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57336993d058e614000b5a8e | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | The island covers an area of 25 square kilometres (2,500 ha). The eastern side is wetter than the western. Although the climate is essentially arid, the rainfall does average 1000 mm annually, but with considerable variation over the terrain. Summer is from May to November, which is also the rainy season. Winter from D... | What is the lowest nighttime temperature recorded at St. Barts? | {
"answer_start": [
742
],
"text": [
"13 °C"
]
} | What is the lowest nighttime temperature recorded at [MASK]? | [
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0.027239298... | In the midst of the European sovereign-debt crisis, Radek Sikorski, Poland's Foreign Minister, stated in November 2011, "I will probably be the first Polish foreign minister in history to say so, but here it is: I fear German power less than I am beginning to fear German inactivity. You have become Europe's indispensab... | On 23 May 2001, the islands experienced an extratropical cyclone that generated winds up to 190 kilometres per hour (120 mph). A number of structures were severely damaged and a large number of cattle were killed, prompting emergency aid, provided by the British government. | As an example, Santiago de Compostela, the political capital city, has an average of 129 rainy days and 1,362 millimetres (53.6 in) per year (with just 17 rainy days in the three summer months) and 2,101 sunlight hours per year, with just 6 days with frosts per year. But the colder city of Lugo, to the east, has an ave... | 13 °C | 9,461 |
57337b914776f41900660b94 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town’s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town i... | When did the British invade the harbour town in St. Barts? | {
"answer_start": [
45
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"text": [
"1744"
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} | When did the [MASK] invade the harbour town in [MASK]? | [
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57337b914776f41900660b95 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town’s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town i... | What year did the Swedes add more buildings to the harbour town? | {
"answer_start": [
322
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"text": [
"1785"
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} | What year did the [MASK] add more buildings to the harbour town? | [
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0.116141684353... | In 1981, the Presidential Working Party on the Second University was commissioned to look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system. The committee recommended that the 7–4–2–3 system be changed to an 8–4–4 system (eight years in primary,... | The earliest record of the location appears as São João on a Portuguese map by Pedro Reinel in 1519. When John Rut visited St. John's in 1527 he found Norman, Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour. On 3 August 1527, Rut wrote a letter to King Henry on the findings of his voyage to North America; this was the first... | In 1409, a hospital was founded and placed under the patronage of Santa María de los Inocentes; to this was attached a confraternity devoted to recovering the bodies of the unfriended dead in the city and within a radius of three miles (4.8 km) around it. At the end of the 15th century this confraternity separated from... | 1785 | 9,463 |
57337b914776f41900660b96 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town’s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town i... | What was the port known as prior to the Swedish occupation of St. Barts? | {
"answer_start": [
433
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"text": [
"Carénage"
]
} | What was the port known as prior to the [MASK] occupation of [MASK]? | [
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57337b914776f41900660b97 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town’s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town i... | What was the name of the port changed to after the Swedish occupation? | {
"answer_start": [
469
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"text": [
"Gustavia"
]
} | What was the name of the port changed to after the [MASK] occupation? | [
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0.37882050... | Other cities with a concentration of secular Gothic include Bruges and Siena. Most surviving small secular buildings are relatively plain and straightforward; most windows are flat-topped with mullions, with pointed arches and vaulted ceilings often only found at a few focal points. The country-houses of the nobility w... | The earliest record of the location appears as São João on a Portuguese map by Pedro Reinel in 1519. When John Rut visited St. John's in 1527 he found Norman, Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour. On 3 August 1527, Rut wrote a letter to King Henry on the findings of his voyage to North America; this was the first... | After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, the Dutch Republic received the largest group of Huguenot refugees, an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people. Amongst them were 200 clergy. Many came from the region of the Cévennes, for instance, the village of Fraissinet-de-Lozère. This was a huge influx as the entir... | Gustavia | 9,465 |
57337b914776f41900660b98 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town’s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town i... | What war occurred in the 18th century? | {
"answer_start": [
597
],
"text": [
"the Caribbean war"
]
} | What war occurred in [MASK]? | [
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0.3166967... | Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that l... | The earliest record of the location appears as São João on a Portuguese map by Pedro Reinel in 1519. When John Rut visited St. John's in 1527 he found Norman, Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour. On 3 August 1527, Rut wrote a letter to King Henry on the findings of his voyage to North America; this was the first... | News of this arrived in Europe, where Britain and France unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate a solution. The two nations eventually dispatched regular troops to North America to enforce their claims. The first British action was the assault on Acadia on 16 June 1755 in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour, which was immedia... | the Caribbean war | 9,466 |
57337c26d058e614000b5b9f | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy is a historical museum known as the "St. Barts Municipal Museum" also called the "Wall House" (musée – bibliothèque) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe. The museum is housed in an old stone house, a two-storey building which has been refurbished. The island’s h... | What is the English name of the historic museum in St. Barts? | {
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"St. Barts Municipal Museum"
]
} | What is the [MASK] name of the historic museum in [MASK]? | [
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0.514256536960601... | The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (4... | A fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw and history of Poland can be found in the Warsaw Uprising Museum and in the Katyń Museum which preserves the memory of the crime. The Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre, the Warsaw Fotoplastikon. The Museum of Independen... | The National History Museum of Montevideo is located in the historical residence of General Fructuoso Rivera. It exhibits artifacts related to the history of Uruguay. In a process begun in 1998, the National Museum of Natural History (1837) and the National Museum of Anthropology (1981), merged in 2001, becoming the Na... | St. Barts Municipal Museum | 9,467 |
57337c26d058e614000b5ba0 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy is a historical museum known as the "St. Barts Municipal Museum" also called the "Wall House" (musée – bibliothèque) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe. The museum is housed in an old stone house, a two-storey building which has been refurbished. The island’s h... | What is the French name for the historic museum in St. Barts? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy"
]
} | What is the [MASK] name for the historic museum in [MASK]? | [
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0.5094209313392639... | Kenya’s armed forces, like many government institutions in the country, have been tainted by corruption allegations. Because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “state security”, the corruption has been less in public view, and thus less subject to public scru... | A fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw and history of Poland can be found in the Warsaw Uprising Museum and in the Katyń Museum which preserves the memory of the crime. The Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre, the Warsaw Fotoplastikon. The Museum of Independen... | One of the most dramatic parts of the museum is the Cast Courts in the sculpture wing, comprising two large, skylighted rooms two storeys high housing hundreds of plaster casts of sculptures, friezes and tombs. One of these is dominated by a full-scale replica of Trajan's Column, cut in half in order to fit under the c... | Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy | 9,468 |
57337c26d058e614000b5ba1 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy is a historical museum known as the "St. Barts Municipal Museum" also called the "Wall House" (musée – bibliothèque) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe. The museum is housed in an old stone house, a two-storey building which has been refurbished. The island’s h... | What town is the Museum located in? | {
