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5733835e4776f41900660c4e | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | This credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse. The response of the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and other central banks was immediate and dramatic. During the last quarter of 2008, these central banks purchased US$2.5 trillion of government debt and t... | In October 2010, who was the Nobel laureate that explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was creating currency to combat the liquidity trap? | {
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816
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"Joseph Stiglitz"
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} | In [MASK], who was the [MASK] laureate that explained how [MASK] was creating currency to combat the liquidity trap? | [
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0.10255682468... | In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperf... | To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Fed... | Prior to the crisis, financial institutions became highly leveraged, increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses. Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives, which made it difficult f... | Joseph Stiglitz | 9,261 |
5733835e4776f41900660c4f | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | This credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse. The response of the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and other central banks was immediate and dramatic. During the last quarter of 2008, these central banks purchased US$2.5 trillion of government debt and t... | What did the banks chose to do with the money created by the Federal Reserve instead of financing more domestic loans and refinancing mortgages? | {
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1235
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"investing internationally in emerging markets"
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} | What did the banks chose to do with the money created by [MASK] instead of financing more domestic loans and refinancing mortgages? | [
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57338497d058e614000b5c4c | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Fede... | What was introduced by President Barack Obama in June 2009? | {
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"a series of regulatory proposals"
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} | What was introduced by President [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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0.2659498453... | After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949, the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party, and smaller stars symbolizing workers, peasants, the urban middle class and rural middle class. The flag of the Communist Party of China became a red banner with a hammer and sic... | In 2004, declassified documents revealed that the U.S. was so distraught by the rise in oil prices and being challenged by under-developed countries that they briefly considered military action to forcibly seize Middle Eastern oilfields in late 1973. Although no explicit plan was mentioned, a conversation between U.S. ... | Prior to his inauguration, Eisenhower led a meeting of advisors at Pearl Harbor addressing foremost issues; agreed objectives were to balance the budget during his term, to bring the Korean War to an end, to defend vital interests at lower cost through nuclear deterrent, and to end price and wage controls. Eisenhower a... | a series of regulatory proposals | 9,263 |
57338497d058e614000b5c4d | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Fede... | What was one of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in June 2009? | {
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134
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"consumer protection"
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} | What was [MASK] of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in [MASK]? | [
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0.1337986290... | An album entitled Take Me Out to a Cubs Game was released in 2008. It is a collection of 17 songs and other recordings related to the team, including Harry Caray's final performance of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" on September 21, 1997, the Steve Goodman song mentioned above, and a newly recorded rendition of "Talkin... | In 2004, declassified documents revealed that the U.S. was so distraught by the rise in oil prices and being challenged by under-developed countries that they briefly considered military action to forcibly seize Middle Eastern oilfields in late 1973. Although no explicit plan was mentioned, a conversation between U.S. ... | A liberal foreign investment law was approved in June 1994, and a law on privatisation was adopted in 1997, as well as a program of state property privatisation. Continued progress will depend on the ability of the government to strengthen its macroeconomic management, including increasing revenue collection, improving... | consumer protection | 9,264 |
57338497d058e614000b5c4e | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Fede... | Regulations were proposed by Obama in January 2010 to limit the ability of banks to engage in which type trading? | {
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} | Regulations were proposed by [MASK] in [MASK] to limit the ability of banks to engage in which type trading? | [
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57338497d058e614000b5c4f | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Fede... | Who were proposed new regulations called "The Volcker Rule" named after? | {
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586
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"Paul Volcker"
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} | Who were proposed new regulations called" [MASK]" named after? | [
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0.20652121305... | Race and ethnicity are considered separate and distinct identities, with Hispanic or Latino origin asked as a separate question. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories, which are "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino". However, ... | In 2004, declassified documents revealed that the U.S. was so distraught by the rise in oil prices and being challenged by under-developed countries that they briefly considered military action to forcibly seize Middle Eastern oilfields in late 1973. Although no explicit plan was mentioned, a conversation between U.S. ... | New government spending, regulation, and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors. Most notably, U.S. President Barack Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associa... | Paul Volcker | 9,266 |
57338497d058e614000b5c50 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Fede... | Who publicly argued for changes limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading? | {
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"Paul Volcker"
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} | Who publicly argued for changes limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading? | [
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5733857b4776f41900660c89 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The U.S. Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The New York Times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For i... | When did the U.S. Senate first pass a financial reform bill? | {
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"May 2010"
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} | When did [MASK] [MASK] pass a financial reform bill? | [
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5733857b4776f41900660c8a | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The U.S. Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The New York Times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For i... | When did the U.S. House first pass a financial reform bill? | {
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93
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"December 2009"
]
} | When did [MASK] [MASK] pass a financial reform bill? | [
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5733857b4776f41900660c8b | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The U.S. Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The New York Times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For i... | What rule against proprietary trading was not part of legislation passed by either the Senate or House? | {
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333
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]
} | What rule against proprietary trading was not part of legislation passed by either the [MASK] or [MASK]? | [
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0.0875547453... | Accordingly, leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary, and leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east, Frederick set off with his army for Saxony. The Prussian army march... | An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supre... | It authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lands. The Act also consolidated a... | Volcker Rule | 9,270 |
