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Origins of the Six-Day War | Before UNEF could be deployed in 1956 negotiations were necessary with the compliant host country, Egypt, Israel having refused to host the peacekeepers.
A key principle governing the stationing and functioning of UNEF, and later of all other peacekeeping forces, was the consent of the host Government. Since it was n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War |
Approximations of π | Many other expressions for π were developed and published by Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan. He worked with mathematician Godfrey Harold Hardy in England for a number of years.
Extremely long decimal expansions of π are typically computed with the Gauss–Legendre algorithm and Borwein's algorithm; the Salamin–... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximations_of_%CF%80 |
Six-Day War | Further south, on 5 June, the 8th Armored Brigade under Colonel Albert Mandler, initially positioned as a ruse to draw off Egyptian forces from the real invasion routes, attacked the fortified bunkers at Kuntilla, a strategically valuable position whose capture would enable Mandler to block reinforcements from reaching... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War |
Constantine the Great | Following Galerius' recognition of Constantine as caesar, Constantine's portrait was brought to Rome, as was customary. Maxentius mocked the portrait's subject as the son of a harlot and lamented his own powerlessness. Maxentius, envious of Constantine's authority, seized the title of emperor on 28 October 306. Galeriu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great |
Battle of Jenin (2002) | On April 18, as Israeli troops began pulling out of Jenin and Nablus, UN envoy Terje Roed-Larsen entered the camp. He told reporters that the devastation was, "horrific beyond belief," and relayed his view that it was "morally repugnant" that Israel had not allowed emergency workers into the camp after the battle with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(2002) |
Marinid Sultanate | Not many Marinid textiles have survived, but it is assumed that luxurious silks continued to be made as in previous periods. The only reliably-dated Marinid textiles extant today are three impressive banners which were captured from Sultan Abu al-Hasan's army in the Battle of Rio Salado in 1340 by Alfonso XI. Today the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate |
Sasanian Empire | The Persians had long known of the Egyptian calendar, with its 365 days divided into 12 months. However, the traditional Zoroastrian calendar had 12 months of 30 days each. During the reign of Ardashir I, an effort was made to introduce a more accurate Zoroastrian calendar for the year, so 5 extra days were added to it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Hellenistic period | Hellenistic warfare was a continuation of the military developments of Iphicrates and Philip II of Macedon, particularly his use of the Macedonian phalanx, a dense formation of pikemen, in conjunction with heavy companion cavalry. Armies of the Hellenistic period differed from those of the classical period in being lar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period |
Salafi movement | Due to its approach of rejecting taqlid, Salafiyya school is considered as deviant by certain ulema (clerics) of the orthodox Sunnis like Ash'arite and Maturidite schools, who champion themselves as the Sunni Islamic orthodoxy and believe Taqlid of the four madhabs to be wajib (obligatory) for the matter of Fiqh (Islam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Tulunids | Ahmad ibn Tulun founded his own capital, al-Qatā'i, north of the previous capital Fustat, where he seated his government. One of the dominant features of this city, and indeed the feature that survives today, was the Mosque of Ibn Tulun. The mosque is built in a Samarran style that was common in the period during which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulunids |
Edessa | The Byzantine Empire often tried to retake Edessa, especially under Romanos I Lekapenos, who obtained from the inhabitants the "Image of Edessa", an ancient portrait of Christ, and solemnly transferred it to Constantinople, August 16, 944. This was the final great achievement of Romanus's reign. This venerable and famo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa |
Arameans | Arameans were mostly defined by their use of the West Semitic Old Aramaic language (1100 BCE – 200 CE), which was first written using the Phoenician alphabet but over time modified to a specifically-Aramaic alphabet.
