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The Great Lakes | (A) contain 12% of the worlds fresh surface water (B) are the worlds largest freshwater lakes (C) are so cold (D) not much lives in them (E) d formed when tectonic faults created basins | B | In winter, a continental polar air mass travels down from Canada. As the frigid air travels across one of the Great Lakes, it warms and absorbs moisture. When the air mass reaches the leeward side of the lake, it is very unstable and it drops tremendous amounts of snow. This lake-effect snow falls on the snowiest metro... |
Rift lakes form because of | (A) glaciers (B) volcanoes (C) plate tectonics (D) none of the above | C | The depression that allows water to collect to form a lake may come about in a variety of ways. The Great Lakes, for example, are glacial lakes. A glacial lake forms when a glacier scrapes a large hole in the ground. When the glacier melts, the water fills the hole and forms a lake. Over time, water enters the lake fro... |
Lakes | (A) are often the result of glaciation (B) are permanent features of a landscape (C) all become salty over time (D) none of these | A | Lakes are larger bodies of water. Lakes are usually fresh water, although the Great Salt Lake in Utah is just one exception. Water usually drains out of a lake through a river or a stream and all lakes lose water to evaporation. Lakes form in a variety of different ways: in depressions carved by glaciers, in calderas (... |
Wetlands that have trees include | (A) marshes (B) swamps (C) bogs (D) two of the above | B | Not all wetlands are alike, as you can see from Figure 13.9. Wetlands vary in how wet they are and how much of the year they are soaked. Wetlands also vary in the kinds of plants that live in them. This depends mostly on the climate where the wetland is found. Types of wetlands include marshes, swamps, and bogs. A mars... |
A stream is | (A) any water that flows downhill (B) a large amount of water that flows downhill (C) any water that flows downhill in a channel (D) any water in a channel or depression | C | A stream is a body of freshwater that flows downhill in a channel. The channel of a stream has a bottom, or bed, and sides called banks. Any size body of flowing water can be called a stream. Usually, though, a large stream is called a river. |
A broad curve in a river is a | (A) tributary (B) delta (C) floodplain (D) meander | D | Rivers flowing over gentle slopes erode the sides of their channels more than the bottom. Large curves, called meanders, form because of erosion and deposition by the moving water. The curves are called meanders because they slowly wander over the land. You can see how this happens in Figure 10.6. As meanders erode fro... |
A bog is generally covered with | (A) grasses (B) cattails (C) mosses (D) shrubs | C | Not all wetlands are alike, as you can see from Figure 13.9. Wetlands vary in how wet they are and how much of the year they are soaked. Wetlands also vary in the kinds of plants that live in them. This depends mostly on the climate where the wetland is found. Types of wetlands include marshes, swamps, and bogs. A mars... |
Why are wetlands useful? | (A) They speed up runoff (B) They reduce the risk of floods (C) They are good places for golf courses (D) two of the above | B | People used to think that wetlands were useless. Many wetlands were filled in with rocks and soil to create lands that were then developed with roads, golf courses, and buildings. Now we know that wetlands are very important. Laws have been passed to help protect them. Why are wetlands so important? Wetlands have great... |
Two water droplets fall on opposite sides of a divide. Those droplets will | (A) eventually end up in the same ocean (B) eventually end up in two different oceans (C) rapidly end up in the same river (D) none of these | B | Millions of water molecules in a cloud must condense to make a single raindrop or snowflake. The drop or flake falls when it becomes too heavy for updrafts to keep it aloft. As a drop or flake falls, it may collect more water and get larger. |
A small stream that flows into a bigger stream is called a | (A) river (B) meander (C) tributary (D) river system | C | A stream is a body of freshwater that flows downhill in a channel. The channel of a stream has a bottom, or bed, and sides called banks. Any size body of flowing water can be called a stream. Usually, though, a large stream is called a river. |
When a river reaches its mouth, it may drop its sediment and form a | (A) divide (B) delta (C) basin (D) bog | B | When a stream or river slows down, it starts dropping its sediments. Larger sediments are dropped in steep areas, but smaller sediments can still be carried. Smaller sediments are dropped as the slope becomes less steep. Alluvial Fans In arid regions, a mountain stream may flow onto flatter land. The stream comes to a ... |
A brook is a type of wetland. | (A) true (B) false | B | Not all wetlands are alike, as you can see from Figure 13.9. Wetlands vary in how wet they are and how much of the year they are soaked. Wetlands also vary in the kinds of plants that live in them. This depends mostly on the climate where the wetland is found. Types of wetlands include marshes, swamps, and bogs. A mars... |