5733857b4776f41900660c8c | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The U.S. Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The New York Times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For i... | Which bill gave regulators the discretion to prohibit proprietary trades? | {
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420
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"Senate"
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} | Which bill gave regulators the discretion to prohibit proprietary trades? | [
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573257950fdd8d15006c69eb | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | It threatened the collapse of large financial institutions, which was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments, but stock markets still dropped worldwide. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant ro... | What action in 2007 by national governments prevented the collapse of large financial institutions? | {
"answer_start": [
87
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} | What action in [MASK] by national governments prevented the collapse of large financial institutions? | [
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0.08023361116... | Martorell's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in Metge's work. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan. | Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: "The securitization markets also remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential ... | After the financial crisis of 2007–08, it was known in 2008–2009 that two Portuguese banks (Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud. The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size,... | bailout of banks | 9,272 |
573257950fdd8d15006c69ec | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | It threatened the collapse of large financial institutions, which was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments, but stock markets still dropped worldwide. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant ro... | How much estimated consumer wealth was lost as a result of the financial crisis of 2007? | {
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398
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"trillions of U.S. dollars"
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} | How much estimated consumer wealth was lost as a result of the financial crisis of [MASK]? | [
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573257950fdd8d15006c69ed | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | It threatened the collapse of large financial institutions, which was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments, but stock markets still dropped worldwide. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant ro... | What is the date the active phase of the financial crisis began as a liquidity crisis? | {
"answer_start": [
649
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"text": [
"August 9, 2007"
]
} | What is the date the active phase of the financial crisis began as a liquidity crisis? | [
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0.1266371160... | In 1962, graphic designer Paul Rand redesigned the ABC logo into its best-known (and current) form, with the lowercase letters "abc" enclosed in a single black circle. The new logo debuted on-air for ABC's promos at the start of the 1963–64 season. The letters are strongly reminiscent of the Bauhaus typeface designed b... | Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: "The securitization markets also remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential ... | One of the first victims was Northern Rock, a medium-sized British bank. The highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England. This in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid-September 2007. Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise... | August 9, 2007 | 9,274 |
573257950fdd8d15006c69ee | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | It threatened the collapse of large financial institutions, which was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments, but stock markets still dropped worldwide. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant ro... | What year did the global recession that followed the financial crisis of 2007 end? | {
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481
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"2012"
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} | What year did the global recession that followed the financial crisis of [MASK] end? | [
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573257950fdd8d15006c69ef | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | It threatened the collapse of large financial institutions, which was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments, but stock markets still dropped worldwide. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant ro... | What was the name of the company that terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds in 2007 citing a liquidity crisis? | {
"answer_start": [
670
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"text": [
"BNP Paribas"
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} | What was the name of the company that terminated withdrawals from [MASK] hedge funds in [MASK] citing a liquidity crisis? | [
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57325b55e17f3d14004228e5 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The bursting of the U.S. (United States) housing bubble, which peaked in 2004, caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally. The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership, providing easier acc... | What year did the U.S. housing bubble peak? | {
"answer_start": [
73
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"2004"
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57325b55e17f3d14004228e6 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The bursting of the U.S. (United States) housing bubble, which peaked in 2004, caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally. The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership, providing easier acc... | What year did Congress pass the American Recover and Reinvestment Act? | {
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1268
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57325b55e17f3d14004228e7 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The bursting of the U.S. (United States) housing bubble, which peaked in 2004, caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally. The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership, providing easier acc... | Overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages was based on the theory that housing prices would continue to do this? | {
"answer_start": [
459
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57325b55e17f3d14004228e8 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The bursting of the U.S. (United States) housing bubble, which peaked in 2004, caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally. The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership, providing easier acc... | One of the causes of the financial crisis was easier access to loans by this type borrower? | {
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382
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"subprime"
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57325b55e17f3d14004228e9 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The bursting of the U.S. (United States) housing bubble, which peaked in 2004, caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally. The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership, providing easier acc... | In 2007, banks and insurance companies did not have adequate holdings of which type to back their financial commitments? | {
"answer_start": [
653
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"capital"
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} | In [MASK], banks and insurance companies did not have adequate holdings of which type to back their financial commitments? | [
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57325ecbe99e3014001e6728 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested, with varying weight assigned by experts. The U.S. Senate's Levin–Coburn Report concluded that the crisis was the result of "high risk, complex financial products; undisclosed conflicts of interest; the failure of regulators, the credit rating agencies, and the m... | What is the name of the U.S. Senate report giving their conclusions for the cause of the crisis? | {
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"Levin–Coburn Report"
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57325ecbe99e3014001e6729 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested, with varying weight assigned by experts. The U.S. Senate's Levin–Coburn Report concluded that the crisis was the result of "high risk, complex financial products; undisclosed conflicts of interest; the failure of regulators, the credit rating agencies, and the m... | Which act was repealed in 1999 effectively removing the separation between investment and deposit banks? | {
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1179
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"Glass-Steagall Act"
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} | Which act was repealed in [MASK] effectively removing the separation between investment and deposit banks? | [
