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Egyptian pyramids | Preceded by assumed earlier sites in the Eastern Sahara, tumuli with megalithic monuments developed as early as 4700 BCE in the Saharan region of Niger. Fekri Hassan (2002) indicates that the megalithic monuments in the Saharan region of Niger and the Eastern Sahara may have served as antecedents for the mastabas and p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids |
Aristotle | Aristotle describes two kinds of motion: "violent" or "unnatural motion", such as that of a thrown stone, in the Physics (254b10), and "natural motion", such as of a falling object, in On the Heavens (300a20). In violent motion, as soon as the agent stops causing it, the motion stops also: in other words, the natural s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle |
17 October Revolution | On 7 December 2019, about a thousand people marched in Beirut to protest sexual harassment in Lebanon. A man self-immolated during the protest and survived, with his motives being unclear. The protest came after days of prolonged controversy surrounding a personal trainer in Beirut who was accused by over fifty women o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_October_Revolution |
Ceuta | Vandals, probably invited by Count Boniface as protection against the empress dowager, crossed the strait near Tingis around 425 and swiftly overran Roman North Africa. Their king, Gaiseric, focused his attention on the rich lands around Carthage; although the Romans eventually accepted his conquests and he continued t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta |
Sharia | The classical doctrine of hisba, associated with the Quranic injunction of enjoining good and forbidding wrong, refers to the duty of Muslims to promote moral rectitude and intervene when another Muslim is acting wrongly. Historically, its legal implementation was entrusted to a public official called muhtasib (market ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Ottoman music | A new style of Ottoman music, called the "new synthesis" by Feldman, emerged in the second half of the 17th century, is often described as a form of "local modernity" and a "musical renaissance", where the complexity of 15th century Near and Middle Eastern court music was regained and expanded upon. This musical reviva... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_music |
Karate | Karate spread rapidly in the West through popular culture. In 1950s popular fiction, karate was at times described to readers in near-mythical terms, and it was credible to show Western experts of unarmed combat as unaware of Eastern martial arts of this kind. Following the inclusion of judo at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate |
Islam in Albania | By the 19th century, Albanians were divided into three religious groups. Catholic Albanians who had some Albanian ethno-linguistic expression in schooling and church due to Austro-Hungarian protection and Italian clerical patronage. Orthodox Albanians under the Patriarchate of Constantinople had liturgy and schooling i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Albania |
Quran | Translating the Quran has always been problematic and difficult. Many argue that the Quranic text cannot be reproduced in another language or form. Furthermore, an Arabic word may have a range of meanings depending on the context, making an accurate translation even more difficult.
One of the biggest difficulties in un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran |
Marduk | The earliest copy of the Enuma Elish, the Babylonian epic of creation, was found in the city of Assur and dated to the 9th century, although the text could go back to the Isin II period. Dalley believes that the Enuma Elish may have been composed during the Old Babylonian Period, although other scholars consider it unl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk |
Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile | On 8 May, rebel forces claimed to have killed 60 government soldier who were trying to recapture the city of Abu Karshola, South Kordofan. Also 9 soldier were captured and a MIG aircraft was shooting down.
