0.062958262860775, 0.08302890509366989, 0.4141884446144104, 0.17145979404449463, 0.02041999250650406, 0.005642505828291178, -0.3177028000354767, -0.2375548630952835, -0.060649074614048004, 0.3540872931480...	Through 2010, the party improved its vote in the Tasmanian and South Australian state elections and achieved state government in Victoria. In March 2011, the New South Wales Liberal-National Coalition led by Barry O'Farrell won government with the largest election victory in post-war Australian history at the State Ele...	Alloys are often made to alter the mechanical properties of the base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties. Most metals and alloys can be work hardened by creating defects in their crystal structure. These defects are created during plastic deformation, such as hammering or bendin...	An alloy is a mixture of either pure or fairly pure chemical elements, which forms an impure substance (admixture) that retains the characteristics of a metal. An alloy is distinct from an impure metal, such as wrought iron, in that, with an alloy, the added impurities are usually desirable and will typically have some...	melt (magma and/or lava)	92,620
572657d9dd62a815002e8231	Geology	There are three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock, and magma. When a rock crystallizes from melt (magma and/or lava), it is an igneous rock. This rock can be weathered and er...	Sedimentary rock can be turned into which of the three types of rock?	{ "answer_start": [ 592, 592, 592, 592 ], "text": [ "metamorphic rock", "metamorphic", "metamorphic rock", "metamorphic" ] }	Sedimentary rock can be turned into which of the [MASK] types of rock?	[ 0.45762670040130615, 0.10833947360515594, -0.11913101375102997, 0.31071051955223083, 0.4544353187084198, 0.34616050124168396, 0.08871914446353912, 0.0033524446189403534, 0.00902665127068758, -0.007982278242707253, -0.37883591651916504, 0.34199196100234985, -0.037851665169000626, 0.30948966...	The alkali metal ions are small and mobile; their presence in glass allows a degree of electrical conductivity, especially in molten state or at high temperature. Their mobility decreases the chemical resistance of the glass, allowing leaching by water and facilitating corrosion. Alkaline earth ions, with their two pos...	Alloys are often made to alter the mechanical properties of the base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties. Most metals and alloys can be work hardened by creating defects in their crystal structure. These defects are created during plastic deformation, such as hammering or bendin...	Midway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of earthquakes and volcanoes. Lo...	metamorphic rock	92,621
572657d9dd62a815002e8232	Geology	There are three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock, and magma. When a rock crystallizes from melt (magma and/or lava), it is an igneous rock. This rock can be weathered and er...	When the three types of rock are re-melted what is formed?	{ "answer_start": [ 914, 949, 914, 918 ], "text": [ "new magma", "igneous", "new magma", "magma" ] }	When the [MASK] types of rock are re - melted what is formed?	[ -0.003825125517323613, 0.2900329530239105, 0.04463376849889755, 0.1879519522190094, 0.17739056050777435, 0.07146871834993362, 0.3170171082019806, -0.18761974573135376, -0.25417560338974, 0.08328156173229218, -0.5463979244232178, -0.047600407153367996, 0.11550461500883102, 0.383108228445053...	In late 2006[update], Dell lost its lead in the PC-business to Hewlett-Packard. Both Gartner and IDC estimated that in the third quarter of 2006, HP shipped more units worldwide than Dell did. Dell's 3.6% growth paled in comparison to HP's 15% growth during the same period. The problem got worse in the fourth quarter, ...	Alloys are often made to alter the mechanical properties of the base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties. Most metals and alloys can be work hardened by creating defects in their crystal structure. These defects are created during plastic deformation, such as hammering or bendin...	In the 1960s, a series of discoveries, the most important of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle, is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which i...	new magma	92,622
572657d9dd62a815002e8233	Geology	There are three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock, and magma. When a rock crystallizes from melt (magma and/or lava), it is an igneous rock. This rock can be weathered and er...	What are the three major types of rock?	{ "answer_start": [ 37, 37, 37, 37 ], "text": [ "igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic", "igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic", "igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic", "igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic" ] }	What are the [MASK] major types of rock?	[ 0.31944596767425537, 0.2861967384815216, -0.20656701922416687, 0.31063538789749146, 0.2745784819126129, 0.1939719021320343, 0.3458753228187561, 0.05933484062552452, -0.15140371024608612, 0.012138517573475838, -0.3627626597881317, 0.2242712378501892, -0.08573681861162186, 0.1174061223864555...	In December 1966, the AS-205 mission was canceled, since the validation of the CSM would be accomplished on the 14-day first flight, and AS-205 would have been devoted to space experiments and contribute no new engineering knowledge about the spacecraft. Its Saturn IB was allocated to the dual mission, now redesignated...	Alloys are often made to alter the mechanical properties of the base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties. Most metals and alloys can be work hardened by creating defects in their crystal structure. These defects are created during plastic deformation, such as hammering or bendin...	The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than ...	igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic	92,623
572657d9dd62a815002e8234	Geology	There are three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock, and magma. When a rock crystallizes from melt (magma and/or lava), it is an igneous rock. This rock can be weathered and er...	What changes the mineral content of a rock?	{ "answer_start": [ 430, 430, 430, 430 ], "text": [ "heat and pressure", "heat and pressure", "heat and pressure", "heat and pressure" ] }	What changes the mineral content of a rock?	[ 0.06572911143302917, 0.4377994239330292, -0.3703097999095917, 0.25872546434402466, 0.3572683334350586, -0.07348445802927017, 0.1978244036436081, 0.030006034299731255, 0.04048537835478783, 0.08881358057260513, -0.258475124835968, 0.13920657336711884, -0.10382236540317535, 0.3471197485923767...	The epistemological tensions between scientists and universities were also heightened by the economic realities of research during this time, as individual scientists, associations and universities were vying for limited resources. There was also competition from the formation of new colleges funded by private benefact...	Alloys are often made to alter the mechanical properties of the base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties. Most metals and alloys can be work hardened by creating defects in their crystal structure. These defects are created during plastic deformation, such as hammering or bendin...	Alloys are often made to alter the mechanical properties of the base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties. Most metals and alloys can be work hardened by creating defects in their crystal structure. These defects are created during plastic deformation, such as hammering or bendin...	heat and pressure	92,624
57265d08708984140094c397	Geology	In the 1960s, a series of discoveries, the most important of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle, is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which i...	What was the most important discovery that led to the understanding that Earth's lithosphere is separated into tectonic plates?	{ "answer_start": [ 71, 71, 71, 71 ], "text": [ "seafloor spreading", "seafloor spreading", "seafloor spreading", "seafloor spreading" ] }	What was the most important discovery that led to the understanding that [MASK] 's lithosphere is separated into tectonic plates?	[ 0.048034295439720154, 0.15254080295562744, -0.034121137112379074, 0.05498667061328888, 0.15868604183197021, 0.05087501183152199, -0.14287064969539642, -0.01754778064787388, -0.38688772916793823, -0.2565062344074249, -0.20131707191467285, -0.0657147616147995, 0.048190075904130936, 0.3630486...	In China, it opened on 12 November and earned $15 million on its opening day, which is the second biggest 2D single day gross for a Hollywood film behind the $18.5 million opening day of Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation and occupying 43% of all available screens which included $790,000 in advance night screenings. Th...	At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigra...	Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This post-glacial reb...	seafloor spreading	92,625
57265d08708984140094c398	Geology	In the 1960s, a series of discoveries, the most important of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle, is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which i...	Which parts of the Earth are included in the lithosphere?	{ "answer_start": [ 143, 147, 147, 147 ], "text": [ "the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle", "crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle", "crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle", "crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle"...	Which parts of the [MASK] are included in the lithosphere?	[ 0.28046125173568726, 0.1232544481754303, 0.1832943558692932, 0.305296391248703, 0.4091617166996002, -0.06298607587814331, -0.12072733044624329, 0.06660410016775131, -0.03831200674176216, -0.385483056306839, -0.35011371970176697, -0.19079644978046417, -0.23534922301769257, -0.05205078795552...	A dispute during the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875 prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor which concluded that, as Freemasonry was not a religion, it should not require a religious belief. The new constitutions read, "Its principles are absolute liberty of cons...	At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigra...	In many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were still connected. North America and Asia...	the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle	92,626
57265d08708984140094c399	Geology	In the 1960s, a series of discoveries, the most important of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle, is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which i...	What is another word for the Earth's upper mantle?	{ "answer_start": [ 333, 333, 333, 333 ], "text": [ "asthenosphere", "asthenosphere", "asthenosphere", "asthenosphere" ] }	What is another word for the [MASK] 's upper mantle?	[ 0.19978398084640503, 0.06110760197043419, -0.27049121260643005, 0.3795505464076996, 0.063313327729702, -0.020200757309794426, 0.1615300476551056, -0.05974024161696434, -0.26013290882110596, 0.03240716829895973, -0.43292170763015747, 0.04742765426635742, 0.2539479732513428, -0.0201212521642...	There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the Centre for Life with its Science Village; the Discovery Museum a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the Great North Museum; in 2009 the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of A...	At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigra...	The remainder was the world-ocean known as Panthalassa ("all the sea"). All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates; thus, very little is known of the Triassic open ocean. The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic—especially late in t...	asthenosphere	92,627
57265d08708984140094c39a	Geology	In the 1960s, a series of discoveries, the most important of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle, is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which i...	Plate tectonics can be seen as the intimate coupling between rigid plates on the surface of the Earth and what?	{ "answer_start": [ 724, 436, 436, 724 ], "text": [ "the convecting mantle", "convection of the mantle", "convection of the mantle", "the convecting mantle" ] }	Plate tectonics can be seen as the intimate coupling between rigid plates on the surface of the [MASK] and what?	[ 0.11777707189321518, 0.03317791223526001, 0.2690233290195465, 0.22485463321208954, 0.15798817574977875, 0.05051548406481743, -0.19397546350955963, -0.14611469209194183, -0.2276650071144104, -0.20921340584754944, -0.06340520828962326, 0.2349119782447815, -0.011512132361531258, 0.09272431582...	Efficiency of a transmitting antenna is the ratio of power actually radiated (in all directions) to the power absorbed by the antenna terminals. The power supplied to the antenna terminals which is not radiated is converted into heat. This is usually through loss resistance in the antenna's conductors, but can also be ...	At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigra...	The Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day. By the end of the Mesozoic era, the continents had rifted into nearly their present form. Laurasia became North America and Eurasia, while Gondwana split into South America, Africa, Australi...	the convecting mantle	92,628
57265d08708984140094c39b	Geology	In the 1960s, a series of discoveries, the most important of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle, is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which i...	In what decade was seafloor spreading discovered?	{ "answer_start": [ 3, 7, 7, 7 ], "text": [ "the 1960s", "1960s", "1960s", "1960s" ] }	In what decade was seafloor spreading discovered?	[ -0.2693062424659729, -0.16150547564029694, 0.20189589262008667, -0.031620535999536514, 0.3291761577129364, -0.037504468113183975, 0.04272853583097458, 0.11850495636463165, -0.4007142186164856, -0.23109351098537445, -0.12211056798696518, -0.12036232650279999, 0.20835021138191223, 0.20341517...	Meanwhile, ABC News, which formed as a newly separate division, sought to become a global leader in television news. In 1977, Roone Arledge was named president of the new ABC News in addition to being president of ABC Sports. That same year, ABC launched a major expansion of its office facilities in New York City. The ...	At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigra...	Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geol...	the 1960s	92,629