"answer_start": [
156
],
"text": [
"Gustavia"
]
} | What town is the [MASK] located in? | [
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0.11855639517... | In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country,... | A fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw and history of Poland can be found in the Warsaw Uprising Museum and in the Katyń Museum which preserves the memory of the crime. The Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre, the Warsaw Fotoplastikon. The Museum of Independen... | Several French paintings entered the collection as part of the 260 paintings and miniatures (not all the works were French, for example Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child) that formed part of the Jones bequest of 1882 and as such are displayed in the galleries of continental art 1600–1800, including the portrait of Fran... | Gustavia | 9,469 |
57337c26d058e614000b5ba2 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy is a historical museum known as the "St. Barts Municipal Museum" also called the "Wall House" (musée – bibliothèque) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe. The museum is housed in an old stone house, a two-storey building which has been refurbished. The island’s h... | Besides the French and Swedish, who else occupied the island? | {
"answer_start": [
359
],
"text": [
"British"
]
} | Besides the [MASK] and [MASK], who else occupied the island? | [
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57337c26d058e614000b5ba3 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy is a historical museum known as the "St. Barts Municipal Museum" also called the "Wall House" (musée – bibliothèque) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe. The museum is housed in an old stone house, a two-storey building which has been refurbished. The island’s h... | What type of houses are on display at the museum in St. Barts? | {
"answer_start": [
527
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"text": [
"Creole"
]
} | What type of houses are on display at the museum in [MASK]? | [
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0.47310271859169006... | The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible objects. Circuits, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and mice are all hardware. | A fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw and history of Poland can be found in the Warsaw Uprising Museum and in the Katyń Museum which preserves the memory of the crime. The Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre, the Warsaw Fotoplastikon. The Museum of Independen... | The Victorian parts of the building have a complex history, with piecemeal additions by different architects. Founded in May 1852, it was not until 1857 that the museum moved to the present site. This area of London was known as Brompton but had been renamed South Kensington. The land was occupied by Brompton Park Hous... | Creole | 9,471 |
56dc544814d3a41400c267bf | Genome | In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA. | In what fields of science is the genome studied? | {
"answer_start": [
10
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"text": [
"molecular biology and genetics"
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} | In what fields of science is the genome studied? | [
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56dc544814d3a41400c267c0 | Genome | In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA. | What is the content of the human genome? | {
"answer_start": [
108
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"text": [
"DNA"
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} | What is the content of the human genome? | [
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56dc544814d3a41400c267c1 | Genome | In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA. | What constitutes the viral genome? | {
"answer_start": [
116
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"text": [
"RNA"
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} | What constitutes the viral genome? | [
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56dc54a514d3a41400c267c5 | Genome | The term was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome. However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few related -ome words already existed—such as biome, rhizome, forming a v... | Who coined the word genome? | {
"answer_start": [
32
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"text": [
"Hans Winkler"
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} | Who coined the word genome? | [
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0.16352269053... | In soil, microorganisms that reside in the rhizosphere (a zone that includes the root surface and the soil that adheres to the root after gentle shaking) carry out nitrogen fixation, converting nitrogen gas to nitrogenous compounds. This serves to provide an easily absorbable form of nitrogen for many plants, which can... | Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing. | The growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication.:5.2 The copies are made by specialized enz... | Hans Winkler | 9,475 |
56dc54a514d3a41400c267c6 | Genome | The term was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome. However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few related -ome words already existed—such as biome, rhizome, forming a v... | In what year was the word genome first created? | {
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"1920"
]
} | In what year was the word genome first created? | [
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56dc54a514d3a41400c267c7 | Genome | The term was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome. However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few related -ome words already existed—such as biome, rhizome, forming a v... | At what university was Hans Winkler employed when he created the word genome? | {
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"University of Hamburg"
]
} | At what university was [MASK] employed when he created the word genome? | [
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0.1505627483... | The driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU are the liberalized electricity markets and the RES Directive. According to the directive the EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed and therefore a "guarantee of origin" must be issued (ar... | Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing. | Von Neumann was a founding figure in computing. Donald Knuth cites von Neumann as the inventor, in 1945, of the merge sort algorithm, in which the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged. Von Neumann wrote the sorting program for the EDVAC in ink, being 23 pages long; traces can ... | University of Hamburg | 9,477 |
56dc54a514d3a41400c267c8 | Genome | The term was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome. However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few related -ome words already existed—such as biome, rhizome, forming a v... | Which two similar words share etymology with genome? | {
"answer_start": [
293
],
"text": [
"biome, rhizome"
]
} | Which [MASK] similar words share etymology with genome? | [
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56dc552f14d3a41400c267cd | Genome | Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes: diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell. The halving of the g... | A gamate has how many chromosomes relative to a somatic cell? | {
"answer_start": [
186
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"text": [
"half"
]
} | A gamate has how many chromosomes relative to a somatic cell? | [
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A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different g... | When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what i... | half | 9,479 |
56dc552f14d3a41400c267ce | Genome | Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes: diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell. The halving of the g... | What process splits the chromosome between gametes? | {
"answer_start": [
415
],
"text": [
"meiosis"
]
} | What process splits the chromosome between gametes? | [
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A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different g... | Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as chromosome number (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what... | meiosis | 9,480 |
56dc552f14d3a41400c267cf | Genome | Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes: diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell. The halving of the g... | What are two cellular organelles which contain genetic material? | {
"answer_start": [
512
],
"text": [
"mitochondria and chloroplasts"
]
} | What are [MASK] cellular organelles which contain genetic material? | [
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A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different g... | Most bacteria have a single circular chromosome that can range in size from only 160,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Carsonella ruddii, to 12,200,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacteria Sorangium cellulosum. Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this arrangement, wit... | mitochondria and chloroplasts | 9,481 |
56dc561414d3a41400c267d3 | Genome | When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what i... | What is the science that deals with the common genetic characteristics of related organisms called? | {
"answer_start": [
656
],
"text": [
"genomics"
]
} | What is the science that deals with the common genetic characteristics of related organisms called? | [
