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The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement. The original meaning of piracy is "robbery or illegal violence at sea", but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement. Theft, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential commercial harm of infringement to c...
In the 1980's, the Supreme Court ruled that infringement equals what?
{'text': 'theft', 'answer_start': 648}
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During the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be " based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available." The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word "solely" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Congress rejected President Ronald Reag...
Whose order did President Reagan reject?
{'text': 'Congress', 'answer_start': 281}
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The history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi, the Sanskrit grammar composed by Pāṇini in the 4th century BC. In particular the Shiva Sutras, an auxiliary text to the Ashtadhyayi, introduces what can be considered a list of the phonemes of the Sanskrit language, with a notational system for them that i...
Who first composed the Sanskrit language?
{'text': 'Pāṇini', 'answer_start': 97}
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In 2000, out of 45,693 households, 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.8% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52.5% were nonfamilies. 35.5% of households were made up of individuals and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of...
In what year was the average family size was 2.22?
{'text': '2000', 'answer_start': 3}
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When World War II started, tonnage levels at the port decreased and shipping activities were suspended; however, the war did provide economic benefits for the city. Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were constructed along the ship channel because of the demand for petroleum and synthetic rubber products...
What was the policy created by President Roosevelt due to the boom in defense jobs?
{'text': 'non-discrimination for defense contractors', 'answer_start': 787}
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Sony have since launched their budget range of PlayStation 3 titles, known as the Greatest Hits range in North America, the Platinum range in Europe and Australia and The Best range in Japan. Among the titles available in the budget range include Resistance: Fall of Man, MotorStorm, Uncharted: Drakes Fortune, Rainbow S...
What Uncharted title is in the PS4 budget range?
{'text': 'Uncharted: Drakes Fortune', 'answer_start': 284}
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During Reconstruction, freedmen and former free people of color were granted the right to vote; most joined the Republican Party. Numerous African Americans were elected to local offices, and some to state office. Following Reconstruction, Tennessee continued to have competitive party politics. But in the 1880s, the wh...
What percentage of the Tennessee population was African-American in 1900?
{'text': '23.8', 'answer_start': 656}
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Many middle and small powers in Europe, unlike in the previous wars, tried to steer clear away from the escalating conflict, even though they had interests in the conflict or with the belligerents, like Denmark-Norway. The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Brit...
Who would Sicily and Savoy normally align with?
{'text': 'Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party', 'answer_start': 434}
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Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U 3O 8. Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC 2), and diuranium tricarbide (U 2C 3). Both UC and UC 2 are form...
Below what temperature is U2C3 stable?
{'text': '1800 °C', 'answer_start': 437}
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Emperor Zhang's (r. 75–88 AD) reign came to be viewed by later Eastern Han scholars as the high point of the dynastic house. Subsequent reigns were increasingly marked by eunuch intervention in court politics and their involvement in the violent power struggles of the imperial consort clans. With the aid of the eunuch ...
When did Emperor He's reign end?
{'text': '105 AD', 'answer_start': 363}
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The Royal Assent ceremony takes place in the Senate, as the sovereign is traditionally barred from the House of Commons. On the day of the event, the Speaker of the Senate will read to the chamber a notice from the secretary to the governor general indicating when the viceroy or a deputy thereof will arrive. The Senate...
On the day of the event, the President of the Senate reads to whom?
{'text': 'chamber', 'answer_start': 189}
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The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) recognizes that conflicts may exist between the respect for and implementation of current intellectual property systems and other human rights. In 2001 the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights issued a document called "Human rights and intellectual pro...
Who said IP failures may infringe on human rights to food and health?
{'text': 'the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights', 'answer_start': 204}
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Although the structural model provided by the University of Paris, where student members are controlled by faculty "masters," provided a standard for universities, the application of this model took at least three different forms. There were universities that had a system of faculties whose teaching addressed a very sp...
The structure of the University of Paris served as what for other universities?