By 14 May, rebels killed 411 Sudanese soldiers who were trying again to recapture Abu Karshola, SRF forces destroy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile |
Göktürks | A genetic study published in Nature in May 2018 examined the remains of four elite Türk soldiers buried between ca. 300 AD and 700 AD. 50% of the samples of Y-DNA belonged to the West Eurasian haplogroup R1, while the other 50% belonged to East Eurasian haplogroups Q and O. The extracted samples of mtDNA belonged mainl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks |
Infinitive | The formation of the infinitive in the Romance languages reflects that in their ancestor, Latin, almost all verbs had an infinitive ending with -re (preceded by one of various thematic vowels). For example, in Italian infinitives end in -are, -ere, -rre (rare), or -ire (which is still identical to the Latin forms), and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitive |
Islam | Forerunners of Islamic modernism influenced Islamist political movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood and related parties in the Arab world, which performed well in elections following the Arab Spring, Jamaat-e-Islami in South Asia and the AK Party, which has democratically been in power in Turkey for decades. In Ira... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam |
Rashid Rida | Riḍā believed that the early Muslims' upholding of tawhid and sunnah were the primary reasons for their spiritual and material success. He praised their independence, free from blind adherence and motivated by Quaranic teachings. He believed Muslim decline began after the end of the Islamic caliphates in the 13th centu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Rida |
Rashidun Caliphate | After Muhammad's death in June 632, a gathering of the Ansar (lit. 'Helpers'), the natives of Medina, took place in the Saqifah (courtyard) of the Banu Sa'ida clan. The general belief at the time was that the purpose of the meeting was for the Ansar to decide on a new leader of the Muslim community among themselves, wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate |
Mahmoud Darwish | Mahmoud Darwish died on 9 August 2008 at the age of 67, three days after heart surgery at Memorial Hermann Hospital in Houston, Texas. Before surgery, Darwish had signed a document asking not to be resuscitated in the event of brain death. According to Ibrahim Muhawi, the poet, though suffering from serious heart probl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Darwish |
Kerala | Kerala's culture and traditions, coupled with its varied demographics, have made the state one of the most popular tourist destinations in India. In 2012, National Geographic's Traveller magazine named Kerala as one of the "ten paradises of the world" and "50 must see destinations of a lifetime". Travel and Leisure als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala |
Al-Qadir | The accession of the new caliph was not without its troubles: on his way from Bathihah he was held up by Turkic soldiery who extracted promises of a donative payment, and the first solemn Friday sermon (khuṭba) in his name was likewise delayed by Turkic and Daylamite troops clamouring for money. At 45 years, al-Qadir w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qadir |
History of alcoholic drinks | Alcoholic beverages played an important role in the Thirteen Colonies from their early days. For example, the Mayflower shipped more beer than water when it departed for the New World in 1620. While this may seem strange viewed from the modern context, note that drinking wine and beer at that time was safer than drinki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks |
Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic | The contemporary Arabic language originated further north than Yemen, in and around the region of Hejaz, and arrived to the modern area of south-western Yemen following the early Muslim conquests of the Arabian Peninsula.
Prior to the advent of Arabic, a cluster of languages collectively known as “Old South Arabian” we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%CA%BDizzi-Adeni_Arabic |
Pharaoh | The word pharaoh ultimately derives from the Egyptian compound pr ꜥꜣ, */ˌpaɾuwˈʕaʀ/ "great house", written with the two biliteral hieroglyphs pr "house" and ꜥꜣ "column", here meaning "great" or "high". It was the title of the royal palace and was used only in larger phrases such as smr pr-ꜥꜣ "Courtier of the High House... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh |
French Algeria | The French began their occupation of Algiers in 1830, starting with a landing in Algiers. As occupation turned into colonization, Kabylia remained the only region independent of the French government. Pressure on the region increased, and the will of her people to resist and defend Kabylia increased as well.
In about 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria |
Dalida | On the night of 27 February 1957, Dalida held her first concert at the Olympia, as the opening act for Charles Aznavour, and was widely applauded. Then, in April, she performed in a successful two-week series of concerts at Bobino, and in the summer a fan club was established, the first such club to be devoted to a fem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalida |
Fez, Morocco | Two municipalities (Arabic: جماعتين حضريتين, French: communes) in the Fez Prefecture (Arabic: عمالة فاس) make up the city of Fez. Most of Fez is administered as the municipality of Fez, while the neighborhood of Fes Jdid is administered separately as the municipality of Méchouar Fès Jdid. Outside of the city, there are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco |
Mu'awiya I | In contrast to the four earlier caliphs, who are considered as models of piety and having governed with justice, Mu'awiya is not recognized as a rightly-guided caliph (khalifa rashid) by the Sunnis. He is seen as transforming the caliphate into a worldly and despotic kingship. His acquisition of the caliphate through t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I |
Red Sea | The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by ancient Egyptians, as they attempted to establish commercial routes to Punt. One such expedition took place around 2500 BC, and another around 1500 BC (by Hatshepsut). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea.