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57325ecbe99e3014001e672a | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested, with varying weight assigned by experts. The U.S. Senate's Levin–Coburn Report concluded that the crisis was the result of "high risk, complex financial products; undisclosed conflicts of interest; the failure of regulators, the credit rating agencies, and the m... | What is the name of the commission who concluded the financial crisis was avoidable? | {
"answer_start": [
378
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"Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission"
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} | What is the name of the commission who concluded the financial crisis was avoidable? | [
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57325ecbe99e3014001e672b | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested, with varying weight assigned by experts. The U.S. Senate's Levin–Coburn Report concluded that the crisis was the result of "high risk, complex financial products; undisclosed conflicts of interest; the failure of regulators, the credit rating agencies, and the m... | What agency failed to accurately price risk involved in mortgage-related financial products? | {
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1321
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"credit rating agencies"
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} | What agency failed to accurately price risk involved in mortgage-related financial products? | [
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57325ecbe99e3014001e672c | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested, with varying weight assigned by experts. The U.S. Senate's Levin–Coburn Report concluded that the crisis was the result of "high risk, complex financial products; undisclosed conflicts of interest; the failure of regulators, the credit rating agencies, and the m... | What practices should have been adjusted by governments to address 21st-century financial markets? | {
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1487
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"regulatory"
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} | What practices should have been adjusted by governments to address [MASK] financial markets? | [
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573260db0fdd8d15006c6a65 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | As part of the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the w... | What are MBS as related to the housing and credit booms? | {
"answer_start": [
83
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"text": [
"mortgage-backed securities"
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} | What are MBS as related to the housing and credit booms? | [
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573260db0fdd8d15006c6a66 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | As part of the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the w... | What are CDO as related to the housing and credit booms? | {
"answer_start": [
120
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"text": [
"collateralized debt obligations"
]
} | What are CDO as related to the housing and credit booms? | [
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573260db0fdd8d15006c6a67 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | As part of the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the w... | When housing prices declined, who reported significant losses from being heavily invested in subprime MBS? | {
"answer_start": [
391
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"text": [
"major global financial institutions"
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} | When housing prices declined, who reported significant losses from being heavily invested in subprime MBS? | [
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573260db0fdd8d15006c6a68 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | As part of the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the w... | Who could invest in the U.S. housing market through MBS and CDO? | {
"answer_start": [
281
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"text": [
"institutions and investors around the world"
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} | Who could invest in the [MASK] housing market through MBS and CDO? | [
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573260db0fdd8d15006c6a69 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | As part of the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the w... | MBS and CDO derive their value from? | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"mortgage payments and housing prices"
]
} | [MASK] and [MASK] derive their value from? | [
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0.2236213088035... | In an attempt at reform, Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives have participated in numerous public meetings and dialogues. In these sessions they have answered questions as fundamental as, "What are human rights?", "Who determines what are human rights?", and "What should take precedence, human or comm... | However, if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks, it weakens the private banking system, which then puts pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks. Private-sector bond holders are an integral part of the public and private banking system. Another possible response is ... | In November 2008, economist Dean Baker observed: "There is a really good reason for tighter credit. Tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today. Businesses are facing the worst downturn since the Great Depression. This matters for credit decisions.... | mortgage payments and housing prices | 9,291 |
573263d4b9d445190005eadc | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the U.S. continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions. Defaults and losses on o... | How much are total losses estimated to be from falling home prices? | {
"answer_start": [
477
],
"text": [
"trillions of U.S. dollars"
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} | How much are total losses estimated to be from falling home prices? | [
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573263d4b9d445190005eadd | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the U.S. continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions. Defaults and losses on o... | What is the financial incentive when a home is worth less than the mortgage loan? | {
"answer_start": [
114
],
"text": [
"foreclosure"
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} | What is the financial incentive when a home is worth less than the mortgage loan? | [
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573263d4b9d445190005eadb | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the U.S. continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions. Defaults and losses on o... | What year did the foreclosure epidemic begin? | {
"answer_start": [
174
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"text": [
"late 2006"
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} | What year did the foreclosure epidemic begin? | [
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0.47001326084... | True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ,... | This contributed to the "Oil Shock". After 1971, OPEC was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation. From 1947 to 1967, the dollar price of oil had risen by less than two percent per year. Until the oil shock, the price had also remained fairly stable versus other currencies and commodities. OPEC ministers h... | The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset ... | late 2006 | 9,294 |
573263d4b9d445190005eade | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the U.S. continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions. Defaults and losses on o... | What other financial instruments had significant defaults and losses as a result of the crisis expanding from housing to other parts of the economy? | {
"answer_start": [
319
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"text": [
"other loan types"
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} | What other financial instruments had significant defaults and losses as a result of the crisis expanding from housing to other parts of the economy? | [
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573263d4b9d445190005eadf | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the U.S. continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions. Defaults and losses on o... | What continues to drain consumer wealth and erode the strength of banks? | {
"answer_start": [
139
],
"text": [
"foreclosure epidemic"
]
} | What continues to drain consumer wealth and erode the strength of banks? | [
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0.5082731842... | The word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as "the study of sound pertaining to the system of la... | This contributed to the "Oil Shock". After 1971, OPEC was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation. From 1947 to 1967, the dollar price of oil had risen by less than two percent per year. Until the oil shock, the price had also remained fairly stable versus other currencies and commodities. OPEC ministers h... | The pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk, which may be measured by interest rates or fees. Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled t... | foreclosure epidemic | 9,296 |