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0.3605135083... | A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine... | Genes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event, where they are known as ... | Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers... | genomics | 9,482 |
56dc561414d3a41400c267d4 | Genome | When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what i... | In contrast to genomics, genetics usually studies what? | {
"answer_start": [
745
],
"text": [
"single genes or groups of genes"
]
} | In contrast to genomics, genetics usually studies what? | [
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0.0778110474... | Music was an important part of both secular and spiritual culture, and in the universities it made up part of the quadrivium of the liberal arts. From the early 13th century, the dominant sacred musical form had been the motet; a composition with text in several parts. From the 1330s and onwards, emerged the polyphonic... | Genes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event, where they are known as ... | Genes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event, where they are known as ... | single genes or groups of genes | 9,483 |
56dc561414d3a41400c267d5 | Genome | When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what i... | What is the catalog of contents of a particular species' genetic makeup? | {
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"sequenced"
]
} | What is the catalog of contents of a particular species' genetic makeup? | [
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0.2242405861616... | Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN
2011–present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria)
2000–2010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia)
1987–2000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan)
1969–87 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines) | Genes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event, where they are known as ... | For multicellular organisms, typically the embryo is engineered which grows into the adult genetically modified organism. However, the genomes of cells in an adult organism can be edited using gene therapy techniques to treat genetic diseases. | sequenced | 9,484 |
56dc56a414d3a41400c267d9 | Genome | Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequen... | What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called? | {
"answer_start": [
178
],
"text": [
"C-value paradox"
]
} | What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called? | [
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0.187233179... | Roman religion was thus practical and contractual, based on the principle of do ut des, "I give that you might give." Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer, ritual, and sacrifice, not on faith or dogma, although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and i... | Because of the great diversity found in animals, it is more economical for scientists to study a small number of chosen species so that connections can be drawn from their work and conclusions extrapolated about how animals function in general. Because they are easy to keep and breed, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogas... | Though the true dimensions of species diversity remain uncertain, estimates range from 2.6–7.8 million species with a mean of 5.5 million. This probably represents less than 20% of all species on Earth[citation needed], and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year, most species like... | C-value paradox | 9,485 |
56dc56a414d3a41400c267da | Genome | Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequen... | Which organism has the most genes? | {
"answer_start": [
286
],
"text": [
"trichomoniasis"
]
} | Which organism has the most genes? | [
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56dc56a414d3a41400c267db | Genome | Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequen... | How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have? | {
"answer_start": [
252
],
"text": [
"60,000"
]
} | How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have? | [
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0.1198285296559... | When an electromagnetic wave strikes a plane surface such as the ground, part of the wave is transmitted into the ground and part of it is reflected, according to the Fresnel coefficients. If the ground is a very good conductor then almost all of the wave is reflected (180° out of phase), whereas a ground modeled as a ... | Because of the great diversity found in animals, it is more economical for scientists to study a small number of chosen species so that connections can be drawn from their work and conclusions extrapolated about how animals function in general. Because they are easy to keep and breed, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogas... | Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, ... | 60,000 | 9,487 |
56dc56a414d3a41400c267dc | Genome | Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequen... | Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have? | {
"answer_start": [
352
],
"text": [
"three times"
]
} | Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have? | [
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56dc575814d3a41400c267e1 | Genome | In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domai... | Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"Walter Fiers"
]
} | Who was the [MASK] person to sequence a viral genome? | [
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56dc575814d3a41400c267e2 | Genome | In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domai... | Which viral genome did Fiers sequence? | {
"answer_start": [
142
],
"text": [
"Bacteriophage MS2"
]
} | Which viral genome did [MASK] sequence? | [
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0.1829759925603... | Numerous plays are put on every year at Eton College; there is one main theatre, called the Farrer (seating 400) and 2 Studio theatres, called the Caccia Studio and Empty Space (seating 90 and 80 respectively). There are about 8 or 9 house productions each year, around 3 or 4 "independent" plays (not confined solely to... | Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developm... | The genome size, and the number of genes it encodes varies widely between organisms. The smallest genomes occur in viruses (which can have as few as 2 protein-coding genes), and viroids (which act as a single non-coding RNA gene). Conversely, plants can have extremely large genomes, with rice containing >46,000 protein... | Bacteriophage MS2 | 9,490 |
56dc575814d3a41400c267e3 | Genome | In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domai... | Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome? | {
"answer_start": [
176
],
"text": [
"Fred Sanger"
]
} | Who was [MASK] to sequence a DNA- based genome? | [
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56dc575814d3a41400c267e4 | Genome | In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domai... | What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome? | {
"answer_start": [
495
],
"text": [
"Institute for Genomic Research"
]
} | What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome? | [
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0.3732997477... | The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from... | Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developm... | The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory), th... | Institute for Genomic Research | 9,492 |
56dc575814d3a41400c267e5 | Genome | In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domai... | In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced? | {
"answer_start": [
836
],
"text": [
"1996"
]
} | In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced? | [
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56dc57f714d3a41400c267eb | Genome | The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequenci... | Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes? | {
"answer_start": [
166
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"text": [
"US National Institutes of Health"
]
} | Which [MASK] government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes? | [
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56dc57f714d3a41400c267ec | Genome | The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequenci... | What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced? | {
"answer_start": [
358
],
"text": [
"mouse"
]
} | What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced? | [
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56dc57f714d3a41400c267ed | Genome | The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequenci... | What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced? | {
"answer_start": [
401
],
"text": [
"puffer fish"
]
} | What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced? | [
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56dc57f714d3a41400c267ee | Genome | The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequenci... | When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced? | {
"answer_start": [
443
],
"text": [
"December 2013"
]
} | When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced? | [
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0.0762541... | The phonograph disc record was the primary medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century, replacing the phonograph cylinder record–with which it had co-existed from the late 1880s through to the 1920s–by the late 1920s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact ... | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously ... | Isolated remains of Homo erectus in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited since at least the Middle Pleistocene era, somewhere between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago. Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in ... | December 2013 | 9,497 |
