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Persian language | The Persian language influenced the formation of many modern languages in West Asia, Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia. Following the Turko-Persian Ghaznavid conquest of South Asia, Persian was firstly introduced in the region by Turkic Central Asians. The basis in general for the introduction of Persian language in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language |
Suez Canal | In 1854 and 1856, Ferdinand de Lesseps obtained a concession from Sa'id Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan, to create a company to construct a canal open to ships of all nations. The company was to operate the canal for 99 years from its opening. De Lesseps had used his friendly relationship with Sa'id, which he had... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal |
Atharism | Ali Shah, Zulfiqar (2012). Anthropomorphic Depictions of God: The Concept of God in Judaic, Christian, and Islamic Traditions: Representing the Unrepresentable. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). ISBN 978-1565645752.
Alwani, Taha Jabir Fayyad; DeLorenzo, Yusuf Talal; Al-Shikh-Ali, A. S. (2003). Source M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharism |
Mohammed bin Salman | In May 2017, Mohammed launched a purge against competing Saudi business and political elites under the auspices of anti-corruption. He said, "no one will survive in a corruption case—whoever he is, even if he's a prince or a minister". In November 2017, he ordered some 200 wealthy businessmen and princes to be placed u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman |
Coconut | Wild coconuts are naturally restricted to coastal areas in sandy, saline soils. The fruit is adapted for ocean dispersal. Coconuts could not reach inland locations without human intervention (to carry seednuts, plant seedlings, etc.) and early germination on the palm (vivipary) was important.
Coconuts today can be grou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut |
Windcatcher | The construction of a windcatcher depends on the prevailing wind direction at that specific location: if the wind tends to blow from only one side, it may have only one opening, and no internal partitions. In areas with more variable wind directions, there may also be radial internal walls, which divide the windtower i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windcatcher |
Syria | The situation for human rights in Syria has long been a significant concern among independent organizations such as Human Rights Watch, who in 2010 referred to the country's record as "among the worst in the world." The 2011 Freedom House report ranked Syria "Not Free" in its annual Freedom in the World survey. The Ba'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria |
History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi | When Libya was under pressure from international disputes, on 19 August 1981, a naval dogfight occurred over the Gulf of Sirte in the Mediterranean Sea. US F-14 Tomcat jets fired anti-aircraft missiles against a formation of Libyan fighter jets in this dogfight and shot down two Libyan Su-22 Fitter attack aircraft. Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi |
Second Fitna | The treaty brought a temporary peace, but no framework of succession was established. As it had in the past, the issue of succession could potentially lead to problems in the future. The orientalist Bernard Lewis writes: "The only precedents available to Mu'āwiya from Islamic history were election and civil war. The fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Fitna |
1983 Beirut barracks bombings | A Beirut Memorial has been established at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, and has been used as the site of annual memorial services for the victims of the attack. A Beirut Memorial Room at the USO in Jacksonville, North Carolina has also been created.
The Armed Forces Chaplaincy Center, the site of Chaplain Corps train... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings |
Shukri al-Quwatli | In late 1927, Quwatli headed the Istiqlal-dominated Executive Committee of the Syrian-Palestinian Congress, although Lutfallah headed a separate rival committee that also called itself the Congress's Executive Committee. Both were based in Cairo. Locally known then as the "apricot king", Quwatli used revenues from his ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli |
Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction | In July 1976 Abdul Qadeer Khan told leading Pakistani politicians that the Pakistani Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) was completely incapable of meeting a deadline of December of that year for producing enough plutonium for a nuclear weapon. Shortly thereafter, he was placed in charge of a new organization independent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction |
Tajiks | Various scholars have recorded the Zoroastrian, Hindu, and Buddhist pre-Islamic heritage of the Tajik people. Early temples for fire worship have been found in Balkh and Bactria and excavations in present-day Tajikistan and Uzbekistan show remnants of Zoroastrian fire temples.
