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S1618866719300664 | Riparian zones are among the ecosystems with the highest susceptibility to human impacts and the main drivers influencing their function are river regulation and urbanization . In this study we aimed to assess shifts in species composition of riparian vegetation over three decades and discuss effects of river regulatio... | How river regulation influence riparian ecosystem functions in long term perspective. We assessed shifts in diversity of riparian vegetation in urban areas over 35 years. Spatial sequence of vegetation along environmental gradient changed after river regulation. Stopped flooding drove competitive displacement of native... |
S1618866719300949 | Cities are confronted with different societal challenges calling for urban sustainability transformation . Nature based solutions can provide actions for such challenges and strive for maximizing environmental social and economic benefits . Edible cities which encompass different forms of urban food production in the c... | Nature based solutions can be linked with urban sustainability transformation. Edible cities can strengthen human food connection and social cohesion. Edible cities address social spatial and socio ecological transformation. Mainstreaming edible cities provides strategies for sustainability acceleration. |
S1618866719301311 | This study was conducted to address the relationship between socio economic variables and invasive plant species occurrence in parks and natural areas in two cities of Metro Vancouver British Columbia Canada . Invasive plants inventory data in parks and natural areas were acquired from the cities of Surrey and Coquitla... | Population density housing and income significantly explained invasive plant occurrences. The set of significant socio economic factors varied by city and target species. Invasive plant occurrences mostly positively associated with socio economic factors. Species and city specific invasive plant management strategies a... |
S1618866719301475 | Vacant land in growing cities is commonly targeted for development because it is perceived as wasted land that provides no benefit for people or nature . However vacant sites might contribute to biodiversity conservation . To help inform biodiversity sensitive urban development we examined whether vacant land provided ... | Land covered by spontaneous vegetation provides habitat for local birds. Vacant lands maintain mainly native and a few exotic bird species. Bird communities in vacant lands differ from formal greenspaces and residential areas. Vacant lands support species that are not common in the city. Vacant lands have the potential... |
S1618866719301517 | Contact with nature and care of gardens are assumed to have important therapeutic functions . This work is an open pilot study exploring the potentiality of caring local biodiversity in a healing garden as a tool to promote multi purpose ecosystem services and social benefits . A group of Biodiversity Custodians compos... | Autism spectrum disorder ASD subjects were constituted as Biodiversity Custodians. ASD subjects were involved in the care of landraces within an enabling garden. Plant functional traits were determined for evaluation of landraces germplasm. ASD subjects improved their independence adaptive behaviour and interaction ski... |
S1618866719301657 | Urban greening practices are often adopted to mitigate the negative impacts of increasing impervious surfaces in urban areas . In the United States green approaches are prevalent in the field of stormwater management as some cities are required to install green stormwater infrastructure to meet regulatory requirements ... | NDVI can provide context for ecosystem services trends and tracking GSI. In Philadelphia the majority of stormwater control measures are non vegetated. Greenness goals should accompany volume based GSI goals to promote co benefits. |
S1618866719301748 | The contribution of single landscape features for supply of cultural ecosystem services is well researched . However only few studies do exist that identified the role of both natural and humanmade physical landscape features for CES of urban forests . Advancing knowledge on the contribution of urban forest elements an... | We examined 21 urban forest characteristicsin a single statistical model to rank their relative importance for cultural ecosystem services supply. We used a random forest for regression and kernel density estimates which is an innovative approach in the field of research. 3354 participants mapped 10800 places they foun... |
S1618866719301839 | Urbanization often leads to soil compaction and reduces soil water infiltration rates which then increase runoff and flooding . Comparison of infiltration rates associated with tree root systems with different root distributions can help establish predictive models and improve species selection to mitigate runoff and f... | Roots increased the initial infiltration 53330 and saturation infiltration 892167 . Trees with deep root distributions improved infiltration the most. Soil porosity and bulk density affected soil infiltration below 15 cm the most. Root systems could counterbalance the unfavorable factors to infiltration. Relationship m... |
S1618866719302079 | The decline of industrial manufacturing left large areas of vacant land in the peri urban belts of many European cities becoming an economic social and environmental concern . In the meantime available fertile soils are being over used to produce energy crops and municipal organic wastes are accumulating in landfills a... | Phytoremediation assisted by bio stabilised material increases the agro economic potential of vacant urban soils. Bio stabilised material is a useful amendment for sustainable plant production as it increased leaf area of. Application of bio stabilised material increased microbial activity of peri urban soils. The lowe... |
