id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 4.06k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict | masked_query stringlengths 1 25.7k | query_embedding list | random_answer stringlengths 151 4.06k | similar_answer stringlengths 152 4.06k | similar_answer_v2 stringlengths 151 4.06k ⌀ | answer stringlengths 1 239 | __index_level_0__ int64 0 98.2k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
57296bf96aef051400154e54 | Chloroplast | Curiously, around half of the protein products of transferred genes aren't even targeted back to the chloroplast. Many became exaptations, taking on new functions like participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance. A few chloroplast genes found new homes in the mitochondrial genome—most b... | What new tasks do the protein products of transferred genes take on? | {
"answer_start": [
168,
185,
185
],
"text": [
"participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance",
"cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance",
"cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance"
]
} | What new tasks do the protein products of transferred genes take on? | [
0.32697561383247375,
-0.05729934945702553,
0.217715784907341,
0.2947700619697571,
0.4050307273864746,
0.30348193645477295,
-0.16748854517936707,
-0.19540166854858398,
-0.0942278653383255,
-0.39555779099464417,
-0.23962104320526123,
-0.1540665328502655,
-0.20864340662956238,
0.2533224821090... | The form of the verb varies with person (first, second and third), number (singular and plural), tense (present and past), and mood (indicative, subjunctive and imperative). Old English also sometimes uses compound constructions to express other verbal aspects, the future and the passive voice; in these we see the begi... | Somewhere around a billion years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell, either as food or as an internal parasite, but managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in. The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and inner mem... | Many important biochemical reactions, such as energy generation, use concentration gradients across membranes. The general lack of internal membranes in bacteria means reactions such as electron transport occur across the cell membrane between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space. However, in many photosynthetic bac... | participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance | 96,410 |
57296bf96aef051400154e55 | Chloroplast | Curiously, around half of the protein products of transferred genes aren't even targeted back to the chloroplast. Many became exaptations, taking on new functions like participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance. A few chloroplast genes found new homes in the mitochondrial genome—most b... | What do you have to cross to reach the chloroplast in many secondary plastids? | {
"answer_start": [
748,
748,
748
],
"text": [
"the cell membrane",
"the cell membrane",
"the cell membrane"
]
} | What do you have to cross to reach the chloroplast in many secondary plastids? | [
0.43418362736701965,
-0.024564174935221672,
0.454928994178772,
0.3633137345314026,
0.2473994791507721,
0.16007468104362488,
-0.1619560420513153,
-0.1841215342283249,
-0.10187088698148727,
-0.35182881355285645,
0.03046611323952675,
-0.17617787420749664,
-0.09958025068044662,
-0.039425797760... | Kurita passed through San Bernardino Strait at 03:00 on 25 October and headed along the coast of Samar. The only thing standing in his path were three groups (Taffy 1, 2 and 3) of the Seventh Fleet, commanded by Admiral Thomas Kinkaid. Each group had six escort carriers, with a total of more than 500 planes, and seven ... | Somewhere around a billion years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell, either as food or as an internal parasite, but managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in. The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and inner mem... | Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial... | the cell membrane | 96,411 |
57296c5c3f37b3190047837f | Chloroplast | After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely. This ... | What is the chloroplast polypeptide synthesized on? | {
"answer_start": [
50,
50,
52
],
"text": [
"a ribosome",
"a ribosome",
"ribosome"
]
} | What is the chloroplast polypeptide synthesized on? | [
0.42261725664138794,
0.04572854936122894,
0.32019880414009094,
0.28211092948913574,
0.14746953547000885,
0.19078366458415985,
-0.2914925217628479,
-0.08561817556619644,
-0.12103918194770813,
-0.039095088839530945,
-0.14528211951255798,
-0.2545115053653717,
-0.44846683740615845,
0.256398946... | Fears decreased when Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khruschev emerged as the Soviet Union's new leader. Soon, life in Soviet Armenia began to see rapid improvement. The church, which suffered greatly under Stalin, was revived when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in 1955. In 1967, a memorial to the ... | Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event,... | Chloroplasts' main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide ... | a ribosome | 96,412 |
57296c5c3f37b31900478380 | Chloroplast | After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely. This ... | Where is the chloroplast polypeptide synthesized? | {
"answer_start": [
61,
61,
68
],
"text": [
"in the cytosol",
"in the cytosol",
"cytosol"
]
} | Where is the chloroplast polypeptide synthesized? | [
0.35385239124298096,
0.016634244471788406,
0.4085163474082947,
0.24893632531166077,
0.33814939856529236,
0.16478455066680908,
-0.2629494071006775,
-0.10064563155174255,
-0.19517908990383148,
-0.06744334846735,
-0.2258387804031372,
-0.35053765773773193,
-0.31564897298812866,
0.1981828957796... | Malaria kills more residents; 9% of the population have reported infection, It causes three times as many deaths as AIDS. In 2008, fewer than half of children younger than five slept under antimalaria nets or had access to antimalarial drugs. | Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event,... | The mechanism for chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) replication has not been conclusively determined, but two main models have been proposed. Scientists have attempted to observe chloroplast replication via electron microscopy since the 1970s. The results of the microscopy experiments led to the idea that chloroplast DNA replica... | in the cytosol | 96,413 |
57296c5c3f37b31900478381 | Chloroplast | After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely. This ... | What does Phosphorylation do? | {
"answer_start": [
236,
236,
236
],
"text": [
"helps many proteins bind the polypeptide",
"helps many proteins bind the polypeptide",
"helps many proteins bind the polypeptide"
]
} | What does Phosphorylation do? | [
0.16738401353359222,
0.4073265790939331,
0.3519170880317688,
0.09282589703798294,
0.430821031332016,
-0.07454239577054977,
-0.0380093976855278,
-0.37676167488098145,
0.07285259664058685,
0.09349418431520462,
-0.2369886040687561,
-0.19834214448928833,
-0.4751087725162506,
-0.009931868873536... | ASCII itself was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit ITA2, which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape ... | Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event,... | In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is known as the pr... | helps many proteins bind the polypeptide | 96,414 |
57296c5c3f37b31900478382 | Chloroplast | After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely. This ... | What is the benefit of polypeptide binding? | {
"answer_start": [
278,
278,
344
],
"text": [
"keeping it from folding prematurely",
"keeping it from folding prematurely",
"prevents chloroplast proteins from assuming their active form and carrying out their chloroplast functions in the wrong place"
]
} | What is the benefit of polypeptide binding? | [
0.3077312111854553,
-0.03507024049758911,
0.1903642863035202,
0.35253095626831055,
0.248727947473526,
0.1247386783361435,
-0.06588240712881088,
-0.3638675808906555,
-0.09272122383117676,
-0.18575066328048706,
-0.08923357725143433,
-0.03313634544610977,
-0.5025414824485779,
-0.0092878704890... | Of particular concern with Internet pharmacies is the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone) via the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship. There are many... | Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event,... | Alternatively, glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch, which accumulates into the starch grains found in the chloroplast. Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO2 concentrations, these starch grains may grow very large, distorting the grana and thylakoids. The starch granules dis... | keeping it from folding prematurely | 96,415 |
57296cb21d04691400779403 | Chloroplast | In land plants, chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped, 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net (e.g., Oedogonium), a cup (e.g., Chlamydomonas), a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of th... | How are chloroplasts in land plants usually shaped? | {
"answer_start": [
43,
43,
43
],
"text": [
"lens-shaped",
"lens-shaped",
"lens-shaped"
]
} | How are chloroplasts in land plants usually shaped? | [
0.37951046228408813,
0.12471909821033478,
0.1779485046863556,
0.27906402945518494,
0.20154064893722534,
0.19865775108337402,
-0.07789218425750732,
-0.05689995735883713,
-0.3804217278957367,
-0.27439242601394653,
-0.12323437631130219,
-0.23998937010765076,
-0.05553208291530609,
0.1244184076... | In the 1960s, Downtown Houston consisted of a collection of mid-rise office structures. Downtown was on the threshold of an energy industry–led boom in 1970. A succession of skyscrapers were built throughout the 1970s—many by real estate developer Gerald D. Hines—culminating with Houston's tallest skyscraper, the 75-fl... | Next, the two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings form. The inner plastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast's inner membrane, and is formed first. The outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the outer chloroplast membrane. It consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across, arran... | In the dicotyledons, the bundles in the very young stem are arranged in an open ring, separating a central pith from an outer cortex. In each bundle, separating the xylem and phloem, is a layer of meristem or active formative tissue known as cambium. By the formation of a layer of cambium between the bundles (interfasc... | lens-shaped | 96,416 |
57296cb21d04691400779404 | Chloroplast | In land plants, chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped, 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net (e.g., Oedogonium), a cup (e.g., Chlamydomonas), a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of th... | How large across are chloroplasts in land plants? | {
"answer_start": [
56,
56,
56
],
"text": [
"5–8 μm in diameter",
"5–8 μm",
"5–8 μm in diameter"
]
} | How large across are chloroplasts in land plants? | [
0.29814067482948303,
0.017815465107560158,
0.2810230255126953,
0.22502201795578003,
0.07289747148752213,
0.21875450015068054,
-0.0656895637512207,
-0.1852608621120453,
-0.32270658016204834,
-0.26194098591804504,
-0.02326389215886593,
-0.3183136284351349,
-0.04639174044132233,
0.05463578924... | The core technology used in a videoconferencing system is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time. The hardware or software that performs compression is called a codec (coder/decoder). Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labe... | Next, the two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings form. The inner plastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast's inner membrane, and is formed first. The outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the outer chloroplast membrane. It consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across, arran... | Chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors. After detecting stress in a cell, which might be due to a pathogen, chloroplasts begin producing molecules like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species which can serve as defense-signals. As cellular signals, reactive oxygen species are unstabl... | 5–8 μm in diameter | 96,417 |
57296cb21d04691400779405 | Chloroplast | In land plants, chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped, 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net (e.g., Oedogonium), a cup (e.g., Chlamydomonas), a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of th... | How thick are chloroplasts in land plants? | {
"answer_start": [
79,
79,
79
],
"text": [
"1–3 μm",
"1–3 μm",
"1–3 μm"
]
} | How thick are chloroplasts in land plants? | [
0.358138769865036,
0.11007759720087051,
0.3037877380847931,
0.33464956283569336,
0.026188557967543602,
0.07014764845371246,
-0.011479970067739487,
-0.11532463133335114,
-0.3471524715423584,
-0.12499979883432388,
-0.08929039537906647,
-0.1571347564458847,
0.02611844800412655,
-0.04483985528... | Some advocates for Tibet, Darfur, and the spiritual practice Falun Gong, planned to protest the April 9 arrival of the torch in San Francisco. China had already requested the torch route in San Francisco be shortened. On April 7, 2008, two days prior to the actual torch relay, three activists carrying Tibetan flags sca... | Next, the two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings form. The inner plastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast's inner membrane, and is formed first. The outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the outer chloroplast membrane. It consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across, arran... | Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary ce... | 1–3 μm | 96,418 |
57296cb21d04691400779406 | Chloroplast | In land plants, chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped, 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net (e.g., Oedogonium), a cup (e.g., Chlamydomonas), a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of th... | What shape is Oedogonium's chloroplasts? | {
"answer_start": [
222,
222,
224
],
"text": [
"a net",
"a net",
"net"
]
} | What shape is Oedogonium's chloroplasts? | [
0.22479115426540375,
0.37331512570381165,
0.1048155277967453,
0.06488832086324692,
0.11825747042894363,
0.1717943549156189,
-0.29242008924484253,
-0.040163468569517136,
-0.022213822230696678,
-0.4243960678577423,
0.04781408607959747,
-0.16317059099674225,
-0.2500392198562622,
0.30150386691... | In Britain, further experiments in the genre boosted its appeal. House and rave clubs such as Lakota and Cream emerged across Britain, hosting house and dance scene events. The 'chilling out' concept developed in Britain with ambient house albums such as The KLF's Chill Out and Analogue Bubblebath by Aphex Twin. The Go... | Next, the two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings form. The inner plastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast's inner membrane, and is formed first. The outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the outer chloroplast membrane. It consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across, arran... | The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning ... | a net | 96,419 |
57296cb21d04691400779407 | Chloroplast | In land plants, chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped, 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net (e.g., Oedogonium), a cup (e.g., Chlamydomonas), a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of th... | What shape is Chlamydomonas's chloroplasts? | {
"answer_start": [
248,
248,
250
],
"text": [
"a cup",
"a cup",
"cup"
]
} | What shape is Chlamydomonas's chloroplasts? | [
0.2713584899902344,
0.31010502576828003,
0.3492004871368408,
0.18620748817920685,
0.1032790094614029,
0.07834471017122269,
-0.22396917641162872,
-0.02251371182501316,
-0.0633777379989624,
-0.44724172353744507,
0.07077233493328094,
-0.21068160235881805,
-0.2737656533718109,
0.30542767047882... | Problems with the 10NES lockout chip frequently resulted in the console's most infamous problem: the blinking red power light, in which the system appears to turn itself on and off repeatedly because the 10NES would reset the console once per second. The lockout chip required constant communication with the chip in the... | Next, the two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings form. The inner plastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast's inner membrane, and is formed first. The outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the outer chloroplast membrane. It consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across, arran... | Chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors. After detecting stress in a cell, which might be due to a pathogen, chloroplasts begin producing molecules like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species which can serve as defense-signals. As cellular signals, reactive oxygen species are unstabl... | a cup | 96,420 |
57296d1b1d0469140077940d | Chloroplast | There are some common misconceptions about the outer and inner chloroplast membranes. The fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This is often interpreted as meaning the outer chloroplast membrane is the product... | What is evidence chloroplasts descended from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria? | {
"answer_start": [
131,
117,
117
],
"text": [
"a double membrane",
"surrounded by a double membrane",
"surrounded by a double membrane"
]
} | What is evidence chloroplasts descended from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria? | [
0.1434175819158554,
0.2973978817462921,
0.19147425889968872,
0.042031627148389816,
0.32984432578086853,
0.00755487522110343,
-0.007763279601931572,
-0.15855316817760468,
0.09682277590036392,
-0.39981529116630554,
0.04262400418519974,
-0.48933514952659607,
-0.3130016326904297,
0.44854226708... | Most feature movies shown during the prime time and early overnight hours (8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time) are presented by film historian Robert Osborne (who has been with the network since its 1994 launch, except for a five-month medical leave from July to December 2011, when guest hosts presented each night's f... | Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific... | Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Many types of bacteriophage exist, some simply infect and lyse their host bacteria, while others insert into the bacterial chromosome. A bacteriophage can contain genes that contribute to its host's phenotype: for example, in the evolution of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and... | a double membrane | 96,421 |