57329eb1cc179a14009dab72 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | While the housing and credit bubbles were building, a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile, a process called financialization. U.S. Government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, which resulted in less oversight of activ... | What institutions comprise the shadow banking system? | {
"answer_start": [
567
],
"text": [
"investment banks and hedge funds"
]
} | What institutions comprise the shadow banking system? | [
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57329eb1cc179a14009dab73 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | While the housing and credit bubbles were building, a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile, a process called financialization. U.S. Government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, which resulted in less oversight of activ... | What institutions are not subject to the same regulations as commercial banks? | {
"answer_start": [
567
],
"text": [
"investment banks and hedge funds"
]
} | What institutions are not subject to the same regulations as commercial banks? | [
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0.0469699688... | PAL, SECAM and NTSC frame rates technically apply only to analogue standard definition television, not to digital or high definition broadcasts. However, with the roll out of digital broadcasting, and later HDTV broadcasting, countries retained their heritage systems. HDTV in former PAL and SECAM countries operates at ... | In a Peabody Award winning program, NPR correspondents argued that a "Giant Pool of Money" (represented by $70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments) sought higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds early in the decade. This pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007, yet the sup... | Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have also argued that European legislators have pushed somewhat dogmatically for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations, adopted in 2005, transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), effective since 2008. In essence, they forced ... | investment banks and hedge funds | 9,298 |
57329eb1cc179a14009dab74 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | While the housing and credit bubbles were building, a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile, a process called financialization. U.S. Government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, which resulted in less oversight of activ... | What process caused the financial system to both expand and become fragile? | {
"answer_start": [
165
],
"text": [
"financialization"
]
} | What process caused the financial system to both expand and become fragile? | [
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57329eb1cc179a14009dab75 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | While the housing and credit bubbles were building, a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile, a process called financialization. U.S. Government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, which resulted in less oversight of activ... | What policy has U.S. Government emphasized from the 1970's onward? | {
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"deregulation"
]
} | What policy has [MASK] emphasized from [MASK] onward? | [
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57329eb1cc179a14009dab76 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | While the housing and credit bubbles were building, a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile, a process called financialization. U.S. Government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, which resulted in less oversight of activ... | Since the 1970's, what has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, but resulted in less oversight and less disclosure? | {
"answer_start": [
183
],
"text": [
"U.S. Government policy"
]
} | Since [MASK], what has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, but resulted in less oversight and less disclosure? | [
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5732a8641d5d2e14009ff885 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | These institutions, as well as certain regulated banks, had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic a... | Some regulated banks did not have sufficient financial cushions in place to absorb what losses as a result of the financial crisis of 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
221
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"text": [
"MBS"
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} | Some regulated banks did not have sufficient financial cushions in place to absorb what losses as a result of the financial crisis of [MASK]? | [
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5732a8641d5d2e14009ff886 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | These institutions, as well as certain regulated banks, had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic a... | What was a consequence of the large loan defaults and MBS losses in 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
302
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"slowing economic activity"
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} | What was a consequence of the large loan defaults and MBS losses in [MASK]? | [
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5732a8641d5d2e14009ff887 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | These institutions, as well as certain regulated banks, had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic a... | Who provided funds to encourage lending and restore faith in commercial banks in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
398
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"text": [
"central banks"
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} | Who provided funds to encourage lending and restore faith in commercial banks in the aftermath of the financial crisis of [MASK]? | [
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5732a8641d5d2e14009ff888 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | These institutions, as well as certain regulated banks, had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic a... | Who bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs as an answer to the financial crisis of 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
552
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"Governments"
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5732a8641d5d2e14009ff889 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | These institutions, as well as certain regulated banks, had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic a... | What impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend in the financial crisis of 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
198
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"large loan defaults or MBS losses"
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5732aa5bcc179a14009dabdc | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance includi... | When did the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission report its findings? | {
"answer_start": [
70
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5732aa5bcc179a14009dabdd | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance includi... | What was one of the conclusions of the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding the financial crisis of 2007? | {
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103
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"the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation"
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} | What was [MASK] of the conclusions of [MASK] regarding the financial crisis of [MASK]? | [
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5732aa5bcc179a14009dabde | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance includi... | What agency failed to stem the tide of toxic mortgages contributing to the financial crisis of 2007? | {
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206
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"Federal Reserve"
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} | What agency failed to stem the tide of toxic mortgages contributing to the financial crisis of [MASK]? | [
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5732aa5bcc179a14009dabdf | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance includi... | Who was not prepared for the financial crisis in 2007 by lacking a full understanding of the financial system? | {
"answer_start": [
539
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"text": [
"key policy makers"
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} | Who was not prepared for the financial crisis in [MASK] by lacking a full understanding of the financial system? | [
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5732aa5bcc179a14009dabe0 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance includi... | Which business sector contributed to the financial crisis by acting recklessly and taking on too much risk? | {
"answer_start": [
332
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"financial firms"
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} | Which business sector contributed to the financial crisis by acting recklessly and taking on too much risk? | [
