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Thābit ibn Qurra | In mathematics, Thābit derived an equation for determining amicable numbers. His proof of this rule is presented in the Treatise on the Derivation of the Amicable Numbers in an Easy Way. This was done while writing on the theory of numbers, extending their use to describe the ratios between geometrical quantities, a st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C4%81bit_ibn_Qurra |
Nizam al-Mulk | Around the year of 1043, Abu Ali Hasan stopped serving the Ghaznavids and entered the service of the Seljuk Turks. He later became chief administrator of the entire Khorasan province by 1059. When Tughril died childless in the city of Ray, he was succeeded by his nephew Suleiman which was contested by Alp Arslan, both ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk |
Palestinian fedayeen | The tactic of exporting their struggle against Israel beyond the Middle East was first adopted by the Palestinian fedayeen in 1968. According to John Follain, it was Wadie Haddad of the PFLP who, unconvinced with the effectiveness of raids on military targets, masterminded the first hijacking of a civilian passenger pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_fedayeen |
Rumi | The Mewlewī Sufi order was founded in 1273 by Rumi's followers after his death. His first successor could have been Salah-eddin Zarkoub who served Rumi for a decade and Rumi revered him highly in his poets. Zarkoub was illiterate and uttered some words incorrectly. Rumi used some of these incorrect words in his poems t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi |
List of stories within One Thousand and One Nights | Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Bibars al-Bundukdari and the Sixteen Captains of Police
Breslau (930–940)
First Constable's History
Second Constable's History
Third Constable's History
Fourth Constable's History
Fifth Constable's History
Sixth Constable's History
Seventh Constable's History
Eighth Constable's History
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stories_within_One_Thousand_and_One_Nights |
Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world | Brass astrolabes were an invention of Late Antiquity. The first Islamic astronomer reported as having built an astrolabe is Muhammad al-Fazari (late 8th century). Astrolabes were popular in the Islamic world during the "Golden Age", chiefly as an aid to finding the qibla. The earliest known example is dated to 927/8 (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | On 20 June 2010, Israel's Security Cabinet approved a new system governing the blockade that would allow practically all non-military or dual-use items to enter the Gaza strip. According to a cabinet statement, Israel would "expand the transfer of construction materials designated for projects that have been approved b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip |
Kayseri | Republic Square
Kayseri Castle
Kayseri Clock Tower
Bürüngüz Mosque
Hunat Mosque
Kayseri Bazaar (Kapali Carsi)
Forum Kayseri
Surp Asdvadzadzin Virgin Mary Church Research Library (Surp Asdvadzadzin Meryem Ana Kilisesi Araştırma Kütüphanesi)
Atatürk House Museum
The National Struggle Museum
Inside the centre of Kayseri t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayseri |
Ayyubid dynasty | Rather than establishing a centralized empire, Saladin had established hereditary ownership throughout his lands, dividing his empire among his kinsmen, with family members presiding over semi-autonomous fiefs and principalities. Although these princes (emirs) owed allegiance to the Ayyubid sultan, they maintained rela... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Kharijites | Many Kharijites were well-versed in traditional Arabic eloquence and poetry, which the orientalist Giorgio Levi Della Vida attributes to the majority of their early leaders being from Bedouin stock. The sermons and poems of many Kharijite leaders were compiled into collections (diwans). Kharijite poetry is mainly conce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharijites |
Maghreb | Islam arrived in 647 and challenged the domination of Christianity. The first permanent foothold of Islam was the founding in 667 of the city of Kairouan, in present-day Tunisia. Carthage fell to Muslims in 698 and the remainder of the region fell by 709. Islamization proceeded slowly.