57296d1b1d0469140077940e | Chloroplast | There are some common misconceptions about the outer and inner chloroplast membranes. The fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This is often interpreted as meaning the outer chloroplast membrane is the product... | What is incorrectly thought about the outer chloroplast membrane? | {
"answer_start": [
309,
306,
306
],
"text": [
"the product of the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium",
"is the product of the host's cell membrane",
"is the product of the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround t... | What is incorrectly thought about the outer chloroplast membrane? | [
0.1928437501192093,
0.003325115889310837,
0.14590436220169067,
-0.005145698320120573,
0.38586723804473877,
-0.22389091551303864,
-0.06627842783927917,
-0.16911247372627258,
-0.07830721884965897,
-0.11736828088760376,
-0.24312353134155273,
-0.01173215452581644,
-0.3024616241455078,
0.137694... | Buddhist scholars have produced a number of intellectual theories, philosophies and world view concepts (see, for example, Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism). Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice. | Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific... | Many important biochemical reactions, such as energy generation, use concentration gradients across membranes. The general lack of internal membranes in bacteria means reactions such as electron transport occur across the cell membrane between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space. However, in many photosynthetic bac... | the product of the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium | 96,422 |
57296d1b1d0469140077940f | Chloroplast | There are some common misconceptions about the outer and inner chloroplast membranes. The fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This is often interpreted as meaning the outer chloroplast membrane is the product... | How do both chloroplast membranes compare to cyanobacterium's original double membranes? | {
"answer_start": [
467,
467,
467
],
"text": [
"homologous",
"homologous",
"homologous"
]
} | How do both chloroplast membranes compare to cyanobacterium's original double membranes? | [
0.29921644926071167,
-0.07119027525186539,
0.11712665855884552,
0.0629393681883812,
0.23849965631961823,
0.06302152574062347,
-0.1099722757935524,
-0.46881839632987976,
-0.20817169547080994,
-0.3663368225097656,
-0.00810216087847948,
-0.16915248334407806,
-0.6379571557044983,
0.25492653250... | In a book called Science Versus Crime, Houck writes that Popper's falsificationism can be questioned logically: it is not clear how Popper would deal with a statement like "for every metal, there is a temperature at which it will melt." The hypothesis cannot be falsified by any possible observation, for there will alwa... | Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific... | Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' en... | homologous | 96,423 |
57296d8d1d0469140077941d | Chloroplast | The chloroplast double membrane is also often compared to the mitochondrial double membrane. This is not a valid comparison—the inner mitochondria membrane is used to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy. The only chloroplast structure that can considered analogous to i... | What is the chloroplast double membrane sometimes compared to? | {
"answer_start": [
58,
58,
62
],
"text": [
"the mitochondrial double membrane",
"the mitochondrial double membrane",
"mitochondrial double membrane"
]
} | What is the chloroplast double membrane sometimes compared to? | [
0.4845340847969055,
-0.24576933681964874,
0.22459441423416138,
0.07953966408967972,
-0.007475672755390406,
-0.084685318171978,
-0.1993614286184311,
-0.2797466218471527,
-0.36494722962379456,
-0.03174047917127609,
-0.35822123289108276,
-0.20791488885879517,
-0.6479958295822144,
0.1471143513... | Capacitors may retain a charge long after power is removed from a circuit; this charge can cause dangerous or even potentially fatal shocks or damage connected equipment. For example, even a seemingly innocuous device such as a disposable-camera flash unit, powered by a 1.5 volt AA battery, has a capacitor which may co... | In some plants such as cacti, chloroplasts are found in the stems, though in most plants, chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves. One square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts. Within a leaf, chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll layers of a leaf, and the guard cells of stom... | Recently, chloroplasts have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops. Since, in most flowering plants, chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent, transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen. This makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivatio... | the mitochondrial double membrane | 96,424 |
57296d8d1d0469140077941e | Chloroplast | The chloroplast double membrane is also often compared to the mitochondrial double membrane. This is not a valid comparison—the inner mitochondria membrane is used to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy. The only chloroplast structure that can considered analogous to i... | What does the inner mitochondria membrane do? | {
"answer_start": [
167,
164,
167
],
"text": [
"run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation",
"to run proton pumps",
"run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy"
]
} | What does the inner mitochondria membrane do? | [
0.06748069077730179,
0.24100664258003235,
0.18646275997161865,
-0.053886886686086655,
0.4896112084388733,
-0.0839175134897232,
0.27603909373283386,
-0.30256587266921997,
0.13084325194358826,
-0.112181656062603,
-0.3501870930194855,
0.2930023968219757,
-0.40513375401496887,
-0.0747837498784... | Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops: | In some plants such as cacti, chloroplasts are found in the stems, though in most plants, chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves. One square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts. Within a leaf, chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll layers of a leaf, and the guard cells of stom... | The division process starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments, and with the help of a protein ARC6, form a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma. The Min system manages the placement of the Z-ring, ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly. The protein MinD... | run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation | 96,425 |
57296d8d1d0469140077941f | Chloroplast | The chloroplast double membrane is also often compared to the mitochondrial double membrane. This is not a valid comparison—the inner mitochondria membrane is used to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy. The only chloroplast structure that can considered analogous to i... | What does oxidative phosphorylation do? | {
"answer_start": [
234,
234,
234
],
"text": [
"generate ATP energy",
"generate ATP energy",
"generate ATP energy"
]
} | What does oxidative phosphorylation do? | [
-0.31514227390289307,
0.44906142354011536,
0.3089888393878937,
-0.17780394852161407,
0.1349629908800125,
0.08313584327697754,
-0.0970534011721611,
-0.4137537181377411,
0.20801053941249847,
-0.039667755365371704,
-0.22997325658798218,
-0.07069312036037445,
-0.5346866846084595,
-0.1562467813... | The Mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries. Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive-term limit, but can resume after ... | In some plants such as cacti, chloroplasts are found in the stems, though in most plants, chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves. One square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts. Within a leaf, chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll layers of a leaf, and the guard cells of stom... | In addition to chlorophylls, another group of yellow–orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems. There are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids. They help transfer and dissipate excess energy, and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green, like during the fall, when the ... | generate ATP energy | 96,426 |
57296d8d1d04691400779420 | Chloroplast | The chloroplast double membrane is also often compared to the mitochondrial double membrane. This is not a valid comparison—the inner mitochondria membrane is used to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy. The only chloroplast structure that can considered analogous to i... | What chloroplast structure is similar to the inner mitochondria membrane? | {
"answer_start": [
325,
325,
329
],
"text": [
"the internal thylakoid system",
"the internal thylakoid system",
"internal thylakoid system"
]
} | What chloroplast structure is similar to the inner mitochondria membrane? | [
0.07575219124555588,
0.2589860260486603,
0.26608800888061523,
-0.007558643352240324,
0.3036140501499176,
-0.10202035307884216,
-0.01688992604613304,
-0.2896168529987335,
0.034296825528144836,
-0.33994847536087036,
-0.14636042714118958,
-0.057516910135746,
-0.300688773393631,
0.075030088424... | There are occasional brief hints and allusions in his longer works however that Avicenna considered philosophy as the only sensible way to distinguish real prophecy from illusion. He did not state this more clearly because of the political implications of such a theory, if prophecy could be questioned, and also because... | In some plants such as cacti, chloroplasts are found in the stems, though in most plants, chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves. One square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts. Within a leaf, chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll layers of a leaf, and the guard cells of stom... | The chloroplastidan chloroplasts, or green chloroplasts, are another large, highly diverse primary chloroplast lineage. Their host organisms are commonly known as the green algae and land plants. They differ from glaucophyte and red algal chloroplasts in that they have lost their phycobilisomes, and contain chlorophyll... | the internal thylakoid system | 96,427 |
57296d8d1d04691400779421 | Chloroplast | The chloroplast double membrane is also often compared to the mitochondrial double membrane. This is not a valid comparison—the inner mitochondria membrane is used to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy. The only chloroplast structure that can considered analogous to i... | What part of chloroplasts isn't similar to mitochondria? | {
"answer_start": [
547,
547,
551
],
"text": [
"the inner chloroplast membrane",
"the inner chloroplast membrane",
"inner chloroplast membrane"
]
} | What part of chloroplasts isn't similar to mitochondria? | [
0.3116320073604584,
0.31428298354148865,
0.09952189028263092,
0.1871955394744873,
0.2534405291080475,
-0.17982500791549683,
0.02559475600719452,
-0.2806260585784912,
-0.014512281864881516,
-0.3755570650100708,
-0.02886751852929592,
-0.21542920172214508,
-0.5098766088485718,
0.1777799874544... | In 1926, Tesla commented on the ills of the social subservience of women and the struggle of women toward gender equality, and indicated that humanity's future would be run by "Queen Bees." He believed that women would become the dominant sex in the future. | In some plants such as cacti, chloroplasts are found in the stems, though in most plants, chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves. One square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts. Within a leaf, chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll layers of a leaf, and the guard cells of stom... | While most chloroplasts originate from that first set of endosymbiotic events, Paulinella chromatophora is an exception that acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently. It is not clear whether that symbiont is closely related to the ancestral chloroplast of other eukaryotes. Being in the early ... | the inner chloroplast membrane | 96,428 |
57296de03f37b3190047839b | Chloroplast | The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively. They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surf... | What are more common in other plastids than chloroplasts? | {
"answer_start": [
118,
118,
118
],
"text": [
"Stromules",
"Stromules",
"Stromules"
]
} | What are more common in other plastids than chloroplasts? | [
0.36846041679382324,
0.1055435836315155,
0.30610156059265137,
0.2559799551963806,
0.18960721790790558,
-0.04333962872624397,
-0.5238946676254272,
0.08849066495895386,
-0.1757308840751648,
-0.4591970145702362,
0.14373667538166046,
-0.12797164916992188,
-0.25660741329193115,
0.00355790951289... | In 1873, one of the first papers in modern medicine on the subject tried to explain the pathophysiology of the disease while one in 1872, concluded that asthma can be cured by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment. Medical treatment in 1880, included the use of intravenous doses of a drug called pilocarpin. In 188... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | Stromules | 96,429 |
57296de03f37b3190047839c | Chloroplast | The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively. They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surf... | What is a stromule? | {
"answer_start": [
92,
92,
92
],
"text": [
"stroma-containing tubule",
"stroma-containing tubule",
"stroma-containing tubule"
]
} | What is a stromule? | [
0.014488870278000832,
0.06613200157880783,
0.22605958580970764,
0.252515584230423,
0.023551451042294502,
0.31462767720222473,
-0.042985472828149796,
-0.1995832622051239,
0.09171339124441147,
-0.012371143326163292,
-0.2172759771347046,
-0.0967266783118248,
-0.14631500840187073,
0.0732306018... | In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament. The company sought a permanent establishment, while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company's profits. In 1712, another act renewed the status ... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary ce... | stroma-containing tubule | 96,430 |
57296de03f37b3190047839d | Chloroplast | The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively. They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surf... | Why do stromules exist? | {
"answer_start": [
286,
286,
286
],
"text": [
"to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport",
"to increase the chloroplast's surface area",
"to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport"
]
} | Why do stromules exist? | [
0.399231880903244,
0.36354896426200867,
0.3772543668746948,
0.17786313593387604,
0.0582464337348938,
0.19912785291671753,
0.0013594706542789936,
0.012508499436080456,
0.033126313239336014,
-0.20075446367263794,
-0.09005720168352127,
-0.04505229368805885,
-0.4065813720226288,
0.307157218456... | Historical definitions of Jewish identity have traditionally been based on halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions. Historical definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the Oral Torah into the Babylonian Talmud, around 200 CE. Interpretations of sections of the Tanakh, s... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | There are some common misconceptions about the outer and inner chloroplast membranes. The fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This is often interpreted as meaning the outer chloroplast membrane is the product... | to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport | 96,431 |
57296de03f37b3190047839e | Chloroplast | The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively. They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surf... | When were stromules discovered? | {
"answer_start": [
468,
468,
468
],
"text": [
"1962",
"1962",
"1962"
]
} | When were stromules discovered? | [
0.011194395832717419,
0.2844429910182953,
0.1655208170413971,
-0.06207285076379776,
0.050940945744514465,
0.10130433738231659,
-0.17103298008441925,
-0.09697874635457993,
0.06759828329086304,
0.01885882019996643,
0.08888968080282211,
-0.03987223654985428,
-0.21421347558498383,
0.1536820083... | Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their divinity. Most notably... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | Plastid differentiation is not permanent, in fact many interconversions are possible. Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts, which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts, and it is possible fo... | 1962 | 96,432 |
57296e43af94a219006aa3e5 | Chloroplast | Some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum. It is often found in the chloroplasts of C4 plants, though it has also been found in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms. The chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with... | Where is the chloroplast peripheral reticulum usually found? | {
"answer_start": [
101,
101,
108
],
"text": [
"in the chloroplasts of C4 plants",
"in the chloroplasts of C4 plants,",
"chloroplasts of C4 plants"
]
} | Where is the chloroplast peripheral reticulum usually found? | [
0.08778844773769379,
0.007494958117604256,
0.6338770389556885,
0.07740890979766846,
0.27736595273017883,
-0.10703089833259583,
-0.08436927199363708,
0.05148303136229515,
0.022708861157298088,
-0.3087066113948822,
-0.3767678737640381,
-0.1698501855134964,
0.001765809371136129,
0.06712766736... | Characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but Compass signals have somewhat greater power. The notation of Compass signals used in this page follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the American literature o... | Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost, leaving the cyanobacterial membranes, and the secondary host's phagosomal membrane. Euglenoph... | In land plants, chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped, 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net (e.g., Oedogonium), a cup (e.g., Chlamydomonas), a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of th... | in the chloroplasts of C4 plants | 96,433 |
57296e43af94a219006aa3e6 | Chloroplast | Some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum. It is often found in the chloroplasts of C4 plants, though it has also been found in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms. The chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with... | Where is the chloroplast peripheral reticulum less commonly found? | {
"answer_start": [
165,
173,
173
],
"text": [
"in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms",
"C3 angiosperms",
"C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms"
]
} | Where is the chloroplast peripheral reticulum less commonly found? | [
0.010759761556982994,
-0.014527748338878155,
0.4346410632133484,
0.027878055348992348,
0.18295717239379883,
-0.08945198357105255,
-0.0015929555520415306,
0.08388244360685349,
-0.03661790117621422,
-0.3457206189632416,
-0.48724985122680664,
-0.23146653175354004,
-0.017677273601293564,