A stream always flows from a higher to a lower elevation. | (A) true (B) false | A | As a stream flows from higher elevations, like in the mountains, towards lower elevations, like the ocean, the work of the stream changes. At a streams headwaters, often high in the mountains, gradients are steep (Figure 1.3). The stream moves fast and does lots of work eroding the stream bed. Headwaters of the Roaring... |
The bottom of a river channel is called the bank. | (A) true (B) false | B | A stream is a body of freshwater that flows downhill in a channel. The channel of a stream has a bottom, or bed, and sides called banks. Any size body of flowing water can be called a stream. Usually, though, a large stream is called a river. |
Streams usually begin with water from snow melt and possibly springs. | (A) true (B) false | A | When water falls from the sky as rain it may enter streams and rivers that flow downward to oceans and lakes. Water that falls as snow may sit on a mountain for several months. Snow may become part of the ice in a glacier, where it may remain for hundreds or thousands of years. Snow and ice may go directly back into th... |
A single stream always has just one source. | (A) true (B) false | B | All streams and rivers have several features in common. These features are shown in (Figure 13.5). The place where a stream or river starts is its source. The source might be a spring, where water flows out of the ground. Or the source might be water from melting snow on a mountain top. A single stream may have multipl... |
A single stream will have a single water source. | (A) true (B) false | B | Groundwater meets the surface in a stream (Figure 1.2) or a spring (Figure 1.3). A spring may be constant, or may only flow at certain times of year. Towns in many locations depend on water from springs. Springs can be an extremely important source of water in locations where surface water is scarce. |
Moving water slows down when it enters a body of still water. | (A) true (B) false | A | Flowing water slows down when it reaches flatter land or flows into a body of still water. What do you think happens then? The water starts dropping the particles it was carrying. As the water slows, it drops the largest particles first. The smallest particles settle out last. |
A rivers basin is also called its bed. | (A) true (B) false | B | A stream is a body of freshwater that flows downhill in a channel. The channel of a stream has a bottom, or bed, and sides called banks. Any size body of flowing water can be called a stream. Usually, though, a large stream is called a river. |
The Great Lakes are in basins carved by glaciers. | (A) true (B) false | A | Lakes are larger bodies of water. Lakes are usually fresh water, although the Great Salt Lake in Utah is just one exception. Water usually drains out of a lake through a river or a stream and all lakes lose water to evaporation. Lakes form in a variety of different ways: in depressions carved by glaciers, in calderas (... |
A divide is the lowest point between two river basins. | (A) true (B) false | B | A divide is a topographically high area that separates a landscape into different water basins (Figure 1.6). Rain that falls on the north side of a ridge flows into the northern drainage basin and rain that falls on the south side flows into the southern drainage basin. On a much grander scale, entire continents have d... |
A stream is a small river. | (A) true (B) false | B | A stream is a body of freshwater that flows downhill in a channel. The channel of a stream has a bottom, or bed, and sides called banks. Any size body of flowing water can be called a stream. Usually, though, a large stream is called a river. |
A floodplain may be very wide and flat. | (A) true (B) false | A | Although archaea are known for living in unusual environments, such as the Dead Sea, inside hot springs, and in the guts of cows, they also live in more common environments. For example, new research shows that archaea are abundant in the soil. They also live among the plankton in the ocean ( Figure 1.3). Therefore, sc... |
All lakes have fresh water. | (A) true (B) false | B | Lakes are larger bodies of water. Lakes are usually fresh water, although the Great Salt Lake in Utah is just one exception. Water usually drains out of a lake through a river or a stream and all lakes lose water to evaporation. Lakes form in a variety of different ways: in depressions carved by glaciers, in calderas (... |
Sunlight may not be able to reach the bottom of a deep lake. | (A) true (B) false | A | In large bodies of water, such as the ocean and lakes, the water can be divided into zones based on the amount of sunlight it receives: 1. The photic zone extends to a maximum depth of 200 meters (656 feet) below the surface of the water. This is where enough sunlight penetrates for photosynthesis to occur. Algae and o... |
The Great Lakes are volcanic lakes. | (A) true (B) false | B | The depression that allows water to collect to form a lake may come about in a variety of ways. The Great Lakes, for example, are glacial lakes. A glacial lake forms when a glacier scrapes a large hole in the ground. When the glacier melts, the water fills the hole and forms a lake. Over time, water enters the lake fro... |