Aramaic first appeared in history during the opening centuries of the Iron Age, when several newly-emer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arameans |
Sumerian language | In the Old Babylonian period and after it, the Sumerian used by scribes was influenced by their mother tongue, Akkadian, and sometimes more generally by imperfect acquisition of the language. As a result, various deviations from its original structure occur in texts or copies of texts from these times. The following ef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_language |
Moncef Marzouki | On 12 December 2011, the Constituent Assembly of Tunisia, a body elected to govern the country and draft a new constitution, elected Marzouki as interim president, with 155 votes for, 3 against, and 42 blank votes. Blank votes were the result of a boycott from the opposition parties, who considered the new mini-constit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncef_Marzouki |
Islamic State | IS is a theocracy, proto-state, or quasi-state, and a Salafi jihadist group. The organization's ideology has been described as a hybrid of Qutbism, Takfirism, Salafism, Salafi jihadism, Wahhabism, and Sunni Islamist fundamentalism. Although IS claims to adhere to the Salafi theology of Ibn Taymiyyah, it rebels against ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State |
Al-Maqrizi | A direct student of Ibn Khaldun, al-Maqrīzī was born in Cairo and spent most of his life in Egypt. When he presents himself in his books he usually stops at the 10th forefather although he confessed to some of his close friends that he can trace his ancestry to al-Mu‘izz li-Dīn Allāh – first Fatimid caliph in Egypt and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maqrizi |
Concubinage | Concubinatus was a monogamous union recognized socially and to some extent legally as an alternative to marriage in the Roman Empire. Concubinage was practiced most often in couples when one partner, almost always the man, belonged to a higher social rank, especially the senatorial order, who were penalized for marryin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinage |
Hegra (Mada'in Salih) | The Nabatean site of Hegra was built around a residential zone and its oasis during the 1st century CE. The sandstone outcroppings were carved to build the necropolis. A total of four necropolis sites have survived, which featured 131 monumental rock-cut tombs spread out over 13.4 km (8.3 mi), many with inscribed Nabat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih) |
History of painting | Ancient Egypt, a civilization with very strong traditions of architecture and sculpture (both originally painted in bright colours) also had many mural paintings in temples and buildings, and painted illustrations on papyrus manuscripts. Egyptian wall painting and decorative painting is often graphic, sometimes more sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_painting |
Menelik II | Menelik II is argued to be the founder of modern Ethiopia. Before Menelik's colonial conquests, Ethiopia and Adal Sultanate had been devastated by numerous wars, the most recent of which was fought in the 16th century. In the intervening period, military tactics had not changed much. In the 16th century, the Portuguese... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelik_II |
Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia | After World War II (1939–1945) and during the Cold War (c. 1947–1991), Saudi Arabia maintained an anti-Communist, anti-secular Arab-nationalist policy, often working with the leading anti-communist power, the United States. Following the 1973 oil crisis, when Saudi Arabia and other Arab oil exporters embargoed the Uni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Roman Egypt | The imperially-appointed archiereus for Alexandria and All Egypt was responsible for the administrative management of the temples, beyond those of the imperial cult, dedicated to Graeco-Roman deities and the ancient Egyptian gods.: 95 He controlled access to the priesthoods of the Egyptian cults: the ritual circumcisi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt |
Sharia | The domain of furūʿ al-fiqh (lit. branches of fiqh) is traditionally divided into ʿibādāt (rituals or acts of worship) and muʿāmalāt (social relations). Many jurists further divided the body of substantive jurisprudence into "the four quarters", called rituals, sales, marriage and injuries. Each of these terms figurati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Zionism | The arrival of Zionist settlers to Palestine in the late 19th century is widely seen as the start of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.: 70
