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S1359836819339058 | The aim of the study was to produce and characterize the modified starches and their suitability as wood adhesive for the particleboard manufacturing . The adhesive properties and particleboard manufactured from rubberwood using the modified starch and modified starch mixed with polyvinyl alcohol were evaluated . Mixin... | Commercial wheat starch was modified to carboxymethyl starch by carboxymethylation. Modified starch mixed with polyvinyl alcohol had better starch adhesive properties. Particleboard bonded with modified starch was more resistant to heat. Particleboard bonded with modified starch mixed with PVA showed better performance... |
S135983681933985X | Extrusion processing and properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites may be influenced by the fiber feeding route upon extrusion . The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of fiber feeding route on the fiber length distribution electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness tens... | Comparisons of hopper and side feeding routes of nickel coated carbon fiber upon extrusion. Improvement of EMI SE electrical tensile flexural and thermal properties by side feeding. Supported by NiCF distribution and peel off behavior of nickel coated layers during extrusion. |
S1359836819341630 | The flexural test was conducted to investigate crack resistance loading bearing capacity deformation characteristics and failure modes of damaged reinforced concrete beams strengthened by reinforced ultra high performance concrete layer . Also their mechanical properties were compared with those of the unstrengthened R... | The flexural behavior of damaged RC beams strengthened by reinforced UHPC layer UC was investigated. The effect of pre damage degrees in the RC beams on the flexural performance of UC was discussed. The three strategies for improvement of toughness of the reinforced UHPC layer was discussed. The theoretical formulas we... |
S1359836819341691 | Thermal barrier coatings endow metal components with exceptional endure capability to withstand high temperatures over their bearable limits . Thus TBCs are indispensable in a wide range of applications related to high temperatures . However the thermal barrier performance degrades by at least 50 during service which r... | Degradation resistant TBCs were achieved by spontaneously forming new pore. Resistant degree was optimized from 20 to 50 by tailoring the orientation of 2D pores. Self improving thermal barrier performance was realized. Mechanisms of degradation and anti degradation of TBCs were revealed. |
S1359836819341903 | This work reports our recent effort on the preparation of Phenyl N imine Nickel containing polyhydroxy groups and its application in improving the fire performance of PLA composites in combination with ammonium polyphosphate . The flame retardant evaluation revealed that the presence of 1.7 Ni MOF and 3.3 APP in PLA in... | The Ni MOF nanosheets containing polyhydroxy groups was prepared. APP and Ni MOF nanosheets significantly improved the fire safety of PLA composite. The possible synergistic flame retardant mechanism of Ni MOF and APP was proposed. Ni MOF effectively improved the mechanical properties of PLA composites. |
S135983681934257X | Aluminium hybrid foam core sandwich structures with carbon fiber cold setting resin as face sheets have been made . The flexural properties and energy absorption of these sandwich structures have been analyzed through three point bending test . It is found that with the use of a double layer carbon fiber sheet the flex... | HFs with cenosphere reinforcement has been used as core for sandwich structure. Single and double layer carbon fiber reinforced acrylic resin composite has been used as face sheet of sandwich structure. 3PB test were conducted mechanical properties such as peak load bending stiffness and energy absorption were examined... |
S1360138519302468 | Plant oxylipins are produced under a wide range of stress conditions and although they are well known to activate stress related signalling pathways the nonsignalling roles of POs are poorly understood . We describe oxylipins as direct biocidal agents and propose that structurefunction relationships play here a pivotal... | Many studies have shown that specific oxylipin signatures are shaped during a biotic stresses. It is generally accepted that divinyl keto and hydroxy fatty acids and fatty acid hydroperoxides exhibit strong direct antimicrobial activities whereas the roles of jasmonic acid and some volatile aldehydes seem to be related... |
S136013851930247X | Challenges to food security under conditions of global change are forcing us to increase global crop production . Focussing on belowground plant traits especially root exudation has great promise to meet this challenge . Root exudation is the release of a vast array of compounds into the soil . These exudates are invol... | Root exudates are the compounds that roots release into the soil. Root exudates show a large amount of variation in composition between species. Crop wild relatives contain different root exudate traits compared with crops. Exploitation of root exudate traits in crop wild relatives offers opportunities to reduce the us... |
S1360138519302493 | In optogenetics light sensitive proteins are specifically expressed in target cells and light is used to precisely control the activity of these proteins at high spatiotemporal resolution . Optogenetics initially used naturally occurring photoreceptors to control neural circuits but has expanded to include carefully de... | Optogenetics uses light to stimulate cells that have been genetically modified to express light sensitive proteins. Despite their potential several experimental and computational approaches in optogenetics remain underutilized. Although most optogenetic systems were developed from plant photoreceptors optogenetics has ... |
S136013851930250X | Strawberry is a fruit crop species of major horticultural importance for which fruit quality and the control of flowering runnering and the trade off between the two are main breeding targets . The octoploid cultivated strawberry has a limited genetic basis . This raises the question of how to identify important gene t... | Cultivated octoploid strawberry whose production increases continuously displays limited genetic variability which impedes its improvement. Woodland strawberry one of its wild diploid ancestors exhibits wide phenotypic diversity. Tomato and potato are major crops of the Solanaceae family. Fruit yield and quality are ma... |
S1360138519302535 | Aromatic amino acid deaminases are key enzymes mediating carbon flux from primary to secondary metabolism in plants . Recent studies have uncovered a tyrosine ammonia lyase that contributes to the typical characteristics of grass cell walls and contributes to about 50 of the total lignin synthesized by the plant . Gras... | It has been generally accepted that all plants synthesize lignin from the aromatic amino acid L phenylalanine. Recent studies indicate that true grasses Poaceae are able to make up to nearly half of their lignin from L tyrosine via the enzyme L tyrosine ammonia lyase. Understanding the interface between tyrosine and ph... |
S1360138519302559 | Under high irradiance light becomes dangerous for photosynthetic organisms and they must protect themselves . Cyanobacteria have developed a simple mechanism involving a photoactive soluble carotenoid protein the orange carotenoid protein which increases thermal dissipation of excess energy by interacting with the cyan... | The orange carotenoid protein OCP is a blue light photoactive protein involved in cyanobacterial photoprotection. OCP binds one keto carotenoid which spans both C and N terminal OCP domains CTD and NTD . Upon photoactivation the carotenoid is translocated to the NTD and the color of the protein changes to red. Then the... |
