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S0001457518304810 | Recent field data analyses have shown that lumbar spine fractures occurred more frequently in late model vehicles than the early ones in frontal crashes . Therefore the objective of this study was to investigate risk factors associated with lumbar spine fractures in frontal crashes . | Risk factors of lumbar spine fractures in frontal crashes were investigated through parametric simulations. Conflicting effects were found between submarining and lumbar spine fractures. Occupant reclined posture severe crash pulse early pulse peak and vehicle pitch angle could also increase lumbar forces in frontal cr... |
S0001457518307395 | Though U.S. motor vehicle crashes as a whole have decreased over the past few years fatalities among vulnerable road users have increased . Pedestrian deaths rose nationally by 27 between 2007 and 2016 accounting for 16 of all motor vehicle fatalities . This increase continues to burden transportation specialists publi... | Deaths from pedestrian crashes and drug overdoses have increased over the last 10 years within the state of Georgia U.S. . Pedestrian deaths are due to many causes including substance use. Only half of pedestrian fatalities in Georgia were tested for the presence of drugs. Stimulants cannabinoids and narcotics includin... |
S0001457518308108 | Mindful organizing is a team level construct that is said to underpin the principles of high reliability organizations as it has shown to lead to almost error free performance . While mindful organizing research has proliferated in recent years studies on how to measure mindful organizing are scarce . Vogus and Sutclif... | Development of a Spanish version of the Mindful Organizing Scale MOS . The unidimensional structure of the Mindful Organizing Scale is supported. Reliability analysis indicated that the scale had good internal consistency. Evidence of within team agreement of mindful organizing scores. Evidence of discriminant validity... |
S0001457518308145 | Numerous studies have previously used a variety of count data models to investigate factors that affect the number of crashes over a certain period of time on roadway segments . Unlike past studies which deal with crash frequency this study views the crash rates directly as a continuous variable left censored at zero a... | A tobit model coupled with correlated random parameters was estimated. A large number of safety factors for freeways were revealed. Crash factors and their safety effects turned out to be temporally instable. The safety effect of unobserved heterogeneity interactions was concluded. |
S000145751830887X | Advance guide signs for exit ramps along urban expressways are increasingly critical enhancing safety and mobility by improving the flow of vehicles exiting urban expressways . However research has devoted scant attention to advance guide signs for exit ramps . This study aimed to identify and propose optimal design al... | Better design alternatives of advance guide signs enabled drivers to perform better. Used TOPSIS to evaluate the effectiveness of five schemes in different spacing. In short exit ramp spacing three advance guide signs should be installed. In long exit ramp spacing four advance guide signs are recommended. The minimum n... |
S0001457518310017 | Elderly people are often considered dangerous drivers due to a decline in visual exploration and cognitive functions . The purpose of this study was to look into 18 young and 12 elderly drivers behaviour . We compared their self assessment of driving as well as their visual and cognitive competencies . Then we assessed... | Elderly drivers are less likely to change their initial plans to avoid roadworks and thus demonstrate a less flexible behaviour. Elderly drivers did not make mistakes when choosing which direction to follow. Elderly drivers despite perfectly able to manage sudden events when it could be anticipated could be dangerous a... |
S0001457518310741 | Stopping Sight Distance is the distance defined in most highway design guides as the distance required by drivers to safely come to a complete stop in case of an emergency . Accordingly design guides define theoretical values for SSD and recommend that these requirements are satisfied at all points along a highway corr... | Stopping Sight Distance SSD demands on crash prone roads are stochastically modelled. A LiDAR based assessment is used to quantify Available Sight Distance on the roads. The ability of existing roads to satisfy SSD is analysed at different levels of demand. 6.8 of the length of the roadways were noncompliant to the dem... |
S0001457518311813 | The aim of this study was to determine whether interregional inequality in Spain had the same impact on the risks of fatality and injury across the different provinces of Spain in the period from 1999 to 2015 . This allows us to map fatality and injury rates in Spanish provinces depending on their level of economic dev... | Economic development impacts the number of road accidents in the richest provinces. Greater development of the transport system benefits the lowest income provinces. The penalty points licence system should be reviewed to enhance its effectiveness. Driving behaviour affects road safety in Spanish provinces. The charact... |
S0001457518312326 | The current study introduces the flexible approach of mixture components to model the spatiotemporal interaction for ranking of hazardous sites and compares the model performance with the conventional methods . In case of predictive accuracy based on in sample errors the Mixture 5 demonstrated superior performance in m... | A comprehensive evaluation was conducted for 9 spatiotemporal crash frequency models. The model performance was evaluated based on both in sample and out of sample errors. The site ranking performance of the proposed models was assessed using three criteria. A flexible approach was proposed which accommodates the varia... |
S0001457519300533 | We evaluate the impact of the Graduated Driver Licensing system introduced in Victoria Australia as they influence both injury and fatality rates . Since 1990 the Victorian GDL scheme has undergone several modifications including the introduction of new requirements and the stricter enforcement of existing regulations ... | We evaluate the impact of the Graduated Driver Licensing GDL system introduced in Victoria Australia. Our evaluation of the GDL is based on monthly mortality and morbidity data for drivers 18 to 25 for the period January 2000 to June 2017. We estimate the immediate and long term impacts of each policy change to the GDL... |
S0001457519300843 | Circadian rhythms are changes in life activities over a cycle of approximately 24 hours . Studies on chronotypes have found that there are significant differences in physiology personality cognitive ability and driving behavior between morning type and evening type people . The purpose of this study is to explore the r... | The evening type drivers showed different direction in self reported driving behavior and simulated driving behavior. The evening type drivers self reported more dangerous driving behaviors but had better lateral control on the simulated driving task than morning type drivers. The evening type drivers had greater accur... |
S0001457519300971 | The nature of the road environment requires drivers to be vigilant and attentive . Distracted driving is a primary concern as it threatens the safety of road users . However very little research has been conducted into interventions to combat such an issue . Existing interventions such as police enforcement and legisla... | Driver acceptance was evaluated with TAM TPB and UTAUT. TAM TPB and UTAUT predicted behavioural intention to use smartphone applications. TAM performed the best in explaining 6668 of the variability in behavioural intention. Gender and age barriers for the intake of new technology need to be overcome. |