57265f605951b619008f70db	Geology	The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, whe...	What is the area called where two plates move apart?	{ "answer_start": [ 295, 295, 295, 295 ], "text": [ "divergent boundaries", "divergent boundaries", "divergent boundaries", "divergent boundaries" ] }	What is the area called where [MASK] plates move apart?	[ 0.08459166437387466, 0.18821486830711365, -0.06674034148454666, -0.051066458225250244, 0.3710700571537018, 0.21854668855667114, 0.019289137795567513, -0.16010811924934387, -0.39503297209739685, -0.12280029058456421, -0.35652923583984375, -0.13861753046512604, 0.10176737606525421, 0.1602115...	For some decades prior to the First Palestine Intifada in 1987, the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine took a "quiescent" stance towards Israel, focusing on preaching, education and social services, and benefiting from Israel's "indulgence" to build up a network of mosques and charitable organizations. As the First Intifa...	Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geol...	In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were de...	divergent boundaries	92,630
57265f605951b619008f70dc	Geology	The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, whe...	What is the area called where one plate subducts under another?	{ "answer_start": [ 398, 398, 398, 398 ], "text": [ "convergent boundaries", "convergent boundaries", "convergent boundaries", "convergent boundaries" ] }	What is the area called where [MASK] plate subducts under another?	[ 0.03196973353624344, 0.007327827159315348, 0.027517283335328102, 0.20135913789272308, 0.2032002955675125, 0.1364744007587433, 0.16297809779644012, -0.0980859100818634, -0.12019431591033936, -0.2140638828277588, -0.2430763989686966, -0.10805480182170868, 0.0042348294518888, 0.21574112772941...	Phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup. Athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were p...	Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geol...	The geologic record of the Proterozoic (2,500 to 541 million years ago) is more complete than that for the preceding Archean. In contrast to the deep-water deposits of the Archean, the Proterozoic features many strata that were laid down in extensive shallow epicontinental seas; furthermore, many of these rocks are les...	convergent boundaries	92,631
57265f605951b619008f70dd	Geology	The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, whe...	What type of fault boundary is defined by having widespread powerful earthquakes, as in the state of California?	{ "answer_start": [ 461, 461, 461, 461 ], "text": [ "Transform boundaries", "Transform", "Transform boundaries", "Transform boundaries" ] }	What type of fault boundary is defined by having widespread powerful earthquakes, as in the state of [MASK]?	[ 0.03726625442504883, -0.08153396099805832, -0.03216410055756569, 0.10953826457262039, 0.07220011204481125, -0.03897988423705101, 0.5479077696800232, -0.101046621799469, -0.2161063551902771, -0.10966423153877258, -0.33444085717201233, -0.03223595395684242, -0.07532408088445663, 0.0093884039...	A genre that greatly rose in importance was that of scientific literature. Natural history in particular became increasingly popular among the upper classes. Works of natural history include René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur's Histoire naturelle des insectes and Jacques Gautier d'Agoty's La Myologie complète, ou descri...	Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geol...	The remainder was the world-ocean known as Panthalassa ("all the sea"). All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates; thus, very little is known of the Triassic open ocean. The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic—especially late in t...	Transform boundaries	92,632
57265f605951b619008f70de	Geology	The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, whe...	Whose theory was the theory of continental drift?	{ "answer_start": [ 612, 612, 612, 612 ], "text": [ "Alfred Wegener", "Alfred Wegener", "Alfred Wegener", "Alfred Wegener" ] }	Whose theory was the theory of continental drift?	[ -0.03895977512001991, -0.027424108237028122, 0.07412368804216385, 0.028932632878422737, 0.18172946572303772, 0.11397383362054825, 0.06638605147600174, -0.028921524062752724, -0.12398817390203476, 0.018606144934892654, 0.008653822354972363, -0.36525455117225647, -0.1461981236934662, 0.30188...	In the greater metropolitan area, 13% of the population live below the poverty line. According to a 2012 report submitted by GHMC to the World Bank, Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of 1.7 million, of whom 66% live in 985 slums in the "core" of the city (the part that formed Hyderabad before the April ...	Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geol...	Compared to the vigorous convergent plate mountain-building of the late Paleozoic, Mesozoic tectonic deformation was comparatively mild. The sole major Mesozoic orogeny occurred in what is now the Arctic, creating the Innuitian orogeny, the Brooks Range, the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy Ranges in Siberia, and the Khingan M...	Alfred Wegener	92,633
57265f605951b619008f70df	Geology	The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, whe...	The lithosphere moves over which mantle n the theory of plate tectonics?	{ "answer_start": [ 1016, 1020, 1020, 1020 ], "text": [ "the convecting mantle", "convecting mantle", "convecting", "convecting" ] }	The lithosphere moves over which mantle n the theory of plate tectonics?	[ 0.1372830718755722, 0.0398307740688324, 0.3960418403148651, 0.12171746790409088, 0.19334380328655243, -0.051270581781864166, -0.089214026927948, -0.09959902614355087, -0.35458987951278687, -0.40884119272232056, -0.3648541271686554, -0.0791102722287178, -0.07232978194952011, 0.3756490945816...	The city's K-12 enrollment in district run schools has dropped in the last five years from 156,211 students in 2010 to 130,104 students in 2015. During the same time period, the enrollment in charter schools has increased from 33,995 students in 2010 to 62,358 students in 2015. This consistent drop in enrollment has le...	Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geol...	During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the M...	the convecting mantle	92,634
57266193dd62a815002e832a	Geology	Seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core (where shear waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Ea...	What types of waves do seismologists use to image the interior of the Earth?	{ "answer_start": [ 43, 43, 43, 43 ], "text": [ "seismic waves", "seismic", "seismic", "seismic" ] }	What types of waves do seismologists use to image the interior of the [MASK]?	[ 0.3113957941532135, 0.13095587491989136, 0.20526587963104248, 0.1312408745288849, 0.39145535230636597, 0.15506014227867126, 0.2815250754356384, -0.26733076572418213, -0.1446281373500824, -0.2619849443435669, -0.3255363404750824, 0.08780939877033234, 0.08224397897720337, -0.2779000699520111...	The carefully coded word in the agreement proved no less catalytic for the other European powers. The results were absolute chaos. Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged at the duplicity of Britain's position. Not only that France was so enraged, and terrified, by the sudden betrayal of its only ally. Austria, partic...	Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it...	Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes o...	seismic waves	92,635
57266193dd62a815002e832b	Geology	Seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core (where shear waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Ea...	In the layered model of the Earth, the outermost layer is what?	{ "answer_start": [ 332, 332, 342, 332 ], "text": [ "crust", "crust", "lithosphere", "crust and lithosphere" ] }	In the layered model of the [MASK], the outermost layer is what?	[ 0.050004541873931885, -0.2953900694847107, -0.018765071406960487, 0.32003822922706604, 0.32258930802345276, 0.05269525945186615, 0.02532840520143509, -0.08353987336158752, -0.08004044741392136, 0.029333051294088364, -0.29973068833351135, 0.06689385324716568, -0.10734117776155472, 0.0384808...	The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actuall...	Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it...	The principle of inclusions and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in ...	crust	92,636
57266193dd62a815002e832d	Geology	Seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core (where shear waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Ea...	In the layered model of the Earth there are seismic discontinuities in which layer?	{ "answer_start": [ 362, 366, 366, 366 ], "text": [ "the mantle", "mantle", "mantle", "mantle" ] }	In the layered model of the [MASK] there are seismic discontinuities in which layer?	[ 0.15026380121707916, -0.25259432196617126, 0.10794797539710999, 0.2734118700027466, 0.27118098735809326, 0.0337371751666069, 0.07868830859661102, -0.24775537848472595, -0.21326810121536255, 0.07415540516376495, -0.3936813175678253, 0.145708829164505, -0.14735828340053558, 0.007444239221513...	The New Haven area supports several medical facilities that are considered some of the best hospitals in the country. There are two major medical centers downtown: Yale – New Haven Hospital has four pavilions, including the Yale – New Haven Children's Hospital and the Smilow Cancer Hospital; the Hospital of Saint Rapha...	Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it...	In addition to identifying rocks in the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory. Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections of rock samples are analyzed throug...	the mantle	92,637
57266193dd62a815002e832e	Geology	Seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core (where shear waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Ea...	Recently a more detailed model of the Earth was developed. Seismologists were able to create this using images of what from the interior of the Earth?	{ "answer_start": [ 578, 578, 578 ], "text": [ "wave speeds", "wave speeds", "wave speeds" ] }	Recently a more detailed model of the [MASK] was developed. Seismologists were able to create this using images of what from the interior of the [MASK]?	[ 0.13843394815921783, 0.051849592477083206, 0.23224472999572754, 0.2123226821422577, 0.3323943018913269, 0.14242301881313324, 0.15093500912189484, -0.3449978232383728, -0.22216925024986267, -0.25139671564102173, -0.28943413496017456, -0.15814241766929626, 0.06592155992984772, -0.06695267558...	There are some theories on emotions arguing that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary in order for an emotion to occur. A prominent philosophical exponent is Robert C. Solomon (for example, The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life, 1993). Solomon claims that emotions...	Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it...	Even interpreting the hydrogen data (including safety data) is confounded by a number of phenomena. Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio (it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio, for which the data is usually given). ...	wave speeds	92,638
57266193dd62a815002e832c	Geology	Seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core (where shear waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Ea...	In the layered model of the Earth, the mantle has two layers below it. What are they?	{ "answer_start": [ 463, 467, 467, 467 ], "text": [ "the outer core and inner core", "outer core and inner core", "outer core and inner core", "outer core and inner core" ] }	In the layered model of the [MASK], the mantle has [MASK] layers below it. What are they?	[ 0.24347886443138123, -0.11873456835746765, -0.06410275399684906, 0.3125551640987396, 0.2703162431716919, 0.06154601275920868, 0.0576636977493763, 0.020489655435085297, -0.1808079332113266, -0.12723487615585327, -0.35025548934936523, 0.0619337223470211, 0.11346011608839035, 0.11402646452188...	Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been...	Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it...	In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were de...	the outer core and inner core	92,639
572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf2	Geology	The following four timelines show the geologic time scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this compresses the most recent eon. Therefore, the second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale. The second scale compresses the most recent era, so the most r...	Why is the second timeline needed?	{ "answer_start": [ 195, 275, 275 ], "text": [ "second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale", "compresses the most recent era", "compresses the most recent era" ] }	Why is the [MASK] timeline needed?	[ 0.10185812413692474, -0.19884617626667023, 0.08209003508090973, 0.31209322810173035, 0.4482060968875885, 0.012485139071941376, -0.15625394880771637, 0.0741015374660492, 0.005348640959709883, -0.19572581350803375, -0.48064184188842773, 0.00909694004803896, -0.09973675012588501, 0.1498761624...	Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised the Chinese rescue effort as "swift and very efficient" in Beijing on Tuesday. But he added the scale of the disaster was such that "we can't expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs". The Economist noted th...	The most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks, which are accurate to seconds in many millions of years, and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments. Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms to measure the second. One of the most common atoms used is cae...	Daylight saving time (DST) or summer time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that in the evening daylight is experienced an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions with summer time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring and adjust...	second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale	92,640
572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf4	Geology	The following four timelines show the geologic time scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this compresses the most recent eon. Therefore, the second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale. The second scale compresses the most recent era, so the most r...	Which timeline is further expanded in the fourth scale?	{ "answer_start": [ 372, 372, 372 ], "text": [ "Quaternary", "Quaternary", "Quaternary" ] }	Which timeline is further expanded in the [MASK] scale?	[ 0.02622905559837818, -0.31405109167099, 0.1079074889421463, 0.1588437408208847, 0.1433069258928299, 0.29313164949417114, -0.07993441820144653, -0.11741302162408829, -0.24917754530906677, -0.3059343099594116, -0.28942376375198364, -0.11651678383350372, 0.042912937700748444, 0.28734508156776...	Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: Charles Léon (1806–1881) by Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne. Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810–1868), the son of his mistress Maria Walewska, although acknowledged by Walewska's husband, was also widely known to be his child, and the DNA of his direct male descendant has been ...	The most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks, which are accurate to seconds in many millions of years, and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments. Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms to measure the second. One of the most common atoms used is cae...	In many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were still connected. North America and Asia...	Quaternary	92,641