S1360138519302717 | In agriculture plant transformation is a versatile platform for crop improvement with the aim of increased pest resistance and an improved nutrient profile . Nanotechnology can overcome several challenges that face conventional methods of gene delivery . Specifically nanomaterials offer an optimal platform for biomolec... | To enhance crop productivity genetic engineering is an important technique for introducing traits of interest into plant species. The desired trait can provide increased pest resistance and an improved nutrient profile ultimately ensuring food security. Compared with conventional methods of biomolecule delivery modern ... |
S1360138519302729 | Plant function is the result of the concerted action of single cells in different tissues . Advances in RNA seq technologies and tissue processing allow us now to capture transcriptional changes at single cell resolution . The incredible potential of single cell RNA seq lies in the novel ability to study and exploit re... | Plant tissues comprise a diverse set of cell types that can be distinguished by their functions. The concerted interplay of these cell types determines the functionality and plasticity of plant tissues. Deciphering the different functions of cell types in a tissue is essential to understand plant development and adapta... |
S136013851930278X | Retrograde signals are signals that originate in organelles to regulate nuclear gene expression . In plant cells retrograde signaling from both chloroplasts and mitochondria is essential for plant development and growth . Over the past few years substantial progress has been made in unraveling the linkages between chlo... | Chloroplast development and function rely on the coordinated regulation of chloroplast and nuclear gene expression. RNA metabolism including RNA editing alternative splicing and RNA turnover is an important regulatory process for plant development and function. During development or stress situations organelles such as... |
S136013851930281X | The pangenome provides genomic variations in the cultivated gene pool for a given species . However as the crops gene pool comprises many species especially wild relatives with diverse genetic stock here we suggest using accessions from all available species of a given genus for the development of a more comprehensive ... | Pangenome studies conducted so far have been limited mainly to one species and mostly cultivated accessions. The challenge with the current pangenomes is lack of representation of genomic diversity at the genus level. Crop wild relatives possess unearthed genetic diversity that has been lost during domestication and br... |
S1360138519302845 | Root systems determine the water and nutrients for photosynthesis and harvested products underpinning agricultural productivity . We highlight 11 programs that integrated root traits into germplasm for breeding relying on phenotyping . Progress was successful but slow . Todays phenotyping technologies will speed up roo... | Root and rhizosphere traits have been selected and incorporated into germplasm since the 1970s proving the value of roots and phenotyping in prebreeding programs. Past examples show how todays noninvasive phenotyping technologies that measure roots shoots and seeds can be strategically combined to speed up germplasm en... |
S1360138519303012 | The discovery of visible fluorescence in the plant pigments betalains revealed the existence of fluorescent patterns in flowers of plants of the order Caryophyllales where betalains substitute anthocyanins . The serendipitous initial discovery led to a systemized characterization of the role of different substructures ... | The discovery of betalains fluorescence property opened up new fields in the research and applications of the pigments. Similarities in fluorescence characteristics point to betalamic acid as the active compound. Fluorescence allows visualization and staining of biomolecules cells tissues and parasites. Novel microscop... |
S1360138519303024 | Fatty acid amide hydrolase is an enzyme that belongs to the amidase signature superfamily and is widely distributed in multicellular eukaryotes . FAAH hydrolyzes lipid signaling molecules namely | Fatty acid amide hydrolase FAAH is the signal terminating enzyme of the. acylethanolamine signaling pathway with an established role in seedling development. The crystal structure of. FAAH was recently solved revealing for the first time the structural features of FAAH from plants and explaining the enzymes promiscuity... |
S1360138519303036 | There is growing interest in the application of alternative stable state theory to explain major vegetation patterns of the world . Here we introduce the theory as applied to the puzzle of nonforested biomes growing in climates that are warm and wet enough to support forests . Long thought to be the product of deforest... | There are many ancient open vegetation formations worldwide that maintain a high diversity of shade intolerant species where the climate is suitable for forests. Fire and herbivores are ancient consumers of plant biomass that maintain open ecosystems and shape shade intolerant species. Therefore open ecosystems are not... |
S1360138519303048 | Allelopathy is a biochemical interaction between plants in which a donor plant releases secondary metabolites allelochemicals that are detrimental to the growth of its neighbours . Traditionally considered as bilateral interactions between two plants allelopathy has recently emerged as a cross kingdom process that can ... | Plants make use of secondary metabolites to communicate with their environment. Allelopathic plants release secondary metabolites to gain a competitive advantage over other plants. Grassy crops release benzoxazinoid compounds which impact plants animals and microbes. Plantinterkingdom interactions in particular those w... |
S136013851930305X | The study of transcriptional regulation of tomato ripening has been led by spontaneous mutations in transcription factor genes that completely inhibit normal ripening suggesting that they are master regulators . Studies using CRISPR Cas9 mutagenesis to produce knockouts of the underlying genes indicate a different pict... | A string of recent publications has put into question the function of TFs which were previously considered master regulators in the control of tomato fruit ripening. RNA interference and CRISPR Cas9 mutagenesis have enabled a re evaluation of their proposed functions which were previously thought to be mostly derived f... |
S1360138519303280 | Expansion of the human population demands a significant increase in cereal production . The main component of cereal grains is endosperm a body of starchy endosperm cells surrounded by aleurone cells with transfer cells at the base and embryo surrounding cells adjacent to the embryo . The data reviewed here emphasize t... | The initial state of the grass endosperm may have been a body of starchy endosperm SE cells the three other cell types aleurone AL transfer cells TC and embryo surrounding cells ESR evolving at later stages. TC and possibly also ESR are initiated by signals from outside of the endosperm. Apart from the external initiat... |
S1360138519303309 | The use of the omics techniques in environmental research has become common place . The most widely implemented of these include metabolomics proteomics genomics and transcriptomics . In recent years a similar approach has also been taken with the analysis of volatiles from biological samples giving rise to the so call... | Direct infusion mass spectrometry DI MS techniques are a valuable tool for real time monitoring of the plant volatilome. DI MS techniques are particularly useful in detecting brief episodes of increased biogenic volatile organic compound emissions caused for instance by herbivore attacks. Current studies on the use of ... |
S1360138519303322 | In the quest for sustainable intensification of crop production we discuss the option of extending the root depth of crops to increase the volume of soil exploited by their root systems . We discuss the evidence that deeper rooting can be obtained by appropriate choice of crop species by plant breeding or crop manageme... | Recent studies have documented highly significant differences among current and potential crops as well as genotypic differences in the ability for deep rooting. Results have shown significant effects of deep roots on deep soil water and nutrient uptake. Technological improvements of nondestructive methods such as rhiz... |
