SoniR/book.txt · Datasets at Hugging Face

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VIII. THE MODERN PERIOD 142

§ 1. _The mediæval ideals_:--Groups and class ideals, 143; the
church ideal, 145. § 2. _Main lines of modern development_,
147. § 3. _The old and new in the beginnings of
individualism_, 149. § 4. _Individualism in the progress of
liberty and democracy_:--Rights, 151. § 5. _Individualism as
affected by the development of industry, commerce, and
art_:--Increasing power and interests, 153; distribution of
goods, 157; industrial revolution raises new problems, 159.
§ 6. _The individual and the development of intelligence_:--The
Renaissance, 163; the Enlightenment, 165; the present
significance of scientific method, 167.

IX. A GENERAL COMPARISON OF CUSTOMARY AND REFLECTIVE MORALITY 171

§ 1. _Elements of agreement and continuity_:--Régime of custom,
172; persistence of group morality, 173; origin of ethical
terms, 175. § 2. _Elements of contrast_:--Differentiation
of the moral, 177; observing _versus_ reflecting, 178; the
higher law, 181; deepening of meaning, 182. § 3. _Opposition
between individual and social aims and standards_:--Withdrawal
from the social order, 184; individual emancipation, 186.
§ 4. _Effects upon the individual character_:--Increased
possibilities of evil as well as of good, 187. § 5. _Moral
differentiation and the social order_:--Effects on the family,
193; on industry and government, 194; on religion, 195;
general relation of religion to morality, 197.


PART II

THEORY OF THE MORAL LIFE

X. THE MORAL SITUATION 201

Distinguishing marks of the moral situation, 201; Traits of
voluntary activity, 202; The good and bad in non-voluntary
behavior, 203; Indifferent voluntary conduct, 205; The moral
is introduced when ends have conflicting values, 207;
Selection then depends upon, and influences, the nature
of the self, 209.

XI. PROBLEMS OF MORAL THEORY 212

Theory grows from practical problems, 212; Three typical
problems of reflective practice, 213; Corresponding problems
of theory, 214; Their historical sequence, 215; Growth of
individualism, 220; The two types of individualism, 221.

XII. TYPES OF MORAL THEORY 224

§ 1. _Typical divisions of theories_:--Teleological and
jural, 224; individual and institutional, 225; empirical and
intuitional, 226. § 2. _Division of voluntary activity into
Inner and Outer_:--The "how" and the "what," 227; attitude
and consequences, 228; different types of each theory, 229;
bearing of each theory upon problems of knowledge and
of control, 231. § 3. _General interpretation of these
theories_:--Ordinary view of disposition and of consequences,
232; advantages claimed for emphasis upon consequences, 234;
for emphasis upon disposition or attitude, 236; necessity of
reconciliation of these theories, 237.

XIII. CONDUCT AND CHARACTER 240

Problem of their relation, 240. § 1. _The good will of
Kant_:--Emphasis upon motive, 241; motive with or without
consequences, 242; necessity of effort, 243; overt action
required to prove motive, 245. § 2. _The "Intention" of the
Utilitarians_:--Emphasis upon consequences, 246; distinction
of intention from motive, 247; they are really identical,
248; motive as blind and as intelligent, 249; practical
importance of insistence upon consequences, 251; foresight
of consequences depends upon motive, 252. § 3. _Conduct and
character_:--The nature of disposition, 254; partial and
complete intention, 256; complexity of motives, 257. § 4.
_Morality of acts and of agents_:--Subjective and objective
morality, 259; the doer and his deed, 260; summary, 261.

XIV. HAPPINESS AND CONDUCT: THE GOOD AND DESIRE 263

Residence and nature of goodness, 263; happiness as the
good, 264; love of happiness as the evil, 265; ambiguity in
conception of happiness, 266. § 1. _The Object of Desire_:--Is
it pleasure? 269; desire presupposes instinctive appetites,
270; and objects of thought, 271; happiness and desire, 272;
need for standard, 274. § 2. _The Conception of Happiness as a
Standard_:--Utilitarian method, 275; Difficulty of measuring
pleasure, 276; character determines the value of a pleasure,
277; Mill's introduction of quality of pleasure, 279. § 3.
_The constitution of happiness_:--Pleasures depend upon
objects, 281; they are qualitative, 282; they vary with
disposition, 283; happiness as the moral good, 284.

