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A psychological identity relates to self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-esteem, and individuality. Consequently, Weinreich gives the definition "A person's identity is defined as the totality of one's self-construal, in which how one construes oneself in the present expresses the continuity between how one...
What aspect or type of identity does Weinreich single out?
{'text': 'ethnic identity', 'answer_start': 497}
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Having sold more than 300 million records worldwide, Madonna is recognized as the best-selling female recording artist of all time by Guinness World Records. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed her as the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second best-selling female arti...
Since 1990, how much did Madonna make in her concerts?
{'text': '$1.31 billion', 'answer_start': 481}
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The term British Isles is controversial in Ireland, where there are objections to its usage due to the association of the word British with Ireland. The Government of Ireland does not recognise or use the term and its embassy in London discourages its use. As a result, Britain and Ireland is used as an alternative desc...
Does the Government of Ireland use the British Isle term?
{'text': 'does not recognise or use the term', 'answer_start': 175}
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In Japan, 14 August is considered to be the day that the Pacific War ended. However, as Imperial Japan actually surrendered on 15 August, this day became known in the English-speaking countries as "V-J Day" (Victory in Japan). The formal Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed on 2 September 1945, on the battleship...
When did Japan formally have signed the surrender?
{'text': '2 September 1945', 'answer_start': 285}
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But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike cla...
What is an abso;ute law in statistical mechanics?
{'text': 'net entropy will increase', 'answer_start': 496}
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The Charaka Samhita, thought to have been written between 300 and 500 AD, mentions a metal which, when oxidized, produces pushpanjan, thought to be zinc oxide. Zinc mines at Zawar, near Udaipur in India, have been active since the Mauryan period. The smelting of metallic zinc here, however, appears to have begun around...
Zinc oxide is believed to be mentioned in what ancient text?
{'text': 'The Charaka Samhita', 'answer_start': 0}
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The Houston area has over 150 active faults (estimated to be 300 active faults) with an aggregate length of up to 310 miles (500 km), including the Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system which runs through the center of the city. There have been no significant historically recorded earthquakes in Houston, but researche...
How many estimated active faults does Houston have?
{'text': '300', 'answer_start': 61}
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David Archuleta's performance of John Lennon's "Imagine" was considered by many as one of the best of the season. Jennifer Lopez, who was brought in as a judge in season ten, called it a beautiful song-moment that she will never forget. Jason Castro's semi-final performance of "Hallelujah" also received considerable at...
What song did Jason Castro receive praise for singing during the semi-finals on American Idol?
{'text': 'Hallelujah', 'answer_start': 279}
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In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner." Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners d...
Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down?
{'text': 'Church of Scientology', 'answer_start': 247}
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The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 – February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Repu...
Who sponsored bin Laden in 1996?
{'text': 'World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC)', 'answer_start': 535}
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Contrary to popular belief, if placed properly and prepared-for, drums could be effectively used and heard on even the earliest jazz and military band recordings. The loudest instruments such as the drums and trumpets were positioned the farthest away from the collecting horn. Lillian Hardin Armstrong, a member of King...
Were drums heard on early jazz recordings?
{'text': 'drums could be effectively used', 'answer_start': 65}
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The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. There was much less controversy t...
What field of ideas latched onto On the Origin of Species when it became a widespread success?
{'text': 'social reform', 'answer_start': 627}
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Washington University has over 300 undergraduate student organizations on campus. Most are funded by the Washington University Student Union, which has a $2 million plus annual budget that is completely student-controlled and is one of the largest student government budgets in the country. Known as SU for short, the St...
How much does the Washington University radio program take to run per year?
{'text': '$2 million', 'answer_start': 154}
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Thai alphabet support has been criticized for its ordering of Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order, unlike the Unicode representations of other Indic scripts. This complication is due to Unicode inheriting the Tha...
What standard did Unicode inherit involving a Thai language?
{'text': 'Thai Industrial Standard 620', 'answer_start': 317}
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In the 2005 OECD report for Greece, it was clearly stated that "the impact of new accounting rules on the fiscal figures for the years 1997 to 1999 ranged from 0.7 to 1 percentage point of GDP; this retroactive change of methodology was responsible for the revised deficit exceeding 3% in 1999, the year of [Greece's] EM...