0.044... | On 6 August 1940, Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR. The provisions in the Estonian constitution requiring a popular referendum to decide on joining a supra-national body were ignored. Instead the vote to join the Soviet Union was taken by those elected in the elections held the previous month... | Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost, leaving the cyanobacterial membranes, and the secondary host's phagosomal membrane. Euglenoph... | In land plants, chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped, 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net (e.g., Oedogonium), a cup (e.g., Chlamydomonas), a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of th... | in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms | 96,434 |
57296e43af94a219006aa3e7 | Chloroplast | Some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum. It is often found in the chloroplasts of C4 plants, though it has also been found in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms. The chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with... | What is a maze of membranous tubes? | {
"answer_start": [
216,
216
],
"text": [
"The chloroplast peripheral reticulum",
"The chloroplast peripheral reticulum"
]
} | What is a maze of membranous tubes? | [
0.4017929434776306,
0.009863680228590965,
0.2309243232011795,
0.3381287455558777,
0.41099250316619873,
0.15938670933246613,
0.025368453934788704,
-0.1941920667886734,
-0.2090575248003006,
-0.3250928521156311,
0.01304750144481659,
-0.1715218871831894,
-0.49325183033943176,
0.124532051384449... | The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of si... | Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost, leaving the cyanobacterial membranes, and the secondary host's phagosomal membrane. Euglenoph... | In land plants, chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped, 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net (e.g., Oedogonium), a cup (e.g., Chlamydomonas), a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of th... | The chloroplast peripheral reticulum | 96,435 |
57296e43af94a219006aa3e8 | Chloroplast | Some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum. It is often found in the chloroplasts of C4 plants, though it has also been found in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms. The chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with... | What does the chloroplast peripheral reticulum do? | {
"answer_start": [
449,
446,
449
],
"text": [
"increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport",
"to increase the chloroplast's surface area",
"increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport between its stroma and the cell cytoplasm"
]
} | What does the chloroplast peripheral reticulum do? | [
0.17632821202278137,
-0.005177912302315235,
0.5804675221443176,
0.06002814322710037,
0.2166183590888977,
-0.1261620670557022,
-0.08580336719751358,
-0.05931790545582771,
0.11518937349319458,
-0.20965050160884857,
-0.357873797416687,
-0.0006465736660175025,
-0.06068567559123039,
0.037780925... | Many social scientists have replaced the word race with the word "ethnicity" to refer to self-identifying groups based on beliefs concerning shared culture, ancestry and history. Alongside empirical and conceptual problems with "race", following the Second World War, evolutionary and social scientists were acutely awar... | Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost, leaving the cyanobacterial membranes, and the secondary host's phagosomal membrane. Euglenoph... | Next, the two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings form. The inner plastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast's inner membrane, and is formed first. The outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the outer chloroplast membrane. It consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across, arran... | increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport | 96,436 |
57296e43af94a219006aa3e9 | Chloroplast | Some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum. It is often found in the chloroplasts of C4 plants, though it has also been found in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms. The chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with... | Where do transport vesicles move between? | {
"answer_start": [
656,
660,
660
],
"text": [
"the thylakoids and intermembrane space",
"thylakoids and intermembrane space",
"thylakoids and intermembrane space"
]
} | Where do transport vesicles move between? | [
0.006880557164549828,
-0.11871350556612015,
0.695822536945343,
0.3901405334472656,
0.3458455502986908,
0.12968765199184418,
-0.1684841811656952,
-0.06104142218828201,
-0.390603244304657,
-0.41128814220428467,
-0.10213180631399155,
-0.4640725553035736,
-0.3579014539718628,
0.159266620874404... | A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated, tetraploid cotton. "Tetraploid" means that cultivated cotton actually has two separate genomes within its nucleus, referred to as the A and D genomes. ... | Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost, leaving the cyanobacterial membranes, and the secondary host's phagosomal membrane. Euglenoph... | Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event,... | the thylakoids and intermembrane space | 96,437 |
57296eb01d04691400779435 | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts have their own ribosomes, which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins. Chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes (around 17 nm vs 25 nm). They take mRNAs transcribed from the chloroplast DNA and translate them into protein. While similar to bacterial r... | What do chloroplasts use their ribosomes for? | {
"answer_start": [
57,
54,
57
],
"text": [
"synthesize a small fraction of their proteins",
"to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins",
"synthesize a small fraction of their proteins"
]
} | What do chloroplasts use their ribosomes for? | [
0.39584314823150635,
0.39835217595100403,
0.29055577516555786,
0.11996614933013916,
0.3474961519241333,
0.08712034672498703,
-0.2919132113456726,
-0.03048189915716648,
-0.09084179997444153,
-0.20592984557151794,
-0.07653456926345825,
-0.1957390010356903,
-0.3386857211589813,
0.158128097653... | The South Atlantic Express, a 10,000 km (6,214 mi) submarine communications cable connecting Africa to South America, run by the undersea fibre optic provider eFive, will pass St Helena relatively closely. There were no plans to land the cable and install a landing station ashore, which could supply St Helena's populat... | Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event,... | In land plants, chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped, 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net (e.g., Oedogonium), a cup (e.g., Chlamydomonas), a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of th... | synthesize a small fraction of their proteins | 96,438 |
57296eb01d04691400779436 | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts have their own ribosomes, which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins. Chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes (around 17 nm vs 25 nm). They take mRNAs transcribed from the chloroplast DNA and translate them into protein. While similar to bacterial r... | How large are Chloroplast ribosomes? | {
"answer_start": [
189,
182,
189
],
"text": [
"17 nm",
"around 17 nm",
"17 nm"
]
} | How large are Chloroplast ribosomes? | [
0.2896600365638733,
0.19613595306873322,
0.3103107213973999,
0.18593527376651764,
0.2571510970592499,
0.09860140830278397,
-0.20970341563224792,
-0.10260423272848129,
-0.160806804895401,
-0.20763079822063446,
-0.025246229022741318,
-0.2923709750175476,
-0.2831827402114868,
0.18153649568557... | MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of m... | Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event,... | Curiously, around half of the protein products of transferred genes aren't even targeted back to the chloroplast. Many became exaptations, taking on new functions like participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance. A few chloroplast genes found new homes in the mitochondrial genome—most b... | 17 nm | 96,439 |
57296eb01d04691400779437 | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts have their own ribosomes, which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins. Chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes (around 17 nm vs 25 nm). They take mRNAs transcribed from the chloroplast DNA and translate them into protein. While similar to bacterial r... | How large are Cytoplasmic ribosomes? | {
"answer_start": [
198,
198,
198
],
"text": [
"25 nm",
"25 nm",
"25 nm"
]
} | How large are Cytoplasmic ribosomes? | [
0.10400591790676117,
0.08879796415567398,
0.39494428038597107,
0.18989479541778564,
0.4220670759677887,
0.09499343484640121,
-0.21151717007160187,
-0.05404634028673172,
-0.17167004942893982,
-0.2563192546367645,
-0.0635194405913353,
-0.23563656210899353,
-0.17478175461292267,
0.30001425743... | In Apollo's role as a healer, his appellations included Acesius (/əˈsiːʒəs/ ə-SEE-zhəs; Ἀκέσιος, Akesios, from ἄκεσις, "healing"), Acestor (/əˈsɛstər/ ə-SES-tər; Ἀκέστωρ, Akestōr, literally "healer"), Paean (/ˈpiːən/ PEE-ən; Παιάν, Paiān, from παίειν, "to touch"),[citation needed] and Iatrus (/aɪˈætrəs/ eye-AT-rəs; Ἰατ... | Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event,... | Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost, leaving the cyanobacterial membranes, and the secondary host's phagosomal membrane. Euglenoph... | 25 nm | 96,440 |
57296eb01d04691400779438 | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts have their own ribosomes, which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins. Chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes (around 17 nm vs 25 nm). They take mRNAs transcribed from the chloroplast DNA and translate them into protein. While similar to bacterial r... | What are some Chlorophyta and euglenid chloroplasts missing? | {
"answer_start": [
538,
538,
538
],
"text": [
"motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition",
"motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition",
"motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition"
]
} | What are some Chlorophyta and euglenid chloroplasts missing? | [
0.43415433168411255,
0.13334526121616364,
0.03935324028134346,
0.2469298243522644,
0.2108464539051056,
0.0823163241147995,
-0.12129367887973785,
-0.12445353716611862,
-0.18006178736686707,
-0.2372744381427765,
-0.17508354783058167,
-0.17299720644950867,
-0.2744203209877014,
0.0511241294443... | Immunization against the pathogens that cause diarrheal disease is a viable prevention strategy, however it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination. In the case of Rotavirus, which was responsible for around 6% of diarrheal episodes and 20% of diarrheal disease deaths in the children of developing coun... | Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event,... | In land plants, chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped, 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net (e.g., Oedogonium), a cup (e.g., Chlamydomonas), a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of th... | motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition | 96,441 |
57296eb01d04691400779439 | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts have their own ribosomes, which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins. Chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes (around 17 nm vs 25 nm). They take mRNAs transcribed from the chloroplast DNA and translate them into protein. While similar to bacterial r... | Why is shine-dalgarno sequence recognition important? | {
"answer_start": [
592,
620,
606
],
"text": [
"is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes",
"translation initiation",
"essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes"
]
} | Why is shine-dalgarno sequence recognition important? | [
0.12009788304567337,
-0.13338051736354828,
0.17728914320468903,
-0.20539097487926483,
0.05085502937436104,
-0.015445290133357048,
0.08189087361097336,
-0.07866666465997696,
-0.019523998722434044,
-0.20390751957893372,
-0.4275625944137573,
-0.0800052285194397,
-0.3475489914417267,
0.1159310... | In February 1981, Queen travelled to South America as part of The Game Tour, and became the first major rock band to play in Latin American stadiums. The tour included five shows in Argentina, one of which drew the largest single concert crowd in Argentine history with an audience of 300,000 in Buenos Aires and two con... | Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event,... | The chloroplastidan chloroplasts, or green chloroplasts, are another large, highly diverse primary chloroplast lineage. Their host organisms are commonly known as the green algae and land plants. They differ from glaucophyte and red algal chloroplasts in that they have lost their phycobilisomes, and contain chlorophyll... | is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes | 96,442 |
57296eee6aef051400154e8e | Chloroplast | Plastoglobuli (singular plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s)), are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across. They are surrounded by a lipid monolayer. Plastoglobuli are found in all chloroplasts, but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress, or when i... | What is a single Plastoglobuli called? | {
"answer_start": [
24,
24,
24
],
"text": [
"plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s)",
"plastoglobulus",
"plastoglobulus"
]
} | What is a single [MASK] called? | [
0.5270041227340698,
0.07787901908159256,
-0.06446564942598343,
0.21178145706653595,
-0.1079140156507492,
0.24186237156391144,
0.1735657900571823,
-0.0793110802769661,
-0.32944050431251526,
0.23501208424568176,
-0.35249486565589905,
-0.16235408186912537,
-0.3497070372104645,
0.1320331692695... | The 1970s and 1980s saw the emergence of many graphical imaging packages for the network in which based the logo's setting mainly on special lighting effects then under development including white, blue, pink, rainbow neon and glittering dotted lines. Among the "ABC Circle" logo's many variants was a 1977 ID sequence t... | Chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid, though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. There are many other types of plastids, which carry out various functions. All chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized e... | Rhodoplasts have a double membrane with an intermembrane space and phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes on the thylakoid membranes, preventing their thylakoids from stacking. Some contain pyrenoids. Rhodoplasts have chlorophyll a and phycobilins for photosynthetic pigments; the phycobilin phycoerytherin is... | plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s) | 96,443 |
57296eee6aef051400154e8f | Chloroplast | Plastoglobuli (singular plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s)), are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across. They are surrounded by a lipid monolayer. Plastoglobuli are found in all chloroplasts, but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress, or when i... | What shape are Plastoglobuli? | {
"answer_start": [
81,
81,
81
],
"text": [
"spherical bubbles",
"spherical",
"spherical"
]
} | What shape are Plastoglobuli? | [
0.26473569869995117,
0.12589485943317413,
0.36609846353530884,
0.13960273563861847,
0.021835457533597946,
0.4537757933139801,
-0.5445972084999084,
0.20591415464878082,
-0.4016268253326416,
-0.33795222640037537,
0.16859792172908783,
-0.2077496200799942,
-0.10390319675207138,
0.0406306646764... | Railway connections play a somewhat lesser role in Greece than in many other European countries, but they too have also been expanded, with new suburban/commuter rail connections, serviced by Proastiakos around Athens, towards its airport, Kiato and Chalkida; around Thessaloniki, towards the cities of Larissa and Edess... | Chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid, though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. There are many other types of plastids, which carry out various functions. All chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized e... | Ctenophora (/tᵻˈnɒfərə/; singular ctenophore, /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/; from the Greek κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide. Their most distinctive feature is the ‘combs’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – ... | spherical bubbles | 96,444 |
57296eee6aef051400154e90 | Chloroplast | Plastoglobuli (singular plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s)), are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across. They are surrounded by a lipid monolayer. Plastoglobuli are found in all chloroplasts, but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress, or when i... | What are Plastoglobuli made of? | {
"answer_start": [
102,
102,
102
],
"text": [
"lipids and proteins",
"lipids and proteins",
"lipids and proteins"
]
} | What are [MASK] made of? | [
0.701820433139801,
0.37809765338897705,
-0.24615061283111572,
0.4390115737915039,
0.20387370884418488,
0.23146285116672516,
0.030891606584191322,
-0.13527125120162964,
-0.2376358062028885,
0.04254867136478424,
0.054553695023059845,
0.00045869991299696267,
-0.008136442862451077,
0.306839406... | Each congregation has a body of appointed unpaid male elders and ministerial servants. Elders maintain general responsibility for congregational governance, setting meeting times, selecting speakers and conducting meetings, directing the public preaching work, and creating "judicial committees" to investigate and decid... | Chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid, though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. There are many other types of plastids, which carry out various functions. All chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized e... | The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids. They are not found in higher plants. Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them. They consist of a matrix opaque to electrons, surrounded by two hemisph... | lipids and proteins | 96,445 |
57296eee6aef051400154e91 | Chloroplast | Plastoglobuli (singular plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s)), are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across. They are surrounded by a lipid monolayer. Plastoglobuli are found in all chloroplasts, but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress, or when i... | How large are Plastoglobuli? | {
"answer_start": [
128,
128,
128
],
"text": [
"45–60 nanometers across",
"45–60 nanometers across",
"45–60 nanometers across"
]
} | How large are Plastoglobuli? | [
0.26966169476509094,
0.12079108506441116,
0.22447070479393005,
0.22478468716144562,
0.05682457610964775,
0.5749716758728027,
-0.4822055697441101,
0.09585810452699661,
-0.44521769881248474,
-0.19432927668094635,
0.2904019057750702,
-0.22474700212478638,
-0.09949034452438354,