572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf5	Geology	The following four timelines show the geologic time scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this compresses the most recent eon. Therefore, the second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale. The second scale compresses the most recent era, so the most r...	What is the name of the latest epoch?	{ "answer_start": [ 595, 599, 595, 599 ], "text": [ "The Holocene", "Holocene", "The Holocene", "Holocene" ] }	What is the name of the latest epoch?	[ 0.08981823176145554, 0.16515430808067322, 0.11970924586057663, -0.022978179156780243, 0.12465312331914902, 0.18648184835910797, 0.06614401936531067, 0.16852693259716034, -0.3647167384624481, -0.371532142162323, -0.2005167007446289, -0.09794129431247711, 0.04553576186299324, 0.3430716693401...	According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2015, Tennessee had an estimated population of 6,600,299, which is an increase of 50,947, from the prior year and an increase of 254,194, or 4.01%, since the year 2010. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 142,266 people (that is 493,881 births minus 351,6...	The most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks, which are accurate to seconds in many millions of years, and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments. Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms to measure the second. One of the most common atoms used is cae...	The term "modern" was coined in the 16th century to indicate present or recent times (ultimately derived from the Latin adverb modo, meaning "just now). The European Renaissance (about 1420–1630), which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times, started in Italy and was spurred in part b...	The Holocene	92,642
572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf6	Geology	The following four timelines show the geologic time scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this compresses the most recent eon. Therefore, the second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale. The second scale compresses the most recent era, so the most r...	The Pleistocene epoch takes place during which period?	{ "answer_start": [ 783, 787, 787, 787 ], "text": [ "the Quaternary period", "Quaternary period", "Quaternary", "Quaternary" ] }	The Pleistocene epoch takes place during which period?	[ -0.06554670631885529, 0.25913944840431213, -0.1355120986700058, -0.19309280812740326, 0.056167930364608765, 0.010990302078425884, 0.12569434940814972, 0.22138382494449615, -0.1797720342874527, -0.0032497397623956203, -0.041848767548799515, -0.16366109251976013, -0.061479050666093826, 0.223...	In addition to Somali, Arabic, which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue, is an official national language in both Somalia and Djibouti. Many Somalis speak it due to centuries-old ties with the Arab world, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education. Somalia and Djibouti are also both members of ...	The most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks, which are accurate to seconds in many millions of years, and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments. Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms to measure the second. One of the most common atoms used is cae...	Various models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps, with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff.	the Quaternary period	92,643
572665ff708984140094c4c3	Geology	The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than ...	What principle relates to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut?	{ "answer_start": [ 0, 17, 17 ], "text": [ "The principle of cross-cutting relationships", "cross-cutting relationships", "cross-cutting relationships" ] }	What principle relates to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut?	[ 0.14283746480941772, -0.00004515001637628302, -0.4303227365016937, 0.17334908246994019, 0.17828835546970367, 0.4435293674468994, 0.2700076103210449, 0.05039875954389572, -0.21515962481498718, -0.06706855446100235, -0.19185006618499756, 0.25532063841819763, 0.2945663034915924, 0.21355041861...	There are three main chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the chemical reactio...	Under extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults. As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in younger napp...	There are three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock, and magma. When a rock crystallizes from melt (magma and/or lava), it is an igneous rock. This rock can be weathered and er...	The principle of cross-cutting relationships	92,644
572665ff708984140094c4c4	Geology	The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than ...	When rock formations are found on top of a fault that have not been cut, then they must be older or younger than the fault?	{ "answer_start": [ 369, 145, 369 ], "text": [ "younger than the fault", "younger", "younger" ] }	When rock formations are found on top of a fault that have not been cut, then they must be older or younger than the fault?	[ 0.2601686418056488, -0.009264112450182438, -0.23780599236488342, 0.10661908984184265, 0.39731544256210327, 0.25509968400001526, 0.19295580685138702, -0.006672226823866367, -0.19667965173721313, -0.012430019676685333, -0.3214947581291199, 0.2138890027999878, 0.22632482647895813, 0.100859299...	Charles Shields, who has written the only book-length biography of Harper Lee to date, offers the reason for the novel's enduring popularity and impact is that "its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal". Atticus' lesson to Scout that "you never really understand a person unti...	Under extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults. As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in younger napp...	In the 1960s, a series of discoveries, the most important of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle, is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which i...	younger than the fault	92,645
572665ff708984140094c4c5	Geology	The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than ...	Finding what helps to determine if a fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault?	{ "answer_start": [ 401, 405, 405 ], "text": [ "the key bed", "key bed", "key bed" ] }	Finding what helps to determine if a fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault?	[ 0.050102051347494125, -0.120005764067173, -0.08381270617246628, 0.13892367482185364, 0.2072724848985672, 0.37922242283821106, 0.3752168118953705, -0.10700541734695435, 0.06729129701852798, -0.06333152949810028, -0.11447001993656158, 0.34483039379119873, 0.1680659055709839, -0.0186718199402...	Terrestrial annelids can be invasive in some situations. In the glaciated areas of North America, for example, almost all native earthworms are thought to have been killed by the glaciers and the worms currently found in those areas are all introduced from other areas, primarily from Europe, and, more recently, from As...	Under extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults. As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in younger napp...	All of these processes do not necessarily occur in a single environment, and do not necessarily occur in a single order. The Hawaiian Islands, for example, consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows. The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon in the southwestern Unit...	the key bed	92,646
572665ff708984140094c4c6	Geology	The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than ...	Rocks on top of a fault that are cut are always older or younger than the fault itself?	{ "answer_start": [ 309, 309, 145 ], "text": [ "older than the fault", "older", "younger" ] }	Rocks on top of a fault that are cut are always older or younger than the fault itself?	[ 0.26531368494033813, -0.2211294323205948, -0.31837037205696106, 0.23362651467323303, 0.20097169280052185, 0.2946670651435852, 0.15120460093021393, 0.005387190729379654, -0.22056153416633606, 0.03732884302735329, -0.274655818939209, 0.23480980098247528, 0.2634282410144806, -0.03161454573273...	The evolution of the Greek economy during the 19th century (a period that transformed a large part of the world because of the Industrial Revolution) has been little researched. Recent research from 2006 examines the gradual development of industry and further development of shipping in a predominantly agricultural eco...	Under extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults. As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in younger napp...	Geology existed as a cloud of isolated, disconnected ideas about rocks, minerals, and landforms long before it became a coherent science. Theophrastus' work on rocks, Peri lithōn, remained authoritative for millennia: its interpretation of fossils was not overturned until after the Scientific Revolution. Chinese polyma...	older than the fault	92,647
572667e2f1498d1400e8de90	Geology	The principle of inclusions and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in ...	What foreign bodies, which are older than the rocks themselves, occur igneous rocks?	{ "answer_start": [ 530, 386, 141, 530 ], "text": [ "xenoliths", "xenoliths", "inclusions", "xenoliths" ] }	What foreign bodies, which are older than the rocks themselves, occur igneous rocks?	[ 0.02427489496767521, 0.4793876111507416, 0.02635823003947735, -0.001140239997766912, 0.16003236174583435, -0.06368061155080795, 0.10419229418039322, 0.10252749174833298, -0.14671029150485992, -0.07189751416444778, -0.31045880913734436, -0.10379095375537872, -0.004920140374451876, 0.2590747...	Against the rested and re-armed Pusan Perimeter defenders and their reinforcements, the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied; unlike the UN Command, they lacked naval and air support. To relieve the Pusan Perimeter, General MacArthur recommended an amphibious landing at Inchon (now known as Incheon), near Seoul and...	Alloys are often made to alter the mechanical properties of the base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties. Most metals and alloys can be work hardened by creating defects in their crystal structure. These defects are created during plastic deformation, such as hammering or bendin...	In the 1960s, a series of discoveries, the most important of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle, is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which i...	xenoliths	92,648
572667e2f1498d1400e8de91	Geology	The principle of inclusions and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in ...	Xenoliths are picked up by what and deposited into the matrix of igneous rocks?	{ "answer_start": [ 445, 445, 445, 445 ], "text": [ "magma or lava flows", "magma or lava flows", "magma or lava", "magma or lava flows" ] }	Xenoliths are picked up by what and deposited into the matrix of igneous rocks?	[ 0.4673180878162384, 0.06489294767379761, 0.09120006859302521, 0.3903649151325226, 0.3277539908885956, -0.07882612943649292, -0.07733797281980515, 0.11169050633907318, -0.14821408689022064, -0.0704900473356247, -0.3808406591415405, -0.209489643573761, -0.07210575044155121, 0.153137668967247...	Cultural imperialism is when a country's influence is felt in social and cultural circles, i.e. its soft power, such that it changes the moral, cultural and societal worldview of another. This is more than just "foreign" music, television or film becoming popular with young people, but that popular culture changing the...	Alloys are often made to alter the mechanical properties of the base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties. Most metals and alloys can be work hardened by creating defects in their crystal structure. These defects are created during plastic deformation, such as hammering or bendin...	When a molten metal is mixed with another substance, there are two mechanisms that can cause an alloy to form, called atom exchange and the interstitial mechanism. The relative size of each element in the mix plays a primary role in determining which mechanism will occur. When the atoms are relatively similar in size, ...	magma or lava flows	92,649
572667e2f1498d1400e8de92	Geology	The principle of inclusions and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in ...	What is another word for inclusions in sedimentary rocks?	{ "answer_start": [ 98, 98, 98, 98 ], "text": [ "clasts", "clasts", "clasts", "clasts" ] }	What is another word for inclusions in sedimentary rocks?	[ 0.20963001251220703, 0.2899231016635895, -0.48097920417785645, 0.11091089993715286, 0.44616737961769104, 0.35779356956481934, 0.02878883294761181, 0.04062118008732796, -0.3863289952278137, -0.08269884437322617, -0.2952846884727478, 0.12913230061531067, -0.14603857696056366, 0.1652688384056...	In Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (pater patriae), its pontifex maxi...	Alloys are often made to alter the mechanical properties of the base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties. Most metals and alloys can be work hardened by creating defects in their crystal structure. These defects are created during plastic deformation, such as hammering or bendin...	An alloy is a mixture of either pure or fairly pure chemical elements, which forms an impure substance (admixture) that retains the characteristics of a metal. An alloy is distinct from an impure metal, such as wrought iron, in that, with an alloy, the added impurities are usually desirable and will typically have some...	clasts	92,650
572667e2f1498d1400e8de93	Geology	The principle of inclusions and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in ...	What is the principle that states that with sedimentary rocks, inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them?	{ "answer_start": [ 0, 4, 0, 17 ], "text": [ "The principle of inclusions and components", "principle of inclusions and components", "The principle of inclusions and components", "inclusions and components" ] }	What is the principle that states that with sedimentary rocks, inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them?	[ 0.15429869294166565, 0.3541147708892822, -0.3505544364452362, 0.007123120594769716, 0.5590345859527588, 0.2162991464138031, 0.038011129945516586, -0.1592898666858673, -0.27462315559387207, 0.05936713144183159, -0.1330992430448532, 0.2120296061038971, 0.04526538401842117, 0.2540705502033233...	The translator's role as a bridge for "carrying across" values between cultures has been discussed at least since Terence, the 2nd-century-BCE Roman adapter of Greek comedies. The translator's role is, however, by no means a passive, mechanical one, and so has also been compared to that of an artist. The main ground se...	Alloys are often made to alter the mechanical properties of the base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties. Most metals and alloys can be work hardened by creating defects in their crystal structure. These defects are created during plastic deformation, such as hammering or bendin...	When a molten metal is mixed with another substance, there are two mechanisms that can cause an alloy to form, called atom exchange and the interstitial mechanism. The relative size of each element in the mix plays a primary role in determining which mechanism will occur. When the atoms are relatively similar in size, ...	The principle of inclusions and components	92,651