From the end of the 7th century, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb |
Denshawai incident | Egypt was under effective control of Lord Cromer. He believed that Egyptians were untrustworthy witnesses. He argued that floggings and other methods of torture were required to uncover the truth of what happened. Additionally, Major-General Bullock, the Commanding Officer of the Army of Occupation, requested that the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denshawai_incident |
Muammar Gaddafi | In June 1973, Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution: Third International Theory. This approach regarded both the US and the Soviet Union as imperialist and thus rejected Western capitalism as well as Marxist–Leninist atheism. In this respect, it was similar to the Three Worlds Theor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi |
Rationale for the Iraq War | The failure to find stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq caused considerable controversy, particularly in the United States. US President George W. Bush and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair defended their decision to go to war, alleging that many nations, even those opposed to war, believed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War |
Thabit number | For integer b ≥ 2, a Thabit number base b is a number of the form (b+1)·bn − 1 for a non-negative integer n. Also, for integer b ≥ 2, a Thabit number of the second kind base b is a number of the form (b+1)·bn + 1 for a non-negative integer n.
The Williams numbers are also a generalization of Thabit numbers. For integer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabit_number |
Alavi Bohras | When Saiyedna Jivabhai Ziyauddin saheb, the 32nd Da'i al-Mutlaq migrated from Ahmedabad to Vadodara in 1110 AH/1699 AD, Saiyedi Shaikhali from Surat along with his son Noorbhai visited Saiyedna saheb when he was busy constructing the mosque at the corner of Badri Mohalla named Masjid-e-Ziyaai. During that time Noorbha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alavi_Bohras |
Slavery in Africa | Early records of the trans-Saharan slave trade come from ancient Greek historian Herodotus in the 5th century BC. The Garamentes were recorded by Herodotus as engaging in the trans-Saharan slave trade and enslaving cave-dwelling "Ethiopians" (Ethiopian being a Greek term for Black as opposed to being from the region of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa |
Bahrain | In 1521, the Portuguese Empire allied with Hormuz and seized Bahrain from the Jabrid ruler Muqrin ibn Zamil, who was killed during the takeover. Portuguese rule lasted for around 80 years, during which time they depended mainly on Sunni Persian governors. The Portuguese were expelled from the islands in 1602 by Abbas I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain |
Israeli hip hop | Although Native Hebrew hip hop gained popularity only during the 1990s, stemming from global influences, traces of it could be found during the mid-1980s. Yair Nitzani, then a member of the Israeli rock group, "Tislam", released an old school hip hop parody album under the name "Hashem Tamid". Nitzani was mainly influe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_hip_hop |
Al-Farghani | The most influential work produced by al-Farghani was his textbook Kitāb fī Jawāmiʿ ʿIlm al-Nujūm (كتاب في جوامع علم النجوم A Compendium of the Science of the Stars) or Elements of astronomy on the celestial motions, written sometime between about 833 and 857. Elements was a descriptive summary of Ptolemy's Almagest th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farghani |
Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty | The peace treaty of Ramesses II and Hattušiliš III is known as one of the most important official "international" peace treaties between two great powers from the ancient Near East because its exact wording is known to us. Divided into points, the treaty flows between the Egyptians and Hittites as each side makes pledg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Hittite_peace_treaty |
Morocco–United States relations | In April 2009, 229 members of the U.S. House of Representatives, a clear majority and over 50 more than signed the letter in 2007, called on President Barack Obama to support Morocco's peace plan and to assist in drawing the conflict to a close. The signers included Democratic Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and Republican... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93United_States_relations |
Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition | State
Bangladesh: Bangladesh was one of the early members to join the alliance doing so on 15 December 2015. The country confirmed its membership in a joint statement by the founder nations that stated "a duty to protect the Islamic nation from the evils of all terrorist groups and organizations whatever their sect an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition |
Hadharem | Abaza, Mona (2009). "M. Asad Shahab: A Portrait of an Indonesian Hadrami Who Bridged the Two Worlds". In Tagliacozzo, Eric (ed.). Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, Movement, and the Longue Durée. NUS Press. pp. 250–274. ISBN 9789971694241. OCLC 260294282.