-0.018162634223... | Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description — typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive materialism explici... | Chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid, though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. There are many other types of plastids, which carry out various functions. All chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized e... | The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many compone... | 45–60 nanometers across | 96,446 |
57296eee6aef051400154e92 | Chloroplast | Plastoglobuli (singular plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s)), are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across. They are surrounded by a lipid monolayer. Plastoglobuli are found in all chloroplasts, but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress, or when i... | What surrounds Plastoglobuli? | {
"answer_start": [
176,
178,
176
],
"text": [
"a lipid monolayer",
"lipid monolayer",
"a lipid monolayer"
]
} | What surrounds [MASK]? | [
0.3832446038722992,
0.16195513308048248,
0.20669953525066376,
0.12022216618061066,
0.2724502980709076,
-0.3880899250507355,
0.2996326684951782,
-0.2866111397743225,
-0.1809908151626587,
0.02802514098584652,
-0.42085182666778564,
-0.17177902162075043,
-0.26855140924453735,
0.084226168692111... | Tesla was asocial and prone to seclude himself with his work. However, when he did engage in a social life, many people spoke very positively and admiringly of Tesla. Robert Underwood Johnson described him as attaining a "distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, generosity, and force." His loyal secreta... | Chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid, though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. There are many other types of plastids, which carry out various functions. All chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized e... | Some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum. It is often found in the chloroplasts of C4 plants, though it has also been found in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms. The chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with... | a lipid monolayer | 96,447 |
57296f3caf94a219006aa3fb | Chloroplast | Plastoglobuli were once thought to be free-floating in the stroma, but it is now thought that they are permanently attached either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid, a configuration that allows a plastoglobulus to exchange its contents with the thylakoid network. In normal green chloro... | What are Plastoglobuli attached to? | {
"answer_start": [
124,
134,
136
],
"text": [
"either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid",
"a thylakoid",
"thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid"
]
} | What are Plastoglobuli attached to? | [
0.46426406502723694,
0.12900890409946442,
0.3604300320148468,
0.2925718128681183,
0.1958349198102951,
0.3330329954624176,
-0.6418291330337524,
0.17709822952747345,
-0.3752964735031128,
-0.13999372720718384,
0.11749013513326645,
-0.15394370257854462,
-0.2783909738063812,
0.08711401373147964... | The first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman-ruled Palestine, known as the First Aliyah, began in 1881, as Jews fled pogroms in Eastern Europe. Although the Zionist movement already existed in practice, Austro-Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl is credited with founding political Zionism, a movement which sough... | The alga Cyanophora, a glaucophyte, is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast. The glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages, being found in only 13 species, and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest. Glaucophytes have chloroplas... | No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa ("partitions") at the same points, although in some speci... | either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid | 96,448 |
57296f3caf94a219006aa3fc | Chloroplast | Plastoglobuli were once thought to be free-floating in the stroma, but it is now thought that they are permanently attached either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid, a configuration that allows a plastoglobulus to exchange its contents with the thylakoid network. In normal green chloro... | What do Plastoglobuli exchange contents with? | {
"answer_start": [
275,
275,
279
],
"text": [
"the thylakoid network",
"the thylakoid network",
"thylakoid network"
]
} | What do Plastoglobuli exchange contents with? | [
0.33953768014907837,
0.2925797998905182,
0.20081695914268494,
0.21932680904865265,
0.21773280203342438,
0.39481407403945923,
-0.5923963189125061,
0.14515474438667297,
-0.2380009889602661,
-0.09274857491254807,
0.05721670761704445,
-0.3557257354259491,
-0.22174356877803802,
0.05810242146253... | After Nasser died in November 1970, his successor, Anwar Sadat, suggested that rather than a unified state, they create a political federation, implemented in April 1971; in doing so, Egypt, Syria and Sudan got large grants of Libyan oil money. In February 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger,... | The alga Cyanophora, a glaucophyte, is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast. The glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages, being found in only 13 species, and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest. Glaucophytes have chloroplas... | Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) in size, ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia ("hairs") as their main method of locomotion. Most species have eight strips, called comb rows, that run the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called "ctenes... | the thylakoid network | 96,449 |
57296f3caf94a219006aa3fd | Chloroplast | Plastoglobuli were once thought to be free-floating in the stroma, but it is now thought that they are permanently attached either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid, a configuration that allows a plastoglobulus to exchange its contents with the thylakoid network. In normal green chloro... | How are green chloroplasts' Plastoglobuli arranged? | {
"answer_start": [
369,
369,
369
],
"text": [
"singularly, attached directly to their parent thylakoid",
"singularly",
"singularly, attached directly to their parent thylakoid"
]
} | How are green chloroplasts' Plastoglobuli arranged? | [
0.37942373752593994,
0.192094624042511,
0.4827704131603241,
0.10823043435811996,
0.15920351445674896,
0.25410640239715576,
-0.4335952699184418,
0.04813223332166672,
-0.4570041000843048,
-0.264657199382782,
-0.1211121678352356,
-0.3561824560165405,
-0.2727600932121277,
0.14890509843826294,
... | The considerable spending did not lead to more growth and did not benefit the poor. Much of the increased spending has gone to current expenditures related to wages, transfers, and subsidies. The wage bill today constitutes over 15% of GDP and 55% of total public spending; these are some of the highest levels on the Af... | The alga Cyanophora, a glaucophyte, is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast. The glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages, being found in only 13 species, and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest. Glaucophytes have chloroplas... | Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial... | singularly, attached directly to their parent thylakoid | 96,450 |
57296f3caf94a219006aa3fe | Chloroplast | Plastoglobuli were once thought to be free-floating in the stroma, but it is now thought that they are permanently attached either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid, a configuration that allows a plastoglobulus to exchange its contents with the thylakoid network. In normal green chloro... | When do Plastoglobuli occur in linked groups? | {
"answer_start": [
426,
426,
426
],
"text": [
"In old or stressed chloroplasts",
"In old or stressed chloroplasts",
"In old or stressed chloroplasts"
]
} | When do Plastoglobuli occur in linked groups? | [
0.2883618474006653,
0.08449134975671768,
0.34440526366233826,
-0.028099648654460907,
0.1659126579761505,
0.11313195526599884,
-0.2530001401901245,
0.11816534399986267,
-0.4354356825351715,
-0.1587936282157898,
-0.10057692974805832,
-0.3467005789279938,
-0.3129938542842865,
0.07182641327381... | The 7th and 6th centuries BC witnessed the composition of the earliest Upanishads. Upanishads form the theoretical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as Vedanta (conclusion of the Vedas). The older Upanishads launched attacks of increasing intensity on the ritual. Anyone who worships a divinity other than the Se... | The alga Cyanophora, a glaucophyte, is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast. The glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages, being found in only 13 species, and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest. Glaucophytes have chloroplas... | The alga Cyanophora, a glaucophyte, is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast. The glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages, being found in only 13 species, and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest. Glaucophytes have chloroplas... | In old or stressed chloroplasts | 96,451 |
57296f85af94a219006aa403 | Chloroplast | The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids. They are not found in higher plants. Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them. They consist of a matrix opaque to electrons, surrounded by two hemisph... | Where are pyrenoids found? | {
"answer_start": [
0,
20,
4
],
"text": [
"The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae",
"some hornworts and algae",
"chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae"
]
} | Where are pyrenoids found? | [
0.21609508991241455,
0.41819167137145996,
-0.029186291620135307,
0.22040127217769623,
0.2794921100139618,
0.4705296456813812,
-0.12823575735092163,
0.026921013370156288,
-0.199222132563591,
-0.35828492045402527,
-0.11284507811069489,
-0.14283446967601776,
-0.09166400134563446,
-0.051000863... | Schwarzenegger's official height of 6'2" (1.88 m) has been brought into question by several articles. In his bodybuilding days in the late 1960s, he was measured to be 6'1.5" (1.87 m), a height confirmed by his fellow bodybuilders. However, in 1988 both the Daily Mail and Time Out magazine mentioned that Schwarzenegger... | The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively. They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surf... | Some bacteria produce intracellular nutrient storage granules for later use, such as glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates. Certain bacterial species, such as the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, produce internal gas vesicles, which they use to regulate their buoyancy – allowing them to move up or down ... | The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae | 96,452 |
57296f85af94a219006aa404 | Chloroplast | The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids. They are not found in higher plants. Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them. They consist of a matrix opaque to electrons, surrounded by two hemisph... | What shape are pyrenoids? | {
"answer_start": [
133,
133,
141
],
"text": [
"roughly spherical",
"roughly spherical",
"spherical"
]
} | What shape are pyrenoids? | [
0.08981786668300629,
0.28385213017463684,
0.003794365795329213,
0.19664266705513,
0.012198416516184807,
0.5689213871955872,
-0.18230004608631134,
-0.036923352628946304,
-0.12014827132225037,
-0.5023633241653442,
-0.03144089877605438,
-0.0706310048699379,
-0.10410824418067932,
-0.0672018527... | In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further develope... | The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively. They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surf... | The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively. They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surf... | roughly spherical | 96,453 |
57296f85af94a219006aa405 | Chloroplast | The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids. They are not found in higher plants. Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them. They consist of a matrix opaque to electrons, surrounded by two hemisph... | What do pyrenoids look like? | {
"answer_start": [
155,
155,
133
],
"text": [
"highly refractive",
"highly refractive",
"roughly spherical and highly refractive"
]
} | What do pyrenoids look like? | [
0.2090865671634674,
0.41336339712142944,
-0.17132920026779175,
0.24133192002773285,
0.11373935639858246,
0.4428991675376892,
-0.064766064286232,
0.11913520842790604,
-0.22613807022571564,
-0.3450144827365875,
-0.07707862555980682,
-0.11784671247005463,
-0.28463098406791687,
-0.016118500381... | The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increa... | The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively. They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surf... | Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost, leaving the cyanobacterial membranes, and the secondary host's phagosomal membrane. Euglenoph... | highly refractive | 96,454 |
57296f85af94a219006aa406 | Chloroplast | The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids. They are not found in higher plants. Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them. They consist of a matrix opaque to electrons, surrounded by two hemisph... | What do pyrenoids store? | {
"answer_start": [
200,
200,
200
],
"text": [
"starch",
"starch",
"starch"
]
} | What do pyrenoids store? | [
0.2583037316799164,
0.4492897093296051,
0.052604060620069504,
0.24992217123508453,
0.18146178126335144,
0.3744770288467407,
-0.20221103727817535,
0.002378379460424185,
0.021806225180625916,
-0.17807653546333313,
-0.19941198825836182,
-0.20301920175552368,
-0.15529687702655792,
-0.018595712... | Despite their collective name, not all woodwind instruments are made entirely of wood. The reeds used to play them, however, are usually made from Arundo donax, a type of monocot cane plant. | The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively. They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surf... | Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' en... | starch | 96,455 |
57296f85af94a219006aa407 | Chloroplast | The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids. They are not found in higher plants. Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them. They consist of a matrix opaque to electrons, surrounded by two hemisph... | How can pyrenoids replicate? | {
"answer_start": [
568,
568,
568
],
"text": [
"divide to form new pyrenoids, or be produced \"de novo\"",
"divide",
"divide to form new pyrenoids, or be produced \"de novo\""
]
} | How can pyrenoids replicate? | [
0.15051572024822235,
0.17561616003513336,
0.08425677567720413,
0.22379589080810547,
0.24812033772468567,
0.3696313202381134,
0.11726288497447968,
-0.16990138590335846,
-0.16155873239040375,
-0.24991849064826965,
-0.058471303433179855,
-0.1573101282119751,
-0.2134566456079483,
0.03796480968... | Past problems with hydraulic elevators include underground electrolytic destruction of the cylinder and bulkhead, pipe failures, and control failures. Single bulkhead cylinders, typically built prior to a 1972 ASME A17.1 Elevator Safety Code change requiring a second dished bulkhead, were subject to possible catastroph... | The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively. They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surf... | Some bacteria produce intracellular nutrient storage granules for later use, such as glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates. Certain bacterial species, such as the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, produce internal gas vesicles, which they use to regulate their buoyancy – allowing them to move up or down ... | divide to form new pyrenoids, or be produced "de novo" | 96,456 |
57296fd71d0469140077943f | Chloroplast | In the helical thylakoid model, grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes. Each granum can contain anywhere from two to a hundred thylakoids, though grana with 10–20 thylakoids are most common. Wrapped around the grana are helicoid stromal thylakoids, also known as frets or... | In what model do grana look like pancakes? | {
"answer_start": [
3,
3,
7
],
"text": [
"the helical thylakoid model",
"the helical thylakoid model",
"helical thylakoid"
]
} | In what model do [MASK] look like pancakes? | [
0.4444129168987274,
0.26482120156288147,
0.05958985164761543,
0.35419031977653503,
0.5402222275733948,
0.4411793351173401,
-0.07481738924980164,
-0.10580308735370636,
-0.29039645195007324,
0.127644345164299,
0.07242736965417862,
-0.008701048791408539,
0.12242765724658966,
-0.15282663702964... | In England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300, and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million. By the end of 1350, the Black Death subsided, but it never really died out in England. Over the n... | Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on ei... | A zygote initially develops into a hollow sphere, called a blastula, which undergoes rearrangement and differentiation. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location and develop into a new sponge. In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement. It first invaginates to form a gastrula w... | the helical thylakoid model | 96,457 |
57296fd71d04691400779440 | Chloroplast | In the helical thylakoid model, grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes. Each granum can contain anywhere from two to a hundred thylakoids, though grana with 10–20 thylakoids are most common. Wrapped around the grana are helicoid stromal thylakoids, also known as frets or... | What shape are granal thylakoids? | {
"answer_start": [
60,
60,
60
],
"text": [
"flattened circular",
"flattened circular",
"flattened circular"
]
} | What shape are granal thylakoids? | [
-0.019033053889870644,
0.3646361827850342,
0.09107736498117447,
0.005785915534943342,
0.007753159385174513,
0.32261863350868225,
0.15109650790691376,
0.04365823417901993,
-0.04588893800973892,
-0.5301467180252075,
0.08874920755624771,
0.12199434638023376,
-0.2163536697626114,
0.28087610006... | There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period, Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian. The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amharic and Oromo. ... | Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on ei... | In the dicotyledons, the bundles in the very young stem are arranged in an open ring, separating a central pith from an outer cortex. In each bundle, separating the xylem and phloem, is a layer of meristem or active formative tissue known as cambium. By the formation of a layer of cambium between the bundles (interfasc... | flattened circular | 96,458 |