Zionists wanted to create a Jewish state in Palestine with as much land, as many Jews, and as few Palestinian Arabs as possible. In response to Ben-Gurion's 1938 quote that "politi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism |
Bajuni people | The Bajuni people collectively refer to themselves and are known as Wabajuni. They speak Kibajuni, a dialect of the Bantu Swahili language. Kibajuni is only spoken by the Bajuni people and is an important indicator of their ethnicity. This is essential because the ethnicity of the Bajuni defines their social standing i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajuni_people |
Pseudo-Kufic | Numerous instances of pseudo-Kufic are known from European art from around the 10th to the 15th century. Pseudo-Kufic inscriptions were often used as decorative bands in the architecture of Byzantine Greece from the mid 11th century to mid-12th century, and in decorative bands around religious scenes in French and Germ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic |
Egyptian mythology | The development of Egyptian myth is difficult to trace. Egyptologists must make educated guesses about its earliest phases, based on written sources that appeared much later. One obvious influence on myth is the Egyptians' natural surroundings. Each day the sun rose and set, bringing light to the land and regulating hu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_mythology |
Afghanistan | The country's natural resources include: coal, copper, iron ore, lithium, uranium, rare earth elements, chromite, gold, zinc, talc, barite, sulfur, lead, marble, precious and semi-precious stones, natural gas, and petroleum. In 2010, US and Afghan government officials estimated that untapped mineral deposits located in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan |
Hasan ibn Ali | Veccia Vaglieri finds certain variants of the treaty impossible to reconcile. She lists several conditions in the early sources and questions their veracity, including an annual payment of one or two million dirhams to Hasan, a single payment of five million dirhams from the treasury of Kufa, annual revenues from vario... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali |
Middle Ages | Charlemagne continued the Frankish tradition of dividing his empire between his sons, but only one son – Louis the Pious (r. 814–40) – was still alive by 813. Louis's reign was marked by divisions of the empire among his sons and civil wars between various alliances of father and sons. Three years after his death, his ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Berber carpet | Modern industrialized Berber carpets are distinguished by a loop pile construction type that gives a similar appearance to the distinct knot of traditionally woven Berber carpets. The modern carpets usually contain small flecks of dark colour on lighter shades of background colours resembling a natural undyed version o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_carpet |
Equatorial Guinea | Spain had not occupied the large area in the Bight of Biafra to which it had right by treaty, and the French had busily expanded their occupation at the expense of the territory claimed by Spain. Madrid only partly backed the explorations of men like Manuel Iradier who had signed treaties in the interior as far as Gabo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea |
Córdoba, Spain | Under rule of the Banu Yahwar, Cordobese power did not extend far from the city, as other independent polities emerged in the rest of the former caliphate. An estimation of 65,000 inhabitants has been proposed for 11th-century Córdoba.
In 1070, forces from the Abbadid Taifa of Seville entered Córdoba to help in the def... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain |
BP | Helge Lund succeeded Carl-Henric Svanberg on 1 January 2019 as chairman of BP Plc board of directors, and Bernard Looney succeeded Bob Dudley on 5 February 2020 as chief executive. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, BP claimed that it would "accelerate the transition to a lower carbon economy and energy system" after announ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP |
Ash'arism | The Ashʿarī school of Islamic theology holds that:
God is all-powerful (omnipotent).