56dc57f714d3a41400c267ef | Genome | The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequenci... | How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome? | {
"answer_start": [
599
],
"text": [
"130,000"
]
} | How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the [MASK] genome? | [
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56dc587714d3a41400c267f5 | Genome | New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of ... | What is a recent development in sequencing methods? | {
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"massive parallel sequencing"
]
} | What is a recent development in sequencing methods? | [
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0.2400404... | Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely "strengthened a... | A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated, tetraploid cotton. "Tetraploid" means that cultivated cotton actually has two separate genomes within its nucleus, referred to as the A and D genomes. ... | Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as chromosome number (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what... | massive parallel sequencing | 9,499 |
56dc587714d3a41400c267f6 | Genome | New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of ... | Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup? | {
"answer_start": [
166
],
"text": [
"Manteia Predictive Medicine"
]
} | Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup? | [
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0.18225927650... | LE: Life expectancy at birth
MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita | A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated, tetraploid cotton. "Tetraploid" means that cultivated cotton actually has two separate genomes within its nucleus, referred to as the A and D genomes. ... | Perhaps the most prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shap... | Manteia Predictive Medicine | 9,500 |
56dc587714d3a41400c267f7 | Genome | New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of ... | Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
274
],
"text": [
"James D. Watson"
]
} | Whose complete genetic information was recorded in [MASK]? | [
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56dc587714d3a41400c267f8 | Genome | New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of ... | What is Watson famous for helping discover? | {
"answer_start": [
320
],
"text": [
"the structure of DNA"
]
} | What is [MASK] famous for helping discover? | [
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0.1980521380901... | Some people argue that elevators began as simple rope or chain hoists (see Traction elevators below). An elevator is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern-day elevator consists of a cab (also called a "cage", "carriage" or "car") mounted on a platform within an enclos... | A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated, tetraploid cotton. "Tetraploid" means that cultivated cotton actually has two separate genomes within its nucleus, referred to as the A and D genomes. ... | He was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics, in the development of functional analysis, a principal member of the Manhattan Project and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton (as one of the few originally appointed), and a key figure in the development of game theory and the conce... | the structure of DNA | 9,502 |
56dc591114d3a41400c267fd | Genome | Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project... | What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome? | {
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"genome map"
]
} | What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome? | [
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56dc591114d3a41400c267fe | Genome | Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project... | Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material? | {
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"The Human Genome Project"
]
} | Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material? | [
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56dc591114d3a41400c267ff | Genome | Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project... | Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project? | {
"answer_start": [
366
],
"text": [
"Jean Weissenbach"
]
} | Whose genome map greatly aided [MASK]? | [
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56dc591114d3a41400c26800 | Genome | Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project... | Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work? | {
"answer_start": [
403
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"Genoscope"
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56dc5baa14d3a41400c26805 | Genome | Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome. | What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome? | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Genome composition"
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0.2681878209... | Another approach to hardware support for database management was ICL's CAFS accelerator, a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities. In the long term, these efforts were generally unsuccessful because specialized database machines could not keep pace with the rapid development and progress of gene... | Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majo... | Most bacteria have a single circular chromosome that can range in size from only 160,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Carsonella ruddii, to 12,200,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacteria Sorangium cellulosum. Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this arrangement, wit... | Genome composition | 9,507 |
56dc5baa14d3a41400c26806 | Genome | Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome. | What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about? | {
"answer_start": [
274
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"evolutionary history"
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} | What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about? | [
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0.03561152890... | Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively ... | Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majo... | The growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication.:5.2 The copies are made by specialized enz... | evolutionary history | 9,508 |
56dc5c6214d3a41400c26809 | Genome | When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the cont... | What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition? | {
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"prokaryotes and eukaryotes"
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} | What [MASK] types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition? | [
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0.2086875140666... | The 1998 Strategic Defence Review and the 2003 Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper outlined the following posture for the British Armed Forces: | Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is... | The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding ... | prokaryotes and eukaryotes | 9,509 |
56dc5c6214d3a41400c2680b | Genome | When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the cont... | What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes? | {
"answer_start": [
357
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"text": [
"exon-intron"
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} | What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes? | [
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56dc5c6214d3a41400c2680c | Genome | When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the cont... | In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA? | {
"answer_start": [
488
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"text": [
"mammals and plants"
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} | In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA? | [
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56dc5cf614d3a41400c26811 | Genome | Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is... | What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes? | {
"answer_start": [
216
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"text": [
"pathogenic microbe"
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} | What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes? | [
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56dc5cf614d3a41400c26812 | Genome | Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is... | What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"virus"
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} | What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes? | [
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56dc5cf614d3a41400c26813 | Genome | Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is... | Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes? | {
"answer_start": [
332
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"text": [
"plasmids"
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} | Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes? | [