The biblical Book of Exodus tells the accoun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea |
M60 tank | The OTCM (Ordnance Technical Committee Minutes) #37002 officially standardized the type as the Tank, Combat, Full Tracked: 105-mm Gun, M60 on 16 March 1959. The production contract was approved April 1959 with the low rate initial production starting in June at the Chrysler Corporation Delaware Defense Plant in Newark ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_tank |
Northern bald ibis | Monitoring of Moroccan wild population is guaranteed by BirdLife International partners, especially by RSPB, SEO/BirdLife and, recently GREPOM in cooperation with Souss-Massa National Park administration and the support of institutions like Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation which is the Species Champion for Norther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_bald_ibis |
Maimonides | Maimonides wrote on theodicy (the philosophical attempt to reconcile the existence of a God with the existence of evil). He took the premise that an omnipotent and good God exists. In The Guide for the Perplexed, Maimonides writes that all the evil that exists within human beings stems from their individual attributes,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides |
General People's Congress (Yemen) | The party was established on 24 August 1982 in Sana'a, North Yemen, by President Ali Abdullah Saleh, becoming an umbrella organisation that sought to represent all political interests. Following Yemeni unification in 1990, and with Saleh continuing as president of the united country, it emerged as the largest party in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Yemen) |
M60 tank | M60 AVLB: armored vehicle-launched bridge with 60-foot (18 m) scissors bridge mated to the M60 hull.
M60 AVLM: M60 Armored Vehicle Launched Bridge (AVLB) with up to 2 vehicle mounted M58 MICLICs. To employ the system, the vehicle cannot be carrying a bridge. The system consists of an M147 firing kit, an M58A3 line char... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_tank |
Falconry | In the United States, falconry is legal in all states except Hawaii, and in the District of Columbia. A falconer must have a state permit to practice the sport. (Requirements for a federal permit were changed in 2008 and the program discontinued effective January 1, 2014.) Acquiring a falconry license in the United St... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconry |
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi | In his Akhlaq-i Nasiri, Tusi wrote about several biological topics. He defended a version of Aristotle's scala naturae, in which he placed man above animals, plants, minerals, and the elements. He described "grasses which grow without sowing or cultivation, by the mere mingling of elements," as closest to minerals. Amo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi |
Apostasy in Islam by country | Although the Constitution of Iraq recognises Islam as the official religion and states that no law may be enacted that contradicts the established provisions of Islam, it also guarantees freedom of thought, conscience, and religious belief and practice. While the Government generally endorses these rights, unsettled co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country |
Ayyubid dynasty | In the east, the Khwarezemids under Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu captured the town of Khilat from al-Ashraf, while the traditionally loyalist Rasulids began to encroach on Ayyubid holdings in Arabia. In 1222 the Ayyubids appointed the Rasulid leader Ali ibn Rasul as governor of Mecca. Ayyubid rule in Yemen and the Hejaz was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Reza Aslan | In 2015, Aslan began production on the "spiritual travel series" Believer, a documentary series that follows Aslan as he immerses himself and experiences various religious traditions internationally, focusing on sects considered fringe and disreputable by larger religions. The program, which Aslan compared to Anthony B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Aslan |
History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia | There has been virtually no Jewish activity in Saudi Arabia since the beginning of the 21st century. Jewish (as well as Christian and other non-Muslim) religious services are prohibited from being held in Saudi Arabia. When American military personnel were stationed in Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War, permission for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Fatimid architecture | The Fatimid buildings have gone through many renovations and restructurings in different styles from the early Mamluk period to modern times.
The Fakahani Mosque exemplifies this process. It was built in the Fatimid period, either as a suspended mosque (one with shops underneath it) or with a high basement. After the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_architecture |
Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under Mohamed Morsi | On 8 September, The Administrative Court of the State Council postponed its decision on the constitutionality of Egypt's Constituent Assembly until 2 October 2012.