S0001457519301356 | Motorcycle to vehicle collision is one of the most common accidents in the world and usually leads to serious or fatal head injuries to motorcyclists . This study aims to investigate the influences of impact scenarios and vehicle front end design parameters on head injury risk of the motorcyclist . Five general vehicle... | Head injury risk of motorcylists based on head linear acceleration and angular accerlertion was investigated by considering typical impact scenarios and vehicle front end design. Critical relative impact speeds of 1015m s were noted as approximate threshold values which can be a reference for testing speed of safety re... |
S000145751930185X | Previous studies have acknowledged the impact of risk perception on safety behavior but were largely controversial . This study aims to clarify this conflict and the mechanism through which risk perception can have an impact on safety behavior . From the perspective of the dual attribute of the job demand concept in jo... | Hindrancechallenge demands provide a theoretical perspective on risk perception. Risk perception can be a job hindrance or a challenge depending on the context. Construction workers view perceived risk as a hindrance preventing safety behavior. Supervisors climate worsens the negative effect of risk perception on behav... |
S0001457519302052 | Mitigation strategies for wildlife vehicle collisions require sufficient knowledge about why where and when collisions occur in order to be an efficient tool to improve public safety . Collisions with cervids are known to be influenced by spatial factors such as topography and forest cover . However temporal changes in... | Both spatial and temporal factors efficiently explained moose vehicle collisions. Collisions occurred more at night dusk and dawn for moose and white tailed deer. Collisions occurred more in months during which cervid movement rate was higher. We found an interaction between slope and elevation on collision risk with m... |
S0001457519302350 | Young drivers reckless driving especially among males is a global phenomenon and a major cause of injury and death . The behavior of young people including their driving norms is influenced by the dominant social discourse in their age group . Thus the nature of the interaction between young drivers and their peers may... | Contribution of the Safe Driving Climate among Friends SDCaF to youngsters intention to take driving risks was examined. This was combined with components from the Theory of Planned Behavior TPB . Friends pressure contributes to the intention to engage in risky driving beyond the gender and TPB components. The study th... |
S0001457519302465 | Behavioral adaptation refers to the change in road user behavior in response to new conditions . Behavioral adaptation can improve safety but it can also reduce or even eliminate anticipated safety benefits of many well intentioned road safety countermeasures . To expect driver behavior to remain the same after the imp... | Behavioral adaptation can improve reduce or eliminate anticipated safety benefits of road safety countermeasures. Implementations with unexpected results are drawn from experience with highway TCD vehicle enforcement driver education and drunk driving countermeasures. An inventory of characteristics to consider when es... |
S0001457519302969 | Driving riding under the influence of alcohol is a major public concern worldwide . Only a few studies have distinguished DUI related variables between motorcyclists and car drivers . This study examined the differences in demographic characteristics and drinking behaviors among first time DUI offenders operating diffe... | Distinct drinking profiles of DUI for motorcyclists and car drivers are yet unknown. Two thirds of first time DUI offenders were motorcyclists in Taiwan. Car driving offenders reported more frequent DUI than motorcycle riding offenders. Workplace drinking before DUI was associated with frequent DUI among car drivers. D... |
S0001457519302994 | Many cyclist fatalities occur on roads when crossing a vehicle path . Active safety systems address these interactions . However the driver behaviour models that these systems use may not be optimal in terms of driver acceptance . Incorporating explicit estimates of driver discomfort might improve acceptance . This stu... | Driver discomfort on a test track and in a driving simulator was compared. Driver discomfort was influenced by the moment when the cyclist appeared. A new model predicting driver discomfort is proposed. This model can improve driver acceptance of active safety systems. |
S0001457519303082 | Road accidents involving pedestrians are a reality of urban life . Pedestrian risk is now well known and documented from the perspective of drivers . However pedestrian behaviour plays a central role in road accidents notably in terms of illegal road crossing at signalized intersections . This study focuses on pedestri... | Hesitation occurs when a pedestrian slows down or stops his her crossing movement then abandons by returning to the kerb or accelerates to cross. The uncertainty time of pedestrians is longer in Japan than in France. Hesitation seems to occur in Japan when a pedestrian follows others already crossing against the red li... |
S0001457519303288 | Patients with Parkinsons Disease often exhibit difficulties with visual search that may impede their ability to recognize landmarks and cars while driving . The main objective of this study was to investigate visual search performances of both billboards and cars in patients with PD using a driving simulator . A second... | This research investigated visual search during driving a simulator in PD patients. Patients experience difficulties with visual search skills. Patients have difficulties to identify billboards in the outer periphery while driving. |
S0001457519303616 | We propose a novel network screening method for hotspot identification based on the optimization framework to maximize the total summation of a selected safety measure for all hotspots considering a resource constraint for conducting detailed engineering studies . The proposed method allows the length of each hotspot t... | A novel network screening method for hotspot identification is proposed. The Dynamic Site Length DSL method allows of a dynamic hotspot length. A budget constraint for site investigation is considered. Three network screening methods are tested. DSL has higher spatial temporal consistency than other existing screening ... |
S0001457519303677 | Electric two wheelers have become newly popular transportation tools with the associated growing traffic safety concerns . E2W riders and bicyclists behave similarly as vulnerable road users while exhibited dissimilarities in riding postures and interactions with the two wheelers . Existing epidemiology reveals promine... | Electric two wheeler E2W riders and bicyclists exhibit difference on kinematics and head injury risks in motor vehicle collisions MVCs . The difference is resulted from combined influence of initial rider posture relative geometry and interaction with the two wheeler. Head injury risk of E2W riders is lower than bicycl... |
S0001457519303689 | Virtual reality is a valuable tool for the assessment of human perception and behavior in a risk free environment . Investigators should however ensure that the used virtual environment is validated in accordance with the experiments intended research question since behavior in virtual environments has been shown to di... | Human perception and behavior in virtual environments may differ from those in real environments. A novel and simple road crossing assessment method may substitute classical gap acceptance studies. Pedestrians in real environments base their crossing decisions on temporal distances of approaching vehicles. Pedestrians ... |
S0001457519303744 | This paper analyzes the relationship between road traffic accidents and real economic activity in Spain using data on accidents fatalities and injuries from January 1975 to December 2016 . Our results show the historical asymmetric cyclical behavior of traffic accidents variables . This relationship is more evident for... | Traffic accidents and economic activity in Spain is analyzed for 1975 01 2016 12. Asymmetric cyclical behavior of accident and injuries is found. Mandatory seatbelts use has led to a reduction of all accidents rates since 1992. The penalty points system introduced in July 2006 has only had temporary effects. A Composit... |