{'text': 'a standard', 'answer_start': 135}
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In 1978, Josep Lluís Núñez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona, and, since then, the members of Barcelona have elected the club president. The process of electing a president of FC Barcelona was closely tied to Spain's transition to democracy in 1974 and the end of Franco's dictatorship. The new presiden...
What group elects the club president?
{'text': 'members of Barcelona', 'answer_start': 100}
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During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s.
Apprimately since what year was the CAF stationed in Europe?
{'text': 'the early 1950s', 'answer_start': 226}
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Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five "legs" that form a rectangle (two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs forming three more sides). Each leg is named (see diagram), and ATC directs pilots on how to join and leave the circuit. Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitud...
Traffic patterns are usually flown at what altitude above ground level?
{'text': '800 or 1,000 ft', 'answer_start': 331}
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Avoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (passive smoke) may reduce the effectiveness of m...
What decreases the number of people who are hospitalized for passive smoke exposure?
{'text': 'Laws that limit smoking', 'answer_start': 356}
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Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ...
The word "genocide" was unknown until what year?
{'text': '1944', 'answer_start': 110}
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The Enlightenment – known in French as the Siècle des Lumières, the Century of Enlightenment, and in German as the Aufklärung – was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority...
In France, what were the central doctrines of the Lumieres?
{'text': 'individual liberty and religious tolerance', 'answer_start': 541}
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During the Hungnam evacuation, about 193 shiploads of UN Command forces and matériel (approximately 105,000 soldiers, 98,000 civilians, 17,500 vehicles, and 350,000 tons of supplies) were evacuated to Pusan. The SS Meredith Victory was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees, the largest rescue operation by a single ship,...
What did the Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 1950 do?
{'text': 'declared a national emergency', 'answer_start': 513}
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The Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and gained, authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II (pope 752–757). Pippin's...
Who led the coup that gained control over Austrasia?
{'text': 'Pippin III', 'answer_start': 162}
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In fact, Whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it. A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it; that is to say, if theoretically a ...
How does Whitehead not characterize anything that exists?
{'text': 'some sense nothing more and nothing less', 'answer_start': 46}
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Nearly all beer includes barley malt as the majority of the starch. This is because its fibrous hull remains attached to the grain during threshing. After malting, barley is milled, which finally removes the hull, breaking it into large pieces. These pieces remain with the grain during the mash, and act as a filter bed...
Aside from barley, what is a another product founded beer that might contain gluten?
{'text': 'wheat', 'answer_start': 666}
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The new head of state, Ibrahim Babangida, declared himself president and commander in chief of the armed forces and the ruling Supreme Military Council. He set 1990 as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance. Babangida's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity: he instituted the Internat...
What was most of Nigeria's federal income being spent on?
{'text': 'debt', 'answer_start': 442}
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Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri...
When didn't Sheptycki write about police cooperation?
{'text': '2002', 'answer_start': 226}
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Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ...
When did antibiotics revolutinzed medicine?
{'text': '20th century', 'answer_start': 43}
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For nearly 2000 years, Sanskrit was the language of a cultural order that exerted influence across South Asia, Inner Asia, Southeast Asia, and to a certain extent East Asia. A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit is found in the Sanskrit of Indian epic poetry—the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The deviations from Pāṇini ...
What did Classic Sanskrit assimilate to?
{'text': 'Buddhist Prakrit', 'answer_start': 832}
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Muhammad Ali Pasha evolved the military from one that convened under the tradition of the corvée to a great modernised army. He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 19th century Egypt, and took a novel approach to create his great army, strengthening it with numbers and in skill. Education and training of t...
Why did military use barracks?
{'text': 'to avoid distraction of their growth', 'answer_start': 442}
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The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639–42, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by th...
What religion did Arabs bring to Egypt?
{'text': 'Sunni Islam', 'answer_start': 426}
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Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecesso...
How many volts does a track lighting system usually use?
{'text': '12 or 24 volts', 'answer_start': 534}
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All algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1, the first standard suite by MPEG, which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3), published in 1993.
When were the approved algorithms finalized?