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5732ac07328d981900601ffd | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | During a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share, and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited, mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers. In the view of some analysts, the relatively conservativ... | What caused mortgage lenders to relax underwriting standards and approve riskier mortgages? | {
"answer_start": [
19
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"tough competition"
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} | What caused mortgage lenders to relax underwriting standards and approve riskier mortgages? | [
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5732ac07328d981900601ffe | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | During a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share, and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited, mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers. In the view of some analysts, the relatively conservativ... | In what year were high underwriting standards relaxed? | {
"answer_start": [
454
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"2003"
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} | In what year were high underwriting standards relaxed? | [
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5732ac07328d981900601fff | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | During a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share, and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited, mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers. In the view of some analysts, the relatively conservativ... | What years were the worst mortgage loans originated? | {
"answer_start": [
694
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"text": [
"2004–2007"
]
} | What years were the worst mortgage loans originated? | [
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5732ac07328d981900602000 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | During a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share, and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited, mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers. In the view of some analysts, the relatively conservativ... | What years had the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for GSEs? | {
"answer_start": [
694
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"text": [
"2004–2007"
]
} | What years had the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for [MASK]? | [
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5732ac07328d981900602001 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | During a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share, and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited, mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers. In the view of some analysts, the relatively conservativ... | Who policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high standards prior to 2003? | {
"answer_start": [
322
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"text": [
"government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs)"
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} | Who policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high standards prior to [MASK]? | [
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5732add9cc179a14009dabf0 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, written by the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was ... | How many Democratic appointees wrote the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission? | {
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79
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"six"
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5732add9cc179a14009dabf1 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, written by the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was ... | Who claimed that the GSE never purchased subprime loans - a claim that is widely disputed? | {
"answer_start": [
655
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"Paul Krugman"
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} | Who claimed that the [MASK] never purchased subprime loans- a claim that is widely disputed? | [
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5732add9cc179a14009dabf2 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, written by the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was ... | Several reports written by various agencies concluded that which policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis? | {
"answer_start": [
279
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"text": [
"government affordable housing policy"
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} | Several reports written by various agencies concluded that which policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis? | [
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5732add9cc179a14009dabf4 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, written by the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was ... | According to reports, which loans performed better than some loans securitized by private investment banks? | {
"answer_start": [
471
],
"text": [
"GSE loans"
]
} | According to reports, which loans performed better than some loans securitized by private investment banks? | [
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5732add9cc179a14009dabf3 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, written by the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was ... | How many Republican appointees wrote the minority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission? | {
"answer_start": [
147
],
"text": [
"4"
]
} | How many [MASK] appointees wrote the minority report of [MASK]? | [
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5732afd2328d981900602008 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by HUD in the 1990s and to massive risky loan pu... | How many estimated substandard loans did Fannie and Freddie have in 2008? | {
"answer_start": [
596
],
"text": [
"13 million"
]
} | How many estimated substandard loans did [MASK] and [MASK] have in [MASK]? | [
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5732afd2328d981900602009 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by HUD in the 1990s and to massive risky loan pu... | What was the value of the estimated 13 million substandard loans held by Fannie and Freddie in 2008? | {
"answer_start": [
634
],
"text": [
"over $2 trillion"
]
} | What was the value of the estimated [MASK] substandard loans held by [MASK] and [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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5732afd2328d981900602007 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by HUD in the 1990s and to massive risky loan pu... | Which government-sponsored entities had massive risky loan purchases? | {
"answer_start": [
361
],
"text": [
"Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac"
]
} | Which government-sponsored entities had massive risky loan purchases? | [
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5732afd2328d98190060200b | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by HUD in the 1990s and to massive risky loan pu... | Peter J. Wallison believes that the one of the roots of the financial crisis can be traced to affordable housing policies by which agency in the 1990s? | {
"answer_start": [
275
],
"text": [
"HUD"
]
} | [MASK] believes that the [MASK] of the roots of the financial crisis can be traced to affordable housing policies by which agency in [MASK]? | [
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5732afd2328d98190060200a | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by HUD in the 1990s and to massive risky loan pu... | How many ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie were named in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case? | {
"answer_start": [
476
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"text": [
"6"
]
} | How many ex - executives of [MASK] and [MASK] were named in the [MASK] 's [MASK] securities fraud case? | [
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5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a7d | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In the early and mid-2000s, the Bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the GSEs and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages. On September 10, 2003, the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and ... | Who uncovered accounting discrepancies in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac? | {
"answer_start": [
374
],
"text": [
"Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO)"
]
} | Who uncovered accounting discrepancies in [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a7c | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In the early and mid-2000s, the Bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the GSEs and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages. On September 10, 2003, the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and ... | Which administration called for investigation into the soundness of GSEs in the early and mid-2000s? | {
"answer_start": [
32
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"text": [
"Bush administration"
