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John grew up to be around 5 ft 5 in (1.68 m) tall, relatively short, with a "powerful, barrel-chested body" and dark red hair; he looked to contemporaries like an inhabitant of Poitou. John enjoyed reading and, unusually for the period, built up a travelling library of books. He enjoyed gambling, in particular at backg...
How tall was John?
{'text': '5 ft 5 in', 'answer_start': 26}
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The Red Rose of Lancaster is the county flower found on the county's heraldic badge and flag. The rose was a symbol of the House of Lancaster, immortalised in the verse "In the battle for England's head/York was white, Lancaster red" (referring to the 15th-century Wars of the Roses). The traditional Lancashire flag, a ...
In what century was the traditional Lancashire Flag established?
{'text': '15th-century', 'answer_start': 252}
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After HMS Sheffield was wrecked by an Argentinian attack, The Sun was heavily criticised and even mocked for its coverage of the war in The Daily Mirror and The Guardian, and the wider media queried the veracity of official information and worried about the number of casualties, The Sun gave its response. "There are tr...
Which newspapers were highly critical of The Sun's war reporting?
{'text': 'The Daily Mirror and The Guardian', 'answer_start': 136}
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To meet the need for more office space downtown without compromising the city's heritage, the city council amended heritage regulations, which originally restricted height to 15 metres in the area of land on Water Street between Bishop's Cove and Steer's Cove, to create the "Commercial Central Retail – West Zone". The ...
What was the first 12 meter building to go into the area?
{'text': 'office building, which includes retail space and a parking garage', 'answer_start': 395}
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In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that de...
What are possible cons of pesticides?
{'text': 'potential toxicity to humans and other species', 'answer_start': 464}
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In the north Eristov pushed southwest, fought two battles, forced the Turks back to Batum, retired behind the Cholok River and suspended action for the rest of the year (June). In the far south Wrangel pushed west, fought a battle and occupied Bayazit. In the center the main forces stood at Kars and Gyumri. Both slowly...
Who occupied Bayazit?
{'text': 'Wrangel', 'answer_start': 194}
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Pope Paul VI (Latin: Paulus VI; Italian: Paolo VI), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (Italian pronunciation: [dʒioˈvani baˈtista enˈriko anˈtonjo marˈija monˈtini]; 26 September 1897 – 6 August 1978), reigned as Pope from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978. Succeeding Pope John XXIII, he continued the...
What was Pope Paul VI's first name at birth?
{'text': 'Giovanni', 'answer_start': 57}
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In 1982 and 1987, Harrison and Harrison enlarged the organ under the direction of the then abbey organist Simon Preston to include an additional Lower Choir Organ and a Bombarde Organ: the current instrument now has five manuals and 109 speaking stops. In 2006, the console of the organ was refurbished by Harrison and H...
In 2006, the console of the organ was destroyed by who?
{'text': 'Harrison and Harrison', 'answer_start': 306}
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In 2005, the company sold its personal computer business to Chinese technology company Lenovo, and in the same year it agreed to acquire Micromuse. A year later IBM launched Secure Blue, a low-cost hardware design for data encryption that can be built into a microprocessor. In 2009 it acquired software company SPSS Inc...
This program was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation.
{'text': 'Blue Gene', 'answer_start': 343}
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In the years after Tito's death up to nowadays, some people have disputed his identity. Tito's personal doctor, Aleksandar Matunović, wrote a book about Tito in which he also questioned his true origin, noting that Tito's habits and lifestyle could only mean that he was from an aristocratic family. Serbian journalist V...
What Serbian journalist includes several alternate identities of Tito?
{'text': 'Vladan Dinić', 'answer_start': 319}
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Seattle remained the corporate headquarters of Boeing until 2001, when the company separated its headquarters from its major production facilities; the headquarters were moved to Chicago. The Seattle area is still home to Boeing's Renton narrow-body plant (where the 707, 720, 727, and 757 were assembled, and the 737 is...
To whom is the Boeing credit union open?
{'text': 'all residents', 'answer_start': 523}
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The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consiste...
Where was the federal government seated?
{'text': 'The Hague', 'answer_start': 298}
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A diverse range of indigenous cultures exist in Myanmar, the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar. Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries. This is manifested in its language, cuisine, music, dance and theatre. The arts, particularly literature, have historically been inf...