S000145751930377X | To prioritize how the development of mathematical human body models for injury prediction in crash safety analysis should be made the most frequent injuries in the NASS CDS data from 2000 to 2015 were analyzed . The crashes were divided into seven types from front to side . Non minor injuries were analyzed in two steps... | Prediction of injury pattern distribution for future AD vehicles. Foundation for prioritize future human body model developments. Expected injured body parts are head thorax and lower extremity in side impacts. Expected specific injuries are concussion rib and pelvis fractures. |
S0001457519303781 | Attributions of fault are often associated with worse injury outcomes however the consistency and magnitude of these impacts is not known . This review examined the prognostic role of fault on health mental health pain and work outcomes after transport injury . A systematic search of five electronic databases yielded 1... | Fault constructs included responsibility blame compensation lawyer use road user and impact direction. Overall fault had inconsistent null or negative associations with transport injury outcomes. Fault based compensation claims were associated with worse health related outcomes. Lawyer involvement and fault based claim... |
S0001457519303811 | The purpose of the paper is to describe compare and analyse the instruments used time needed and accuracy of gathered data sketches 3D models and to enhance the extracted information about the accident . Simple sketches and tape measurements were performed . Also complex 3D measurements and 3D modelling of the scene wi... | Measurements of the crash site with a measuring tape are slow and could be inaccurate. The use of scanner and UAV reduces the data collection time. A precise 3D model as a digital archive and the dynamic compilation data for later inquiries. |
S0001457519303847 | The present research demonstrates the use of advanced trajectory based data to analyze road user interactions at an un signalized intersection under heterogeneous traffic complexities . This study demonstrates an improvement over the conventional grid based analysis to estimate surrogate safety measures . An advanced p... | Use of Semi Automated trajectory data for surrogate safety analysis. An advanced pattern based approach to categorize pedestrian vehicle interaction based on road user behaviour. A framework for evaluating and improving the safety of the uncontrolled intersections. |
S0001457519303926 | The aim of this study was to explore the way in which reports of strategic and tactical driving self regulation are influenced by readiness to change driving behaviour in older men and women either reporting or not reporting modification of driving behaviour for health related reasons and or increased driving difficult... | Readiness promoted tactical behaviour for older drivers without health difficulties. Readiness promoted tactical behaviour for young old drivers with health difficulties. Readiness promoted strategic self regulation more for women and with older age. Multidimensional driving self regulation includes strategic and tacti... |
S0001457519303975 | This study seeks to analyze worldwide research activity on drinking and driving of macro actors and meso actors studied during the last 6 decades . Web of Science and Elsevier Scopus were searched using terms referred to drinking and driving including terms related to vehicles and way spaces . Overlapping was excluded ... | For the first time worldwide research activity on drinking and driving corresponding to last 6 decades is presented. This analysis of scientific production provides updated evidence on the serious problem of DUI of alcohol. Exponential increase in publications on DUI highlights the diachronic problem. Bibliometric anal... |
S0001457519304105 | The objective of this paper is to examine the safety climate knowledge epistemology using bibliometric and systematic literature network analysis . For this purpose bibliometric information of research article published on safety climate topic was retrieved from Scopus databases . In total 494 articles published betwee... | Safety climate is the one among the highly studied construct in industrial psychology. Huang Y H Zohar D. are the top most productive authors in safety climate domain. Zohars seminal work Safety climate in industrial organizations Theoretical and applied implications is the most cited work. Co citation analysis of most... |
S0001457519304154 | Driving behaviour has a great impact on road safety . A popular way of analysing driving behaviour is to move the focus to the manoeuvres as they give useful information about the driver who is performing them . In this paper we investigate a new way of identifying manoeuvres from vehicle telematics data through motif ... | A new way of identifying manoeuvres from vehicle telematics data is proposed. A modified version of the Extended Motif Discovery algorithm was implemented. The algorithm was applied to a telematic dataset and some manoeuvres were extracted. Motif detection seems to be a valid line of research in driving behaviour analy... |
S000145751930449X | Driving has become common and distracted driving especially that caused by WeChat use is a significant cause of traffic crashes . Based on the theory of planned behavior this study analyzes self reports from a sample of 286 drivers from China to explore the influence of different WeChat functions on driving behavior . ... | A prospective and systematic study of WeChat use while driving on the functional differentiation of WeChat among Chinese drivers different from the previous study of calling and texting. Drivers attitudes can effectively predict whether they will send texts listen to voice messages and send and browse pictures on WeCha... |
S000145751930452X | This paper reviews the literature on the relationship between the built environment and roadway safety with a focus on studies that analyse small geographical units such as census tracts or travel analysis zones . We review different types of built environment measures to analyse if there are consistent relationships b... | Identifies that much of the literature on built environment and crash risk presents mixed or contradictory results. Recommends that future research explicitly link each built environment variable conceptually with either risk or exposure. Identifies the likely linkage of different built environment variables with eithe... |
S0001457519304634 | Examining the spatial relationships among crashes of various severity levels is essential for gaining a better understanding of the severity distribution and potential contributing factors to collisions . However relatively few scholars have focused on analyzing this type of data . Therefore in this study we utilized a... | The colocation quotient was used to measure the spatial associations among crashes of various severities that occurred in College Station Texas. Crashes tended to be at the same injury level as those of neighboring ones which was most significant for fatal crashes. The colocation quotient matrix tended to be symmetrica... |
S0001457519304865 | The motorcyclist is exposed to the risk of falling and impacting ground head first at a wide range of travelling speeds from a speed limit of less than 50km h on the urban road to the race circuit where speed can reach well above 200km h. However motorcycle helmets today are tested at a single and much lower impact spe... | The underlying dynamics of rolling and sliding phenomena of helmets in high speed oblique impacts were investigated. Head impact biomechanics are largely affected by rolling and sliding phenomena and are therefore classified into two regimes. A transition between the rolling and sliding regime is identified using a lin... |
