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Another debate developed around the (distinct) criticisms of liberal political theory made by Michael Walzer, Michael Sandel and Charles Taylor. The liberal-communitarian debate is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems, rather than a profound and illuminating clash of perspective....
What type of policies do individuals support?
{'text': 'economic and social policies which encourage the growth of social capital.', 'answer_start': 586}
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In 2006–07, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 Western Lowland Gorillas, whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps.
Where did researchers study chimps in heavily forested regions?
{'text': 'Ouesso district', 'answer_start': 124}
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In 1981, large sections of the SEPTA Regional Rail service to the far suburbs of Philadelphia were discontinued due to lack of funding. Several projects have been proposed to extend rail service back to these areas, but lack of funding has again been the chief obstacle to implementation. These projects include the prop...
Name a proposed project to repalce it?
{'text': "Schuylkill Valley Metro to Wyomissing, PA, and extension of the Media/Elwyn line back to Wawa, PA. SEPTA's Airport Regional Rail Line Regional Rail", 'answer_start': 325}
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Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States...
In what year did the supreme court determine that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional?
{'text': '1935', 'answer_start': 336}
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In addition to these popular examples of house, there has also been a reunification of contemporary house and its roots. Many hip hop and R&B artists also turn to house music to add a mass appeal to the music they produce.
Why do many hip hop and R&B artists turn to house music?
{'text': 'to add a mass appeal to the music they produce', 'answer_start': 175}
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Several campus safety strategies have been pioneered at Yale. The first campus police force was founded at Yale in 1894, when the university contracted city police officers to exclusively cover the campus. Later hired by the university, the officers were originally brought in to quell unrest between students and city r...
When were the first campus police formed at Yale?
{'text': '1894', 'answer_start': 115}
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The Notre Dame football team has a long history, first beginning when the Michigan Wolverines football team brought football to Notre Dame in 1887 and played against a group of students. In the long history since then, 13 Fighting Irish teams have won consensus national championships (although the university only claim...
In what year did Notre Dame football begin?
{'text': '1887', 'answer_start': 142}
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At about the same time, the word "humanism" as a philosophy centred on humankind (as opposed to institutionalised religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has ...
What was the main avoidance between humanism and the religions of the time?
{'text': 'centred on humankind', 'answer_start': 60}
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In recent decades, a series of inscribed graphs and pictures have been found at Neolithic sites in China, including Jiahu (c. 6500 BC), Dadiwan and Damaidi from the 6th millennium BC, and Banpo (5th millennium BC). Often these finds are accompanied by media reports that push back the purported beginnings of Chinese wri...
What may have been found at Neolithic sites in China in recent decades?
{'text': 'series of inscribed graphs and pictures', 'answer_start': 21}
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American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made t...
Who joined Idol as a sponsor in season seven?
{'text': 'iTunes', 'answer_start': 691}
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South Slavic historically formed a dialect continuum, i.e. each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance. However, migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans have caused large-scale population displacement that ...
Contrary to the 16th and 18th centuries, what caused migrations in the 20th century?
{'text': 'urbanization and wars', 'answer_start': 432}
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During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser...
For whom did Hayek work upon being hired by Ludwig von Mises?
{'text': 'the Austrian government', 'answer_start': 341}
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Television has played a major role in the history of the Premier League. The League's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992 was at the time a radical decision, but one that has paid off. At the time pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market, as was charging fans to watch live ...
In which year did The Premier League give the UK market broadcasting rights?
{'text': '1992', 'answer_start': 137}
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On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall, London, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her but the gun did not fire; he escaped. The following day, Victoria drove the same route, though faster and with a greater escort, in a deliberate attempt to provoke Francis to take a second aim and catch him...
What happened to Francis after his attempt not to shoot Victoria?
{'text': 'he escaped', 'answer_start': 140}
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North Korea: The event was held in Pyongyang on April 28. It was the first time that the Olympic torch has traveled to North Korea. A crowd of thousands waving pink paper flowers and small flags with the Beijing Olympics logo were organized by the authoritarian regime watched the beginning of the relay in Pyongyang, ...
When did the torch arrive in Pyongyang?