What are the pervasive culture that is sanctioned in Burma ?
{'text': 'the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar.', 'answer_start': 57}
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Although Chancellor Wrighton had noted after the 2004 debate that it would be "improbable" that the university will host another debate and was not eager to commit to the possibility, he subsequently changed his view and the university submitted a bid for the 2008 debates. "These one-of-a-kind events are great experien...
What was the very first year that Washington University hosted a presidential debate?
{'text': '2004', 'answer_start': 49}
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Cardinal Augustin Bea, the head of the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity, added at the end of the visit, "Let us move forward in Christ. God wants it. Humanity is waiting for it." Unmoved by a harsh condemnation by the Congregation of Faith on mixed marriages precisely at this time of the visit, Paul VI and Ram...
What group condemned mixed faith marriages?
{'text': 'Congregation of Faith', 'answer_start': 227}
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In the US Air Force, the distinction between bombers, fighters that are actually fighter-bombers, and attack aircraft has become blurred. Many attack aircraft, even ones that look like fighters, are optimized to drop bombs, with very little ability to engage in aerial combat. Many fighter aircraft, such as the F-16, ar...
What types of aircraft are typically limited to close proximity of battlefield conflict by the USAF?
{'text': 'fighter bombers and attack aircraft', 'answer_start': 578}
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Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain. She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and the House of Orleans, who were related by marriage through the Coburgs. In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed with King Louis Philippe I at...
Who did Victoria stay with in Normandy?
{'text': 'King Louis Philippe I', 'answer_start': 296}
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New York has been described as the "Capital of Baseball". There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams. It is one of only five metro areas (Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore–Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. Additionally...
How many Major League Baseball World Series has NYC teams won?
{'text': '35', 'answer_start': 74}
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The "yo yo" in the opinion polls continued into 1992, though after November 1990 any Labour lead in the polls was rarely sufficient for a majority. Major resisted Kinnock's calls for a general election throughout 1991. Kinnock campaigned on the theme "It's Time for a Change", urging voters to elect a new government aft...
What was the original Tory lead percentage?
{'text': '14', 'answer_start': 604}
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Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as "Mrs. Brown". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by ...
What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria when rumors of a relationship with John Brown arose?
{'text': 'Mrs. Brown', 'answer_start': 215}
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In 1821, Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus. Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction. In 1843, John Couch Adams began work ...
What did the extra data John Couch Adams received produce?
{'text': 'several different estimates of a new planet', 'answer_start': 566}
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During this critical period, the number of Preachers seems never to have sunk below 3,500. Statistics for 1876 show 3,748, but 500 of these had been expelled from their convents and were engaged in parochial work. Statistics for 1910 show a total of 4,472 nominally or actually engaged in proper activities of the order....
In 1910, how many Dominicans were actively engaged in Order work?
{'text': '4,472', 'answer_start': 250}
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The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.
How long has the domestic dog been selectively bred?
{'text': 'millennia', 'answer_start': 122}
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Ibn Sīnā wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics, and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his works were written in Arabic – then the language of science in the Middle East – and some in Persian. Of linguistic significance even to this day a...
Who did Ibn Sina oftenpraise in his commentaries?
{'text': 'Aristotle', 'answer_start': 480}
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Watch Tower Society publications have claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses (and formerly, the International Bible Students) to declare his will and has provided advance knowledge about Armageddon and the establishment of God's kingdom. Some publications also claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses and th...
What has God provided to Jehovah's Witnesses?
{'text': 'advance knowledge about Armageddon', 'answer_start': 170}
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Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verri...
What system, like Saturn, does Neptune have?
{'text': 'planetary ring system', 'answer_start': 14}
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A wrestler's championship accomplishments can be central to their career, becoming a measure of their performance ability and drawing power. In general, a wrestler with multiple title reigns or an extended title reign is indicative of a wrestler's ability to maintain audience interest and/or a wrestler's ability to per...
Who held 10 records at once?
{'text': 'Último Dragón', 'answer_start': 602}
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Traditionally, major college basketball teams began their seasons with a few exhibition games. They played travelling teams made up of former college players on teams such as Athletes in Action or a team sponsored by Marathon Oil. On occasion before 1992, when FIBA allowed professional players on foreign national teams...