57296fd71d04691400779441 | Chloroplast | In the helical thylakoid model, grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes. Each granum can contain anywhere from two to a hundred thylakoids, though grana with 10–20 thylakoids are most common. Wrapped around the grana are helicoid stromal thylakoids, also known as frets or... | How many granal thylakoids can be in each granum? | {
"answer_start": [
145,
159,
159
],
"text": [
"anywhere from two to a hundred",
"two to a hundred",
"two to a hundred"
]
} | How many granal thylakoids can be in each granum? | [
0.2205950915813446,
0.23062075674533844,
0.07235272228717804,
0.12048717588186264,
0.08607812970876694,
0.5712931156158447,
0.07413245737552643,
-0.19497047364711761,
-0.09337867796421051,
-0.2587633728981018,
0.10242392867803574,
0.010068844072520733,
-0.2236655354499817,
0.25134268403053... | The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their music. In the post-Genocide Armenian community of the United States, the so-called "kef" style Armenian dance mu... | Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on ei... | Fimbriae (sometimes called "attachment pili") are fine filaments of protein, usually 2–10 nanometres in diameter and up to several micrometers in length. They are distributed over the surface of the cell, and resemble fine hairs when seen under the electron microscope. Fimbriae are believed to be involved in attachment... | anywhere from two to a hundred | 96,459 |
57296fd71d04691400779442 | Chloroplast | In the helical thylakoid model, grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes. Each granum can contain anywhere from two to a hundred thylakoids, though grana with 10–20 thylakoids are most common. Wrapped around the grana are helicoid stromal thylakoids, also known as frets or... | How many granal thylakoids are usually in each granum? | {
"answer_start": [
206,
206,
206
],
"text": [
"10–20",
"10–20",
"10–20"
]
} | How many granal thylakoids are usually in each granum? | [
0.1963319629430771,
0.21668241918087006,
0.08984480798244476,
0.12224745005369186,
0.08957459032535553,
0.5284109711647034,
0.061789680272340775,
-0.13336777687072754,
-0.13137581944465637,
-0.24374660849571228,
0.043481677770614624,
0.016719775274395943,
-0.1798544079065323,
0.21795305609... | In addition to the Architects Registration Board, the RIBA provides accreditation to architecture schools in the UK under a course validation procedure. It also provides validation to international courses without input from the ARB. | Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on ei... | Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial... | 10–20 | 96,460 |
57296fd71d04691400779443 | Chloroplast | In the helical thylakoid model, grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes. Each granum can contain anywhere from two to a hundred thylakoids, though grana with 10–20 thylakoids are most common. Wrapped around the grana are helicoid stromal thylakoids, also known as frets or... | What are frets? | {
"answer_start": [
269,
269,
269
],
"text": [
"helicoid stromal thylakoids",
"helicoid stromal thylakoids",
"helicoid stromal thylakoids"
]
} | What are frets? | [
0.24315428733825684,
0.09520214796066284,
0.14969485998153687,
0.035666774958372116,
-0.11431862413883209,
0.3455035090446472,
0.28860417008399963,
-0.32639026641845703,
-0.2397153377532959,
-0.03349640592932701,
-0.004691569600254297,
0.4329606592655182,
-0.05821621045470238,
-0.066430307... | Adult contemporary traces its roots to the 1960s easy listening format, which adopted a 70-80% instrumental - 20-30% vocal mix. A few offered 90% instrumentals, and a handful were entirely instrumental. The easy listening format, as it was first known, was born of a desire by some radio stations in the late 1950s and e... | Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on ei... | Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial... | helicoid stromal thylakoids | 96,461 |
5729703d3f37b319004783bb | Chloroplast | Embedded in the thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Photosystem II and photosystem I contain light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons. Molecules in the thylakoid membrane u... | What does chlorophyll absorb? | {
"answer_start": [
236,
236,
236
],
"text": [
"light energy",
"light energy",
"light energy"
]
} | What does chlorophyll absorb? | [
0.19845931231975555,
0.3692273795604706,
0.15737277269363403,
-0.038988083600997925,
-0.08170284330844879,
-0.13483566045761108,
0.03529979661107063,
0.07759866863489151,
0.07105404883623123,
0.05165477469563484,
-0.2784922420978546,
-0.15042009949684143,
-0.21443739533424377,
0.2591526508... | In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation, including any underlying data sets". This move has been widely app... | While photosystem II photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons, photosystem I simply reenergizes depleted electrons at the end of an electron transport chain. Normally, the reenergized electrons are taken by NADP+, though sometimes they can flow back down more H+-pumping electron transport chains to transpo... | Light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division. Chloroplasts can grow and progress through some of the constriction stages under poor quality green light, but are slow to complete division—they require exposure to bright white light to complete division. Spinach leaves grown under green light have be... | light energy | 96,462 |
5729703d3f37b319004783bc | Chloroplast | Embedded in the thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Photosystem II and photosystem I contain light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons. Molecules in the thylakoid membrane u... | What do carotenoids absorb? | {
"answer_start": [
236,
236,
236
],
"text": [
"light energy",
"light energy",
"light energy"
]
} | What do carotenoids absorb? | [
0.09584823250770569,
0.561164140701294,
-0.18699105083942413,
0.16311195492744446,
0.015386397950351238,
-0.08686117827892303,
0.09056425839662552,
0.03983182832598686,
0.0760222002863884,
-0.16564969718456268,
-0.0050191860646009445,
0.1752462387084961,
-0.004396322648972273,
0.1138571202... | In late 2006[update], Dell lost its lead in the PC-business to Hewlett-Packard. Both Gartner and IDC estimated that in the third quarter of 2006, HP shipped more units worldwide than Dell did. Dell's 3.6% growth paled in comparison to HP's 15% growth during the same period. The problem got worse in the fourth quarter, ... | While photosystem II photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons, photosystem I simply reenergizes depleted electrons at the end of an electron transport chain. Normally, the reenergized electrons are taken by NADP+, though sometimes they can flow back down more H+-pumping electron transport chains to transpo... | Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and elect... | light energy | 96,463 |
5729703d3f37b319004783bd | Chloroplast | Embedded in the thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Photosystem II and photosystem I contain light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons. Molecules in the thylakoid membrane u... | What does chlorophyll use light energy to do? | {
"answer_start": [
263,
260,
263
],
"text": [
"energize electrons",
"to energize electrons",
"energize electrons"
]
} | What does chlorophyll use light energy to do? | [
0.484445720911026,
0.3271407186985016,
0.2167254239320755,
0.15887314081192017,
0.04502961039543152,
-0.09917997568845749,
-0.09776441752910614,
0.10473230481147766,
-0.11264616996049881,
0.012710987590253353,
-0.25032731890678406,
-0.10262715816497803,
-0.3265198767185211,
0.2078364342451... | The BBC reported that France was the first journalist to face trial and be convicted under Operation Elveden since the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) had revised its guidance in April 2015 so that prosecutions would only be brought against journalists who had made payments to police officers over a period of time. As ... | While photosystem II photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons, photosystem I simply reenergizes depleted electrons at the end of an electron transport chain. Normally, the reenergized electrons are taken by NADP+, though sometimes they can flow back down more H+-pumping electron transport chains to transpo... | Green is common in nature, as many plants are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll, which is involved in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs the long wavelengths of light (red) and short wavelengths of light (blue) much more efficiently than the wavelengths that appear green to the human eye, so lig... | energize electrons | 96,464 |
5729703d3f37b319004783be | Chloroplast | Embedded in the thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Photosystem II and photosystem I contain light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons. Molecules in the thylakoid membrane u... | What does the thylakoid membrane use the energized electrons for? | {
"answer_start": [
350,
350,
350
],
"text": [
"pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space",
"pump hydrogen ions",
"pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space"
]
} | What does the thylakoid membrane use the energized electrons for? | [
0.3536504805088043,
0.0865773856639862,
0.13749900460243225,
0.2565423250198364,
0.17683960497379303,
0.16867412626743317,
0.006572368089109659,
-0.4294949471950531,
-0.06614231318235397,
-0.3126976490020752,
-0.07210980355739594,
0.07006485760211945,
-0.32133418321609497,
0.01820353232324... | Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek Dam, the highest dam in the world. Lately, Russia's RAO UES energy giant has been working ... | While photosystem II photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons, photosystem I simply reenergizes depleted electrons at the end of an electron transport chain. Normally, the reenergized electrons are taken by NADP+, though sometimes they can flow back down more H+-pumping electron transport chains to transpo... | The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning ... | pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space | 96,465 |
5729703d3f37b319004783bf | Chloroplast | Embedded in the thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Photosystem II and photosystem I contain light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons. Molecules in the thylakoid membrane u... | What is ATP synthase similar to? | {
"answer_start": [
646,
646,
646
],
"text": [
"a dam turbine",
"a dam turbine",
"a dam turbine"
]
} | What is ATP synthase similar to? | [
0.07299630343914032,
0.02193979173898697,
0.19503016769886017,
-0.044306669384241104,
-0.06529226154088974,
-0.036409590393304825,
-0.09936513006687164,
-0.48505187034606934,
-0.014678245410323143,
-0.18427105247974396,
0.07705830782651901,
-0.10654160380363464,
-0.5185459852218628,
0.0042... | Following the highly publicized incident, West took a brief break from music and threw himself into fashion, only to hole up in Hawaii for the next few months writing and recording his next album. Importing his favorite producers and artists to work on and inspire his recording, West kept engineers behind the boards 24... | While photosystem II photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons, photosystem I simply reenergizes depleted electrons at the end of an electron transport chain. Normally, the reenergized electrons are taken by NADP+, though sometimes they can flow back down more H+-pumping electron transport chains to transpo... | In most bacteria, a cell wall is present on the outside of the cell membrane. The cell membrane and cell wall comprise the cell envelope. A common bacterial cell wall material is peptidoglycan (called "murein" in older sources), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by peptides containing D-amino acids.... | a dam turbine | 96,466 |
572970916aef051400154eba | Chloroplast | There are two types of thylakoids—granal thylakoids, which are arranged in grana, and stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma. Granal thylakoids are pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets that spiral around grana. The flat tops and bot... | How many types of thylakoids are there? | {
"answer_start": [
10,
10,
10
],
"text": [
"two",
"two",
"two"
]
} | How many types of thylakoids are there? | [
0.44217002391815186,
0.39941608905792236,
-0.17373941838741302,
0.18520531058311462,
-0.028937028720974922,
0.5264829397201538,
0.35736751556396484,
-0.02229723334312439,
-0.06955990195274353,
-0.3856613337993622,
0.12238971889019012,
0.17097079753875732,
-0.42142829298973083,
0.1817648559... | Not all introduced species are invasive, nor all invasive species deliberately introduced. In cases such as the zebra mussel, invasion of US waterways was unintentional. In other cases, such as mongooses in Hawaii, the introduction is deliberate but ineffective (nocturnal rats were not vulnerable to the diurnal mongoos... | Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like bas... | Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine. Cysteine is made in the chloroplast (the proplastid too) but it is also synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get ... | two | 96,467 |
572970916aef051400154ebb | Chloroplast | There are two types of thylakoids—granal thylakoids, which are arranged in grana, and stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma. Granal thylakoids are pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets that spiral around grana. The flat tops and bot... | What distinguishes granal thylakoids? | {
"answer_start": [
59,
63,
63
],
"text": [
"are arranged in grana",
"arranged in grana",
"arranged in grana"
]
} | What distinguishes granal thylakoids? | [
-0.08526993542909622,
0.37013769149780273,
-0.08673001080751419,
-0.010959952138364315,
0.044880565255880356,
0.28356778621673584,
0.3221922516822815,
-0.06729359179735184,
0.02968999370932579,
-0.459555059671402,
-0.009582731872797012,
0.18957030773162842,
-0.22360911965370178,
0.28392338... | Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value. Instead, it must be some multiple of a very small quantity, the "quantum of action", now called the Planck... | Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like bas... | Plastid differentiation is not permanent, in fact many interconversions are possible. Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts, which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts, and it is possible fo... | are arranged in grana | 96,468 |
572970916aef051400154ebc | Chloroplast | There are two types of thylakoids—granal thylakoids, which are arranged in grana, and stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma. Granal thylakoids are pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets that spiral around grana. The flat tops and bot... | What distinguishes stromal thylakoids? | {
"answer_start": [
112,
116,
257
],
"text": [
"are in contact with the stroma",
"in contact with the stroma",
"helicoid sheets"
]
} | What distinguishes stromal thylakoids? | [
0.2529931664466858,
0.5223796367645264,
0.048313822597265244,
0.0340428352355957,
-0.14846675097942352,
0.407634973526001,
0.4056422710418701,
-0.15727296471595764,
0.24547959864139557,
-0.3308601975440979,
-0.04691661521792412,
0.20542311668395996,
-0.2594887912273407,
0.2793983817100525,... | Dell had long stuck by its direct sales model. Consumers had become the main drivers of PC sales in recent years, yet there had a decline in consumers purchasing PCs through the Web or on the phone, as increasing numbers were visiting consumer electronics retail stores to try out the devices first. Dell's rivals in the... | Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like bas... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | are in contact with the stroma | 96,469 |
572970916aef051400154ebd | Chloroplast | There are two types of thylakoids—granal thylakoids, which are arranged in grana, and stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma. Granal thylakoids are pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets that spiral around grana. The flat tops and bot... | How large are granal thylakoids? | {
"answer_start": [
196,
202,
202
],
"text": [
"about 300–600 nanometers in diameter",
"300–600 nanometers",
"300–600 nanometers in diameter"
]
} | How large are granal thylakoids? | [
0.022086776793003082,
0.33302298188209534,
0.006065272260457277,
0.07042593508958817,
0.07520710676908493,
0.4682113528251648,
0.17849312722682953,
-0.07225558906793594,
-0.15710534155368805,
-0.34340324997901917,
0.1856611669063568,
0.07545287907123566,
-0.15169647336006165,
0.19894276559... | The epistemological tensions between scientists and universities were also heightened by the economic realities of research during this time, as individual scientists, associations and universities were vying for limited resources. There was also competition from the formation of new colleges funded by private benefact... | Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like bas... | The division process starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments, and with the help of a protein ARC6, form a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma. The Min system manages the placement of the Z-ring, ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly. The protein MinD... | about 300–600 nanometers in diameter | 96,471 |
57297103af94a219006aa423 | Chloroplast | In addition to chlorophylls, another group of yellow–orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems. There are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids. They help transfer and dissipate excess energy, and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green, like during the fall, when the ... | How many photosynthetic carotenoids are there? | {
"answer_start": [
134,
134,
140
],
"text": [
"about thirty",
"about thirty",
"thirty"
]
} | How many photosynthetic carotenoids are there? | [
0.3850134015083313,
0.28993165493011475,
0.08907540887594223,
0.33606788516044617,
0.05942755937576294,
0.38255274295806885,
-0.2810124158859253,
-0.04249434918165207,
-0.1202462837100029,
-0.17787790298461914,
0.006583214271813631,
0.19330556690692902,
-0.22764839231967926,
0.110793724656... | In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% peopl... | There are many important organozinc compounds. Organozinc chemistry is the science of organozinc compounds describing their physical properties, synthesis and reactions. Among important applications is the Frankland-Duppa Reaction in which an oxalate ester(ROCOCOOR) reacts with an alkyl halide R'X, zinc and hydrochlori... | Cryptophytes, or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast. Cryptophyte chloroplasts contain a nucleomorph that superficially resembles that of the chlorarachniophytes. Cryptophyte chloroplasts have four membranes, the outermost of which is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reti... | about thirty | 96,472 |