]
} | Which administration called for investigation into the soundness of GSEs in the early and mid-2000s? | [
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5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a7e | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In the early and mid-2000s, the Bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the GSEs and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages. On September 10, 2003, the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and ... | On what date did the House Financial Services Committee hold a hearing to assess safety and soundness issues regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac? | {
"answer_start": [
189
],
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"September 10, 2003"
]
} | On what date did [MASK] hold a hearing to assess safety and soundness issues regarding [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a7f | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In the early and mid-2000s, the Bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the GSEs and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages. On September 10, 2003, the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and ... | What was the result of the House Financial Services Committee on September 10, 2003 regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac? | {
"answer_start": [
498
],
"text": [
"The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation"
]
} | What was the result of [MASK] on [MASK] regarding [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a80 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In the early and mid-2000s, the Bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the GSEs and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages. On September 10, 2003, the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and ... | Who rebuked OFHEO in 2003 for their attempt at regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac? | {
"answer_start": [
213
],
"text": [
"House Financial Services Committee"
]
} | Who rebuked [MASK] in [MASK] for their attempt at regulation of [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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5732b3a5328d981900602017 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lendin... | What was the value of mortgage lending made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders to low and mid level income borrowers and neighborhoods from 1993-1998? | {
"answer_start": [
117
],
"text": [
"$467 billion"
]
} | What was the value of mortgage lending made by [MASK] covered lenders to low and mid level income borrowers and neighborhoods from [MASK]? | [
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5732b3a5328d981900602018 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lendin... | What percent of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders from 1993 to 1998? | {
"answer_start": [
289
],
"text": [
"10%"
]
} | What percent of mortgage lending was made by [MASK] covered lenders from [MASK]? | [
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5732b3a5328d981900602019 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lendin... | What does CRA stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"Community Reinvestment Act"
]
} | What does [MASK] stand for? | [
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0.27232444286... | The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the politics on the island, as well as Greco-Turkish relations. Around 150,000 settlers from Turkey are believed to be living in the north—many of whom were forced from Turkey by the Turkish government—in violation of the Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions. Following ... | These institutions, as well as certain regulated banks, had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic a... | The U.S. GAO's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies. The GAO report explained that the sources –... | Community Reinvestment Act | 9,334 |
5732b3a5328d98190060201a | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lendin... | What percent of sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions in the run-up to the financial crisis? | {
"answer_start": [
521
],
"text": [
"25%"
]
} | What percent of sub - prime lending occurred at [MASK]- covered institutions in the run- up to the financial crisis? | [
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5732b3a5328d98190060201b | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lendin... | What percent of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA in the run-up to the financial crisis? | {
"answer_start": [
599
],
"text": [
"25%"
]
} | What percent of sub - prime loans had some connection with [MASK] in the run- up to the financial crisis? | [
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0.30193346... | Eton is one of ten English HMC schools, commonly referred to as "public schools", regulated by the Public Schools Act of 1868. Following the public school tradition, Eton is a full boarding school, which means all pupils live at the school, and it is one of four such remaining single-sex boys' public schools in the Uni... | These institutions, as well as certain regulated banks, had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic a... | The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008. More than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system doe... | 25% | 9,336 |
5732b589cc179a14009dac1e | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Fed... | When did CRA make rule changes to relax underwriting standards? | {
"answer_start": [
262
],
"text": [
"1995"
]
} | When did [MASK] make rule changes to relax underwriting standards? | [
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5732b589cc179a14009dac1f | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Fed... | How much were CRA loan commitments between 1994 and 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
541
],
"text": [
"$4.5 trillion"
]
} | How much were [MASK] loan commitments [MASK]? | [
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5732b589cc179a14009dac20 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Fed... | What was the Federal Reserve's assumption regarding what makes a loan subprime? | {
"answer_start": [
729
],
"text": [
"high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average)"
]
} | What was [MASK] assumption regarding what makes a loan subprime? | [
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0.288383364677429... | The complexity class P is often seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm. This hypothesis is called the Cobham–Edmonds thesis. The complexity class NP, on the other hand, contains many problems that people would like to solve efficiently, but for which no e... | Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the U.S. continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions. Defaults and losses on o... | The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance includi... | high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average) | 9,339 |
5732b589cc179a14009dac21 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Fed... | How did the Federal Reserve classify CRA loans? | {
"answer_start": [
666
],
"text": [
"prime"
]
} | How did [MASK] classify CRA loans? | [
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0.398316234350... | Montpellier was among the most important of the 66 "villes de sûreté" that the Edict of 1598 granted to the Huguenots. The city's political institutions and the university were all handed over to the Huguenots. Tension with Paris led to a siege by the royal army in 1622. Peace terms called for the dismantling of the ci... | Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the U.S. continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions. Defaults and losses on o... | This meant that nearly one-third of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: "It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficie... | prime | 9,340 |
5732b589cc179a14009dac22 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Fed... | When were ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve? | {
"answer_start": [
333
],
"text": [
"after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001"
]
} | When were ultra - low interest rates initiated by [MASK]? | [
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0.0884295403957367... | These were fighting words to be coming from a country that once insisted Europe needed Turkey and was willing to spill blood over it. For his authority Miller invokes the people, citing the "collective wisdom" of Europe, and introducing a concept to arise many times in the decades to follow under chilling circumstances... | Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the U.S. continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions. Defaults and losses on o... | The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance includi... | after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001 | 9,341 |
5732b89acc179a14009dac32 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in Portfolio Magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that "There weren’t enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for the end product.... | What financial innovation enabled investment banks and hedge funds to make large wagers? | {
"answer_start": [
516
],
"text": [
"credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs."