small body of standing water | (A) flood (B) lake (C) pond (D) river (E) stream (F) wetland (G) watershed | C | Ponds are small bodies of fresh water that usually have no outlet; ponds are often are fed by underground springs. Like lakes, ponds are bordered by hills or low rises so the water is blocked from flowing directly downhill. |
event in which a body of water overflows its banks | (A) flood (B) lake (C) pond (D) river (E) stream (F) wetland (G) watershed | A | A flood occurs when so much water enters a stream or river that it overflows its banks. Flood waters from a river are shown in Figure 13.10. Like this flood, many floods are caused by very heavy rains. Floods may also occur when deep snow melts quickly in the spring. Floods are a natural part of the water cycle, but th... |
area that is covered with water or has soggy soil during all or part of the year | (A) flood (B) lake (C) pond (D) river (E) stream (F) wetland (G) watershed | F | Some of Earths freshwater is found in wetlands. A wetland is an area that is covered with water, or at least has very soggy soil, during all or part of the year. Certain species of plants thrive in wetlands, and they are rich ecosystems. Freshwater wetlands are usually found at the edges of steams, rivers, ponds, or la... |
any body of fresh water that flows downhill in a channel | (A) flood (B) lake (C) pond (D) river (E) stream (F) wetland (G) watershed | E | A stream is a body of freshwater that flows downhill in a channel. The channel of a stream has a bottom, or bed, and sides called banks. Any size body of flowing water can be called a stream. Usually, though, a large stream is called a river. |
large body of fresh water that flows downhill in a channel | (A) flood (B) lake (C) pond (D) river (E) stream (F) wetland (G) watershed | D | A stream is a body of freshwater that flows downhill in a channel. The channel of a stream has a bottom, or bed, and sides called banks. Any size body of flowing water can be called a stream. Usually, though, a large stream is called a river. |
large body of standing water | (A) flood (B) lake (C) pond (D) river (E) stream (F) wetland (G) watershed | B | After a heavy rain, you may find puddles of water standing in low spots. The same principle explains why water collects in ponds and lakes. Water travels downhill, so a depression in the ground fills with standing water. A pond is a small body of standing water. A lake is a large body of standing water. Most lakes have... |
all of the land drained by a river system | (A) flood (B) lake (C) pond (D) river (E) stream (F) wetland (G) watershed | G | All of the land drained by a river system is called its basin, or watershed. One river systems basin is separated from another river systems basin by a divide. The divide is created by the highest points between the two river basins. Precipitation that falls within a river basin always flows toward that river. Precipit... |
Groundwater usually | (A) flows rapidly like an underground river (B) flows uphill or downhill depending on the topography (C) flows very slowly between grains of sediment (D) is stationary in an aquifer | C | Some water soaks into the ground. It travels down through tiny holes in soil. It seeps through cracks in rock. The water moves slowly, pulled deeper and deeper by gravity. Underground water can also erode and deposit material. |
What are the two features of a good aquifer? | (A) high porosity and high permeability (B) low porosity and high permeability (C) high porosity and low permeability (D) low porosity and low permeability | A | To be a good aquifer, the rock in the aquifer must have good: porosity: small spaces between grains permeability: connections between pores To reach an aquifer, surface water infiltrates downward into the ground through tiny spaces or pores in the rock. The water travels down through the permeable rock until it reaches... |
During very wet times, the water table will | (A) stay the same (B) rise (C) fall (D) hard to know; water tables are not affected by surface conditions | B | The top of the saturated rock layer in Figure 13.11 is called the water table. The water table isnt like a real table. It doesnt remain firmly in one place. Instead, it rises or falls, depending on how much water seeps down from the surface. The water table is higher when there is a lot of rain and lower when the weath... |
Water replenishes an aquifer from | (A) glacial meltwater (B) rainfall (C) snow melt (D) all of these | D | Water may seep through dirt and rock below the soil and then through pores infiltrating the ground to go into Earths groundwater system. Groundwater enters aquifers that may store fresh water for centuries. Alternatively, the water may come to the surface through springs or find its way back to the oceans. |