When did the FIBA stop allowing pros on foreign national teams?
{'text': '1992', 'answer_start': 250}
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Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and refusing military service and blood transfusions. They consider use of the name Jehovah vital for proper worship. They reject Trinitarianism, inherent immortality of the soul, and hellfire...
Why don't Jehovah Witnesses celebrate the usual holidays and customs?
{'text': 'they consider to have pagan origins', 'answer_start': 451}
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Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Feynman also became known through his semi-autobiograp...
What was the name of one of his fiction books?
{'text': "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!", 'answer_start': 332}
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These types of intermediaries do not host or transmit infringing content, themselves, but may be regarded in some courts as encouraging, enabling or facilitating infringement by users. These intermediaries may include the author, publishers and marketers of peer-to-peer networking software, and the websites that allow ...
What do Torrent files NOT contain?
{'text': 'copyrighted content', 'answer_start': 545}
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Christianity (59%), particularly Catholicism (33%), was the most prevalently practiced religion in New York as of 2014, followed by Judaism, with approximately 1.1 million Jews in New York City, over half living in Brooklyn. Islam ranks third in New York City, with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,0...
Half the population of Jews live in what borough of New York City?
{'text': 'Brooklyn', 'answer_start': 215}
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The discovery of the element is credited to the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789, Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound (likely sodium diuranate) by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium ...
Who discovered uranium?
{'text': 'Martin Heinrich Klaproth', 'answer_start': 63}
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The eastern arm shows considerable diversity. In England it is generally long and may have two distinct sections, both choir and presbytery. It is often square ended or has a projecting Lady Chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. In France the eastern end is often polygonal and surrounded by a walkway called an ambulato...
What shape does the eastern end rarely exhibit in France?
{'text': 'polygonal', 'answer_start': 264}
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Roughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases ...
Approximately how many active TB cases were there in 2012?
{'text': '8.6 million', 'answer_start': 294}
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Mechanically controlled variable capacitors allow the plate spacing to be adjusted, for example by rotating or sliding a set of movable plates into alignment with a set of stationary plates. Low cost variable capacitors squeeze together alternating layers of aluminum and plastic with a screw. Electrical control of capa...
What varies as a function of voltage in varactors?
{'text': 'depletion region', 'answer_start': 424}
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Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. The stamps serve as a license to hunt migratory birds, an entrance pass for all National Wildlife Refuge areas, and are also considered collectors items often pur...
What is required to work at the MBCC?
{'text': 'a license', 'answer_start': 178}
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Amateur football is governed by Football Canada. At the university level, 26 teams play in four conferences under the auspices of Canadian Interuniversity Sport; the CIS champion is awarded the Vanier Cup. Junior football is played by many after high school before joining the university ranks. There are 20 junior teams...
Which trophy goes to the Canadian Interuniversity Sport football champion?
{'text': 'Vanier Cup', 'answer_start': 194}
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In breeding circles, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch (Middle English bicche, from Old English bicce, ultimately from Old Norse bikkja). A group of offspring is a litter. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam. Offspring are, in general, called...
What is the mother of a litter referred as?
{'text': 'dam', 'answer_start': 282}
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In Ancient Rome, Tyrian purple was the color of the Emperor, but red had an important religious symbolism. Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a flammeum. Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associated with army...
After what event would a general of the Roman army be painted red?
{'text': 'triumph', 'answer_start': 663}
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Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headla...
What color are headlamps on a vehicle?
{'text': 'white or selective yellow', 'answer_start': 68}
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Similar alloys with the addition of a small amount of lead can be cold-rolled into sheets. An alloy of 96% zinc and 4% aluminium is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications for which ferrous metal dies would be too expensive. In building facades, roofs or other applications in which zinc is used a...
Why is unalloyed zinc used in construction applications?
{'text': 'brittle', 'answer_start': 466}
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Following Die Another Day, Madonna collaborated with fashion photographer Steven Klein in 2003 for an exhibition installation named X-STaTIC Pro=CeSS. It included photography from a photo shoot in W magazine, and seven video segments. The installation ran from March to May in New York's Deitch Projects gallery. It trav...