]
} | What financial innovation enabled investment banks and hedge funds to make large wagers? | [
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0.003243... | The toponym Schwyz itself is first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately perhaps related to suedan "to burn", referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build. The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for... | Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have also argued that European legislators have pushed somewhat dogmatically for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations, adopted in 2005, transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), effective since 2008. In essence, they forced ... | Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of the 2007 book The Black Swan, spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting, and their reliance on bad models, and framed... | credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs. | 9,342 |
5732b89acc179a14009dac33 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in Portfolio Magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that "There weren’t enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for the end product.... | Credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and CDOS are all types of what? | {
"answer_start": [
497
],
"text": [
"derivatives"
]
} | Credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and CDOS are all types of what? | [
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5732b89acc179a14009dac34 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in Portfolio Magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that "There weren’t enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for the end product.... | Which magazine had an article where Michael Lewis spoke with a trader about bad loans? | {
"answer_start": [
125
],
"text": [
"Portfolio Magazine"
]
} | Which magazine had an article where [MASK] spoke with a trader about bad loans? | [
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5732b89acc179a14009dac35 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in Portfolio Magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that "There weren’t enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for the end product.... | What financial innovation allows investment banks and hedge banks to make large wagers? | {
"answer_start": [
497
],
"text": [
"derivatives"
]
} | What financial innovation allows investment banks and hedge banks to make large wagers? | [
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5732b89acc179a14009dac36 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in Portfolio Magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that "There weren’t enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for the end product.... | What are some names of derivatives? | {
"answer_start": [
516
],
"text": [
"credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs"
]
} | What are some names of derivatives? | [
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-0.0656411945819... | Episcopalians and Presbyterians, as well as other WASPs, tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated (having graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita) than most other religious groups in United States, and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business, law and politics, esp... | Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have also argued that European legislators have pushed somewhat dogmatically for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations, adopted in 2005, transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), effective since 2008. In essence, they forced ... | Lester Brown states that the market "does not incorporate the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices, it does not value nature's services adequately, and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds of natural systems". It also favors the near term over the long term, thereby showing limited ... | credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs | 9,346 |
5732bad2cc179a14009dac3c | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Countering Krugman, Peter J. Wallison wrote: "It is not true that every bubble—even a large bubble—has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates." Wallison notes that other developed countries had "large bubbles during the 1997–2007 period" but "the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and def... | Peter J. Wallison believes that the huge number of these loans led to the financial crisis? | {
"answer_start": [
633
],
"text": [
"substandard"
]
} | [MASK] believes that the huge number of these loans led to the financial crisis? | [
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0.2351176142... | (デジモン Dejimon, branded as Digimon: Digital Monsters, stylized as DIGIMON), short for "Digital Monsters" (デジタルモンスター Dejitaru Monsutā), is a Japanese media franchise encompassing virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game. The franchise focuses on Digimon creatures, which are monsters livi... | The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance includi... | Prior to the crisis, financial institutions became highly leveraged, increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses. Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives, which made it difficult f... | substandard | 9,347 |
5732bad2cc179a14009dac3d | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Countering Krugman, Peter J. Wallison wrote: "It is not true that every bubble—even a large bubble—has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates." Wallison notes that other developed countries had "large bubbles during the 1997–2007 period" but "the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and def... | What type downpayments do substandard loans generally have? | {
"answer_start": [
668
],
"text": [
"low or no downpayments"
]
} | What type downpayments do substandard loans generally have? | [
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0.30793598... | Meanwhile, Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) in response to Karamanlis's conservative New Democracy party, with the two political formations alternating in government ever since. Greece rejoined NATO in 1980. Greece became the tenth member of the European Communities (subsequently su... | The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance includi... | Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in Portfolio Magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that "There weren’t enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for the end product.... | low or no downpayments | 9,348 |
5732bad2cc179a14009dac3e | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Countering Krugman, Peter J. Wallison wrote: "It is not true that every bubble—even a large bubble—has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates." Wallison notes that other developed countries had "large bubbles during the 1997–2007 period" but "the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and def... | According to Peter J. Wallison, why did the U.S. residential housing bubble led to financial crisis? | {
"answer_start": [
596
],
"text": [
"it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans"
]
} | According to [MASK], why did the [MASK] residential housing bubble led to financial crisis? | [
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0.191626667... | John's illness grew worse and by the time he reached Newark Castle he was unable to travel any farther; John died on the night of 18 October. Numerous – probably fictitious – accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale, poisoned plums or a "surfeit of peaches". His body was escorted... | The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance includi... | The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset ... | it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans | 9,349 |
5732bad2cc179a14009dac3f | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Countering Krugman, Peter J. Wallison wrote: "It is not true that every bubble—even a large bubble—has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates." Wallison notes that other developed countries had "large bubbles during the 1997–2007 period" but "the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and def... | Other countries had large residential housing bubbles that deflated during what years? | {