S0001457519305019 | Lane changes made during traffic oscillations on freeways largely affect traffic safety and could increase collision potentials . Predicting the impacts of lane change can help to develop optimal lane change strategies of autonomous vehicles for safety improvement . The study aims at proposing a machine learning method... | A model was developed to predict crash risks of lane changes based on trajectory data. A quantitative relationship between traffic status and lane change impacts was verified. A good transferability was found when proposed model was applied in different dataset. Sensitivity analyses were conducted for how traffic param... |
S0001457519305378 | This study contrasted the performance of drivers under actual and simulated driving conditions in order to assess the validity of the simulators and test the hypothesis that driving is composed of largely orthogonal sub tasks . Thirty experienced drivers completed an on road driving test and drove two different simulat... | We report an in depth study which seeks to validate simulators against each other and on road driving. In doing so we provide a methodological and theoretical context which might influence other approaches to validation. We report strong evidence of both absolute and relative validity. In addition for the first time we... |
S0001457519305391 | For pedestrians the risk of dying in a traffic accident is highest on rural roads which are often characterized by a lack of sidewalks and high traffic speed . In fact hitting the pedestrian during an overtaking attempt is a common crash scenario . To develop active safety systems that avoid such crashes it is necessar... | Drivers comfort zone was estimated from naturalistic driving and field test data. Drivers gave less space to pedestrians who were walking against the traffic. Drivers gave less space to pedestrians when an oncoming vehicle was present. Drivers gave less space to pedestrians who walked closer to the lane edge. Results w... |
S000145751930555X | Crash Detection is essential in providing timely information to traffic management centers and the public to reduce its adverse effects . Prediction of crash risk is vital for avoiding secondary crashes and safeguarding highway traffic . For many years researchers have explored several techniques for early and precise ... | Use deep learning on traffic data for crash detection and risk estimation. Explore different deep model structures and compare with shallow models. Discuss relationship of model capacity and data size for deep learning application. |
S0001457519305603 | from probability theory and probabilistic random walk predictions about the quantity of cases of a given phenomenon for certain year such as epidemics of dengue have been previously obtained with results close to 100 in precision . To confirm the applicability of a methodology based on probability and probabilistic ran... | Death rates secondary to traffic accidents behave as random walk. Annual death rates can be predicted through probabilistic random walk. The methodology allows the following up of governmental road safety strategies. |
S0001457519305639 | The primary objective of this study is to understand the relationship between driving risk of commercial dangerous goods truck and exposure factors and find a way to evaluate the risk of specific transportation environment such as specific transportation route . Due to increasing transportation demand and potential thr... | Analyzing the CDT driving risk of a specific route using historical location data. Weather traffic flow travel time and average velocity have significant impact on CDT safety. The amount of data does not result in a significant difference in risk ranking. Employment time and the task stability has very small impact on ... |
S0001457519305731 | Large truck rollover crashes present significant financial industrial and social impacts . This paper presents an effort to investigate the contributing factors to large truck rollover crashes . Specific focus was placed on exploring the role of heterogeneity and the potential sources of heterogeneity regarding their i... | Injury severity of large truck rollover crashes were studied in the state of Florida. Heterogeneity was explored using a random parameter ordered logit model. Lighting conditions and medium driving speed 2550mph showed significant variations in their impacts on injury severity. Careless driving and abnormal driver cond... |
S0001457519305950 | The effects of low levels of blood alcohol concentration on motorcyclist performance are still not fully comprehended . The great majority of the studies are in fact focused on car driving . So far it is known that even BAC levels below the legal limit negatively affect riding motor skills correlated with crash rate . ... | Alcohol is more frequently involved in fatal crashes of motorcyclists than car drivers. In most countries legal BAC limits are the same for motorcyclists and car drivers. We recorded moped riding simulated behaviors under placebo alcohol administration conditions. The results show an increase of danger in facing hazard... |
S0001457519306049 | The ALARP principle stating that risks should be reduced to a level As Low As Reasonably Practicable is widely known and discussed in risk management . The principle is flexible as the interpretation of the key concepts of reasonable and practicable can be adapted to different contexts . This paper discusses whether th... | ALARP means as low as reasonably practicable. ALARP is used to proritise measures reducing risk. Use of road safety measures in Norway is consistent with ALARP. |
S0001457519306268 | This study compared pedestrian behaviors in five countries and investigated the relationships between these behaviors and values in each country . The study participants were 131 pedestrians for Estonia 249 for Greece 112 for Kosovo 176 for Russia and 145 for Turkey . The principal component analyses revealed that the ... | The four factor structure of the Pedestrian Behavior Scale PBS was highly consistent across the five countries. ANCOVA results revealed significant differences between countries on the PBS items and scale scores. Unexpectedly the regression analyses showed that values have varying effects on pedestrian behavior in the ... |
S0001457519306499 | Road traffic accidents have decreased in most developed nations over the last decade . This has been attributed to improvements in vehicle and road design medical technology and care and driver education and training . Recent evidence however indicates that fuel price changes also have a significant impact on road traf... | Road accident and fuel price levels analysed between 20052015 for Great Britain. Prais Winsten AR 1 and seasonal ARIMA models used by accident level and fuel type. Fuel prices significantly affected fatal accidents over the 20052015 period. Petrol and diesel prices had similar effects on fatal accidents. Data on fuel p... |
S000145751930658X | Cycling as a mode of active transportation has numerous health and societal benefits but carries risks of injury when performed on road with vehicles . Cycle tracks are dedicated lanes with a physical separation or barrier between bicycles and motor vehicles . Studies on the effectiveness of cycle tracks in urban areas... | Few studies have examined safety effects of cycle tracks in North America and its effects in surrounding areas. There were 2.57 times more cyclists on the streets after cycle tracks were installed. There was a decreased risk of collision for cyclists on cycle tracks following its implementation. Collision rates decreas... |
S000145751930675X | Traffic accidents are becoming a significant cause for unnatural deaths around the world with more than 1.25 million fatalities in road accidents each year and over 20 million people severely injured . A large portion of accidents that result in fatalities involve interaction between vehicles and pedestrians . In the l... | This paper focuses on the relationship between pedestrians urgency and the resulting level of risk for an accident. The paper describes an unexpected and surprising behavior of pedestrian s crossings in simple scenarios. Analytical analysis and numerical simulations show that in some scenarios the more cautious the ped... |