Good is what God commands—as revealed in the Quran and the ḥadīth—and is by definition just; evil is what God forbids and is likewise unjust. Right and wrong are in no way determined intuitively or naturally, they are not objective re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%27arism |
Paul Bowles | In Paris, Bowles became a part of Gertrude Stein's literary and artistic circle. On her advice, he made his first visit to Tangier with Aaron Copland in the summer of 1931. They took a house on the mountain above Tangier Bay. Bowles later made Morocco his full-time home, and it inspired many of his short stories. From ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bowles |
War against the Islamic State | On 12 August 2014, the United Kingdom deployed six Tornado GR4 strike aircraft to RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus to help coordinate its humanitarian aid airdrops in Northern Iraq. On 16 August 2014, following the completion of humanitarian aid airdrops, the Tornado GR4s, along with an RC-135 Rivet Joint signals intelligence ai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State |
Tigray People's Liberation Front | After the Tigray War significantly reshaped the region's political landscape, the TPLF faced deepening divisions following the signing of the Pretoria Agreement. These divisions emerged between two factions: a 'hardline' group led by TPLF chairman Debretsion Gebremichael and a 'conciliatory' group led by deputy chairpe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front |
Saffron | The saffron crocus, unknown in the wild, probably descends from Crocus cartwrightianus. It is a triploid that is "self-incompatible" and male sterile; it undergoes aberrant meiosis and is hence incapable of independent sexual reproduction—all propagation is by vegetative multiplication via manual "divide-and-set" of a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffron |
Mandate for Palestine | Discussions about the assignment of the region's control began immediately after the war ended and continued at the Paris Peace Conference and the February 1920 Conference of London, and the assignment was made at the April 1920 San Remo conference. The Allied Supreme Council granted the mandates for Palestine and Meso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine |
Indian maritime history | The region around the Indus river began to show visible increase in both the length and the frequency of maritime voyages by 3000 BCE. Optimum conditions for viable long-distance voyages existed in this region by 2900 BCE. Mesopotamian inscriptions indicate that Indian traders from the Indus valley—carrying copper, har... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_maritime_history |
Pseudo-Geber | Islamic alchemy was held in high esteem by 13th century European alchemists, and the author adopted the name of an illustrious predecessor, as was usual practice at the time.
The authorship of Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan) was first questioned in the late 19th century by the studies of Kopp, Hoefer, Berthelot, and Lippman... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Geber |
Punic people | It is unclear when the Phoenicians began to seriously colonize North Africa. Writers in antiquity, such as Pliny the Elder, dated the beginning of the colonization efforts to the 12th and 11th centuries BC, as several legends describe interactions between Phoenician colonists and famous figures from the Trojan War, suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_people |
Dole plc | In 1899, industrialist James Dole moved to Hawaii. James was the cousin of Sanford B. Dole, who had helped overthrow the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893, and became the governor of Hawaii in 1898. Two years after James Dole's arrival, he formed the Hawaiian Pineapple Company (HPC). The HPC delivered its first shipment of can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dole_plc |
Raskamboni Movement | Alliance for the Reliberation of Somalia - Asmara wing (ARS-A) and JABISO militias, which were aligned with al-Shabaab in Hiiraan and Mogadishu refused to support the Ras Kamboni Brigades, meanwhile Muaskar Anole remained neutral. The fighting led to a split within the Ras Kamboni Brigades, with a faction led by Ahmed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raskamboni_Movement |
2012–2013 Egyptian protests | On 8 July, Mohamed Morsi issued a decree calling back into session the dissolved parliament for 10 July 2012. Morsi's decree also called for new parliamentary elections to be held within 60 days of the adoption of a new constitution for the country, which was tentatively expected for late 2012. A constitutional assembl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Egyptian_protests |
Hellenistic-era warships | Lucien Basch (1989) "Le 'navire invaincu à neuf rangées de rameurs' de Pausanias (I, 29.1) et le 'Monument des Taureaux', à Delos", in TROPIS III, ed. H. Tzalas, Athens. ISBN 978-1-107-00133-6
Casson, Lionel (1991). The Ancient Mariners (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01477-9.
Casson, Lionel (1995). S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships |
Sinbad the Sailor | "Sinbad the Sailor" (1920) artwork by Paul Klee (Swiss-German artist, 1879–1940).
In 1950, St. John Publications published a one shot comic called Son of Sinbad.
In 1958, Dell Comics published a one shot comic based on the film The 7th Voyage of Sinbad.
In 1963, Gold Key Comics published a one shot comic based on the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor |
Yemeni civil war (2014–present) | After several weeks of street protests against the Hadi administration, which made cuts to fuel subsidies that were unpopular with the group, the Houthis fought the Yemen Army forces under the command of General Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar. In a battle that lasted only a few days, Houthi fighters seized control of Sanaa, the Y... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present) |
Crusades | The Crusades of 1239–1241, also known as the Barons' Crusade, were a series of crusades to the Holy Land that, in territorial terms, were the most successful since the First Crusade. The major expeditions were led separately by Theobald I of Navarre and Richard of Cornwall. These crusades are sometimes discussed along ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades |
Sultanate of Mogadishu | The Sultanate of Mogadishu dates back to at least the 10th century based on Mogadishan coins minted and bearing dates from that period.