"answer_start": [
240
],
"text": [
"1997–2007"
]
} | Other countries had large residential housing bubbles that deflated during what [MASK]? | [
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0.097445249... | Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic fo... | The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance includi... | Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble. The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $147 from early 2007 to 2008, before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008. Experts debate the causes, with some attributing it to speculative flow of money... | 1997–2007 | 9,350 |
5732bad2cc179a14009dac40 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Countering Krugman, Peter J. Wallison wrote: "It is not true that every bubble—even a large bubble—has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates." Wallison notes that other developed countries had "large bubbles during the 1997–2007 period" but "the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and def... | Peter J. Wallison's conclusions regarding the financial crisis are not in agreement with this economist's views? | {
"answer_start": [
11
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"text": [
"Krugman"
]
} | [MASK] conclusions regarding the financial crisis are not in agreement with this economist 's views? | [
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573366a64776f419006609fd | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | Located approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Puerto Rico and the nearer Virgin Islands, St. Barthélemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of Saint Martin and Anguilla. It is one of the Renaissance Islands. St. Barthélemy is separated from Saint Martin by the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. It lies northeast o... | How many Miles East of Puerto Rico is St. Barts? | {
"answer_start": [
38
],
"text": [
"160"
]
} | How many [MASK] East of [MASK] is [MASK]? | [
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0.0120203271508216... | The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. "When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary, one may initially observe iconographic similarities. These parallels have led many scholars to suggest that there ... | Saint Helena produces what is said to be the most expensive coffee in the world. It also produces and exports Tungi Spirit, made from the fruit of the prickly or cactus pears, Opuntia ficus-indica ("Tungi" is the local St Helenian name for the plant). Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their ... | Saint Helena has a 10/3.6 Mbit/s internet link via Intelsat 707 provided by SURE. Serving a population of more than 4,000, this single satellite link is considered inadequate in terms of bandwidth. | 160 | 9,352 |
573366a64776f419006609ff | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | Located approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Puerto Rico and the nearer Virgin Islands, St. Barthélemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of Saint Martin and Anguilla. It is one of the Renaissance Islands. St. Barthélemy is separated from Saint Martin by the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. It lies northeast o... | What lies between St. Barts and Saint Martin island? | {
"answer_start": [
271
],
"text": [
"the Saint-Barthélemy Channel"
]
} | What lies between [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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573366a64776f41900660a01 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | Located approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Puerto Rico and the nearer Virgin Islands, St. Barthélemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of Saint Martin and Anguilla. It is one of the Renaissance Islands. St. Barthélemy is separated from Saint Martin by the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. It lies northeast o... | What does "Roques" mean in English? | {
"answer_start": [
685
],
"text": [
"little Turtle rocks"
]
} | What does" [MASK]" mean in [MASK]? | [
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573366a64776f419006609fe | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | Located approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Puerto Rico and the nearer Virgin Islands, St. Barthélemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of Saint Martin and Anguilla. It is one of the Renaissance Islands. St. Barthélemy is separated from Saint Martin by the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. It lies northeast o... | St. Barts is one of the what group of islands? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"the Renaissance"
]
} | [MASK] is [MASK] of the what group of islands? | [
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573366a64776f41900660a00 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | Located approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Puerto Rico and the nearer Virgin Islands, St. Barthélemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of Saint Martin and Anguilla. It is one of the Renaissance Islands. St. Barthélemy is separated from Saint Martin by the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. It lies northeast o... | What is Île Frégate in relation to St Barts? | {
"answer_start": [
379
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"text": [
"satellite islets"
]
} | What is [MASK] in relation to [MASK]? | [
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57336c1cd058e614000b5abf | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | Residents of Saint-Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemoise people) are French citizens and work at establishments on the island. Most of them are descendants of the first settlers, of Breton, Norman, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Angevin lineage. French is the native tongue of the population. English is understood in hotels and r... | What are the people of St. Barts called? | {
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"Saint-Barthélemoise"
]
} | What are the people of [MASK] called? | [
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57336c1cd058e614000b5ac1 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | Residents of Saint-Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemoise people) are French citizens and work at establishments on the island. Most of them are descendants of the first settlers, of Breton, Norman, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Angevin lineage. French is the native tongue of the population. English is understood in hotels and r... | What is the native language of St. Barts? | {
"answer_start": [
236
],
"text": [
"French"
]
} | What is the native language of [MASK]? | [
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57336c1cd058e614000b5ac3 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | Residents of Saint-Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemoise people) are French citizens and work at establishments on the island. Most of them are descendants of the first settlers, of Breton, Norman, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Angevin lineage. French is the native tongue of the population. English is understood in hotels and r... | About how many people speak Patois French in St. Barts? | {
"answer_start": [
468
],
"text": [
"500–700"
]
} | About how many people speak [MASK] [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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57336c1cd058e614000b5ac0 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | Residents of Saint-Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemoise people) are French citizens and work at establishments on the island. Most of them are descendants of the first settlers, of Breton, Norman, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Angevin lineage. French is the native tongue of the population. English is understood in hotels and r... | Of what nation do the people of St. Barts claim citizenship? | {
"answer_start": [
63
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"text": [
"French"
]
} | Of what nation do the people of [MASK] claim citizenship? | [
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