57297103af94a219006aa424 | Chloroplast | In addition to chlorophylls, another group of yellow–orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems. There are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids. They help transfer and dissipate excess energy, and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green, like during the fall, when the ... | What do photosynthetic carotenoids do? | {
"answer_start": [
180,
185,
180
],
"text": [
"help transfer and dissipate excess energy",
"transfer and dissipate excess energy",
"help transfer and dissipate excess energy"
]
} | What do photosynthetic carotenoids do? | [
0.4313015341758728,
0.4863070249557495,
-0.046135686337947845,
0.3239077925682068,
0.13882027566432953,
0.11045330762863159,
-0.06446179002523422,
0.18588301539421082,
-0.06937357783317566,
-0.11350685358047485,
-0.028662094846367836,
0.14069432020187378,
-0.2531079947948456,
-0.0253348108... | The end of medieval drama came about due to a number of factors, including the weakening power of the Catholic Church, the Protestant Reformation and the banning of religious plays in many countries. Elizabeth I forbid all religious plays in 1558 and the great cycle plays had been silenced by the 1580s. Similarly, reli... | There are many important organozinc compounds. Organozinc chemistry is the science of organozinc compounds describing their physical properties, synthesis and reactions. Among important applications is the Frankland-Duppa Reaction in which an oxalate ester(ROCOCOOR) reacts with an alkyl halide R'X, zinc and hydrochlori... | To fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis, chloroplasts use an enzyme called rubisco. Rubisco has a problem—it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen, so at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors. This has the end... | help transfer and dissipate excess energy | 96,473 |
57297103af94a219006aa425 | Chloroplast | In addition to chlorophylls, another group of yellow–orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems. There are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids. They help transfer and dissipate excess energy, and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green, like during the fall, when the ... | Why do carotenoids make leaves change color in the fall? | {
"answer_start": [
227,
257,
257
],
"text": [
"their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green",
"override the chlorophyll green",
"override the chlorophyll green"
]
} | Why do carotenoids make leaves change color in the fall? | [
0.05243436247110367,
0.16479234397411346,
-0.16129139065742493,
0.2330537587404251,
0.35094186663627625,
0.08887916803359985,
0.19423693418502808,
0.3396855890750885,
-0.23209892213344574,
-0.04641694575548172,
-0.31169652938842773,
-0.16516777873039246,
-0.05589023604989052,
0.21228452026... | Wright himself believed that values >0.25 represent very great genetic variation and that an FST of 0.15–0.25 represented great variation. However, about 5% of human variation occurs between populations within continents, therefore FST values between continental groups of humans (or races) of as low as 0.1 (or possibly... | There are many important organozinc compounds. Organozinc chemistry is the science of organozinc compounds describing their physical properties, synthesis and reactions. Among important applications is the Frankland-Duppa Reaction in which an oxalate ester(ROCOCOOR) reacts with an alkyl halide R'X, zinc and hydrochlori... | In the dicotyledons, the bundles in the very young stem are arranged in an open ring, separating a central pith from an outer cortex. In each bundle, separating the xylem and phloem, is a layer of meristem or active formative tissue known as cambium. By the formation of a layer of cambium between the bundles (interfasc... | their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green | 96,474 |
57297103af94a219006aa426 | Chloroplast | In addition to chlorophylls, another group of yellow–orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems. There are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids. They help transfer and dissipate excess energy, and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green, like during the fall, when the ... | What is beta carotene? | {
"answer_start": [
375,
375,
377
],
"text": [
"a bright red-orange carotenoid",
"a bright red-orange carotenoid",
"bright red-orange carotenoid found in nearly all chloroplasts"
]
} | What is beta carotene? | [
0.3158782422542572,
0.0433935783803463,
-0.33740127086639404,
-0.010326972231268883,
0.051265813410282135,
-0.1346929520368576,
0.09364838898181915,
-0.04206616431474686,
0.35057929158210754,
-0.05502912774682045,
0.0455104224383831,
-0.030547162517905235,
-0.5373931527137756,
0.1761903911... | Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach. Buddhist scriptures are mainly written in Pāli, Tib... | There are many important organozinc compounds. Organozinc chemistry is the science of organozinc compounds describing their physical properties, synthesis and reactions. Among important applications is the Frankland-Duppa Reaction in which an oxalate ester(ROCOCOOR) reacts with an alkyl halide R'X, zinc and hydrochlori... | Photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP. This process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis—it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar. It ca... | a bright red-orange carotenoid | 96,475 |
57297103af94a219006aa427 | Chloroplast | In addition to chlorophylls, another group of yellow–orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems. There are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids. They help transfer and dissipate excess energy, and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green, like during the fall, when the ... | What is the most common Xanthophyll? | {
"answer_start": [
489,
500,
489
],
"text": [
"orange-red zeaxanthin",
"zeaxanthin",
"orange-red zeaxanthin"
]
} | What is the most common Xanthophyll? | [
0.25805631279945374,
0.3144393861293793,
-0.11165770143270493,
0.17236420512199402,
0.05821527540683746,
-0.016650045290589333,
0.028924809768795967,
0.23448006808757782,
0.004970756825059652,
-0.09290109574794769,
-0.21767555177211761,
-0.2013050764799118,
-0.40215006470680237,
0.17988812... | Both B cells and T cells carry receptor molecules that recognize specific targets. T cells recognize a "non-self" target, such as a pathogen, only after antigens (small fragments of the pathogen) have been processed and presented in combination with a "self" receptor called a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mole... | There are many important organozinc compounds. Organozinc chemistry is the science of organozinc compounds describing their physical properties, synthesis and reactions. Among important applications is the Frankland-Duppa Reaction in which an oxalate ester(ROCOCOOR) reacts with an alkyl halide R'X, zinc and hydrochlori... | One of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis, the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are used in photosynthesis, and sugar and oxygen (O2) is made, using light energy. Photosyn... | orange-red zeaxanthin | 96,476 |
5729714daf94a219006aa42d | Chloroplast | Phycobilins are a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria, and glaucophyte, red algal, and cryptophyte chloroplasts. Phycobilins come in all colors, though phycoerytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red. Phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers a... | What are Phycobilins? | {
"answer_start": [
14,
16,
16
],
"text": [
"e a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria",
"a third group of pigments",
"a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria, and glaucophyte, red algal, and cryptophyte chloroplasts"
]
} | What are Phycobilins? | [
0.2229803055524826,
0.2569713592529297,
0.2749596834182739,
0.17654092609882355,
0.16120094060897827,
0.03665453568100929,
-0.16708359122276306,
-0.10026349872350693,
-0.19062456488609314,
0.0011791933793574572,
-0.1218465268611908,
0.10378152132034302,
-0.4637466073036194,
0.1629659235477... | Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own ... | There are two types of thylakoids—granal thylakoids, which are arranged in grana, and stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma. Granal thylakoids are pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets that spiral around grana. The flat tops and bot... | Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main g... | e a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria | 96,477 |
5729714daf94a219006aa42e | Chloroplast | Phycobilins are a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria, and glaucophyte, red algal, and cryptophyte chloroplasts. Phycobilins come in all colors, though phycoerytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red. Phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers a... | What color is phycoerytherin? | {
"answer_start": [
227,
217,
217
],
"text": [
"red",
"red",
"red"
]
} | What color is phycoerytherin? | [
0.28272196650505066,
0.05169328674674034,
-0.03383674845099449,
0.27513983845710754,
0.5299184322357178,
0.10684167593717575,
-0.24274219572544098,
0.13851889967918396,
-0.06055987998843193,
-0.30817312002182007,
0.018104800954461098,
0.03827865421772003,
-0.18805284798145294,
0.1864705383... | The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique "Norman" culture ... | There are two types of thylakoids—granal thylakoids, which are arranged in grana, and stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma. Granal thylakoids are pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets that spiral around grana. The flat tops and bot... | There is no natural source for green food colorings which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Chlorophyll, the E numbers E140 and E141, is the most common green chemical found in nature, and only allowed in certain medicines and cosmetic materials. Quinoline Yellow (E104) is a commonly used colori... | red | 96,478 |
5729714daf94a219006aa42f | Chloroplast | Phycobilins are a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria, and glaucophyte, red algal, and cryptophyte chloroplasts. Phycobilins come in all colors, though phycoerytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red. Phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers a... | What does phycoerytherin appear in? | {
"answer_start": [
217,
217,
221
],
"text": [
"red algae",
"red algae",
"algae"
]
} | What does phycoerytherin appear in? | [
0.41704660654067993,
0.19753529131412506,
0.2009984403848648,
0.3594929575920105,
0.2936515212059021,
0.23194116353988647,
-0.23037517070770264,
-0.11015889048576355,
0.03379986062645912,
-0.09058672189712524,
-0.09888765960931778,
-0.08947048336267471,
-0.2682512402534485,
0.1121608391404... | A few days before the fall of the city, the National Government of China was relocated to the southwestern city Chungking (Chongqing) and resumed Chinese resistance. In 1940, a Japanese-collaborationist government known as the "Nanjing Regime" or "Reorganized National Government of China" led by Wang Jingwei was establ... | There are two types of thylakoids—granal thylakoids, which are arranged in grana, and stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma. Granal thylakoids are pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets that spiral around grana. The flat tops and bot... | Chemical communications in animals rely on a variety of aspects including taste and smell. Chemoreception is the physiological response of a sense organ (i.e. taste or smell) to a chemical stimulus where the chemicals act as signals to regulate the state or activity of a cell. A semiochemical is a message-carrying chem... | red algae | 96,479 |
5729714daf94a219006aa430 | Chloroplast | Phycobilins are a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria, and glaucophyte, red algal, and cryptophyte chloroplasts. Phycobilins come in all colors, though phycoerytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red. Phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers a... | What are phycobilisomes? | {
"answer_start": [
264,
275,
275
],
"text": [
"relatively large protein complexes",
"large protein complexes",
"large protein complexes"
]
} | What are phycobilisomes? | [
0.36465802788734436,
0.34549275040626526,
0.028241606429219246,
0.2908531427383423,
0.44277745485305786,
0.1722489595413208,
-0.18698981404304504,
-0.015063505619764328,
-0.16775213181972504,
-0.20748698711395264,
-0.13822786509990692,
0.0733843445777893,
-0.5842218995094299,
-0.2755041718... | At present, the branches Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to the North Sea, through the former Meuse estuary, near Rotterdam. The river IJssel branch flows to the north and enters the IJsselmeer, formerly the Zuider Zee brackish lagoon; however, since 1932, a freshwater lake. The discharge of the Rhine is divided among... | There are two types of thylakoids—granal thylakoids, which are arranged in grana, and stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma. Granal thylakoids are pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets that spiral around grana. The flat tops and bot... | The largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called "balancers", that sense its orientation. The statocyst is protected by a transparent dom... | relatively large protein complexes | 96,480 |
5729714daf94a219006aa431 | Chloroplast | Phycobilins are a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria, and glaucophyte, red algal, and cryptophyte chloroplasts. Phycobilins come in all colors, though phycoerytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red. Phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers a... | How big are phycobilisomes? | {
"answer_start": [
299,
299,
305
],
"text": [
"about 40 nanometers across",
"about 40 nanometers across",
"40 nanometers across"
]
} | How big are phycobilisomes? | [
0.3023131489753723,
0.3558189868927002,
0.08105682581663132,
0.3545856177806854,
0.34911441802978516,
0.25061166286468506,
-0.21085508167743683,
-0.09193775802850723,
-0.31541213393211365,
-0.1052948459982872,
0.07654443383216858,
-0.15120694041252136,
-0.4276570975780487,
-0.1105315908789... | In the first three seasons, the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In season one, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In seasons two and three, there were four groups of eight, and the top two o... | There are two types of thylakoids—granal thylakoids, which are arranged in grana, and stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma. Granal thylakoids are pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets that spiral around grana. The flat tops and bot... | For a phylum with relatively few species, ctenophores have a wide range of body plans. Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles, while some oceanic species are so fragile that it is very difficult to capture them intact for study. In addition oceanic species do not pres... | about 40 nanometers across | 96,481 |
572971af6aef051400154ede | Chloroplast | To fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis, chloroplasts use an enzyme called rubisco. Rubisco has a problem—it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen, so at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors. This has the end... | What do chloroplasts use to fix carbon dioxide into sugar? | {
"answer_start": [
94,
94,
97
],
"text": [
"an enzyme called rubisco",
"an enzyme called rubisco",
"enzyme called rubisco"
]
} | What do chloroplasts use to fix carbon dioxide into sugar? | [
0.22241413593292236,
0.22019419074058533,
0.1061125323176384,
0.30016598105430603,
0.3348132073879242,
0.23185764253139496,
-0.15550614893436432,
0.09198042005300522,
-0.2490772157907486,
-0.1096339002251625,
-0.24957993626594543,
-0.16738618910312653,
-0.3303544223308563,
-0.0164766572415... | While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the clos... | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | Lithotrophic bacteria can use inorganic compounds as a source of energy. Common inorganic electron donors are hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia (leading to nitrification), ferrous iron and other reduced metal ions, and several reduced sulfur compounds. In unusual circumstances, the gas methane can be used by methanotr... | an enzyme called rubisco | 96,482 |
572971af6aef051400154edf | Chloroplast | To fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis, chloroplasts use an enzyme called rubisco. Rubisco has a problem—it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen, so at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors. This has the end... | What is rubisco's flaw? | {
"answer_start": [
142,
149,
145
],
"text": [
"it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen",
"trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen",
"has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen"
]
} | What is [MASK] 's flaw? | [
-0.03776602819561958,
0.10426165908575058,
-0.4712274670600891,
0.2723543643951416,
0.12054648250341415,
0.35069066286087036,
0.4750228524208069,
0.004266633652150631,
0.12623251974582672,
-0.2393568903207779,
-0.23530782759189606,
0.13619698584079742,
-0.16444595158100128,
0.0694658085703... | Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge. | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allo... | it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen | 96,483 |
572971af6aef051400154ee0 | Chloroplast | To fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis, chloroplasts use an enzyme called rubisco. Rubisco has a problem—it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen, so at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors. This has the end... | What effect does rubisco's flaw have? | {
"answer_start": [
210,
210,
210
],
"text": [
"at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors",
"at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors",
"at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts acci... | What effect does [MASK] 's flaw have? | [
0.10116458684206009,
0.01901681162416935,
-0.2245064675807953,
0.13917610049247742,
0.10306401550769806,
0.2643660306930542,
0.31021732091903687,
-0.012201779522001743,
0.21453416347503662,
-0.1967337429523468,
-0.27601635456085205,
0.22710202634334564,
-0.0520247258245945,
0.0899264588952... | Miami is home to one of the largest ports in the United States, the PortMiami. It is the largest cruise ship port in the world. The port is often called the "Cruise Capital of the World" and the "Cargo Gateway of the Americas". It has retained its status as the number one cruise/passenger port in the world for well ove... | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | Singlet oxygen is a name given to several higher-energy species of molecular O
2 in which all the electron spins are paired. It is much more reactive towards common organic molecules than is molecular oxygen per se. In nature, singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water during photosynthesis, using the energy of sunli... | at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors | 96,484 |