{'text': '1992', 'answer_start': 91}
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Starting in the coal mines, by the mid-19th century elevators were operated with steam power and were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories. These steam driven devices were soon being applied to a diverse set of purposes - in 1823, two architects working in London, Burton and Hormer, built and operated a...
For which industry were elevators first used?
{'text': 'coal mines', 'answer_start': 16}
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Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hearing of the incident, Truman turned to NAACP lea...
What group was established in response to Executive Order 9108?
{'text': "President's Committee on Civil Rights", 'answer_start': 160}
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The calabash is the primary musical instrument of Guinea-Bissau, and is used in extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music. Lyrics are almost always in Guinea-Bissau Creole, a Portuguese-based creole language, and are often humorous and topical, revolving around current events and controversies, especially AI...
What is the main controversy found in song lyrics?
{'text': 'AIDS', 'answer_start': 318}
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Hunting big game typically requires a "tag" for each animal harvested. Tags must be purchased in addition to the hunting license, and the number of tags issued to an individual is typically limited. In cases where there are more prospective hunters than the quota for that species, tags are usually assigned by lottery. ...
How are tags assigned if there are more hunters than game?
{'text': 'by lottery', 'answer_start': 308}
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The first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg, the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute. While Duisenberg had been the head of the EMI (taking over from Alexandre Lamfalussy of Belgium) just before the ECB came into existence, the French government wanted Jean-Claude Trich...
Why did the French want a Swiss bank president?
{'text': 'since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French', 'answer_start': 420}
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In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the RIBA and its members had a leading part in the promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom, including the establishment of the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) and the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Regist...
What major compendium did Budden help write an article for?
{'text': 'Encyclopædia Britannica', 'answer_start': 567}
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The women of Tuvalu use cowrie and other shells in traditional handicrafts. The artistic traditions of Tuvalu have traditionally been expressed in the design of clothing and traditional handicrafts such as the decoration of mats and fans. Crochet (kolose) is one of the art forms practiced by Tuvaluan women. The materia...
What type of decorative items use traditional Tuvalu designs?
{'text': 'mats and fans', 'answer_start': 224}
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ASCII (i/ˈæski/ ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character-encoding scheme (the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII). ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCI...
What was ASCII designed to represent before going through major changes?
{'text': 'text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text', 'answer_start': 186}
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A thriving market of unlicensed NES hardware clones emerged during the climax of the console's popularity. Initially, such clones were popular in markets where Nintendo never issued a legitimate version of the console. In particular, the Dendy (Russian: Де́нди), an unlicensed hardware clone produced in Taiwan and sold ...
What was the name of the clone in France?
{'text': 'Pegasus', 'answer_start': 863}
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The retail trade in Cork city includes a mix of both modern, state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops. Department stores cater for all budgets, with expensive boutiques for one end of the market and high street stores also available. Shopping centres can be found in many of Cork's suburbs, includi...
What nearby suburbs need to come to cork for shopping centers?
{'text': 'Blackpool, Ballincollig, Douglas, Ballyvolane, Wilton and Mahon Point', 'answer_start': 323}
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Time appears to have a direction—the past lies behind, fixed and immutable, while the future lies ahead and is not necessarily fixed. Yet for the most part the laws of physics do not specify an arrow of time, and allow any process to proceed both forward and in reverse. This is generally a consequence of time being mod...
Which law says that CPT symmetry must increase over time?
{'text': 'Second law of thermodynamics', 'answer_start': 491}
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As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering, changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, a...
What colors have a longer wavelength than orange and red?
{'text': 'blue and green', 'answer_start': 483}
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Another residence was maintained at Lake Bled, while the grounds at Karađorđevo were the site of "diplomatic hunts". By 1974 the Yugoslav President had at his disposal 32 official residences, larger and small, the yacht Galeb ("seagull"), a Boeing 727 as the presidential airplane, and the Blue Train. After Tito's death...
Where was the Galeb docked after Tito's death?