What is the name of the exhibition installation that Madonna teamed up with fashion photographer Chris Klein called?
{'text': 'X-STaTIC Pro=CeSS', 'answer_start': 132}
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The a cappella musical Perfect Harmony, a comedy about two high school a cappella groups vying to win the National championship, made its Off Broadway debut at Theatre Row’s Acorn Theatre on 42nd Street in New York City in October, 2010 after a successful out-of-town run at the Stoneham Theatre, in Stoneham, Massachuse...
When was The Jackson 5's debut Off-Broadway?
{'text': 'October, 2010', 'answer_start': 223}
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To make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers–not ...
What percentage of cotton is cellulose?
{'text': '90%', 'answer_start': 610}
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The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa...
Who demonstrated the first blue LED?
{'text': 'Shuji Nakamura', 'answer_start': 55}
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Although the PC market declined, Apple still managed to ship 2.8 million MacBooks in Q2 2012 (the majority of which are the MacBook Air) compared to 500,000 total Ultrabooks, although there were dozens of Ultrabooks from various manufacturers on the market while Apple only offered 11-inch and 13-inch models of the MacB...
What earned the title as best all-around subnotebook/ultraportable?
{'text': 'MacBook Air', 'answer_start': 316}
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In central portions of the U.S., tornadoes are more common than anywhere else on Earth and touch down most commonly in the spring and summer. Deadly and destructive hurricanes occur almost every year along the Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf of Mexico. The Appalachian region and the Midwest experience the worst floods, ...
Which region experiences the worst droughts in the US?
{'text': 'Southwest', 'answer_start': 384}
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The City of Charleston is served by the Charleston International Airport. It is located in the City of North Charleston and is about 12 miles (20 km) northwest of downtown Charleston. It is the busiest passenger airport in South Carolina (IATA: CHS, ICAO: KCHS). The airport shares runways with the adjacent Charleston A...
What airport provides service to the City to Charleston?
{'text': 'Charleston International Airport', 'answer_start': 40}
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In the Middle Ages, the site of the future palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury (also called Eia). The marshy ground was watered by the river Tyburn, which still flows below the courtyard and south wing of the palace. Where the river was fordable (at Cow Ford), the village of Eye Cross grew. Ownership of the site c...
The site of the palace formed part of which Manor in the Middles ages?
{'text': 'Manor of Ebury', 'answer_start': 69}
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A year before Alfonso III "the Great" of Asturias death, three of Alfonso's sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate, partitioning the kingdom among them. The eldest son, García, became king of León. The second son, Ordoño, reigned in Galicia, while the third, Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capit...
Who was the second son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?
{'text': 'Ordoño, reigned in Galicia', 'answer_start': 225}
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The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the Third Crusade, called to try to regain Jerusalem, wh...
What state was founded following the Fourth Crusade?
{'text': 'Latin Empire of Constantinople', 'answer_start': 498}
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The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequenci...
Where has the bacteria E. coli been found to be sequenced?
{'text': 'in a Siberian cave', 'answer_start': 634}
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The referee may punish a player's or substitute's misconduct by a caution (yellow card) or dismissal (red card). A second yellow card at the same game leads to a red card, and therefore to a dismissal. A player given a yellow card is said to have been "booked", the referee writing the player's name in his official note...
Who can always be shown a card?
{'text': 'managers and support staff', 'answer_start': 813}
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During British rule, Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses, parade grounds and polo fields were built.:18 Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the Secunderabad Club, the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club, which is known for its horse racing especially the a...
Which annual derby is held at the Hyderabad Race Club?
{'text': 'Deccan derby', 'answer_start': 326}
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The Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1948 to 1967 and then by Israel after 1967. In 2005, as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, Israel removed all of its settlers and forces from the territory. Israel does not consider the Gaza Strip to be occupied territory and declared it a "foreign territory". That...
Who occupied the Gaza Strip after 1967?
{'text': 'Israel', 'answer_start': 67}
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Episcopalians and Presbyterians, as well as other WASPs, tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated (having graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita) than most other religious groups in United States, and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business, law and politics, esp...
What denominations are considered to be wealthier than most other groups?