These coins also bear reference to early sultans with the earliest being Isma’il ibn Muhammad during the period of 923-24.
Following his visit to the city, the 12th-century historian Y... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu |
Dual (grammatical number) | Along with the Sorbian languages, Chakavian, some Kajkavian dialects, and the extinct Old Church Slavonic, Slovene uses the dual. Although popular sources claim that Slovene has "preserved full grammatical use of the dual," Standard Slovene (and, to varying degrees, Slovene dialects) show significant reduction of the d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number) |
Zinc | Roughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States in 2009 was consumed in zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber to disperse heat. Zinc oxide is used to protect rubber polymers and plastics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc |
Dubai International Airport | The opening of Terminal 2 in 1998 saw the first step of phase 1 of the new development master plan launched in 1997. In the second stage, Concourse 1 named Sheikh Rashid Terminal opened in April 2000. The concourse is 0.8 km (0.50 mi) in length and connects to the check-in area by a 0.3 km (0.19 mi) tunnel containing m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_International_Airport |
Abu Bakr al-Razi | The views and quotes that are often ascribed to al-Razi where he appears to be critical of religion are found in a book written by Abu Hatim al-Razi, called Aʿlām al-nubuwwa (Signs of Prophecy), which documents a debate between Abu Hatim and al-Razi. Abu Hatim was an Isma'ili missionary who debated al-Razi, but whether... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi |
Arabs | The Ghassanids, Lakhmids and Kindites were the last major migration of pre-Islamic Arabs out of Yemen to the north. The Ghassanids increased the Semitic presence in then-Hellenized Syria, the majority of Semites were Aramaic peoples. They mainly settled in the Hauran region and spread to modern Lebanon, Palestine and J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs |
Al-Mahdi | On 9 February 782, His son, Harun departed Baghdad; the Arabs crossed the Taurus Mountains by the Cilician Gates, and swiftly took the border fortress of Magida. They then advanced along the military roads across the plateau into Phrygia. There, Harun left his lieutenant, the hadjib al-Rabi' ibn Yunus, to besiege Nakol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi |
British Somaliland | The 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion was an uprising by tribesmen of the Habr Je'lo clan in the cities of Burao and Erigavo in the former British Somaliland protectorate against British authorities in July 1945 led by Sheikh Bashir, a Somali religious leader belonging to the Yeesif sub-division.
On 2 July, Sheikh Hamza col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Somaliland |
Algeria | Around ~1.8-million-year-old stone artifacts from Ain Hanech (Algeria) were considered to represent the oldest archaeological materials in North Africa. Stone artifacts and cut-marked bones that were excavated from two nearby deposits at Ain Boucherit are estimated to be ~1.9 million years old, and even older stone art... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria |
Medieval art | Medieval art had little sense of its own art history, and this disinterest was continued in later periods. The Renaissance generally dismissed it as a "barbarous" product of the "Dark Ages", and the term "Gothic" was invented as a deliberately pejorative one, first used by the painter Raphael in a letter of 1519 to ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_art |
Agence France-Presse | Agence France-Presse has its origins in the Agence Havas, founded in 1835 in Paris by Charles-Louis Havas, making it the world's oldest news service. The agency pioneered the collection and dissemination of news as a commodity, and had established itself as a fully global concern by the late 19th century. Two Havas emp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse |
Dhulbahante | During the colonial period, the Chief of the Dhulbahante clan, Garad Ali Garad Mohamoud, did not want to be under British occupation nor under Dervish authority, instead he wanted to retain his autonomy as clan chief. The Garad and Sayyid Mohamed Abdullah Hassan had a heated altercation which concluded with Garad Ali s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhulbahante |
North Yemen civil war | The republicans were supported by Egypt and were supplied warplanes from the Soviet Union. Anwar Sadat was convinced that a regiment reinforced with aircraft could firmly secure Al-Sallal and his free officer movement, but within three months of sending troops to Yemen, Nasser realized that this would require a larger ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war |
Neoplatonism | Neoplatonism ostensibly survived in the Eastern Christian Church as an independent tradition and was reintroduced to the West by Pletho (c. 1355 – 1452/1454), an avowed pagan and opponent of the Byzantine Church, inasmuch as the latter, under Western scholastic influence, relied heavily upon Aristotelian methodology. P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism |
Giralda | The minaret of the mosque still stands as the Giralda. The base at street level is a square of 13.6 m (45 ft) on the side and which sits on a solid foundation which is a bit wider, 15–16 m (49.21–52.49 ft) and about 5 m (16 ft) deep. The foundation is built with solid, rectangular stones, some taken and reused from the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giralda |
Ptolemaic Kingdom | Cleopatra VII ascended the Egyptian throne on 22 March 51 BC upon the death of her father, Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos. She reigned as queen "philopator" and pharaoh with various male co-regents from 51 to 30 BC.