{'text': 'April 28', 'answer_start': 50}
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The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years. Stronger Nile floods and stabilisation of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disuni...
In 1650 BC Lower Egypt was control by what invaders?
{'text': 'Hyksos', 'answer_start': 422}
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Angels in the Outfield was Eisenhower's favorite movie. His favorite reading material for relaxation were the Western novels of Zane Grey. With his excellent memory and ability to focus, Eisenhower was skilled at card games. He learned poker, which he called his "favorite indoor sport," in Abilene. Eisenhower recorded ...
Where did Eisenhower learn to play poker?
{'text': 'Abilene', 'answer_start': 291}
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Fluids cannot generally be pulled, so a vacuum cannot be created by suction. Suction can spread and dilute a vacuum by letting a higher pressure push fluids into it, but the vacuum has to be created first before suction can occur. The easiest way to create an artificial vacuum is to expand the volume of a container. Fo...
What can a container spread and dilute?
{'text': 'a vacuum', 'answer_start': 107}
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Thomas Newman returned as Spectre's composer. Rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post-production, Newman worked during filming. The theatrical trailer released in July 2015 contained a rendition of John Barry's On Her Majesty's Secret Service theme. Mendes revealed that the final film would ha...
Which record label was the soundtrack album released on?
{'text': 'Decca Records', 'answer_start': 464}
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The departures of Núñez and van Gaal were hardly noticed by the fans when compared to that of Luís Figo, then club vice-captain. Figo had become a cult hero, and was considered by Catalans to be one of their own. However, Barcelona fans were distraught by Figo's decision to join arch-rivals Real Madrid, and, during sub...
After Barcelona's poor showing in the 2003 season , who resigned from the presidency?
{'text': 'Joan Gaspart', 'answer_start': 1689}
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Historically, pubs have been socially and culturally distinct from cafés, bars and German beer halls. Most pubs offer a range of beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks. Traditionally the windows of town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass to obscure the clientele from the street but from the 1990s onwards, ...
Aside from beverages, what types of food do pubs typically offer?
{'text': 'snacks', 'answer_start': 172}
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In the Romantic era, the modern piano, with a more powerful, sustained tone and a wider range took over from the more delicate-sounding fortepiano. In the orchestra, the existing Classical instruments and sections were retained (string section, woodwinds, brass and percussion), but these sections were typically expande...
What is a celestes?
{'text': 'a bell-like keyboard instrument', 'answer_start': 770}
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Carnivore was an electronic eavesdropping software system implemented by the FBI during the Clinton administration; it was designed to monitor email and electronic communications. After prolonged negative coverage in the press, the FBI changed the name of its system from "Carnivore" to "DCS1000." DCS is reported to sta...
What software system received prolonged positive coverage in the press?
{'text': 'Carnivore', 'answer_start': 0}
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The Russian SFSR was controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, until the abortive 1991 August coup, which prompted President Yeltsin to suspend the recently created Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
Who didn't suspend the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?
{'text': 'President Yeltsin', 'answer_start': 128}
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The Aksumites erected a number of large stelae, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. One of these granite columns, the obelisk of Aksum, is the largest such structure in the world, standing at 90 feet. Under Ezana (fl. 320–360), Aksum later adopted Christianity. In the 7th century, early Muslims fro...
In what year was Mecca founded?
{'text': '320', 'answer_start': 239}
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The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. In 1947 Eritrea became part of a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethiopia and E...
What was the result of the War of Independence?
{'text': 'Eritrean independence', 'answer_start': 417}
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In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% peopl...
What percentage of Palermo residents were female in 2010?
{'text': '52.6%', 'answer_start': 152}
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The rule of law has been considered as one of the key dimensions that determine the quality and good governance of a country. Research, like the Worldwide Governance Indicators, defines the rule of law as: "the extent to which agents have confidence and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of co...
What is the Greek word for natural law?
{'text': '"nomocracy",', 'answer_start': 650}
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Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution. As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent. An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be...
What doesn't federations have for amendments of the constitution?