572667e2f1498d1400e8de94	Geology	The principle of inclusions and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in ...	What is something that is often torn up and included in sedimentary rock?	{ "answer_start": [ 257, 257, 257, 257 ], "text": [ "gravel", "gravel", "gravel", "gravel" ] }	What is something that is often torn up and included in sedimentary rock?	[ 0.3144448399543762, 0.06840462982654572, -0.5493291616439819, 0.3596522808074951, 0.5172592401504517, 0.26042237877845764, -0.07623109966516495, 0.06557589024305344, -0.18295083940029144, 0.04391111060976982, -0.4068979322910309, 0.08766534924507141, -0.03565310314297676, 0.194258570671081...	The most persistent theme throughout his films is tension in parent-child relationships. Parents (often fathers) are reluctant, absent or ignorant. Peter Banning in Hook starts off in the beginning of the film as a reluctant married-to-his-work parent who through the course of the film regains the respect of his childr...	Alloys are often made to alter the mechanical properties of the base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties. Most metals and alloys can be work hardened by creating defects in their crystal structure. These defects are created during plastic deformation, such as hammering or bendin...	In British English, the word 'asphalt' is used to refer to a mixture of mineral aggregate and asphalt/bitumen (also called tarmac in common parlance). When bitumen is mixed with clay it is usually called asphaltum. The earlier word 'asphaltum' is now archaic and not commonly used.[citation needed] In American English, ...	gravel	92,652
572669a9dd62a815002e8416	Geology	The principle of faunal succession is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks. As organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world, their presence or (sometimes) absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found. Based on principles laid out by William S...	Which principle is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks?	{ "answer_start": [ 0, 4, 0, 17 ], "text": [ "The principle of faunal succession", "principle of faunal succession", "The principle of faunal succession", "faunal succession" ] }	Which principle is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks?	[ 0.2691895067691803, 0.3042563498020172, -0.27852514386177063, 0.10186054557561874, 0.50021892786026, 0.4380972683429718, 0.14533434808254242, -0.18996183574199677, -0.17003510892391205, -0.1554398238658905, -0.2515653371810913, 0.2712438404560089, 0.02403499372303486, 0.18221637606620789, ...	Steven Barkan writes that if defendants plead not guilty, "they must decide whether their primary goal will be to win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine, or to use the proceedings as a forum to inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances surrounding the case and their reasons for breaking t...	Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. ...	In the 1960s, a series of discoveries, the most important of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle, is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which i...	The principle of faunal succession	92,653
572669a9dd62a815002e8417	Geology	The principle of faunal succession is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks. As organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world, their presence or (sometimes) absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found. Based on principles laid out by William S...	Whose principles were the principle of faunal succession built upon?	{ "answer_start": [ 311, 311, 311, 311 ], "text": [ "William Smith", "William Smith", "William Smith", "William Smith" ] }	Whose principles were the principle of faunal succession built upon?	[ -0.09810524433851242, -0.13927441835403442, -0.21617457270622253, 0.15195336937904358, 0.28085023164749146, 0.2436753362417221, 0.4073822498321533, -0.037129707634449005, -0.20228256285190582, -0.08372616767883301, -0.05651334300637245, 0.0715315192937851, -0.24189606308937073, 0.182166934...	Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison filed his first patent application for "Improvement In Electric Lights" on 14 October 1878. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals, in the end Edison returned ...	Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. ...	The evolution of seed plants and later angiosperms appears to be the result of two distinct rounds of whole genome duplication events. These occurred at 319 million years ago and 192 million years ago. Another possible whole genome duplication event at 160 million years ago perhaps created the ancestral line that led t...	William Smith	92,654
572669a9dd62a815002e8418	Geology	The principle of faunal succession is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks. As organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world, their presence or (sometimes) absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found. Based on principles laid out by William S...	The fact that not all fossils may be found globally at the same time causes the principle to become what?	{ "answer_start": [ 523, 523, 523, 517 ], "text": [ "complex", "complex", "complex", "quite complex" ] }	The fact that not all fossils may be found globally at the same time causes the principle to become what?	[ 0.4107302129268646, 0.13451673090457916, -0.2717852294445038, 0.16017913818359375, 0.27027952671051025, -0.08718060702085495, 0.33500680327415466, -0.16622748970985413, -0.19678670167922974, 0.14057153463363647, -0.25393176078796387, -0.03757001459598541, -0.2514616549015045, 0.40954449772...	Schwarzenegger was the first civilian to purchase a Humvee. He was so enamored by the vehicle that he lobbied the Humvee's manufacturer, AM General, to produce a street-legal, civilian version, which they did in 1992; the first two Hummers they sold were also purchased by Schwarzenegger.	Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. ...	The history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion—a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little overall trend, and vert...	complex	92,655
572669a9dd62a815002e8419	Geology	The principle of faunal succession is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks. As organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world, their presence or (sometimes) absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found. Based on principles laid out by William S...	The presence or absence of what can be used to determine the relative age of the formations in which they are found?	{ "answer_start": [ 98, 98, 98, 98 ], "text": [ "organisms", "organisms", "organisms", "organisms" ] }	The presence or absence of what can be used to determine the relative age of the formations in which they are found?	[ 0.18972910940647125, 0.4393863081932068, -0.41652712225914, 0.006238929461687803, 0.5129347443580627, 0.14515100419521332, 0.14200632274150848, 0.09096376597881317, -0.3333319127559662, -0.09179342538118362, -0.2229311615228653, 0.11095874011516571, 0.19226279854774475, 0.3537764549255371,...	Both AC-3 and DTS surround audio were clumsily implemented on LaserDiscs, leading to some interesting player- and disc-dependent issues. A disc that included AC-3 audio forfeited the right analog audio channel to the modulated AC-3 RF stream. If the player did not have an AC-3 output available, the next most attractive...	Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. ...	The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than ...	organisms	92,656
572669a9dd62a815002e841a	Geology	The principle of faunal succession is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks. As organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world, their presence or (sometimes) absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found. Based on principles laid out by William S...	The principle of faunal succession was developed 100 years before whose theory of evolution?	{ "answer_start": [ 374, 374, 374, 374 ], "text": [ "Charles Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Charles Darwin" ] }	The principle of faunal succession was developed [MASK] before whose theory of evolution?	[ -0.10826412588357925, -0.20041371881961823, -0.2956056594848633, -0.0951702892780304, 0.24630168080329895, 0.13184641301631927, 0.20511288940906525, 0.04125433787703514, -0.33892640471458435, -0.08230666071176529, -0.15152588486671448, 0.017848515883088112, -0.15302415192127228, 0.20757028...	In several countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Turkey, institutes of technology and polytechnics are institutions of higher education, and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates. Famous examples are the Istanbul Technical University, ETH Zurich, İYTE, Delft University of Tec...	Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. ...	Midway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of earthquakes and volcanoes. Lo...	Charles Darwin	92,657
57266c015951b619008f7237	Geology	At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigra...	When was the ability to use radioactive isotopes to date rock formations developed?	{ "answer_start": [ 0, 24, 0, 7 ], "text": [ "At the beginning of the 20th century", "20th century", "At the beginning of the 20th century", "beginning of the 20th century" ] }	When was the ability to use radioactive isotopes to date rock formations developed?	[ 0.2678973972797394, 0.1095319464802742, -0.36309194564819336, 0.18616971373558044, 0.25637370347976685, -0.1763462871313095, 0.05405700206756592, -0.10042531043291092, 0.08323370665311813, 0.03814443200826645, -0.027138415724039078, 0.020929427817463875, -0.0370103158056736, -0.07477319240...	Subtractive methods remove copper from an entirely copper-coated board to leave only the desired copper pattern. In additive methods the pattern is electroplated onto a bare substrate using a complex process. The advantage of the additive method is that less material is needed and less waste is produced. In the full ad...	In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed orig...	Temporal measurement has occupied scientists and technologists, and was a prime motivation in navigation and astronomy. Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time. Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the moon, the swing of a pendulum, an...	At the beginning of the 20th century	92,658
57266c015951b619008f7238	Geology	At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigra...	What type of correlation was used previously to help date rock formations?	{ "answer_start": [ 311, 311, 311, 311 ], "text": [ "stratigraphic correlation", "stratigraphic", "stratigraphic", "stratigraphic" ] }	What type of correlation was used previously to help date rock formations?	[ 0.3661574423313141, 0.202623650431633, -0.40229737758636475, 0.1447480171918869, 0.12343338876962662, 0.0463101826608181, 0.09967745840549469, -0.07822052389383316, -0.19234952330589294, 0.13191157579421997, -0.11694464087486267, -0.019155777990818024, 0.0030039476696401834, 0.220319330692...	While BSkyB had been excluded from being a part of the ONdigital consortium, thereby making them a competitor by default, BSkyB was able to join ITV Digital's free-to-air replacement, Freeview, in which it holds an equal stake with the BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and National Grid Wireless. Prior to October 2005, three BSkyB c...	In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed orig...	However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo.	stratigraphic correlation	92,659
57266c015951b619008f7239	Geology	At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigra...	It is now possible to convert old relative ages into what type of ages using isotopic dating?	{ "answer_start": [ 606, 453, 602 ], "text": [ "absolute ages", "rock units", "new absolute" ] }	It is now possible to convert old relative ages into what type of ages using isotopic dating?	[ 0.048002880066633224, 0.19958287477493286, 0.15279638767242432, 0.029327593743801117, 0.38302645087242126, 0.281827837228775, -0.0690019428730011, -0.17152976989746094, -0.14811207354068756, -0.2550375759601593, -0.2887129485607147, -0.06443368643522263, -0.013608704321086407, 0.1641696840...	The first railway line in Galicia was inaugurated 15 September 1873. It ran from O Carril, Vilagarcía de Arousa to Cornes, Conxo, Santiago de Compostela. A second line was inaugurated in 1875, connecting A Coruña and Lugo. In 1883, Galicia was first connected by rail to the rest of Spain, by way of O Barco de Valdeorra...	In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed orig...	Interest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1959, and a concordance, an exhaus...	absolute ages	92,660
57266c015951b619008f723a	Geology	At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigra...	Previous to isotopic dating sections of rocks had to be dated using fossils and stratigraphic correlation relative to what?	{ "answer_start": [ 371, 374, 374 ], "text": [ "to one another", "one another", "one another" ] }	Previous to isotopic dating sections of rocks had to be dated using fossils and stratigraphic correlation relative to what?	[ 0.1716587245464325, 0.01032482273876667, -0.4297737181186676, 0.23633362352848053, 0.28458186984062195, 0.2000560760498047, -0.02144712209701538, -0.14619216322898865, -0.14731866121292114, 0.09091070294380188, -0.15359096229076385, -0.06849063187837601, -0.025218365713953972, 0.0350200124...	Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government, but independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, c...	In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed orig...	As an academic field, history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications, Introduction to the History of Science (1927) and...	to one another	92,661
57266c015951b619008f723b	Geology	At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigra...	When dating rocks, what is the absolute isotopic date applied to?	{ "answer_start": [ 510, 510, 510, 510 ], "text": [ "fossil sequences", "fossil sequences", "fossil sequences", "fossil sequences" ] }	When dating rocks, what is the absolute isotopic date applied to?	[ 0.14356070756912231, 0.1709662228822708, -0.23334857821464539, 0.27465513348579407, 0.3451627194881439, 0.06970475614070892, 0.018891286104917526, -0.02042720653116703, 0.04108430817723274, 0.06129759922623634, -0.31572481989860535, 0.1472633332014084, 0.06786127388477325, 0.08736733347177...	A gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a "record", is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the cen...	In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed orig...	Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rul...	fossil sequences	92,662
