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Contents BBC News BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world. The department is the world's largest broadcast news organisation and generates about 120 hours of radio and television output each day, as well as online news coverage. The service has over 5,500 journalists working across its output including in 50 foreign news bureaus where more than 250 foreign correspondents are stationed. Deborah Turness has been the CEO of news and current affairs since September 2022. In 2019, it was reported in an Ofcom report that the BBC spent ยฃ136m on news during the period April 2018 to March 2019. BBC News' domestic, global and online news divisions are housed within the largest live newsroom in Europe, in Broadcasting House in central London. Parliamentary coverage is produced and broadcast from studios in London. Through BBC English Regions, the BBC also has regional centres across England and national news centres in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. All nations and English regions produce their own local news programmes and other current affairs and sport programmes. The BBC is a quasi-autonomous corporation authorised by royal charter, making it operationally independent of the government. As of 2024, the BBC reaches an average of 450 million people per week, with the BBC World Service accounting for 320 million people. History This is London calling โ 2LO calling. Here is the first general news bulletin, copyright by Reuters, Press Association, Exchange Telegraph and Central News. โ BBC news programme opening during the 1920s The British Broadcasting Company broadcast its first radio bulletin from radio station 2LO on 14 November 1922. Wishing to avoid competition, newspaper publishers persuaded the government to ban the BBC from broadcasting news before 7 pm, and to force it to use wire service copy instead of reporting on its own. The BBC gradually gained the right to edit the copy and, in 1934, created its own news operation. However, it could not broadcast news before 6 p.m. until World War II. In addition to news, Gaumont British and Movietone cinema newsreels had been broadcast on the TV service since 1936, with the BBC producing its own equivalent Television Newsreel programme from January 1948. A weekly Children's Newsreel was inaugurated on 23 April 1950, to around 350,000 receivers. The network began simulcasting its radio news on television in 1946, with a still picture of Big Ben. Televised bulletins began on 5 July 1954, broadcast from leased studios within Alexandra Palace in London. The public's interest in television and live events was stimulated by Elizabeth II's coronation in 1953. It is estimated that up to 27 million people viewed the programme in the UK, overtaking radio's audience of 12 million for the first time. Those live pictures were fed from 21 cameras in central London to Alexandra Palace for transmission, and then on to other UK transmitters opened in time for the event. That year, there were around two million TV Licences held in the UK, rising to over three million the following year, and four and a half million by 1955. Television news, although physically separate from its radio counterpart, was still firmly under radio news' control in the 1950s. Correspondents provided reports for both outlets, and the first televised bulletin, shown on 5 July 1954 on the then BBC television service and presented by Richard Baker, involved his providing narration off-screen while stills were shown. This was then followed by the customary Television Newsreel with a recorded commentary by John Snagge (and on other occasions by Andrew Timothy). On-screen newsreaders were introduced a year later in 1955 โ Kenneth Kendall (the first to appear in vision), Robert Dougall, and Richard Bakerโthree weeks before ITN's launch on 21 September 1955. Mainstream television production had started to move out of Alexandra Palace in 1950 to larger premises โ mainly at Lime Grove Studios in Shepherd's Bush, west London โ taking Current Affairs (then known as Talks Department) with it. It was from here that the first Panorama, a new documentary programme, was transmitted on 11 November 1953, with Richard Dimbleby becoming anchor in 1955. In 1958, Hugh Carleton Greene became head of News and Current Affairs. On 1 January 1960, Greene became Director-General. Greene made changes that were aimed at making BBC reporting more similar to its competitor ITN, which had been highly rated by study groups held by Greene. A newsroom was created at Alexandra Palace, television reporters were recruited and given the opportunity to write and voice their own scripts, without having to cover stories for radio too. On 20 June 1960, Nan Winton, the first female BBC network newsreader, appeared in vision. 19 September 1960 saw the start of the radio news and current affairs programme The Ten O'clock News. BBC2 started transmission on 20 April 1964 and began broadcasting a new show, Newsroom. The World at One, a lunchtime news programme, began on 4 October 1965 on the then Home Service, and the year before News Review had started on television. News Review was a summary of the week's news, first broadcast on Sunday, 26 April 1964 on BBC 2 and harking back to the weekly Newsreel Review of the Week, produced from 1951, to open programming on Sunday eveningsโthe difference being that this incarnation had subtitles for the deaf and hard-of-hearing. As this was the decade before electronic caption generation, each superimposition ("super") had to be produced on paper or card, synchronised manually to studio and news footage, committed to tape during the afternoon, and broadcast early evening. Thus Sundays were no longer a quiet day for news at Alexandra Palace. The programme ran until the 1980s โ by then using electronic captions, known as Anchor โ to be superseded by Ceefax subtitling (a similar Teletext format), and the signing of such programmes as See Hear (from 1981). On Sunday 17 September 1967, The World This Weekend, a weekly news and current affairs programme, launched on what was then Home Service, but soon-to-be Radio 4. Preparations for colour began in the autumn of 1967 and on Thursday 7 March 1968 Newsroom on BBC2 moved to an early evening slot, becoming the first UK news programme to be transmitted in colour โ from Studio A at Alexandra Palace. News Review and Westminster (the latter a weekly review of Parliamentary happenings) were "colourised" shortly after. However, much of the insert material was still in black and white, as initially only a part of the film coverage shot in and around London was on colour reversal film stock, and all regional and many international contributions were still in black and white. Colour facilities at Alexandra Palace were technically very limited for the next eighteen months, as it had only one RCA colour Quadruplex videotape machine and, eventually two Pye plumbicon colour telecinesโalthough the news colour service started with just one. Black and white national bulletins on BBC 1 continued to originate from Studio B on weekdays, along with Town and Around, the London regional "opt out" programme broadcast throughout the 1960s (and the BBC's first regional news programme for the South East), until it started to be replaced by Nationwide on Tuesday to Thursday from Lime Grove Studios early in September 1969. Town and Around was never to make the move to Television Centre โ instead it became London This Week which aired on Mondays and Fridays only, from the new TVC studios. The BBC moved production out of Alexandra Palace in 1969. BBC Television News resumed operations the next day with a lunchtime bulletin on BBC1 โ in black and white โ from Television Centre, where it remained until March 2013. This move to a smaller studio with better technical facilities allowed Newsroom and News Review to replace back projection with colour-separation overlay. During the 1960s, satellite communication had become possible; however, it was some years before digital line-store conversion was able to undertake the process seamlessly. On 14 September 1970, the first Nine O'Clock News was broadcast on television. Robert Dougall presented the first week from studio N1 โ described by The Guardian as "a sort of polystyrene padded cell"โthe bulletin having been moved from the earlier time of 20.50 as a response to the ratings achieved by ITN's News at Ten, introduced three years earlier on the rival ITV. Richard Baker and Kenneth Kendall presented subsequent weeks, thus echoing those first television bulletins of the mid-1950s. Angela Rippon became the first female news presenter of the Nine O'Clock News in 1975. Her work outside the news was controversial at the time, appearing on The Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show in 1976 singing and dancing. The first edition of John Craven's Newsround, initially intended only as a short series and later renamed just Newsround, came from studio N3 on 4 April 1972. Afternoon television news bulletins during the mid to late 1970s were broadcast from the BBC newsroom itself, rather than one of the three news studios. The newsreader would present to camera while sitting on the edge of a desk; behind him staff would be seen working busily at their desks. This period corresponded with when the Nine O'Clock News got its next makeover, and would use a CSO background of the newsroom from that very same camera each weekday evening. Also in the mid-1970s, the late night news on BBC2 was briefly renamed Newsnight, but this was not to last, or be the same programme as we know today โ that would be launched in 1980 โ and it soon reverted to being just a news summary with the early evening BBC2 news expanded to become Newsday. News on radio was to change in the 1970s, and on Radio 4 in particular, brought about by the arrival of new editor Peter Woon from television news and the implementation of the Broadcasting in the Seventies report. These included the introduction of correspondents into news bulletins where previously only a newsreader would present, as well as the inclusion of content gathered in the preparation process. New programmes were also added to the daily schedule, PM and The World Tonight as part of the plan for the station to become a "wholly speech network". Newsbeat launched as the news service on Radio 1 on 10 September 1973. On 23 September 1974, a teletext system which was launched to bring news content on television screens using text only was launched. Engineers originally began developing such a system to bring news to deaf viewers, but the system was expanded. The Ceefax service became much more diverse before it ceased on 23 October 2012: it not only had subtitling for all channels, it also gave information such as weather, flight times and film reviews. By the end of the decade, the practice of shooting on film for inserts in news broadcasts was declining, with the introduction of ENG technology into the UK. The equipment would gradually become less cumbersome โ the BBC's first attempts had been using a Philips colour camera with backpack base station and separate portable Sony U-matic recorder in the latter half of the decade. In 1980, the Iranian Embassy Siege had been shot electronically by the BBC Television News Outside broadcasting team, and the work of reporter Kate Adie, broadcasting live from Prince's Gate, was