Today, however, the great majority of Taji... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajiks |
Pyramid Texts | The texts first appeared in the pyramid of the last pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty, that belonging to Unas. A total of 283 spells appear on the subterranean walls of Unas' pyramid. These spells are the smallest and best-preserved corpus of the texts in the Old Kingdom. Copies of all but a single spell, PT 200, inscribed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_Texts |
Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia) | The committee's rationale is based on the classical Islamic doctrine of hisba, which is associated with the Quranic injunction of enjoining good and forbidding wrong, and refers to the duty of Muslims to promote moral rectitude and intervene when another Muslim is acting wrongly. In pre-modern Islamic history, its lega... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia) |
Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world | Despite the fundamental works Arabic mathematicians have done on the development of Algebra and algebraic geometry, Western historians in the 18th and early 19th century still regarded it as a fact that Classical science and math were unique phenomena of the West. Even though some math contributions from Arab mathemati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Posts and telecommunications in Lebanon | Lebanon is connected to the internet through three submarine fiber-optic cables, which provide the bulk of its "international bandwidth", meaning the maximum quantity of data it can transmit to or receive from the rest of the world. The three main landing points of these cables, called international exchanges or gatewa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posts_and_telecommunications_in_Lebanon |
Yom Kippur War | On the Golan front, Syrian forces received direct support from Soviet technicians and military personnel. At the start of the war, there were an estimated 2,000 Soviet personnel in Syria, of whom 1,000 were serving in Syrian air defense units. Soviet technicians repaired damaged tanks, SAMs and radar equipment, assembl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War |
Kharijites | The Kharijites also asserted that faith without accompanying deeds is useless, and that anyone who commits a major sin is an unbeliever (kafir; pl. kuffar) and must repent to restore the true faith. However, the Kharijite notion of unbelief (kufr) differed from the mainstream Muslim definition, which understood a kafir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharijites |
Khalili Collection of Islamic Art | Khalili employs a production staff and has commissioned more than 30 academic experts to document the collection in a 30-volume series of books, whose publication he has subsidised. Each volume includes scholarly research on the collection's objects, as well as essays about Islamic art for a general audience. The Gener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Islamic_Art |
Idrisid dynasty | The dynasty's power would slowly decline following Idris II's death. Under his son and successor Muhammad (828–836) the kingdom was divided amongst seven of his brothers, whereby eight Idrisid statelets formed in Morocco and western Algeria. Muhammad himself came to rule Fes, with only nominal power over his brothers. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty |
State of Palestine | In 1947, the UN adopted a partition plan for a two-state solution in the remaining territory of the mandate. The plan was accepted by the Jewish leadership but rejected by the Arab leaders, and Britain refused to implement the plan. On the eve of final British withdrawal, the Jewish Agency for Israel, headed by David B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine |
Nebka | The tomb of Nebka has not been located with any certainty, nor has that of Sanakht. Garstang, who excavated mastaba K2 at Beit Khallaf, believed that it belonged to Sanakht as seals bearing this pharaoh's name were uncovered there, beside a burial. Dieter Arnold and other Egyptologists now think mastaba K2 was the tomb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebka |
14 July Revolution | During the Second World War, the British reoccupied Iraq. In 1947 prime minister Salih Jabr negotiated British withdrawal, formalised on 15 January 1948 by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty (also known as the Portsmouth Treaty). This agreement included a British and Iraqi joint defence board to oversee Iraqi military planning, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_July_Revolution |
Constitution of Mauritania | The Constitutional Charter of the Military Committee for National Salvation (CMSN), which was promulgated on February 9, 1985, served as a de facto constitution. The charter unequivocally eliminated any of the pretenses of democracy embodied in the 1961 constitution. At the same time, it pledged adherence to the 1948 U... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mauritania |
Iraqi Armed Forces | The Iraqi Navy (Arabic: القوات البحرية العراقية) is one of the components of the Armed Forces. Its primary responsibilities are the protection of Iraq's coastline and offshore assets. It was formed in 1937 as a small four-ship force headquartered in Basra. Between 1937 and 1958, it was primarily a riverine force. Follo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces |
Ahmad Sirhindi | By the latter part of the nineteenth century, the consensus of the Naqshbandi community had placed the prophetic realities closer to God than the divine realities. The rationale for this development may have been to neutralize unnecessary discord with the large Muslim community whose emotional attachment to Muhammad wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi |
Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah | Within Ras Al Khaimah city, the main mode of public transport are metered taxis, with public buses operating on long-haul routes and catering mainly to smaller towns (e.g. Sha`am, Rams, and Al Jazirah Al Hamra). A local bus service operated by RAK Transport Authority provides infrequent connections between Nakheel, Al ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah |
Arabic | The influence of Arabic has been most important in Islamic countries, because it is the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Quran. Arabic is also an important source of vocabulary for languages such as Amharic, Azerbaijani, Baluchi, Bengali, Berber, Bosnian, Chaldean, Chechen, Chittagonian, Croatian, Dagestani, Dh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic |
Fidel Castro | Juan Reynaldo Sánchez, Castro's former bodyguard, detailed much of his personal and private life in his book The Double Life of Fidel Castro. He described Castro as "Nothing ordinary about him at all, he is unique, special, and different." He profiled him as an egocentric who loved being the center of attention and, wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro |
Arab Peace Initiative | Many Arab policy makers, chiefs of state, and commentators have written in support of the initiative since 2002. Turki al-Faisal, Saudi Minister of Foreign Affairs, wrote in The Washington Post in support shortly after Barack Obama's 2008 election victory. al-Faisal stated that "there are reasons to be optimistic" and"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative |
Refugees of the Syrian civil war | Austria – In 2015, there were at least 18,000 estimated Syrian refugees in Austria. In 2018, there were 48,103 Syrian nationals residing in Austria.