{'text': 'Episcopalians and Presbyterians', 'answer_start': 0}
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In 2013, however, a study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA by a team led by Martin B. Richards of the University of Huddersfield in England reached different conclusions, again corroborating the pre-2006 origin hypothesis. Testing was performed on the full 16,600 DNA units composing mitochondrial DNA (the 2006 Behar stud...
A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe?
{'text': '80 percent', 'answer_start': 1471}
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Beginning around 2005, drug traffickers based in Latin America began to use Guinea-Bissau, along with several neighboring West African nations, as a transshipment point to Europe for cocaine. The nation was described by a United Nations official as being at risk for becoming a "narco-state". The government and the mili...
Who has done little to stop drug trafficking in the country?
{'text': 'The government and the military', 'answer_start': 293}
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Despite some concerns, western vegetarians and vegans have not been found to suffer from overt zinc deficiencies any more than meat-eaters. Major plant sources of zinc include cooked dried beans, sea vegetables, fortified cereals, soyfoods, nuts, peas, and seeds. However, phytates in many whole-grains and fiber in many...
What is found in whole grains that can help with zinc absorption?
{'text': 'phytates', 'answer_start': 273}
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Years later, Kaunitz kept trying to establish France's alliance with Austria. He tried as hard as he could for Austria to not get entangled in Hanover's political affairs, and was even willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France's aid in recapturing Silesia. Frustrated by this decision and by the Dutch Republic's ...
Why was Beshuzev happy to put the troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border?
{'text': 'Besthuzev, assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia,', 'answer_start': 573}
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Following the 2007 Federal Election, Dr Brendan Nelson was elected leader by the Parliamentary Liberal Party. On 16 September 2008, in a second contest following a spill motion, Nelson lost the leadership to Malcolm Turnbull. On 1 December 2009, a subsequent leadership election saw Turnbull lose the leadership to Tony ...
When did Nelson lose the leadership to Tony Abbott?
{'text': 'December 2009', 'answer_start': 231}
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China: The torch returned to China for the first time since April. The torch arrived in Sanya, Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan. The entire relay through Mainland China was largely a success with many people welcoming t...
Who attended the celebrations?
{'text': 'IOC', 'answer_start': 175}
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Tax shifting has been widely discussed and endorsed by economists. It involves lowering income taxes while raising levies on environmentally destructive activities, in order to create a more responsive market. For example, a tax on coal that included the increased health care costs associated with breathing polluted ai...
Several Northern European companies are shifting taxes in a process known as what?
{'text': 'environmental tax reform', 'answer_start': 534}
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On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used—including Wal-Mart—and these iPods eventually made up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions ...
What does HP stand for?
{'text': 'Hewlett-Packard', 'answer_start': 20}
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In the wake of the Coventry Blitz, there was widespread agitation from the Communist Party over the need for bomb-proof shelters. Many Londoners, in particular, took to using the Underground railway system, without authority, for shelter and sleeping through the night there until the following morning. So worried were ...
What did Londoners use for bomb-shelters?
{'text': 'Underground railway system', 'answer_start': 179}
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Darwin was hard at work on his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell...
What do some historians think made Wallace's concept of natural selection different from Darwin's?
{'text': 'Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation.', 'answer_start': 1542}
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As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during...
When did the Antarctic peninsula form?
{'text': 'Jurassic period', 'answer_start': 430}
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In humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well established are the...
Which type of cells in the brain are generated throughout your lifetime?
{'text': 'Glial cells', 'answer_start': 636}
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Although older German loanwords were colloquial, recent borrowings from other languages are associated with high culture. During the nineteenth century, words with Greek and Latin roots were rejected in favor of those based on older Czech words and common Slavic roots; "music" is muzyka in Polish and музыка (muzyka) in...
What word roots in the 19th century were rejected in favor of words with more common Slavic roots?
{'text': 'Greek and Latin', 'answer_start': 164}
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A number of congresses of the socialist First and Second Internationals were held in Bern, particularly during World War I when Switzerland was neutral; see Bern International.
In World War I, what side was Switzerland on?
{'text': 'Switzerland was neutral', 'answer_start': 128}
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Stout and porter are dark beers made using roasted malts or roast barley, and typically brewed with slow fermenting yeast. There are a number of variations including Baltic porter, dry stout, and Imperial stout. The name Porter was first used in 1721 to describe a dark brown beer popular with the street and river porte...
