SoniR/book.txt · Datasets at Hugging Face

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personal and general happiness, 291; Mill's method, 293;
sympathy and the social self, 298; the distinctively moral
interest, 300; equation of virtue and happiness, 301; moral
democracy, 303.

XVI. THE PLACE OF REASON IN THE MORAL LIFE: MORAL KNOWLEDGE 306

§ 1. _Problem of reason and desire_:--Nature of a reasonable
act, 306; theories about moral knowledge, 307. § 2. _Kant's
theory of practical reason_:--Traits of morality, 309; reason
as _a priori_ and formal, 310; true meaning of generalization,
313; the general and the social, 314. § 3. _Moral sense
intuitionalism_:--Function of reason, 317; habit and sense,
319; invalid intuitions, 321; deliberation and intuition, 322;
the good man's judgment, 324. § 4. _The place of general
rules_:--Their value, 325; casuistry, 326; and its dangers,
327; secondary ends of utilitarianism, 329; empirical rules
and customs, 330; distinction of rules and principles, 333;
sympathy and reasonableness, 334.

XVII. THE PLACE OF DUTY IN THE MORAL LIFE: SUBJECTION TO
AUTHORITY 337

Conflict of the rational with the attractive end, 337. § 1.
_The subjection of desire to law_, 339; cause of conflict of
desire and thought, 342; demand for transformation of desire,
343; social character of duties, 345; the social self is the
"universal" self, 346. § 2. _Kantian theory_:--Accord with
duty versus from duty, 346; the two-fold self of Kant, 347;
criticism of Kant, 348; emphasis falls practically on
political authority, 351; "Duty for duty's sake," 351.
§ 3. _The Utilitarian theory of duty_:--The hedonistic
problem, 353; Moral sanctions, 354; they are too external,
355; Bain's account, 356; Spencer's account, 358; such
views set up a fictitious non-social self, 361. § 3. _Final
statement_:--Growth requires disagreeable readjustments, 362.

XVIII. THE PLACE OF THE SELF IN THE MORAL LIFE 364

Problems regarding the self, 364. § 1. _The doctrine of
self-denial_:--Explanation of its origin, 365; four objections
to doctrine, 366. § 2. _Self-assertion_:--Ethical dualism, 369;
"naturalistic" ethics, 369; false biological basis, 371;
misinterprets nature of efficiency, 373. § 3. _Self-love
and benevolence; or egoism and altruism_:--The "crux"
of ethical speculation, 375; are all motives selfish? 376;
ambiguity of term selfish, 377; are results selfish? 379;
self-preservation, 380; rational regard for self, 382;
regard for others, 384; the existence of "other-regarding"
impulses, 385; altruism may be immoral, 387; social
justice necessary to moral altruism, 389. § 4. _The
good as self-realization_:--Self-realization an ambiguous
idea, 391; true and false consideration of the self, 393;
equation of personal and general happiness, 395.

XIX. THE VIRTUES 399

Introductory--virtue defined, 399; natural ability and
virtue, 400; evolution of virtues, 401; responsibility
for moral judgment, 402; futility of cataloguing virtues,
402; their cardinal aspects, 403. § 1. _Temperance_:--Greek,
Roman, and Christian conceptions, 405; negative and positive
aspects, 407; pleasure and excitement, 408. § 2. _Courage
or persistent vigor_:--Dislike of the disagreeable, 410;
"dimensions" of courage, 411; optimism and pessimism, 412.
§ 3. _Justice_:--Three meanings of, 414; justice and
love, 415; justice and punishment, 416. § 4. _Wisdom or
conscientiousness_:--Importance of intelligent interest, 418;
Greek and modern ideas of moral wisdom, 419; ideals and
thoughtfulness, 420; ideals and progress, 422.


PART III

THE WORLD OF ACTION

XX. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND THE INDIVIDUAL 427

Object of discussion, 427. § 1. _Growth of individuality
through social organizations_:--Emancipation from custom,
428; double movement towards individuality and complex
associations, 429; morality and legality, 432; two-fold
contribution of social environment to individual morality,
433; moral value of the state, 434. § 2. _Responsibility
and freedom_:--Liability, 436; freedom as exemption and as
power, 437; legal and moral freedom, 438. § 3. _Rights and
obligations_:--Their definition, 439; they are correlative,
440; physical rights, 442; limitations put upon them by war
and punishment, 443; by poverty, 444; mental rights, 445;
limitations to freedom of thought and expression, 446;
education, 448.

XXI. CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE POLITICAL STATE 451

§ 1. _Civil rights and obligations_:--Their definition, 451;
their classes, 452; significance of established remedies for
wrongs, 454. § 2. _Development of civil rights_:--Contrast
with savage age justice, 456; social harm versus metaphysical
evil, 457; recognition of accident and intent, 459; of
character and circumstances, 460; of mental incapacity, 462;

personal and general happiness, 291; Mill's method, 293;

sympathy and the social self, 298; the distinctively moral

interest, 300; equation of virtue and happiness, 301; moral

democracy, 303.