Geysers erupt because | (A) pressure builds until the water breaks through (B) they have much more water than hot springs (C) the water needs to get downhill in a hurry (D) they are above a volcano that is about to erupt | A | Geysers are also created by water that is heated beneath the Earths surface. The water may become superheated by magma. It becomes trapped in a narrow passageway. The heat and pressure build as more water is added. When the pressure is too much, the superheated water bursts out onto the surface. This is a geyser. There... |
The water table in an area may rise or fall. | (A) true (B) false | A | Lowering the water table may cause the ground surface to sink. Subsidence may occur beneath houses and other structures (Figure 1.4). |
An aquifer usually forms in a layer of clay. | (A) true (B) false | B | An underground layer of rock that is saturated with groundwater is called an aquifer. A diagram of an aquifer is shown in Figure 13.12. Aquifers are generally found in porous rock, such as sandstone. Water infiltrates the aquifer from the surface. The water that enters the aquifer is called recharge. |
The rock layer below an aquifer always consists of permeable rock. | (A) true (B) false | B | To be a good aquifer, the rock in the aquifer must have good: porosity: small spaces between grains permeability: connections between pores To reach an aquifer, surface water infiltrates downward into the ground through tiny spaces or pores in the rock. The water travels down through the permeable rock until it reaches... |
Water in hot springs is heated by hot magma. | (A) true (B) false | A | Water works its way through porous rocks or soil. Sometimes this water is heated by nearby magma. If the water makes its way to the surface, it forms a hot spring or a geyser. |
Very few land areas have aquifers beneath them. | (A) true (B) false | B | Most land areas have aquifers beneath them. Many aquifers are used by people for freshwater. The closer to the surface an aquifer is, the easier it is to get the water. However, an aquifer close to the surface is also more likely to become polluted. Pollutants can seep down through porous rock in recharge water. An aqu... |
Aquifers are generally found at the same depths. | (A) true (B) false | B | Groundwater resides in aquifers, porous rock and sediment with water in between. Water is attracted to the soil particles, and capillary action, which describes how water moves through porous media, moves water from wet soil to dry areas. Aquifers are found at different depths. Some are just below the surface and some ... |
It is impossible for an aquifer to ever run dry. | (A) true (B) false | B | Most land areas have aquifers beneath them. Many aquifers are used by people for freshwater. The closer to the surface an aquifer is, the easier it is to get the water. However, an aquifer close to the surface is also more likely to become polluted. Pollutants can seep down through porous rock in recharge water. An aqu... |
The Ogallala aquifer is one of the biggest aquifers in the world. | (A) true (B) false | A | One of the biggest aquifers in the world is the Ogallala aquifer. As you can see from Figure 13.13, this aquifer lies beneath parts of eight U.S. states. It covers a total area of 451,000 square kilometers (174,000 square miles). In some places, it is less than a meter deep. In other places, it is hundreds of meters de... |
Land use in an area can affect the amount of water that is available to enter groundwater. | (A) true (B) false | A | The amount of water that is available to enter groundwater in a region, called recharge, is influenced by the local climate, the slope of the land, the type of rock found at the surface, the vegetation cover, land use in the area, and water retention, which is the amount of water that remains in the ground. More water ... |
Much of the water taken from the Ogallala aquifer is used to irrigate crops. | (A) true (B) false | A | The Ogallala Aquifer supplies about one-third of the irrigation water in the United States. The Ogallala Aquifer is widely used by people for municipal and agricultural needs. (Figure 1.2). The aquifer is found from 30 to 100 meters deep over an area of about 440,000 square kilometers! The water in the aquifer is mostl... |
A good aquifer has rock in it that is porous and permeable. | (A) true (B) false | A | To be a good aquifer, the rock in the aquifer must have good: porosity: small spaces between grains permeability: connections between pores To reach an aquifer, surface water infiltrates downward into the ground through tiny spaces or pores in the rock. The water travels down through the permeable rock until it reaches... |
The bottom layer of an aquifer has impermeable rock. | (A) true (B) false | A | To be a good aquifer, the rock in the aquifer must have good: porosity: small spaces between grains permeability: connections between pores To reach an aquifer, surface water infiltrates downward into the ground through tiny spaces or pores in the rock. The water travels down through the permeable rock until it reaches... |
Many hot springs are also mineral springs. | (A) true (B) false | A | Some springs have water that contains minerals. Groundwater dissolves minerals out of the rock as it seeps through the pores. The water in some springs is hot because it is heated by hot magma. Many hot springs are also mineral springs. Thats because hot water can dissolve more minerals than cold water. Grand Prismatic... |