S1360138519303334 | Flowering plants are the foundation of human civilization providing biomass for food fuel and materials to satisfy human needs dependent on fertile soil adequate water and favorable weather . Conversely failure of any of these inputs has caused catastrophes . Today human appropriation of biomass is threatening planetar... | Our civilization depends on a triad encompassing soil water and food biomass all of which ultimately depend on plants. A retrospective view of evolution highlights unique attributes of flowering plants that allow the production of biomass that supports modern civilization. Through excessive human appropriation of bioma... |
S1360138519303346 | Strigolactones are a class of plant hormones involved in several biological processes that are of great agricultural concern . While initiating plantfungal symbiosis SLs also trigger germination of parasitic plants that pose a major threat to farming . In vascular plants SLs control shoot branching which is linked to c... | SLs are a class of plant hormones that are involved in agriculturally important processes such as shoot branching arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and germination of parasitic plants. An increasing number of different SLs have been identified. Structural biology has been a treasure trove for SL research but has also be... |
S1360138519303358 | After the ice caps tropical forests are globally the most threatened terrestrial environments . Modern trees are not just witnesses to growing contemporary threats but also legacies of past human activity . Here we review the use of dendrochronology radiocarbon analysis stable isotope analysis and DNA analysis to exami... | Tropical forests now known to be key sites of ancient human occupation and modification from the Late Pleistocene intensifying into the Late Holocene. Dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating demonstrate that living tropical trees can provide stratigraphic records of human influences on growth patterns over the past mil... |
S1360138519303371 | Potassium regulates a plethora of metabolic and developmental response in plants and upon exposure to biotic and abiotic stresses a substantial K | GORK channels possess the binding motifs and domains that may enable them to operate as ligand gated channels. Activity of GORK channels may be modulated by cyclic nucleotides gamma aminobutyric acid G proteins protein phosphatases inositol and ATP. As all aforesaid molecules are known to operate upstream of plant sign... |
S1360138519303425 | Crossovers that drive genetic exchange between homologous chromosomes are strongly biased toward subtelomeric regions in plant species . Manipulating the rate and positions of COs to increase the genetic variation accessible to breeders is a longstanding goal . Use of genome editing reagents that induce double stranded... | The genetic diversity accessible to plant breeders has traditionally been limited by chromosomal COs but recent advances in targeted DNA cleavage and epigenetic modification are increasing access. Overcoming the low frequency and uneven distribution of COs in plants can reveal allelic diversity and may increase control... |
S1360138519303449 | Bt crops have been grown commercially for more than two decades . They have proven remarkably effective in the control of target insect pests . However Bt crops can become less effective under various forms of environmental stress . Most studies in this area have considered the effect of environmental stress on Bt inse... | Reduced effectiveness of Bt crops to control target pests has been largely attributed to the fluctuation in Bt toxin levels caused by various forms of environmental stress. The current body of data shows that downregulation of Bt genes does not always reduce levels of Bt toxin and that lower levels of Bt toxin do not a... |
S1360138519303462 | Due to the ongoing prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in developing countries there has been a large effort towards increasing the carotenoid content of staple foods via biofortification . Common strategies used for carotenoid biofortification include altering flux through the biosynthesis pathway to direct synthesis t... | Combining strategies targeting multiple metabolic levels including synthesis storage and turnover will be necessary to achieve optimal outcomes for biofortification projects. The plastidial proteome is a key to understanding the sequestration and storage of carotenoids. Attenuating the activity of carotenoid cleavage d... |
S1360138519303474 | The study of insular systems has a long history in ecology and biogeography . Island plants often differ remarkably from their noninsular counterparts constituting excellent models for exploring eco evolutionary processes . Trait based approaches can help to answer important questions in island biogeography yet plant t... | Trait based approaches may provide important insights into the dynamics of insular systems i.e. true islands and terrestrial habitat islands and can help to address key questions in island biogeography. However the study of plant traits on islands is in its infancy and a robust framework tailored to island biogeography... |
S1360138519303498 | Woody plant declines have multifactorial determinants as well as a biological and economic reality . The vascular system of WPs involved in the transport of carbon nitrogen and water from sources to sinks has a seasonal activity which places it at a central position for mediating plantenvironment interactions from nutr... | WPs provide several ecosystem services such as climate regulation nutrient cycling carbon sink production reservoir of biodiversity and creative and cultural added values. WP diseases or diebacks result from the combination of various factors e.g. abiotic factors fungi bacteria inadequate technical practices and also u... |
S1360138519303504 | Plant glandular trichomes are epidermal secretory structures producing various specialized metabolites . These metabolites are involved in plant adaptation to its environment and many of them have remarkable properties exploited by fragrance flavor and pharmaceutical industries . The identification of genes controlling... | Glandular trichomes are multicellular organs that cover the surface of more than 30 of all land plants. Glandular trichomes synthesize store and secrete diverse specialized metabolites. Recent studies have reported genes and protein complexes regulating glandular trichome development in. and tomato. We propose a geneti... |
S1360138520300157 | Plants regulate the synthesis of specialized compounds through the actions of individual transcription factors or sets of TFs . One such compound artemisinin from | It is increasingly recognized that different TFs act conjointly to regulate the production of plant metabolites. However their dual functionality in regulating distinct pathways of synthesis has not been well studied. The identification of. regulatory elements within the promoter regions of genes encoding different pat... |
S1360138520300170 | Foliar water uptake has been identified as a mechanism commonly used by trees and other plants originating from various biomes . However many questions regarding the pathways and the implications of FWU remain including its ability to mitigate climate change driven drought . Therefore answering these questions is of pr... | Foliar water uptake FWU has been identified as a mechanism commonly used by plants originating from a range of biomes. FWU can rehydrate tissues and result in turgor driven growth. FWU and the absorption of foliar fertilizers are interlinked making FWU research important for both natural and agricultural ecosystems. As... |