On 11 September, a protest was organized by Wesam Abdel-Wareth, a Salafist leader and president of Egypt's Hekma television channel, who called for a gather... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_Crisis_under_Mohamed_Morsi |
Syriac Orthodox Church | The Syriac Orthodox Church is active in ecumenical dialogues with various churches, including the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Churches, Anglican Communion, Syriac Church of the East, and other Christian denominations. The Church is an active member of the World Council of Churches since 1960 and Patriarch Ignatiu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church |
Prophet | Aleister Crowley (1875–1947) was an English occultist, philosopher, ceremonial magician, poet, painter, novelist and mountaineer. He founded the religion of Thelema, identifying himself as the prophet entrusted with guiding humanity into the Æon of Horus in the early 20th century. A prolific writer, he published widely... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet |
Anti-Iranian sentiment | The 2007 epic film 300 by Zack Snyder, an adaptation of Frank Miller's 1998 limited comic series of the same name, was criticized for its portrayal of combatants, perceived as racist, in the Persian army at the Battle of Thermopylae. Reviewers in the United States and elsewhere "noted the political overtones of the Wes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment |
Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia | The Saudi water sector, like the entire country, has undergone tremendous changes over the past decades from a system based on the use of local renewable water resources for small-scale irrigation and limited domestic uses to a system largely based on the use of desalinated water and fossil groundwater for large-scale ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Sahara | The sky is usually clear above the desert, and the sunshine duration is extremely high everywhere in the Sahara. Most of the desert has more than 3,600 hours of bright sunshine per year (over 82% of daylight hours), and a wide area in the eastern part has over 4,000 hours of bright sunshine per year (over 91% of daylig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara |
Gamal Abdel Nasser | Meanwhile, in January 1968, Nasser commenced the War of Attrition to reclaim territory captured by Israel, ordering attacks against Israeli positions east of the then-blockaded Suez Canal. In March, Nasser offered Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement arms and funds after their performance against Israeli forces in the Battle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser |
Africa (Roman province) | After a period of artisanal, political, and social decline in the 3rd century AD, lamp-making revived and accelerated. The introduction of fine local red-fired clays in the late 4th century triggered this revival. African Red Slip ware (ARS), or African Terra Sigillata, revolutionized the pottery and lamp-making indust... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province) |
Sultanate of Egypt | When the 1919 Revolution began, Cheetham soon realised that he was powerless to stop the demonstrations and admitted that matters were completely out of his control. Nevertheless, the government in London ordered him not to give in to the Wafd and to restore order, a task that he was unable to accomplish.
London decide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt |
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria | Parts of northern Syria are known as Western Kurdistan (Kurdish: Rojavayê Kurdistanê) or simply Rojava ( ROH-zhə-VAH; Kurdish: [roʒɑˈvɑ] "the West") among Kurds, one of the four parts of Greater Kurdistan. The name "Rojava" was thus associated with a Kurdish identity of the administration. As the region expanded and in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria |
Samaritans | According to the Ottoman censuses of 1525–1526, 25 Samaritan families lived in Gaza, and 29 families lived in Nablus. In 1548–1549, there were 18 families in Gaza and 34 in Nablus. In 1596–1597, there were 8 families in Gaza, 20 in Nablus and 5 in Safed.
The Samaritan community in Egypt shrank as a result of Ottoman pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans |
List of Assyrian kings | Assyrian royal titles typically followed trends that had begun under the Akkadian Empire (c. 2334–2154 BC), the Mesopotamian civilization that preceded the later kingdoms of Assyria and Babylon. When the Mesopotamian central government under the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2112–2004 BC) collapsed and polities that had once... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings |
Mashrou' Leila | The band was set to play at the Byblos Festival on August 9, 2019; a few weeks before the concert, local church officials called for the show to be cancelled amidst an online homophobic campaign by right wing Christian activists who claimed that the band songs are blasphemous and promote homosexuality. Two song in part... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashrou%27_Leila |
Battle of Ridaniya | Sultan Tuman bay II now resolved himself to march out as far as Salahia, and there meet the Turks wearied by the desert march; however, at the last he yielded to his Emirs who entrenched themselves at Ridanieh a little way out of the city. By this time, the Ottomans were crossing the Sinai Peninsula and having reached ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ridaniya |
Aswan Dam | In 1952, the Greek-Egyptian engineer Adrian Daninos began to develop the plan of the new Aswan Dam. Although the Low Dam was almost overtopped in 1946, the government of King Farouk showed no interest in Daninos's plans. Instead the Nile Valley Plan by the British hydrologist Harold Edwin Hurst was favored, which propo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam |
Crusades | Urban II died on 29 July 1099, fourteen days after the capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, but before news of the event had reached Rome. He was succeeded by Pope Paschal II who continued the policies of his predecessors in regard to the Holy Land. Godfrey died in 1100. Dagobert of Pisa, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades |
Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement | Iran's Tasnim News Agency said the Israel–UAE deal was "shameful". The Iranian Foreign Ministry condemned the deal as a "dangerous" stab in the back of Palestinians and Muslims, terming it a "shameful" act of "strategic stupidity" by the UAE and Israel that would only serve to strengthen the "Axis of Resistance" in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement |
Economy of Saudi Arabia | Saudi oil reserves are the second largest in the world (after Brazilian–Venezuelan oil reserves), and Saudi Arabia is the world's leading oil exporter and second-largest oil producer. Proven reserves, according to figures provided by the Saudi government, are estimated to be 260 billion barrels (41 km3), which is about... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Islamism | By 2020, approximately 40 years after the Islamic overthrow of the Shah of Iran and the seizure of the Grand Mosque by extremists, a number of observers (Olivier Roy, Mustafa Akyol, Nader Hashemi) detected a decline in the vigor and popularity of Islamism. Islamism had been an idealized/utopian concept to compare with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism |
Iraqi cuisine | Various stews served over rice form a major part of Iraqi cuisine.