{'text': 'special procedures', 'answer_start': 23}
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England first appeared at the 1950 FIFA World Cup and have appeared in 14 FIFA World Cups, they are tied for sixth-best in terms of number of wins alongside France and Spain. The national team is one of eight national teams to have won at least one FIFA World Cup title. The England team won their first and only World C...
In which year did England win the FIFA World Cup for the first and only time?
{'text': '1966', 'answer_start': 332}
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Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)
What forms are mutually intelligible?
{'text': 'Catalan and Valencian', 'answer_start': 190}
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To allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population, the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862: it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land, provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it. The provisions were expanded under the Kinkaid Act...
What number of people established homestead in Canada?
{'text': 'Hundreds of thousands', 'answer_start': 374}
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In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work ...
Lionel Robbins came to head which school in 1929?
{'text': 'London School of Economics', 'answer_start': 48}
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On 6 February 2015, it was announced that Judge Richard Marks is to be replaced by Judge Charles Wide at the retrial. Two days earlier, Marks had emailed counsel for the defendants telling them: "It has been decided (not by me but by my elders and betters) that I am not going to be doing the retrial". Reporting the dec...
What did the lawyers for the defendants threaten to do?
{'text': 'take the decision to judicial review', 'answer_start': 698}
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In 2002, Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong published a Seismic Risk Analysis study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003, attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region. He based his study on statistical correlation. That Sichuan...
Who published the Seismic Risk Analysis?
{'text': 'Chen Xuezhong', 'answer_start': 27}
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Interstate 26 begins in downtown Charleston, with exits to the Septima Clark Expressway, the Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge and Meeting Street. Heading northwest, it connects the city to North Charleston, the Charleston International Airport, Interstate 95, and Columbia. The Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge and Septima Clark Exp...
Interstate 62 begins on what part of Charleston?
{'text': 'downtown Charleston', 'answer_start': 24}
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The terminology can also be confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty, such as a convention, protocol, or simply agreement. Conversely some legal documents such as the Treaty of Waitangi are internationally considered to be documents under domestic law.
What's an example of a treaty that is considered internationally to be documents under domestic law?
{'text': 'the Treaty of Waitangi', 'answer_start': 204}
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Census-wise, the state is placed 21st on the population chart, followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una dist...
What place was Sirmaur district, that followed the state?
{'text': '22nd place', 'answer_start': 86}
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Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.
What do ISPs pay customers for?
{'text': 'Internet access', 'answer_start': 92}
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The metro leaves the Rodoviária (bus station) and goes south, avoiding most of the political and tourist areas. The main purpose of the metro is to serve cities, such as Samambaia, Taguatinga and Ceilândia, as well as Guará and Águas Claras. The satellite cities served are more populated in total than the Plano Piloto ...
What areas does Brasilia's public transit avoid?
{'text': 'most of the political and tourist areas', 'answer_start': 71}
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Since the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago, the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature. Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness, whereas many more technologies have bee...
Which technology is primarily responsible for helping keep food fresh?
{'text': 'Cooling', 'answer_start': 219}
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Some large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many birds of prey such as vultures, eagles, and buzzards, but also storks. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodies of water, since ther...
How much of their body weight do honey buzzards lose during migration?
{'text': '10 to 20%', 'answer_start': 1312}
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As the Grand Duchy of Finland was part of the Russian Empire from 1809 to 1918, a number of Russian speakers have remained in Finland. There are 33,400 Russian-speaking Finns, amounting to 0.6% of the population. Five thousand (0.1%) of them are late 19th century and 20th century immigrants or their descendants, and th...
When did Finland join the Russian Empire?
{'text': '1809', 'answer_start': 66}
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In addition, the company provides protection services, advisory services, multivendor hardware support, "how-to" support for software applications, collaborative support with many third-party vendors, and online parts and labor dispatching for customers who diagnose and troubleshoot their hardware. Dell also provides D...
What kind of hardware support does IBM provide?
{'text': 'multivendor', 'answer_start': 74}
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The Bronx Museum of the Arts, founded in 1971, exhibits 20th century and contemporary art through its central museum space and 11,000 square feet (1,000 m2) of galleries. Many of its exhibitions are on themes of special interest to the Bronx. Its permanent collection features more than 800 works of art, primarily by ar...