Abushouk, Ahmed Ibrahim; Ibrahim, Hassan Ahmed, eds. (2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadharem |
Regency of Algiers | Algerian corsairs captured many people on land and at sea from Mediterranean shores to Atlantic high seas. and brought them to the slave market in Algiers, through which passed between 25,000 and 36,000 slaves of many nationalities, totalling over one million European slaves in the early modern period. This trade made ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers |
Revival of the Hebrew language | With the rise of Jewish nationalism in 19th-century Europe, Eliezer Ben-Yehuda was captivated by the innovative ideas of Zionism. At that time, it was believed that one of the criteria needed to define a nation worthy of national rights was its use of a common language spoken by both the society and the individual. On ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language |
Palestinian nationalism | Zachary J. Foster argued in a 2015 Foreign Affairs article that "based on hundreds of manuscripts, Islamic court records, books, magazines, and newspapers from the Ottoman period (1516–1918), it seems that the first Arab to use the term 'Palestinian' was Farid Georges Kassab, a Beirut-based Orthodox Christian." He expl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism |
Immortality | Allen, Richard James (1999). Thursday's Fictions. Wollongong: Five Islands Press. ISBN 978-0-86418-596-9.
Alexander, Brian (2003). Rapture: How Biotech Became the New Religion. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-7382-0761-2.
Bolonkin, Alexander (2010). Rapture: Human Immortality and Electronic Civilization. Publish America. ISBN ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality |
749 Galilee earthquake | The historian Theophanes the Confessor (9th century) is one of the major sources for the 8th century. He lists two earthquakes that affected Palestine and the Levant in the mid-8th century. The first earthquake is dated to 18 January of the year 6238 of the Byzantine calendar (the year 747 in Anno Domini era). Theophan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/749_Galilee_earthquake |
British Empire | During the 1760s and early 1770s, relations between the Thirteen Colonies and Britain became increasingly strained, primarily because of resentment of the British Parliament's attempts to govern and tax American colonists without their consent. This was summarised at the time by the colonists' slogan "No taxation witho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire |
Baal | Baʿal Berith ("Lord of the Covenant") was a god worshipped by the Israelites when they "went astray" after the death of Gideon according to the Hebrew Scriptures. The same source relates that Gideon's son Abimelech went to his mother's kin at Shechem and received 70 shekels of silver "from the House of Baʿal Berith" to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal |
Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah | On 7 October 1130, al-Amir was assassinated by Nizari agents. He left only his six-month-old son, al-Tayyib, to succeed him, with no designated regent or serving vizier. Al-Amir's murder not only undid his attempts to once again concentrate power in the caliph's hands instead of over-mighty generals and ministers, but ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkam_Allah |
Lebanon | In 1516, Lebanon became part of the Ottoman Empire, with governance administered indirectly through local emirs. Lebanon's area was organized into provinces: Northern and Southern Mount Lebanon, Tripoli, Baalbek and Beqaa Valley, and Jabal Amil.
In 1590, Druze tribal leader Fakhr al-Din II succeeded Korkmaz in southern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon |
Hasmonean dynasty | The author of the First Book of Maccabees regarded the Maccabean revolt as a rising of pious Jews against the Seleucid king who had tried to eradicate their religion and against the Jews who supported him. The author of the Second Book of Maccabees presented the conflict as a struggle between "Judaism" and "Hellenism",... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty |
Umayyad Caliphate | During the pre-Islamic period, the Umayyads or Banu Umayya were a leading clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. By the end of the 6th century, the Umayyads dominated the Quraysh's increasingly prosperous trade networks with Syria and developed economic and military alliances with the nomadic Arab tribes that controlled t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate |
Arabic nouns and adjectives | In the colloquial spoken varieties of Arabic, much of the inflectional and derivational grammar of Classical Arabic nouns and adjectives is unchanged. The colloquial varieties have all been affected by a change that deleted most final short vowels (also final short vowels followed by a nunation suffix -n), and shorten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_nouns_and_adjectives |
Slavery | Slavery was widespread in Africa, which pursued both internal and external slave trade. In the Senegambia region, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved. In early Islamic states of the western Sahel, including Ghana, Mali, Segou, and Songhai, about a third of the population were enslav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery |
Al-Khwarizmi | Al-Jabr (The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, Arabic: الكتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة al-Kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wal-muqābala) is a mathematical book written approximately 820 CE. It was written with the encouragement of Caliph al-Ma'mun as a popular work on calculation an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi |
Darfur genocide | The United Nations issued a hybrid United Nations-African Union mission (UNAMID) to maintain peace in Darfur. It was established on 31 July 2007 with the adoption of Security Council resolution 1769. However, it formally took over on 31 December 2007. The Mission's headquarters is in El Fasher, North Darfur. It has sec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur_genocide |
Timeline of the name Palestine | Writers during this period also used the term Palestine to refer to the entire region between Syria and Egypt, with numerous references to the Jewish areas within Palestine. It has been contended that some first century authors associated the term with the southern coastal region.