The demise of the Ptolemies' power coincided with the growing dominance of the Roman Republic. With one empir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom |
Madinat al-Zahra | The Upper Garden (Jardín Alto in Spanish) stretches out in front of the Salón Rico and occupies an elevated terrace that is 10 meters higher than the surrounding areas on the east, south, and west. The terrace is artificial, though the builders probably used an existing spur of the hills to start. Its walls are reinfor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinat_al-Zahra |
Zellij | In the 16th century most of North Africa came under Ottoman rule. In Algeria, the indigenous zellij style was mostly supplanted by small square tiles imported from Europe – especially from Italy, Spain, and Delft – and sometimes from Tunis. Some examples of more traditional mosaic tiles found in this late period may ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellij |
Honor killing | The cultural features which lead to honor killings are complex. Honor killings involve violence and fear as tools for maintaining control. Honor killings are argued to have their origins among nomadic peoples and herdsmen: such populations carry all their valuables with them and risk having them stolen, and they do not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_killing |
Arab culture | Arabic music is the music of Arab people, especially those centered around the Arabian Peninsula. The world of Arab music has long been dominated by Cairo, a cultural center, though musical innovation and regional styles abound from Tunisia to Saudi Arabia. Beirut has, in recent years, also become a major center of Ara... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_culture |
Eshnunna | Al-Luhaibi, Ahmed A., "New Cylinder Seals From Tell Asmar (The Ancient City Of Eshnunna) From The Iraqi Eexcavations 2001–2002", Iraq 85, pp. 29-48, 2023
Chubb, Mary (1999). City In the Sand (2nd ed.). Libri. ISBN 1-901965-02-3.