57266e72f1498d1400e8df8c	Geology	For many geologic applications, isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature, the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice. These are use...	What techniques can be used to determine paleotopography?	{ "answer_start": [ 830, 830, 830, 830 ], "text": [ "Thermochemical techniques", "Thermochemical", "Thermochemical", "Thermochemical" ] }	What techniques can be used to determine paleotopography?	[ 0.2997656762599945, 0.0481511652469635, 0.0374380387365818, 0.31037142872810364, 0.3898267149925232, 0.3628253638744354, 0.006315063685178757, -0.32885512709617615, -0.14337985217571259, -0.293241411447525, -0.16494235396385193, -0.004051735159009695, 0.08725651353597641, 0.046913586556911...	The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna. The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers; but now individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally, thu...	Seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core (where shear waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Ea...	In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en...	Thermochemical techniques	92,663
57266e72f1498d1400e8df8d	Geology	For many geologic applications, isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature, the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice. These are use...	The point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice is called what?	{ "answer_start": [ 173, 184, 184 ], "text": [ "particular closure temperature", "closure temperature", "closure temperature" ] }	The point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice is called what?	[ 0.20034366846084595, 0.07298225909471512, 0.10052759945392609, -0.01843344420194626, 0.05173122137784958, -0.23683756589889526, 0.20901574194431305, -0.3758649230003357, 0.09127601981163025, -0.0746723860502243, -0.31653738021850586, -0.10945574939250946, -0.35259172320365906, 0.2780435681...	In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,...	Seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core (where shear waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Ea...	Prior to Planck's work, it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever – that it was a continuous variable. The Rayleigh–Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures, but the results diverge more and more strongly as temperatures increase....	particular closure temperature	92,664
57266e72f1498d1400e8df8e	Geology	For many geologic applications, isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature, the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice. These are use...	What type of ratios are used in geochronologic and thermochronologic studies?	{ "answer_start": [ 32, 32, 32, 32 ], "text": [ "isotope ratios of radioactive elements", "isotope", "isotope", "isotope" ] }	What type of ratios are used in geochronologic and thermochronologic studies?	[ 0.15604408085346222, 0.2912607192993164, -0.007824589498341084, 0.204803466796875, 0.35864946246147156, 0.320893794298172, 0.01872796006500721, -0.30430546402931213, -0.0422140397131443, -0.13053029775619507, -0.2897394001483917, 0.1721171736717224, -0.15259039402008057, -0.006204217672348...	Seal script, which had evolved slowly in the state of Qin during the Eastern Zhou dynasty, became standardized and adopted as the formal script for all of China in the Qin dynasty (leading to a popular misconception that it was invented at that time), and was still widely used for decorative engraving and seals (name c...	Seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core (where shear waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Ea...	Analogous definitions can be made for space requirements. Although time and space are the most well-known complexity resources, any complexity measure can be viewed as a computational resource. Complexity measures are very generally defined by the Blum complexity axioms. Other complexity measures used in complexity the...	isotope ratios of radioactive elements	92,665
57266e72f1498d1400e8df8f	Geology	For many geologic applications, isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature, the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice. These are use...	How can you find the absolute age of sedimentary rock units which do not contain radioactive isotopes?	{ "answer_start": [ 540, 540, 594, 540 ], "text": [ "Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence", "Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers", "stratigraphic sequence", "Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence" ]...	How can you find the absolute age of sedimentary rock units which do not contain radioactive isotopes?	[ 0.332135945558548, 0.2916586995124817, -0.3165455162525177, 0.22816631197929382, 0.32387304306030273, 0.01353850495070219, 0.14725440740585327, 0.0696045532822609, -0.021609414368867874, -0.03613298758864403, -0.14355385303497314, -0.05056343600153923, -0.04874775931239128, 0.3605398237705...	Pius XII delivered an address about Montini's appointment from his sick-bed over radio to those assembled in St. Peter's Basilica on 12 December 1954. Both Montini and the pope had tears in their eyes when Montini parted for his dioceses with 1,000 churches, 2,500 priests and 3,500,000 souls. On 5 January 1955, Montini...	Seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core (where shear waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Ea...	The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are i...	Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence	92,666
5726701add62a815002e84c8	Geology	When rock units are placed under horizontal compression, they shorten and become thicker. Because rock units, other than muds, do not significantly change in volume, this is accomplished in two primary ways: through faulting and folding. In the shallow crust, where brittle deformation can occur, thrust faults form, whi...	Rock units become thicker and shorten when placed under this type of compression.	{ "answer_start": [ 33, 33, 33 ], "text": [ "horizontal compression", "horizontal", "horizontal" ] }	Rock units become thicker and shorten when placed under this type of compression.	[ -0.053713880479335785, 0.05498801916837692, -0.08788508176803589, 0.09615428745746613, 0.11124208569526672, 0.24241885542869568, 0.14732997119426727, -0.26898860931396484, -0.20004844665527344, -0.153181254863739, -0.4350416362285614, -0.0900837853550911, 0.10397329926490784, 0.31985160708...	On July 16, 1945, with numerous other Manhattan Project personnel, von Neumann was an eyewitness to the first atomic bomb blast, code named Trinity, conducted as a test of the implosion method device, at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield, 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico. Based on his obs...	Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, i...	At the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narrow ridge, called ...	horizontal compression	92,667
5726701add62a815002e84c9	Geology	When rock units are placed under horizontal compression, they shorten and become thicker. Because rock units, other than muds, do not significantly change in volume, this is accomplished in two primary ways: through faulting and folding. In the shallow crust, where brittle deformation can occur, thrust faults form, whi...	Where do thrust faults form?	{ "answer_start": [ 238, 245, 245 ], "text": [ "In the shallow crust", "shallow crust", "shallow crust" ] }	Where do thrust faults form?	[ 0.17729468643665314, 0.05858355015516281, 0.033466145396232605, 0.07133027911186218, 0.08250772207975388, 0.29493701457977295, 0.3804995119571686, 0.057670656591653824, -0.0563095398247242, -0.22725878655910492, -0.3205412030220032, 0.09874537587165833, 0.16422107815742493, 0.1462673544883...	Under German control, and even before then, Japanese traders and fishermen from time to time visited the Marshall Islands, although contact with the islanders was irregular. After the Meiji Restoration (1868), the Japanese government adopted a policy of turning the Japanese Empire into a great economic and military pow...	Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, i...	Seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core (where shear waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Ea...	In the shallow crust	92,668
5726701add62a815002e84ca	Geology	When rock units are placed under horizontal compression, they shorten and become thicker. Because rock units, other than muds, do not significantly change in volume, this is accomplished in two primary ways: through faulting and folding. In the shallow crust, where brittle deformation can occur, thrust faults form, whi...	When rock folds deep in the Earth it can fold one of two ways, when it buckles upwards it creates what?	{ "answer_start": [ 877, 877, 877 ], "text": [ "antiforms", "antiforms", "antiforms" ] }	When rock folds deep in the [MASK] it can fold [MASK] of [MASK] ways, when it buckles upwards it creates what?	[ -0.0009550057584419847, -0.0618593655526638, 0.20190246403217316, 0.11920192092657089, 0.23766960203647614, 0.2214256078004837, 0.3306463658809662, -0.1310575306415558, -0.23648516833782196, -0.12495381385087967, -0.46914783120155334, 0.08757190406322479, 0.10161194950342178, 0.22330248355...	Originating as the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999, it pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda in 2004, participated in the Iraqi insurgency that followed the March 2003 invasion of Iraq by Western forces, joined the fight in the Syrian Civil War beginning in March 2011, and was expelled from al-Qaeda in early 2014, (which ...	Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, i...	Midway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of earthquakes and volcanoes. Lo...	antiforms	92,669
5726701add62a815002e84cb	Geology	When rock units are placed under horizontal compression, they shorten and become thicker. Because rock units, other than muds, do not significantly change in volume, this is accomplished in two primary ways: through faulting and folding. In the shallow crust, where brittle deformation can occur, thrust faults form, whi...	When rock folds deep in the Earth it can fold one of two ways, when it buckles downwards it creates what?	{ "answer_start": [ 930, 930, 930 ], "text": [ "synforms", "synforms", "synforms" ] }	When rock folds deep in the [MASK] it can fold [MASK] of [MASK] ways, when it buckles downwards it creates what?	[ -0.013944111764431, -0.08815672248601913, 0.21595989167690277, 0.09202662855386734, 0.21343082189559937, 0.219228595495224, 0.38286128640174866, -0.09836029261350632, -0.21436534821987152, -0.10796933621168137, -0.5063269138336182, 0.050103239715099335, 0.0992419496178627, 0.23941673338413...	Disagreements over the island's relationship with Australia were put in sharper relief by a 2006 review undertaken by the Australian government. Under the more radical of two models proposed in the review, the island's legislative assembly would have been reduced to the status of a local council. However, in December 2...	Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, i...	Midway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of earthquakes and volcanoes. Lo...	synforms	92,670
5726701add62a815002e84cc	Geology	When rock units are placed under horizontal compression, they shorten and become thicker. Because rock units, other than muds, do not significantly change in volume, this is accomplished in two primary ways: through faulting and folding. In the shallow crust, where brittle deformation can occur, thrust faults form, whi...	If the tops of the rock units within the folds remain pointing upwards, they are called what?	{ "answer_start": [ 1029, 1150, 1029 ], "text": [ "anticlines and synclines", "overturned anticline", "anticlines and synclines" ] }	If the tops of the rock units within the folds remain pointing upwards, they are called what?	[ 0.279536634683609, 0.013723686337471008, 0.22413483262062073, 0.2831112742424011, 0.2182128131389618, 0.0955127477645874, 0.15108126401901245, -0.16564974188804626, -0.26369708776474, -0.16100339591503143, -0.3909645676612854, 0.16831153631210327, 0.17388156056404114, 0.11641836166381836, ...	Each island has its own high-chief, or ulu-aliki, and several sub-chiefs (alikis). The community council is the Falekaupule (the traditional assembly of elders) or te sina o fenua (literally: "grey-hairs of the land"). In the past, another caste, the priests (tofuga), were also amongst the decision-makers. The ulu-alik...	Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, i...	The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, whe...	anticlines and synclines	92,671
572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe4	Geology	Extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner. This is primarily accomplished through normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning. Normal faults drop rock units that are higher below those that are lower. This typically results in younger units being placed below older unit...	This causes the rock unit as a whole to become longer and thinner.	{ "answer_start": [ 0, 0, 0 ], "text": [ "Extension", "Extension", "Extension" ] }	This causes the rock unit as a whole to become longer and thinner.	[ 0.07256872951984406, -0.02504677325487137, 0.02789977192878723, 0.2510547637939453, 0.02445749193429947, 0.000816232233773917, 0.3004935383796692, -0.29898419976234436, -0.35453781485557556, -0.0725499838590622, -0.2957214117050171, -0.09740328043699265, -0.042760126292705536, 0.3095220625...	"Digimon" are "Digital Monsters". According to the stories, they are inhabitants of the "DigiWorld", a manifestation of Earth's communication network. The stories tell of a group of mostly pre-teens, who accompany special Digimon born to defend their world (and ours) from various evil forces. To help them surmount the ...	The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, whe...	In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were de...	Extension	92,672