c. 30 BCE: Tibullus, Tibullus and Sul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Palestine |
Morocco–United States relations | Since gaining independence from France on March 2, 1956, Morocco has been committed to nurturing a special relationship with the United States, based on both nations' historical ties and on a succession of personal friendships between Mohammed V, Hassan II, and now Mohammed VI and their American Presidential counterpar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93United_States_relations |
Islamic marital practices | Malay wedding traditions (Malay: Adat Perkahwinan Melayu; Jawi script: عادة ڤركهوينن ملايو), such as those that occur in Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia, and parts of Indonesia and Thailand, normally include the lamaran or marriage proposal, the betrothal, the determination of the bridal dowry known as the hantaran agreed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_marital_practices |
Headscarf | The Bible, in 1 Corinthians 11:4–13, instructs women to wear a head covering, while men are to pray and worship with their heads uncovered. In the early Church, Christian head-covering with an opaque cloth veil was universally taught by the Church Fathers and practiced by Christian women. The practice continues in many... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headscarf |
Mary, mother of Jesus | Despite Martin Luther's harsh polemics against his Roman Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints, theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the ecumenical councils and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and Mother of God... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus |
Sasanian Empire | Christians in the Sasanian Empire belonged mainly to the Nestorian Church (Church of the East) and the Jacobite Church (Syriac Orthodox Church). Although these churches originally maintained ties with Christian churches in the Roman Empire, they were quite different from them: the liturgical language of the Nestorian a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Jabir ibn Hayyan | Note that Paul Kraus, who first catalogued the Jabirian writings and whose numbering is followed here, conceived of his division of Jabir's alchemical writings (Kr. nos. 5–1149) as roughly chronological in order.
The Great Book of Mercy (Kitāb al-Raḥma al-kabīr, Kr. no. 5): This was considered by Kraus to be the oldes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan |
Leclerc tank | Séries 1: original production model, 134 produced.
S1OP Série 1 Opérationnelle: refers to the 82 serviceable Leclerc S1 that were upgraded to the RT5 standard.
Séries 2: perfected model with the ability to be deployed in desert environments, 176 produced.
new NBC system which integrates a hybrid air conditioner.
indep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leclerc_tank |
Palestinian National Security Forces | According to The Guardian, based on the Palestine Papers, in 2003, British Prime Minister Tony Blair approved a plan of the Secret Intelligence Service MI6 for a US-led "counter-insurgency surge" against Hamas. MI6 proposed a secret plan to crush Hamas and other armed groups on the West Bank. It included internment of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Security_Forces |
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | Unlike Hosni Mubarak, el-Sisi is protective of the privacy of his family, even though two of his sons hold positions in the government. He is married to his cousin Entissar Amer, and is the father of three sons and one daughter. One of his sons is married to the daughter of former Egyptian army chief Mahmoud Hegazy.
El... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi |
Somalia | Somalia's network of roads is 22,100 km (13,700 mi) long. As of 2000, 2,608 km (1,621 mi) streets are paved and 19,492 km (12,112 mi) are unpaved. A 750 km (470 mi) highway connects major cities in the northern part of the country, such as Bosaso, Galkayo and Garowe, with towns in the south.