What methodology was in force when Greece submitted its membership qualification?
{'text': 'ESA79', 'answer_start': 492}
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Counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, Greece ranked 4th globally in 2011 having "exported" shipping services worth 17,704.132 million $; only Denmark, Germany and South Korea ranked higher during that year. Similarly counting shipping services provided to Greece by other countries as quasi-...
When counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, what is Greece's global rank?
{'text': '4th', 'answer_start': 81}
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Although Bell was, and still is, accused of stealing the telephone from Gray, Bell used Gray's water transmitter design only after Bell's patent had been granted, and only as a proof of concept scientific experiment, to prove to his own satisfaction that intelligible "articulate speech" (Bell's words) could be electric...
Bell used his own design in all public demonstrations and what?
{'text': 'commercial use', 'answer_start': 481}
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Ramanuja (c. 1037–1137) was the foremost proponent of the philosophy of Viśiṣṭādvaita or qualified non-dualism. Viśiṣṭādvaita advocated the concept of a Supreme Being with essential qualities or attributes. Viśiṣṭādvaitins argued against the Advaitin conception of Brahman as an impersonal empty oneness. They saw Brahma...
What was the philosophy of qualified dualism?
{'text': 'Viśiṣṭādvaita', 'answer_start': 72}
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Greek culture has evolved over thousands of years, with its beginning in the Mycenaean civilization, continuing through the Classical period, the Roman and Eastern Roman periods and was profoundly affected by Christianity, which it in turn influenced and shaped. Ottoman Greeks had to endure through several centuries of...
In what centennial was the massacre of the French of Ottoman descent?
{'text': 'genocide in the 20th century', 'answer_start': 350}
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Rufinus relates a story that as Bishop Alexander stood by a window, he watched boys playing on the seashore below, imitating the ritual of Christian baptism. He sent for the children and discovered that one of the boys (Athanasius) had acted as bishop. After questioning Athanasius, Bishop Alexander informed him that th...
When Rufinus stood by a window what did he witness?
{'text': 'the ritual of Christian baptism', 'answer_start': 125}
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Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for...
All the male rulers of Egypt took what name during the Ptolemy dynasty?
{'text': 'Ptolemy', 'answer_start': 113}
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The club's success in the late 1990s and first decade of the 21st century owed a great deal to the 1996 appointment of Arsène Wenger as manager. Wenger brought new tactics, a new training regime and several foreign players who complemented the existing English talent. Arsenal won a second League and Cup double in 1997–...
Besides improved tactics and training, what did Wenger add to the Arsenal team?
{'text': 'foreign players', 'answer_start': 207}
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The law of criminal procedure in the United States consists of a massive overlay of federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes that actually provide the foundation for the creation and operation of law enforcement agencies and prison systems as well as the proceedings in criminal tri...
What must a police officer recite to a suspect upon arrest/
{'text': 'Miranda warning', 'answer_start': 769}
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The shelter of the early people changed dramatically from the paleolithic to the neolithic era. In the paleolithic, people did not normally live in permanent constructions. In the neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster. The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible. Doorw...
What type of homes were built in the paleolithic era?
{'text': 'mud brick houses', 'answer_start': 191}
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On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them. One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,...
identify a major Prussian loss to the Austrians.
{'text': 'the Austrians captured Schweidnitz.', 'answer_start': 622}
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The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t...
What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills?
{'text': 'extra contraceptive measures', 'answer_start': 731}
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Nearly 47% of Tajikistan's GDP comes from immigrant remittances (mostly from Tajiks working in Russia). The current economic situation remains fragile, largely owing to corruption, uneven economic reforms, and economic mismanagement. With foreign revenue precariously dependent upon remittances from migrant workers over...
What situation remains robust?
{'text': 'The current economic situation', 'answer_start': 104}
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There has been some concern over the potential adverse environmental and ecosystem effects caused by the influx of visitors. Some environmentalists and scientists have made a call for stricter regulations for ships and a tourism quota. The primary response by Antarctic Treaty Parties has been to develop, through their ...
When did an Air New Zealand crash on Mount Erebus?