572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe5	Geology	Extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner. This is primarily accomplished through normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning. Normal faults drop rock units that are higher below those that are lower. This typically results in younger units being placed below older unit...	Stretched rocks that pinch into lenses are known by what word?	{ "answer_start": [ 683, 683, 683 ], "text": [ "boudins", "boudins", "boudins" ] }	Stretched rocks that pinch into lenses are known by what word?	[ 0.3280899226665497, 0.13815167546272278, -0.01950870081782341, 0.03481991961598396, 0.050037819892168045, 0.2420993596315384, 0.04734622314572334, 0.07062812149524689, -0.26062023639678955, -0.016495153307914734, -0.48943907022476196, 0.5022040605545044, -0.10580519586801529, 0.01976685971...	By 1763, the war in Central Europe was essentially a stalemate. Frederick had retaken most of Silesia and Saxony but not the latter's capital, Dresden. His financial situation was not dire, but his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened. His manpower had dramatically decreased, and he had lost so many ef...	The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, whe...	Reflection of the original signal also occurs when it hits an extended conductive surface, in a fashion similar to a mirror. This effect can also be used to increase signal through the use of a reflector, normally placed behind the active element and spaced so the reflected signal reaches the element in-phase. Generall...	boudins	92,673
572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe6	Geology	Extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner. This is primarily accomplished through normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning. Normal faults drop rock units that are higher below those that are lower. This typically results in younger units being placed below older unit...	Where can the entire sedimentary sequence of the Grand Canyon be seen in less than the length of a meter?	{ "answer_start": [ 402, 413, 413 ], "text": [ "within the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt", "Maria Fold and Thrust Belt", "Maria Fold and Thrust Belt" ] }	Where can the entire sedimentary sequence of [MASK] be seen in less than the length of [MASK]?	[ 0.1498740017414093, 0.12392857670783997, 0.043011732399463654, 0.16600778698921204, 0.2900404632091522, 0.11048199981451035, 0.02941262535750866, 0.15441769361495972, -0.29174405336380005, -0.14059364795684814, -0.18036900460720062, 0.09701895713806152, 0.06464026868343353, 0.2710283100605...	Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is De Materia Medica, a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides. De Materia Medica was widely read for more than 1,500 years. Important contri...	The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, whe...	The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, whe...	within the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt	92,674
572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe7	Geology	Extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner. This is primarily accomplished through normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning. Normal faults drop rock units that are higher below those that are lower. This typically results in younger units being placed below older unit...	Rocks that are a depth where they are ductilely stretched are also often what?	{ "answer_start": [ 609, 609, 609 ], "text": [ "metamorphosed", "metamorphosed", "metamorphosed" ] }	Rocks that are a depth where they are ductilely stretched are also often what?	[ 0.3558582663536072, -0.1862165927886963, 0.12288954854011536, 0.41259101033210754, 0.3540319502353668, 0.18334877490997314, 0.11233649402856827, -0.06943483650684357, -0.29884645342826843, -0.013323006220161915, -0.20546501874923706, 0.31194162368774414, 0.10536990314722061, -0.09636548906...	In 1992, Yitzhak Rabin became Prime Minister following an election in which his party called for compromise with Israel's neighbors. The following year, Shimon Peres on behalf of Israel, and Mahmoud Abbas for the PLO, signed the Oslo Accords, which gave the Palestinian National Authority the right to govern parts of th...	The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, whe...	In the 1960s, a series of discoveries, the most important of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle, is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which i...	metamorphosed	92,675
572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe8	Geology	Extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner. This is primarily accomplished through normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning. Normal faults drop rock units that are higher below those that are lower. This typically results in younger units being placed below older unit...	What causes rock extension?	{ "answer_start": [ 112, 112, 112 ], "text": [ "normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning", "normal faulting", "normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning" ] }	What causes rock extension?	[ 0.13354796171188354, 0.07645002752542496, -0.00798062700778246, -0.05483102798461914, 0.29330092668533325, 0.028163230046629906, 0.4821229875087738, -0.1838216632604599, -0.3124668002128601, 0.011348300613462925, -0.5151134729385376, -0.04225130379199982, -0.09466557204723358, 0.1792113780...	One adaptation helping both predators and prey avoid detection is camouflage, a form of crypsis where species have an appearance that helps them blend into the background. Camouflage consists of not only color but also shape and pattern. The background upon which the organism is seen can be both its environment (e.g., ...	The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, whe...	The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, whe...	normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning	92,676
572673f5708984140094c69b	Geology	The addition of new rock units, both depositionally and intrusively, often occurs during deformation. Faulting and other deformational processes result in the creation of topographic gradients, causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels. These sediments are...	What is another word for long, planar igneous intrusions?	{ "answer_start": [ 724, 724, 724 ], "text": [ "Dikes", "Dikes", "Dikes" ] }	What is another word for long, planar igneous intrusions?	[ 0.03322359919548035, -0.191497340798378, -0.1215929165482521, 0.05443812906742096, 0.19834789633750916, 0.13327741622924805, 0.11541440337896347, 0.17798283696174622, -0.2664770483970642, -0.03237203508615494, -0.4938541054725647, 0.011187989264726639, -0.14778363704681396, 0.2198812961578...	Legislatures have reduced infringement by narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing. Aside from upholding international copyright treaty obligations to provide general limitations and exceptions, nations have enacted compulsory licensing laws applying specifically to digital works and uses. For example, in t...	Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or termina...	Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or "sheepback" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long. Roche mouto...	Dikes	92,677
572673f5708984140094c69c	Geology	The addition of new rock units, both depositionally and intrusively, often occurs during deformation. Faulting and other deformational processes result in the creation of topographic gradients, causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels. These sediments are...	Where do dikes form?	{ "answer_start": [ 826, 829, 826 ], "text": [ "in areas that are being actively deformed", "areas that are being actively deformed", "in areas that are being actively deformed" ] }	Where do dikes form?	[ 0.4493512213230133, 0.397662878036499, -0.016024265438318253, 0.13473938405513763, 0.2514219284057617, 0.1255805641412735, 0.08318052440881729, -0.24116113781929016, -0.01745482347905636, -0.3431757092475891, -0.07788990437984467, -0.27062517404556274, -0.11221394687891006, 0.2626773118972...	On 12 December 1911, during the Delhi Durbar, George V, then Emperor of India, along with Queen Mary, his Consort, made the announcement that the capital of the Raj was to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi, while laying the foundation stone for the Viceroy's residence in the Coronation Park, Kingsway Camp. The foundati...	Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or termina...	Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or "sheepback" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long. Roche mouto...	in areas that are being actively deformed	92,678
572673f5708984140094c69d	Geology	The addition of new rock units, both depositionally and intrusively, often occurs during deformation. Faulting and other deformational processes result in the creation of topographic gradients, causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels. These sediments are...	What type of gradients are formed by faulting and other deformational processes?	{ "answer_start": [ 171, 171, 171 ], "text": [ "topographic gradients", "topographic", "topographic" ] }	What type of gradients are formed by faulting and other deformational processes?	[ -0.24386410415172577, -0.12826986610889435, 0.12193795293569565, 0.12189414352178574, 0.0526982806622982, 0.439693808555603, 0.3547387421131134, -0.053998857736587524, -0.19418835639953613, -0.29327866435050964, -0.17909526824951172, 0.0057894825004041195, -0.016112646088004112, 0.10074716...	Unicode has become the dominant scheme for internal processing and storage of text. Although a great deal of text is still stored in legacy encodings, Unicode is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems. Early adopters tended to use UCS-2 (the fixed-width two-byte precursor to UTF-16) and...	Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or termina...	Geologists use a number of field, laboratory, and numerical modeling methods to decipher Earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology (the study of rocks), stratigraphy (the study of sedimenta...	topographic gradients	92,679
572673f5708984140094c69e	Geology	The addition of new rock units, both depositionally and intrusively, often occurs during deformation. Faulting and other deformational processes result in the creation of topographic gradients, causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels. These sediments are...	What activity maintains topographic gradients?	{ "answer_start": [ 368, 368, 368 ], "text": [ "Continual motion along the fault", "Continual motion", "Continual motion along the fault" ] }	What activity maintains topographic gradients?	[ 0.13966821134090424, 0.026126941666007042, 0.1761425882577896, 0.3092639744281769, 0.23969335854053497, 0.168976828455925, 0.29402872920036316, -0.029148319736123085, -0.1474393755197525, -0.28386205434799194, -0.2345055639743805, 0.08640751242637634, -0.07042309641838074, -0.2552067041397...	If a problem X is in C and hard for C, then X is said to be complete for C. This means that X is the hardest problem in C. (Since many problems could be equally hard, one might say that X is one of the hardest problems in C.) Thus the class of NP-complete problems contains the most difficult problems in NP, in the sens...	Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or termina...	Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed ...	Continual motion along the fault	92,680
572673f5708984140094c69f	Geology	The addition of new rock units, both depositionally and intrusively, often occurs during deformation. Faulting and other deformational processes result in the creation of topographic gradients, causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels. These sediments are...	What events are often associated with volcanism and igneous activity?	{ "answer_start": [ 547, 547, 547 ], "text": [ "Deformational events", "Deformational", "Deformational" ] }	What events are often associated with volcanism and igneous activity?	[ 0.1882663071155548, 0.06220526248216629, 0.025328461080789566, 0.03421114385128021, 0.14162175357341766, -0.03561130538582802, 0.4191407859325409, 0.35712939500808716, -0.21935926377773285, -0.09382613003253937, -0.33682340383529663, 0.11390174925327301, -0.22615648806095123, 0.29426813125...	A new style of wafers composed of gallium-nitride-on-silicon (GaN-on-Si) is being used to produce white LEDs using 200-mm silicon wafers. This avoids the typical costly sapphire substrate in relatively small 100- or 150-mm wafer sizes. The sapphire apparatus must be coupled with a mirror-like collector to reflect light...	Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or termina...	The core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion created the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the Swiss Alps that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas. Peaks such as Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and high peaks in the Pennine Alps, the Briançonna...	Deformational events	92,681
57267640f1498d1400e8e074	Geology	All of these processes do not necessarily occur in a single environment, and do not necessarily occur in a single order. The Hawaiian Islands, for example, consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows. The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon in the southwestern Unit...	The Hawaiian Islands are made up almost entirely of what?	{ "answer_start": [ 183, 183, 183 ], "text": [ "layered basaltic lava flows", "layered basaltic lava flows", "layered basaltic lava flows" ] }	[MASK] are made up almost entirely of what?	[ 0.5650035738945007, 0.08934320509433746, -0.1791604459285736, 0.34430795907974243, 0.05968494340777397, 0.14689888060092926, -0.008219333365559578, 0.026957569643855095, -0.25009503960609436, -0.008958682417869568, -0.2703700661659241, -0.2130023092031479, -0.34192636609077454, 0.036490648...	The Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly decided to hold a referendum on the proposal. On 8 May 2015, voters were asked if Norfolk Islanders should freely determine their political status and their economic, social and cultural development, and to "be consulted at referendum or plebiscite on the future model of governan...	Geologists use a number of field, laboratory, and numerical modeling methods to decipher Earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology (the study of rocks), stratigraphy (the study of sedimenta...	Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigen...	layered basaltic lava flows	92,682
57267640f1498d1400e8e075	Geology	All of these processes do not necessarily occur in a single environment, and do not necessarily occur in a single order. The Hawaiian Islands, for example, consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows. The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon in the southwestern Unit...	What is the oldest known rock in the world?	{ "answer_start": [ 645, 645, 645 ], "text": [ "Acasta gneiss", "Acasta gneiss", "Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada" ] }	What is the oldest known rock in the world?	[ 0.14788615703582764, 0.20117700099945068, -0.402529239654541, 0.2571433186531067, 0.1951538473367691, 0.11711796373128891, -0.006652653682976961, 0.2865235507488251, -0.17497824132442474, 0.07246313244104385, -0.077597975730896, 0.04314904659986496, 0.01822623424232006, 0.2266644537448883,...	In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard, HMNB Devonport, opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar. Further docks were built here in 1727, 1762 and 1793. The settlement that developed here was called "Dock" or "Plymouth Dock" at the time, and a new town, separate from Plymouth, grew up. In ...	Geologists use a number of field, laboratory, and numerical modeling methods to decipher Earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology (the study of rocks), stratigraphy (the study of sedimenta...	The Devonian spanned roughly from 419 to 359 Ma. The period was a time of great tectonic activity, as Laurasia and Gondwana drew closer together. The continent Euramerica (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica, which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic ...	Acasta gneiss	92,683