Fasolia yabsa (Iraqi white bean stew), made up of tender lamb or veal, white kidney beans (also called cannellini beans), tomato sauce and served over rice.
Fasoulia, a soup of dry white beans, olive oil, and vegetables.
Harissa, similar to keşkek, a p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine |
Kurds in Iraq | Throughout the 1990s, when Kurds were given regional control after the Gulf War and a no-fly zone was established, a stronger Kurdish identity began to form. This has stemmed from increased international support and the pull-out of the Iraqi central government from Iraqi Kurdistan. The Kurdish language crossed over int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq |
List of Assyrian kings | Ancient Assyria was an absolute monarchy, with the king believed to be appointed directly through divine right by the chief deity, Ashur. The Assyrians believed that the king was the link between the gods and the earthly realm. As such, it was the king's primary duty to discover the will of the gods and enact this, oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings |
Palestinian fedayeen | Palestinian immigration into Israel first emerged among the Palestinian refugees of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, living in camps in Jordan (including the Jordanian-occupied West Bank), Lebanon, Egypt (including the Egyptian protectorate in Gaza), and Syria. Initially, most infiltrations were economic in nature, with Pale... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_fedayeen |
Fatimid Caliphate | Upon assuming power in Raqqada, Abu Abdallah inherited much of the Aghlabid state's apparatus and allowed its former officials to continue working for the new regime. He established a new, Isma'ili Shi'a regime on behalf of his absent, and for the moment unnamed, master. He then led his army west to Sijilmasa, whence h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
Battle of the Trench | Muhammad attempted to hide his knowledge of the activities of Banu Qurayza; however, rumors soon spread of a massive assault on the city of Medina from Qurayza's side which severely demoralized the Medinans.
The Muslims found themselves in greater difficulties by day. Food was running short, and nights were colder. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench |
Popular Mobilization Forces | According to a Sunni newspaper, there are three main Shia components within the Popular Mobilization Forces: the first are the groups that were formed following Sistani's fatwa, without political roots or ambitions; the second are groups that were formed by political parties or are initially the military wings of these... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces |
World War I | Macro- and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war. Families were altered by the departure of many men. With the death or absence of the primary wage earner, women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers. At the same time, the industry needed to replace the lost labourers sent to war. This aid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I |
Darius the Great | During Darius's Greek expedition, he had begun construction projects in Susa, Egypt and Persepolis. He had linked the Red Sea to the river Nile by building a canal (Darius Canal) which ran from modern Zaqāzīq to modern Suez. To open this canal, he travelled to Egypt in 497 BCE, where the inauguration was carried out wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Great |
Madrasa | "The first Ottoman Medrese was created in İznik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam." "When an Ottoman sultan established a new medrese, he would invite scholars from the Islamic world—for example, Murad II brought scholars from Persia, such as ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn and Fakhr al-Dīn who help... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa |
Oman | Torture methods in use in Oman include mock execution, beating, hooding, solitary confinement, subjection to extremes of temperature and to constant noise, abuse and humiliation. There have been numerous reports of torture and other inhumane forms of punishment perpetrated by Omani security forces on protesters and det... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman |
Constitution of the United Arab Emirates | Some of the important Articles and Parts of the Constitution are listed below:
Part one
Article 7 — Islam is the official state religion, Islamic Sharia the primary source of legislation
Article 9 — Abu Dhabi is the capital of the Union. (The original constitution stated that Abu Dhabi was the temporary capital until ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates |
Marriage | Historically, and still in many countries, children born outside marriage suffered severe social stigma and discrimination. In England and Wales, such children were known as bastards and whoresons.