S0001457519306827 | Sleepiness is a major contributor to motor vehicle crashes and shift workers are particularly vulnerable . There is currently no validated objective field based measure of sleep related impairment prior to driving . Ocular parameters are promising markers of continuous driver alertness in laboratory and track studies h... | Examined if a pre drive ocular assessment can predict alertness and sleep related driving impairment on the subsequent drive in naturalistic driving in shift workers. Blink duration significantly predicted behavioural microsleeps and showed promise for predicting lane departures. A 4 minute pre drive ocular assessment ... |
S0001457519306906 | The Active Traffic Management system has been widely used in the United States and the European countries to improve the traffic safety of urban expressways . The accurate real time crash risk prediction is fundamental to the system running well . Crash data are characterized by small probability which poses a typical ... | A new kind of random sampling cost sensitive MLP model RCSMLP was constructed by optimizing the prediction model in output level data level and algorithm level. The Youden index method was examined to be of the best ability to divide the prediction results and applied in the RCSMLP model. The random under sampling mode... |
S0001457519307092 | Past roadside safety studies mostly evaluated the impact of traffic barrier geometric features using simulation tools or by conducting field crash tests . While past simulation and field crash tests could present important findings for upgrading the geometric design of traffic barriers there is still a gap regarding co... | Geometric features of over 150 miles of side traffic barriers were collected by conducting a field inventory on interstate roads. A statistical model was developed for the severity of crashes involving side traffic barriers using random parameters ordered logit models. Box beam barriers with a height between 29 and 31 ... |
S0001457519307213 | We use a controlled experiment to analyze the impact of watching different types of educational traffic campaign videos on overconfidence of undergraduate university students in Brazil . The videos have the same underlying traffic educational content but differ in the form of exhibition . We find that videos with shock... | We use a controlled experiment to analyze the impact of watching different types of educational traffic campaign videos on overconfidence. We find that videos with shocking content Australian school are more effective in reducing drivers overconfidence. We do not find empirical evidence that videos with technical conte... |
S0001457519307225 | Mobile phone use is often considered to be the main source of distraction on the road . Gap acceptance at intersections is a frequent and complex driving task that requires high visual attention from drivers . This study aims to investigate the effect of mobile phone use on the gap acceptance manoeuvre at intersections... | The effects of driver distraction on gap acceptance were investigated. Two mobile phone use positions above vs under the steering wheel were compared. Distraction affected crossing behaviours but not gap acceptance decisions. Drivers behaved more conservatively when using a mobile phone. Drivers have longer crossing co... |
S0001457519307250 | The objective of this paper was to develop an injury risk model relating real world injury outcomes in near side crashes with U.S. New Car Assessment Program test performance crash and occupant properties . The study was motivated by the longer term goal of predicting injury outcomes in a future fleet in which all vehi... | We analyzed 143 near side crash occupants in the United States from 20102015. Poor performance in US side impact crash tests was linked to poor injury outcomes. Delta V age sex BMI and side impact crash test performance all affect injury. |
S0001457519307298 | Using data from the national register of police reported crashes and from the bridge register of the Norwegian Public Roads Administration we estimated rates of single vehicle crashes on road sections adjacent to road bridges and on different sections of the bridges . Data included all single vehicle personal injury cr... | We analysed single vehicle crashes on or close to road bridges for years 20102016. Based on bridge coordinates we defined up to 7 bridge zones depending on bridge length. Crash risk for entrance zones is higher than for exit zones and for total road network. Total crash risk on bridges is lower than for the remainder r... |
S000145751930733X | Non recurrent congestion is frustrating to travelers as it often causes unexpected delay which would result in missing important meetings or appointments . Major causes of non recurrent congestion include adverse weather conditions natural hazards and traffic accidents . Although there has been a proliferation of studi... | We look into the determinants of the congestion caused by a traffic accident in urban road networks. We employ a generalized linear mixed effects model for panel data to identify the determinants. The level of congestion is mostly associated with the types of the accidents the types of vehicles involved and the occurre... |
S0001457519307377 | As part of the emerging world of intelligent transportation there is considerable interest in developing connected vehicles that are more capable of identifying and guiding individual drivers behavior than collecting mileage as a moving cart . The two goals of this study are to build a conceptual framework for driver a... | A conceptual framework is built for driver behavior assessment. A recommendation systems is developed to evaluate individual driving performance and guide driver behaviors thus improving the network traffic conditions and individuals perceived safety. The scoring system as a basis of assessing individual drivers is int... |
S0001457519307390 | To assess and explain finely drivers a priori acceptance of highly automated cars this study used the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology . Further the current study sought to extend upon previous research to assess if intentions to use highly automated cars in the fut... | Applied TPB and UTAUT to assess a priori acceptance of highly automated cars. The findings in relation to the TPB and UTAUT according to country Australia France and Sweden . Drivers residing in France reported greater intentions to use highly automated cars in the future. More research is required to further assess th... |
S0001457519307420 | Powered two wheelers are growing globally each year as they are considered an attractive alternative to cars especially on congested traffic situations . However PTWs represent an important challenge for road safety . In fact in 2016 Spain ranked fifth in terms of PTW fatalities among EU 28 . For this reason this paper... | This study investigated PTW crashes occurred in Spain in the period 20112013. The study used different data mining techniques classification trees and rules discovery. Crash types associated with high severity are run off the road ROR and head on HO crashes. Crash patterns associated with high severity and with ROR and... |
S0001457519307511 | Traffic oscillations in freeway traffic jam cause large variation of vehicle speed and remarkably reduce travel safety . Previous jam absorption driving strategies focused on the operational side and did not consider the safety effects caused by the controlled vehicle on freeways . In this paper we proposed an optimal ... | Optimal jam absorption strategy is proposed to reduce rear end collision risk with oscillations. Starting and ending point of an oscillation at temporal and spatial dimensions are determined. The optimal solution can mitigate the oscillation timely but avoid causing secondary wave. The improvements in safety and operat... |
S0001457519307560 | Pedestrian distraction is a growing road safety concern worldwide . While there are currently no studies linking distraction and pedestrian crash risk distraction has been shown to increase risky behaviours in pedestrians for example through reducing visual scanning before traversing an intersection . Illuminated in gr... | Distracted pedestrians with mobile devices is a growing issue at intersections. In ground LEDs are trialled to regain the attention of distracted pedestrians. No research has evaluated their effects. In a laboratory setting in ground LEDs attract the attention of distracted pedestrians. |