How many works are in the Bronx Museum of the Arts' permanent collection?
{'text': 'more than 800', 'answer_start': 277}
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Samurai were many of the early exchange students, not directly because they were samurai, but because many samurai were literate and well-educated scholars. Some of these exchange students started private schools for higher educations, while many samurai took pens instead of guns and became reporters and writers, setti...
What kind of schools did samurai start?
{'text': 'private schools for higher educations', 'answer_start': 197}
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Political color schemes in the United States diverge from international norms. Since 2000, red has become associated with the right-wing Republican Party and blue with the left-wing Democratic Party. However, unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors; they were used in n...
What color was chosen by the Democratic Party before 2000?
{'text': 'blue', 'answer_start': 158}
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In 1815, the British government selected Saint Helena as the place of detention of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was taken to the island in October 1815. Napoleon stayed at the Briars pavilion on the grounds of the Balcombe family's home until his permanent residence, Longwood House, was completed in December 1815. Napoleon d...
Where did Napoleon Bonaparte stay until he found permanent residence?
{'text': 'Briars pavilion', 'answer_start': 170}
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Notable alumni include: Alan Mulally (BS/MS), former President and CEO of Ford Motor Company, Lou Montulli, co-founder of Netscape and author of the Lynx web browser, Brian McClendon (BSEE 1986), VP of Engineering at Google, Charles E. Spahr (1934), former CEO of Standard Oil of Ohio.
What former leader of a car manufacturing company attended KU?
{'text': 'Alan Mulally', 'answer_start': 24}
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The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It ...
What is one of the functions of the USAF?
{'text': 'Nuclear Deterrence Operations', 'answer_start': 508}
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The term also has closely related synonyms that are employed throughout the Quran. Each synonym possesses its own distinct meaning, but its use may converge with that of qurʼān in certain contexts. Such terms include kitāb (book); āyah (sign); and sūrah (scripture). The latter two terms also denote units of revelation....
Which term does the Quran use to refer to itself as "puncture"?
{'text': 'sūrah', 'answer_start': 248}
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The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports. Premier League viewership has increased rapidly, with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014–15 season, up 118% from 2012–13 when coverage still aired on Fox Soccer and ESPN/ESPN2 (220,000 viewers), and NBC Sports has been wi...
When will this extension end?
{'text': 'through the 2021–22 season', 'answer_start': 447}
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However, excessive hunting and poachers have also contributed heavily to the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals, such as the quagga, the great auk, Steller's sea cow, the thylacine, the bluebuck, the Arabian oryx, the Caspian and Javan tigers, the markhor, the Sumatran rhinoceros, the bison, the N...
Why have poachers killed endangered animals?
{'text': 'primarily for commercial sale or sport.', 'answer_start': 400}
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The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-s...
In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who?
{'text': 'the Pope', 'answer_start': 246}
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Beer was spread through Europe by Germanic and Celtic tribes as far back as 3000 BC, and it was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. The product that the early Europeans drank might not be recognised as beer by most people today. Alongside the basic starch source, the early European beers might contain fruits, honey, num...
In addition to hops, what did the early European beers contain?
{'text': 'fruits, honey, numerous types of plants, spices and other substances such as narcotic herbs', 'answer_start': 302}
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On May 21, 2014, JPMorgan Chase announced that it was injecting $100 million over five years into Detroit's economy, providing development funding for a variety of projects that would increase employment. It is the largest commitment made to any one city by the nation's biggest bank.[citation needed] Of the $100 millio...
How much of JPMorgan's investment will go to blight removal?
{'text': '$25 million', 'answer_start': 372}
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On September 21, 1529, Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón commanded the Spanish ship Florida, on his second attempt to recross the Pacific from the Maluku Islands. He stood off a group of islands from which local inhabitants hurled stones at his ship. These islands, which he named "Los Pintados", may have been Ujelang. On Octobe...
What did Cerón name the islands from which people threw rocks at his vessel?
{'text': 'Los Pintados', 'answer_start': 273}
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Title IV of the 1978 Spanish constitution invests the Consentimiento Real (Royal Assent) and promulgation (publication) of laws with the monarch of Spain, while Title III, The Cortes Generales, Chapter 2, Drafting of Bills, outlines the method by which bills are passed. According to Article 91, within fifteen days of p...