Civil, M., “A School Exercise from Tell Asmar”. Studia Orientalia Electronica, vol. 46, pp.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshnunna |
Status of Jerusalem | From 1517 until the First World War, Jerusalem was part of the Ottoman Empire. It was part of the Damascus eyalet (province) until, as a result of widespread administrative reform in the mid-1800s, it became an independent sanjak (district) in 1872. From the 1860s, the Jewish community became the largest religious mino... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem |
Kalam | Al-Shawkani, a 18th AD Atharism, and Zahiri scholar, early Salafi movement figure, and and Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab contemporary; has expressed his view for literal theological interpretation and opposition to kalam (speculative theology)
Siddiq Hasan Khan, 19th AD North Indian Salafi scholar, co-founder of Ahl-i Ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam |
Bernard Lewis | The first two editions of Lewis's The Emergence of Modern Turkey (1961 and 1968) describe the Armenian genocide as "the terrible holocaust of 1915, when a million and a half Armenians perished". In later editions, this text is altered to "the terrible slaughter of 1915, when, according to estimates, more than a million... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis |
Abd al-Rahman III | During the first 20 years of his rule, Abd al-Rahman avoided military action against the northern Christian kingdoms, Asturias and the Kingdom of Navarre. The Muwallad rebels were the first problem he confronted. Those powerful families were supported by Iberians who were openly or secretly Christians and had acted wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III |
Hayreddin Barbarossa | In 1503, Oruç managed to seize three more ships and made the island of Djerba his new base, thus moving his operations to the Western Mediterranean. Khizr joined Oruç at Djerba. In 1504, the brothers contacted Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil, ruler of Tunis, and asked permission to use the strategically located ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa |
Middle Ages | According to David Lindberg, the medieval period has frequently been described as a "time of barbarism, ignorance, and superstition" which placed "religious authority above personal experience and rational activity". This is a legacy of the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars favourably contrasted their intell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad | Following the death of al-Wathiq in 847, Ibn Abi Du'ad formed a council with Ibn al-Zayyat and other senior officials to determine who should succeed the caliph, eventually settling on al-Wathiq's brother Ja'far. Ibn Abi Du'ad gave the nominee the regnal title of al-Mutawakkil, and the latter was accordingly invested w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Du%27ad |
Middle Persian | Middle Persian has been written in a number of different scripts. The corpora in different scripts also exhibit other linguistic differences that are partly due to their different ages, dialects and scribal traditions.
The Pahlavi scripts are abjads derived from the imperial variety of the Aramaic alphabet used in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian |
Hyderabad | As of 2018, the most commonly used forms of medium-distance transport in Hyderabad include government-owned services such as light railways and buses, as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws. These altogether serve 3.5 million passengers daily. Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad |
Amenemhat I | Two literary works dating from the end of the reign give a picture about Amenemhat I's death. The Instructions of Amenemhat were supposedly counsels that the deceased king gave to his son during a dream. In the passage where he warns Senusret I against too great intimacy with his subjects, he tells the story of his own... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenemhat_I |
Nafir | In Persia, the Arab military orchestra tabl-chāna, consisting of kettle drums, cylinder drums, cymbals, straight and curved trumpets, and cone oboes, which initially belonged to the privileges of the caliphs and emirs, was soon also permitted under the Buyid dynasty (ruled 930–1062). Military commanders and ministers a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafir |
Sudanese civil war (2023–present) | On 14 April, the official SAF social media page published a video which it said was of operations carried out by the Sudanese Air Force against the RSF. Al Jazeera's monitoring and verification unit claimed the video had been fabricated using footage from the video game Arma 3 that was published on TikTok in March 2023... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present) |
Ashik | Ashik Summani, Ashig Aly, Molla Juma, Ashig Musa,
Ashiq Basti (1836–1936), is one of the most outstanding female representatives of the art of Ashig in nineteenth century Azerbaijan. She was born in the Loh village of the Kalbajar region. She had a deep knowledge of Azerbaijani folk literature and was able to recite p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashik |
Qira'at | Discussing different views on when the Quran reached a state of codification or stability Fred Donner argues that due to the variant readings which "circulated in great numbers" prior to the canonical selection, as well as the canonical differences, the Quran had not yet crystalized into a single, immutable codified fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qira%27at |
Mashhad | Universities
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad – International Campus Archived 22 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine
Golbahar University of Science and New Technology
Imam Reza International University Archived 5 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine
Islamic Azad University of Khorasan – Golbaha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhad |
Human rights in Syria | Syrians can not leave the country without an "exit visa" granted by the authorities. Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides for the human right of Freedom of Movement as such "(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. (2) Everyone has the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria |
Anglo-Iraqi War | From 7 to 8 May elements of the 20th Indian Infantry Brigade and the 21st Indian Infantry Brigade captured Ashar, near Basra. Ashar was well defended, and the Iraqi defenders inflicted a number of casualties on the British attackers. The British units involved were A, B, C, and D companies of 2nd battalion 8th Gurkha R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War |
Diriyah | Although the location is sometimes identified with an ancient settlement mentioned by Yaqut and Al-Hamadani known as "Ghabra", the history of Diriyah proper dates back to the 15th century. According to the chroniclers of Nejd, the city was founded in 1446–47 by Mani' Al-Muraydi (مانع المريدي), an ancestor of the Saudi ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diriyah |
List of Muslim states and dynasties | Bangladesh
Khalji dynasty (1204–1231)
Balban dynasty (1287–1324)
Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576) under:
Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1342–1415, 1437–1487)
Bani Ganesh (1418–1437)
Hussain Shahi dynasty (1493–1538)
Muhammad Shahi dynasty (1554–1564)
Karrani dynasty (1564–1576)
Nawabs of Bengal (1717–1880)
Prithimpassa Estate (1499... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties |
University of al-Qarawiyyin | UNESCO has previously described al-Qarawiyyin to be the "oldest university in the world" in the World Heritage Sites entry for Medina of Fez. UNESCO describes the University of Bologna (founded in 1088 and usually recognized as the oldest medieval European university) as the "oldest university of the Western world". So... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin |
An-Nisa, 34 | There are a number of translations of the original Arabic 4:34.