S0001457519307584 | Toll plazas with both Electronic Toll Collection lane and Manual Toll Collection lane could increase crash risks especially at upstream diverging areas because of frequency lane change behaviors . This study develops the logistic regression model and five typical non parametric models including K Nearest Neighbor Artif... | Evaluated the collision risk of unconstrained vehicle motions at toll plaza diverging area. Employed parametric and non parametric models based on microscopic vehicle trajectory data for safety evaluation. Compared model performance of various non parametric models and LR model. The best modeling approach for the traff... |
S0001457519307675 | The purpose of this study was to analyze car to cyclist accidents to determine the challenges for an active safety system on car to avoid accidents . Based on 2261 car to cyclist accidents provided by in depth accident databases accidents are analyzed more specifically from kinematic reconstructions . The main accident... | Cyclist accidents cases are allocated as follows 33 Crossing Nearside 22 Crossing Farside 5 Longitudinal and 34 for Turning Right and Left. A 60Field Of View FOV total angle of 120 and a 35m range allow detecting most cyclists. Little gain is observed for detection rates for last time to brake higher than 1s before col... |
S0001457519308176 | Previous real time crash prediction models have scarcely used data disaggregated by vehicle type such as light heavy and motorcycles . Thus little effort has been made to quantify the impact of flow composition variables as crash precursors . We analyze the advantages of having access to this data by analyzing two scen... | We analyze the impact of having access to flow composition data for crash prediction. We built SVM and logistic regression models using aggregated and disaggregated data by vehicle type. The results show that the use of disaggregated data could improve the prediction power up to 30 . These results may be useful to eval... |
S0001457519308255 | We studied which current fatal at fault crashes would occur despite the most advanced current active safety devices and how frequent these crashes would be . We carried out a cross sectional study of passenger cars that were first registered during the period 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2017 in Finland . To gain ... | The most difficult at fault fatal crashes to avoid using safety devices were identified. Active safety technology up to SAE level 2 of driving automation was studied. The incidence of the unavoidable crashes was 0.76 0.80 fatal crashes per billion kilometers. Suicides active driver input and bad weather were the most c... |
S0001457519308292 | Children that are unrestrained while travelling in a motor vehicle are more vulnerable to serious injury and death . The greatest levels of crash protection are achieved when children use the most age or size appropriate form of restraint . In this study we aimed to examine the effectiveness of the introduction of age ... | To achieve reductions in injuries and fatalities lawmakers must ascertain whether laws are having the intended effect on health outcomes. Using routinely collected government data we measure the impact of child restraint legislation on serious injury and fatality in children. We find no evidence of a protective effect ... |
S0001457519308346 | Forklifts are among the machines involved with the highest levels of occupational fatalities . As many accidents involved with a forklift can be attributed to the low situation awareness of the operator it is essential to understand the factors influencing a forklift operators SA for reducing forklift accidents especia... | Limited situation awareness SA may cause accidents while operating a mobile plant. Mobile plant operators SA of other people in proximity is investigated. Forklift operators SA about other workers is affected by the complexity of the subtasks. Control measures are proposed to prevent struck by or caught in between acci... |
S0001457519308358 | Trauma is one of the leading causes of death worldwide with millions of people dying each year particularly in low or middle income countries . This paper describes and evaluates the current trauma system in Saudi Arabia . A scoping literature review was performed incorporating an extensive search of Medline and Embase... | SA is ranked 23rd on the list of countries with the highest death rates from MVCs globally. Many of the characteristics of an effective TS were not present in the current evaluation of SA TS. Efforts to strengthen the presence of all components of the TS are recommended. Each region in SA should have its own infrastruc... |
S0001457519308401 | The continuous motorization of traffic has led to a sustained increase in the global number of road related fatalities and injuries . To counter this governments are focusing on enforcing safe and law abiding behavior in traffic . However especially in developing countries where the motorcycle is the main form of trans... | Deep learning was applied to detect motorcycle helmet use in traffic video data. Algorithm is accurate within 4.4 and 2.1 compared to human observation. Algorithm accuracy was highest for sites included in the training of the algorithm. Performance decreased slightly for untrained sites. Approach can be easily implemen... |
S0001457519308449 | The change interval which includes the yellow and all red times plays a crucial role in the safety and operation of signalized intersections . During this interval drivers not only need to decide to stop or go but also have to interact with drivers both in front and behind trying to avoid conflicting decisions . Red li... | Red LED lights significantly reduced probability of RLR at signalized intersections. Red LED lights could reduce cognitive load for judgement about stop go decisions. Flashing green increases risk of rear end collisions due to inconsistent stopping. Countdown VMS motivated drivers positioned in the stopping zone to cro... |
S0001457519308504 | The prognosis of post traumatic headache is poorly understood . To develop and validate a prognostic model to predict the presence of post traumatic headache six months after a traffic collision in adults with incident post traumatic headache . Secondary analyses of adults with incident post traumatic headache injured ... | Post traumatic headache is common and often persists beyond the acute period. Eight predictors collected at baseline predict PTH six months post injury. Our model can be used in primary care to predict the likely presence of PTH six months after a traffic collision. Our model could inform intervention studies to preven... |
S0001457519308516 | Determining and understanding the environmental factors contributing to road traffic accident occurrence is of core importance in road safety research . In this study a methodology to obtain robust and unbiased results when modeling imbalanced high resolution accident data is described . Based on a data set covering th... | A resampling approach for dealing with severe class imbalance is presented. Random forests and boosted trees are used to model accident occurrence. Confidence intervals for variable importance are presented. The approach is shown to be robust with reduced variance. The methodology can be transferred to any imbalanced c... |
S0001457519308565 | Australian drivers aged 1725 years are overrepresented in road crashes with many crashes resulting from smartphone use . The current study based on a prospective design and an extended TPB framework predicted young drivers intentions to and actual behaviour of monitoring reading social interactive technology via a smar... | The TPB was significant when predicting both intention and behaviour. Habit mindfulness and cognitive capture were significant predictors of intention. Intention was the only significant predictor of behaviour |