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0.1368991732597351... | Regular script has been attributed to Zhong Yao, of the Eastern Han to Cao Wei period (c. 151–230 AD), who has been called the "father of regular script". However, some scholars postulate that one person alone could not have developed a new script which was universally adopted, but could only have been a contributor to... | Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers... | Bacteria, as asexual organisms, inherit identical copies of their parent's genes (i.e., they are clonal). However, all bacteria can evolve by selection on changes to their genetic material DNA caused by genetic recombination or mutations. Mutations come from errors made during the replication of DNA or from exposure to... | plasmids | 9,514 |
56dc5d6c14d3a41400c26817 | Genome | In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part ... | What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes? | {
"answer_start": [
22
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"text": [
"plants, protozoa and animals"
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} | What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes? | [
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56dc5d6c14d3a41400c26819 | Genome | In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part ... | What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts? | {
"answer_start": [
514
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"text": [
"plastome"
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} | What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts? | [
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0.2400650829... | For the commercial naming of a product, the frame rate is often dropped and is implied from context (e.g., a 1080i television set). A frame rate can also be specified without a resolution. For example, 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second, and 50i means 25 interlaced frames per second. | The growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication.:5.2 The copies are made by specialized enz... | The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes ... | plastome | 9,516 |
56dc5d6c14d3a41400c2681a | Genome | In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part ... | What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria? | {
"answer_start": [
427
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"text": [
"mitochondrial genome"
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} | What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria? | [
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56dc5de314d3a41400c2681f | Genome | Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomeno... | What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Genome size"
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} | What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome? | [
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56dc5de314d3a41400c26820 | Genome | Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomeno... | What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes? | {
"answer_start": [
133
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"text": [
"morphological complexity"
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} | What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes? | [
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56dc5de314d3a41400c26821 | Genome | Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomeno... | What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes? | {
"answer_start": [
370
],
"text": [
"repetitive DNA"
]
} | What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes? | [
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56dc5e7014d3a41400c26825 | Genome | Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developm... | What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live? | {
"answer_start": [
209
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"text": [
"minimal genomes"
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} | What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live? | [
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0.074185043573379... | The Intermontane Plateaus come to an end at the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada. The Cascades consist of largely intermittent, volcanic mountains, many rising prominently from the surrounding landscape. The Sierra Nevada, further south, is a high, rugged, and dense mountain range. It contains the highest point in t... | Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes: diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell. The halving of the g... | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been... | minimal genomes | 9,521 |
56dc5e7014d3a41400c26826 | Genome | Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developm... | In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes? | {
"answer_start": [
353
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"text": [
"in vivo and in silico"
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} | In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes? | [
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56dc5f8a14d3a41400c26829 | Genome | The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size ... | What are two types of non-repetitive DNA? | {
"answer_start": [
117
],
"text": [
"Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes"
]
} | What are [MASK] types of non - repetitive DNA? | [
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56dc5f8a14d3a41400c2682a | Genome | The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size ... | In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size? | {
"answer_start": [
4
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"text": [
"proportion of non-repetitive DNA"
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} | In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size? | [
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56dc5f8a14d3a41400c2682b | Genome | The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size ... | What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA? | {
"answer_start": [
104
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"text": [
"genome size"
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56dc600514d3a41400c26835 | Genome | It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-... | What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA? | {
"answer_start": [
97
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"text": [
"E. coli"
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} | What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA? | [
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56dc600514d3a41400c26836 | Genome | It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-... | What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA? | {
"answer_start": [
175
],
"text": [
"C. elegans and fruit fly"
]
} | What are [MASK] organisms that have more non - repetitive than repetitive DNA? | [
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56dc600514d3a41400c26837 | Genome | It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-... | What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes? | {
"answer_start": [
421
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"text": [
"20%"
]
} | What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes? | [
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0.041508134454... | The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain. The name may refer both to Balts and Slavs. | Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, intersper... | Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is... | 20% | 9,528 |
56dc604614d3a41400c2683b | Genome | The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats. | What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes? | {
"answer_start": [
158
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"text": [
"tandem repeats and interspersed repeats"
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} | What are [MASK] types of repetitive DNA found in genomes? | [
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56dc604614d3a41400c2683c | Genome | The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats. | What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome? | {
"answer_start": [
4
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"text": [
"proportion of repetitive DNA"
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} | What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome? | [
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56dc610914d3a41400c2683f | Genome | Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, intersper... | Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA? | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Tandem repeats"
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} | Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA? | [
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0.37378442287... | In 1903, after British victory in the Anglo-Boer war, Swaziland became a British protectorate. Much of its early administration (for example, postal services) being carried out from South Africa until 1906 when the Transvaal colony was granted self-government. Following this, Swaziland was partitioned into European and... | Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refined. Initial theoretical predictions of the number of human genes were as high as 2,000,000. Early experim... | When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what i... | Tandem repeats | 9,531 |
56dc610914d3a41400c26840 | Genome | Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, intersper... | What are two examples of tandem repeats in DNA? | {
"answer_start": [
109
],
"text": [
"satellite DNA and microsatellites"
]
} | What are [MASK] examples of tandem repeats in DNA? | [
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56dc610914d3a41400c26841 | Genome | Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, intersper... | What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals? | {
"answer_start": [
311
],
"text": [
"interspersed repeats."