S1618866719302316 | In addition to their role as critical ecological resources the forests and wetlands of urban parks are integral to the social and psychological well being of many city residents . In this study we use randomized field interviews with 955 New York City park users to explore differences in park use and motivations for pa... | Urban natural areas offer a sense of refuge place attachment and nature experience. Landscaped park areas provide space for sports activities socializing and children. Women are more often in parks with children and less often in natural areas. Those who do not visit natural areas may be concerned with safety or access... |
S1618866719302365 | Tropical Pacific island countries many of which are less developed are experiencing invasions of alien plant species at rates faster than areas of comparable size elsewhere . In this paper we examine the relationship between the presence abundance and richness of 14 invasive woody plant species and level of urbanizatio... | 14 problematic invasive woody plants can be classified into 4 spatial patterns. Presence and abundance on urban rural gradient type differs by plant species. Abundance of IWP is explained more by urban rural gradient type than road type. IWP species may be common in urban sector type but not necessarily abundant. Overa... |
S1618866719302444 | Urban green space provision is fundamental for the well being of people living in cities and for sustainable urban development . Assessing quantifying and monitoring UGS is relevant for researchers practitioners and city administrations . To date a great deal of research has been concerned with UGS provision and access... | Adequate indicators remain a crucial point when comparing green infrastructure. Spatial reference areas for indicators are delineated using a standardized method. Delineation of contiguous urban fabric independent of administrative boundaries. Qualitative and quantitative differentiations of green infrastructure spatia... |
S1618866719302572 | The cooling effect of blue green space has been recognized as a promising approach to mitigate the urban heat island while the quantitative role is still uncertain . This paper aims to present the latest progress and controversies on the studies of the cooling effects of waterbodies greenspaces and parks . In order to ... | The cooling effect of urban blue green space and threshold size based studies are reviewed. The controversies and uncertainties on the cooling effect of urban blue green space are revealed. The basic framework and perspective of the urban cooling effect studies are proposed. The new technology and method for furthering... |
S1618866719302596 | Impervious surfaces in modern cities can be used for revegetation . However the ecological quality of belowground ecosystem components and constrained soil space are crucial factors that limit habitat restoration . The long term development of Bonsai trees has resulted in mature theories and techniques that suggest opt... | Impervious surfaces in modern cities can be used for revegetation. Bonsai Penjing is an ancient art that has relevant lessons for urban revegetation. Limited substrate and pot sizes are key challenges in bonsai and revegetation. There is a correlation between root size and shoot size. Control of growth vigour is critic... |
S1618866719302614 | There is a current concern that the capacity of urban forests to recover from the effects of climate change may be diminishing . New management options are needed so that they can continue to provide ecosystem services to local communities . After a windstorm occurred on June 2014 pre and post disturbance stand conditi... | Capacity of urban woodlands to recover to storm damages needs to be considered. Extreme windstorms in the Mediterranean basin might affect historical urban forests. Forest Ecosystem Services might decline due to conflicts between stakeholders. Management options of historical urban forests need to be carefully tailored... |
S1618866719302997 | This study aims to focus on a case study of Istanbul province in order to reveal the most important factors affecting the planning and management of urban forests by means of a multidimensional approach . First of all 67 variables which affected the planning and management of urban forests were developed by taking the ... | This study reveal the most important factors affecting the planning and management of urban forests using a multidimensional approach. This study puts forward the main aim of urban forests in terms of their functions. In the study a factor analysis was conducted with 67 variables. Linear regression analysis was also co... |
S1618866719303267 | This study reports a comparative analysis of trees used in public squares located in Brazilian cities where the Atlantic Forest is present . This overview uses databases including SciVerse Scopus Web of Science Scientific Electronic Library Online and Google Scholar using the following descriptors vegetation AND public... | We analyzed the urban forest and note the historical influence of the selection and domestication of species. Both native and exotic species are also used in the composition of the squares evaluated. More of 20 of the tree species used in the urban races are endemic to the Atlantic Forest. |