S0001457519308735 | Automated vehicles represent an opportunity to reduce crash frequency by eliminating driver error as safety studies reveal human error contributes to the majority of crashes . To provide insights into the contributing factors of AV crashes this study created a unique database from the California Department of Motor Veh... | Automated vehicles AVs can reduce crashes by reducing or eliminating driver error. A unique database of 124 early AV crashes is analyzed using a Full Bayesian approach. Rear end AV crashes are relatively frequent compared with other types of crashes. The AV system was more likely to remain engaged when rear end crashes... |
S0001457519308759 | Semi controlled crosswalks are unsignalized but clearly marked with yield to pedestrian within crosswalk signs . Ideally pedestrians can cross the street immediately after they arrive at the curb . However real world observations show that pedestrians and vehicles are often involved in non verbal negotiations to decide... | Semi controlled crosswalks are unsignalized but marked with yield to pedestrian signs. Pedestrians and motorists engage in non verbal negotiation to decide priority. Video recordings were made of 2059 pedestrians interacting with 1003 motorists. A conversion from 1 way to 2 way operation allowed a before and after stud... |
S0001457519308802 | Channelized right turns or slip lanes have been widely implemented as an effective countermeasure of reducing traffic delay and number of conflicts between vehicles at signalized intersections . However only a few studies have investigated the impact of channelized right turns on pedestrian safety . Channelized right t... | Channelized right turns have been widely implemented to reduce traffic delay. The impact channelized right turns on pedestrian safety has not been addressed. The performance of different right turn designs on pedestrian safety is compared. Surrogate safety and behavioral measures from multiple facets of safety were use... |
S0001457519308826 | Accident risk is increased for emergency responders driving with warning lights and sirens compared to other road users driving . Currently no standards for education of ambulance drivers exist . Research shows that high order understanding trainings focusing on insight to avoid critical driving situations might be mor... | Holistic training evaluation on all four Kirkpatrick evaluation levels. Evaluation of simulator based training specifically designed for ambulance drivers. Results show difficulty of attitude modification and behavioral change in traffic. Training positively influenced knowledge risk sensitivity and reduced speed. Redu... |
S000145751930884X | In fatal road vehicle accidents motorcycles are overrepresented per vehicle kilometre travelled . Fatal accidents involving motorcycles contain mode specific characteristics and in common with fatal accidents involving all road users speed typically presents as a significant contributory factor . The aim of the present... | A novel road accident severity risk. space graph is introduced. The area under the graph represents accident severity risk. The. space has speed to the power of 2 3 and 4 dependencies. For fatal motorcycle accidents the space is 2.3 to 23 times greater than normal. |
S0001457519308851 | Older drivers self awareness of driving ability can prompt self regulatory behaviors and modifications of their everyday driving performance . To date studies have yet to examine how older drivers self awareness of changes in driving ability over time or identify the characteristics of those who can accurately monitor ... | Many older drivers did not detect decline in their driving performance over time. Fourteen percent of older drivers under estimated their changes in driving ability. Trail Making Test Part B may be associated with drivers level of self awareness. Age and gender did not predict drivers awareness of changes in driving ab... |
S0001457519309029 | Driving distraction is a leading cause of fatal car accidents and almost nine people are killed in the US each day because of distracting activities . Therefore reducing the number of distraction affected traffic accidents remains an imperative issue . A novel algorithm for detection of drivers manual distraction was p... | A novel deep neural network based driving distraction detection algorithm was proposed. The algorithm incorporated YOLO and a multi layer perceptron. Video clips of 20 drivers performing distracting tasks were collected on a driving simulator. The results indicated that the algorithm is effective and efficient in detec... |
S0001457519309108 | This paper evaluates the causal effects of cellphone distraction on traffic crashes using propensity score weighting approaches and naturalistic driving study data . We adopt three propensity score weighting approaches to estimate the causal odds ratio of cellphone use on three different event populations including ave... | Covariates imbalance in NDS can lead to biased risk estimation. Propensity score methods ATT and ATO are preferred for driving risk evaluation. Causal odds ratios ORs of cellphone distraction differ substantially from raw ORs. Cellphone talking increases crash risk significantly only for young drivers. The cellphone vi... |
S0001457519309121 | Previous research has demonstrated that the distraction caused by holding a mobile telephone conversation is not limited to the period of the actual conversation . In a prior study we identified potential eye movement and EEG markers of cognitive distraction during driving hazard perception . However the extent to whic... | Effect of cognitive load was assessed on behavioral eye movement and EEG metrics. Elements of the saccadic eye movement system can be used as markers of distraction. Eye fixation related potentials are sensitive to changes in cognitive workload. Markers of distraction were present prior to reduction in primary task per... |
S0001457519309303 | The connected and automated vehicle technologies have made great progresses . It has been commonly accepted that CV or AV technologies would reduce human errors in driving and benefit traffic safety . However the answer of how many crashes can be prevented because of CV or AV technologies has not reached a consistent c... | Meta analysis to quantitatively and comprehensively summary literatures. Safety effectiveness of nine connected CV or automated vehicle AV technologies. The number of crashes would be prevented by CV or AV for six countries. |
S000145751930942X | Side crashes between vehicles which usually lead to high casualties and property loss rank first among total crashes in China . This paper aims to identify the factors associated with injury severity of side crashes at intersections and to provide suggestions for developing countermeasures to mitigate the levels of inj... | The impact of influencing factors on injury severity of side crashes at intersections and role of striking and struck vehicles are investigated. Bayesian bivariate probit model is proposed to accommodate the correlation between the injury severity levels of striking and struck vehicles and Bayesian approach via Markov ... |
S000145751930973X | Recently technologies for predicting traffic conflicts in real time have been gaining momentum due to their proactive nature of application and the growing implementation of ADAS technology in intelligent vehicles . In ADAS machine learning classifiers are utilised to predict potential traffic conflicts by analysing da... | A centralised digital architecture is developed to handle large imbalanced data. A RegionalConvolution Neural Network R CNN model is used to generate conflict data. A Deep Neural Network DNN model is employed to predict real time traffic conflicts. Traffic variables and Safety Surrogate Measures SSM are used as inputs ... |
S0001457519309820 | Municipalities in the United States often encourage bicycling for the health economic and environmental benefits by implementing new and innovative bicycle infrastructure treatments . Unfortunately many treatments are unfamiliar to or misunderstood by drivers especially when lacking explicit rules . To date research ha... | Investigated driver behavior at bicycle infrastructure using driving simulator. Drivers familiar with bike boxes stopped significantly further behind box. Drivers familiar with merge lanes merged significantly earlier. Drivers both familiar with bike lanes and frequent cyclists drove slower. Frequent bicyclists made si... |