S1360138520300212 | Salicylic acid is a key plant hormone required for establishing resistance to many pathogens . SA biosynthesis involves two main metabolic pathways with multiple steps the isochorismate and the phenylalanine ammonia lyase pathways . Transcriptional regulations of SA biosynthesis are important for fine tuning SA level i... | Salicylic acid SA serves as a key hormone in plant innate immunity including resistance in both local and systemic tissue upon biotic attacks hypersensitive responses and cell death. Key components involved in the complete metabolic steps of SA biosynthesis through the isochorismate pathway and their detailed functions... |
S1360138520300224 | It is well documented that ancient sickle harvesting led to tough rachises but the other seed dispersal properties in crop progenitors are rarely discussed . The first steps toward domestication are evolutionary responses for the recruitment of humans as dispersers . Seed dispersalbased mutualism evolved from heavy hum... | Archaeobotanical and genetic evidence demonstrates that the first morphological changes in all of the earliest domesticated plants were associated with wild seed dispersal strategies that were no longer advantageous under human cultivation. Domestication was is a natural response of plants to heavy seed predation by hu... |
S1360138520300236 | The need to reduce pollinator exposure to harmful pesticides has led to calls to expedite the adoption of integrated pest management . We make the case that IPM is not explicitly pollinator friendly but rather must be adapted to reduce impacts on pollinators and to facilitate synergies between crop pollination and pest... | Integrated pest management IPM has been promoted as a response to mitigate pollinator decline yet IPM itself is not explicitly pollinator friendly. IPM strategies require adapting to reconcile crop pollination trade offs and to the harmonise the delivery of pollination and pest regulation practices and ecosystem servic... |
S136013852030025X | Vacuoles are the largest membrane bounded organelles and have essential roles in plant growth and development but several important questions on the biogenesis and dynamics of lytic vacuoles remain . Here we summarize and discuss recent research and models of vacuole formation and propose with testable hypotheses that ... | Recent studies have uncovered that plant vacuoles can be inherited from the mother cell as well as synthesized. Recent studies have suggested that vacuole biogenesis is a cell type specific process in plants and multiple models and mechanisms for vacuole biogenesis have been proposed. Various populations and or groups ... |
S1360138520300273 | In photosynthetic cells chloroplasts and mitochondria are the sites of the core redox reactions underpinning energy metabolism . Such reactions generate reactive oxygen species when oxygen is partially reduced . ROS signaling leads to responses by cells which enable them to adjust to changes in redox status . Recent st... | The malate valve has long been proposed to release excess reducing equivalents from the chloroplast but mutants lacking the proposed key enzyme NADP dependent malate dehydrogenase show little impairment of chloroplast function suggesting the involvement of an alternative pathway. New research suggests a central role fo... |
S1360138520300492 | Plants possess an effective immune system to combat most microbial attackers . The activation of immune responses to biotrophic pathogens requires the hormone salicylic acid . Accumulation of SA triggers a plethora of immune responses . A tradeoff of strong immune responses is the active suppression of plant growth and... | The phytohormone salicylic acid SA stimulates plant immune responses to a broad range of plant pathogens. SA induced immune responses contribute to the growthimmunity tradeoff immune responses actively suppress growth and development and also the other way around growth and developmental processes can suppress immunity... |
S1360138520300522 | Nighttime warming poses a threat to global food security as it is driving yield declines worldwide but our understanding of the physiological basis of this phenomenon remains very limited . Furthermore it is often assumed that such declines are driven solely by increases in nighttime temperature T | Nighttime warming is reducing crop yields worldwide threatening global food security. This phenomenon is more complex than may be assumed likely to involve interaction between two driving forces nighttime temperature and evaporative demand. The two conspire to limit carbon availability for yield and end use quality tra... |
S1360138520300534 | Shifting the life cycle of grain crops from annual to perennial would usher in a new era of agriculture that is more environmentally friendly resilient to climate change and capable of soil carbon sequestration . Despite decades of work transforming the annual grain crop wheat | Current grain crops are annuals that must be sown every year giving their root systems little time to develop during the growing season. A perennial grain crop with a long lived extensive root system would improve soil quality store carbon belowground and utilize water and minerals more efficiently. Domestication genes... |
S1360138520300546 | In plants high carbon flux is committed to the biosynthesis of phenylalanine tyrosine and tryptophan owing to their roles not only in the production of proteins but also as precursors to thousands of primary and specialized metabolites . The core plastidial pathways that supply the majority of aromatic amino acids have... | and. analyses have increased our depth of understanding of the plastidial AAA biosynthetic pathway. A newly discovered cytosolic Phe biosynthetic pathway and the presence of cytosolic Tyr biosynthetic enzymes in some plant species has revealed that AAA biosynthesis is a complex intercompartmental network. Characterizat... |
S136013852030056X | With increasing calls for improving terrestrial carbon sequestration and sustainable water use scientists are faced with the challenge of predicting changes in carbonwater relations from organisms to landscapes . We propose an integrative framework to help in answering basic and applied questions pertaining to coupled ... | There is a growing need for land use management and prioritization for optimal carbon gain and water conservation. Interdisciplinary research will be necessary to better understand and improve the limits of carbon gain per water lost across scales. A state factor approach inspired by soil and ecosystem science can be u... |
S1360138520300571 | Plants have evolved a sophisticated innate immune system to defend against pathogen infection and intracellular nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat immune receptors are one of the main components of this system . NLR activity is fine tuned by intra and intermolecular interactions . We survey what is known about the ... | NLR proteins are the major intracellular immune receptors in plants. Their transition between autoinhibited and activated states is fine tuned by intra and intermolecular interactions. NLR interacting proteins play important roles in NLR mediated immunity. Many NLR interacting proteins have been identified however they... |
S1360138520300583 | Ubiquitously expressed in plants the plant specific insert of typical plant aspartic proteases has been associated with plant development stress response and defense processes against invading pathogens . Despite sharing high sequence identity structural studies revealed possible different mechanisms of action among sp... | Plant specific inserts PSIs of typical plant aspartic proteases demonstrate different activities despite sharing conserved sequences and structures among plants. At acidic pH electrostatic interactions between the PSI and negatively charged membrane lipids initiate PSImembrane interactions such as membrane fusion and d... |