The term iḍribūhunna (usually translated, 'beat them') in 4:34 is the imperative form of the phrase ḍaraba (Arabic: ضرب 'to beat, beat, smote, or strike'). Scholars interpret iḍribūhunna in different ways. Whereas the consensus interprets it to mean "to s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nisa,_34 |
First Sealand dynasty | Traditionally, all that was known about Sealand came from a few Kings List entries and the stray chronicle mention. It has been suggested that much of the writing in this period used waxed wooden boards, as a way of explaining the paucity of standard tablets found. Recently (2009) 450 published tablets mainly from the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty |
Women in Islam | The word "strike" in this verse which is understood as "beating" or "hitting" in English – w'aḍribūhunna – is derived from the Arabic root word ḍaraba, which has over fifty derivations and definitions, including "to separate', "to oscillate" and "to play music". The common conservative interpretations translate and un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Islam |
Siege of Taiz | On 18 April, Houthi militias and forces loyal to ousted president Ali Abdullah Saleh continued to bomb residential neighborhoods in the city of Taiz and the opening of the eastern and western ports of the city, despite the signing of a truce agreement on a day before. The official Yemeni news agency quoted a local Yeme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Taiz |
Aghlabid architecture | The Muslim conquest of North Africa took place progressively during the 7th century. During this period, the city of Kairouan was founded in 670 and served as the regional capital of the Maghreb. The Great Mosque of Kairouan, the city's congregational mosque, was also initially founded in 670. The Abbasid revolution in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture |
Al-Mansur | According to al-Suyuti's History of the Caliphs, al-Mansur lived 95 AH – 158 AH (714 CE – 6 October 775 CE). Al-Mansur was born at the home of the Abbasid family in Humeima (modern-day Jordan) after their emigration from the Hejaz in 714 (95 AH). His mother was Sallamah, a slave woman. Al-Mansur was a brother of al-Saf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur |
Spread of Islam | The history of Arab and Islamic rule in the Iberian peninsula is probably one of the most studied periods of European history. For centuries after the Arab conquest, European accounts of Arab rule in Iberia were negative. European points of view started changing with the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in new de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam |
ArabLit | ArabLit was founded in 2009 as a blog and has since developed into a source of daily news and views on Arabic literature and translation. On its webpage, in podcasts and its YouTube channel, ArabLit has published translations, essays and reviews of Arabic literature, often curated by contributing editors, background in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArabLit |
M1 Abrams | Further combat was seen during 2003 when U.S. forces invaded Iraq and deposed Iraqi President Saddam Hussein in the Iraq War's Operation Iraqi Freedom. One achievement of the M1A1s was the destruction of seven T-72s in a point-blank skirmish (less than 50 yards (46 m)) near Mahmoudiyah, about 18 miles (29 km) south of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams |
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