There are significant differences between world regions in regard to the social and legal position of non-marital births, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage |
Saint Thomas Christians | A minority within the community of Saint Thomas Christians tried to preserve the use of the East Syriac Rite and re-establishing ties with Patriarchs of the Church of the East, who occasionally sent envoys to India. At the beginning of the 18th century, Bishop Shemʿon of ʿAda (d. c. 1720) and in (c. 1708), Bishop Gabri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians |
Christian mission | In the 18th century, and even more so in the 19th century, missionaries based in Britain saw the British Empire as a fertile field for proselytizing for Christianity. All the main denominations were involved, including the Church of England, Scottish Presbyterian, and Nonconformists. Much of the enthusiasm emerged from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mission |
Berbers | During the Taifa era, the petty kings came from a variety of ethnic groups; some—for instance the Zirid kings of Granada—were of Berber origin. The Taifa period ended when a Berber dynasty—the Moroccan Almoravids—took over al-Andalus; they were succeeded by the Almohad dynasty of Morocco, during which time al-Andalus f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers |
Population history of Egypt | Modern studies on ancient Egyptian dentition clusters the Ancient Egyptians with Caucasoids (Europeans and Western Eurasians) who have small teeth, as opposed to Negroids (Western Sub-Saharan Africans) who have megadont/large teeth.
A study in 2006 concluded that the Neolithic Egyptians and subsequent predynastic Egypt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt |
Rationale for the Iraq War | In asserting a link between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda, the U.S. government focused special attention on alleged ties between Saddam Hussein and Jordanian terrorist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, whom U.S. Secretary of State Powell called a "collaborator of Osama bin Laden". During his February 2003 presentation in the UN Secu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War |
Rabee al-Madkhali | Rabee Al-Madkhali began seeking knowledge in his village from Ahmad bin Muhammad Jabir Al-Madkhali and Muhammad bin Jabir Al-Madkhali after he turned eight years old. His teacher before his study at the 'Ma’had al-’Ilmi' in Samtah was Nasir Khalufah Mubaraki (one of Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al-Qar’awi's students). After c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali |
Arabization | Neither North Africa nor the Iberian Peninsula were strangers to Semitic culture: the Phoenicians and later the Carthaginians dominated parts of the North African and Iberian shores for more than eight centuries until they were suppressed by the Romans and by the following Vandal and Visigothic invasions, and the Berbe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabization |
Ancient Rome | The two longest ancient accounts of the Roman history, the histories of Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, were composed 500 years later than the date for the founding of the republic and 200 years from the defeat of Hannibal. Although there has been a diversity of works on ancient Roman history, many of them are los... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome |
Muammar Gaddafi | After the fall of Tripoli, only a few towns in western Libya such as Bani Walid, Sebha, and Sirte remained Gaddafist strongholds. Gaddafi was reportedly planning to catch up with his Sebha commander Ali Kanna's Tuareg forces and seek asylum in Burkina Faso. Instead, Gaddafi retreated to his hometown of Sirte, where he ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi |
Odaenathus | Several inscriptions dating to the end of 257 or early 258 show Odaenathus bearing the Greek title ὁ λαμπρότατος ὑπατικός (ho lamprótatos hupatikós; Latin: clarissimus consularis). This title was usually bestowed on Roman senators who held the consulship. The title was also mentioned in Odaenathus' undated tomb inscrip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus |
Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch | The seat of the patriarchate was formerly Antioch, in what is now Turkey. However, in the 14th century, it was moved to Damascus, modern-day Syria. Its traditional territory includes Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Kuwait, the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf, and also parts of Turkey. Its territory formerly included the Churc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch |
Muslim Sicily | The Norman Kingdom of Sicily under Roger II has been characterized as "multi-ethnic in nature and religiously tolerant". Normans, Jews, Muslim Arabs, Byzantine Greeks, Lombards and native Sicilians lived in relative harmony. Arabic remained a language of government and administration for at least a century into Norman ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Sicily |
Grand Mosque seizure | Soon after the rebel seizure, about 100 security officers of the Ministry of Interior attempted to retake the mosque, but were turned back with heavy casualties. The survivors were quickly joined by units of the Saudi Arabian Army and Saudi Arabian National Guard. At the request of the Saudi monarchy, French GIGN units... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure |
Tawhid | According to Hossein Nasr, Ali, the first imam (Shia view) and fourth Rashid Caliph (Sunni view), is credited with having established Islamic theology. His quotations contain the first rational proofs among Muslims of the Unity of God.