S1618866719303516 | A plethora of socioenvironmental issues and growing concerns over the effects of climate change are forcing cities to rethink conventional urban water management practices . However change towards more sustainable practices has been remarkably slow . This paper examines two cases of greening projects aimed at urban reh... | Political decisions and support for experimentation to solve socio environmental problems have potentials to provide innovative solutions. Small scale projects combining urban drainage and rainwater harvesting are possible in the built environment and suited to dense areas as well. Urban planners rather than water plan... |
S1618866719303607 | Increasing temperatures and exposure to sunlight in spring causes many deciduous broadleaf plant species in temperate climates to foliate decreasing temperatures and exposure to sunlight in fall prompts complete defoliation . Evergreen plants defoliate seasonally yet retain green foliage throughout the year . Ones mood... | Evergreen models had more restorative potential RP in January than in September. Preference rose significantly between 0 2 and 4 bits of plant palette entropy. RP rose significantly between 0 and 2 bits of plant entropy. Foliated models had higher preference and RP than defoliated. Defoliation was indirectly associated... |
S1618866719303619 | Research on urban forests has expanded in the last 30 years in the US Canada Europe and Australia . Nonetheless urban forestry has been explored to much less extent in the Latin America and the Caribbean region despite being one of the most urbanized and biodiverse regions in the world . We address this gap by providin... | 182 academic articles from 13 countries published from 1970 to 2018 were reviewed and synthesized. Most studies 42 were from Brazil Mexico 17 and Chile 15 . Brazil Chile Nicaragua and Puerto Rico had higher than average per capita article output. Most studies have been ecological and field based surveys of vegetation d... |
S1618866719303668 | In urban areas one way of mitigating the adverse effects of air pollution is the sustainable rooftop practice known as green roofs . How green roofs can help reduce carbon emissions in urban areas directly and indirectly is the focus of this review which draws on recently published studies . The direct impact of green ... | An extensive review of the carbon sequestration of the green roof. An evaluation of the direct and indirect impact of the green roof on carbon emission reduction in urban areas. Analysis of carbon sequestration assessment of green roof. Dissemination of extensive reviews findings. |
S1618866719303681 | Hospital is one of the areas that affect the mental and psychological conditions of the children and the poor design of these environments may affect physical and psychological health . This study investigated the effect of a typical Dish Garden as a surrogate for green spaces in improving the physical and neuropsychol... | The effect of dish gardens on the health of the hospitalized children was examined. The recorded vital signs decreased to normal rates in the experimental group. The neuropsychological indices in the experimental group were also improved. A suitable landscape surrogate can create a healthier hospital for children. |
S161886671930384X | Studies from high income mostly westernised countries tend to report health benefits from urban green spaces . Generalizability of this evidence for the 125 low and middle income countries is debatable . This systematic review explored and synthesized the quality of green space health studies reported from LMICs . Foll... | We systematically reviewed 22 studies of green space and health set in LMICs. Most studies used subjective measures to assess urban green space and health variables. Association between mental health and wellbeing with urban green space was reasonably consistent. Only one study focused on the health of children and thr... |
S1618866719303905 | Reconstructing spatial and temporal pollution gradients in natural and anthropogenic areas is of paramount importance to undertake proper mitigation strategies . To this end air biomonitoring based on chemical analysis of selected bioaccumulators provides useful information not only on the pollutant concentration gradi... | Specific industrial activities locally affect As Mn Ni and Pb air concentrations. In urban sites diffuse pollution sources determine high concentrations of several PTEs. Remote areas are affected by high Cd air concentrations. Air PTE concentrations are decreasing as generally observed in Europe. |
S1618866719303917 | Urban and peri urban forests and woodlands provide an important recreational service for citizens . However these forests are facing increasing pressure due to the ongoing land use encroachment and increased demands for wood based products . Same time the world is getting more urbanized and living in cities is associat... | All the forests were restorative. The old forests were significantly more restorative than the young forest. The old growth forest and mature commercial forest were equally restorative. The urban forest was significantly less restorative than the same age class rural forests. |
S1618866719304029 | Urban Green Infrastructure serves both inhabitants and visitors numerous and various needs . This research aimed to enhance knowledge regarding the role of UGI in urban tourism . The research questions addressed tourists perceptions of UGI their understanding and uses of UGI and the ways that this understanding influen... | The paper enhances knowledge regarding the role of UGI in urban tourism perspective. A cross cultural comparative study among UGI tourists is conducted in eight European countries. Our findings validate well established trends in European urban tourism. Neighbouring countries tend to be the most significant tourist mar... |