The Somali Civil Aviation A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia |
Almoravid dynasty | The Almoravids, sometimes called "al-mulathamun" ("the veiled ones", from litham, Arabic for "veil".) trace their origins back to several Saharan Sanhaja nomadic tribes, dwelling in an area that stretches between the Senegal River in the south and the Draa river in the north. The first and main Almoravid founding tribe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty |
Oman | After deposing his father in 1970, Sultan Qaboos opened up the country, removed "Muscat and" from the country's name, embarked on economic reforms, and followed a policy of modernisation marked by increased spending on health, education and welfare. Saudi Arabia invested in the development of the Omani education system... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman |
Storm Daniel | The disaster was seen as the worst to hit the Cyrenaica region since the 1963 Marj earthquake. Conflicting figures emerged regarding the number of casualties. As of 26 September 2023, at least 4,199 people are known to have died from the storm in Libya according to Libyan authorities, with at least 170 deaths reported ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Daniel |
Judiciary of Egypt | Egypt based its criminal codes and court operations primarily on British, Italian, and Napoleonic models. Criminal court procedures had been substantially modified by the heritage of Islamic legal and social patterns and the legacy of numerous kinds of courts that formerly existed. The divergent sources and philosophic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Egypt |
Meknes | Grand mosque of Meknes: The old city's most important mosque and one of its oldest, covering about 3,500 square meters and was founded in the 12th century by the Almoravids, although renovated multiple times since.
Madrasa Bou Inania: The city's most famous madrasa (school for higher learning in Islamic sciences) was e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meknes |
Al-Azhar University | 10th–17th centuries
Sibt al-Maridini (1423 – 1506) Arab physicist, mathematician and astronomer
Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i (15th century) Arab physicist, mathematician and astronomer
Abdul Qadir al-Baghdadi (1620–1682 AD) author, philologist, grammarian, magistrate, bibliophile and a leading literary figure of the Ottoman... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_University |
Arab world | Many of the modern borders of the Arab World were drawn by European imperial powers during the 19th and early 20th century. However, some of the larger states (in particular Egypt and Syria) have historically maintained geographically definable boundaries, on which some of the modern states are roughly based. The 14th-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world |
Salafi jihadism | In several places and times, jihadis have taken control of an area and they have ruled it as an Islamic state, such as ISIL in Syria and Iraq.
Among jihadists, establishing an uncompromising form of sharia law is a core value and goal, but strategies differ over how quickly this should be done. Observers such as the jo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_jihadism |
History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak | Mubarak maintained Egypt's commitment to the Camp David peace process, while restoring relations with other Arab states. Mubarak also restored relations with USSR three years after Sadat's expulsion of Soviet experts. In January 1984, Egypt was readmitted to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation; in November 1987, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Hosni_Mubarak |
Aden | Aden is an ancient port and was mentioned by the Greeks under the name (Ancient Greek: Αραβία Εμπόριον, romanized: Arabia Emporion), which means an Arabic trade port. The port's convenient position on the sea route between India and Europe has made Aden desirable to rulers who sought to possess it at various times thro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden |
International Security Assistance Force | On 8 December 2005, meeting at NATO Headquarters in Brussels, the Allied Foreign Ministers endorsed a plan that paved the way for an expanded ISAF role and presence in Afghanistan. The first element of this plan was the expansion of ISAF to the south in 2006, also known as Stage 3. After this stage, the ISAF assumed co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force |
History of the Jews in Syria | After the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492, Sephardi Jews settled in many of the Islamic countries bordering the Mediterranean, including Syria, which then formed part of the Mameluke sultanate of Egypt. For the most part they founded their own communities, but they often assumed positions of rabbinic and commu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria |
Emirate of Granada | Constantly under threat by both the Christian kingdoms to the north and the Muslim Marinid Sultanate to the south, the population of the Emirate of Granada developed a "siege mentality". The country consequently maintained a strong military. Its border territories were dotted with castles maintained by frontier warrior... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada |
Aššur-etil-ilāni | Aššur-etil-ilāni ascended the throne after the death of his father Ashurbanipal in 631 BC. A land grant from Aššur-etil-ilāni to his rab šaqi (a general serving him since he was a young boy) Sîn-šumu-līšir suggests that Ashurbanipal died a natural death. As in many other successions in Assyrian history, Aššur-etil-ilān... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-etil-il%C4%81ni |
Rosetta Stone | Calls for the Rosetta Stone to be returned to Egypt were made in July 2003 by Zahi Hawass, then Secretary-General of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities. These calls, expressed in the Egyptian and international media, asked that the stele be repatriated to Egypt, commenting that it was the "icon of our Egyptian iden... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone |
French invasion of Egypt and Syria | The printing press was first introduced to Egypt by Napoleon. He brought with his expedition a French, Arabic, and Greek printing press, which were far superior in speed, efficiency and quality to the nearest presses used in Istanbul. In the Middle East, Africa, India and even much of Eastern Europe and Russia, printin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria |
Israel Defense Forces | The Israel Defense Forces has several types of uniforms:
Service dress (מדי אלף Madei Alef – Uniform "A") – the everyday uniform, worn by everybody.