Ali states that "God is One" means that God is away from likeness and numeration and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid |
Hijab | In Gaza, there was a campaign by religious conservatives such as Hamas to impose the hijab on women during the First Intifada. In 1990, the Unified National Leadership of the Uprising (UNLU) declared that it rejected the imposition of a hijab policy for women, but that declaration was argued to have come too late, as m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab |
Middle East | The six top languages, in terms of numbers of speakers, are Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Kurdish, Hebrew and Greek. Arabic and Hebrew represent the Afro-Asiatic language family. Persian, Kurdish and Greek belong to the Indo-European language family. Turkish belongs to Turkic language family. About 20 minority languages ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East |
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan | Abd al-Malik shifted away from his predecessors' use of Arab tribal masses in favor of an organized army. Likewise, Arab noblemen who had derived their power solely through their tribal standing and personal relations with a caliph were gradually replaced with military men who had risen through the ranks. These develop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan |
Houthi movement | In course of the Yemeni Civil War, the Houthis developed tactics to combat their opponents' navies. At first, their anti-ship operations were unsophisticated and limited to rocket-propelled grenades being shot at vessels close to the shore. In the fight to secure the port city of Aden in 2015, the Yemeni Navy was large... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_movement |
Phoenicia | Phoenicia was one of the first areas to be conquered by Alexander the Great during his military campaigns across western Asia. Alexander's main target in the Persian Levant was Tyre, now the region's largest and most important city. It capitulated after a roughly seven month siege, during which many of its citizens fle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia |
History of the Jews in Egypt | At this time, Jews from North Africa came to settle in Egypt after the Fatimid conquest of Egypt in 969. These Jewish immigrants made up a significant amount of the population from all the Jews living in Egypt. Due to the discovery of the Cairo Geniza documents at the end of the 19th century, a lot is known about Egypt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt |
Arab Spring | Following the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in Sidi Bouzid, a series of increasingly violent street demonstrations through December 2010 ultimately led to the ousting of longtime President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali on 14 January 2011. The demonstrations were preceded by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring |
Rapid Support Forces | The gold mined in Sudan was sent to Dubai in the United Arab Emirates, where RSF leader Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo kept most of his money, which he used to fund his paramilitaries. In 2019, Global Witness reported that UAE was a key supplier of military equipment to RSF. Dagalo was funded by the United Arab Emirates and met... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces |
Bedouin | The Arab migration to the Maghreb had been a centuries-long process that continuously occurred since the 7th century. The initial waves of migration from the 7th to the 10th centuries mostly involved sedentary Arabs who established communities in cities, towns and surrounding rural areas. However, the Arab migrations f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin |
History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates | A Jewish Telegraphic Agency report in 1999 stated that: "A British university has banned Jewish authors from its courses at its campus in the United Arab Emirates. The University of Lincolnshire and Humberside has confirmed that books by Jews, as well as those that mention Jews in their bibliographies, are banned by it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates |
Culture of Iraq | Iraqi cuisine or Mesopotamian cuisine has a long history going back some 10,000 years – to the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians,
and Ancient Persians. Tablets found in ancient ruins in Iraq show recipes prepared in the temples during religious festivals - the first cookbooks in the world. Ancient Iraq, or Mesopotamia ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq |
Arabization | Modern Arabization in Algeria took place to develop and promote Arabic into the nation's education system, government, and media in order to replace the former language that was enforced due to colonization, French. Algeria had been conquered by France and even made to be part of its metropolitan core for 132 years, a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabization |
Qatar diplomatic crisis | On 22 June 2017, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Egypt, and Bahrain issued Qatar a list of 13 demands through Kuwaiti mediation, requiring Qatar to agree within 10 days (2 July 2017). According to reports on 23 June, the demands included:
Closing Al Jazeera and its affiliate stations.
Closing other news ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis |
Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah | After his role in the murder of Abdan, Zakarawayh ibn Mihrawayh escaped from Iraq and resumed his missionary efforts among the Bedouin tribes of the eastern Syrian Desert, but with little success. His sons, al-Husayn and Yahya, however, succeeded in converting many members of the tribal group of the Banu Kalb in the no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah |
University of al-Qarawiyyin | The interior hypostyle prayer hall takes up most of the mosque's area. Like the interior of most traditional mosques in Moroccan architecture, it is a relatively austere space with mostly plain walls, wooden roofs, and rows upon rows of arches. The main area, south of the courtyard, is a vast space divided into ten tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin |
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