Bulgaria – Bulgaria welcomes refugees when in transit to Germany to apply for refugee status. Bulgaria received 11,080 asylum applications in 2014, 56% of which were made... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war |
Sudanese Armed Forces | "In the aftermath of the 1954 Torit mutiny, Northern servicemen who had left the forces after the Second World War were allowed to return to the colours, and additional recruitment took place."
On independence in 1956, the army was "regarded as a highly trained, competent ... force, but its character changed in succeed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces |
Nabonidus | The earliest recorded activity of Nabonidus as king was visiting the city of Sippar on 4 July 556 BC, where he donated three minas of gold in the city's temple, the Ebabbar temple. The purpose of the visit may have been political, given that Sippar recognised Labashi-Marduk as king just two weeks prior, nearly a month ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonidus |
Islam and other religions | Some predominantly Muslim countries allow the practice of all religions. Of these, some limit this freedom with bans on proselytizing or conversion, or restrictions on the building of places of worship; others (such as Mali) have no such restrictions. In practice, the situation of non-Muslim minorities depends not only... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions |
Education in Kuwait | The general education system consists of four levels: kindergarten, or nursery (lasting for 2 years), primary (lasting for 5 years), intermediate (lasting for 4 years), and secondary (lasting for 3 years). Schooling at the primary and intermediate level is compulsory for all students aged 6 – 14. All the levels of sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Kuwait |
Positional notation | In mathematical numeral systems the radix r is usually the number of unique digits, including zero, that a positional numeral system uses to represent numbers. In some cases, such as with a negative base, the radix is the absolute value
r
=
|
b
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_notation |
Wildlife of Bahrain | 195 species of higher plant have been recorded on the islands. 17 species of terrestrial mammal are found here as well as 14 species of reptile, a single species of amphibian and 54 species of fish.
More than 330 species of birds were recorded in the Bahrain archipelago, 26 species of which breed in the country. Milli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bahrain |
Tayeb Salih | Salih's writing draws important inspiration from his youth in a Sudanese village; life that is centered on rural people and their complex relationships. "At various levels and with varying degrees of psychoanalytic emphasis, he deals with themes of reality and illusion, the cultural dissonance between the West and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayeb_Salih |
History of the Palestinians | The death of the Shaykh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam at the hands of the British police near Jenin in November 1935 generated widespread outrage and huge crowds accompanied Qassam's body to his grave in Haifa. A few months later, in April 1936, an Arab national general strike broke out. This lasted until October 1936. During t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Palestinians |
Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa | Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa was born on 27 November 1848, in Riffa Fort, Bahrain, the fourth-born son of Sheikh Ali bin Khalifa Al Khalifa with Sheikha Tajba bint Ahmad Al Khalifa, daughter of Sheikh Ahmad bin Salman Al Khalifa.