Field dress (מדי ב Madei Bet – Uniform "B") – worn into combat, training, work on base.
The first two resemble each other but the Madei Alef is made of higher quality mat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces |
Rumi | It is undeniable that Rumi was a Muslim scholar and took Islam seriously. Nonetheless, the depth of his spiritual vision extended beyond narrow sectarian concerns. One quatrain reads:
According to the Quran, Muhammad is a mercy sent by God. In regards to this, Rumi states:
"The Light of Muhammad does not abandon a Zo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi |
Fig | The edible fig is one of the first plants that were cultivated by humans. Nine subfossil figs of a parthenocarpic (and therefore sterile) type dating to about 9400–9200 BC were found in the early Neolithic village Gilgal I (in the Jordan Valley, 13 km north of Jericho). The find precedes the domestication of wheat, bar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig |
Al-Baqara | Q2:8-20 in Surah Al Baqarah refer to the hypocrites (Munafiqun). In the Meccan phase of Muhammad, there existed two groups, the Believers and the Mushrikeen (non-believers). However, after Hijrah (Emigration to Medina) Muhammad had to deal with the opposition of those who openly accepted Islam while secretly plotting a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baqara |
Oman | Sultan Said bin Taimur expressed his interest in occupying the Imamate right after the death of Imam Alkhalili, thus taking advantage of any potential instability that might occur within the Imamate when elections were due, to the British government. The British political agent in Muscat believed that the only method o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman |
Sogdia | Achaemenid ruler Cyrus the Great conquered Sogdiana while campaigning in Central Asia in 546–539 BC, a fact mentioned by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus in his Histories. Darius I introduced the Aramaic writing system and coin currency to Central Asia, in addition to incorporating Sogdians into his standing army ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdia |
Al-Walid I | Al-Walid initially kept Abd al-Malik's appointee, Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi, as governor of the Hejaz and leader of the Hajj pilgrimage. Both offices were of great prestige owing to the central religious importance of Mecca and Medina, the two holiest cities of Islam. Al-Walid dismissed him in 706 as punishment fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Walid_I |
Zina | All Sunni Muslim jurists agree that anal sex is haram (prohibited), based on the hadith of Muhammad. In contrast, according to Twelver Shia Muslim jurists, anal sex is considered makruh (strongly disliked) but is permissible with the consent of the wife.
Many scholars point to the story of Lot in the Quran as an exampl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zina |
Theatre | The city-state of Athens is where Western theatre originated. It was part of a broader culture of theatricality and performance in classical Greece that included festivals, religious rituals, politics, law, athletics and gymnastics, music, poetry, weddings, funerals, and symposia.