]
} | What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals? | [
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0.0820336416363716... | Nuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. If a crisis occurs, rapid generation and, if necessary, deployment of nuclear strike capabilities will demonstrate US resolve and may prompt an adversary to alter the course of ac... | Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refined. Initial theoretical predictions of the number of human genes were as high as 2,000,000. Early experim... | A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic function, and ... | interspersed repeats. | 9,533 |
56dc63c214d3a41400c26845 | Genome | Interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eu... | What is the main source of interspersed repeats? | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"Transposable elements"
]
} | What is the main source of interspersed repeats? | [
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56dc63c214d3a41400c26846 | Genome | Interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eu... | What do researchers think transposable elements are key factors in when considering higher eukaryotes? | {
"answer_start": [
291
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"text": [
"genome evolution"
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} | What do researchers think transposable elements are key factors in when considering higher eukaryotes? | [
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56dc63c214d3a41400c26847 | Genome | Interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eu... | What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements? | {
"answer_start": [
382
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"text": [
"retrotransposons"
]
} | What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements? | [
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-0.119693... | Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the ... | The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding ... | The inverted repeat regions are highly conserved among land plants, and accumulate few mutations. Similar inverted repeats exist in the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyceæ), suggesting that they predate the chloroplast, though some chloroplast DNAs have since los... | retrotransposons | 9,536 |
56dc63c214d3a41400c26848 | Genome | Interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eu... | What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements? | {
"answer_start": [
413
],
"text": [
"DNA transposons"
]
} | What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements? | [
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-0.07339... | In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President. For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, d... | The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding ... | The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats. | DNA transposons | 9,537 |
56dc63f014d3a41400c2684d | Genome | Retrotransposons can be transcribed into RNA, which are then duplicated at another site into the genome. Retrotransposons can be divided into Long terminal repeats (LTRs) and Non-Long Terminal Repeats (Non-LTR). | What kind of genetic material can be produced from retrotransposons? | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"RNA"
]
} | What kind of genetic material can be produced from retrotransposons? | [
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0.3994866311... | Kerry and his second wife, Mozambican-born businesswoman and philanthropist Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões Ferreira (known as Teresa), the widow of Kerry's late Pennsylvania Republican Senate colleague Henry John Heinz III, were introduced to each other by Heinz at an Earth Day rally in 1990. Early the following year, ... | The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1 | Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3 | RNA | 9,538 |
56dc648d14d3a41400c26851 | Genome | DNA transposons generally move by "cut and paste" in the genome, but duplication has also been observed. Class 2 TEs do not use RNA as intermediate and are popular in bacteria, in metazoan it has also been found. | What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move? | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"cut and paste"
]
} | What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move? | [
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0.0177283... | True exhibition games between opposing colleges at the highest level do not exist in college football; due to the importance of opinion polling in the top level of college football, even exhibition games would not truly be exhibitions because they could influence the opinions of those polled. Intramural games are possi... | Most bacteria have a single circular chromosome that can range in size from only 160,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Carsonella ruddii, to 12,200,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacteria Sorangium cellulosum. Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this arrangement, wit... | In ordinary circumstances, transduction, conjugation, and transformation involve transfer of DNA between individual bacteria of the same species, but occasionally transfer may occur between individuals of different bacterial species and this may have significant consequences, such as the transfer of antibiotic resistan... | cut and paste | 9,539 |
56dc648d14d3a41400c26852 | Genome | DNA transposons generally move by "cut and paste" in the genome, but duplication has also been observed. Class 2 TEs do not use RNA as intermediate and are popular in bacteria, in metazoan it has also been found. | DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs? | {
"answer_start": [
128
],
"text": [
"RNA"
]
} | DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs? | [
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0.03105376660823... | From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed] | Most bacteria have a single circular chromosome that can range in size from only 160,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Carsonella ruddii, to 12,200,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacteria Sorangium cellulosum. Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this arrangement, wit... | De novo or "orphan" genes, whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes, are extremely rare. Estimates of the number of de novo genes in the human genome range from 18 to 60. Such genes are typically shorter and simpler in structure than most eukaryotic genes, with few if any introns. Two primary sources of orp... | RNA | 9,540 |
56dc656c14d3a41400c26857 | Genome | Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as chromosome number (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what... | What is another word for the total count of chromosomes? | {
"answer_start": [
233
],
"text": [
"karyotype"
]
} | What is another word for the total count of chromosomes? | [
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0.32157114148139... | The traditional Greek homelands have been the Greek peninsula and the Aegean Sea, the Southern Italy (Magna Graecia), the Black Sea, the Ionian coasts of Asia Minor and the islands of Cyprus and Sicily. In Plato's Phaidon, Socrates remarks, "we (Greeks) live around a sea like frogs around a pond" when describing to his... | Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing. | This multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National Parks Conference. Wil... | karyotype | 9,541 |
56dc656c14d3a41400c26858 | Genome | Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as chromosome number (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what... | Aside from karyotype, what are other genomic traits studied by scientists? | {
"answer_start": [
245
],
"text": [
"genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content"
]
} | Aside from karyotype, what are other genomic traits studied by scientists? | [
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0.0858809873461... | Rumors began swirling with regards to bringing the AFL back to Austin and San Antonio, Texas. Both cities have hosted franchises in the past (Austin Wranglers, San Antonio Force and San Antonio Talons), but an AFL spokesman, BJ Pickard, was quoted as saying, "News to me." Announcements have yet to be made on any sort o... | Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing. | When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called mutants. The ... | genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content | 9,542 |
56dc662314d3a41400c2685b | Genome | Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty. | What type of generation of genetic material has a big part in making the genome what it is? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Duplications"