S136013852030087X | Post translational modifications of histone residues shape the landscape of gene expression by modulating the dynamic process of RNA polymerase II transcription . The contribution of particular histone modifications to the definition of distinct RNAPII transcription stages remains poorly characterized in plants . Chrom... | PTMs of histone residues affect gene expression by defining transcription stages. ChIP seq reveals the distribution of histone PTMs during transcription. A GPS based on the distribution profile of histone PTMs and histone variants underlies RNAPII transcription stages in plants. Misalignment of GPS and transcription un... |
S1360138520300881 | Fungal pathogens are major destructive microorganisms for land plants and pose growing challenges to global crop production . Chitin is a vital building block for fungal cell walls and also a broadly effective elicitor of plant immunity . Here we review the rapid progress in understanding chitin perception and signalin... | Chitin perception systems in both arabidopsis and rice consist of multiple LysM containing proteins which undergo chitin induced oligomerization to trigger intracellular signaling. An oligomer size dependent chitin sensing mechanism is conserved across plants and mammals. Receptor like cytoplasmic kinase VII members ar... |
S1360138520300911 | Ecological niches are crucial for species coexistence and diversification but the niche concept has been underutilized in studying the roles of pollinators in plant evolution and reproduction . Pollination niches can be objectively characterized using pollinator traits abundance and distributions as well as network top... | Pollination is a crucial niche component for plants. The niche concept can apply to both occupied and currently unoccupied niches. Floral traits associated with pollination can be considered to be functional traits that can have similar or even better predictive capacity than functional traits in other areas of ecology... |
S1360138520301114 | At the subcellular level the cytoskeleton regulates cell structure organelle movement and cytoplasmic streaming . Autophagy is a process to remove unwanted biomaterials or damaged organelles through double membrane compartments known as autophagosomes . Autophagosome biogenesis requires vesicle trafficking between dono... | The actin network is regarded as the prevalent cytoskeleton system for subcellular membrane dynamics in plants. Autophagosome biogenesis involves vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion both of which require a functional cytoskeleton network. In animal yeast and plant cells actin and actin associated proteins participa... |
S1360138520301138 | Plasma membranes act as primary cellular checkpoints for sensing signals and controlling solute transport . Membrane proteins communicate with intracellular processes through protein interaction networks . Deciphering these signaling networks provides crucial information for elucidating | Membrane receptors kinases and transporters communicate with intracellular processes through protein interaction networks. Characterization of plant PM proteins especially hydrophobic proteins remains challenging despite advances in separation and analysis techniques. Rapid advances in MS instrumentation and data analy... |
S136013852030114X | Plants are subjected to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses in life . These can induce changes in transcriptomics and metabolomics resulting in changes to root and leaf exudates and in turn altering the plant associated microbial community . Emerging evidence demonstrates that changes especially the increased abundance... | The recent advances in using synthetic communities together with metagenomics and metabolomics has begun to unravel mechanistic understanding of how stressed plants modulate their microbiomes. Stresses change plant transcriptomics and metabolomics below and above ground. Molecules such as flavonoids coumarins and other... |
S1360138520301151 | is one of the most studied plant viral pathogens because it is the most damaging virus for global tomato production . In order to combat this global threat it is important that we understand the biology of TYLCV and devise management approaches . The prime objective of this review is to highlight management strategies ... | Whitefly transmitted. TYLCV causes up to 100 yield loss in tomato. Studies have dissected the TYLCV genome and investigated the interaction of genomic components with both plant and vector. Recombination during mixed infections and mutations are the driving force for TYLCV evolution. Recombinant TYLCV with resistance b... |
S1360138520301187 | The current trend towards linking stomata regulation to plant hydraulics emphasizes the role of xylem vulnerability . Using a soilplant hydraulic model we show that xylem vulnerability does not trigger stomatal closure in medium wet to dry soils and we propose that soil hydraulic conductivity loss is the primary driver... | There is an increasing need for mechanistic and predictive models of transpiration and stomatal response to drought and soil water availability. It has been hypothesized that stomatal regulation is predictable based on plant and soil hydraulics. The current trend towards a greater consideration of plant hydraulics in e... |
S1360138520301199 | Small RNAs mainly including miRNAs and siRNAs are ubiquitous in eukaryotes . sRNAs mostly negatively regulate gene expression via transcriptional gene silencing through DNA methylation mRNA cleavage or translation inhibition . The mechanisms of sRNA biogenesis and function in diverse biological processes as well as the... | An increasing number of studies identified a large variety of sRNAs responding to diverse phytohormones and in depth validation revealed molecular mechanisms underneath this. Conversely multiple sRNAs and central proteins in sRNAs pathways can regulate biosynthesis or signaling of nine phytohormones. Some sRNA modules ... |
S1360138520301229 | Cannabis has been used as a medicine for millennia . Crude extracts of cannabis inflorescence contain numerous phytomolecules including phytocannabinoids terpenes and flavonoids . Combinations of phytomolecules have been recently established as superior to the use of single molecules in medical treatment owing to the e... | Cannabis has been used for millennia by humanity for social ritual and medical purposes. Humans bred and selected for cannabis strains based on their needs. Today patients are treated by cannabis strains without a clear definition of activity or known chemical content. strain taxonomy is based on the content of two phy... |
S1360138520301242 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a novel coronavirus responsible for an ongoing human pandemic . There is a massive international effort underway to develop diagnostic reagents vaccines and antiviral drugs in a bid to slow down the spread of the disease and save lives . One part of that international ... | The current COVID 19 pandemic has created an immediate massive demand for diagnostic reagents based on SARS CoV 2 RNA proteins and corresponding antibodies placing immense strain on the supply and distribution chain. Transient expression in plants could address the shortage by achieving rapid larger scale production co... |
S1360138520301278 | Programmed cell death is a genetically regulated process for the selective demise of unwanted and damaged cells . Although our understanding of plant PCD pathways has advanced significantly doubts remain on the extent of conservation of animal apoptosis in plants . At least at the primary sequence level plants do not e... | Plants do not encode homologs of the core regulators of animal apoptosis. The plant Bcl 2 associated athanogene BAG family is conserved at the structural level is localized in a variety of subcellular locations and may have diverged unique functions not observed for animal BAGs. Arabidopsis BAG proteins have been impli... |
S136013852030128X | We are facing unprecedented phosphorus challenges namely P scarcity associated with increasing food demand and an oversupply of P fertilisers resulting in eutrophication . Although we need a multidisciplinary approach to systematically enhance P use efficiency monodisciplinary studies still prevail . Here we propose to... | Adopting a multidisciplinary approach is crucial to tighten the P cycle however current research still focusses on monodisciplinary approaches. Crop genotypes with high efficiency of P acquisition photosynthetic P use or P remobilisation or low seed phytate P concentrations are crucial to reduce P fertiliser input and ... |