{'text': '1979', 'answer_start': 652}
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During the ceremony of initiation, the candidate is expected to swear (usually on a volume of sacred text appropriate to his personal religious faith) to fulfil certain obligations as a Mason. In the course of three degrees, new masons will promise to keep the secrets of their degree from lower degrees and outsiders, a...
When does a candidate lose ability to fulfill his obligations as a Mason?
{'text': 'During the ceremony of initiation', 'answer_start': 0}
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In addition to Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four, Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk, Thor, Ant-Man, Iron Man, the X-Men, Daredevil, the Inhumans, Black Panther, Doctor Strange, Captain Marvel and the Silver Surfer, and such memorable antagonists as Doctor ...
What are the real-life cities New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago called?
{'text': 'the Marvel Universe', 'answer_start': 431}
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In the view of many associated with the Radical Reformation, the Magisterial Reformation had not gone far enough. Radical Reformer, Andreas von Bodenstein Karlstadt, for example, referred to the Lutheran theologians at Wittenberg as the "new papists". Since the term "magister" also means "teacher", the Magisterial Refo...
Which reformation was seen as not being effective enough?
{'text': 'the Magisterial Reformation', 'answer_start': 61}
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Seattle's political culture is very liberal and progressive for the United States, with over 80% of the population voting for the Democratic Party. All precincts in Seattle voted for Democratic Party candidate Barack Obama in the 2012 presidential election. In partisan elections for the Washington State Legislature and...
Who was Seattle's , and the nation's, first female mayor?
{'text': 'Bertha Knight Landes', 'answer_start': 465}
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The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MiB (...
Where is the start of data on a CD?
{'text': 'the center', 'answer_start': 35}
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Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. Th...
What movement came into prominence in the mid-19th century that emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples?
{'text': 'Pan-Slavism', 'answer_start': 0}
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The answer to why there was so little assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe for so long would seem to lie in part in the probability that the alien surroundings in central and eastern Europe were not conducive, though contempt did not prevent some assimilation. Furthermore, Jews lived almost exclusively in...
A lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe is also attributed to males taking part in what type of system?
{'text': 'a strong system of education', 'answer_start': 341}
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On 25 February 1954, Naguib announced his resignation after the RCC held an official meeting without his presence two days prior. On 26 February, Nasser accepted the resignation, put Naguib under house arrest, and the RCC proclaimed Nasser as both RCC chairman and prime minister. As Naguib intended, a mutiny immediatel...
Who did Nasser promote to armed forces commander?
{'text': 'Amer', 'answer_start': 1033}
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The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands...
What happened to the Kingdom of the United Netherlands after France became independent?
{'text': 'the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.', 'answer_start': 479}
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In the early 20th century, the vast conscription of Italian men from all throughout Italy during World War I is credited with facilitating the diffusion of standard Italian among less educated Italian men, as these men from various regions with various regional languages were forced to communicate with each other in a ...
In modern Italy, what class of people are regional languages sometimes associated with?
{'text': 'lower', 'answer_start': 1070}
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Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is ...
If prose uses sentences, what is the equivalent in poetry?
{'text': 'lines', 'answer_start': 290}
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The double indirect method can be used when it is important to see the work during the creation process as it will appear when completed. The tesserae are placed face-up on a medium (often adhesive-backed paper, sticky plastic or soft lime or putty) as it will appear when installed. When the mosaic is complete, a simil...
What is used as a backing adhesive for the double indirect method besides putty or paper?
{'text': 'sticky plastic', 'answer_start': 212}
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Rumors began swirling with regards to bringing the AFL back to Austin and San Antonio, Texas. Both cities have hosted franchises in the past (Austin Wranglers, San Antonio Force and San Antonio Talons), but an AFL spokesman, BJ Pickard, was quoted as saying, "News to me." Announcements have yet to be made on any sort o...
Who worked as an AFL spokesman during this period?
{'text': 'BJ Pickard', 'answer_start': 225}
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The second-largest business district in terms of employment is La Défense, just west of the city, where many companies installed their offices in the 1990s. In 2010 it was the workplace of 144,600 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services. Two other important...
What percentage of people worked in business support?
{'text': '16', 'answer_start': 260}
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During McMahon's period in office, Neville Bonner joined the Senate and became the first Indigenous Australian in the Australian Parliament. Bonner was chosen by the Liberal Party to fill a Senate vacancy in 1971 and celebrated his maiden parliamentary speech with a boomerang throwing display on the lawns of Parliament...