nominated for BAFTA actuality coverage, but this time beaten by ITN for the 1980 award. Newsnight, the news and current affairs programme, was due to go on air on 23 January 1980, although trade union disagreements meant that its launch from Lime Grove was postponed by a week. On 27 August 1981 Moira Stuart became the first African Caribbean female newsreader to appear on British television. By 1982, ENG technology had become sufficiently reliable for Bernard Hesketh to use an Ikegami camera to cover the Falklands War, coverage for which he won the "Royal Television Society Cameraman of the Year" award and a BAFTA nomination โ the first time that BBC News had relied upon an electronic camera, rather than film, in a conflict zone. BBC News won the BAFTA for its actuality coverage, however the event has become remembered in television terms for Brian Hanrahan's reporting where he coined the phrase "I'm not allowed to say how many planes joined the raid, but I counted them all out and I counted them all back" to circumvent restrictions, and which has become cited as an example of good reporting under pressure. The first BBC breakfast television programme, Breakfast Time also launched during the 1980s, on 17 January 1983 from Lime Grove Studio E and two weeks before its ITV rival TV-am. Frank Bough, Selina Scott, and Nick Ross helped to wake viewers with a relaxed style of presenting. The Six O'Clock News first aired on 3 September 1984, eventually becoming the most watched news programme in the UK (however, since 2006 it has been overtaken by the BBC News at Ten). In October 1984, images of millions of people starving to death in the Ethiopian famine were shown in Michael Buerk's Six O'Clock News reports. The BBC News crew were the first to document the famine, with Buerk's report on 23 October describing it as "a biblical famine in the 20th century" and "the closest thing to hell on Earth". The BBC News report shocked Britain, motivating its citizens to inundate relief agencies, such as Save the Children, with donations, and to bring global attention to the crisis in Ethiopia. The news report was also watched by Bob Geldof, who would organise the charity single "Do They Know It's Christmas?" to raise money for famine relief followed by the Live Aid concert in July 1985. Starting in 1981, the BBC gave a common theme to its main news bulletins with new electronic titlesโa set of computer-animated "stripes" forming a circle on a red background with a "BBC News" typescript appearing below the circle graphics, and a theme tune consisting of brass and keyboards. The Nine used a similar (striped) number 9. The red background was replaced by a blue from 1985 until 1987. By 1987, the BBC had decided to re-brand its bulletins and established individual styles again for each one with differing titles and music, the weekend and holiday bulletins branded in a similar style to the Nine, although the "stripes" introduction continued to be used until 1989 on occasions where a news bulletin was screened out of the running order of the schedule. In 1987, John Birt resurrected the practice of correspondents working for both TV and radio with the introduction of bi-media journalism. During the 1990s, a wider range of services began to be offered by BBC News, with the split of BBC World Service Television to become BBC World (news and current affairs), and BBC Prime (light entertainment). Content for a 24-hour news channel was thus required, followed in 1997 with the launch of domestic equivalent BBC News 24. Rather than set bulletins, ongoing reports and coverage was needed to keep both channels functioning and meant a greater emphasis in budgeting for both was necessary. In 1998, after 66 years at Broadcasting House, the BBC Radio News operation moved to BBC Television Centre. New technology, provided by Silicon Graphics, came into use in 1993 for a re-launch of the main BBC 1 bulletins, creating a virtual set which appeared to be much larger than it was physically. The relaunch also brought all bulletins into the same style of set with only small changes in colouring, titles, and music to differentiate each. A computer generated cut-glass sculpture of the BBC coat of arms was the centrepiece of the programme titles until the large scale corporate rebranding of news services in 1999. In November 1997, BBC News Online was launched, following individual webpages for major news events such as the 1996 Olympic Games, 1997 general election, and the death of Princess Diana. In 1999, the biggest relaunch occurred, with BBC One bulletins, BBC World, BBC News 24, and BBC News Online all adopting a common style. One of the most significant changes was the gradual adoption of the corporate image by the BBC regional news programmes, giving a common style across local, national and international BBC television news. This also included Newyddion, the main news programme of Welsh language channel S4C, produced by BBC News Wales. Following the relaunch of BBC News in 1999, regional headlines were included at the start of the BBC One news bulletins in 2000. The English regions did however lose five minutes at the end of their bulletins, due to a new headline round-up at 18:55. 2000 also saw the Nine O'Clock News moved to the later time of 22:00. This was in response to ITN who had just moved their popular News at Ten programme to 23:00. ITN briefly returned News at Ten but following poor ratings when head-to-head against the BBC's Ten O'Clock News, the ITN bulletin was moved to 22.30, where it remained until 14 January 2008. The retirement in 2009 of Peter Sissons and departure of Michael Buerk from the Ten O'Clock News led to changes in the BBC One bulletin presenting team on 20 January 2003. The Six O'Clock News became double headed with George Alagiah and Sophie Raworth after Huw Edwards and Fiona Bruce moved to present the Ten. A new set design featuring a projected fictional newsroom backdrop was introduced, followed on 16 February 2004 by new programme titles to match those of BBC News 24. BBC News 24 and BBC World introduced a new style of presentation in December 2003, that was slightly altered on 5 July 2004 to mark 50 years of BBC Television News. On 7 March 2005 director general Mark Thompson launched the "Creative Futures" project to restructure the organisation. The individual positions of editor of the One and Six O'Clock News were replaced by a new daytime position in November 2005. Kevin Bakhurst became the first Controller of BBC News 24, replacing the position of editor. Amanda Farnsworth became daytime editor while Craig Oliver was later named editor of the Ten O'Clock News. Bulletins received new titles and a new set design in May 2006, to allow for Breakfast to move into the main studio for the first time since 1997. The new set featured Barco videowall screens with a background of the London skyline used for main bulletins and originally an image of cirrus clouds against a blue sky for Breakfast. This was later replaced following viewer criticism. The studio bore similarities with the ITN-produced ITV News in 2004, though ITN uses a CSO Virtual studio rather than the actual screens at BBC News. BBC News became part of a new BBC Journalism group in November 2006 as part of a restructuring of the BBC. The then-Director of BBC News, Helen Boaden reported to the then-Deputy Director-General and head of the journalism group, Mark Byford until he was made redundant in 2010. On 18 October 2007, ED Mark Thompson announced a six-year plan, "Delivering Creative Futures" (based on his project begun in March 2005), merging the television current affairs department into a new "News Programmes" division. Thompson's announcement, in response to a ยฃ2 billion shortfall in funding, would, he said, deliver "a smaller but fitter BBC" in the digital age, by cutting its payroll and, in 2013, selling Television Centre. The various separate newsrooms for television, radio and online operations were merged into a single multimedia newsroom. Programme making within the newsrooms was brought together to form a multimedia programme making department. BBC World Service director Peter Horrocks said that the changes would achieve efficiency at a time of cost-cutting at the BBC. In his blog, he wrote that by using the same resources across the various broadcast media meant fewer stories could be covered, or by following more stories, there would be fewer ways to broadcast them. A new graphics and video playout system was introduced for production of television bulletins in January 2007. This coincided with a new structure to BBC World News bulletins, editors favouring a section devoted to analysing the news stories reported on. The first new BBC News bulletin since the Six O'Clock News was announced in July 2007 following a successful trial in the Midlands. The summary, lasting 90 seconds, has been broadcast at 20:00 on weekdays since December 2007 and bears similarities with 60 Seconds on BBC Three, but also includes headlines from the various BBC regions and a weather summary. As part of a long-term cost cutting programme, bulletins were renamed the BBC News at One, Six and Ten respectively in April 2008 while BBC News 24 was renamed BBC News and moved into the same studio as the bulletins at BBC Television Centre. BBC World was renamed BBC World News and regional news programmes were also updated with the new presentation style, designed by Lambie-Nairn. 2008 also saw tri-media introduced across TV, radio, and online. The studio moves also meant that Studio N9, previously used for BBC World, was closed, and operations moved to the previous studio of BBC News 24. Studio N9 was later refitted to match the new branding, and was used for the BBC's UK local elections and European elections coverage in early June 2009. A strategy review of the BBC in March 2010, confirmed that having "the best journalism in the world" would form one of five key editorial policies, as part of changes subject to public consultation and BBC Trust approval. After a period of suspension in late 2012, Helen Boaden ceased to be the Director of BBC News. On 16 April 2013, incoming BBC Director-General Tony Hall named James Harding, a former editor of The Times of London newspaper as Director of News and Current Affairs. From August 2012 to March 2013, all news operations moved from Television Centre to new facilities in the refurbished and extended Broadcasting House, in Portland Place. The move began in October 2012, and also included the BBC World Service, which moved from Bush House following the expiry of the BBC's lease. This new extension to the north and east, referred to as "New Broadcasting House", includes several new state-of-the-art radio and television studios centred around an 11-storey atrium. The move began with the domestic programme The Andrew Marr Show on 2 September 2012, and concluded with the move of the BBC News channel and domestic news bulletins on 18 March 2013. The newsroom houses all domestic bulletins and programmes on both television and radio, as well as the BBC World Service international radio networks and the BBC World News international television channel. BBC News and CBS News established an editorial and newsgathering partnership in 2017, replacing an earlier long-standing partnership between BBC News and ABC News. In an October 2018 Simmons Research survey of 38 news organisations, BBC News was ranked the fourth most trusted