The water table keeps water in an aquifer from seeping deeper underground. | (A) true (B) false | B | Most land areas have aquifers beneath them. Many aquifers are used by people for freshwater. The closer to the surface an aquifer is, the easier it is to get the water. However, an aquifer close to the surface is also more likely to become polluted. Pollutants can seep down through porous rock in recharge water. An aqu... |
Water flows out of a well due to gravity. | (A) true (B) false | B | Most groundwater does not flow out of an aquifer as a spring or geyser. So to use the water thats stored in an aquifer people must go after it. How? They dig a well. A well is a hole that is dug or drilled through the ground down to an aquifer. This is illustrated in Figure 13.18. People have depended on water from wel... |
not having tiny holes that water can pass through | (A) aquifer (B) groundwater (C) porous (D) water table (E) well (F) recharge (G) impermeable | G | Water infiltrates the ground because soil and rock are porous. Between the grains are pores, or tiny holes. Since water can move through this rock it is permeable. Eventually, the water reaches a layer of rock that is not porous and so is impermeable. Water stops moving downward when it reaches this layer of rock. Look... |
underground rock layer that is saturated with water | (A) aquifer (B) groundwater (C) porous (D) water table (E) well (F) recharge (G) impermeable | A | An underground layer of rock that is saturated with groundwater is called an aquifer. A diagram of an aquifer is shown in Figure 13.12. Aquifers are generally found in porous rock, such as sandstone. Water infiltrates the aquifer from the surface. The water that enters the aquifer is called recharge. |
having tiny holes that water can pass through | (A) aquifer (B) groundwater (C) porous (D) water table (E) well (F) recharge (G) impermeable | C | Some water soaks into the ground. It travels down through tiny holes in soil. It seeps through cracks in rock. The water moves slowly, pulled deeper and deeper by gravity. Underground water can also erode and deposit material. |
top of an underground rock layer that is saturated with water | (A) aquifer (B) groundwater (C) porous (D) water table (E) well (F) recharge (G) impermeable | D | The top of the saturated rock layer in Figure 13.11 is called the water table. The water table isnt like a real table. It doesnt remain firmly in one place. Instead, it rises or falls, depending on how much water seeps down from the surface. The water table is higher when there is a lot of rain and lower when the weath... |
hole dug or drilled into the ground to reach an aquifer | (A) aquifer (B) groundwater (C) porous (D) water table (E) well (F) recharge (G) impermeable | E | Most groundwater does not flow out of an aquifer as a spring or geyser. So to use the water thats stored in an aquifer people must go after it. How? They dig a well. A well is a hole that is dug or drilled through the ground down to an aquifer. This is illustrated in Figure 13.18. People have depended on water from wel... |
fresh water below Earths surface | (A) aquifer (B) groundwater (C) porous (D) water table (E) well (F) recharge (G) impermeable | B | Freshwater below Earths surface is called groundwater. The water infiltrates, or seeps down into, the ground from the surface. How does this happen? And where does the water go? |
water that enters an aquifer | (A) aquifer (B) groundwater (C) porous (D) water table (E) well (F) recharge (G) impermeable | F | Water may seep through dirt and rock below the soil and then through pores infiltrating the ground to go into Earths groundwater system. Groundwater enters aquifers that may store fresh water for centuries. Alternatively, the water may come to the surface through springs or find its way back to the oceans. |
Water infiltrates the ground where rock is | (A) permeable (B) recharged (C) saturated (D) shallow | A | Some water soaks into the ground. It travels down through tiny holes in soil. It seeps through cracks in rock. The water moves slowly, pulled deeper and deeper by gravity. Underground water can also erode and deposit material. |
The water in an aquifer is more likely to be polluted if the aquifer | (A) is close to the surface (B) does not have a water table (C) lies below a layer of impermeable rock (D) is recharged as quickly as water is removed | A | Most land areas have aquifers beneath them. Many aquifers are used by people for freshwater. The closer to the surface an aquifer is, the easier it is to get the water. However, an aquifer close to the surface is also more likely to become polluted. Pollutants can seep down through porous rock in recharge water. An aqu... |
The Ogallala aquifer is an important source of water in the American | (A) Southwest (B) Northeast (C) Southeast (D) Midwest | D | The Ogallala Aquifer supplies about one-third of the irrigation water in the United States. The Ogallala Aquifer is widely used by people for municipal and agricultural needs. (Figure 1.2). The aquifer is found from 30 to 100 meters deep over an area of about 440,000 square kilometers! The water in the aquifer is mostl... |