{'text': 'Montenegro', 'answer_start': 401}
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By 1976, Queen were back in the studio recording A Day at the Races, which is often regarded as a sequel album to A Night at the Opera. It again borrowed the name of a Marx Brothers movie, and its cover was similar to that of A Night at the Opera, a variation on the same Queen Crest. The most recognisable of the Marx B...
What Queen album was released in 1976?
{'text': 'A Day at the Races', 'answer_start': 49}
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^7 A census category recognized as an ethnic group. Most Slavic Muslims (especially in Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia) now opt for Bosniak ethnicity, but some still use the "Muslim" designation. Bosniak and Muslim are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably...
What two terms cannot be used interchangeably?
{'text': 'Bosniak and Muslim', 'answer_start': 203}
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The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966.
What territory did RIBA's Cambridge branch office cover?
{'text': 'the East of England', 'answer_start': 121}
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Pius XII delivered an address about Montini's appointment from his sick-bed over radio to those assembled in St. Peter's Basilica on 12 December 1954. Both Montini and the pope had tears in their eyes when Montini parted for his dioceses with 1,000 churches, 2,500 priests and 3,500,000 souls. On 5 January 1955, Montini...
Where was Pius XII when he announced Montini's appointment as archbishop?
{'text': 'his sick-bed', 'answer_start': 63}
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Usually, the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target. In other instances, monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold. For example, in the case of the United States th...
What does gold rate exchange mean?
{'text': 'talking monetary policy with the market', 'answer_start': 736}
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In New Jersey and Illinois, all death row inmates had their sentences commuted to life in prison without parole when the death penalty repeal bills were signed into law. In Maryland, Governor Martin O'Malley commuted the state's four remaining death sentences to life in prison without parole in January 2015. While the ...
In what state's supreme court was State v. Santiago not decided?
{'text': 'Connecticut', 'answer_start': 357}
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Regulation of hunting within the United States dates from the 19th century. Some modern hunters see themselves as conservationists and sportsmen in the mode of Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club. Local hunting clubs and national organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the s...
In what century was the Crockett Club founded?
{'text': '19th century', 'answer_start': 62}
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The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodi...
Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?
{'text': 'Roman architect Vitruvius', 'answer_start': 94}
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One significant consequence of the tension arising between Yugoslavia and Soviet Union, was that Tito fought Yugoslav Stalinists with Stalin's methods. In other words, Aleksandar Ranković and the State Security Service (UBDA) employed the same inhumane methods against their opponents as Stalin did in the Soviet Union a...
Who used inhumane methods against oponents through the UBDA?
{'text': 'Ranković', 'answer_start': 179}
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Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it...
Functioning as holder a light fixture can provide directed light and avoid?
{'text': 'visual glare', 'answer_start': 180}
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When Internet hunting was introduced in 2005, allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns, the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase. As a representative of the National Rifle Association (NRA) explained, "The NRA has always maintained that fair...
What did hunters feel hunting over the Internet violated?
{'text': 'principles of fair chase', 'answer_start': 183}
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Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven, depending on the country, when children enter primary education. These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten, except in the US, where kindergarten is a term used for primary education.[citation needed] Kindergarten "provide[s] a child-...
In what country is Kindergarten a term used for primary education?
{'text': 'US', 'answer_start': 209}
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By the late 2000s, Dell's "configure to order" approach of manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities. Dell closed plants that pro...
What company bought the South Carolina plant from Dell?
{'text': 'Herbalife', 'answer_start': 860}
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In the first centuries AD, political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the province (Estonian: kihelkond) and the land (Estonian: maakond). Several elderships or villages made up a province. Nearly all provinces had at least one fortress. The king or other hig...
What subdivision was associated with the province?
{'text': 'kihelkond', 'answer_start': 155}
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Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation, but they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences. They favor biologically-based theories, which point to genetic factors, the early uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic and social ...
What are the two extremes of the continuum of sexual orientation?
{'text': 'exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.', 'answer_start': 569}
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Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some e...