news organisation by Americans, behind CBS News, ABC News and The Wall Street Journal. In January 2020 the BBC announced a BBC News savings target of ยฃ80 million per year by 2022, involving about 450 staff reductions from the current 6,000. BBC director of news and current affairs Fran Unsworth said there would be further moves toward digital broadcasting, in part to attract back a youth audience, and more pooling of reporters to stop separate teams covering the same news. A further 70 staff reductions were announced in July 2020. BBC Three began airing the news programme The Catch Up in February 2022. It is presented by Levi Jouavel, Kirsty Grant, and Callum Tulley and aims to get the channel's target audience (16 to 34-year olds) to make sense of the world around them while also highlighting optimistic stories. Compared to its predecessor 60 Seconds, The Catch Up is three times longer, running for about three minutes and not airing during weekends. According to its annual report as of December 2021[update], India has the largest number of people using BBC services in the world. In May 2025, following the earthquake that hit Myanmar and Thailand, a television news bulletin (BBC News Myanmar) from the Burmese service using a vacated Voice of America satellite frequency began its broadcasts. Programming and reporting In November 2023, BBC News joined with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, Paper Trail Media [de] and 69 media partners including Distributed Denial of Secrets and the Organised Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) and more than 270 journalists in 55 countries and territories to produce the 'Cyprus Confidential' report on the financial network which supports the regime of Vladimir Putin, mostly with connections to Cyprus, and showed Cyprus to have strong links with high-up figures in the Kremlin, some of whom have been sanctioned. Government officials including Cyprus president Nikos Christodoulides and European lawmakers began responding to the investigation's findings in less than 24 hours, calling for reforms and launching probes. BBC News is responsible for the news programmes and documentary content on the BBC's general television channels, as well as the news coverage on the BBC News Channel in the UK, and 22 hours of programming for the corporation's international BBC World News channel. Coverage for BBC Parliament is carried out on behalf of the BBC at Millbank Studios, though BBC News provides editorial and journalistic content. BBC News content is also output onto the BBC's digital interactive television services under the BBC Red Button brand, and until 2012, on the Ceefax teletext system. The music on all BBC television news programmes was introduced in 1999 and composed by David Lowe. It was part of the re-branding which commenced in 1999 and features 'BBC Pips'. The general theme was used on bulletins on BBC One, News 24, BBC World and local news programmes in the BBC's Nations and Regions. Lowe was also responsible for the music on Radio One's Newsbeat. The theme has had several changes since 1999, the latest in March 2013. The BBC Arabic Television news channel launched on 11 March 2008, a Persian-language channel followed on 14 January 2009, broadcasting from the Peel wing of Broadcasting House; both include news, analysis, interviews, sports and highly cultural programmes and are run by the BBC World Service and funded from a grant-in-aid from the British Foreign Office (and not the television licence). The BBC Verify service was launched in 2023 to fact-check news stories, followed by BBC Verify Live in 2025. BBC Radio News produces bulletins for the BBC's national radio stations and provides content for local BBC radio stations via the General News Service (GNS), a BBC-internal news distribution service. BBC News does not produce the BBC's regional news bulletins, which are produced individually by the BBC nations and regions themselves. The BBC World Service broadcasts to some 150 million people in English as well as 27 languages across the globe. BBC Radio News is a patron of the Radio Academy. BBC News Online is the BBC's news website. Launched in November 1997, it is one of the most popular news websites, with 1.2 billion website visits in April 2021, as well as being used by 60% of the UK's internet users for news. The website contains international news coverage as well as entertainment, sport, science, and political news. Mobile apps for Android, iOS and Windows Phone systems have been provided since 2010. Many television and radio programmes are also available to view on the BBC iPlayer and BBC Sounds services. The BBC News channel is also available to view 24 hours a day, while video and radio clips are also available within online news articles. In October 2019, BBC News Online launched a mirror on the dark web anonymity network Tor in an effort to circumvent censorship. Criticism The BBC is required by its charter to be free from both political and commercial influence and answers only to its viewers and listeners. This political objectivity is sometimes questioned. For instance, The Daily Telegraph (3 August 2005) carried a letter from the KGB defector Oleg Gordievsky, referring to it as "The Red Service". Books have been written on the subject, including anti-BBC works like Truth Betrayed by W J West and The Truth Twisters by Richard Deacon. The BBC has been accused of bias by Conservative MPs. The BBC's Editorial Guidelines on Politics and Public Policy state that while "the voices and opinions of opposition parties must be routinely aired and challenged", "the government of the day will often be the primary source of news". The BBC is regularly accused by the government of the day of bias in favour of the opposition and, by the opposition, of bias in favour of the government. Similarly, during times of war, the BBC is often accused by the UK government, or by strong supporters of British military campaigns, of being overly sympathetic to the view of the enemy. An edition of Newsnight at the start of the Falklands War in 1982 was described as "almost treasonable" by John Page, MP, who objected to Peter Snow saying "if we believe the British". During the first Gulf War, critics of the BBC took to using the satirical name "Baghdad Broadcasting Corporation". During the Kosovo War, the BBC were labelled the "Belgrade Broadcasting Corporation" (suggesting favouritism towards the FR Yugoslavia government over ethnic Albanian rebels) by British ministers, although Slobodan Miloseviฤ (then FRY president) claimed that the BBC's coverage had been biased against his nation. Conversely, some of those who style themselves anti-establishment in the United Kingdom or who oppose foreign wars have accused the BBC of pro-establishment bias or of refusing to give an outlet to "anti-war" voices. Following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, a study by the Cardiff University School of Journalism of the reporting of the war found that nine out of 10 references to weapons of mass destruction during the war assumed that Iraq possessed them, and only one in 10 questioned this assumption. It also found that, out of the main British broadcasters covering the war, the BBC was the most likely to use the British government and military as its source. It was also the least likely to use independent sources, like the Red Cross, who were more critical of the war. When it came to reporting Iraqi casualties, the study found fewer reports on the BBC than on the other three main channels. The report's author, Justin Lewis, wrote "Far from revealing an anti-war BBC, our findings tend to give credence to those who criticised the BBC for being too sympathetic to the government in its war coverage. Either way, it is clear that the accusation of BBC anti-war bias fails to stand up to any serious or sustained analysis." Prominent BBC appointments are constantly assessed by the British media and political establishment for signs of political bias. The appointment of Greg Dyke as Director-General was highlighted by press sources because Dyke was a Labour Party member and former activist, as well as a friend of Tony Blair. The BBC's former Political Editor, Nick Robinson, was some years ago a chairman of the Young Conservatives and did, as a result, attract informal criticism from the former Labour government, but his predecessor Andrew Marr faced similar claims from the right because he was editor of The Independent, a liberal-leaning newspaper, before his appointment in 2000. Mark Thompson, former Director-General of the BBC, admitted the organisation has been biased "towards the left" in the past. He said, "In the BBC I joined 30 years ago, there was, in much of current affairs, in terms of people's personal politics, which were quite vocal, a massive bias to the left". He then added, "The organization did struggle then with impartiality. Now it is a completely different generation. There is much less overt tribalism among the young journalists who work for the BBC." Following the EU referendum in 2016, some critics suggested that the BBC was biased in favour of leaving the EU. For instance, in 2018, the BBC received complaints from people who took issue that the BBC was not sufficiently covering anti-Brexit marches while giving smaller-scale events hosted by former UKIP leader Nigel Farage more airtime. On the other hand, a poll released by YouGov showed that 45% of people who voted to leave the EU thought that the BBC was 'actively anti-Brexit' compared to 13% of the same kinds of voters who think the BBC is pro-Brexit. In 2008, the BBC Hindi was criticised by some Indian outlets for referring to the terrorists who carried out the 2008 Mumbai attacks as "gunmen". The response to this added to prior criticism from some Indian commentators suggesting that the BBC may have an Indophobic bias. In March 2015, the BBC was criticised for a BBC Storyville documentary interviewing one of the rapists in India. In spite of a ban ordered by the Indian High court, the BBC still aired the documentary "India's Daughter" outside India. BBC News was at the centre of a political controversy following the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Three BBC News reports (Andrew Gilligan's on Today, Gavin Hewitt's on The Ten O'Clock News and another on Newsnight) quoted an anonymous source that stated the British government (particularly the Prime Minister's office) had embellished the September Dossier with misleading exaggerations of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction capabilities. The government denounced the reports and accused the corporation of poor journalism. In subsequent weeks the corporation stood by the report, saying that it had a reliable source. Following intense media speculation, David Kelly was named in the press as the source for Gilligan's story on 9 July 2003. Kelly was found dead, by suicide, in a field close to his home early on 18 July. An inquiry led by Lord Hutton was announced by the British government the following day to investigate the circumstances leading to Kelly's death, concluding that "Dr. Kelly took his own life." In his report on 28 January 2004, Lord Hutton concluded that Gilligan's original accusation was "unfounded" and the BBC's editorial and management processes were "defective". In particular, it specifically criticised the chain of management that caused the BBC to defend