Water in a spring comes from a | (A) river or stream (B) lake or pond (C) layer of rock (D) none of the above | C | The top of an aquifer may be high enough in some places to meet the surface of the ground. This often happens on a slope. The water flows out of the ground and creates a spring. A spring may be just a tiny trickle, or it may be a big gush of water. One of the largest springs in the world is Big Spring in Missouri, seen... |
The majority of Earths liquid fresh water is found in | (A) rocks (B) lakes (C) rivers (D) springs | A | One problem is that only a tiny fraction of Earths water is fresh, liquid water that people can use. More than 97 percent of Earths water is salt water in the oceans. Just 3 percent is freshwater. Most of the freshwater is frozen in ice sheets, icebergs, and glaciers (see Figure 21.5). |
An aquifer is recharged by | (A) a well (B) surface water (C) the water table (D) a spring or geyser | B | An underground layer of rock that is saturated with groundwater is called an aquifer. A diagram of an aquifer is shown in Figure 13.12. Aquifers are generally found in porous rock, such as sandstone. Water infiltrates the aquifer from the surface. The water that enters the aquifer is called recharge. |
Rock that holds as much water as possible is said to be | (A) recharged (B) saturated (C) impermeable (D) infiltrated | B | The top of the saturated rock layer in Figure 13.11 is called the water table. The water table isnt like a real table. It doesnt remain firmly in one place. Instead, it rises or falls, depending on how much water seeps down from the surface. The water table is higher when there is a lot of rain and lower when the weath... |
Sources of water vapor in Earths very early atmosphere included | (A) volcanic eruptions (B) precipitation (C) the oceans (D) the moon | A | Earths first atmosphere was made of hydrogen and helium, the gases that were common in this region of the solar system as it was forming. Most of these gases were drawn into the center of the solar nebula to form the Sun. When Earth was new and very small, the solar wind blew off atmospheric gases that collected. If ga... |
What percent of the Earth is covered in salt water oceans? | (A) 82% (B) 71% (C) 65% (D) 49% | B | Earth is often called the water planet. Figure 13.1 shows why. If astronauts see Earth from space, this is how it looks. Notice how blue the planet appears. Thats because oceans cover much of Earths surface. Water is also found in the clouds that rise above the planet. Most of Earths water is salt water in the oceans. ... |
Gases the oceans exchange with the atmosphere include | (A) oxygen (B) carbon dioxide (C) water vapor (D) all of the above | D | Oceans are the major source of water vapor in the atmosphere. Sunlight heats water near the sea surface, as shown in Figure 14.3. As the water warms, some of it evaporates. The water vapor rises into the air, where it may form clouds and precipitation. Precipitation provides the freshwater needed by plants and other li... |
Coastal areas have a milder climate than inland areas because | (A) water does not change temperature as rapidly as land (B) currents move warm and cold water around (C) breezes blow between land and sea (D) all of these | D | Coastal areas have a milder climate than inland areas. They are warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer. Thats because land near an ocean is influenced by the temperature of the oceans. The temperature of ocean water is moderate and stable. Why? There are two major reasons: 1. Water is much slower to warm up and ... |
Ocean water everywhere has a relatively moderate temperature because | (A) water flows throughout all the worlds oceans (B) water warms up and cools down more quickly than land (C) landmasses protect the oceans from temperature changes (D) all of the above | A | Coastal areas have a milder climate than inland areas. They are warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer. Thats because land near an ocean is influenced by the temperature of the oceans. The temperature of ocean water is moderate and stable. Why? There are two major reasons: 1. Water is much slower to warm up and ... |
Compared with shallow water, deeper water is | (A) saltier and colder (B) saltier and warmer (C) less salty and colder (D) less salty and warmer | A | Two main zones based on depth of water are the photic zone and aphotic zone. The photic zone is the top 200 meters of water. The aphotic zone is water deeper than 200 meters. The deeper you go, the darker the water gets. Thats because sunlight cannot penetrate very far under water. Sunlight is needed for photosynthesis... |
Salt in the oceans comes from | (A) deep-sea hydrothermal vents (B) near shore salt deposits (C) river inflow (D) mid-ocean ridges | C | Ocean water is salty because water dissolves minerals out of rocks. This happens whenever water flows over or through rocks. Much of this water and its minerals flow in rivers that end up in the oceans. Minerals dissolved in water form salts. When the water evaporates, it leaves the salts behind. As a result, ocean wat... |