Participation in the city-state's many... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre |
Mohammad Mokhber | Mansurun Group (~1971-78) -
As a teenager, Mokhber helped lay the groundwork for the Iranian Revolution in his home city of Dezful by joining the Mansurun Group, a guerrilla organization which worked to combat the Pahlavi regime. Through Mansurun, he collaborated with prominent figures in the IRGC and current conserva... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhber |
Comoros | According to legend, in 632, upon hearing of Islam, islanders are said to have dispatched an emissary, Mtswa-Mwindza, to Mecca—but by the time he arrived there, the Islamic prophet Muhammad had died. Nonetheless, after a stay in Mecca, he returned to Ngazidja, where he built a mosque in his home town of Ntsaweni, and l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros |
Ahmed Yassin | Ahmed Yassin was born in al-Jura, a small village near the city of Ashkelon, in the Mandatory Palestine. His date of birth is not known for certain: according to his Palestinian passport, he was born on 1 January 1929, but he claimed to have actually been born in the summer of 1936. His father, Abdullah Yassin, died wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin |
Sultan | In Indonesia (formerly in the Dutch East Indies):
On Kalimantan
Sultanate of Banjar
Sultanate of Berau
Sultanate of Bulungan
Sultanate of Gunung Tabur
Sultanate of Kubu
Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate
Sultanate of Mempawah
Sultanate of Paser
Sultanate of Pontianak
Sultanate of Sambaliung
Sultanate of Sambas
On Sulawesi
Su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan |
Rafic Hariri | Hariri was well regarded among international leaders, for example, he was a close friend of French President Jacques Chirac. Chirac was one of the first foreign dignitaries to offer condolences to Hariri's widow in person at her home in Beirut. The Special Tribunal for Lebanon was also created at his instigation. Syria... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafic_Hariri |
Cinema of Egypt | By the 1970s, Egyptian films struck a balance between politics and entertainment. Films such as 1972's Watch Out for ZouZou by Hassan el-Imam, starring "the Cinderella of Arab cinema", Soad Hosny, sought to balance politics and audience appeal. Zouzou integrated music, dance, and contemporary fashions into a story that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt |
Islamic economics | Addas, Waleed (2008). Methodology of Economics: Secular versus Islamic. IIUM. ISBN 978-983-3855-28-5.
Al-Amine, Muhammad al-Bashir Muhammad (2008). Risk Management in Islamic Finance: An Analysis of Derivatives Instruments in Commodity Markets. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15246-5.
Ali, S. Nazim (2008). "Islamic finan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economics |
Haaretz | Haaretz was first published in 1918 as a newspaper sponsored by the British military government in Palestine. In 1919, it was taken over by a group of socialist-oriented Zionists, mainly from Russia. The newspaper was established on 18 June 1919 by a group of businessmen including the philanthropist Isaac Leib Goldberg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz |
Central Atlas Tamazight | Central Atlas Tamazight is one of the four most-spoken Berber languages, in addition to Kabyle, Tachelhit, and Riffian, and it comes second as the most-spoken Berber language after Tachelhit in Morocco. Differentiating these dialects is complicated by the fact that speakers of other languages may also refer to their la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight |
Arabs | The Quran, the main holy book of Islam, had a significant influence on the Arabic language, and marked the beginning of Arabic literature. Muslims believe it was transcribed in the Arabic dialect of the Quraysh, the tribe of Muhammad. As Islam spread, the Quran had the effect of unifying and standardizing Arabic.
Not o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs |
Mass media in Saudi Arabia | According to the estimation of the Word Bank in 2017, near about 50% of the population of the world uses the mobile phone. Out of 4.77 billion people that have been taken into consideration, 2.32 billion users use the smartphone. The people are getting connected with the society and for the business user. With the incr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Saladin | Briggs, M. S. (1921). "The Architecture of Saladin and the Influence of the Crusades (A.D. 1171–1250)". The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs. 38 (214): 10–20. JSTOR 861268.
Chase, Dan K. (1998). "Saladin". In Magill, Frank N. (ed.). Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin |
Hawwara | The Hawwara are the heirs of the ancient western Bavarians, in antiquity the Hawwara were one of the principal tribes located within the Masaesyli state. The traditional territory that was called Avaritana/Abaritana provincia by Quodvultdeus of Carthage later became known as “bilad Haouara”, country of the Haouara (of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawwara |
2009 Mauritanian presidential election | On 15 September 2008, the National Assembly adopted plans to hold "free and fair elections" within 12–14 months, setting the election date in late 2009 at the latest. The chosen date of 6 June 2009 was announced by the official media on 23 January 2009.