572971af6aef051400154ee1 | Chloroplast | To fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis, chloroplasts use an enzyme called rubisco. Rubisco has a problem—it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen, so at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors. This has the end... | What process down the line does rubisco's flaw interfere with? | {
"answer_start": [
539,
543,
543
],
"text": [
"the Calvin cycle",
"Calvin cycle",
"Calvin cycle"
]
} | What process down the line does [MASK] 's flaw interfere with? | [
0.11606909334659576,
0.006927316077053547,
-0.1747422218322754,
0.2959875464439392,
0.31553956866264343,
0.3022489845752716,
0.14805838465690613,
-0.16366015374660492,
0.23604397475719452,
-0.12016399204730988,
-0.10885009169578552,
0.2581416070461273,
-0.29189255833625793,
0.0504504218697... | Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal. | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | Particularly since the mid-1960s there have been advances in understanding of the physics of plant physiological processes such as transpiration (the transport of water within plant tissues), the temperature dependence of rates of water evaporation from the leaf surface and the molecular diffusion of water vapour and c... | the Calvin cycle | 96,485 |
572971af6aef051400154ee2 | Chloroplast | To fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis, chloroplasts use an enzyme called rubisco. Rubisco has a problem—it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen, so at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors. This has the end... | What is wasted by rubisco's flaw? | {
"answer_start": [
331,
331,
331
],
"text": [
"ATP energy",
"ATP energy",
"ATP energy"
]
} | What is wasted by [MASK] 's flaw? | [
0.13898321986198425,
0.21697565913200378,
-0.5603254437446594,
0.21055451035499573,
0.03818624094128609,
0.48600903153419495,
0.292459636926651,
-0.0736970379948616,
0.20758259296417236,
-0.3344295918941498,
-0.15496943891048431,
0.15647058188915253,
-0.07083477824926376,
0.200486317276954... | The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism). | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | In addition to chlorophylls, another group of yellow–orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems. There are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids. They help transfer and dissipate excess energy, and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green, like during the fall, when the ... | ATP energy | 96,486 |
5729723c6aef051400154ee8 | Chloroplast | As a result, chloroplasts in C4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis. In mesophyll cells, chloroplasts are specialized for the light reactions, so they lack rubisco, and have normal grana and thylakoids, which they use to make ATP and NADPH, as well as oxygen. They st... | What are chloroplasts in mesophyll cells specialized for? | {
"answer_start": [
179,
92,
179
],
"text": [
"light reactions",
"each stage of photosynthesis",
"light reactions"
]
} | What are chloroplasts in mesophyll cells specialized for? | [
0.504021167755127,
0.26977190375328064,
0.15760187804698944,
0.3134506344795227,
0.3556413948535919,
0.2388058602809906,
-0.1003071516752243,
0.03807239606976509,
-0.3119540512561798,
-0.2023012489080429,
0.019588779658079147,
-0.13615073263645172,
-0.3640260696411133,
0.09064904600381851,... | During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation H... | After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely. This ... | Not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts. All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green. The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells, though chloroplas... | light reactions | 96,487 |
5729723c6aef051400154ee9 | Chloroplast | As a result, chloroplasts in C4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis. In mesophyll cells, chloroplasts are specialized for the light reactions, so they lack rubisco, and have normal grana and thylakoids, which they use to make ATP and NADPH, as well as oxygen. They st... | What do chloroplasts in mesophyll cells lack? | {
"answer_start": [
209,
209,
209
],
"text": [
"rubisco",
"rubisco",
"rubisco"
]
} | What do chloroplasts in mesophyll cells lack? | [
0.30612337589263916,
0.346176415681839,
0.1718018651008606,
0.3812751770019531,
0.3293382227420807,
0.1700889617204666,
0.03737833723425865,
-0.03481287509202957,
-0.2843157947063446,
-0.17967373132705688,
-0.01670178957283497,
-0.1214030310511589,
-0.25251761078834534,
0.15170183777809143... | In the fall of 1949, ABC found itself in the position of an outsider, with less coverage than two of its competing networks, CBS and NBC, even though it was on par with them in some major cities and had a headstart over its third rival at the time, the DuMont Television Network. Before the freeze ended in 1952, there w... | After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely. This ... | Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial... | rubisco | 96,488 |
5729723c6aef051400154eea | Chloroplast | As a result, chloroplasts in C4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis. In mesophyll cells, chloroplasts are specialized for the light reactions, so they lack rubisco, and have normal grana and thylakoids, which they use to make ATP and NADPH, as well as oxygen. They st... | What do chloroplasts in mesophyll cells specialized use to make ATP? | {
"answer_start": [
227,
227,
234
],
"text": [
"normal grana and thylakoids",
"normal grana and thylakoids",
"grana and thylakoids"
]
} | What do chloroplasts in mesophyll cells specialized use to make ATP? | [
0.38224318623542786,
0.3424586057662964,
0.31061258912086487,
0.3560713231563568,
0.34390607476234436,
0.1983984410762787,
-0.07425982505083084,
-0.20393967628479004,
-0.3673880100250244,
-0.12834864854812622,
-0.0013531448785215616,
0.08067342638969421,
-0.3087087571620941,
-0.02539124898... | South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic co... | After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely. This ... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | normal grana and thylakoids | 96,489 |
5729723c6aef051400154eeb | Chloroplast | As a result, chloroplasts in C4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis. In mesophyll cells, chloroplasts are specialized for the light reactions, so they lack rubisco, and have normal grana and thylakoids, which they use to make ATP and NADPH, as well as oxygen. They st... | What do chloroplasts in mesophyll cells store carbon dioxide in? | {
"answer_start": [
331,
331,
331
],
"text": [
"a four-carbon compound",
"a four-carbon compound",
"a four-carbon compound"
]
} | What do chloroplasts in mesophyll cells store carbon dioxide in? | [
0.3607009947299957,
0.5071951150894165,
0.209913969039917,
0.32869526743888855,
0.311563640832901,
0.15215033292770386,
-0.09203414618968964,
-0.057096559554338455,
-0.22878313064575195,
-0.11923946440219879,
-0.09877945482730865,
-0.20851080119609833,
-0.2801196277141571,
0.01920836046338... | Arsenal have appeared in a number of media "firsts". On 22 January 1927, their match at Highbury against Sheffield United was the first English League match to be broadcast live on radio. A decade later, on 16 September 1937, an exhibition match between Arsenal's first team and the reserves was the first football match... | After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely. This ... | Many important biochemical reactions, such as energy generation, use concentration gradients across membranes. The general lack of internal membranes in bacteria means reactions such as electron transport occur across the cell membrane between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space. However, in many photosynthetic bac... | a four-carbon compound | 96,490 |
5729723c6aef051400154eec | Chloroplast | As a result, chloroplasts in C4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis. In mesophyll cells, chloroplasts are specialized for the light reactions, so they lack rubisco, and have normal grana and thylakoids, which they use to make ATP and NADPH, as well as oxygen. They st... | What do bundle sheath chloroplasts specialize in? | {
"answer_start": [
1138,
1151,
860
],
"text": [
"to carry out the Calvin cycle and make sugar",
"the Calvin cycle",
"cyclic electron flow"
]
} | What do bundle sheath chloroplasts specialize in? | [
0.5541242361068726,
-0.2853114902973175,
0.4106782078742981,
0.049863941967487335,
0.06548289954662323,
0.024206213653087616,
0.030131805688142776,
-0.12525075674057007,
-0.21568281948566437,
-0.2524360120296478,
-0.1265089213848114,
0.0013911757851019502,
-0.23004786670207977,
0.010667832... | Public transport is provided by the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (FGV), which operates the Metrovalencia and other rail and bus services. The Estació del Nord (North Station) is the main railway terminus in Valencia. A new temporary station, Estación de València-Joaquín Sorolla, has been built on land adja... | After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely. This ... | The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively. They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surf... | to carry out the Calvin cycle and make sugar | 96,491 |
5729729a1d0469140077948b | Chloroplast | Not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts. All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green. The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells, though chloroplas... | What parts of plants have chloroplasts? | {
"answer_start": [
61,
65,
61
],
"text": [
"All green parts",
"green parts",
"All green parts"
]
} | What parts of plants have chloroplasts? | [
0.3559003472328186,
0.20859427750110626,
0.206950381398201,
0.22665907442569733,
0.19226808845996857,
-0.017338097095489502,
0.04585248976945877,
0.07743712514638901,
-0.3027139902114868,
-0.24140065908432007,
-0.06515589356422424,
-0.30210229754447937,
-0.35969290137290955,
0.039810944348... | Houston (i/ˈhjuːstən/ HYOO-stən) is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth most populous city in the United States, located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million people, within a land area of 599.6 square miles (1,553 km2), it also is the largest ci... | Stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures, but can store water in succulent plants such as cacti, food as in potato tubers, or reproduce vegetatively as in the stolons of strawberry plants or in the process of layering. Leaves gather sunlight and carry out photosynthesis. Large, flat, flexi... | The bodies of vascular plants including clubmosses, ferns and seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) generally have aerial and subterranean subsystems. The shoots consist of stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves and reproductive structures. The underground vascularised roots bear root hairs at their tips and ... | All green parts | 96,492 |
5729729a1d0469140077948c | Chloroplast | Not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts. All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green. The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells, though chloroplas... | What makes plants green? | {
"answer_start": [
149,
153,
153
],
"text": [
"the chlorophyll in them",
"chlorophyll",
"chlorophyll"
]
} | What makes plants green? | [
0.21290643513202667,
0.07409787178039551,
0.03182322904467583,
0.2631257176399231,
0.41001230478286743,
0.027799900621175766,
0.20779317617416382,
0.02160150371491909,
-0.33392834663391113,
0.02217160351574421,
-0.2995435297489166,
-0.10002546012401581,
-0.1498357653617859,
0.1383901238441... | In 2001, Apple introduced Mac OS X, based on Darwin and NEXTSTEP; its new features included the Dock and the Aqua user interface. During the transition, Apple included a virtual machine subsystem known as Classic, allowing users to run Mac OS 9 applications under Mac OS X 10.4 and earlier on PowerPC machines. Apple int... | Stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures, but can store water in succulent plants such as cacti, food as in potato tubers, or reproduce vegetatively as in the stolons of strawberry plants or in the process of layering. Leaves gather sunlight and carry out photosynthesis. Large, flat, flexi... | Plants depend on certain edaphic (soil) and climatic factors in their environment but can modify these factors too. For example, they can change their environment's albedo, increase runoff interception, stabilize mineral soils and develop their organic content, and affect local temperature. Plants compete with other or... | the chlorophyll in them | 96,493 |
5729729a1d0469140077948d | Chloroplast | Not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts. All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green. The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells, though chloroplas... | What plant cells have chloroplasts in them? | {
"answer_start": [
285,
191,
285
],
"text": [
"parenchyma cells",
"photosynthetic",
"parenchyma cells"
]
} | What plant cells have chloroplasts in them? | [
0.24931500852108002,
0.23183871805667877,
0.10799157619476318,
0.21163272857666016,
0.23245415091514587,
0.0305233895778656,
-0.015939660370349884,
0.09693625569343567,
-0.2902813255786896,
-0.11578011512756348,
-0.02226456254720688,
-0.34704315662384033,
-0.335046648979187,
-0.04734837263... | The era began in the wake of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the largest well-documented mass extinction in Earth's history, and ended with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, another mass extinction which is known for having killed off non-avian dinosaurs, as well as other plant and animal species. The M... | Stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures, but can store water in succulent plants such as cacti, food as in potato tubers, or reproduce vegetatively as in the stolons of strawberry plants or in the process of layering. Leaves gather sunlight and carry out photosynthesis. Large, flat, flexi... | Chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors. After detecting stress in a cell, which might be due to a pathogen, chloroplasts begin producing molecules like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species which can serve as defense-signals. As cellular signals, reactive oxygen species are unstabl... | parenchyma cells | 96,494 |
5729729a1d0469140077948e | Chloroplast | Not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts. All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green. The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells, though chloroplas... | Where can chloroplasts sometimes be found? | {
"answer_start": [
344,
341,
344
],
"text": [
"collenchyma tissue",
"in collenchyma tissue",
"collenchyma tissue"
]
} | Where can chloroplasts sometimes be found? | [
0.5421954989433289,
0.1691833734512329,
0.3459032475948334,
0.222715362906456,
0.34831491112709045,
-0.032515719532966614,
-0.2459845393896103,
0.06982656568288803,
-0.4397936463356018,
-0.22479966282844543,
-0.20234797894954681,
-0.30503973364830017,
-0.2468550205230713,
0.058138106018304... | In most taxonomies, the flowering plants are treated as a coherent group. The most popular descriptive name has been Angiospermae (Angiosperms), with Anthophyta ("flowering plants") a second choice. These names are not linked to any rank. The Wettstein system and the Engler system use the name Angiospermae, at the assi... | Stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures, but can store water in succulent plants such as cacti, food as in potato tubers, or reproduce vegetatively as in the stolons of strawberry plants or in the process of layering. Leaves gather sunlight and carry out photosynthesis. Large, flat, flexi... | The most common dinophyte chloroplast is the peridinin-type chloroplast, characterized by the carotenoid pigment peridinin in their chloroplasts, along with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c2. Peridinin is not found in any other group of chloroplasts. The peridinin chloroplast is bounded by three membranes (occasionally ... | collenchyma tissue | 96,495 |
5729729a1d0469140077948f | Chloroplast | Not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts. All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green. The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells, though chloroplas... | What is a chlorenchyma cell? | {
"answer_start": [
364,
372,
366
],
"text": [
"A plant cell which contains chloroplasts",
"cell which contains chloroplasts",
"plant cell which contains chloroplasts"
]
} | What is a chlorenchyma cell? | [
0.19264943897724152,
0.24862296879291534,
0.13447542488574982,
-0.12247990816831589,
0.23750591278076172,
0.08974499255418777,
0.21993429958820343,
0.044121190905570984,
0.2511664628982544,
-0.2527581453323364,
-0.15135689079761505,
-0.24814656376838684,
-0.39098864793777466,
0.22013829648... | Hunting also has a significant financial impact in the United States, with many companies specialising in hunting equipment or speciality tourism. Many different technologies have been created to assist hunters, even including iPhone applications. Today's hunters come from a broad range of economic, social, and cultura... | Stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures, but can store water in succulent plants such as cacti, food as in potato tubers, or reproduce vegetatively as in the stolons of strawberry plants or in the process of layering. Leaves gather sunlight and carry out photosynthesis. Large, flat, flexi... | Chloroplasts are highly dynamic—they circulate and are moved around within plant cells, and occasionally pinch in two to reproduce. Their behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors like light color and intensity. Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, contain their own DNA, which is thought to be inherited from... | A plant cell which contains chloroplasts | 96,496 |
572972f46aef051400154ef2 | Chloroplast | In some plants such as cacti, chloroplasts are found in the stems, though in most plants, chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves. One square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts. Within a leaf, chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll layers of a leaf, and the guard cells of stom... | Where do cacti have chloroplasts? | {
"answer_start": [
53,
60,
60
],
"text": [
"in the stems",
"stems",
"stems"
]
} | Where do cacti have chloroplasts? | [
0.5386609435081482,
0.4701429605484009,
0.19608105719089508,
0.17043443024158478,
0.3142755329608917,
0.056326303631067276,
0.13780853152275085,
0.17297331988811493,
-0.16705255210399628,
-0.11513997614383698,
-0.08970955014228821,
-0.24316640198230743,
-0.24770550429821014,