Which title outlines the method by which bills are not passed?
{'text': 'Title III', 'answer_start': 161}
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Southampton has two large live music venues, the Mayflower Theatre (formerly the Gaumont Theatre) and the Guildhall. The Guildhall has seen concerts from a wide range of popular artists including Pink Floyd, David Bowie, Delirious?, Manic Street Preachers, The Killers, The Kaiser Chiefs, Amy Winehouse, Lostprophets, Th...
In addition to the Mayflower Theatre, what's Southampton's other big venue for live music?
{'text': 'the Guildhall', 'answer_start': 102}
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In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants p...
When and who abolished the serfdom?
{'text': 'Russian Poland on February 19, 1864', 'answer_start': 179}
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Groups are also applied in many other mathematical areas. Mathematical objects are often examined by associating groups to them and studying the properties of the corresponding groups. For example, Henri Poincaré founded what is now called algebraic topology by introducing the fundamental group. By means of this connec...
What causes the orange loop to shrink to a point?
{'text': 'The presence of the hole', 'answer_start': 685}
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Nanjing ( listen; Chinese: 南京, "Southern Capital") is the city situated in the heartland of lower Yangtze River region in China, which has long been a major centre of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism. It is the capital city of Jiangsu province of People's Republic of China...
What does Nanjing mean?
{'text': '"Southern Capital"', 'answer_start': 31}
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Dietary fiber is a carbohydrate that is incompletely absorbed in humans and in some animals. Like all carbohydrates, when it is metabolized it can produce four Calories (kilocalories) of energy per gram. However, in most circumstances it accounts for less than that because of its limited absorption and digestibility. D...
What does soluble fiber do to help lower blood glucose levels?
{'text': 'slow the absorption of sugar', 'answer_start': 1292}
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For English Dominican mystics, the mystical experience was not expressed just in one moment of the full knowledge of God, but in the journey of, or process of, faith. This then led to an understanding that was directed toward an experiential knowledge of divinity. It is important to understand, however, that for these ...
What does the process of faith not led one to?
{'text': 'knowledge of divinity', 'answer_start': 242}
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Mass incarceration in the United States disproportionately impacts African American and Latino communities. Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (2010), argues that mass incarceration is best understood as not only a system of overcrowded prisons. Mass incarcer...
Who is the author of "The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness"?
{'text': 'Michelle Alexander', 'answer_start': 108}
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A sequence of events, or series of events, is a sequence of items, facts, events, actions, changes, or procedural steps, arranged in time order (chronological order), often with causality relationships among the items. Because of causality, cause precedes effect, or cause and effect may appear together in a single item...
What may the description of events include?
{'text': 'a timestamp', 'answer_start': 483}
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There is confusion currently as to the name of the eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop. His name has been put forth as Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic. Vinaccia. His son Antonio Vinaccia was active c. 1734 to c. 1796. An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by Antonio Vinaccia...
What is there currently confusion over?
{'text': 'eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop', 'answer_start': 51}
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BeiDou-2 (formerly known as COMPASS) is not an extension to the older BeiDou-1, but rather supersedes it outright. The new system will be a constellation of 35 satellites, which include 5 geostationary orbit satellites for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1, and 30 non-geostationary satellites (27 in medium Earth orb...
MAPS is the former name of which satellite?
{'text': 'BeiDou-2', 'answer_start': 0}
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In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, ...
Who ruled as the the Hongwu Emperor?
{'text': 'Zhu Yuanzhang', 'answer_start': 106}
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Cork was one of the most rail-oriented cities in Ireland, featuring eight stations at various times. The main route, still much the same today, is from Dublin Heuston. Originally terminating on the city's outskirts at Blackpool, the route now reaches the city centre terminus of Kent Station via Glanmire tunnel. Now a t...
What from Youghal is still the same today as when it began?
{'text': 'The main route', 'answer_start': 101}
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After Richard's death on 6 April 1199 there were two potential claimants to the Angevin throne: John, whose claim rested on being the sole surviving son of Henry II, and young Arthur I of Brittany, who held a claim as the son of John's elder brother Geoffrey. Richard appears to have started to recognise John as his hei...