How long did Bonner serve as a Liberal Senator?
{'text': '12 years', 'answer_start': 410}
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In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer...
What equations are used to figure out the index of refraction and extinction Coefficient?
{'text': 'Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion', 'answer_start': 305}
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The Díaz administration made political decisions and took legal measures that allowed the elite throughout Mexico to concentrate the nation's wealth by favoring monopolies. During this time, two-fifths of the state's territory was divided among 17 rich families which owned practically all of the arable land in Chihuahu...
What were installed throughout the state in 1883?
{'text': 'telephone lines', 'answer_start': 777}
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In the Battle of Cowan's Ford, Cornwallis met resistance along the banks of the Catawba River at Cowan's Ford on February 1, 1781, in an attempt to engage General Morgan's forces during a tactical withdrawal. Morgan had moved to the northern part of the state to combine with General Greene's newly recruited forces. Gen...
What is the present day name of the city that the Battle of Guilford Courthouse was fought at?
{'text': 'Greensboro', 'answer_start': 412}
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Apparently the sailor did not connect with the soldier, as Mahan believed he was innovating the term Middle East. It was, however, already there to be seen.
Who did not connect with the soldier?
{'text': 'the sailor', 'answer_start': 11}
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Arthur Collier published similar assertions though there seems to have been no influence between the two contemporary writers. The only knowable reality is the represented image of an external object. Matter as a cause of that image, is unthinkable and therefore nothing to us. An external world as absolute matter unrel...
How many contemporary writers did Collier have?
{'text': 'two', 'answer_start': 101}
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The other usage refers to a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate or related to the standard language, but not actually derived from it. In this sense, unlike in the first usage, the standard language would not itself be considered a "dialect," as...
The regional Romance languages in what country are sometimes referred to as dialects?
{'text': 'Italy', 'answer_start': 748}
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On August 24, 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing t...
When did Creative and Apple come to an agreement over their intellectual property issues?
{'text': 'August 24, 2006', 'answer_start': 3}
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There are various terms that linguists may use to avoid taking a position on whether the speech of a community is an independent language in its own right or a dialect of another language. Perhaps the most common is "variety"; "lect" is another. A more general term is "languoid", which does not distinguish between dial...
Which term distinguishes between dialects and languages but not variety?
{'text': 'languoid', 'answer_start': 270}
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Other widely used alloys that contain zinc include nickel silver, typewriter metal, soft and aluminium solder, and commercial bronze. Zinc is also used in contemporary pipe organs as a substitute for the traditional lead/tin alloy in pipes. Alloys of 85–88% zinc, 4–10% copper, and 2–8% aluminium find limited use in cer...
What is the only metal used in American currency?
{'text': 'zinc', 'answer_start': 38}
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Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game Brick (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: Parachute, Solitaire, and...
Who created Brick?
{'text': 'Steve Wozniak', 'answer_start': 135}
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This was also a period of alternatives to nightclubs, the warehouse party, acid house, rave and outdoor festival scenes of the late 1980s and early 1990s were havens for the latest trends in electronic dance music, especially house and its ever-more hypnotic, synthetic offspring techno and trance, in clubs like the inf...
In what area of Miami is there a notable secondhand turntable market?
{'text': 'SoBe', 'answer_start': 530}
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In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or...
What did Kant describe time as?
{'text': 'a priori notion', 'answer_start': 172}
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In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 18 white firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no black firefighters scored high enough to qualify for considerat...
Out of how many of the white fireman got a promotion afterwards?
{'text': '14 of the white firefighters', 'answer_start': 634}
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The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India, although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period. The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas, still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest exta...
For what culture is the Vedic period named?
{'text': 'Indo-Aryan', 'answer_start': 36}
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The school has many nationally and internationally acclaimed scholars in social security, health care, health disparities, communication, social and health policy, and individual and family development. Many of the faculty have training in both social work and public health. The school's current dean is Edward F. Lawlo...
How many academic journal subscriptions does the Brown School Library have for gerontology?