-0.17405067384... | The official policy of the U.S. Government is that Thailand was not an ally of the Axis, and that the United States was not at war with Thailand. The policy of the U.S. Government ever since 1945 has been to treat Thailand not as a former enemy, but rather as a country which had been forced into certain actions by Japa... | Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary ce... | Plants and various other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes collectively known as "algae" have unique organelles known as chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are thought to be descended from cyanobacteria that formed endosymbiotic relationships with ancient plant and algal ancestors. Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria contain the ... | in the stems | 96,497 |
572972f46aef051400154ef3 | Chloroplast | In some plants such as cacti, chloroplasts are found in the stems, though in most plants, chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves. One square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts. Within a leaf, chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll layers of a leaf, and the guard cells of stom... | Where do most plants have chloroplasts? | {
"answer_start": [
107,
123,
127
],
"text": [
"concentrated in the leaves",
"the leaves",
"leaves"
]
} | Where do most plants have chloroplasts? | [
0.41230979561805725,
0.17321649193763733,
0.23660922050476074,
0.22381411492824554,
0.3561325967311859,
-0.06573276221752167,
-0.04446909576654434,
0.1072951927781105,
-0.3375324308872223,
-0.15133196115493774,
-0.1666926145553589,
-0.2934521734714508,
-0.18144795298576355,
-0.072897627949... | While LEDs have the advantage over fluorescent lamps that they do not contain mercury, they may contain other hazardous metals such as lead and arsenic. Regarding the toxicity of LEDs when treated as waste, a study published in 2011 stated: "According to federal standards, LEDs are not hazardous except for low-intensit... | Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary ce... | Plants and various other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes collectively known as "algae" have unique organelles known as chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are thought to be descended from cyanobacteria that formed endosymbiotic relationships with ancient plant and algal ancestors. Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria contain the ... | concentrated in the leaves | 96,498 |
572972f46aef051400154ef6 | Chloroplast | In some plants such as cacti, chloroplasts are found in the stems, though in most plants, chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves. One square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts. Within a leaf, chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll layers of a leaf, and the guard cells of stom... | How many chloroplasts are in stomatal guard cells? | {
"answer_start": [
438,
431,
438
],
"text": [
"8–15 per cell",
"around 8–15",
"8–15"
]
} | How many chloroplasts are in stomatal guard cells? | [
0.5319814682006836,
0.21769626438617706,
0.5592459440231323,
0.06639990955591202,
0.265498548746109,
0.4411199986934662,
-0.06269030272960663,
-0.5448656678199768,
-0.17822423577308655,
-0.23684795200824738,
-0.1972111463546753,
0.18311242759227753,
-0.28205570578575134,
-0.151071295142173... | The higher-level phylogeny of the arthropods continues to be a matter of debate and research. In 2008, researchers at Tufts University uncovered what they believe is the world's oldest known full-body impression of a primitive flying insect, a 300 million-year-old specimen from the Carboniferous period. The oldest defi... | Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary ce... | One of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis, the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are used in photosynthesis, and sugar and oxygen (O2) is made, using light energy. Photosyn... | 8–15 per cell | 96,499 |
572972f46aef051400154ef4 | Chloroplast | In some plants such as cacti, chloroplasts are found in the stems, though in most plants, chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves. One square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts. Within a leaf, chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll layers of a leaf, and the guard cells of stom... | How many chloroplasts are in a square mm of a leaf? | {
"answer_start": [
184,
184,
184
],
"text": [
"half a million",
"half a million",
"half a million"
]
} | How many chloroplasts are in [MASK] of a leaf? | [
0.45306384563446045,
0.13303521275520325,
0.3116413652896881,
0.28231003880500793,
0.14489221572875977,
0.18717871606349945,
-0.2282470017671585,
-0.23076726496219635,
-0.24347242712974548,
-0.01852664165198803,
-0.06181616336107254,
-0.11569023132324219,
-0.24662122130393982,
0.0925546810... | The first written account of a game played was on October 15, 1862, on the Montreal Cricket Grounds. It was between the First Battalion Grenadier Guards and the Second Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards resulting in a win by the Grenadier Guards 3 goals, 2 rouges to nothing.[citation needed] In 1864, at Trinity College, T... | Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary ce... | Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial... | half a million | 96,500 |
572972f46aef051400154ef5 | Chloroplast | In some plants such as cacti, chloroplasts are found in the stems, though in most plants, chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves. One square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts. Within a leaf, chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll layers of a leaf, and the guard cells of stom... | What layers of a leaf have chloroplasts? | {
"answer_start": [
261,
265,
265
],
"text": [
"the mesophyll layers",
"mesophyll",
"mesophyll"
]
} | What layers of a leaf have chloroplasts? | [
0.27285781502723694,
0.0995434820652008,
0.03656105697154999,
0.36798998713493347,
0.32854941487312317,
0.003109970595687628,
-0.15572002530097961,
0.07665787637233734,
-0.24075180292129517,
-0.13173753023147583,
-0.18866881728172302,
-0.32134953141212463,
-0.1267494261264801,
0.0505439266... | Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted. Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011, having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast, to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main o... | Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary ce... | Chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors. After detecting stress in a cell, which might be due to a pathogen, chloroplasts begin producing molecules like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species which can serve as defense-signals. As cellular signals, reactive oxygen species are unstabl... | the mesophyll layers | 96,501 |
5729735c3f37b319004783fb | Chloroplast | The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning ... | When do chloroplasts spread out flat? | {
"answer_start": [
101,
101,
98
],
"text": [
"low-light conditions",
"low-light conditions",
"In low-light conditions"
]
} | When do chloroplasts spread out flat? | [
0.44146910309791565,
-0.1016312688589096,
0.4819052815437317,
0.00336445146240294,
0.27208778262138367,
-0.11772128939628601,
-0.2024575173854828,
-0.11722230166196823,
-0.38282889127731323,
-0.44518163800239563,
-0.22221681475639343,
-0.22996017336845398,
-0.045255135744810104,
0.10777251... | The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than ... | Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary ce... | The chloroplastidan chloroplasts, or green chloroplasts, are another large, highly diverse primary chloroplast lineage. Their host organisms are commonly known as the green algae and land plants. They differ from glaucophyte and red algal chloroplasts in that they have lost their phycobilisomes, and contain chlorophyll... | low-light conditions | 96,502 |
5729735c3f37b319004783fc | Chloroplast | The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning ... | When do chloroplasts arrange in vertical columns or turn sideways? | {
"answer_start": [
200,
206,
200
],
"text": [
"Under intense light",
"intense light",
"Under intense light"
]
} | When do chloroplasts arrange in vertical columns or turn sideways? | [
0.2437606006860733,
0.11086373776197433,
0.4461239278316498,
0.08503183722496033,
0.21320363879203796,
0.12278933823108673,
-0.14948773384094238,
-0.10305732488632202,
-0.3349830210208893,
-0.3122575879096985,
-0.19267737865447998,
-0.2898237407207489,
-0.2512992024421692,
0.16324421763420... | Today both the Papireto river and the Kemonia are covered up by buildings. However, the shape of the former watercourses can still be recognised today, because the streets that were built on them follow their shapes. Today the only waterway not drained yet is the Oreto river that divides the downtown of the city from t... | Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary ce... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | Under intense light | 96,503 |
5729735c3f37b319004783fd | Chloroplast | The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning ... | What does turning sideways protect chloroplasts from? | {
"answer_start": [
410,
410,
410
],
"text": [
"photooxidative damage",
"photooxidative damage",
"photooxidative damage"
]
} | What does turning sideways protect chloroplasts from? | [
0.13789446651935577,
0.2765624225139618,
0.4113422930240631,
0.049811843782663345,
0.11918853223323822,
0.03474286198616028,
-0.07517610490322113,
-0.08963409066200256,
-0.28254052996635437,
-0.13394568860530853,
-0.2469014823436737,
-0.019114455208182335,
-0.1290019452571869,
0.1871652305... | The model also shows all the memory stores as being a single unit whereas research into this shows differently. For example, short-term memory can be broken up into different units such as visual information and acoustic information. In a study by Zlonoga and Gerber (1986), patient 'KF' demonstrated certain deviations ... | Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary ce... | There are two types of thylakoids—granal thylakoids, which are arranged in grana, and stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma. Granal thylakoids are pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets that spiral around grana. The flat tops and bot... | photooxidative damage | 96,504 |
5729735c3f37b319004783fe | Chloroplast | The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning ... | Why do land plants have more and smaller chloroplasts? | {
"answer_start": [
446,
481,
473
],
"text": [
"to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out",
"they can take shelter behind each other",
"so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out"
]
} | Why do land plants have more and smaller chloroplasts? | [
0.29716843366622925,
0.10568468272686005,
0.1795952320098877,
0.32066208124160767,
0.22357581555843353,
-0.02017359621822834,
-0.0938706323504448,
-0.030394360423088074,
-0.3952949047088623,
-0.34269359707832336,
-0.1527252197265625,
-0.29064619541168213,
-0.1588238626718521,
0.13859088718... | Zinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away. A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate (Zn
5(OH)
6(CO
3)
2) forms as the zinc corrodes. This protection lasts even after the zinc layer is scratched but degrades through time as the zi... | Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary ce... | One of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis, the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are used in photosynthesis, and sugar and oxygen (O2) is made, using light energy. Photosyn... | to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out | 96,505 |
5729735c3f37b319004783ff | Chloroplast | The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning ... | What sometimes follows moving chloroplasts? | {
"answer_start": [
760,
760,
760
],
"text": [
"Mitochondria",
"Mitochondria",
"Mitochondria"
]
} | What sometimes follows moving chloroplasts? | [
0.35554373264312744,
0.09062422811985016,
0.36291199922561646,
0.16977262496948242,
0.3142649829387665,
-0.2286873459815979,
-0.15075713396072388,
-0.012183901853859425,
-0.2788340449333191,
-0.19866085052490234,
-0.34485235810279846,
-0.22023725509643555,
-0.33511248230934143,
0.094680383... | From 1920 leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi began highly popular mass movements to campaign against the British Raj using largely peaceful methods. The Gandhi-led independence movement opposed the British rule using non-violent methods like non-cooperation, civil disobedience and economic resistance. However, revolutionar... | Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary ce... | Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine. Cysteine is made in the chloroplast (the proplastid too) but it is also synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get ... | Mitochondria | 96,506 |
572973ccaf94a219006aa449 | Chloroplast | Plants have two main immune responses—the hypersensitive response, in which infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death, and systemic acquired resistance, where infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence. Chloroplasts stimulate both responses by purpos... | How many major immune responses do plants have? | {
"answer_start": [
12,
12,
12
],
"text": [
"two",
"two",
"two"
]
} | How many major immune responses do plants have? | [
0.21009467542171478,
0.055444858968257904,
0.010175878182053566,
-0.14670294523239136,
0.07841158658266068,
0.25561287999153137,
0.5238654613494873,
0.04470333829522133,
-0.056861527264118195,
-0.21308080852031708,
0.09211667627096176,
-0.026090875267982483,
-0.30172309279441833,
-0.096626... | World literature was enriched by the works of Edmund Spenser, John Milton, John Bunyan, John Donne, John Dryden, Daniel Defoe, William Wordsworth, Jonathan Swift, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Edgar Allan Poe, Matthew Arnold, Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, Theodor Fontane, Washington Irv... | Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that p... | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organis... | two | 96,507 |
572973ccaf94a219006aa44a | Chloroplast | Plants have two main immune responses—the hypersensitive response, in which infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death, and systemic acquired resistance, where infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence. Chloroplasts stimulate both responses by purpos... | What is the hypersensitive response of a plant immune system? | {
"answer_start": [
76,
123,
76
],
"text": [
"infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death",
"programmed cell death",
"infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death"
]
} | What is the hypersensitive response of a plant immune system? | [
-0.10922597348690033,
-0.16240739822387695,
-0.11240555346012115,
-0.03816421702504158,
-0.08478056639432907,
-0.000902087427675724,
0.6863093376159668,
0.007243855390697718,
0.10893263667821884,
-0.16483508050441742,
-0.14420777559280396,
0.05336561053991318,
-0.46905937790870667,
-0.1582... | After over a dozen more subpar seasons, in 1981 the Cubs hired GM Dallas Green from Philadelphia to turn around the franchise. Green had managed the 1980 Phillies to the World Series title. One of his early GM moves brought in a young Phillies minor-league 3rd baseman named Ryne Sandberg, along with Larry Bowa for Iván... | Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that p... | Microorganisms or toxins that successfully enter an organism encounter the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system. The innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors, which recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms, or when... | infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death | 96,508 |
572973ccaf94a219006aa44b | Chloroplast | Plants have two main immune responses—the hypersensitive response, in which infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death, and systemic acquired resistance, where infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence. Chloroplasts stimulate both responses by purpos... | What is the systemic acquired resistance response of a plant immune system? | {
"answer_start": [
186,
195,
186
],
"text": [
"infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence",
"cells release signals",
"infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence"
]
} | What is the systemic acquired resistance response of a plant immune system? | [
-0.15253877639770508,
-0.20924004912376404,
-0.1207234114408493,
-0.14161042869091034,
0.003416770603507757,
0.04455849155783653,
0.6449036002159119,
-0.15461000800132751,
0.2585323750972748,
-0.3042055368423462,
-0.03268511965870857,
0.05419435724616051,
-0.21967042982578278,
-0.064036019... | In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education. | Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that p... | Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the root zone. Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil. These interacti... | infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence | 96,509 |
572973ccaf94a219006aa44c | Chloroplast | Plants have two main immune responses—the hypersensitive response, in which infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death, and systemic acquired resistance, where infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence. Chloroplasts stimulate both responses by purpos... | How do chloroplasts trigger the plant's immune system? | {
"answer_start": [
311,
314,
314
],
"text": [
"by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system",
"purposely damaging their photosynthetic system",
"purposely damaging their photosynthetic system"
]
} | How do chloroplasts trigger the plant's immune system? | [
0.38291770219802856,
0.11184863746166229,
0.12152044475078583,
0.00801766850054264,
0.24542157351970673,
-0.11646673828363419,
0.33430215716362,
-0.019128277897834778,
0.03563065454363823,
-0.13458049297332764,
-0.046981871128082275,
-0.1557525396347046,
-0.34353333711624146,
-0.0419520176... | Birds play prominent and diverse roles in religion and mythology. In religion, birds may serve as either messengers or priests and leaders for a deity, such as in the Cult of Makemake, in which the Tangata manu of Easter Island served as chiefs or as attendants, as in the case of Hugin and Munin, the two common ravens ... | Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that p... | Plants depend on certain edaphic (soil) and climatic factors in their environment but can modify these factors too. For example, they can change their environment's albedo, increase runoff interception, stabilize mineral soils and develop their organic content, and affect local temperature. Plants compete with other or... | by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system | 96,510 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.