S1618866719304479 | Concerning Central European conditions the mitigation of daytime heat stress for pedestrians by evenly positioned plane trees on both sidewalks of a shallow and a deep E W street canyon is quantified by scenario simulations . Using the ENVI met model v4.0 BETA they were performed for a previous heat wave day in Freibur... | The impact of spacing between the crowns of plane trees on the reduction of daytime human heat stress is simulated. The scenario simulations are focused on pedestrians on both tree lined sidewalks of a shallow and a deep E W street canyon. Trees are the most effective at mitigating human heat stress on the S facing sid... |
S1618866719304698 | Urban residents are suffer from increased heat stress because of urban heat island intensification in combination with global climate change . Trees have been widely used for improving human thermal comfort . However when it comes to practical design it is not always clear what characteristics of trees are most importa... | In depth analysis of thermal effect of trees for design decision making. Trees mainly affect energy budget by radiation flux especially by solar radiation. Even distribution is the most effective reducing the most absorbed solar radiation. Taller trees with low branching height and dense crowns is the preferable tree s... |
S1618866719305035 | Cycling for recreational or commuting purposes has multiple benefits . Understanding the factors that influence the use of bicycles is important to formulate policies and promote their use . Previous studies have reached a consensus on the impact of built environments on the use of bicycles . However very few studies h... | Obtained 248 000 shared bicycles information identified 901 760 actual cycling trips. Confirmed the positive impact of streetscape greening on cycling and the green coverage rate has a minimal impact on cycling. Greenway and urban road network densities have no significant influence on cycling. Enhancing three dimensio... |
S1618866719305096 | Large old trees are keystone ecological entities and cultural heritages that provide vital services to humans in settlements . We investigated the abundance species diversity distribution patterns and environmental and anthropogenic determinants of large old trees in Wuchuan Gelao and Miao Autonomous County in southwes... | 5105 large old trees from 80 species were identified in Wuchuan County. Natural vegetation and human selection shaped species composition. Village and artificial habitats as refugia for large old tree. Most of the large old trees protected as sacred tree and fengshui tree. The protection and management depended on trad... |
S1618866719305126 | This paper examines the perceived spill over effects of proximity to golf courses on life satisfaction based on a large scale individual survey conducted in Beijing in 2013 . We find a positive association between residential proximity to golf courses and life satisfaction . This association is more pronounced for resi... | Spillover effects of golf courses on life satisfaction are significant and decay over space. Association between golf courses and life satisfaction is varied across social and golf landscape dimensions. Complementary effects of public green space and private green space are considered in the perceived evaluation. |
S1618866719305254 | Urban trees and grass have different ecological functions and services . Remote sensing provides a feasible way of quantifying urban vegetative cover and distribution at large scale . Most previous studies have used supervised classification based on high resolution images to map urban trees and grass . However due to ... | We developed an index that can effectively differentiate tree and grass at fine scale. We combined spectral and texture features to construct the index. The index works well in both supervised classification and rule based classification. The index can reduce the misclassification of sunlit portions of trees into grass... |
S1618866719305497 | In many US cities urban forest management efforts are commonly supported by citizen advisory groups which are often generically referred to as tree boards . Very little is known about tree boards and the volunteers who serve on them consequently this study addresses this knowledge gap by investigating a sample of urban... | Compared to national demographic data tree board member composition was considerably less diverse in race and ethnicity. The majority of tree board members responding were motivated to volunteer because they were interested in the management of their urban forest. Natural resources professionals were most likely to vol... |
S1618866719305722 | Bornova metropolitan district is one of the most urbanised districts in Izmir metropolitan city Turkey with unknown e ects on the potential ecosystem services along urban rural areas . This study mapped the condition of ecosystem services potential and analysed their spatiotemporal dynamics and patterns between 1990 an... | Strong relationships found between land cover pattern intensity and ecosystem services. Spatially explicit maps highlight the multiple ecosystem service supply deficit areas. The method is easy to replicate and can be applied to larger areas. |