What is a part of American history that has been paid a lot of attention?
{'text': 'Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans', 'answer_start': 0}
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When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiratio...
What happens when aspirated consonants are tripled or germinated?
{'text': 'the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release', 'answer_start': 52}
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There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures.
Who visited the scouts on their return from the tour of Africa in 1937?
{'text': 'Lord and Lady Baden-Powell', 'answer_start': 133}
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The film library of Turner Entertainment would serve as the base form of programming for TCM upon the network's launch. Before the creation of Turner Classic Movies, films from Turner's library of movies aired on the Turner Broadcasting System's advertiser-supported cable network TNT – along with colorized versions of ...
On what network did Turner Entertainment's film library air prior to the creation of TCM?
{'text': 'TNT', 'answer_start': 281}
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Matsushita provided a cash infusion, but the clash of cultures was too great to overcome, and five years later Matsushita sold an 80% stake in MCA/Universal to Canadian drinks distributor Seagram for $5.7 billion. Seagram sold off its stake in DuPont to fund this expansion into the entertainment industry. Hoping to bui...
What percentage of MCA/Universal did Matsushita Electric sell five years after acquiring the company?
{'text': '80%', 'answer_start': 130}
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In Europe, and other regions using the ISO 216 paper sizing system, the weight is expressed in grammes per square metre (g/m2 or usually just g) of the paper. Printing paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of t...
Where is the dampness of paper expressed in grammes per square meter?
{'text': 'Europe', 'answer_start': 3}
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The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the glo...
Who feared invasion from Eastern Europe?
{'text': 'Soviet Union', 'answer_start': 586}
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Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence, New Mexico Spanish, and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish and has developed its own vocabulary. In addition, it contains many ...
How does New Mexico's Spanish dialect differ?
{'text': 'has developed its own vocabulary. In addition, it contains many words from Nahuatl, the language spoken by the ancient Aztecs of Mexico.', 'answer_start': 256}
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ASCII (i/ˈæski/ ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character-encoding scheme (the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII). ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCI...
What does ASCII stand for?
{'text': 'American Standard Code for Information Interchange', 'answer_start': 43}
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Jonas Bronck (c. 1600–43) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainla...
Where did Bronck emigrate from?
{'text': 'Småland, Sweden', 'answer_start': 91}
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During the 18th century, systems of plant identification were developed comparable to dichotomous keys, where unidentified plants are placed into taxonomic groups (e.g. family, genus and species) by making a series of choices between pairs of characters. The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in ke...
What book is still used for nomenclature?
{'text': 'Species Plantarum', 'answer_start': 673}
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The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50...
How many people speak Italian in Europe?
{'text': 'over 50 million people', 'answer_start': 313}
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Innate bisexuality is an idea introduced by Sigmund Freud. According to this theory, all humans are born bisexual in a very broad sense of the term, that of incorporating general aspects of both sexes. In Freud's view, this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes b...
What does Sigmunds idea theorize?
{'text': 'all humans are born bisexual', 'answer_start': 85}
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At all airports the use of a traffic pattern (often called a traffic circuit outside the U.S.) is possible. They may help to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There is no technical need within modern aviation for performing this pattern, provided there is no queue. And due to the so-ca...
What is a traffic pattern called at smaller airfields?
{'text': 'traffic circuit', 'answer_start': 61}
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Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while ...
About how many immigrants from Bangladesh lived in the city in 2013?
{'text': '74,000', 'answer_start': 428}
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A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) and may be a web page, image, video or other piece of content. Hyperlinks p...
What is something that identifies how a video plays in a software application?
{'text': 'Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL)', 'answer_start': 207}
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Northwestern was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1917 and remains a research university with "very high" research activity. Northwestern's schools of management, engineering, and communication are among the most academically productive in the nation. Northwestern received $550 million in research...
In 2012, how much research funding did Northwestern receive?
{'text': '$550 million', 'answer_start': 296}
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Brigham Young University (often referred to as BYU or, colloquially, The Y) is a private research university located in Provo, Utah, United States. It is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and, excluding online students, is the largest of any religious university and the...