When did Richard die?
{'text': '6 April 1199', 'answer_start': 25}
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In response to Cusumano's perspective, Screen Producers Australia executive director Matt Deaner clarified the motivation of the film industry: "Distributors are usually wanting to encourage cinema-going as part of this process [monetizing through returns] and restrict the immediate access to online so as to encourage ...
Who encourages watching movies at a theater as making money from the film?
{'text': 'Distributors', 'answer_start': 145}
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Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. These have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the 20th century, each with its own flavor of language. The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Brazil, Norway, and Austria have significant Russian-sp...
How many people in Ireland speak Russian?
{'text': '21,639', 'answer_start': 392}
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In particle physics and quantum chemistry, antimatter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter. If a particle and its antiparticle come into contact with each other, the two annihilate; that is, they may both be converted into other particles with equal energy in accordan...
Who discovered quantum chemistry?
{'text': 'Einstein', 'answer_start': 328}
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Articles 46–53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties set out the only ways that treaties can be invalidated—considered unenforceable and void under international law. A treaty will be invalidated due to either the circumstances by which a state party joined the treaty, or due to the content of the treaty itse...
Which processes simply alter the consent given by parties to a previously valid treaty rather than invalidating the consent completely?
{'text': 'withdrawal, suspension, or termination', 'answer_start': 354}
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The passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role in the Antarctic eco...
When was the Antarctic Conservation Act passed by the U.S.?
{'text': '1978', 'answer_start': 47}
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The variance in prevalence rates is reflected in people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time. Laumann et al., (1994) found that among U.S. adults 20% of those who would be considered homosexual on one component of orie...
What makes it difficult to determine if someone is homosexual or not?
{'text': 'individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed', 'answer_start': 1193}
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The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when religion began to be contemplated in a new way. Men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister. Instead, they travelled among the people, taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church. Out of this ideal emer...
Who led the Friars Minor order at this time?
{'text': 'Francis of Assisi', 'answer_start': 390}
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Although the existence of dictionaries and encyclopedias spanned into ancient times, the texts changed from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words in 18th-century encyclopedic dictionaries. The works were part of an Enlightenment movement to systematize knowledge an...
What movement were dictionaries and encyclopedias trying to promote?
{'text': 'to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite', 'answer_start': 293}
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Athanasius knew Greek and admitted not knowing Hebrew [see, e.g., the 39th Festal Letter of St. Athan.]. The Old Testament passages he quotes frequently come from the Septuagint Greek translation. Only rarely did he use other Greek versions (to Aquila once in the Ecthesis, to other versions once or twice on the Psalms)...
What part of the Old Testament did he not know?
{'text': 'Septuagint', 'answer_start': 167}
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However, Avicenna posited the brain as the place where reason interacts with sensation. Sensation prepares the soul to receive rational concepts from the universal Agent Intellect. The first knowledge of the flying person would be "I am," affirming his or her essence. That essence could not be the body, obviously, as t...
In Avicenna's "Floating Man", what could the essence of a person be?
{'text': 'the body', 'answer_start': 295}
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Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NAT...
What non-NATO force are the Canadians part of?
{'text': 'Airborne Early Warning Force', 'answer_start': 271}
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It was unclear if Shell would recommence drilling in mid-2013, following the "Kulluk" incident and, in February 2013, the corporation stated that it would "pause" its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast in 2013, and will instead prepare for future exploration. In January 2014, the corporation announc...
When was the original suspension of the drilling program?
{'text': 'mid-2013', 'answer_start': 53}
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In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA.
In what fields of science is the genome studied?
{'text': 'molecular biology and genetics', 'answer_start': 10}
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The Portuguese found the island uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and fresh water. They imported livestock, fruit trees and vegetables, and built a chapel and one or two houses. Though they formed no permanent settlement, the island was an important rendezvous point and source of food for ships travelling from As...
What was the island a source of for ships travelling from Asia to Europe?
{'text': 'food', 'answer_start': 287}
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From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzymała: "I have to lie in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much." He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a repeat performance of ...
What second performance did Chopin have to decline to play?