S1360138520301291 | Like communities of people communities of cells must continuously communicate to thrive . Polypeptide signaling molecules that act as mobile ligands are widely used by eukaryotic organisms to transmit information between cells to coordinate developmental processes and responses to environmental cues . In plants the | The advent of genome editing has accelerated analysis of the arabidopsis. peptide gene family revealing novel functions for multiple family members. New components of the CLAVATA3 CLV3 shoot stem cell signaling pathway have been identified that include the CIK subfamily of receptor kinases several MAP kinases and the H... |
S1360138520301485 | It is generally accepted that plants locally influence the composition and activity of their rhizosphere microbiome and that rhizosphere community assembly further involves a hierarchy of constraints with varying strengths across spatial and temporal scales . However our knowledge of rhizosphere microbiomes is largely ... | The processes shaping rhizosphere microbial communities are currently unclear because of both a lack of knowledge about biogeographical patterns and the disconnection between plant and microbial scales. Sequence databases have now collected a sufficient amount of data covering a range of biomes and plant taxa to allow ... |
S1360138520301497 | The development of genomics and epigenomics has allowed rapid advances in our understanding of plant biology . However conventional bulk analysis dilutes cell specific information by providing only average information thereby limiting the resolution of genomic and functional genomic studies . Recent advances in single ... | The rapidly developing fields of single cell genomics and epigenomics provide powerful approaches to dissect cell heterogeneity in plants. The sensitivity and specificity of detecting single nucleotide variations and copy number variations via single cell whole genome amplification technologies have been continuously i... |
S1360138520301503 | Gene expression in individual cells can be surprisingly noisy . In unicellular organisms this noise can be functional for example by allowing a subfraction of the population to prepare for environmental stress . The role of gene expression noise in multicellular organisms has however remained unclear . In this review w... | Gene expression levels can be surprisingly noisy both between individual cells and between individual plants even in the absence of genetic and environmental variation. is a promising system to study interindividual gene expression variability since it is an inbreeding species with extremely low heterozygosity. Noise i... |
S1360138520301680 | Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are plant root symbionts that continuously carry thousands of nuclei in their spores and hyphae . This unique cellular biology raises fundamental questions regarding their nuclear dynamics . This review aims to address these by synthesizing current knowledge of nuclear content and behavior ... | Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF can carry thousands of nuclei in their cells at all times. The number shape and frequency of these nuclei vary substantially among and within species. Some AMF strains referred to as AMF dikaryons carry two distinct nuclear genotypes within their cells. The frequency of two coexisting g... |
S1360138520301862 | Together with sugars and proteins lipids constitute the main carbon reserves in plants . Lipids are selectively recycled and catabolized for energy production during development and in response to environmental stresses . Autophagy is a major catabolic pathway operating in the recycling of cellular components in eukary... | Our understanding of autophagy function in lipid degradation in plants is understudied compared with the elucidated mechanisms in animals and yeast. However the potential roles of plant autophagy in lipid recycling and metabolism are beginning to come to light. Macroautophagy is a versatile mechanism involved in lipid ... |
S1360138520301874 | Phytocannabinoids are bioactive natural products found in some flowering plants liverworts and fungi that can be beneficial for the treatment of human ailments such as pain anxiety and cachexia . Targeted biosynthesis of cannabinoids with desirable properties requires identification of the underlying genes and their ex... | Phytocannabinoids are bioactive terpenoids that were thought to be exclusive to. but have now also been discovered in. species some legumes the liverwort genus. and some fungi. Many cannabinoids display promising non hallucinogenic bioactivities that are determined by the variable nature of the side chain and prenyl gr... |
S1360138520301886 | Hormesis is a biphasic doseresponse relationship with contrasting effects of low versus high doses of stress . Hormesis is rapidly developing in plant science research and has wide implications for risk assessment stress biology and agriculture . Here we explore selected areas of importance to the concept of hormesis a... | Hormesis occurs not only in normal but also in high and low risk subpopulation groups. Some high risk subpopulation groups show different quantitative features of hormetic responses from normal and low risk subpopulation groups. Some differences in hormetic dose responses exist between fast growing and slow growing ind... |
S1360138520301916 | High stress resistance and yield are major goals in crop cultivation which can be addressed by modifying plant architecture . Significant progress has been made in recent years to understand how plant architecture is controlled under various growth conditions recognizing the central role phytohormones play in response ... | Plant hormone homeostasis modulates plant architecture crop yield and resistance to environmental stresses. miRNAs phytohormones key transcription factors and other important signaling proteins form complex networks to regulate plant hormone homeostasis. Some transcription factors act as system integrators of internal ... |
S1360138520301965 | Establishing laws of plant and ecosystems functioning has been an overarching objective of functional and evolutionary ecology . However most theories neglect the role of human activities in creating novel ecosystems characterized by species assemblages and environmental factors that are not observed in natural systems... | Agricultural weeds constitute an original model to understand the impact of anthropogenic changes on ecological and evolutionary dynamics. A combination of environmental factors in cultivated fields has driven the selection of novel functional trait combinations in agricultural weeds. Therefore agricultural weeds can b... |
S1360138520302016 | Strigolactones control plant development enhance symbioses and act as germination stimulants for some of the most destructive species of parasitic weeds making SLs a potential tool to improve crop productivity and resilience . Field trials demonstrate the potential use of SLs as agrochemicals or genetic targets in bree... | Proof of principle for strigolactone SL application in agriculture has now been demonstrated at field trial scale for parasitic weed control increasing fruit yield enhancing nutrient uptake and improving yield under drought conditions. The agricultural potential of many emerging and established activities of SLs remain... |
S1360138520302041 | Salt stress is one of the major environmental stresses limiting plant growth and productivity . To adapt to salt stress plants have developed various strategies to integrate exogenous salinity stress signals with endogenous developmental cues to optimize the balance of growth and stress responses . Accumulating evidenc... | Both stress hormones and growth hormones are important in the mediation of plant salinity stress responses. Sophisticated crosstalk occurs among the different hormones in plant growth adaptation under salinity stress. The cooperation or antagonism among different plant hormones is dependent on growth stages. Plants ada... |