57267640f1498d1400e8e076	Geology	All of these processes do not necessarily occur in a single environment, and do not necessarily occur in a single order. The Hawaiian Islands, for example, consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows. The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon in the southwestern Unit...	What type of rock is found at the Grand Canyon?	{ "answer_start": [ 366, 366, 366 ], "text": [ "sedimentary rocks", "sedimentary", "sedimentary" ] }	What type of rock is found at [MASK]?	[ 0.32280054688453674, 0.297841340303421, -0.3788963556289673, 0.3126359283924103, 0.45174935460090637, 0.11806683242321014, 0.2855966091156006, 0.09072491526603699, -0.12838973104953766, 0.016319414600729942, -0.28163203597068787, 0.19969184696674347, -0.023613590747117996, 0.01629998907446...	In each case, cables are attached to a hitch plate on top of the cab or may be "underslung" below a cab, and then looped over the drive sheave to a counterweight attached to the opposite end of the cables which reduces the amount of power needed to move the cab. The counterweight is located in the hoist-way and rides a...	Geologists use a number of field, laboratory, and numerical modeling methods to decipher Earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology (the study of rocks), stratigraphy (the study of sedimenta...	Many faults are able to produce a magnitude 6.7+ earthquake, such as the San Andreas Fault, which can produce a magnitude 8.0 event. Other faults include the San Jacinto Fault, the Puente Hills Fault, and the Elsinore Fault Zone. The USGS has released a California Earthquake forecast which models Earthquake occurrence ...	sedimentary rocks	92,684
57267640f1498d1400e8e077	Geology	All of these processes do not necessarily occur in a single environment, and do not necessarily occur in a single order. The Hawaiian Islands, for example, consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows. The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon in the southwestern Unit...	The rocks at the Grand Canyon have been in place since when?	{ "answer_start": [ 418, 418, 418 ], "text": [ "Cambrian time", "Cambrian time", "Cambrian time" ] }	The rocks at [MASK] have been in place since when?	[ 0.2400570809841156, 0.12886950373649597, -0.09305785596370697, 0.15984120965003967, 0.28015124797821045, -0.07599065452814102, 0.024731965735554695, -0.12471169233322144, -0.32350367307662964, 0.09952948242425919, -0.11040423810482025, 0.11063265055418015, 0.04002730920910835, 0.0175952538...	Coffeehouses represent a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities. Coffeeshops became homes away from home for many who sought, for the first time, to engage in discourse with their neighbors and discuss intriguing and thought-provoking...	Geologists use a number of field, laboratory, and numerical modeling methods to decipher Earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology (the study of rocks), stratigraphy (the study of sedimenta...	The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than ...	Cambrian time	92,685
57267640f1498d1400e8e078	Geology	All of these processes do not necessarily occur in a single environment, and do not necessarily occur in a single order. The Hawaiian Islands, for example, consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows. The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon in the southwestern Unit...	Where is the oldest known rock in the world located?	{ "answer_start": [ 666, 695, 682 ], "text": [ "Slave craton in northwestern Canada", "Canada", "northwestern Canada" ] }	Where is the oldest known rock in the world located?	[ 0.14368785917758942, 0.1970636397600174, -0.4140932857990265, 0.2531032860279083, 0.2175559401512146, 0.08253508806228638, 0.048447128385305405, 0.22652311623096466, -0.1513768881559372, 0.08140241354703903, -0.11438095569610596, 0.05517616122961044, 0.0484459213912487, 0.2031358927488327,...	Four days after his birth, Apollo killed the chthonic dragon Python, which lived in Delphi beside the Castalian Spring. This was the spring which emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies. Hera sent the serpent to hunt Leto to her death across the world. To protect his mother, Apollo begged...	Geologists use a number of field, laboratory, and numerical modeling methods to decipher Earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology (the study of rocks), stratigraphy (the study of sedimenta...	The Devonian spanned roughly from 419 to 359 Ma. The period was a time of great tectonic activity, as Laurasia and Gondwana drew closer together. The continent Euramerica (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica, which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic ...	Slave craton in northwestern Canada	92,686
572677e7708984140094c723	Geology	Geologists use a number of field, laboratory, and numerical modeling methods to decipher Earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology (the study of rocks), stratigraphy (the study of sedimenta...	What is petrology?	{ "answer_start": [ 263, 267, 263 ], "text": [ "the study of rocks", "study of rocks", "the study of rocks" ] }	What is petrology?	[ 0.29189032316207886, 0.4399939179420471, -0.14453591406345367, -0.009689845144748688, 0.07588108628988266, 0.2037060409784317, 0.021105384454131126, 0.04789851978421211, -0.05390581488609314, -0.12271373718976974, -0.27902156114578247, 0.03923829272389412, 0.14145267009735107, 0.0363937914...	The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian). Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations).	Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geol...	In the 1960s, a series of discoveries, the most important of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle, is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which i...	the study of rocks	92,687
572677e7708984140094c724	Geology	Geologists use a number of field, laboratory, and numerical modeling methods to decipher Earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology (the study of rocks), stratigraphy (the study of sedimenta...	What is stratigraphy?	{ "answer_start": [ 298, 302, 298 ], "text": [ "the study of sedimentary layers", "study of sedimentary layers", "the study of sedimentary layers" ] }	What is stratigraphy?	[ 0.17408013343811035, 0.21129150688648224, -0.22027812898159027, 0.2163594365119934, 0.10978812724351883, 0.23695756494998932, 0.2745417058467865, -0.07314145565032959, -0.11325230449438095, -0.2326289862394333, -0.26797038316726685, -0.009603110142052174, -0.05730102211236954, 0.0621849000...	The national economy grew significantly through agrarian reform, major modernization projects such as the Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam, and nationalization schemes such as that of the Suez Canal. However, the marked economic growth of the early 1960s took a downturn for the remainder of the decade, only recover...	Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geol...	For many geologic applications, isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature, the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice. These are use...	the study of sedimentary layers	92,688
572677e7708984140094c725	Geology	Geologists use a number of field, laboratory, and numerical modeling methods to decipher Earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology (the study of rocks), stratigraphy (the study of sedimenta...	What is structural geology?	{ "answer_start": [ 356, 360, 356 ], "text": [ "the study of positions of rock units and their deformation", "study of positions of rock units and their deformation", "the study of positions of rock units and their deformation" ] }	What is structural geology?	[ 0.27135252952575684, 0.3934318423271179, -0.2753068804740906, -0.14001497626304626, 0.22618021070957184, 0.20038257539272308, 0.08396048098802567, -0.0971086248755455, -0.29920992255210876, -0.010206730104982853, -0.2102697789669037, 0.2037658989429474, -0.05032365769147873, 0.126465916633...	Nasser was known for his intimate relationship with ordinary Egyptians. His availability to the public, despite assassination attempts against him, was unparalleled among his successors. A skilled orator, Nasser gave 1,359 speeches between 1953 and 1970, a record for any Egyptian head of state. Historian Elie Podeh wro...	Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geol...	Anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present. Its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology, which describes the workings of societies around the world, linguistic anthropology, which investigates the influence of language in social life, and biological or ph...	the study of positions of rock units and their deformation	92,689
572677e7708984140094c726	Geology	Geologists use a number of field, laboratory, and numerical modeling methods to decipher Earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology (the study of rocks), stratigraphy (the study of sedimenta...	What modern formations do geologists study?	{ "answer_start": [ 454, 461, 461 ], "text": [ "modern soils", "soils, rivers, landscapes, and glaciers", "soils, rivers, landscapes, and glaciers" ] }	What modern formations do geologists study?	[ 0.32114115357398987, 0.5319415926933289, -0.12339572608470917, -0.041186850517988205, 0.44578561186790466, 0.05763816088438034, 0.23640337586402893, 0.08695798367261887, -0.22096621990203857, -0.037556663155555725, -0.29645735025405884, 0.19496043026447296, 0.16069923341274261, 0.249840289...	In Britain, further experiments in the genre boosted its appeal. House and rave clubs such as Lakota and Cream emerged across Britain, hosting house and dance scene events. The 'chilling out' concept developed in Britain with ambient house albums such as The KLF's Chill Out and Analogue Bubblebath by Aphex Twin. The Go...	Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geol...	The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural sciences and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed as the history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural wo...	modern soils	92,690
57267947f1498d1400e8e0ec	Geology	In addition to identifying rocks in the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory. Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections of rock samples are analyzed throug...	What do petrologists use electron microprobes in the laboratory for?	{ "answer_start": [ 15, 132, 132 ], "text": [ "identifying rocks", "identifying rocks", "identifying rocks" ] }	What do petrologists use electron microprobes in the laboratory for?	[ 0.3331708610057831, 0.29019489884376526, -0.08163180202245712, 0.10339530557394028, 0.49113860726356506, 0.22881485521793365, -0.02982977405190468, -0.24411001801490784, 0.2187555432319641, -0.27163103222846985, -0.17921246588230133, 0.1751471757888794, -0.11034142971038818, -0.21654349565...	On 25 January 1952, a confrontation between British forces and police at Ismailia resulted in the deaths of 40 Egyptian policemen, provoking riots in Cairo the next day which left 76 people dead. Afterwards, Nasser published a simple six-point program in Rose al-Yūsuf to dismantle feudalism and British influence in Egy...	New chemical glass compositions or new treatment techniques can be initially investigated in small-scale laboratory experiments. The raw materials for laboratory-scale glass melts are often different from those used in mass production because the cost factor has a low priority. In the laboratory mostly pure chemicals a...	Structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks which gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks. They also plot and combine measurements of geological structures in order to better understand the orien...	identifying rocks	92,691
57267947f1498d1400e8e0ed	Geology	In addition to identifying rocks in the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory. Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections of rock samples are analyzed throug...	What properties are analyzed with a conoscopic lens by petrologists?	{ "answer_start": [ 483, 483, 483 ], "text": [ "birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties", "birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference", "birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference" ] }	What properties are analyzed with a conoscopic lens by petrologists?	[ 0.09243764728307724, 0.42673924565315247, 0.24220682680606842, -0.009506195783615112, 0.27039486169815063, 0.29916611313819885, 0.10660620778799057, -0.3258509933948517, 0.19680382311344147, -0.3762972354888916, -0.2689768075942993, 0.308374285697937, 0.10304981470108032, -0.08802690356969...	The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ...	New chemical glass compositions or new treatment techniques can be initially investigated in small-scale laboratory experiments. The raw materials for laboratory-scale glass melts are often different from those used in mass production because the cost factor has a low priority. In the laboratory mostly pure chemicals a...	There are three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock, and magma. When a rock crystallizes from melt (magma and/or lava), it is an igneous rock. This rock can be weathered and er...	birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties	92,692
57267947f1498d1400e8e0ee	Geology	In addition to identifying rocks in the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory. Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections of rock samples are analyzed throug...	Stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into what?	{ "answer_start": [ 794, 794, 790 ], "text": [ "geochemical evolution of rock units", "geochemical evolution of rock units", "the geochemical evolution of rock units" ] }	Stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into what?	[ 0.38883665204048157, 0.18269303441047668, -0.3194316625595093, 0.06206928938627243, 0.3051130175590515, -0.21893364191055298, 0.032113607972860336, -0.35027292370796204, 0.24946153163909912, -0.14098811149597168, -0.25182780623435974, -0.013255681842565536, -0.05692439153790474, -0.0486887...	Darwin was hard at work on his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell...	New chemical glass compositions or new treatment techniques can be initially investigated in small-scale laboratory experiments. The raw materials for laboratory-scale glass melts are often different from those used in mass production because the cost factor has a low priority. In the laboratory mostly pure chemicals a...	Likewise, group theory helps predict the changes in physical properties that occur when a material undergoes a phase transition, for example, from a cubic to a tetrahedral crystalline form. An example is ferroelectric materials, where the change from a paraelectric to a ferroelectric state occurs at the Curie temperatu...	geochemical evolution of rock units	92,693