{'text': '12', 'answer_start': 416}
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Subjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world, whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world, affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism. Thus Kant defines idealism as "the assertion that we can never be certain wh...
Who are subjective idealists opposed to?
{'text': 'realists', 'answer_start': 51}
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City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education (CGLI), which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers. The two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London...
What were the main objectives of establishing the City and Guilds College?
{'text': 'to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects', 'answer_start': 279}
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New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and currently the...
In what borough is One World Trade Center located?
{'text': 'Manhattan', 'answer_start': 293}
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A 5th-century building in Huldah may be a Samaritan synagogue. Its mosaic floor contains typical Jewish symbols (menorah, lulav, etrog) but the inscriptions are Greek. Another Samaritan synagogue with a mosaic floor was located in Bet She'an (excavated in 1960). The floor had only decorative motifs and an aedicule (shr...
The masters who built the floor in the synagogue at Bet She'an also constructed what other mosaic?
{'text': 'the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue', 'answer_start': 533}
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The Philippines has had small grassroots movements for U.S. statehood. Originally part of the platform of the Progressive Party, then known as the Federalista Party, the party dropped it in 1907, which coincided with the name change. As recently as 2004, the concept of the Philippines becoming a U.S. state has been par...
What has been part of a political platform in the Fillipinos Party?
{'text': 'the concept of the Philippines becoming a U.S. state', 'answer_start': 255}
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Since the late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and haute cuisine, food meticulously prepared and artfully presented. A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in 1786 in the arcades of the Palais-Royal by Antoine Beauvilliers; it featured an elegant dining room, an extensive menu, linen t...
When did La Taverne Angaise open?
{'text': '1786', 'answer_start': 193}
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Hindu scriptures describe hunting as an acceptable occupation, as well as a sport of the kingly. Even figures considered godly are described to have engaged in hunting. One of the names of the god Shiva is Mrigavyadha, which translates as "the deer hunter" (mriga means deer; vyadha means hunter). The word Mriga, in man...
What happened after Krishna was accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter?
{'text': 'died', 'answer_start': 1089}
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In 1830, the Duchess of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses along the way. Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically we...
Willam was concerned that Victoria would was being portrayed as what because of her trips to central England?
{'text': 'his rival', 'answer_start': 449}
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The AFL currently runs as under the single-entity model, with the league owning the rights to the teams, players, and coaches. The single-entity model was adopted in 2010 when the league emerged from bankruptcy. Prior to that, the league followed the franchise model more common in North American professional sports lea...
What model of ownership is commonly used in American professional sports?
{'text': 'franchise model', 'answer_start': 251}
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In the wake of the discovery, there was much nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery. Eventually, an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit. Since 1966, Dennis Rawlins has questioned the credibility of Adams's cl...
Who predicted Neptune's place and convinced astronomer's to search for it?
{'text': 'Le Verrier', 'answer_start': 585}
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Like many older east coast cities after World War II, Atlantic City became plagued with poverty, crime, corruption, and general economic decline in the mid-to-late 20th century. The neighborhood known as the "Inlet" became particularly impoverished. The reasons for the resort's decline were multi-layered. First of all,...
What were two other locations people began to fly to instead of going to Atlantic City?
{'text': 'Miami Beach and the Bahamas', 'answer_start': 1011}
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In the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headquartered in S...
Who released the audio player?
{'text': 'Nullsoft', 'answer_start': 135}
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On 26 February 2012, The Sun on Sunday was launched to replace the closed News of the World, employing some of its former journalists. In late 2013, it was given a new look, with a new typeface. The average circulation for The Sun on Sunday in March 2014 was 1,686,840; but in May 2015 The Mail on Sunday sold more copie...
Which newspaper did the The Sun on Sunday take the place of?
{'text': 'News of the World', 'answer_start': 74}
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Sociologist Rodney Stark states that Jehovah's Witness leaders are "not always very democratic" and that members "are expected to conform to rather strict standards," but adds that "enforcement tends to be very informal, sustained by the close bonds of friendship within the group", and that Jehovah's Witnesses see them...
Which sociologist said that the Witnesses are on the whole a democratic organization?
{'text': 'Andrew Holden', 'answer_start': 399}
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Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abra...
They introduced it in response to what?