Sheikh Isa's father, Sheikh Ali, became the ruler of Bahrain in 1868 after his brother Muhammad ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_bin_Ali_Al_Khalifa |
Averroes | During Averroes's lifetime, philosophy came under attack from the Sunni tradition, especially from theological schools like the Hanbali school and the Ashʾarites. In particular, the Ashʾari scholar al-Ghazali (1058–1111) wrote The Incoherence of the Philosophers, a scathing and influential critique of the Neoplatonic p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes |
Marinid Sultanate | The Marinid dynasty was important in further refining the artistic legacy established under their Almoravid and Almohad predecessors. Particularly in Fes, their capital, they built monuments with increasingly intricate and extensive decoration, particularly in wood and stucco. They were also the first to deploy extensi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate |
Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art | Mathaf permanent collection exhibition occupies seven galleries in the upper floor, while the atrium and five galleries are dedicated to temporary exhibitions. The museum looks at major modern and contemporary movements represented in the collection. The permanent collection includes works by Etel Adnan, Yousef Ahmad, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathaf:_Arab_Museum_of_Modern_Art |
Predestination in Islam | Based on what has been preserved of the poetry of pre-Islamic Arabs, it is thought that they believed that the date of the person's death (ajal), was predetermined "no matter what he or she did". A person's "provision" or "sustenance" (rizq), essentially food, was also pre-determined. The concept of ajal is also foun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam |
Fez, Morocco | The city was first founded in 789 as Madinat Fas on the southeast bank of the Jawhar River (now known as the Fez River) by Idris I, founder of the Idrisid dynasty. Idris I was an Hasanid Sharif from Arabia who was forced to flee the Hejaz after a failed revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate, eventually moving to norther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco |
Ra's al Ghul | After Talia encounters and falls in love with Batman in Detective Comics #411 (May 1971), Ra's begins to consider Batman as a possible heir. Ra's first deduces Batman's secret identity when he reasons the Dark Knight has to be rich, and learns only Bruce Wayne has bought the equipment a crime fighter would have; he is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul |
Yitzhak Shamir | Shamir won the 1983 Herut leadership election against David Levy to succeed Begin as leader of Herut, the Likud, and Prime Minister of Israel. Shamir won reelection as party leader in the 1984 Herut leadership election, defeating a challenge from Ariel Sharon. His failure to stabilize Israel's inflationary economy and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir |
Crusades | According to the historian Joshua Prawer no major European poet, theologian, scholar or historian settled in the crusader states. Some went on pilgrimage, and this is seen in new imagery and ideas in western poetry. Although they did not migrate east themselves, their output often encouraged others to journey there on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades |
Sheep | In sheep breeds lacking facial wool, the visual field is wide. In 10 sheep (Cambridge, Lleyn and Welsh Mountain breeds, which lack facial wool), the visual field ranged from 298° to 325°, averaging 313.1°, with binocular overlap ranging from 44.5° to 74°, averaging 61.7°. In some breeds, unshorn facial wool can limit t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep |
Islam and secularism | A number of scholars have argued that a separation of religion and political power is not inconsistent with early Islamic history. The Sudanese-born Islamic scholar Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im has argued that a secular state built on constitutionalism, human rights and full citizenship is more consistent with Islamic hist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_secularism |
Women in Islam | In Quran, surah 2:282 equates two women as substitute for one man, in matters requiring witnesses.
O believers! When you contract a loan for a fixed period of time, commit it to writing. Let the scribe maintain justice between the parties. The scribe should not refuse to write as Allah has taught them to write. They w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Islam |
Israeli-occupied territories | Israel captured the Golan Heights from Syria in the 1967 Six-Day War. A ceasefire was signed on 11 June 1967 and the Golan Heights came under Israeli military administration. Syria rejected UNSC Resolution 242 of 22 November 1967, which called for the return of Israeli-occupied State territories in exchange for peacefu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories |
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq | Unlike Bhutto, who faced rogue criticism and a heated diplomatic war with the United States throughout the 1970s, Zia took different diplomatic approaches to counter the international pressure. From 1979 to 1983, the country was made a subject of attack by international organization for not signing the Nuclear Non-Prol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq |
Afroasiatic languages | In current scholarship, the most common names for the family are Afroasiatic (or Afro-Asiatic), Hamito-Semitic, and Semito-Hamitic. Other proposed names that have yet to find widespread acceptance include Erythraic/Erythraean, Lisramic, Noahitic, and Lamekhite.
Friedrich Müller introduced the name Hamito-Semitic to des... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages |
Quran | In Islam, ’i‘jāz (Arabic: اَلْإِعْجَازُ), "inimitability challenge" of the Qur'an in sense of feṣāḥa and belagha (both eloquence and rhetoric) is the doctrine which holds that the Qur’ān has a miraculous quality, both in content and in form, that no human speech can match. According to this, the Qur'an is a miracle and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran |
Slavery in Yemen | The worldwide abolition of slavery began in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when the Declaration of the Rights of Man was adopted in 1789, and stated "men are born and remain free and equal in rights."