S161886671930603X | The Fu Forest Trail in the Chinese city of Fuzhou completed in 2018 is a new pedestrian recreational system in an urban mountain forest area . Construction of the walkway was guided by identification of key sightlines between the mountains and the city . These sightlines controlled the interaction with the skylines aro... | A three dimensional city model was created of the urban area with the Fu Forest Trail. Simulated skylines combined with GIS and the principle of the real vision were used. Three indicators are used to evaluate the skyline and provide suggestions. Excessive residential construction has become a major barrier for ideal s... |
S1618866719306211 | Urbanisation is one of the most rapidly expanding forms of landscape modification by humans and leads to large scale loss and fragmentation of native habitat . This can alter the structure composition and function of remnant habitat . Therefore understanding the influence of both landscape and patch characteristics is ... | Habitat and landscape characteristics affects species distribution in urban landscapes. Responses of forest mammals to landscape and habitat structural variables in an urban forest mosaic were investigated. Using the occupancy modelling framework we modelled the occupancy of various mammal species. Some species appeare... |
S161886671930648X | Urban forests play a vital role in terms of environmental quality related to particulate matter and studies on this area are increasing . This review discusses how urban forests influence atmospheric PM at three scales including the single tree scale stand scale and regional scale . Additionally the PM analysis was div... | The effects of urban forests UFs on atmospheric PM are discussed at three scales. Leaf morphology characteristics are crucial for capturing PM at the single tree scale. UFs had differing effects on PM in vertical and lateral direction at the stand scale. The roles of UFs at multiple scales on atmospheric PM were both p... |
S161886671930651X | Public open space constitutes a significant part of the sustainable urban environment . Urban green spacewhich includes parks sports fields and wetlandsis a crucial type of public open space in a healthy urban ecosystem . Most studies on urban green spaces comprise large scale objective evaluations with relatively few ... | Proposes a new method for examining population behavior in public open space POS . Uses Wi Fi probe data to analyze population activity in Yanfu Greenland China. Identifies when and how spaces are used to evaluate green space design and planning. Method enables study of population density and activity trajectory in sma... |
S1618866719306545 | Contemporary changes to climate pose increasing hydro meteorological risks to cities . In Glasgow key hydro meteorological risks include alluvial and pluvial flooding and overheating . While the need to address these risks are clear it is equally important to tackle these in a climate just manner . Having understood th... | Green Infrastructure GI can provide ecosystem services to tackle key urban climate change concerns. GI could indicate the geographical correspondence between deprivation and ecosystem service potential. Thus GI could serve as a proxy to monitor climate just transition. |
S1618866719306570 | Failure of a tie in point in tree climbing can have severe consequences yet few studies have quantified the loads borne by and load bearing capacity of TIPs . In two separate experiments loads borne by the TIP during abrupt stops while a climber descended and simulated climber falls were quantified for a variety of TIP... | Two experiments demonstrated the effect of relevant parameters on loads during climbing and simulated climber falls. Maximum loads were 4.3 times the climbers weight for an abrupt stop during a descent and 10.6 times the weight dropped to simulate a falling climber. The magnitude of loads particularly when dropping a m... |
S1618866719306612 | Urban parks are of great importance for residents health and well being . As two main factors influencing park visits distance to parks and park size have been studied and adopted in practice such as park planning and guidelines . This study aims to examine how travel distance and park size associated with park visits ... | The maximum park visits decreased exponentially as the travel distance to parks increased. Larger parks received more visits only if travel distance was taken into account. The effects of travel distance on park visits varied across different visit types. For people walking to parks over 50 of them chose parks within 1... |
S161886671930665X | Urbanization fundamentally alters soil physiochemical properties but little is known on how this human effect alters soil biota . Microarthropods are important bioindicators due to their sedentary life form and sensitivity to environmental changes . Taxonomic richness abundance diversity distribution of microarthropod ... | Diverse soil habitats are an important component of urban green space heterogeneity. High diversity of soil fauna reflects a variety of land covers and management types. Mites and springtails showed similar trends along a disturbance gradient. |
S1618866719307034 | Urban ecosystems provide green landscapes that are important to global biodiversity conservation . In tropical urban ecosystems exotic plants are widely used in landscaping and this can have several negative effects on the native plant and pollinator communities . Here we aimed to investigate the origin sexual and repr... | Exotic trees predominate in tropical urban spaces. 100 of self incompatible exotic trees set fruit in tropical urban ecosystem. Exotic trees pose risk to native species and threaten urban and natural ecosystems. Native plants should be the first choice in tropical urban ecosystems. |