{'text': 'psychoanalysis', 'answer_start': 442}
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A TiVo service update in July 2008 allowed the system to search and play YouTube videos. In January 2009, YouTube launched "YouTube for TV", a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the PlayStation 3 and Wii vid...
What service was able to search and play youtube videos as of 2008?
{'text': 'TiVo', 'answer_start': 2}
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Originally, every electronic component had wire leads, and the PCB had holes drilled for each wire of each component. The components' leads were then passed through the holes and soldered to the PCB trace. This method of assembly is called through-hole construction. In 1949, Moe Abramson and Stanislaus F. Danko of the ...
Which part of the Auto-Sembly manufacturing process is the most costly?
{'text': 'drilling holes', 'answer_start': 887}
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The Commercial Port of Guam is the island's lifeline because most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers. It receives the weekly calls of the Hawaii-based shipping line Matson, Inc. whose container ships connect Guam with Honolulu, Hawaii, Los Angeles, California, Oakland, California and Seattle, Washington. ...
What is considered to be the lifeline of Guam?
{'text': 'The Commercial Port', 'answer_start': 0}
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Worldwide use of solar power and wind power continued to grow significantly in 2012. Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent, to 93 terawatt-hours (TWh). Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent, to 521.3 TWh. Global solar and wind energy installed capacities continued to expand even though new...
In 2012, solar electricity consumption increased by what percentage?
{'text': '58 percent', 'answer_start': 128}
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Another possible cause of diarrhea is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which usually presents with abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months. Symptoms of diarrhea-predominant IBS can be managed through a combination of d...
What symptoms do you have with IBS?
{'text': 'abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months', 'answer_start': 98}
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The Late Jurassic spans from 163 million to 145 million years ago. The Late Jurassic featured a massive extinction of sauropods and Ichthyosaurs due to the separation of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana in an extinction known as the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction. Sea levels rose, destroying fern prairies and creatin...
The separation of Pangaea allowed what species to thrive above others?
{'text': 'Ichthyosaurs', 'answer_start': 132}
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Estadio Centenario, the national football stadium in Parque Batlle, was opened in 1930 for the first World Cup, as well as to commemorate the centennial of Uruguay's first constitution. In this World Cup, Uruguay won the title game against Argentina by 4 goals to 2. The stadium has 70,000 seats. It is listed by FIFA as...
What is the national football stadium in Parque Batlle?
{'text': 'Estadio Centenario', 'answer_start': 0}
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The most innovative period of Cubism was before 1914. After World War I, with the support given by the dealer Léonce Rosenberg, Cubism returned as a central issue for artists, and continued as such until the mid-1920s when its avant-garde status was rendered questionable by the emergence of geometric abstraction and Su...
Before what year was Cubism considered the least innovative?
{'text': '1914', 'answer_start': 48}
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After the financial crisis of 2007–08, it was known in 2008–2009 that two Portuguese banks (Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud. The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size,...
In what two years was there a financial crisis?
{'text': '2007–08', 'answer_start': 30}
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The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and t...
What is the main faith practiced in western Europe?
{'text': 'Christianity', 'answer_start': 47}
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Articles 41 and 68 of the constitution empower the sovereign to withhold royal assent from bills adopted by the Legislative Assembly. In 2010, the kingdom moved towards greater democracy, with King George Tupou V saying that he would be guided by his prime minister in the exercising of his powers. Nonetheless, this doe...
An Art and Ammunitions Bill was adopted in what year?
{'text': '2011', 'answer_start': 406}
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As white settlers began populating Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s, disputes with Native Americans ensued, primarily over land ownership and control. In 1855, Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States Government and the Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and th...
What year was the Hellgate treaty formed?
{'text': '1855', 'answer_start': 162}
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Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC), in order to promote international relations has established an International Relations Secretariat (IRC). KMC's first international relationship was established in 1975 with the city of Eugene, Oregon, United States. This activity has been further enhanced by establishing formal relat...
In what year did Kathmandu create its initial international relationship?
{'text': '1975', 'answer_start': 199}
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In the mid-1990s, Dell expanded beyond desktop computers and laptops by selling servers, starting with low-end servers. The major three providers of servers at the time were IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq, many of which were based on proprietary technology, such as IBM's Power4 microprocessors or various proprietary ...
IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq were the minor providers of what?
{'text': 'servers', 'answer_start': 149}
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This branch of Protestantism is distinguished by belief in the baptism with the Holy Spirit as an experience separate from conversion that enables a Christian to live a Holy Spirit–filled and empowered life. This empowerment includes the use of spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues and divine healing—two other de...
Pentecostals liken their teachings to those of what age?
{'text': 'Apostolic', 'answer_start': 574}
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Subjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or "bundles" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he called immaterialis...
Of what see was Berkeley bishop?
{'text': 'Cloyne', 'answer_start': 241}
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The U.S. Army black beret (having been permanently replaced with the patrol cap) is no longer worn with the new ACU for garrison duty. After years of complaints that it wasn't suited well for most work conditions, Army Chief of Staff General Martin Dempsey eliminated it for wear with the ACU in June 2011. Soldiers stil...
What month and year was the black shirt replaced?
{'text': 'June 2011', 'answer_start': 296}
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Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia, at approximately 85% of the nation's inhabitants. They are traditionally nomads, but since the late 20th century, many have moved to urban areas. While most Somalis can be found in Somalia proper, large numbers also live in Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Yemen, the Mi...
Along with Djibouti and Ethiopia, in what African country outside Somalia can Somalis be found?
{'text': 'Kenya', 'answer_start': 300}
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The School of Architecture was established in 1899, although degrees in architecture were first awarded by the university in 1898. Today the school, housed in Bond Hall, offers a five-year undergraduate program leading to the Bachelor of Architecture degree. All undergraduate students study the third year of the progra...
Which prestigious prize does the School of Architecture at Notre Dame give out?
{'text': 'Driehaus Architecture Prize', 'answer_start': 624}
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The population of England rose rapidly during the 19th and 20th centuries whereas the populations of Scotland and Wales have shown little increase during the 20th century, with the population of Scotland remaining unchanged since 1951. Ireland for most of its history comprised a population proportionate to its land are...
How does Ireland's population compare to the rest of the British Isles?
{'text': 'less than one tenth of the population of the British Isles', 'answer_start': 444}
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The northern side of the borough includes the largest park in New York City—Pelham Bay Park, which includes Orchard Beach—and the fourth largest, Van Cortlandt Park, which is west of Woodlawn Cemetery and borders Yonkers. Also in the northern Bronx, Wave Hill, the former estate of George W. Perkins—known for a historic...
When was the Jerome Park Reservoir built?
{'text': 'in the 1890s', 'answer_start': 991}
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A database built with one DBMS is not portable to another DBMS (i.e., the other DBMS cannot run it). However, in some situations it is desirable to move, migrate a database from one DBMS to another. The reasons are primarily economical (different DBMSs may have different total costs of ownership or TCOs), functional, a...
What no longer exist to help migration between specific DBMSs?
{'text': 'tools', 'answer_start': 989}
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CD-R recordings are designed to be permanent. Over time, the dye's physical characteristics may change causing read errors and data loss until the reading device cannot recover with error correction methods. The design life is from 20 to 100 years, depending on the quality of the discs, the quality of the writing drive...
Why does disc rot allow CD-Rs to last for years?
{'text': 'The design life is from 20 to 100 years', 'answer_start': 208}
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East Asian cultures are influenced by two schools of thought, Confucianism, which advocated good governance as rule by leaders who are benevolent and virtuous, and Legalism, which advocated strict adherence to law. The influence of one school of thought over the other has varied throughout the centuries. One study indi...
What is strong in Thailand, Cambodia and most of Asia?
{'text': 'the rule of law', 'answer_start': 546}
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Multi-layer printed circuit boards have trace layers inside the board. This is achieved by laminating a stack of materials in a press by applying pressure and heat for a period of time. This results in an inseparable one piece product. For example, a four-layer PCB can be fabricated by starting from a two-sided copper-...
A silver-clad laminate can be found in what kind of circuit board?
{'text': 'Multi-layer printed circuit boards', 'answer_start': 0}
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A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fu...
What is the general non-materialistic view of an object?
{'text': 'Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things', 'answer_start': 153}
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Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual cate...
What shapes processes of human cognition?
{'text': 'cultural group', 'answer_start': 243}