XVI. THE PLACE OF REASON IN THE MORAL LIFE: MORAL KNOWLEDGE 306

§ 1. _Problem of reason and desire_:--Nature of a reasonable

act, 306; theories about moral knowledge, 307. § 2. _Kant's

theory of practical reason_:--Traits of morality, 309; reason

as _a priori_ and formal, 310; true meaning of generalization,

313; the general and the social, 314. § 3. _Moral sense

intuitionalism_:--Function of reason, 317; habit and sense,

319; invalid intuitions, 321; deliberation and intuition, 322;

the good man's judgment, 324. § 4. _The place of general

rules_:--Their value, 325; casuistry, 326; and its dangers,

327; secondary ends of utilitarianism, 329; empirical rules

and customs, 330; distinction of rules and principles, 333;

sympathy and reasonableness, 334.

XVII. THE PLACE OF DUTY IN THE MORAL LIFE: SUBJECTION TO

AUTHORITY 337

Conflict of the rational with the attractive end, 337. § 1.

_The subjection of desire to law_, 339; cause of conflict of

desire and thought, 342; demand for transformation of desire,

343; social character of duties, 345; the social self is the

"universal" self, 346. § 2. _Kantian theory_:--Accord with

duty versus from duty, 346; the two-fold self of Kant, 347;

criticism of Kant, 348; emphasis falls practically on

political authority, 351; "Duty for duty's sake," 351.

§ 3. _The Utilitarian theory of duty_:--The hedonistic

problem, 353; Moral sanctions, 354; they are too external,

355; Bain's account, 356; Spencer's account, 358; such

views set up a fictitious non-social self, 361. § 3. _Final

statement_:--Growth requires disagreeable readjustments, 362.

XVIII. THE PLACE OF THE SELF IN THE MORAL LIFE 364

Problems regarding the self, 364. § 1. _The doctrine of

self-denial_:--Explanation of its origin, 365; four objections

to doctrine, 366. § 2. _Self-assertion_:--Ethical dualism, 369;

"naturalistic" ethics, 369; false biological basis, 371;

misinterprets nature of efficiency, 373. § 3. _Self-love

and benevolence; or egoism and altruism_:--The "crux"

of ethical speculation, 375; are all motives selfish? 376;

ambiguity of term selfish, 377; are results selfish? 379;

self-preservation, 380; rational regard for self, 382;

regard for others, 384; the existence of "other-regarding"

impulses, 385; altruism may be immoral, 387; social

justice necessary to moral altruism, 389. § 4. _The

good as self-realization_:--Self-realization an ambiguous

idea, 391; true and false consideration of the self, 393;

equation of personal and general happiness, 395.

XIX. THE VIRTUES 399

Introductory--virtue defined, 399; natural ability and

virtue, 400; evolution of virtues, 401; responsibility

for moral judgment, 402; futility of cataloguing virtues,

402; their cardinal aspects, 403. § 1. _Temperance_:--Greek,

Roman, and Christian conceptions, 405; negative and positive

aspects, 407; pleasure and excitement, 408. § 2. _Courage

or persistent vigor_:--Dislike of the disagreeable, 410;

"dimensions" of courage, 411; optimism and pessimism, 412.

§ 3. _Justice_:--Three meanings of, 414; justice and

love, 415; justice and punishment, 416. § 4. _Wisdom or

conscientiousness_:--Importance of intelligent interest, 418;

Greek and modern ideas of moral wisdom, 419; ideals and

thoughtfulness, 420; ideals and progress, 422.

PART III

THE WORLD OF ACTION

XX. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND THE INDIVIDUAL 427

Object of discussion, 427. § 1. _Growth of individuality

through social organizations_:--Emancipation from custom,

428; double movement towards individuality and complex

associations, 429; morality and legality, 432; two-fold

contribution of social environment to individual morality,

433; moral value of the state, 434. § 2. _Responsibility

and freedom_:--Liability, 436; freedom as exemption and as

power, 437; legal and moral freedom, 438. § 3. _Rights and

obligations_:--Their definition, 439; they are correlative,

440; physical rights, 442; limitations put upon them by war

and punishment, 443; by poverty, 444; mental rights, 445;

limitations to freedom of thought and expression, 446;

education, 448.

XXI. CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE POLITICAL STATE 451

§ 1. _Civil rights and obligations_:--Their definition, 451;

their classes, 452; significance of established remedies for

wrongs, 454. § 2. _Development of civil rights_:--Contrast

with savage age justice, 456; social harm versus metaphysical

evil, 457; recognition of accident and intent, 459; of

character and circumstances, 460; of mental incapacity, 462;