its story. The BBC Director of News, Richard Sambrook, the report said, had accepted Gilligan's word that his story was accurate in spite of his notes being incomplete. Davies had then told the BBC Board of Governors that he was happy with the story and told the Prime Minister that a satisfactory internal inquiry had taken place. The Board of Governors, under the chairman's, Gavyn Davies, guidance, accepted that further investigation of the Government's complaints were unnecessary. Because of the criticism in the Hutton report, Davies resigned on the day of publication. BBC News faced an important test, reporting on itself with the publication of the report, but by common consent (of the Board of Governors) managed this "independently, impartially and honestly". Davies' resignation was followed by the resignation of Director General, Greg Dyke, the following day, and the resignation of Gilligan on 30 January. While undoubtedly a traumatic experience for the corporation, an ICM poll in April 2003 indicated that it had sustained its position as the best and most trusted provider of news. The BBC has faced accusations of holding both anti-Israel and anti-Palestine bias. Douglas Davis, the London correspondent of The Jerusalem Post, has described the BBC's coverage of the ArabโIsraeli conflict as "a relentless, one-dimensional portrayal of Israel as a demonic, criminal state and Israelis as brutal oppressors [which] bears all the hallmarks of a concerted campaign of vilification that, wittingly or not, has the effect of delegitimising the Jewish state and pumping oxygen into a dark old European hatred that dared not speak its name for the past half-century.". However two large independent studies, one conducted by Loughborough University and the other by Glasgow University's Media Group concluded that Israeli perspectives are given greater coverage. Critics of the BBC argue that the Balen Report proves systematic bias against Israel in headline news programming. The Daily Mail and The Daily Telegraph criticised the BBC for spending hundreds of thousands of British tax payers' pounds from preventing the report being released to the public. Jeremy Bowen, the Middle East Editor for BBC world news, was singled out specifically for bias by the BBC Trust which concluded that he violated "BBC guidelines on accuracy and impartiality." An independent panel appointed by the BBC Trust was set up in 2006 to review the impartiality of the BBC's coverage of the IsraeliโPalestinian conflict. The panel's assessment was that "apart from individual lapses, there was little to suggest deliberate or systematic bias." While noting a "commitment to be fair accurate and impartial" and praising much of the BBC's coverage the independent panel concluded "that BBC output does not consistently give a full and fair account of the conflict. In some ways the picture is incomplete and, in that sense, misleading." It notes that, "the failure to convey adequately the disparity in the Israeli and Palestinian experience, [reflects] the fact that one side is in control and the other lives under occupation". Writing in the Financial Times, Philip Stephens, one of the panellists, later accused the BBC's director-general, Mark Thompson, of misrepresenting the panel's conclusions. He further opined "My sense is that BBC news reporting has also lost a once iron-clad commitment to objectivity and a necessary respect for the democratic process. If I am right, the BBC, too, is lost". Mark Thompson published a rebuttal in the FT the next day. The description by one BBC correspondent reporting on the funeral of Yassir Arafat that she had been left with tears in her eyes led to other questions of impartiality, particularly from Martin Walker in a guest opinion piece in The Times, who picked out the apparent case of Fayad Abu Shamala, the BBC Arabic Service correspondent, who told a Hamas rally on 6 May 2001, that journalists in Gaza were "waging the campaign shoulder to shoulder together with the Palestinian people". Walker argues that the independent inquiry was flawed for two reasons. Firstly, because the time period over which it was conducted (August 2005 to January 2006) surrounded the Israeli withdrawal from Gaza and Ariel Sharon's stroke, which produced more positive coverage than usual. Furthermore, he wrote, the inquiry only looked at the BBC's domestic coverage, and excluded output on the BBC World Service and BBC World. Tom Gross accused the BBC of glorifying Hamas suicide bombers, and condemned its policy of inviting guests such as Jenny Tonge and Tom Paulin who have compared Israeli soldiers to Nazis. Writing for the BBC, Paulin said Israeli soldiers should be "shot dead" like Hitler's S.S, and said he could "understand how suicide bombers feel". The BBC also faced criticism for not airing a Disasters Emergency Committee aid appeal for Palestinians who suffered in Gaza during 22-day war there between late 2008 and early 2009. Most other major UK broadcasters did air this appeal, but rival Sky News did not. British journalist Julie Burchill has accused BBC of creating a "climate of fear" for British Jews over its "excessive coverage" of Israel compared to other nations. In light of the Gaza war, the BBC suspended seven Arab journalists over allegations of expressing support for Hamas via social media. BBC and ABC share video segments and reporters as needed in producing their newscasts. with the BBC showing ABC World News Tonight with David Muir in the UK. However, in July 2017, the BBC announced a new partnership with CBS News allows both organisations to share video, editorial content, and additional newsgathering resources in New York, London, Washington and around the world. BBC News subscribes to wire services from leading international agencies including PA Media (formerly Press Association), Reuters, and Agence France-Presse. In April 2017, the BBC dropped Associated Press in favour of an enhanced service from AFP. BBC News reporters and broadcasts are now and have in the past been banned in several countries primarily for reporting which has been unfavourable to the ruling government. For example, correspondents were banned by the former apartheid regime of South Africa. The BBC was banned in Zimbabwe under Mugabe for eight years as a terrorist organisation until being allowed to operate again over a year after the 2008 elections. The BBC was banned in Burma (officially Myanmar) after their coverage and commentary on anti-government protests there in September 2007. The ban was lifted four years later in September 2011. Other cases have included Uzbekistan, China, and Pakistan. BBC Persian, the BBC's Persian language news site, was blocked from the Iranian internet in 2006. The BBC News website was made available in China again in March 2008, but as of October 2014[update], was blocked again. In June 2015, the Rwandan government placed an indefinite ban on BBC broadcasts following the airing of a controversial documentary regarding the 1994 Rwandan genocide, Rwanda's Untold Story, broadcast on BBC2 on 1 October 2014. The UK's Foreign Office recognised "the hurt caused in Rwanda by some parts of the documentary". In February 2017, reporters from the BBC (as well as the Daily Mail, The New York Times, Politico, CNN, and others) were denied access to a United States White House briefing. In 2017, BBC India was banned for a period of five years from covering all national parks and sanctuaries in India. Following the withdrawal of CGTN's UK broadcaster licence on 4 February 2021 by Ofcom, China banned BBC News from airing in China. See also References External links |below = Category }}
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[SOURCE: https://forum.webflow.com/latest] | [TOKENS: 44]
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Weโve launched a new Webflow Community. This forum will be deprecated in Spring 2026 as content and members migrate to our new platform. โ Join the new community Powered by Discourse, best viewed with JavaScript enabled
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[SOURCE: https://www.ynet.co.il/] | [TOKENS: 206]
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ืืจืืืค ืืืืื ืขื ืฉืื ืื ืืืฉื - ืืืื ื ืืืชืืฉื 'ืืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืจืืื ืฉืืืืฆื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืจืื' "ืืืืงืช DNA ืืืฉืจืืืื": ืืจืืืืื ืืืืคืจืข ืฉื ืงืจืืกืื ืื ืฆืจืื ืืืจืื? ืืืืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืืืคืื ืืฆืืฆืืื ืืคืขื ื-16: ืชืืจืืช "ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืื ื" ืืืฆืืช ืืืจื
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[SOURCE: https://www.mako.co.il/] | [TOKENS: 12674]
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ืืืื ืืื ืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืจืฆืืขื: ืืืคื ื ืืฉืคืชืืืคื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ื ืขืจืืื ืืื ืืกื: ืืืจื ืืืชืจ ืืฉื ืชืืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืขืื, ืขืืฉืื ืื ืจืฉืื - ืื ืชืชืืืง ืืฉืืืื ืืจืฆืืขื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืื10:41ืฉื ืืืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืจืฆืืขื: ืืืคื ื ืืฉืคืช ืืืคื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ื ืขืจืืื ืืื ืืกื: ืืืจื ืืืชืจ ืืฉื ืชืืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืขืื, ืขืืฉืื ืื ืจืฉืื - ืื ืชืชืืืง ืืฉืืืื ืืจืฆืืขื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืจืืข ืืืืืกืชืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืจืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ื"ืืื ืืงืืื ื" ืฉื ืืืืืื10:26ืฉืืขืื ืืืคืจืืโ ืืชืืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืชืื ืืืคืชืืข ืฉืืฉื ื ืืช ืคื ื ืขืืืฃ ืขืื10:00ื ืืข ืืืจื ืื ืืชืื ืืื ืื"ืื ื ืืคื ืง, ืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืื ืจืืฆืืช ืจืง ืืกืฃ"10:22ืืขื ืืจืื ืืืขื ืืจืก ืืืืืชื ื ืืืืฉืงืขืช ืฉื ืงืืืื ื'ื ืจ ืืืืืืชื ืฉืืืืื08:28mako ืกืืืก ืืื ืืืืฅืืื ืืืืืืืช ื-AI ืฉืชืขืฆื ืืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืชืื ืืงืืชืืฉืืชืืฃ ืจืืืื ืืืจืื ืื ื ืืืืื โืืืชืืื ืกืจืืื ืืฆื ืขืจืืื. ืื ื ืืขืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืืฉื ืื ืงื ืขื ืกืขืจืช ืืขื ืคืืืืืงืื: "ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืกืื ื" ืฉื ืื ืงื ืขื ืกืขืจืช ืืขื ืคืืืืืงืื: "ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืกืื ื" ืขื ืคืืื ืืกืงืืืจ ืขื ืืืจืืข: "ืงืืื ืืืืฆืืข" ืฉื ืืขืืื ืืชืืชืื"ืขืืื ืืชืืช ืืจืืืจ": ืืืื ืืจืืืืืช ืืคื ืืคืืฉืข ืฉืืฃ ืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืคืฆื "ืขืืื ืืชืืช ืืจืืืจ": ืืืื ืืจืืืืืช ืืคื ืืคืืฉืข ืฉืืฃ ืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืคืฆื ืงืืจืืื ืื ืืืืฆ'ื ืื ืืืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืฉื. ืื ื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืืืืืืฉืืืื ืืืกืฃ ื"ืืืืจืืฅ ืืืืืืื" ืขื ืืงืฉืืื ืืืืืืืื, ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืกืฃ ื"ืืืืจืืฅ ืืืืืืื" ืขื ืืงืฉืืื ืืืืืืืื, ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืืืช 730 ืืืฃ ืืขืืงืืื ืื ืืฉืืจืจืื ืืืคืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืืืื ืืจืืชื ืืืขืืช ื ืขืจ ืืกืืืชื ืืขืฆืื ืืืืืช ืกื ืืกืืืืช 180 ืืืฃ ืขืืงืืื ืื ืืืขืื: ืืกืื ืฉื ืื ืฉื ืืฆ'ืืคืก ืืืืฉืื 11:01ืืจืฆืืื ื: ืืืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืฉื ืืช ืื ืื ืกืืจืื ืคืืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืฉืืชืืื ืืืฆื ืืฆืื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืืฉื ืืจืฆืืื ื: ืืืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืฉื ืืช ืื ืื ืกืืจืื ืคืืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืฉืืชืืื ืืืฆื ืืฆืื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืืฉื 10:38ืฆื"ื ืืืฉืจ ืืช ืืืืืืืื: ืืกืคืจ ืจื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืื ืื ืฆื"ื ืืืฉืจ ืืช ืืืืืืืื: ืืกืคืจ ืจื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืื ืื 08:17ืฆืืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืคืืจืกืื ืื ืื ืืืจืง ืืืืืก ืืืฉืคืื: ืืืชืจ ื-60 ืืืืกื ืงืจื ืืืจืืงื ืืื ื ืคืจืกื ืืืกืืก ืืืจืื ืฆืืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืคืืจืกืื ืื ืื ืืืจืง ืืืืืก ืืืฉืคืื: ืืืชืจ ื-60 ืืืืกื ืงืจื ืืืจืืงื ืืื ื ืคืจืกื ืืืกืืก ืืืจืื 08:13ืืฉืจื ืืืืฅ ืฉื ืกืจืืื: ืงืืจืืื ืืื ืืืจืืื ื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืืฅ ืฉื ืกืจืืื: ืงืืจืืื ืืื ืืืจืืื ื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืื 07:42ืืชืงืืคืช ืฆืืดื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืกืื 5 ืืืืืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืฆืืดื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืกืื 5 ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืคืืจืง ืฉื ืืืืข:ืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืฉ ืืคื ืืจืืข - ืืื ืืื ืืื07:00ืืืจื ืืืืืจ-ืงืฉื "ืืื ืื****ื"ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉืฉืืืง ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืกืคื ืขื ืืืคืืงื ืืืฉืจืืืืช06:51ืืื ืืฉืขืื ืคืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืกืืช7 ืืจืื ืฆ'ืื ืืืฉืื: ืื ืจืง ืืช"ื ืืื ืจืง ืืกืืค"ืฉ07:30ืืื ืืื ืคืืชื ืืืื ืจืื ืืื ืืืืื ื"ืืืืจืืฅ": "ืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืขืฆืื"08:45ืืืื ืคืื ืืืคืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืฉืืคื ืืกืื ืกืืืืกืืฉืืชืืฃ GWS 22:37ืจืืงื ืืจืืื ื ืื ืก ืืืจ ืืืืืื. ืจืืื ืฉืื ืฉืจืืงื ืืจืืื ืืจืฉืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืฉืืชื ืืื ื. ืจืืงื ืืจืืื ืฉืืชื ืจืืงื ืืจืืื ื ืื ืก ืืืจ ืืืืืื. ืจืืื ืฉืื ืฉืจืืงื ืืจืืื ืืจืฉืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืฉืืชื ืืื ื. ืจืืงื ืืจืืื ืฉืืชื 22:33ืขืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืขืืฉืื ืืช "ืืกืืฃ ืืื" ืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืฉืืฆื ืืฉืืืข ืขืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืขืืฉืื ืืช "ืืกืืฃ ืืื" ืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืฉืืฆื ืืฉืืืข 21:37ืงืืจืข ืื: ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืฉื ืืจืืง ืืืื ืืื ืืชืื ืงืืจืข ืื: ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืฉื ืืจืืง ืืืื ืืื ืืชืื 16:56"ืืืืชื ืคื ืืช 17": ื ืชื ืืื ืจ ืืคืชืืข ืืช ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืืืืืืจ ืืืชื ืืจืืข ืืฉืืชืฃ ืืืขืืจ "ืืืืชื ืคื ืืช 17": ื ืชื ืืื ืจ ืืคืชืืข ืืช ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืืืืืืจ ืืืชื ืืจืืข ืืฉืืชืฃ ืืืขืืจ 16:26ืืืคืงืก ืืืืคืข ืืืืื 360 ืืืืจืื ืืืฆืขืื ืืช "ืืจืืช ืขืืื" ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืชื ืืกืคื ืืืคืงืก ืืืืคืข ืืืืื 360 ืืืืจืื ืืืฆืขืื ืืช "ืืจืืช ืขืืื" ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืชื ืืกืคื ืืชืงืืคื ืืชืงืจืืช?"ืืคื ืืืื ืคืื ื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืกืืกืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื"07:48ืืชืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืช ื ืคืื ืืคื"ืืื ืืก ืืื ืกื, ืืฉ ืืืง ืืืฉ": ืื ืขืืื ืขืืงืฅ ืืืืืืื ืื06:32ืฉืืขืื ืืืคืจืืโ ืืืจื 30 ืฉื ืืืืืก ืืืืจ ืืืฉืคืช ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืช ืืกืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืกื ืืืืก06:37ืืกืง ืงืฉืช 12 ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืฆืืืฆื"ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืกืืืจื ืืืืืฉืช ืืืฉืืจ - ืขื ืืื ืืคืืชื"20:40ื ืืจ ืืืืจื, ืื ื ืืืก ืืืงืื ืื ืืืคืฆืืฆืืืืืขืฆืื ืฉืืืจื ืื ืืืจืืืค - ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืคืืช ืืืชืงืคื17:26ืชืืืจ ืืืืืืจ ืืืกืชืืืืช ืฉื "ืืื ืืงืืื ื" ืฉื ืืืืืื14:00ืฉืืขืื ืืืคืจืืโ ืืฉื ืืจืฆื"ืืจื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืชืืช ืืืืฆื ืืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืื"10:08ืฉืืขืื ืืืคืจืืโ ืืืื ืฉื ืืจืืื ื ืืคืฉืข: "ืื ืืืื ืืืืฆื ืฉืืื"08:51ืฉืืขืื ืืืคืจืืโ "ืืื ืืคืชื ืขืืื ื ืืงืืื ืืืกื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืืจ"19.02.26ืฉืืขืื ืืืคืจืืโ ืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืฉื ืืจืื'ื: "ื ืืฉ ืืช ืขืืื ืืคืฉืข"12:18ืฉืืขืื ืืืคืจืืโ ืืืขื ืืจืก ืื: ืืืชื ื ืฉื ืงืืืื ื'ื ืจ ืืืืืืชื ืฉืืืืื08:28mako ืกืืืก "ืื ื ืืืฉื ืฉืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืชืื ืช ืืืง"06:45mako ืกืืืก ืืืืฉืช ืืืืฉืืช ื ืคืฆืขื ืื ืืงืงื ืืืืคืื ืจืคืืื19.02.26ืืืื ืืจืงืืืืฅ' ืืคื ื ืืืืืืื ื ืคืจืืืจ ืืืืืช 39 ืขื ืืืืื ืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืืช19.02.26ืืืื ืืจืงืืืืฅ' ืืืจื ืฉืืชื ืืื: ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืขื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื19.02.26ืืืื ืืจืงืืืืฅ' ืื ืขืฆืจื ืืจืืขืื ืื ืฉืืืืืืช ืืืจื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืจื ืฉืืืข ืกืืขืจ ืืืืชืจืืช09:44 ืกืืืจืช ืืฉืืืืืืจื ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืคืืืืืงืื: ืืืฆืจืช ืืชืืื ืกืืืจืช ืืฉืืื22:36ืืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืช ืื ืืืจืืช?ืื ืฉืืฉ: "ืื ืืช ืื ืืจืืื ืื - ืืช ืคืฉืื ืงื ืืืช"20.02.26ืืฉื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืจ ืืืื ืืืฉืฃ"ืื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืงืื ืืืื ื ืืกืฃ"19.02.26ืืฉื ืืืืืืื "ืฉืืืขืื ืคืืฆืืฅ"ืืืจืื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืื ืขืืจื ื18.02.26ืืฉื ืืืืืืื ืจืืื ืืื:ืืจื ืืืกืงืื ืืื ื ืขืจ ืืคืืกืืจ ืฉื ืืืชืคืจืงืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช22:15ืจืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืชืืงืฃ ืืืจื ืืืชื ืฉื ืื ื ืขืื: "ืื ืฆืืื ื"10:30ืืื ืืฉืขืื ืืืืฆืจืื ืืืฉืจืืืื ืฉืืชืขืืชื ืขื ืืืืจื ืื ืงืก20.02.26ืืืื ืืกืคื, ืืืก ืื ื'ืืก ืงืืจืข ืื: ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืืชืื06:40mako ืชืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืฉื ืืจืืง ืืืื: "ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืจ"19:10ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืฆืื: ืกืื ืืฆ'ืืคืก ืืืืฉืื ืืืืกืืจืื (ืืืื ืขืืฉืื ืืช ืื ืืืืช)ืืืชืืื ืื ืฉื ืืฆืื: ืกืื ืืฆ'ืืคืก ืืืืฉืื ืืืืกืืจืื (ืืืื ืขืืฉืื ืืช ืื ืืืืช) ื ืืกืขืื ืฆืคืื ื? ืืืืจื ืืช ืืคื ืื ื ืืืืืืงืืช ืฉืืกืชืชืจืช ืืชืื ืงืืืืฅ ืืืืฉืจืืืืืชืื ื ืืกืขืื ืฆืคืื ื? ืืืืจื ืืช ืืคื ืื ื ืืืืืืงืืช ืฉืืกืชืชืจืช ืืชืื ืงืืืืฅ ืืืืฉืจืื ืืจืืืช ืฆืืจืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืกืขืื ืืฉืคืืชืืช? ืืฃ ืคืขื ืื ื ืกืจื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืชืื ืืจืืืช ืฆืืจืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืกืขืื ืืฉืคืืชืืช? ืืฃ ืคืขื ืื ื ืกืจื ืืืืจ ืืื ืื, ืืืช ืื ืขืืืช ืื ื ืืช. ืื ืื ืื?ืืืชืืื ืื, ืืืช ืื ืขืืืช ืื ื ืืช. ืื ืื ืื? ื ืจืื ืืขืื? ืื ืืคืืื ืขืื ืืืชืจ ืืขืื ืืื ืฉื ืจืืืืืชืืื ื ืจืื ืืขืื? ืื ืืคืืื ืขืื ืืืชืจ ืืขืื ืืื ืฉื ืจืื ืืชืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืจ ืืืฉ: ืื ืืกืื ืฉื ืืฆ'ืืคืก ืืืืื ืื11:42ืื ืฉื ืืืกืขืื ืฉืืฆืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืช ืื - ืืื ืืืฆ ืืืืงืืืง21:28ืจืืื ืืืืืฉืืืื ืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืื ืื ืงืื. ืืืื ืืฉ ืืื ืืขืื ืืื19.02.26ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืง ืจืื ืืจืืื ืืช ืืชืคืจืื, ืืืชื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืืืื19.02.26ืืื ืืื ืกืจืื ืืจืืื:ืืืืงื ืงืื ื, ืืืื ืืจืืืืืืฉืืชืืฃ ืืกืืจืื ืืงื ืฉืื ื ืืืืืืืื ืืง ืฉื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืืืื: ืืืขื ืฉืืืฉืจืืืื ืืืฉื19.02.26ืืกืฃ ืืงื ืื ืขืืื ืกืืื: ืื ืงืืจื ืืืจื ืฉืฉืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืื ืชื"ื?20.02.26ื ืืข ืืืจื ืืฉืจืืืื ืคืืื ืืืืืข ืืืื - ืขืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืขื18:11ืืืจืื ืื ืืกืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืข ืืืืืืืจื: ืขืืืืช ืืงืคื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ื ืคืืจืง ืฉื ืืืืข: ืืืงืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืฉืคืืชื07:00ืืืจื ืืืืืจ-ืงืฉื ืฆืืจืืืจืช ืืื ืืืืฃ: ืืกืืืื ืื ืืืืืืืคืืืืช ืืืืจืฃ ืื ืืืชื ืฆืคืืืื ืืคืขืืื ืฆืืจืืืจืช ืืื ืืืืฃ: ืืกืืืื ืื ืืืืืืืคืืืืช ืืืืจืฃ ืื ืืืชื ืฆืคืืืื ืืคืขืืื ืื ืืกืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืจืืื ื ืื ืืกืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืจืืื ื ืืืจื ืืื ืืฉืงื ืืืืื, ืืืคืขืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืชืืืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืฉืงื ืืืืื, ืืืคืขืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืชืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืคืืขื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืกืืืืื ืืคืขืืื. ืืื ืืขืืงืจ ืื ืงืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืคืืขื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืกืืืืื ืืคืขืืื. ืืื ืืขืืงืจ ืื ืงืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืฉืืขืจ ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจืฉ ืขื ืืืืข ืืฆืืืื? ืื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืฉืืขืจ ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจืฉ ืขื ืืืืข ืืฆืืืื? ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืชืช ืืืื ืฉืื ืกืืื. ืืืื, ืชืชืคืืื ืืฉืืืข, ืคืืืช ืืชืืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืชืช ืืืื ืฉืื ืกืืื. ืืืื, ืชืชืคืืื ืืฉืืืข, ืคืืืช ืืชืืืจ "ืืจืืกืชื ื ืขืืื. ืื ื ืื ืืืฆื ืืืชื ืืฉืื ืืงืื"09:50ืืื ืจืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืช ืืืื ืืงืคืื ืขื ืืจ. ืขืืฉืื ืืื ืืืื06:00ืืื ืจืืื ืืชืืืืืช ืืคื ื ืืืืคื: ืืืฉื ืืืืข ืืชืืืืช ืืฉืืืข06:00ืืื ืจืืื "ืืงืืืช ืืช ืืืืจืืืช"ืืืืจื ืืืจืฉืขื ืืขืืืจื ืืืืจื - ืืชืฉืืืจืจ ืืืื 8519.02.26ืืื ืจืืื ืืชืขืืื ืฉืขืื ืืืืงืจ"ืืืฉืื ืจืืฆื ืืืกืืืจ ืื ืื ืืขืืืื ืื ื ืจืืื ืืื?"19.02.26ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืขื ืง ืืกืชืชืจ ืกืืฃ ืขืฆืื18:23ืืืืจ ืฆืื ืคืจืกืื ืจืืฉืืืืืจื ืืืืืื ืขืืื: ืืืืช ืืืืฉ ืฉื ื ืืื ืืื19.02.26ืืื ืืฉืขืื ืคืจืกืื ืจืืฉืืืืืื'ืื ืืืืื ืืืืข ืืืจืฅ ืืืจืืช ืืืชืืืืช ืขื ืืืจืื19.02.26ืืืืจ ืฆืื "ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืืช"ืขืืืจ ืืื ืืจื ืืืขืจืืฆื ืืืจืจ ืืืื19.02.26ืืื ืืฉืขืื ืขื ืืืืืื ื ืฆืคืืืชืืฉืืจ ืฉืืืจืคื ืืช ืืืืงืืืง ืืืฉืจืืื19.02.26ืืื ืืฉืขืื ืฉื ืื ืงืืื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืืขื ืคืืืืืงืื. ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืกืื ื ืืืจ ืืขืืจ ืืืจื ืืืืืคืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืงืืจืืื ื. ืงืืื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืฉืื ืืขืืจืจ ืงื ืืืขืื ืคืื ืก ืืจืื ืืช ืื ืืืืงืื ืื ืฉืฆืจืื ืืืืคืฉื ืจืืื ืืืช ืืชื ื ืืฉืืฉื500 ืฉืงืืื ืืงื ืืื ื-TFU TFU ืืืืก ืืืืจ ืืืฉืคืช"ืืฉืืชื ืฉืื ืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืชื ืืขืืจืช ืจืขื ืืืื"23:20ืืกืง ืงืฉืช 12 ื ืจืื ืืื ืืืืื ื"ืืืืจืืฅ": "ืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืขืฆืื"08:00ืืืื ืคืื ืืืืื? ืื ืืืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืงืืช ืืืฉืจืื12:14ืืืื ืคืื ืืืชื ืื ืื ืคืืืฉ ืืช ืืืืืงืฉืช ืืก' 1 ืืืืจืื20.02.26ืืืชื ืื ืื, ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืจืืจ ืขืื ื ืืืืืื: "ืืฉืฉืืขืชื ืฉืื ื ืืืืจืืื ืืจื ืขืืื ืขืืืื"19.02.26ืืกืง ืงืฉืช 12 LIVEืงืฉืช 12 ืืฉืืืืจ ืื27.01.25 "ืื ืืืืชื ืืืจืื ื ืืืืชื ืืืืื": ืื ืชืฉืืชืง ืืืจื20.02.26ืฉื ืืื ืจืืกืื ืืชืืื ืช ืขื ืืืจืื ืื ืืกืชืืจื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืช20.02.26 ืื ืฆืคืืื ืืืชืืืง ืืฉืืืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืื10:41ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืขืืื? ืืืืืื ืฉื ืขืื ื ืืฆื ืขืืจืจื ืกืขืจื20:20ื ืืขื ืืืืืื 1 ื-6 ื ืฉืื ืชืืืื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืืชืงืืคื ืืืืช20.02.26ื"ืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืก ืฉืืื ืื: ืจืืงืื ื ืจืื ืืืืฆืจื ืคืืกืืืง ืืงืืืฃ19.02.26ืืื ืชื ืืืฉื ืืฆืงื "ืคืื ืืืืจืฃ": ืฉืืฉืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืฉืืขืชืื ืืืื ืื19.02.26ืืื ืชื ืืืฉื ืืฆืงื ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื SMA"ืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืืื"ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืจืืฉ ืคืจืืฆืืืืงื ืืืืืืง ืืืืฉืฉืืขื ื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืจืื ื ืืจืืืช07:50ืงืจื ืืื ืฆืืง ืืืื ืืกืืืชืืช"ื: ืื ืื ืืืื, ืื ืคื ืืืืื ืืืืจืฃ ืฉื 300 ื"ืจ19.02.26ืงืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืคืชืจืื ืืชืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจื? ืื ืื ืฉืฆืจืื ืืขืฉืืช13:20 ืืขืฆืืช:ืืขืฆืืช: "ืืฉืืชื ืฉืื ืืืื ืคืืกื ืืขืืจืจ ืืืืืงืช - ืืืคืชืขืชื"19.02.26ืื ื ืืจืืื "ืืืืชื ืืงืืื ืืขืืืื, ืืืืฃ ืืืข ืฉืืฉืื ืื ืืกืืจ"11:54ืืืืจ ืฆืื "ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืงืืจืืช ืืืื, ืงืืืืชื ืืืืช ืคืขืืื ืื"19.02.26ืื ื ืืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืืฃืชืฉืืื ื-ChatGPT: ืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืฉื ื ืืช ืืขืืื19.02.26ืืืืืื "ืื ืฉืื ืืืจื: ืณืื ืื ื ืขืืืืื ืืืืจืช ืกืืืจืืืช'"19.02.26ืืจืืจ ืืืืืจืื 2 ืืจืืืืื ืืืืจ ื ืืืงื: ืืคืืงืืืคืกืช ื-AI ืืืจ ืคื11:56ืืจืืจ ืืืืืจืื ืืื ื ืคืื ืื ืืืืช ืงืืจื ืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ?19:20ืฉืืงื ืฉืื, ืฉืืืจืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืงืืื ืืืืืืจืืืืืคืจืช ื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืจ, ื ืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืกืืื ืืืฉืืืข ืฉืงืืืื ืืืฉืคืืขื ืืืช ืืืืจื ืจืื19.02.26ืืคืจืช ื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืจ ืขืืงืฅ ืืืืืจ: ืืืืื ื ืืืคื ืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืชื19.02.26ืืคืจืช ื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืจ ืืื ืื ืจืืชืืช ืืืจื ืฉืืืืจื ืืืืง ืืื ืงื ืื ืืืื19.02.26ืืคืจืช ื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืจ ืืืจืื ืืขืื ืฉื ืืืคื: ืืฆืฆื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืืกืืื20.02.26ืขืืคืจ ืคืืจืกืืืจื ืืืื ืืืคืชืืข: ืืืื ืขืจืื ืืฆืืจืช ืืืืงืืฉืื ืืืจืื?19.02.26ืขืืคืจ ืคืืจืกืืืจื ืขืกืงืช ืขื ืง: ืืฉืจืื ืงื ืื ืืืืขืช ืืช ืืงืจื19.02.26ืขืืคืจ ืคืืจืกืืืจื 137 ืืืจืืช, 100 ืืืจื ืืืื ื-29 ืงืืืืช ืืฉืจืืื19.02.26ืขืืคืจ ืคืืจืกืืืจื ืงืืืฆืช ืืืจืื ืชืื ื 138 ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืช ืื19.02.26ืขืืคืจ ืคืืจืกืืืจื ืืจืงืช ืชืขืืื 1.15 ืืืืืืจื ืฉืงื ืืฉืื ืื19.02.26ืขืืคืจ ืคืืจืกืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืฅ?18.02.26ืขืืคืจ ืคืืจืกืืืจื ืคืจืืืงื ืคืื ืื-ืืื ืื ืฉื 1,452 ืืืจืืช ืืืืจื18.02.26ืขืืคืจ ืคืืจืกืืืจื "ืืขื ืฃ ืขืืืจ ืืืคืื": ืงืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื18.02.26ืขืืคืจ ืคืืจืกืืืจื ืืืืจืื ืคืืจืฆืช ืืขืืื ืืืกืืจ18.02.26ืขืืคืจ ืคืืจืกืืืจื ืคืจืืืงื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืฉืืชืืื ืืืื ืืืจื 8 ืฉื ืื18.02.26ืขืืคืจ ืคืืจืกืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืจื ืคืชืืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืจืืช ืืจืืื ืืื ืืืช ืื17.02.26ืขืืคืจ ืคืืจืกืืืจื ืฉื ื ืืืืืืจื ืฉืงืืื ืืคืจืืืงื ืคืื ืื-ืืื ืื ืืค"ืช17.02.26ืขืืคืจ ืคืืจืกืืืจื ืจืฉืืช ืืงืจืงืขื ืืฉืจืื ืคืื ืชื 6,000 ืืื ื ืื ืื17.02.26ืขืืคืจ ืคืืจืกืืืจื "ืืืจืืจ ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืื"19.02.26ื ืืข ืืืจื ืืขื ืืจืื"ืื ื ืืคื ืง, ืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืื ืจืืฆืืช ืจืง ืืกืฃ"19.02.26ืืขื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืขืืชืื ืชืฆืืืื ืืขื ืืช ืืชืื 20 ืฉื ืืืช ืืชื ืืืื ืื20.02.26ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืื ืืคืืืจ "ืืื ืืืื ืฆืจืืื ืืืขืช?": ืกืขืจืช ืกืจืืื ืืืืืืจ19.02.26ืฉืจื ืฉืืื ืืืขืจื ืืืื ืฉืืืจืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืฉืื ื19.02.26ืขืื ืฉืืืข-ืขืฆืืื, ืืืขื ืืจืืก, ืขืื ืืืื ื ืืืืคืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื: ืืืืฆืจ ืฉืืคื ืืกืื ืกืืืืกืืฉืืชืืฃ GWS 50 ืจืงืื ืื ืืชืืืืจืช: ืืืคืงื ืฉืชืฉืชืื ืขื ืืืืคืจื17.02.26ืืืืจ ืฆืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืงื: ืืืืคืข ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืืืื'ืื ืืืืื15.02.26ืืืืจ ืฆืื ืืกืืืจืืืค ืืืฉืจืืื ืฉืืืืก 30 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ12.02.26ืืืืจ ืฆืื ืืคืืืจืืืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืขืื ืืืขื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืืืจืื19.02.26ืขื"ื ื ืืื ืืืจืืืกืงื ืืขืกืงืช ืขืืืืื ืืจืื: ืืจืคืืจืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืืืื19.02.26ืคืกืงืืื "ืื ืื ืขืจืื ืฉืขืืืืื ืื ืฆืจืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืช"18.02.26ืขื"ื ืืขืงื ืืืก ืืืงื ืืืฉืคืื ืืืกืืคืืจ ืฉื ืืชื ืืื17.02.26ืขื"ื ืืืจืืก ืืจืื ื ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืืื: ืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืจ ืืืืื11:30 ืืฉืืจ ืืืืฉืคืขื: ืืงืจืืช ืืงืจื ืฉื ืืืจืืื11:29 ืืืจื 102 ืฉื ื: ืืงืก ืืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืกืืืจืื?11:12 15 ื ืง` ื-13 ืืก` ืืื ื, 103:157 ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืจ09:03 "ืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืฉืขืืช ืฉื ืกืงืก ืงืืืฆืชื ืืกืืื, ืืื ืืขืืจืคื"06:47mako ืืืืื ืืืืจืช ืืืชืืื ืขื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืจืื ืืคื ื ืืืจืื: "ืื ืืื ืงืฉื"20.02.26ืืืจ ืืืืืฃ ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืจืืฉ ืืฆืขืืจื ืืืจื ืกืืช ืืืืืืจืืื20.02.26ืืืขื ืฉืื ืืชืืจืื ื ืืฉืฃืื ืืคืจืืื ืขื ืืกืืืช ืืคืืจืื ืฉื ืขืืคืจ ื ืืกืื18.02.26mako ืืืืื "ืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืฆืืฆืืืช ืืืืจ 'ืื ืืชื ืขืืฉื ืคื'?"18.02.26ืืืขื ืฉืื ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ื ืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืืืืคืืืืช: "ืฆืขื ืืฉืื"18.02.26ืืืขื ืฉืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืงืืจืช: ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืชื ืืืฉืจืื17.02.26ืืืขื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืจื ืกืโื ืืจ ืืจื ืืื ื ืืฉืคืืชื ืืืชืืื17.02.26mako ืืืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืืืื: "ืืคืกืงืชื ืืืชื ืฆื ืขื ืื ืฉืื ื"16.02.26 ืืืฆืจื ืืกืจื ืืืืชืืืืื ืืชื ืฆืืื ืืืจื 35 ืฉื ื16.02.26ืืืขื ืฉืื "ืืืจื ื ืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืืื, ืื ืืจืืฉืชื ืฆืืจื ืืื"15.02.26ืืืื ืืืืจ-ืจืื ื "ืืชืืืืชื ืืืฉืชื ืืืืช, ืขื ืฉืคืืฉืชื ืืืจ"15.02.26ืืืื ืืฉืื ืจ ืืื ืืืฆืจื ืืชืืื: "ืืชืืืืื ืืงืจืื ืืืื ืืืจืืื"14.02.26ืืืขื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืคืชื ืืช"ื: "ื ืืืก ืืืกืืืืช ืืืกืืื"13.02.26ืืืขื ืฉืื ืื ืืืจืื ืคื: ืื ื'ืืค ืืืืงืจื ืฉื ืืฉืฃ ืืืคืืจืกื ืืฉ ืืืจ ืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืกืคืืจืืืืืช? ืืืงื ื ืืช ืืืคืื ืืืืืจื ื-0 ืง"ื: ืื ืืชื ืื ืคืืื ืืช ืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืก ืืืื ืชืขืืืจ ืืืคืื, ืงืื ื ืืืืืื ืื ืืฉืชืื ืืืืื ืื ืฉืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืืง ืืคื ื ืจืืืฉืช ืจืืืืฉืืชืืฃ ื ืืกืื ืืืคืฉืช ืฉืืคืื ืืืขืจืื ืืื ืฉืืืช ืืฉืืคืื ื ืืืืจืืคื ืืชืงืืคื ืืงืจืืื ืืืื ื ืืืงืืืช ืืคืกืืฉืจืืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืกืืจื ืืื ืืืคืฉืช ืคืกื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืืืกืืฆืื ื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืคืฉืืช ืื ืืืจ ืคืืจืืืจ Finder TOP20ืืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืชืจืช ืืช ืืืืคืฉืืช ืืื ืืฉืชืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืงืืืช ืืงืืฅืื ืืืื ืืชืคืืก ืืช ืื ืืืืคืฉืืช ืืื ืฉืืืช ืืงืืฅ ืื ืจืง ืืืื: ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืืฉ ืขื ืืืฃ ืืจืฆืืืืืฉืืชืืฃ Medio ื ืื"ื ืืฉืืืืจ ืืืื ืงืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืขืืื ืื ืืืชืจื ืืื ืืื - 24/7ืืฉืืชืืฃ Medio ืืื ืงืืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื: ืืืืจ ืืฉืืื ื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืืฃืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืฉืืืกืื ืืจืืืฉื ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืกืฃืืฉืืชืืฃ Medio ื ืื"ื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืืื ' ืืคืชืืืืื ืืืืช ืืขื ืืง ืืื ืืชืจืื ืืงืจืืืจื ืืขืชืืืืช?ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืืืื ' ืืคืชืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืืฆื ืืืืืืฉืืื ืฉืืช ืืฆืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืฉืืืช? ืืฉืืชืืฃ GELLYืืฆืืจืคื ื ืืคืืื ืืืกืืื ืฉื "ืืืืื ืืื" ืืืจื ืืจืืข ืืกืืืืืฉืืชืืฃ GELLY ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืืืืืืคืงื ื'ืืืื': ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืืฉ ืืฉืคืชืืื ืจืืืช ืืืืืจืืชืืฉืืชืืฃ ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืจืจ ืืืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืืืคืืืื ืฉืขืืจื18.02.26 ืืกืืืื ืืืืกืงืจ: ืกืจื ืืฉืจืืื ืืชืืืื ืขื ืืคืกืืื18.02.26 ืืจืงืื ืืืืืืืื ืฉืคืชื ืืกืขืื ืืชื ืืืื18.02.26 ืืืจืืช ืฉืืืื ืืชืงืืคื: ืฉื ืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืฉ17.02.26 ื ืืขื ืงืืจื ืืืืจืช ืืืืงืืจ ืืืืช ืืืืืชื17.02.26
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[SOURCE: https://forum.unity.com/] | [TOKENS: 45]
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The Unity Discussions (previously Unity Forums & Unity Answers) is a place for you to ask questions, discuss, help others, and get help from peers regarding Unity development. Powered by Discourse, best viewed with JavaScript enabled
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/datasets/Raziel1234/WebBooks] | [TOKENS: 90]
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Datasets: Raziel1234 / WebBooks like 0 Books Corpus Dataset Overview This dataset is a large collection of text lines extracted from free books available on Project Gutenberg. The dataset is primarily composed of literary texts, including classical literature and science fiction. It is designed for training custom language models focused on book-style text generation. Dataset Structure Each line in the corpus represents a cleaned sentence or paragraph extracted from the HTML of Project Gutenberg books. Features Usage
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times] | [TOKENS: 13653]