What university is known as BUY?
{'text': 'Brigham Young University', 'answer_start': 0}
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In 2014 YouTube said that 300 hours of new videos were uploaded to the site every minute, three times more than one year earlier and that around three quarters of the material comes from outside the U.S. The site has 800 million unique users a month. It is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as th...
As of June 2015, how many estimated visitors does youtube have in a month?
{'text': '15 billion', 'answer_start': 585}
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Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of thought balloons), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate pla...
The non-presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what?
{'text': 'comics', 'answer_start': 475}
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Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and refusing military service and blood transfusions. They consider use of the name Jehovah vital for proper worship. They reject Trinitarianism, inherent immortality of the soul, and hellfire...
What in one of the Christian religions that observes Christmas?
{'text': "Jehovah's Witnesses", 'answer_start': 0}
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102,096
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generic
Gaddafi was notably confrontational in his approach to foreign powers, and generally shunned western ambassadors and diplomats, believing them to be spies. He once said that HIV was "a peaceful virus, not an aggressive virus" and assured attendees at the African Union that "if you are straight you have nothing to fear ...
According to Gaddafi, what insects made up God's armies?
{'text': 'tsetse fly and mosquito', 'answer_start': 468}
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Since the introduction of league football, most club sides play a number of friendlies before the start of each season (called pre-season friendlies). Friendly football matches are considered to be non-competitive and are only used to "warm up" players for a new season/competitive match. There is generally nothing comp...
What allows teams to play older more experienced players?
{'text': 'unlimited substitutions,', 'answer_start': 397}
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On September 11, 2001, 53 Army civilians (47 employees and six contractors) and 22 soldiers were among the 125 victims killed in the Pentagon in a terrorist attack when American Airlines Flight 77 commandeered by five Al-Qaeda hijackers slammed into the western side of the building, as part of the September 11 attacks....
Who was the lowest ranking official killed in the attack?
{'text': 'Lieutenant General Simon B. Buckner, Jr.', 'answer_start': 502}
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Hokkien /hɒˈkiɛn/ (traditional Chinese: 福建話; simplified Chinese: 福建话; pinyin: Fújiànhuà; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hok-kiàn oē) or Quanzhang (Quanzhou–Zhangzhou / Chinchew–Changchew; BP: Zuánziū–Ziāngziū) is a group of mutually intelligible Min Nan Chinese dialects spoken throughout Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and by many other overseas...
What language is Hokkien distantly related to?
{'text': 'Hainanese', 'answer_start': 506}
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generic
In Rajasthan, Jodhpur and Kota are two major educational hubs. Kota is known for its quality education in preparation of various competitive exams, coaching for medical and engineering exams while Jodhpur is home to many higher educational institutions like IIT, AIIMS, National Law University, Sardar Patel Police Unive...
In what educational hub would one find AIIMS?
{'text': 'Jodhpur', 'answer_start': 197}
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In June 1989, Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing Peter Main, said that the Famicom was present in 37% of Japan's households. By 1990, 30% of American households owned the NES, compared to 23% for all personal computers. By 1990, the NES had outsold all previously released consoles worldwide.[better sourc...
Where was Nintendo not available?
{'text': 'Soviet Union', 'answer_start': 528}
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Guinea-Bissau's GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world, and its Human Development Index is one of the lowest on earth. More than two-thirds of the population lives below the poverty line. The economy depends mainly on agriculture; fish, cashew nuts and ground nuts are its major exports.
What per capita index does Guinea-Bissau rank as one of the lowest in the world?
{'text': 'GDP', 'answer_start': 16}
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Following a peak in growth in 1979, the Liberian economy began a steady decline due to economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup. This decline was accelerated by the outbreak of civil war in 1989; GDP was reduced by an estimated 90% between 1989 and 1995, one of the fastest declines in history. Upon the end of the...
In 2011 Liberia's economy was considered what?