S0001457519309868 | Road accident fatalities and accident severity costs have become top priorities and concerns for Chinese policymakers . Understanding the principal factors that explain accident severity is considered to be the first step towards the adequate design of an accident prevention strategy . In this paper we examine the cont... | Factors affecting accident severity were investigated. Quantile regression and extreme value theory approach are employed. The factors affecting accident severity vary among quantiles. The gender is an atypical accident factor which significant only for the higher quantiles. A new prevention framework to improve road s... |
S0001457519309893 | Spatial analyses of crashes have been adopted in road safety for decades in order to determine how crashes are affected by neighboring locations how the influence of parameters varies spatially and which locations warrant interventions more urgently . The aim of the present research is to critically review the existing... | This paper reviews spatial analyses in road safety research. Design characteristics of 132 spatial road safety studies are summarized on tables. The various area units problems configurations and spatial models are examined. Vulnerable Road User particularities are mentioned in a spatial context as well. Future researc... |
S0001457519309923 | Many states have legalized casino gambling and casinos create increased vehicle traffic but the strength of the association between casino construction and vehicle crashes is unknown . Retrospective analyses of motor vehicle crashes occurring within Anne Arundel County Maryland were conducted . The ratio of crashes wit... | A new casino in suburban Maryland changed the characteristics of nearby crashes. Crashes were more likely to occur near the casino after it opened OR 1.23 . Crashes were more likely to occur on weekends OR 1.39 95 CI 1.151.67 . Drivers 40 years old were more likely to crash within a mile of the casino OR 1.74 . Neither... |
S0001457519310103 | The use of traffic simulation to analyze complex transportation issues has become common practice in transportation engineering . The further application of microsimulation to the analysis of traffic safety in a systematic rigorous and controlled fashion is becoming increasingly viable as simulation models improve and ... | Developed an analytical tool for time of day use of permissive left turn phasing. Motivated by recent widespread application of the flashing yellow arrow indication. Used VISSIM and SSAM to study left turn crash risk as traffic conditions changed. Demonstrated application via time of day crash risk profiles and nomogra... |
S0001457519310152 | From 20052015 Iran has experienced a 41.3 decrease in road fatalities and an 11.1 increase in non fatal injuries . However the trend differs across Iran provinces and hence identifying factors that relate to road fatality and injury counts is an essential tool for improving road safety management programs and policies ... | Fuel consumption is positively associated with both fatal and non fatal injury counts. Speed cameras on rural roads contribute to a reduction of both fatalities and injuries. Hot spots modified per 100km of roads is negatively associated with fatality counts. |
S0001457519310188 | Pedestrians must use a variety of visual and auditory cues when determining safe crossing opportunities . Although vision has received a bulk of the attention in research on pedestrian safety the examination of both vision and audition are important to consider . Environmental intrapersonal and cognitive qualities of a... | Perceptual modality is a vital part of pedestrian safety. Time to arrival judgements of approaching vehicles are less accurate when pedestrians do not have access to visual stimuli. Ambient sound reduces accuracy of vehicle time to arrival judgements when pedestrians do not have access to visual stimuli. |
S000145751931019X | Automated vehicles are emerging on the transportation networks as manufacturers test their automated driving system capabilities in complex real world environments in testing operations like Californias Autonomous Vehicle Tester Program . A more comprehensive understanding of the ADS safety performances can be establis... | Who Human initiated disengagements are more likely than automated driving systems ADS initiated disengagements. What why ADS initiated disengagements are mostly due to planning and hardware software discrepancies. Where ADS initiated disengagements are more likely on streets and roads environments than on high speed fa... |
S0001457519310401 | There is extensive literature into the mechanisms of injury in traffic crashes involving vulnerable road users but little research into the social or psychological factors in causation in these crash types . Attitudes and emotional associations can affect how people attend to objects in their visual environment and phy... | The novel methodology linked 105 respondents conscious and subconscious attitudes with a simulated driving task. Nearly one half of driving simulator participants close passed the bicyclist. Negative attitudes toward bicyclists predicted passing distance speed and time to collision. People with negative attitudes about... |
S0001457519310486 | Recent studies suggest heavy vehicle drivers self estimate their sleepiness unexpectedly low during night duties . The present study compared sleepiness ratings of long haul truck drivers with those of long haul airline pilots during night and non night duties . In addition the correspondence between self rated manifes... | Long haul truck drivers rate lower sleepiness levels than long haul airline pilots. Predicted sleepiness levels do not differ between these occupational groups. Long haul truck drivers may be sleepier than they report. Long haul truck drivers may underreact to sleepiness. |
S0001457519310759 | Motorsport crash events are complex and driver restraint systems are unique to the motorsport environment . The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing Incorporated crash and medical datasets provide an opportunity to assess crash statistics and the relationship between crash characteristics and driver injury . ... | NASCAR driver AIS 1 injury probability estimated from crash data using multiple logistic regression. Increasing change in velocity peak acceleration and the number of impacts during a crash all increase driver injury risk. Three body region injury estimates for frontal impacts show lower risk for NASCAR drivers than pa... |
S0001457519310784 | Within the last decades the incidence of workspace injuries and fatalities in the UK construction industry has declined markedly following the developments in occupational health and safety management systems . However safety statistics have reached a plateau and actions for further improvement of OHS management system... | Construction organisations need systematic learning from failures and near misses. OHS is inseparable from organisational learning and collective sense making. OHS lessons are in project specific silos with no cross project transfer mechanisms. The role of clients is crucial for encouraging OHS KT across supply chains.... |
S000145751931098X | Protected bike lanes separated from the roadway by physical barriers are relatively new in the United States . This study examined the risk of collisions or falls leading to emergency department visits associated with bicycle facilities and other roadway characteristics in three U.S. cities . We prospectively recruited... | Protected bike lanes varied in their risk of cyclist crashes and falls. Lanes with heavy separation from the road decreased risk. Other protected bike lanes increased risk. Characteristics that reduce risk should be examined systematically to guide design. |
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