In what year was the name Porter first used for a dark beer?
{'text': '1721', 'answer_start': 246}
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The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to addition and subtraction, or might include multiplication, division, trigonometry functions such as sine, cosine, etc., and square roots. Some can only operate on whole numbers (integers) whilst others use floating point to represent real...
The term for whole numbers is what?
{'text': '(integers', 'answer_start': 259}
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The use of alloys by humans started with the use of meteoric iron, a naturally occurring alloy of nickel and iron. It is the main constituent of iron meteorites which occasionally fall down on Earth from outer space. As no metallurgic processes were used to separate iron from nickel, the alloy was used as it was. Meteo...
How does meteoric iron come to earth?
{'text': 'occasionally fall down on Earth from outer space', 'answer_start': 167}
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The British, for their part, lacked both a unified command and a clear strategy for winning. With the use of the Royal Navy, the British were able to capture coastal cities, but control of the countryside eluded them. A British sortie from Canada in 1777 ended with the disastrous surrender of a British army at Saratoga...
When was the battle of Sorotoga fought?
{'text': '1777', 'answer_start': 341}
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In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population − among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants (including persons that ...
What is the largest group of foreigners?
{'text': 'Russians', 'answer_start': 428}
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Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?–1623?), a Dutch colleague of Adams' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde, was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It appears Joosten became a samurai[citation needed] and was given a residence within Ieyasu's castle at Edo. Today, this area at the eas...
What nationality was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn?
{'text': 'Dutch', 'answer_start': 45}
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IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiatio...
Name the devices that use IrDA to emit infrared radiation that is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam.
{'text': 'Remote controls and IrDA devices', 'answer_start': 220}
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8,677
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In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FA...
In what part of Europe are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?
{'text': 'FAQ', 'answer_start': 318}
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Muslim engineers in the Islamic world made a number of innovative industrial uses of hydropower, and early industrial uses of tidal power and wind power, fossil fuels such as petroleum, and early large factory complexes (tiraz in Arabic). The industrial uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th centu...
In what century had mills such as gristmills and sawmills dominate the Islamic world?
{'text': '11th century', 'answer_start': 660}
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With the growing possibility of an Allied invasion in the Balkans, the Axis began to divert more resources to the destruction of the Partisans main force and its high command. This meant, among other things, a concerted German effort to capture Josip Broz Tito personally. On 25 May 1944, he managed to evade the Germans...
What type of assault was there in Bosnia?
{'text': 'airborne', 'answer_start': 374}
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During the rule of the succeeding Hanoverian dynasty, power was gradually exercised more by parliament and the government. The first Hanoverian monarch, George I, relied on his ministers to a greater extent than did previous monarchs. Later Hanoverian monarchs attempted to restore royal control over legislation: George...
Which monarch relied on his ministers more than any of his predecessors?
{'text': 'George I', 'answer_start': 153}
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Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaet...
What subtype of clitellates contains lemurs?
{'text': 'hirudinomorphs', 'answer_start': 187}
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The bank must also co-operate within the EU and internationally with third bodies and entities. Finally, it contributes to maintaining a stable financial system and monitoring the banking sector. The latter can be seen, for example, in the bank's intervention during the subprime mortgage crisis when it loaned billions ...
Besides cooperating with other financial institutions, how does the ECB help to maintain stability?
{'text': 'contributes to maintaining a stable financial system and monitoring the banking sector', 'answer_start': 108}
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One elector in Minnesota cast a ballot for president with the name of "John Ewards" [sic] written on it. The Electoral College officials certified this ballot as a vote for John Edwards for president. The remaining nine electors cast ballots for John Kerry. All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards f...
How many states voted for John Edwards for president in the election?
{'text': 'ten', 'answer_start': 263}
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The Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الكبرى‎, aṣ-ṣaḥrāʾ al-kubrā , 'the Greatest Desert') is the largest hot desert in the world. It is the third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its surface area of 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)[citation needed]—including the Libyan Desert—is comparable to the res...
What does Antarctica mean in Arabic?