By the nineteenth century, an increasing number of countries such as The Netherlands were banning particip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen |
Isaaq | In the Isaaq clan, component sub-clans are divided into two uterine divisions, as shown in the genealogy. The first division is between those lineages descended from sons of Sheikh Ishaaq by a Harari woman – the Habr Habuusheed – and those descended from sons of Sheikh Ishaaq by a Somali woman of the Magaadle sub-tribe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq |
Kuwait | Human rights in Kuwait has been the subject of significant criticism, particularly regarding the Bedoon (stateless people). The Kuwaiti government's handling of the stateless Bedoon crisis has come under criticism from many human rights organisations and even the United Nations. According to Human Rights Watch in 1995,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait |
Fatimid Caliphate | After al-Aziz's unexpected death, his young son al-Mansur, 11 years old, was installed on the throne as al-Hakim. Hasan ibn Ammar, the leader of the Kalbid clan in Egypt, a military veteran, and one of the last remaining members of al-Mu'izz's old guard, initially became regent, but he was soon forced to flee by Barjaw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
History of Algeria | The Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962), brutal and long, was the most recent major turning point in the country's history. Although often fratricidal, it ultimately united Algerians and seared the value of independence and the philosophy of anticolonialism into the national consciousness.
In the early morning hou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Algeria |
Maghrawa | The confederation of Maghrawa were the majority people of the central Maghreb among the Zenata (Gaetuli). Both nomadic and sedentary, the Maghrawa lived under the command of Maghrawa chiefs or Zenata. Algiers has been the territory of the Maghrawa since ancient times. The name Maghrawa was transcribed into Greek by his... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrawa |
Kim Il Sung | North Korean government sources credit Kim with founding the Down-with-Imperialism Union in 1926. He attended Whasung Military Academy in 1926, but found the academy's training methods outdated and quit it in 1927. He then attended Yuwen Middle School in China's Jilin province until 1930, when he rejected the feudal tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung |
Omar Suleiman (politician) | Suleiman was seen as a very close and trusted ally of former President Hosni Mubarak, sharing many of his views on key issues such as Iran, Egypt–Israel relations and the United States, and treatment of the Muslim Brotherhood. Although he was a military man who by law is not a member of Mubarak's National Democratic Pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician) |
Fatah–Hamas conflict | Throughout 10 and 15 June of fighting Hamas took control of the main north–south road and the coastal road. and removed Fatah officials. The ICRC estimated that at least 118 people were killed and more than 550 wounded during the fighting in the week up to June 15. Human Rights Watch accused both sides with violations ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict |
Shia Islam | Later, most denominations of Shia Islam, including Twelvers and Ismāʿīlīs, became Imamis. Imami Shīʿītes believe that Imams are the spiritual and political successors to Muhammad. Imams are human individuals who not only rule over the Muslim community with justice, but also are able to keep and interpret the divine law... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam |
Al-Ma'mun | Al-Ma'mun conducted, in the plains of Mesopotamia, two astronomical operations intended to achieve a degree measurement (al-Ma'mun's arc measurement). The crater Almanon on the Moon is named in recognition of his contributions to astronomy.
Al-Ma'mun's record as an administrator is also marked by his efforts toward the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun |
Salafi movement | Syrian Salafiyya tradition that emerged in late nineteenth century consisted of two divergent tendencies: an apolitical Quietist trend and a "Salafi-Islamist hybrid". The early Salafiyya led by Rashid Rida was dominated by revolutionary Pan-Islamists who had socio-political goals and advocated for the restoration of an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Harem | In the Muslim dynasties of Central Asia, the harem culture did not initially exist, since the customary nomadic culture made it impractical. The wives of the rulers of the Golden Horde did not live secluded in a harem but were allowed to show themselves and meet men who were not their relatives. The system of harem gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem |
State of Palestine | The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) declared the establishment of the State of Palestine on 15 November 1988. There is a wide range of views on the legal status of the State of Palestine, both among international states and legal scholars. The existence of a state of Palestine is recognized by the states that h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine |
Emirate of Mount Lebanon | Fakhr-al-Din II (1591–1635) was the most renowned of the Maanid rulers, although his position was as precarious as that of his predecessors and his successors.