Some ocean zones are based on | (A) distance from the equator (B) depth of water (C) longitude (D) two of the above | B | Oceanographers divide the ocean into zones both vertically and horizontally. |
Which ocean zone receives a lot of sunlight and nutrients? | (A) oceanic zone (B) aphotic zone (C) neritic zone (D) benthic zone | C | In large bodies of water, such as the ocean and lakes, the water can be divided into zones based on the amount of sunlight it receives: 1. The photic zone extends to a maximum depth of 200 meters (656 feet) below the surface of the water. This is where enough sunlight penetrates for photosynthesis to occur. Algae and o... |
The ocean zone that is always covered by water, but is fairly shallow in depth is the | (A) intertidal zone (B) oceanic zone (C) photic zone (D) neritic zone | A | The seabed is divided into the zones described above, but ocean itself is also divided horizontally by distance from the shore. Nearest to the shore lies the intertidal zone (also called the littoral zone), the region between the high and low tidal marks. The hallmark of the intertidal is change: water is in constant m... |
Earths present oceans include the | (A) Antarctic Ocean (B) Tethys Ocean (C) Indian Ocean (D) two of the above | D | Earths crust consists of many tectonic plates that move over time. Due to plate tectonics, the continents changed their shapes and positions during Earth history. As the continents changed, so did the oceans. About 250 million years ago, there was one huge land mass known as Pangaea. There was also one huge ocean calle... |
Most nutrients enter ocean water from the | (A) land (B) ocean floor (C) aphotic zone (D) atmosphere | A | In addition to sunlight, aquatic producers also need dissolved oxygen and nutrients. Water near the surface generally contains more dissolved oxygen than deeper water. Many nutrients enter the water from the land. Therefore, water nearer shore usually contains more dissolved nutrients than water farther from shore. |
The oceans influence Earths atmosphere. | (A) true (B) false | A | Oceans cover more than 70 percent of Earths surface and hold 97 percent of its surface water. Its no surprise that the oceans have a big influence on the planet. The oceans affect the atmosphere, climate, and living things. |
Fewer organisms live in the oceans than on the land. | (A) true (B) false | B | The oceans provide a home to many living things. In fact, a greater number of organisms lives in the oceans than on land. Coral reefs, like the one in Figure 14.4, have more diversity of life forms than almost anywhere else on Earth. |
Early Earth was too cold for liquid water to exist. | (A) true (B) false | B | When Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago, it would not have been called the water planet. There were no oceans then. In fact, there was no liquid water at all. Early Earth was too hot for liquid water to exist. Earths early years were spent as molten rock and metal. |
The Dead Sea is extremely saline due to high evaporation. | (A) true (B) false | A | Where does the salt in seawater come from? As water moves through rock and soil on land it picks up ions. This is the flip side of weathering. Salts comprise about 3.5% of the mass of ocean water, but the salt content, or salinity, is different in different locations. What would the salinity be like in an estuary? Wher... |
Oceans cover more than 70 percent of Earths surface. | (A) true (B) false | A | Oceans cover more than 70 percent of Earths surface and hold 97 percent of its surface water. Its no surprise that the oceans have a big influence on the planet. The oceans affect the atmosphere, climate, and living things. |
Earths oceans have always had the same configuration. | (A) true (B) false | B | Earths crust consists of many tectonic plates that move over time. Due to plate tectonics, the continents changed their shapes and positions during Earth history. As the continents changed, so did the oceans. About 250 million years ago, there was one huge land mass known as Pangaea. There was also one huge ocean calle... |
Coastal areas always have colder climates than inland areas. | (A) true (B) false | B | Even places at the same latitude may have different climates if one is on a coast and one is inland. On the coast, the climate is influenced by warm moist air from the ocean. A coastal climate is usually mild. Summers arent too hot, and winters arent too cold. Precipitation can be high due to the moisture in the air. F... |
Ocean water is saltier than any other water on Earths surface. | (A) true (B) false | A | Ocean water is salty because water dissolves minerals out of rocks. This happens whenever water flows over or through rocks. Much of this water and its minerals flow in rivers that end up in the oceans. Minerals dissolved in water form salts. When the water evaporates, it leaves the salts behind. As a result, ocean wat... |
Most nutrients in the ocean are washed in from the land. | (A) true (B) false | A | In addition to sunlight, aquatic producers also need dissolved oxygen and nutrients. Water near the surface generally contains more dissolved oxygen than deeper water. Many nutrients enter the water from the land. Therefore, water nearer shore usually contains more dissolved nutrients than water farther from shore. |