XV. HAPPINESS AND SOCIAL ENDS 286

Utilitarianism aims at social welfare, 286; value as a theory
of social reform, 287; its aim conflicts with its hedonistic
theory of motive, 289; Bentham's method of reconciling

VIII. THE MODERN PERIOD 142

§ 1. _The mediæval ideals_:--Groups and class ideals, 143; the

church ideal, 145. § 2. _Main lines of modern development_,

147. § 3. _The old and new in the beginnings of

individualism_, 149. § 4. _Individualism in the progress of

liberty and democracy_:--Rights, 151. § 5. _Individualism as

affected by the development of industry, commerce, and

art_:--Increasing power and interests, 153; distribution of

goods, 157; industrial revolution raises new problems, 159.

§ 6. _The individual and the development of intelligence_:--The

Renaissance, 163; the Enlightenment, 165; the present

significance of scientific method, 167.

IX. A GENERAL COMPARISON OF CUSTOMARY AND REFLECTIVE MORALITY 171

§ 1. _Elements of agreement and continuity_:--Régime of custom,

172; persistence of group morality, 173; origin of ethical

terms, 175. § 2. _Elements of contrast_:--Differentiation

of the moral, 177; observing _versus_ reflecting, 178; the

higher law, 181; deepening of meaning, 182. § 3. _Opposition

between individual and social aims and standards_:--Withdrawal

from the social order, 184; individual emancipation, 186.

§ 4. _Effects upon the individual character_:--Increased

possibilities of evil as well as of good, 187. § 5. _Moral

differentiation and the social order_:--Effects on the family,

193; on industry and government, 194; on religion, 195;

general relation of religion to morality, 197.

PART II

THEORY OF THE MORAL LIFE

X. THE MORAL SITUATION 201

Distinguishing marks of the moral situation, 201; Traits of

voluntary activity, 202; The good and bad in non-voluntary

behavior, 203; Indifferent voluntary conduct, 205; The moral

is introduced when ends have conflicting values, 207;

Selection then depends upon, and influences, the nature

of the self, 209.

XI. PROBLEMS OF MORAL THEORY 212

Theory grows from practical problems, 212; Three typical

problems of reflective practice, 213; Corresponding problems

of theory, 214; Their historical sequence, 215; Growth of

individualism, 220; The two types of individualism, 221.

XII. TYPES OF MORAL THEORY 224

§ 1. _Typical divisions of theories_:--Teleological and

jural, 224; individual and institutional, 225; empirical and

intuitional, 226. § 2. _Division of voluntary activity into

Inner and Outer_:--The "how" and the "what," 227; attitude

and consequences, 228; different types of each theory, 229;

bearing of each theory upon problems of knowledge and

of control, 231. § 3. _General interpretation of these

theories_:--Ordinary view of disposition and of consequences,

232; advantages claimed for emphasis upon consequences, 234;

for emphasis upon disposition or attitude, 236; necessity of

reconciliation of these theories, 237.

XIII. CONDUCT AND CHARACTER 240

Problem of their relation, 240. § 1. _The good will of

Kant_:--Emphasis upon motive, 241; motive with or without

consequences, 242; necessity of effort, 243; overt action

required to prove motive, 245. § 2. _The "Intention" of the

Utilitarians_:--Emphasis upon consequences, 246; distinction

of intention from motive, 247; they are really identical,

248; motive as blind and as intelligent, 249; practical

importance of insistence upon consequences, 251; foresight

of consequences depends upon motive, 252. § 3. _Conduct and

character_:--The nature of disposition, 254; partial and

complete intention, 256; complexity of motives, 257. § 4.

_Morality of acts and of agents_:--Subjective and objective

morality, 259; the doer and his deed, 260; summary, 261.

XIV. HAPPINESS AND CONDUCT: THE GOOD AND DESIRE 263

Residence and nature of goodness, 263; happiness as the

good, 264; love of happiness as the evil, 265; ambiguity in

conception of happiness, 266. § 1. _The Object of Desire_:--Is

it pleasure? 269; desire presupposes instinctive appetites,

270; and objects of thought, 271; happiness and desire, 272;

need for standard, 274. § 2. _The Conception of Happiness as a

Standard_:--Utilitarian method, 275; Difficulty of measuring

pleasure, 276; character determines the value of a pleasure,

277; Mill's introduction of quality of pleasure, 279. § 3.

_The constitution of happiness_:--Pleasures depend upon

objects, 281; they are qualitative, 282; they vary with

disposition, 283; happiness as the moral good, 284.

XV. HAPPINESS AND SOCIAL ENDS 286

Utilitarianism aims at social welfare, 286; value as a theory

of social reform, 287; its aim conflicts with its hedonistic

theory of motive, 289; Bentham's method of reconciling