In 1587, with the accession of Shah Abbas I, Safavid power began to revive, and the Ottoman–Persian Wars were soon resumed. In Syria, the Safavids could use loc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon |
Houthi movement | According to Ahmed Addaghashi, a professor at Sanaa University, the Houthis began as a moderate theological movement that preached tolerance and held a broad-minded view of all the Yemeni peoples. Their first organization, "the Believing Youth" (BY), was founded in 1992 in Saada Governorate: 1008 by either Mohammed al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_movement |
Palestinian Christians | During the Ottoman Empire, foreign powers enjoyed positions of guardianship towards minorities, including the French for the Christians of Syria, Lebanon and Palestine. Orthodox Christians more specifically came under the protections of the Russian Empire. This placed Palestinian Christians with protection privileges, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Christians |
Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war | Saudi-backed Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, running unopposed as the only candidate for president, won the 2012 Yemeni elections. Since August 2014, the Houthis (or Ansar Allah), a Zaidi Shia movement and militant group backed by Iran, dissatisfied with Hadi government's decisions and the new constitution, arranged mass protes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war |
Hafsid dynasty | The Hafsids were significant builders, particularly under the reigns of successful leaders like Abu Zakariya (r. 1229–1249) and Abu Faris (r. 1394–1434), though not many of their monuments have survived intact to the present-day.: 208 While Kairouan remained an important religious center, Tunis was the capital and pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty |
Sasanian art | Free standing sculptures are rare in this period, compared under the Parthians. The Colossal Statue of Shapur I (r. AD 240–272) is the single outstanding exception to survive.
The large carved rock relief, typically placed high beside a road, and near a source of water, is a common medium in Persian art, mostly used t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_art |
Shapur I | Shapur I was a son of Ardashir I and his wife Murrod or Denag. The background of the family is obscure; although based in Pars (also known as Persis), they were not native to the area, and were seemingly originally from the east. The historian Marek Jan Olbrycht has suggested that the family was descended from the Indo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_I |
Civilization | Civilizations are traditionally understood as ending in one of two ways; either through incorporation into another expanding civilization (e.g. as Ancient Egypt was incorporated into Hellenistic Greek, and subsequently Roman civilizations), or by collapsing and reverting to a simpler form of living, as happens in so-ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization |
Zeila | The town of Zeila is primarily inhabited by people from the Somali ethnic group, with the Gadabuursi subclan of the Dir especially well represented. The Issa subclan of the Dir are especially well represented in the wider Zeila District.
Tim Glawion (2020) describes the clan demographics of both the town of Zeila and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeila |
Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa | The Middle East and North Africa currently faces extreme water scarcity, with twelve out of the 17 most water stressed countries in the world deriving from the region. The World Bank defines an area as being water stressed when per person water supplies fall below 1,700 cubic metres per year. The water supply across th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa |
Non-Aligned Movement | With the end of the Cold War, the Non-Aligned Movement transformed. The breakup of Yugoslavia (a prominent founding member) in 1991–1992 also affected the Movement; the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1992 s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement |
Safavid Iran | The Safavids by the time of their rise were Azerbaijani-speaking although they also used Persian as a second language.
The language chiefly used by the Safavid court and military establishment was Azerbaijani. But the official language of the empire as well as the administrative language, language of correspondence, li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran |
Badakhshan | The old capital of Badakhshan was located in Kishim District. In the 18th century the capital of Badakhshan was the town of Khamchan, located three miles west of Fayzabad and situated on both sides of the Kokcha River. After the conquest of Badakhshan by Ahmad Shah Durrani in the later half of the 18th century, the cap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badakhshan |
Hammadid dynasty | Qal'at Beni Hammad, the dynasty's capital, was described by Al-Bakri in the 11th century as a large and powerful military stronghold and a centre of commerce that attracted caravans from all over the Maghreb, Iraq, Syria, Egypt and the Hejaz. 14th-century Arab historian and philosopher Ibn Khaldun noted that the abunda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty |
Caste | In Ethiopia, there have been a number of studies of castes. Broad studies of castes have been written by Alula Pankhurst has published a study of caste groups in SW Ethiopia. and a later volume by Dena Freeman writing with Pankhurst.