Months before the election, it was widely expected that Abdel Aziz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Mauritanian_presidential_election |
Oil-for-Food Programme | Other beneficiaries have been alleged:
Austria:
The Arab-Austrian Society (chaired by Fritz Edlinger) – 1,000,000 barrels (160,000 m3).
Belarus:
Liberal Party – 1,000,000 barrels (160,000 m3)
The Communist Party of Belarus – 1,000,000 barrels (160,000 m3)
Brazil:
The Revolutionary Movement 8th October, a Brazilian C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil-for-Food_Programme |
Israelites | In the 12th century BCE, many Israelite settlements appeared in the central hill country of Canaan, which was formerly an open terrain. These settlements lacked evidence of pork consumption, compared to Philistine settlements, have four-room houses and lived by an egalitarian ethos, which was exemplified by the absence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites |
Alawites | After the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War which began in 2011, the Ba'athist state imposed forced conscription of able-bodied men, mainly the youth. Due to the Assad government's fear of mass defections in military ranks, it prefers to send Alawite recruits for active combat on the frontlines and the conscriptions dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites |
Muhammad | Following the emigration, the people of Mecca seized property of Muslim emigrants to Medina. War would later break out between the people of Mecca and the Muslims. Muhammad delivered Quranic verses permitting Muslims to fight the Meccans. According to the traditional account, on 11 February 624, while praying in the Ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad |
QatarEnergy | In 1973, the state seized a 25 percent stake in onshore concessions of QPC and offshore concessions of SCQ. As part of the agreement, the government stake would increase by 5 percent every year until it reached 51 percent in 1981. However, in early 1974, the initial agreement was repealed after QPC agreed to a new agre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QatarEnergy |
Sufism | Sufis believe the sharia (exoteric "canon"), tariqa ("order") and haqiqa ("truth") are mutually interdependent. Sufism leads the adept, called salik or "wayfarer", in his sulûk or "road" through different stations (maqāmāt) until he reaches his goal, the perfect tawhid, the existential confession that God is One. Ibn A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism |
Metropolitan Museum of Art | On the death of banker Robert Lehman in 1969, his Foundation donated 2,600 works of art to the museum, which had been collected by Robert and his father. Housed in the "Robert Lehman Wing", on the ground floor and the basement level, the museum refers to the collection as "one of the most extraordinary private art coll... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art |
Hyksos | The length of time the Hyksos ruled is unclear. The fragmentary Turin King List says that there were six Hyksos kings who collectively ruled 108 years, however in 2018 Kim Ryholt proposed a new reading of as many as 149 years, while Thomas Schneider proposed a length between 160 and 180 years. The rule of the Hyksos ov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos |
National Institute of Statistics and Applied Economics | Actuarial Sciences and Finance
The rapid development of financial markets worldwide, has expanded considerably to the theory of finance, so the banking, insurance and large companies need "experts" in this field.
In this perspective, INSEA began training engineers actuarial funding status since 1998, engineers familiar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_and_Applied_Economics |
Muhammad Iqbal | Muhammad Iqbal's The Call of the Marching Bell (بانگِ درا, bang-e-dara), his first collection of Urdu poetry, was published in 1924. It was written in three distinct phases of his life. The poems he wrote up to 1905—the year he left for England—reflect patriotism and the imagery of nature, including the Urdu language p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal |
Diriyah | Although the location is sometimes identified with an ancient settlement mentioned by Yaqut and Al-Hamadani known as "Ghabra", the history of Diriyah proper dates back to the 15th century. According to the chroniclers of Nejd, the city was founded in 1446–47 by Mani' Al-Muraydi (مانع المريدي), an ancestor of the Saudi ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diriyah |
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