{'text': 'one of the 20 fastest growing in the world.', 'answer_start': 610}
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In 1937, Popper finally managed to get a position that allowed him to emigrate to New Zealand, where he became lecturer in philosophy at Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand in Christchurch. It was here that he wrote his influential work The Open Society and its Enemies. In Dunedin he met the ...
Where was Popper's academic appointment in New Zealand?
{'text': 'Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand', 'answer_start': 137}
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generic
Unlike vermilion or red ochre, made from minerals, red lake pigments are made by mixing organic dyes, made from insects or plants, with white chalk or alum. Red lac was made from the gum lac, the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects, particularly the Laccifer lacca from India. Carmine lake was ...
What was red ochre composed of?
{'text': 'minerals', 'answer_start': 41}
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Some states distinguish between two levels: felonies and misdemeanors (minor crimes). Generally, most felony convictions result in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation, large fines, and orders to pay restitution directly to victims; while misdemeanors may lead to a year or less in jail and a substan...
What usually happens with misdemeanors?
{'text': 'a year or less in jail and a substantial fine', 'answer_start': 284}
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Typical of Slavic languages, Czech marks its verbs for one of two grammatical aspects: perfective and imperfective. Most verbs are part of inflected aspect pairs—for example, koupit (perfective) and kupovat (imperfective). Although the verbs' meaning is similar, in perfective verbs the action is completed and in imperf...
How many main Slavic Languages are there?
{'text': 'three', 'answer_start': 464}
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The In-no-cho filled the void left by the decline of Fujiwara power. Rather than being banished, the Fujiwara were mostly retained in their old positions of civil dictator and minister of the center while being bypassed in decision making. In time, many of the Fujiwara were replaced, mostly by members of the rising Min...
Who left a void for the Fujiwara to fill?
{'text': 'The In-no-cho', 'answer_start': 0}
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General George Washington (1732–99) proved an excellent organizer and administrator, who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors, selecting and mentoring his senior officers, supporting and training his troops, and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army. His biggest challenge was logistics, since n...
What did Washington do after defeating the British Army?
{'text': 'he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia.', 'answer_start': 1361}
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Another example is the practice of compulsory licensing, which is where the law forbids copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses of certain kinds of works, such as compilations and live performances of music. Compulsory licensing laws generally say that for certain uses of certain works, no infringement...
What is it called when a law allows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?
{'text': 'compulsory licensing', 'answer_start': 35}
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The Neapolitan style has an almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood. It usually has a bent sound table, canted in two planes with the design to take the tension of the 8 metal strings arranged in four courses. A hardwood fingerboard sits on top of or is flush with the sound table. V...
What sits on bottom or is flush with the sound table of the Mandolin?
{'text': 'hardwood fingerboard', 'answer_start': 249}
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While local government in Ireland has limited powers in comparison with other countries, the council has responsibility for planning, roads, sanitation, libraries, street lighting, parks, and a number of other important functions. Cork City Council has 31 elected members representing six electoral wards. The members ar...
How many wards make up Cork?
{'text': 'six electoral wards', 'answer_start': 285}
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Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of H...
Inserting south Zhejiang names into poetry gave an effect of what?
{'text': 'dreaminess', 'answer_start': 239}
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The distinctive characteristic of French cathedrals, and those in Germany and Belgium that were strongly influenced by them, is their height and their impression of verticality. Each French cathedral tends to be stylistically unified in appearance when compared with an English cathedral where there is great diversity i...
What is the distinguiushing visual design feature of French cathedrals?
{'text': 'their impression of verticality', 'answer_start': 145}
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To expand his power, Napoleon used these assassination plots to justify the creation of an imperial system based on the Roman model. He believed that a Bourbon restoration would be more difficult if his family's succession was entrenched in the constitution. Launching yet another referendum, Napoleon was elected as Emp...
Napoleon wrote his family's succession into the constitution in an attempt to prevent the restoration of what former ruling family?
{'text': 'Bourbon', 'answer_start': 152}