In a review published in 1977, Todd reports that numerous scholars report a system of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste |
Egypt | In 1970, President Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat. During his period, Sadat switched Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling the Soviet advisors in 1972. Egypt was renamed as Arab Republic of Egypt in 1971. Sadat launched the Infitah economic reform policy, while ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt |
French invasion of Egypt and Syria | Napoleon departed Malta for Egypt. After successfully eluding detection by the Royal Navy for thirteen days, the fleet was in sight of Alexandria where it landed on 1 July, although Napoleon's plan had been to land elsewhere.
On the day of the landing, Napoleon told his troops "I promise to each soldier who returns fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria |
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad | Ahmad went to Delhi, which was at the time considered a centre of religious learning and home to many prominent religious leaders, in 1891, with the intention of distinguishing what he believed to be the truth from falsehood. He published an advertisement in which he invited the scholars to accept his claim and to enga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad |
Nabopolassar | Some aspects of Nabopolassar's royal titulature suggest that he wished to distance himself from the Neo-Assyrian kings, while others suggest the opposite and a wish to establish clear continuity with them. Some prominent Assyrian titles, such as "king of the Four Corners of the World", were dropped, whereas Nabopolassa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabopolassar |
Akkad (city) | A year name of En-šakušuana (c. 2350 BC), king of Uruk and a contemporary of Lugal-zage-si of Umma, was "Year in which En-šakušuana defeated Akkad". This would have been shortly before the rise of the Akkadian Empire and part of his northern campaign that also defeated Kish and Akshak.
A number of fragments of royal st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkad_(city) |
Sultan | The word derives from the Arabic and Semitic root salaṭa "to be hard, strong". The noun sulṭān initially designated a kind of moral authority or spiritual power (as opposed to political power), and it is used in this sense several times in the Qur'an.
In the early Muslim world, ultimate power and authority was theoreti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan |
2011–2012 Jordanian protests | Jordan's economy continues to struggle, weighed down by a record deficit of $2 billion in between 2010 and 2011 due to the Arab Spring. Inflation in Jordan has risen by 1.5% to 6.1% in December 2010, and unemployment and poverty have become rampant, estimated at 12% and 25% respectively. The government is also accused ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests |
Ar Rass | After the Arab tribes left Najd, among them the tribes of Bani Asad that inhabited the greater part of Qassim, other tribes took their place, and it was one of the Arab tribes that settled in Najd and the tribes of Bani Tamim or Hamidan were famous and those who moved from Ashikar to Al-Rass for work and trade as they ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar_Rass |
Barbarian | According to the historian Frank Dikötter, "The delusive myth of a Chinese antiquity that abandoned racial standards in favour of a concept of cultural universalism in which all barbarians could ultimately participate has understandably attracted some modern scholars. Living in an unequal and often hostile world, it is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian |
Baghdad | Within a generation of its founding, Baghdad became a hub of learning and commerce. The city flourished into an unrivaled intellectual center of science, medicine, philosophy, and education, especially with the Abbasid translation movement began under the second caliph Al-Mansur and thrived under the seventh caliph Al-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad |
Dome | The Syria and Palestine area has a long tradition of domical architecture, including wooden domes in shapes described as "conoid", or similar to pine cones. When the Arab Muslim forces conquered the region, they employed local craftsmen for their buildings and, by the end of the 7th century, the dome had begun to becom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome |
Politics of Saudi Arabia | Corruption is widespread in Saudi Arabia, most prevalent in the form of nepotism, the use of middlemen, 'wasta', to do business as well as patronage systems.
The Saudi government and the royal family have often, and over many years, been accused of corruption. In a country that is said to "belong" to the royal family a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Metropolitan Museum of Art | The Metropolitan Museum owns one of the world's largest collection of works of art of the Islamic world. The collection also includes artifacts and works of art of cultural and secular origin from the time period indicated by the rise of Islam predominantly from the Near East and in contrast to the Ancient Near Eastern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art |
Al-Qaeda | In the disagreement over whether al-Qaeda's objectives are religious or political, Mark Sedgwick describes al-Qaeda's strategy as political in the immediate term but with ultimate aims that are religious.
On March 11, 2005, Al-Quds Al-Arabi published extracts from Saif al-Adel's document "Al Qaeda's Strategy to the Yea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda |
Neolithic Revolution | Agriculture appeared first in Southwest Asia about 2,000 years later, around 10,000–9,000 years ago. The region was the centre of domestication for three cereals (einkorn wheat, emmer wheat and barley), four legumes (lentil, pea, bitter vetch and chickpea), and flax. Domestication was a slow process that unfolded acros... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution |
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