S1360138520302077 | Plastoquinone 9 is an essential component of photosynthesis that carries electrons in the linear and alternative electron transport chains and is also a redox sensor that regulates state transitions and gene expression . However a large fraction of the PQ pool is located outside the thylakoid membranes in the plastoglo... | Plastoquinone PQ 9 is an electron carrier that plays an essential role in photosynthesis where it is involved in linear and alternative electron flows. However the functions of PQ go far beyond photosynthesis. PQ 9 is a multilocation compound that is partitioned in the chloroplast between thylakoids plastoglobules and ... |
S136013852030217X | Rootsoil interactions in the rhizosphere are central to resource acquisition and crop production in agricultural systems . However apart from studies in idealized experimental systems rhizosphere processes in real agricultural soils | Rootsoil interactions involving rhizosphere sensing root architecture and function as well as root induced rhizosphere processes are crucial for soil health sustainable food security and resource use efficiency. Heterogeneity is an important feature of the rhizosphere and this poses a challenge to a thorough understand... |
S1360138520302193 | Plantmicrobearthropod three way interactions have important implications for plant health . However our poor understanding of the underlying regulatory mechanisms hampers their biotechnological applications . To this end we searched for potential common patterns in plant responses regarding taxonomic groups or lifestyl... | Plantmicrobearthropod PMA interactions have important impacts on plant fitness and recent studies shed light on how plants regulate responses in such complex interactions. Biosynthetic pathways for the production of defensive and signaling compounds and the corresponding signaling modules mostly related to phytohormone... |
S1360138520302478 | Seeds were a key evolutionary innovation . These durable structures provide a concerted solution to two challenges on land dispersal and stress . Lipid droplets that act as nutrient storage reservoirs are one of the main cell biological reasons for seed endurance . Although LDs are key structures in spermatophytes and ... | The generation of LDs is a mechanism that arose to mediate general drought and desiccation resilience. We provide an evo devo perspective on the deep evolutionary roots of a key trait of seeds the genetic chassis for LD formation. We ponder the question of how the evolution of these key components is tied to ancient ci... |
S136468261730175X | GNSS can provide high accuracy positioning at low cost . But depending on the sources of error e.g . the atmospheric effects this accuracy can be degraded . The ionosphere is one of the most important error sources in GNSS positioning . Among several effects caused by the ionosphere irregularities such as ionospheric s... | Evaluation of Ionospheric scintillation effects on positioning degradation. Data considering the last solar maximum 20122014 . Evaluation in different regions of Brazil one of the most affect countries. Robust statistical analysis using different methods. Large discrepancies in positioning obtained under strong scintil... |
S1364682618306874 | A systematic investigation and greater understanding of the precipitation chemistry with respect to the altitude gradient in mountainous areas is necessary to promulgate the detrimental consequences of pollution on various ecosystems . Studies on the chemical compositions of wet precipitation were performed on the nort... | Aims to assess altitudescale variation of precipitation chemistry in the Mt. Taibai. Ions concentrationaltitude gradient for the precipitation is found to be 6.58 and 34.04 eq L. 100 m during monsoon and non monsoon period respectively. Ionic concentrations showed a negative logarithmically decreasing trend with increa... |
S1364682619304122 | This study assesses the possibility of using Global Navigation Satellite System observations in combination with measurements of surface pressure and temperature to derive Integrated Water Vapor IWV | SIRGAS zenith total delays contribute to water vapor monitoring in Latin America. GNSS stations contribute to the monitoring of tropospheric water vapor in Argentina. IWV increases and relative atmospheric pressure falls preceding onset of precipitation. |
S1364682619304183 | Dust plays an important role in the modification of microphysical and optical properties of clouds . The presence of dust at an elevated level significantly increases snow mass and rain concentration . A rare phenomenon of rain and snowfall with dust was occurred simultaneously in the eastern Iraq Syria and west and so... | Occurrence of rain and snowfall during dust episode in the Middle East. The visibility has been reduced to less than 500m in the study period. The model shows the formation of the prefrontal dust in the region. |
S1364682619304262 | Air quality in Delhi is largely dependent on concentration of aerosol particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5m . Diurnal variation of PM2.5 is mainly determined by rates of emission deposition chemical reactions and turbulent mixing caused by vertical wind shear and buoyancy . Continuous observations... | Continuous tracking of Mixed Layer Height MLH by ceilometer. PM2.5 and NOx correlate inversely with MLH during daytime. PM2.5 decreases by 14 13 and 7gm. in December January and February respectively for every 100m increase in MLH. Effect of dilution and accumulation by MLH on PM illustrated. |
S1364682619304328 | The Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere region plays an important role in the climate system . Quantifying the processes that control UTLS represents a crucial task . We assess UTLS trends and associated tropopause parameters Lapse Rate Tropopause temperature altitude Convective outflow level temperature altitude ... | Long term trends in the UTLS temperature obtained using high accuracy radiosonde over Indian region is presented. Unlike reported recently cooling trend in the lower stratosphere is still persistent over Indian region. Compare to the ozone changes the WV increasing trend was found strongly influencing the LS cooling tr... |
S1364682619304407 | In this paper we obtain multiple attractors and periodicity using differential and integral operators with power law and Mittag Leffler law for the coupled dynamical El Nio La Nia Southern oscillation model and the continuous time Vallis model for El Nio . Also we consider the extension of these models considering a st... | We obtain multiple attractors and periodicity using differential and integral operators with powerlaw and Mittag Leffler law. Liouville Caputo and Atangana Baleanu fractional derivatives are considered. Novel differential and integral operators with fractional order and fractal dimension are considered. Numerical simul... |
S1364682619304419 | The Arctic seas are mainly located inside the polar vortex under conditions of low temperature . Sea ice extent in these seas in the winter spring period reaches maximum values with negligible interannual changes . The exception is the Barents Sea where interannual variability of sea ice extent increases from December ... | The interannual variability of the Barents Sea ice extent reaches 32 in January. The tropospheric polar vortex edge is often located near the Barents Sea in winter. The Barents Sea ice cover can be determined by the changes in the polar vortex edge. |
S1364682619304444 | This study employed ultraviolet images and particle data to investigate isolated auroral spots away from the Earth s auroral oval . Data from SSUSI and SSJ mounted on the DMSP spacecraft were examined . The isolated auroral spots were observed by DMSP F16 SSUSI and F17 SSUSI on 29 May 2010 during the recovery phase of ... | Isolated auroral spots were observed in the evening sector and corotated with the Earth. The isolated auroral spots were produced mainly by energetic ions with energies above 10keV. Weak electron precipitation 200 eV was observed but the intensity was likely too weak to generate isolated auroral spots. |