]
} | What type of generation of genetic material has a big part in making the genome what it is? | [
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0.32567319... | The major agricultural product is rice, which covers about 60% of the country's total cultivated land area. Rice accounts for 97% of total food grain production by weight. Through collaboration with the International Rice Research Institute 52 modern rice varieties were released in the country between 1966 and 1997, he... | The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size ... | DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 1–2 new mutati... | Duplications | 9,543 |
56dc662314d3a41400c2685d | Genome | Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty. | What is a possible product of duplications? | {
"answer_start": [
293
],
"text": [
"genetic novelty"
]
} | What is a possible product of duplications? | [
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0.389064192771... | Mission work in Samoa had begun in late 1830 by John Williams, of the London Missionary Society arriving in Sapapali'i from The Cook Islands and Tahiti. According to Barbara A. West, "The Samoans were also known to engage in ‘headhunting', a ritual of war in which a warrior took the head of his slain opponent to give t... | The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size ... | A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins or RNA) rather... | genetic novelty | 9,544 |
56dc66bb14d3a41400c26861 | Genome | Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genet... | What is an explanation for the resemblance between disparate parts of the genome? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Horizontal gene transfer"
]
} | What is an explanation for the resemblance between disparate parts of the genome? | [
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0.4799292087... | At the outset of the Korean War the CIA still only had a few thousand employees, a thousand of whom worked in analysis. Intelligence primarily came from the Office of Reports and Estimates, which drew its reports from a daily take of State Department telegrams, military dispatches, and other public documents. The CIA s... | Certain bacteria form close spatial associations that are essential for their survival. One such mutualistic association, called interspecies hydrogen transfer, occurs between clusters of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids, such as butyric acid or propionic acid, and produce hydrogen, and methanogenic Archae... | Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders ... | Horizontal gene transfer | 9,545 |
56dc66bb14d3a41400c26862 | Genome | Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genet... | In which organisms does horizontal gene transfer appear to occur commonly? | {
"answer_start": [
238
],
"text": [
"microbes"
]
} | In which organisms does horizontal gene transfer appear to occur commonly? | [
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0.00592368422076... | A considerable amount of new knowledge about plant function comes from studies of the molecular genetics of model plants such as the Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana, a weedy species in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The genome or hereditary information contained in the genes of this species is encoded by about 13... | Certain bacteria form close spatial associations that are essential for their survival. One such mutualistic association, called interspecies hydrogen transfer, occurs between clusters of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids, such as butyric acid or propionic acid, and produce hydrogen, and methanogenic Archae... | Island genetics provides one proposed explanation for the sudden, fully developed appearance of flowering plants. Island genetics is believed to be a common source of speciation in general, especially when it comes to radical adaptations that seem to have required inferior transitional forms. Flowering plants may have ... | microbes | 9,546 |
56dc66bb14d3a41400c26863 | Genome | Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genet... | Parts of which organelle genomes are thought to have ended up in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells via transfer? | {
"answer_start": [
343
],
"text": [
"chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes"
]
} | Parts of which organelle genomes are thought to have ended up in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells via transfer? | [
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0.238904386... | Sub- and quotient groups are related in the following way: a subset H of G can be seen as an injective map H → G, i.e. any element of the target has at most one element that maps to it. The counterpart to injective maps are surjective maps (every element of the target is mapped onto), such as the canonical map G → G / ... | Certain bacteria form close spatial associations that are essential for their survival. One such mutualistic association, called interspecies hydrogen transfer, occurs between clusters of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids, such as butyric acid or propionic acid, and produce hydrogen, and methanogenic Archae... | DNA transposons generally move by "cut and paste" in the genome, but duplication has also been observed. Class 2 TEs do not use RNA as intermediate and are popular in bacteria, in metazoan it has also been found. | chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes | 9,547 |
56dc686a14d3a41400c26867 | Comprehensive_school | A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive... | What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit? | {
"answer_start": [
2
],
"text": [
"comprehensive school"
]
} | What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit? | [
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0.0860628... | Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light, with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600, a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography. Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed t... | Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910, with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories, which required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare stud... | The majority of primary and secondary schools and further-education colleges in London are controlled by the London boroughs or otherwise state-funded; leading examples include City and Islington College, Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College, Leyton Sixth Form College, Tower Hamlets College and Bethnal Green Aca... | comprehensive school | 9,548 |
56dc686a14d3a41400c26868 | Comprehensive_school | A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive... | What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions? | {
"answer_start": [
150
],
"text": [
"selective school system"
]
} | What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions? | [
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0.01421082951128... | In The Madonna Companion biographers Allen Metz and Carol Benson noted that more than any other recent pop artist, Madonna had used MTV and music videos to establish her popularity and enhance her recorded work. According to them, many of her songs have the imagery of the music video in strong context, while referring ... | Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910, with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories, which required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare stud... | Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910, with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories, which required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare stud... | selective school system | 9,549 |
56dc686a14d3a41400c26869 | Comprehensive_school | A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive... | What countries used comprehensive schools extensively? | {
"answer_start": [
282
],
"text": [
"England and Wales"
]
} | What countries used comprehensive schools extensively? | [
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0.08742... | Other public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic, the political elite competed to ... | Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910, with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories, which required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare stud... | In the final years of the apartheid era, parents at white government schools were given the option to convert to a "semi-private" form called Model C, and many of these schools changed their admissions policies to accept children of other races. Following the transition to democracy, the legal form of "Model C" was abo... | England and Wales | 9,550 |