{'text': 'the Greatest Desert', 'answer_start': 59}
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The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs were too high to ship the raw bituminous sand for paving. In 1915, Sidney Ells of the Federa...
In what year did Karl Clark use bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton?
{'text': '1915', 'answer_start': 289}
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During the 19th century, an important producer of art was the Academia de San Carlos (San Carlos Art Academy), founded during colonial times, and which later became the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas (the National School of Arts) including painting, sculpture and graphic design, one of UNAM's art schools. Many of ...
Who is one of the most famous people to graduate from the large art school of Mexico City?
{'text': 'José María Velasco', 'answer_start': 488}
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It is not clearly documented when the title of the Grand Duke was first introduced, but the importance of the Kiev principality was recognized after the death of Sviatoslav I in 972 and the ensuing struggle between Vladimir the Great and Yaropolk I. The region of Kiev dominated the state of Kievan Rus' for the next two...
What region was not dominated by the state of Kievan Rus?
{'text': 'Kiev', 'answer_start': 264}
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Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at lon...
What type of waves will char paper?
{'text': 'electromagnetic waves', 'answer_start': 90}
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Egypt actively practices capital punishment. Egypt's authorities do not release figures on death sentences and executions, despite repeated requests over the years by human rights organisations. The United Nations human rights office and various NGOs expressed "deep alarm" after an Egyptian Minya Criminal Court sentenc...
what controversial practice does Egypt actively administer as punishment?
{'text': 'capital punishment', 'answer_start': 25}
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Breathing is largely driven by the muscular diaphragm, which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome with its convexity towards the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the cavity in which the lung is enclosed. Air enters through the oral and nasal caviti...
Increasing pressure on the diaphragm thus increasing air output more frequently is usually caused by?
{'text': 'exercise', 'answer_start': 503}
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Japanese comics and cartooning (manga),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kibyōshi picture books, and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The kib...
What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins?
{'text': 'toba-e and kibyōshi picture books', 'answer_start': 185}
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The 1973–74 season saw the arrival of Johan Cruyff, who was bought for a world record £920,000 from Ajax. Already an established player with Ajax, Cruyff quickly won over the Barcelona fans when he told the European press that he chose Barcelona over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Fran...
For what team did Cruyff refuse to play?
{'text': 'Real Madrid', 'answer_start': 251}
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The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together, and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two columns (32 positions) were reserved for control characters.:220, 236 § 8,9) The "space" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became posit...
Why were numeric codes converted to graphic codes?
{'text': 'To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics', 'answer_start': 738}
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Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended) in the 1991 Gulf War, the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-fly zones, to protect Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population—both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after t...
Which region of Iraq do the Shi'a live in?
{'text': 'southern', 'answer_start': 355}
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Recent studies, as by the APG, show that the monocots form a monophyletic group (clade) but that the dicots do not (they are paraphyletic). Nevertheless, the majority of dicot species do form a monophyletic group, called the eudicots or tricolpates. Of the remaining dicot species, most belong to a third major clade kno...
Eudicots or tricolpates are part of a monophyletic group formed by what species?
{'text': 'dicot', 'answer_start': 170}
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Washington University School of Law offers joint-degree programs with the Olin Business School, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Medicine, and the School of Social Work. It also offers an LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, an LLM in Taxation, an LLM in US Law for Foreign Lawyers, a ...
What is one of the schools a Juris Scientiae Doctoris attends?
{'text': 'School of Medicine', 'answer_start': 142}
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At the Abbey Saint-Denis, Noyon Cathedral, Notre Dame de Paris and at the eastern end of Canterbury Cathedral in England, simple cylindrical columns predominate over the Gothic forms of clustered columns and shafted piers. Wells Cathedral in England, commenced at the eastern end in 1175, was the first building in which...
When was the construction of Wells Cathedral in England begun?
{'text': 'in 1175', 'answer_start': 280}
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After his coronation, John moved south into France with military forces and adopted a defensive posture along the eastern and southern Normandy borders. Both sides paused for desultory negotiations before the war recommenced; John's position was now stronger, thanks to confirmation that the counts Baldwin IX of Flander...
Who renewed the anti-French alliances?
{'text': 'Baldwin IX of Flanders and Renaud of Boulogne', 'answer_start': 299}