{'text': 'Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement', 'answer_start': 324}
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The University of Houston System's annual impact on the Houston area's economy equates to that of a major corporation: $1.1 billion in new funds attracted annually to the Houston area, $3.13 billion in total economic benefit and 24,000 local jobs generated. This is in addition to the 12,500 new graduates the U.H. Syste...
How many student graduate from the University of Houston per year?
{'text': '12,500', 'answer_start': 285}
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In the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotat...
Where did Wilson increase police corruption?
{'text': 'Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department', 'answer_start': 210}
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Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the “speed po...
How many regions does the Hurter-Driffield curve have?
{'text': 'five', 'answer_start': 159}
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Adolescents tend to associate with "cliques" on a small scale and "crowds" on a larger scale. During early adolescence, adolescents often associate in cliques, exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close. Despite the common notion that cliques are an inherently negative influence, they m...
Do adolescents associate with "crowds" on a large or small scale?
{'text': 'larger', 'answer_start': 80}
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The Office of Government Information Services (OGIS) is a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) resource for the public and the government. Congress has charged NARA with reviewing FOIA policies, procedures and compliance of Federal agencies and to recommend changes to FOIA. NARA's mission also includes resolving FOIA disp...
NARA is ordered by congress to review what type of policies?
{'text': 'FOIA policies', 'answer_start': 177}
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Thermodynamics divides energy transformation into two kinds: reversible processes and irreversible processes. An irreversible process is one in which energy is dissipated (spread) into empty energy states available in a volume, from which it cannot be recovered into more concentrated forms (fewer quantum states), witho...
Thermodynamics multiplies energy information into what two kinds?
{'text': 'reversible processes and irreversible processes', 'answer_start': 61}
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In the general election, Kerry was initially favored to defeat the Republican candidate, former State Representative Paul W. Cronin, and conservative Democrat Roger P. Durkin, who ran as an Independent. A week after the primary, one poll put Kerry 26-points ahead of Cronin. His campaign called for a national health ins...
How did Kerry want to create jobs?
{'text': 'a jobs programme to clean up the Merrimack River', 'answer_start': 385}
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Maharaja Ranjit Singh's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. Relationships with neighbouring British territories then broke down, starting the First Anglo-Sikh War; this led to a British o...
When did Ranjit Singh die?
{'text': 'summer of 1839', 'answer_start': 37}
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By the late 1990s, blue LEDs became widely available. They have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission can in theory be varied from violet to am...
What LEDs are more efficient when produced from the InGaN/GaN systems than without?
{'text': 'Green', 'answer_start': 763}
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There is also a widespread view[vague][who?] that giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels would discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness.[citation needed] There has also been a relucta...
What could keep the crisis states independent?
{'text': 'giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels', 'answer_start': 50}
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During the Cenozoic era, specifically about 25 million years ago during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, the continental climate became favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. The grasslands provided a new niche for mammals, including many un...
In what era did ungulates start eating a browsing diet?
{'text': 'Cenozoic', 'answer_start': 11}
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Cork was originally a monastic settlement, reputedly founded by Saint Finbarr in the 6th century. Cork achieved an urban character at some point between 915 and 922 when Norseman (Viking) settlers founded a trading port. It has been proposed that, like Dublin, Cork was an important trading centre in the global Scandina...
What kind of settlement was Cork?
{'text': 'ecclesiastical', 'answer_start': 344}
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Sir John Call argued the advantages of Norfolk Island in that it was uninhabited and that New Zealand flax grew there. In 1786 the British government included Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, as proposed by John Call, in its plan for colonisation of New South Wales. The decision to settle Norfolk Island was t...
In what year did the British government include Norfolk Island as a auxiliary settlement?
{'text': '1786', 'answer_start': 122}
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Educational attainment: In 2000, according to the U.S. Census, out of the nearly 800,000 people in the Bronx who were then at least 25 years old, 62.3% had graduated from high school and 14.6% held a bachelor's or higher college degree. These percentages were lower than those for New York's other boroughs, which ranged...
What percent of the Brooklyn population has a high school diploma, as of 2000?
{'text': '68.8%', 'answer_start': 326}