57267947f1498d1400e8e0ef	Geology	In addition to identifying rocks in the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory. Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections of rock samples are analyzed throug...	Petrologists identify rock samples in the field and where else?	{ "answer_start": [ 85, 89, 89 ], "text": [ "the laboratory", "laboratory", "laboratory" ] }	Petrologists identify rock samples in the field and where else?	[ 0.2852676510810852, 0.3328436613082886, -0.1595432013273239, 0.049064308404922485, 0.4205562174320221, 0.06230371445417404, 0.10834653675556183, -0.268494576215744, 0.23325133323669434, -0.10005856305360794, -0.4590514302253723, 0.20417913794517517, 0.16270026564598083, -0.1316286772489547...	The path of violence and military struggle was then taken up by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. Unlike earlier anti-colonial movements the extremist group directed its attacks against what it believed were "apostate" leaders of Muslim states, leaders who...	Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid, glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature. A supercooled liquid behaves as a liquid, but it is below the freezing point of the material, and in some cases will crystallize almost instant...	At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigra...	the laboratory	92,694
57267947f1498d1400e8e0f0	Geology	In addition to identifying rocks in the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory. Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections of rock samples are analyzed throug...	What type of microscope is used by petrologists?	{ "answer_start": [ 324, 324, 324 ], "text": [ "petrographic microscope", "petrographic", "petrographic" ] }	What type of microscope is used by petrologists?	[ 0.22525638341903687, 0.416350394487381, 0.029306143522262573, -0.05762874707579613, 0.2598251700401306, 0.16261662542819977, 0.13420528173446655, -0.14899973571300507, 0.20053406059741974, -0.18072769045829773, -0.23109230399131775, 0.32531407475471497, 0.10972389578819275, -0.202160716056...	Tucson's primary electrical power source is a coal and natural gas power-plant managed by Tucson Electric Power that is situated within the city limits on the south-western boundary of Davis-Monthan Air-force base adjacent to Interstate-10. The air pollution generated has raised some concerns as the Sundt operating sta...	New chemical glass compositions or new treatment techniques can be initially investigated in small-scale laboratory experiments. The raw materials for laboratory-scale glass melts are often different from those used in mass production because the cost factor has a low priority. In the laboratory mostly pure chemicals a...	Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the d...	petrographic microscope	92,695
57267b3c5951b619008f7423	Geology	Petrologists can also use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear, and how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes. This research can be extrapolated to the field to understand...	How else can petrologists understand the pressures at which different mineral phases appear?	{ "answer_start": [ 80, 26, 26 ], "text": [ "pressure physical experiments", "fluid inclusion data", "fluid inclusion data" ] }	How else can petrologists understand the pressures at which different mineral phases appear?	[ 0.10263876616954803, 0.22821035981178284, -0.09935394674539566, -0.02509589120745659, 0.2999836504459381, 0.27522045373916626, 0.1478089988231659, -0.23371633887290955, -0.07862061262130737, -0.08423687517642975, -0.2397635579109192, 0.2669461667537689, -0.040231164544820786, 0.19428299367...	The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. It can produce a stronger output signal, a voltage or current, which is proportional to a weaker inp...	The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than ...	At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigra...	pressure physical experiments	92,696
57267b3c5951b619008f7424	Geology	Petrologists can also use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear, and how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes. This research can be extrapolated to the field to understand...	How else can petrologists understand the temperature at which different mineral phases appear?	{ "answer_start": [ 89, 59, 80 ], "text": [ "physical experiments", "high temperature and pressure physical experiments", "pressure physical experiments" ] }	How else can petrologists understand the temperature at which different mineral phases appear?	[ 0.06267651915550232, 0.26957181096076965, -0.10441245883703232, -0.01159356813877821, 0.3111819326877594, 0.23093661665916443, 0.15871024131774902, -0.18180541694164276, -0.030343877151608467, -0.11628447473049164, -0.2583092451095581, 0.15828654170036316, -0.029260315001010895, 0.25459095...	As many Japanese had feared, Japan's supply arrangements could not maintain her forces. Once Mutaguchi's hopes for an early victory were thwarted, his troops, particularly those at Kohima, starved. During May, while Mutaguchi continued to order attacks, the Allies advanced southwards from Kohima and northwards from Imp...	The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than ...	In more recent applications, hydrogen is used pure or mixed with nitrogen (sometimes called forming gas) as a tracer gas for minute leak detection. Applications can be found in the automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications industries. Hydrogen is an authorized food additive (E 949) that ...	physical experiments	92,697
57267b3c5951b619008f7425	Geology	Petrologists can also use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear, and how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes. This research can be extrapolated to the field to understand...	Data from physical experiments can be extrapolated to the field to understand what processes?	{ "answer_start": [ 321, 321, 321 ], "text": [ "metamorphic processes", "metamorphic", "metamorphic" ] }	Data from physical experiments can be extrapolated to the field to understand what processes?	[ 0.4512498378753662, 0.022327423095703125, -0.04858704283833504, 0.25107690691947937, 0.3667633831501007, 0.29042303562164307, -0.037335824221372604, -0.3722844421863556, -0.15232238173484802, -0.18613843619823456, -0.0883839949965477, -0.0794529914855957, -0.1884877234697342, 0.11006213724...	A Macau resident was arrested on April 26 for posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt the relay. Both orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com Internet forums were shut down from May 2 to 4. This fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay. The head of the Bureau of Tel...	The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than ...	However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modific...	metamorphic processes	92,698
57267d52708984140094c7d9	Geology	Structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks which gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks. They also plot and combine measurements of geological structures in order to better understand the orien...	What type of geologists give information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks?	{ "answer_start": [ 0, 0, 0 ], "text": [ "Structural geologists", "Structural", "Structural" ] }	What type of geologists give information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks?	[ 0.5330902338027954, 0.5984538197517395, -0.21090370416641235, -0.0007381173199974, 0.2979278564453125, 0.09305743873119354, 0.2462654858827591, 0.01953975111246109, -0.006336446385830641, -0.012225113809108734, -0.2709569036960602, 0.41201719641685486, 0.14376114308834076, 0.11556901037693...	The world's first commercial broadcast automation audio compression system was developed by Oscar Bonello, an engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires. In 1983, using the psychoacoustic principle of the masking of critical bands first published in 1967, he started developing a practical application based...	The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, whe...	The principle of inclusions and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in ...	Structural geologists	92,699
57267d52708984140094c7da	Geology	Structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks which gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks. They also plot and combine measurements of geological structures in order to better understand the orien...	How do structural geologists observe the fabric within the rocks?	{ "answer_start": [ 26, 26, 22 ], "text": [ "microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections", "microscopic analysis", "use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples" ] }	How do structural geologists observe the fabric within the rocks?	[ 0.5025918483734131, 0.33247190713882446, -0.08936183154582977, 0.05589393898844719, 0.42225298285484314, 0.1304769068956375, 0.2027393877506256, -0.23649437725543976, -0.15718023478984833, -0.09593183547258377, -0.26274552941322327, 0.25356394052505493, 0.19463683664798737, 0.0174002330750...	In 1864, Andrew Johnson (a War Democrat from Tennessee) was elected Vice President under Abraham Lincoln. He became President after Lincoln's assassination in 1865. Under Johnson's lenient re-admission policy, Tennessee was the first of the seceding states to have its elected members readmitted to the U.S. Congress, on...	The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, whe...	Extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner. This is primarily accomplished through normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning. Normal faults drop rock units that are higher below those that are lower. This typically results in younger units being placed below older unit...	microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections	92,700
57267d52708984140094c7db	Geology	Structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks which gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks. They also plot and combine measurements of geological structures in order to better understand the orien...	In order to better understand the orientations of faults and folds, structural geologists do what with measurements of geological structures?	{ "answer_start": [ 226, 226, 226 ], "text": [ "plot and combine", "plot and combine", "plot and combine" ] }	In order to better understand the orientations of faults and folds, structural geologists do what with measurements of geological structures?	[ 0.23499846458435059, 0.3145667016506195, -0.0919179767370224, 0.008884464390575886, 0.41278183460235596, 0.14887744188308716, 0.09700359404087067, -0.1797119528055191, -0.168350487947464, -0.21386797726154327, -0.245284304022789, 0.4174371659755707, 0.3087902367115021, -0.07356243580579758...	North Carolina's party loyalties have undergone a series of important shifts in the last few years: While the 2010 midterms saw Tar Heel voters elect a bicameral Republican majority legislature for the first time in over a century, North Carolina has also become a Southern swing state in presidential races. Since South...	The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, whe...	For many geologic applications, isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature, the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice. These are use...	plot and combine	92,701
57267d52708984140094c7dc	Geology	Structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks which gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks. They also plot and combine measurements of geological structures in order to better understand the orien...	What kind of experiments of rock deformation do structural geologists perform?	{ "answer_start": [ 443, 443, 443 ], "text": [ "analog and numerical experiments", "analog and numerical", "analog and numerical" ] }	What kind of experiments of rock deformation do structural geologists perform?	[ 0.2765030264854431, 0.4478655755519867, -0.23130197823047638, 0.06900078803300858, 0.3117673695087433, 0.29674607515335083, 0.2644014060497284, -0.1266256421804428, -0.2147035300731659, 0.013694964349269867, -0.3232661783695221, 0.3279694616794586, 0.20807191729545593, -0.07703115046024323...	The use of such contractions is as old as Chinese characters themselves, and they have frequently been found in religious or ritual use. In the Oracle Bone script, personal names, ritual items, and even phrases such as 受又(祐) shòu yòu "receive blessings" are commonly contracted into single characters. A dramatic example...	The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, whe...	Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals (behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures). They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropolo...	analog and numerical experiments	92,702
57267ebfdd62a815002e872c	Geology	Among the most well-known experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges, which are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries. In the analog versions of these experiments, horizontal layers of sand are pulled along a lower surface into a back stop, which result...	Zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries are called what?	{ "answer_start": [ 80, 80, 80 ], "text": [ "orogenic wedges", "orogenic wedges", "orogenic wedges" ] }	Zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries are called what?	[ 0.23646403849124908, -0.036482248455286026, 0.2306961864233017, 0.094758540391922, 0.2450459897518158, 0.03355875611305237, 0.2586231827735901, 0.0894077718257904, -0.12681351602077484, -0.05296862870454788, -0.4081648290157318, -0.10152190923690796, -0.04275358468294144, 0.031211461871862...	A wide selection of serials are available from BBC Video on DVD, on sale in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States. Every fully extant serial has been released on VHS, and BBC Worldwide continues to regularly release serials on DVD. The 2005 series is also available in its entirety on UMD for the P...	In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were de...	The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses...	orogenic wedges	92,703

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