S1618866719307423 | This study was conducted with the purpose to evaluate the hypothesis that the air pollution deposition in the remaining Brazilian Atlantic Forest surrounded by diversified land uses has altered the nutritional status of its tree species . The leaf concentrations of macronutrients and micronutrients were determined to e... | Urban and peri urban Atlantic forest remnants are affected by air pollution deposition. Air pollution emissions from diversified land uses have caused nutritional imbalances. Clay soils provided the high buffering capacity against anthropic deposition. Agriculture activities have increased P K Ca and Mg deposition in f... |
S1618866719307642 | Mapping individual tree species is critical to understand the ecosystem services value of the urban forest and improve management . The main aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of integrating multi seasonal high resolution Pliades satellite images with airborne LiDAR data for improving urban tree species m... | Demonstrating the potential of integrating multi season Pliades images with LiDAR data for mapping urban tree species. A newly developed seasonal trajectory difference index STDI is useful for improving the urban tree species. Height information extracted from LiDAR data is helpful for improving mapping urban tree spec... |
S1618866719308428 | The negative impacts of urbanization on biodiversity can be mitigated via afforestation particularly if the trees provide food e.g . flowers and fruits . However it is necessary to highlight the effectiveness of the tree species in attracting and supporting primary consumers in cities . Addressing animal tree interacti... | Visits to. flowers by urban birds were investigated. This native tree provide nectar and water for birds from different lifestyles. Interactive categories were identified particularly perching bird pollination. Nectar was foraged during resource scarcity at the height of the dry season. might be a management tool to pr... |
S161886671930843X | Heritage trees are recognized as elements of cultural landscapes and as keystone ecological entities in human dominated landscapes often bestowing high socio cultural and ecological values . Current understanding of species distribution patterns and broad scale species assemblages of heritage trees is limited . This st... | Human dominated areas can support exceptionally high diversity of heritage trees. Heritage trees were dominated by natural forest species. Origins of heritage trees differed across climatic zones. Most heritage tree species have tangible values. Species assemblage associated with local plant species pools and human pre... |
S1618866719308568 | Land cover change accompanying large scale and rapid urbanization has caused major losses to biodiversity with urban planning that incorporates biodiversity conservation being urgently needed . Understanding how land cover impacts the distribution and dynamics of breeding sites of biodiversity indicator species could f... | The viability of the breeding sites of goshawk was examined at the landscape scale. Forest and open areas enhanced the viability of goshawk breeding sites. Protecting viable goshawk breeding sites might provide habitats for other species. |
S1618866719308787 | Public urban green spaces are crucial for citizens wellbeing and are an important part of daily life in cities . To maximize their benefits to quality of life a thorough knowledge of citizens preferences and preference heterogeneity is crucial in the planning and design of urban green spaces . This study investigated v... | General and stress relief preferences seem to be relatively consistent. Presence of people in green spaces is a very important feature for visitor preferences. People and presence of manmade elements are positive features for perceived safety. |
S1618866719308970 | Rapid urbanization particularly in developing countries is widely regarded as one of the most critical global issues in the 21 st century . It is known to exacerbate urban heat island effects a phenomenon that could affect the livability of cities and the lives and comfort of more than half of the world population who ... | Forest and water were the cooling land cover types in Hangzhou during daytime. Forest with high aggregation and complex shape behave best in cooling LST. Complete water bodies had better cooling effect than scattered water patches. The minimum cooling scale of forest and water were 120 m and 150 m. |
S1618866719309197 | There is a renewed interest in urban gardening in the past decade stimulated by the increased awareness of benefits that it brings to the city local communities and individuals . Previous studies have shown different perspectives on urban food growing in the context of developed and developing countries but less is kno... | The study explores motivations and needs for collective urban gardens of Belgrade residents. Allotment and community gardens are not traditional in Serbia. There is a high interest of respondents in collective urban gardening in Belgrade. Previous experience in agriculture or gardening affects positively peoples intere... |
S1618866720300315 | Previous studies that quantified or simulated loads on a tie in point during climber ascents abrupt stops during descents and falls considered crown anchored stationary rope systems . But climbers also use basal anchored SRS when working in trees and because both parts of the ropelead and fallcarry a load the TIP presu... | This is the first study to quantify tension in the lead and fall of a rope as a climber ascended and stopped abruptly during descents. During ascents combined rope tension was as high as 2.4 times the climbers weight during descents the multiple was as high as 4.8. Combined rope tension expressed as a multiple of the c... |