S1364682619304456 | Understanding the global distribution pattern of aerosol particles is of paramount importance as it has applications of many fields that include but are not limited to energy and environment the study of aerosol particles is building blocks for nanotechnology . Therefore the keen observation of aerosols through satelli... | Satellites observations identify emerging patterns in global aerosol distribution. Aerosol hotspot regions shows strong seasonality. AOD reflects distinct characteristics at regional scale. Satellites observations captured high aerosol concentrations over region located in the developing countries. |
S1364682619304468 | Ionospheric delay error is one of the most significant error sources for single frequency SBAS users and its error bound is the key point for PL calculation . To satisfy the integrity specifications for users anywhere in the service region the error bound need to be inflated according to various threat . Among them the... | We conclude the properties of a good metric and propose the RCOV metric. Taking the regions of Europe as an example the RCOV threat model is established and compared with the RCM used in WAAS. RCOV metric proposed can improve the system availability on the premise of meeting the integrity requirements. |
S136468261930447X | Altitude structure of turbulence in the troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Indian peninsula is delineated using radiosonde observations carried out from six stations as part of the Tropical Tropopause Dynamics Campaign under the GPS Aided Radiosonde Network Experiment for Tropospherestratosphere Studies progra... | Altitude structure of turbulence studied over six locations of Indian peninsula. Occurrence of turbulence is high in the lower and upper troposphere. There is no systematic station to station variations in the turbulent structure. Convective and dynamical instabilities are responsible for the turbulence generation. Tho... |
S1364682619304481 | Black carbon aerosols always existing as complicated mixtures of various species have important impacts on the global and regional climate whereas their effective aerosol complex refractive index is a must for modeling their radiative effects . Retrieval of optically effective ACRI from accurately calculated scattering... | Optically effective ACRIs of black carbon composite aerosols are exactly retrieved. Optically effective ACRIs depict dramatic variation for size parameter larger than . Effects of particle microphysics on retrieved optically effective ACRIs are studied. |
S1364682620300109 | The abnormal behavior of the precipitation in recent years has caused shrinkage of water supplies floods and rising seas and rivers in all over the world . Pakistan is one of those countries which are highly effected from this abnormal behavior . In this paper we utilized the concept of drought indices for the calculat... | Agricultural and hydrological drought periods Pakistan. Non homogeneous Poisson models. Pakistan was influenced by agricultural and hydrological droughts. The NHPP performed better in the assessment and analysis of drought |
S1364682620300110 | In situ observations have significant importance for calibration and validation of satellite data processes studies etc however in situ observations are often available with less spatio temporal coverage due to practical limitations in making observations as well as cost effectiveness . Albeit satellite observations ha... | A novel method for constructing synthetic parallel tracks. This method illustrated here is applicable to any geophysical track survey with varying spatial and or temporal extension. Tropical cyclone physical process are studied using this method. |
S1364682620300122 | The present study reports the chemical composition and source identification of the total suspended particulate matter in the sub urban environment Ballari . There were 28 particulate matter aerosol sampled between February 2017July 2018 . The surface mass concentration ranged from 103gm | The total mass concentration varied from 103gm. to 367gm. over Bellary. EDX results showed aluminosilicate group contains about 31 during study period. ICP OES analysis confirmed the inorganic ions dominant over study region. CWT results showed the major sources were mining and anthropogenic sources over location. |
S1364682620300134 | The propagation characteristics of two upward negative lightning flashes which were initiated from the tops of two tall grounded structures immediately after the return stroke initiation of one nearby positive cloud to ground lightning flash have been investigated and compared based on high speed video observations . T... | Two upward flashes were immediately triggered by a nearby positive CG lightning. Two upward negative flashes have obviously different propagation characteristics. Lower cloud near Canton tower has a great influence on the behavior of upward flash. |
S1364682620300146 | In 2017 CARPET cosmic ray detector was installed at KACST at Riyadh latitude 24.67 longitude 46.74 alt . 613 m geomagnetic cuttoff rigidity R | CARPET cosmic ray detector was installed at Riyadh cut off rigidity R. 14.4 GV Saudi Arabia. One of the main goal of this detector is to investigate CR correlations with solar activity and atmospheric phenomena. The detector performance was tested and showed comparable results to our existing 1 m. scintillator and mult... |
S1364682620300158 | We report observations of auroral spots s at sub auroral latitudes . The auroral spots occurred during storm recovery phases and corotated with the Earth at a speed either higher or lower than the Earth s rotation rate . In the dawn side the spots have a slightly higher probability of super rotation than that of the du... | Ring current auroral spots at sub auroral latitudes corotate with the Earth. The corotation can be slower or faster than Earth s rotation rate and depends on local time. Plasmaspheric dynamics structures drag and solar wind driven convection is likely the source of above phenomena. |
S1364682620300171 | Bubble like structures that grow in the post sunset F region of the equatorial ionosphere have continued to raise concern and research interest among scientists . These structures commonly referred to as Equatorial Plasma Bubbles have depleted electron densities surrounded by a denser plasma . When Trans ionospheric ra... | The percentage occurrence of EPBs increases with distance from the magnetic equator and peaks at the EIA region. The occurrence of EPBs over East Africa is greater during equinoxes than during solstices. The western side of East Africa experience more frequent occurrence of EPBs than the eastern side. The majority of t... |
S1364682620300183 | The effect of Coronal Mass Ejection and Corotating Interaction Region driven storms on the occurrence of ionospheric irregularities over the African equatorial and low latitude region are studied statistically for the first time . In addition to the CME and CIRs catalogs we have used the disturbance storm time | The SP in the OIIs during CME and CIR driven storms are more prevalent than the EN. The EN SP and NE of CME and CIR storms on the OIIs show dependence on the LT at which the storm main phase occurs. The SP in the OIIs during CME and CIR storms show a positive and linear correlation with solar activity represented by SS... |
S1364682620300195 | In this study we use the level 2 Aeronet inversion products of 19 stations of North Africa the Middle East or downwind of them . The objective is to characterize the degree of anthropization of the corresponding sub regions . For this we define a new dust index I | A new anthropization index based on Aeronet data is defined. The AERONET inversions do not show any spatial variability of the Saharan dust aerosol. The spatial variability of the dust forcing efficiencies at TOA and BOA reflects that of the surface albedo. |
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