The amount of salt in ocean water is the same everywhere on Earth. | (A) true (B) false | B | Have you ever gone swimming in the ocean? If you have, then you probably tasted the salts in the water. By mass, salts make up about 3.5 percent of ocean water. Figure 14.5 shows the most common minerals in ocean water. The main components are sodium and chloride. Together they form the salt known as sodium chloride. Y... |
About 250 million years ago, there was one world ocean known as Pansea. | (A) true (B) false | B | Earths crust consists of many tectonic plates that move over time. Due to plate tectonics, the continents changed their shapes and positions during Earth history. As the continents changed, so did the oceans. About 250 million years ago, there was one huge land mass known as Pangaea. There was also one huge ocean calle... |
The climate of inland areas is affected by oceans. | (A) true (B) false | A | When a place is near an ocean, the water can have a big effect on the climate. |
The water may be very deep in the neritic zone. | (A) true (B) false | B | Two main zones based on depth of water are the photic zone and aphotic zone. The photic zone is the top 200 meters of water. The aphotic zone is water deeper than 200 meters. The deeper you go, the darker the water gets. Thats because sunlight cannot penetrate very far under water. Sunlight is needed for photosynthesis... |
Nutrients may be scarce in the oceanic zone. | (A) true (B) false | A | In addition to the amount of salts, other conditions in ocean water vary from place to place. One is the amount of nutrients in the water. Another is the amount of sunlight that reaches the water. These conditions depend mainly on two factors: distance from shore and depth of water. Oceans are divided into zones based ... |
Temperature and pressure increase as you go deeper below the oceans surface. | (A) true (B) false | B | Pressure is the amount of force acting on a given area. As you go deeper in the ocean, the pressure exerted by the water increases steadily. Thats because there is more and more water pressing down on you from above. The Figure 1.1 shows how pressure changes with depth. For each additional meter below the surface, pres... |
ocean zone that is closest to shore | (A) aphotic zone (B) benthic zone (C) intertidal zone (D) neritic zone (E) oceanic zone (F) sodium chloride (G) carbon dioxide | C | The seabed is divided into the zones described above, but ocean itself is also divided horizontally by distance from the shore. Nearest to the shore lies the intertidal zone (also called the littoral zone), the region between the high and low tidal marks. The hallmark of the intertidal is change: water is in constant m... |
dissolved gas in ocean water | (A) aphotic zone (B) benthic zone (C) intertidal zone (D) neritic zone (E) oceanic zone (F) sodium chloride (G) carbon dioxide | G | Ocean water normally dissolves some of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The burning of fossil fuels has increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. As a result, ocean water is also dissolving more carbon dioxide. When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, it forms a weak acid. With higher levels of diss... |
open ocean beyond the continental shelf | (A) aphotic zone (B) benthic zone (C) intertidal zone (D) neritic zone (E) oceanic zone (F) sodium chloride (G) carbon dioxide | E | The ocean basin begins where the ocean meets the land. The continental margin begins at the shore and goes down to the ocean floor. It includes the continental shelf, slope, and rise. The continental shelf is part of the continent, but it is underwater today. It is about 100-200 meters deep, much shallower than the res... |
ocean zone on the ocean floor | (A) aphotic zone (B) benthic zone (C) intertidal zone (D) neritic zone (E) oceanic zone (F) sodium chloride (G) carbon dioxide | B | Oceanographers divide the ocean into zones both vertically and horizontally. |
ocean zone where sunlight does not reach | (A) aphotic zone (B) benthic zone (C) intertidal zone (D) neritic zone (E) oceanic zone (F) sodium chloride (G) carbon dioxide | A | In large bodies of water, such as the ocean and lakes, the water can be divided into zones based on the amount of sunlight it receives: 1. The photic zone extends to a maximum depth of 200 meters (656 feet) below the surface of the water. This is where enough sunlight penetrates for photosynthesis to occur. Algae and o... |
main salt in ocean water | (A) aphotic zone (B) benthic zone (C) intertidal zone (D) neritic zone (E) oceanic zone (F) sodium chloride (G) carbon dioxide | F | Have you ever gone swimming in the ocean? If you have, then you probably tasted the salts in the water. By mass, salts make up about 3.5 percent of ocean water. Figure 14.5 shows the most common minerals in ocean water. The main components are sodium and chloride. Together they form the salt known as sodium chloride. Y... |
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