S1618866720301187 | Urban trees provide natural shade and moderate human exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation . To date most studies quantifying UV attenuation by urban tree canopies have taken place in Australia with no studies in North America . Few studies have utilized sensors sensitive to UV B radiation although the shorter wavele... | Logging dosimeters were used to measure UV protection factor PF . PF varies 2.6 fold among sampled tree species. Crown transparency and the ratio of crown radius height to live crown predict PF. Shade tolerant tree species have higher PF values than shade intolerant species. |
S1618866720301564 | The growing evidences suggest an association between street green space and health in cities . Pollen released by street trees has a considerable adverse impact on human health . This study aims to analyze the characteristics and assess the seasonally allergenic risk of street trees in Qingyang District Chengdu City . ... | The street trees of Chengdu City show an uneven distribution. Chengdu City is exposed to a high allergenic risk of street trees. The highest allergic risk of street trees is observed in spring. The value of I. can exceed the upper limit 1.00 . Area ratio and tree density as the crucial factors affect I |
S1618866720303472 | Though the urban forest resource has been the subject of numerous studies quantifying ecosystem benefits and assessing tree canopy cover little is known about the managers of this resource the urban foresters . Literature from more well established professions shows they routinely reflect on their own profession to ide... | More than half of the respondents who manage urban forests did not identify as urban foresters or arborists. Urban forestry is an open profession approachable from any education background. Urban foresters and arborists both strongly identify with their job title. Professional urban forestry organizations e.g. Internat... |
S161886672030577X | Green Roofs are a form of sustainable low impact development . They can reduce peak stormwater runoff and improve the quality of the runoff from buildings and developments . The water captured by the GRs can be used as a resource for irrigation and domestic water by installing rainwater tanks under the drainpipe of the... | .In this study in order to give some useful advices to optimize the management or design of rainwater tanks the three models were tested to get the one that best reflects the truth of GRs. In this part a one reservoir conceptual interflow model CI MODEL considering the interflow of the GRs was used to predict the perfo... |
S1618866720305781 | Green spaces in urban parks are an essential part of urban planning not only meeting the environmental demands of urban dwellers but also absorbing greenhouse gases generated in urban regions . Mineralization of soil organic carbon is one of the most important processes of C cycling and links C sequestration and emissi... | SOC mineralization rate increases with increasing incubation temperature. Soil microorganisms are preferred to mineralize ROC at higher temperature. Soil ROC enzyme activity and pH are primary factors controlling SOC mineralization. SOC stored in lawn soils is less susceptible to climate warming. |
S1618866720305793 | The use of throwlines has made it easier for climbers on the ground to set a tie in point near the top of the tree . But doing so may increase the likelihood of TIP failure because smaller branches have less load bearing capacity and close inspection of the TIP from the ground is difficult . We measured rope tension du... | Two experiments demonstrated the effect of ascent technique and the presence of leaves on the magnitude and frequency of loading during climber ascents into ten trees five individuals each of two species . Consistent with previous work measured loads were maximally 1.5 times the climbers weight with his climbing gear .... |
S1618866720305811 | Climate change and urbanization are the two major drivers that can alter vegetation growth processes in the urban environment . However the effects of these two drivers on the continuous vegetation dynamics in the urban environments are not well understood especially at a high spatial resolution . This study identified... | The relative contributions of urbanization and climate on vegetation dynamics in the urban areas are not well understood. Prevalent vegetation greening 63 of the total urban areas was observed in urban environments from 2000 to 2013. The greening trend in the urban core areas was higher than that of urban fringe region... |
S1618866720305823 | The subject of the paper are gardens associated with the Roman Catholic parish churches of the Warsaw Archdiocese . Church gardens derive from tradition of former churchyards which are principally characterized as places of burial . With passing years churchyards have lost their function of burial place and were transf... | Warsaw church gardens are part of small urban green spaces structure and promote ecological benefits. Church gardens provide the convenient environment for the individual worship and restoration. Church gardens host both the religious and the liturgical events. Bigger absolute green space surface and presence of trees ... |
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