56dc686a14d3a41400c2686a | Comprehensive_school | A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive... | How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England? | {
"answer_start": [
427
],
"text": [
"90%"
]
} | How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in [MASK]? | [
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56dc686a14d3a41400c2686b | Comprehensive_school | A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive... | What is the German analogue of the comprehensive school? | {
"answer_start": [
600
],
"text": [
"Gesamtschule"
]
} | What is the [MASK] analogue of the comprehensive school? | [
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56dc695914d3a41400c26871 | Comprehensive_school | Comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less... | What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in grammar schools? | {
"answer_start": [
258
],
"text": [
"design and technology and vocational learning"
]
} | What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in grammar schools? | [
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56dc695914d3a41400c26872 | Comprehensive_school | Comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less... | What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education? | {
"answer_start": [
750
],
"text": [
"Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges"
]
} | What [MASK] kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education? | [
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... | Beginning in 2005, the CBC has contributed production funds for the BBC Wales revival of Doctor Who, for which it received a special credit at the end of each episode. This arrangement continued until the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008. The CBC similarly contributed to the first season of the spin-off series, ... | Comprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of "Five", which means "Failed". Gesamtschule senior students of average mathematical ability found... | The majority of primary and secondary schools and further-education colleges in London are controlled by the London boroughs or otherwise state-funded; leading examples include City and Islington College, Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College, Leyton Sixth Form College, Tower Hamlets College and Bethnal Green Aca... | Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges | 9,554 |
56dc695914d3a41400c26874 | Comprehensive_school | Comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less... | Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question? | {
"answer_start": [
1051
],
"text": [
"City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes"
]
} | Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question? | [
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0.164879560470581... | Discrete transistors are individually packaged transistors. Transistors come in many different semiconductor packages (see image). The two main categories are through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount, also known as surface-mount device (SMD). The ball grid array (BGA) is the latest surface-mount package (currently o... | Comprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of "Five", which means "Failed". Gesamtschule senior students of average mathematical ability found... | Instruction is the facilitation of another's learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be calle... | City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes | 9,555 |
56dc6a0914d3a41400c2687a | Comprehensive_school | In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. A problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal di... | How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales? | {
"answer_start": [
673
],
"text": [
"164"
]
} | How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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56dc6a0914d3a41400c2687b | Comprehensive_school | In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. A problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal di... | In what year were comprehensive schools first created? | {
"answer_start": [
657
],
"text": [
"1965"
]
} | In what year were comprehensive schools first created? | [
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56dc6a5c14d3a41400c26881 | Comprehensive_school | In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as "neighbourhood" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. Current education reforms with Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it is too early to say to what de... | What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake? | {
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"neighbourhood"
]
} | What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake? | [
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0.17867814004421... | Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mes... | Where school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students, maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction, leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus on what is being taught. In response, teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students, ignoring attention-seeking an... | The majority of primary and secondary schools and further-education colleges in London are controlled by the London boroughs or otherwise state-funded; leading examples include City and Islington College, Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College, Leyton Sixth Form College, Tower Hamlets College and Bethnal Green Aca... | neighbourhood | 9,558 |
56dc6a5c14d3a41400c26882 | Comprehensive_school | In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as "neighbourhood" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. Current education reforms with Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it is too early to say to what de... | What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools? | {
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges"
]
} | What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools? | [
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0.0856123119... | The German Renaissance has bequeathed the city some noteworthy buildings (especially the current Chambre de commerce et d'industrie, former town hall, on Place Gutenberg), as did the French Baroque and Classicism with several hôtels particuliers (i.e. palaces), among which the Palais Rohan (1742, now housing three muse... | Where school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students, maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction, leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus on what is being taught. In response, teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students, ignoring attention-seeking an... | Religiously affiliated and denominational schools form a subcategory of private schools. Some such schools teach religious education, together with the usual academic subjects to impress their particular faith's beliefs and traditions in the students who attend. Others use the denomination as more of a general label to... | Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges | 9,559 |
56dc6ab714d3a41400c26885 | Comprehensive_school | Finland has used comprehensive schools since the 1970s, in the sense that everyone is expected to complete the nine grades of peruskoulu, from the age 7 to 16. The division to lower comprehensive school (grades 1–6, ala-aste, alakoulu) and upper comprehensive school (grades 7–9, yläaste, yläkoulu) has been discontinued... | In what decade did Finland begin employing comprehensive schools? | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"1970s"
]
} | In what decade did [MASK] begin employing comprehensive schools? | [
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0.14789274334907... | During the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia which in practice meant that use of Estonian was promoted ... | Comprehensive schools were introduced into Ireland in 1966 by an initiative by Patrick Hillery, Minister for Education, to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system, which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state. Until then, education in Ireland wa... | The right to create private schools in Germany is in Article 7, Paragraph 4 of the Grundgesetz and cannot be suspended even in a state of emergency. It is also not possible to abolish these rights. This unusual protection of private schools was implemented to protect these schools from a second Gleichschaltung or simil... | 1970s | 9,560 |
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