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Contents The New York Times The New York Times (NYT)[b] is a newspaper based in Manhattan, New York City. The New York Times covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces and reviews. As one of the longest-running newspapers in the United States, the Times serves as one of the country's newspapers of record. As of August 2025[update], The New York Times had 11.88 million total and 11.3 million online subscribers, both by significant margins the highest numbers for any newspaper in the United States; the total also included 580,000 print subscribers. The New York Times is published by the New York Times Company; since 1896, the company has been chaired by the Ochs-Sulzberger family, whose current chairman and the paper's publisher is A. G. Sulzberger. The Times is headquartered at The New York Times Building in Midtown Manhattan. The Times was founded as the conservative New-York Daily Times in 1851, and came to national recognition in the 1870s with its aggressive coverage of corrupt politician Boss Tweed. Following the Panic of 1893, Chattanooga Times publisher Adolph Ochs gained a controlling interest in the company. In 1935, Ochs was succeeded by his son-in-law, Arthur Hays Sulzberger, who began a push into European news. Sulzberger's son Arthur Ochs Sulzberger became publisher in 1963, adapting to a changing newspaper industry and introducing radical changes. The New York Times was involved in the landmark 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, which restricted the ability of public officials to sue the media for defamation. In 1971, The New York Times published the Pentagon Papers, an internal Department of Defense document detailing the United States's historical involvement in the Vietnam War, despite pushback from then-president Richard Nixon. In the landmark decision New York Times Co. v. United States (1971), the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment guaranteed the right to publish the Pentagon Papers. In the 1980s, the Times began a two-decade progression to digital technology and launched nytimes.com in 1996. In the 21st century, it shifted its publication online amid the global decline of newspapers. Currently, the Times maintains several regional bureaus staffed with journalists across six continents. It has expanded to several other publications, including The New York Times Magazine, The New York Times International Edition, and The New York Times Book Review. In addition, the paper has produced several television series, podcastsโincluding The Dailyโand games through The New York Times Games. The New York Times has been involved in a number of controversies in its history. Among other accolades, it has been awarded the Pulitzer Prize 135 times since 1918, the most of any publication. According to a 2025 Pew Research Center study on educational differences among audiences of 30 major U.S. news outlets, The New York Times had the highest proportion of college-educated readers among the daily newspapers surveyed, with 56% of its audience holding at least a bachelor's degree. History The New York Times was established in 1851 as the New-York Daily Times by New-York Tribune journalists Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones. The Times experienced significant circulation, particularly among conservatives; New-York Tribune publisher Horace Greeley praised the Times. During the American Civil War, Times correspondents gathered information directly from Confederate states. In 1869, Jones inherited the paper from Raymond, who had changed its name to The New-York Times. Under Jones, the Times began to publish a series of articles criticizing Tammany Hall political boss William M. Tweed, despite vehement opposition from other New York newspapers. In 1871, The New-York Times published Tammany Hall's accounting books; Tweed was tried in 1873 and sentenced to twelve years in prison. The Times earned national recognition for its coverage of Tweed. In 1891, Jones died, creating a management imbroglio in which his children had insufficient business acumen to inherit the company and his will prevented an acquisition of the Times. Editor-in-chief Charles Ransom Miller, editorial editor Edward Cary, and correspondent George F. Spinney established a company to manage The New-York Times, but faced financial difficulties during the Panic of 1893. In August 1896, Chattanooga Times publisher Adolph Ochs acquired The New-York Times, implementing significant alterations to the newspaper's structure. Ochs established the Times as a merchant's newspaper and removed the hyphen from the newspaper's name. In 1905, The New York Times opened Times Tower, marking expansion. The Times experienced a political realignment in the 1910s amid several disagreements within the Republican Party. The New York Times reported on the sinking of the Titanic, as other newspapers were cautious about bulletins circulated by the Associated Press. Through managing editor Carr Van Anda, the Times paid considerable attention to advances in science, reporting on Albert Einstein's then-obscure theory of general relativity and becoming involved in the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun. In April 1935, Ochs died, leaving his son-in-law Arthur Hays Sulzberger as publisher. The Great Depression forced Sulzberger to reduce The New York Times's operations, and developments in the New York newspaper landscape resulted in the formation of larger newspapers, such as the New York Herald Tribune and the New York World-Telegram. In contrast to Ochs, Sulzberger encouraged wirephotography. The New York Times extensively covered World War II through large headlines, reporting on exclusive stories such as the Yugoslav coup d'รฉtat. Amid the war, Sulzberger began expanding the Times's operations further, acquiring WQXR-FM in 1944โthe first non-Times investment since the Jones eraโand established a fashion show in Times Hall. Despite reductions as a result of conscription, The New York Times retained the largest journalism staff of any newspaper. The Times's print edition became available internationally during the war through the Army & Air Force Exchange Service; The New York Times Overseas Weekly later became available in Japan through The Asahi Shimbun and in Germany through the Frankfurter Zeitung. The international edition would develop into a separate newspaper. Journalist William L. Laurence publicized the atomic bomb race between the United States and Germany, resulting in the Federal Bureau of Investigation seizing copies of the Times. The United States government recruited Laurence to document the Manhattan Project in April 1945. Laurence became the only witness of the Manhattan Project, a detail realized by employees of The New York Times following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. Following World War II, The New York Times continued to expand. The Times was subject to investigations from the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, a McCarthyist subcommittee that investigated purported communism from within press institutions. Arthur Hays Sulzberger's decision to dismiss a copyreader who had pleaded the Fifth Amendment drew ire from within the Times and from external organizations. In April 1961, Sulzberger resigned, appointing his son-in-law, The New York Times Company president Orvil Dryfoos. Under Dryfoos, The New York Times established a newspaper based in Los Angeles. In 1962, the implementation of automated printing presses in response to increasing costs mounted fears over technological unemployment. The New York Typographical Union staged a strike in December, altering the media consumption of New Yorkers. The strike left New York with three remaining newspapersโthe Times, the Daily News, and the New York Postโby its conclusion in March 1963. In May, Dryfoos died of a heart ailment. Following weeks of ambiguity, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger became The New York Times's publisher. Technological advancements leveraged by newspapers such as the Los Angeles Times and improvements in coverage from The Washington Post and The Wall Street Journal necessitated adaptations to nascent computing. The New York Times published "Heed Their Rising Voices" in 1960, a full-page advertisement purchased by supporters of Martin Luther King Jr. criticizing law enforcement in Montgomery, Alabama for their response to the civil rights movement. Montgomery Public Safety commissioner L. B. Sullivan sued the Times for defamation. In New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the verdict in Alabama county court and the Supreme Court of Alabama violated the First Amendment. The decision is considered to be landmark. After financial losses, The New York Times ended its international edition, acquiring a stake in the Paris Herald Tribune, forming the International Herald Tribune. The Times initially published the Pentagon Papers, facing opposition from then-president Richard Nixon. The Supreme Court ruled in The New York Times's favor in New York Times Co. v. United States (1971), allowing the Times and The Washington Post to publish the papers. The New York Times remained cautious in its initial coverage of the Watergate scandal. As Congress began investigating the scandal, the Times furthered its coverage, publishing details on the Huston Plan, alleged wiretapping of reporters and officials, and testimony from James W. McCord Jr. that the Committee for the Re-Election of the President paid the conspirators off. The exodus of readers to suburban New York newspapers, such as Newsday and Gannett papers, adversely affected The New York Times's circulation. Contemporary newspapers balked at additional sections; Time devoted a cover for its criticism and New York wrote that the Times was engaging in "middle-class self-absorption". The New York Times, the Daily News, and the New York Post were the subject of a strike in 1978, allowing emerging newspapers to leverage halted coverage. The Times deliberately avoided coverage of the AIDS epidemic, running its first front-page article in May 1983. Max Frankel's editorial coverage of the epidemic, with mentions of anal intercourse, contrasted with then-executive editor A. M. Rosenthal's puritan approach, intentionally avoiding descriptions of the luridity of gay venues. Following years of waning interest in The New York Times, Sulzberger resigned in January 1992, appointing his son, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr., as publisher. The Internet represented a generational shift within the Times; Sulzberger, who negotiated The New York Times Company's acquisition of The Boston Globe in 1993, derided the Internet, while his son expressed antithetical views. @times appeared on America Online's website in May 1994 as an extension of The New York Times, featuring news articles, film reviews, sports news, and business articles. Despite opposition, several employees of the Times had begun to access the Internet. The online success of publications that traditionally co-existed with the Timesโsuch as America Online, Yahoo, and CNNโand the expansion of websites such as Monster.com and Craigslist that threatened The New York Times's classified advertisement model increased efforts to develop a website. nytimes.com debuted on January 19 and was formally announced three days later. The Times published domestic terrorist Ted Kaczynski's essay Industrial Society and Its Future in 1995, contributing to his arrest after his brother David recognized the essay's penmanship. Following the establishment of nytimes.com, The New York Times retained its journalistic hesitancy under executive editor Joseph Lelyveld, refusing to publish an article reporting on the ClintonโLewinsky scandal from Drudge Report. nytimes.com editors conflicted with print editors on several occasions, including wrongfully naming security guard Richard Jewell as the suspect in the Centennial Olympic Park bombing and covering the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in greater detail than the print edition. The New York Times Electronic Media Company was adversely affected by the dot-com crash. The Times extensively covered the September 11 attacks. The following day's print issue contained sixty-six articles, the work of over three hundred dispatched reporters. Journalist Judith Miller was the recipient of a package containing a white powder during the 2001 anthrax attacks, furthering anxiety within The New York Times. In September 2002, Miller and military correspondent Michael R. Gordon wrote an article for the Times claiming that Iraq had purchased aluminum tubes. The article was cited by then-president George W. Bush to claim that Iraq was constructing weapons of mass destruction; the theoretical use of aluminum tubes to produce nuclear material was speculation. In March 2003, the United States invaded Iraq, beginning the Iraq War. The New York Times attracted controversy after thirty-six articles from journalist Jayson Blair were discovered to be plagiarized. Criticism over then-executive editor Howell Raines and then-managing editor Gerald M. Boyd mounted following the scandal, culminating in a town hall in which a deputy editor criticized Raines for failing to question Blair's sources in article he wrote on the D.C. sniper attacks. In June 2003, Raines and Boyd resigned. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. appointed Bill Keller as executive editor. Miller continued to report on the Iraq War as a journalistic embed covering the country's weapons of mass destruction program. Keller and then-Washington bureau chief Jill Abramson unsuccessfully attempted to subside criticism. Conservative media criticized the Times over its coverage of missing explosives from the Al Qa'qaa weapons facility. An article in December 2005 disclosing warrantless surveillance by the National Security Agency contributed to further criticism from the George W. Bush administration and the Senate's refusal to renew the Patriot Act. In the Plame affair, a Central Intelligence Agency inquiry found that Miller had become aware of Valerie Plame's identity through then-vice president Dick Cheney's chief of staff Scooter Libby, resulting in Miller's resignation. During the Great Recession, The New York Times suffered significant fiscal difficulties as a consequence of the subprime mortgage crisis and a decline in classified advertising. Exacerbated by Rupert Murdoch's revitalization of The Wall Street Journal through his acquisition of Dow Jones & Company, The New York Times Company began enacting measures to reduce the newsroom budget. The company was forced to borrow $250 million (equivalent to $373.84 million in 2025) from Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim and fired over one hundred employees by 2010. nytimes.com's coverage of the Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal, resulting in the resignation of then-New York governor Eliot Spitzer, furthered the legitimacy of the website as a journalistic medium. The Times's economic downturn renewed discussions of an online paywall; The New York Times implemented a paywall in March 2011. Abramson succeeded Keller, continuing her characteristic investigations into corporate and government malfeasance into the Times's coverage. Following conflicts with newly appointed chief executive Mark Thompson's ambitions, Abramson was dismissed by Sulzberger Jr., who named Dean Baquet as her replacement. Leading up to the 2016 presidential election, The New York Times elevated the Hillary Clinton email controversy into a national issue. Donald Trump's upset victory contributed to an increase in subscriptions to the Times. The New York Times experienced unprecedented indignation from Trump, who referred to publications such as the Times as "enemies of the people" at the Conservative Political Action Conference and tweeted his disdain for the newspaper and CNN. In October 2017, The New York Times published an article by journalists Jodi Kantor and Megan Twohey alleging that dozens of women had accused film producer and The Weinstein Company co-chairman Harvey Weinstein of sexual misconduct. The investigation resulted in Weinstein's resignation and conviction, precipitated the Weinstein effect, and served as a catalyst for the #MeToo movement. The New York Times Company vacated the public editor position and eliminated the copy desk in November. Sulzberger Jr. announced his resignation in December 2017, appointing his son, A. G. Sulzberger, as publisher. Trump's relationshipโequally diplomatic and negativeโmarked Sulzberger's tenure. In September 2018, The New York Times published "I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration", an anonymous essay by a self-described Trump administration official later revealed to be Department of Homeland Security chief of staff Miles Taylor. The animosityโwhich extended to nearly three hundred instances of Trump disparaging the Times by May 2019โculminated in Trump ordering federal agencies to cancel their subscriptions to The New York Times and The Washington Post in October 2019. Trump's tax returns have been the subject of three separate investigations.[c] During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Times began implementing data services and graphs. On May 23, 2020, The New York Times's front page solely featured U.S. Deaths Near 100,000, An Incalculable Loss, a subset of the 100,000 people in the United States who died of COVID-19, the first time that the Times's front page lacked images since they were introduced. Since 2020, The New York Times has focused on broader diversification, developing online games and producing television series. The New York Times Company acquired The Athletic in January 2022. Organization Since 1896, The New York Times has been published by the Ochs-Sulzberger family, having previously been published by Henry Jarvis Raymond until 1869 and by George Jones until 1896. Adolph Ochs published the Times until his death in 1935, when he was succeeded by his son-in-law, Arthur Hays Sulzberger. Sulzberger was publisher until 1961 and was succeeded by Orvil Dryfoos, his son-in-law, who served in the position until his death in 1963. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger succeeded Dryfoos until his resignation in 1992. His son, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr., served as publisher until 2018. The New York Times's current publisher is A. G. Sulzberger, Sulzberger Jr.'s son. As of 2023, the Times's executive editor is Joseph Kahn and the paper's managing editors are Marc Lacey and Carolyn Ryan, having been appointed in June 2022. The New York Times's deputy managing editors are Sam Dolnick, Monica Drake, and Steve Duenes, and the paper's assistant managing editors are Matthew Ericson, Jonathan Galinsky, Hannah Poferl, Sam Sifton, Karron Skog, and Michael Slackman. The New York Times is owned by The New York Times Company, a publicly traded company. The New York Times Company, in addition to the Times, owns Wirecutter, The Athletic, The New York Times Cooking, and The New York Times Games, and acquired Serial Productions and Audm. The New York Times Company holds undisclosed minority investments in multiple other businesses, and formerly owned The Boston Globe and several radio and television stations. The New York Times Company is majority-owned by the Ochs-Sulzberger family through elevated shares in the company's dual-class stock structure held largely in a trust, in effect since the 1950s; as of 2022, the family holds ninety-five percent of The New York Times Company's Class B shares, allowing it to elect seventy percent of the company's board of directors. Class A shareholders have restrictive voting rights. As of 2023, The New York Times Company's chief executive is Meredith Kopit Levien, the company's former chief operating officer who was appointed in September 2020. As of March 2023, The New York Times Company employs 5,800 individuals, including 1,700 journalists according to deputy managing editor Sam Dolnick. Journalists for The New York Times may not run for public office, provide financial support to political candidates or causes, endorse candidates, or demonstrate public support for causes or movements. Journalists are subject to the guidelines established in "Ethical Journalism" and "Guidelines on Integrity". According to the former, Times journalists must abstain from using sources with a personal relationship to them and must not accept reimbursements or inducements from individuals who may be written about in The New York Times, with exceptions for gifts of nominal value. The latter requires attribution and exact quotations, though exceptions are made for linguistic anomalies. Staff writers are expected to ensure the veracity of all written claims, but may delegate researching obscure facts to the research desk. In March 2021, the Times established a committee to avoid journalistic conflicts of interest with work written for The New York Times, following columnist David Brooks's resignation from the Aspen Institute for his undisclosed work on the initiative Weave. The New York Times editorial board was established in 1896 by Adolph Ochs. With the opinion department, the editorial board is independent of the newsroom. Then-editor-in-chief Charles Ransom Miller served as opinion editor from 1883 until his death in 1922. Rollo Ogden succeeded Miller until his death in 1937. From 1937 to 1938, John Huston Finley served as opinion editor; in a prearranged plan, Charles Merz succeeded Finley. Merz served in the position until his retirement in 1961. John Bertram Oakes served as opinion editor from 1961 to 1976, when then-publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger appointed Max Frankel. Frankel served in the position until 1986, when he was appointed as executive editor. Jack Rosenthal was the opinion editor from 1986 to 1993. Howell Raines succeeded Rosenthal until 2001, when he was made executive editor. Gail Collins succeeded Raines until her resignation in 2006. From 2007 to 2016, Andrew Rosenthal was the opinion editor. James Bennet succeeded Rosenthal until his resignation in 2020. As of July 2024[update], the editorial board comprises thirteen opinion writers. The New York Times's opinion editor is Kathleen Kingsbury and the deputy opinion editor is Patrick Healy. The New York Times's editorial board was initially opposed to liberal beliefs, opposing women's suffrage in 1900 and 1914. The editorial board began to espouse progressive beliefs during Oakes's tenure, conflicting with the Ochs-Sulzberger family, of which Oakes was a member as Adolph Ochs's nephew; in 1976, Oakes publicly disagreed with Sulzberger's endorsement of Daniel Patrick Moynihan over Bella Abzug in the 1976 Senate Democratic primaries in a letter sent from Martha's Vineyard. Under Rosenthal, the editorial board took positions supporting assault weapons legislation and the legalization of marijuana, but publicly criticized the Obama administration over its portrayal of terrorism. In presidential elections, The New York Times has endorsed a total of twelve Republican candidates and thirty-two Democratic candidates, and has endorsed the Democrat in every election since 1960.[j] With the exception of Wendell Willkie, Republicans endorsed by the Times have won the presidency. In 2016, the editorial board issued an anti-endorsement against Donald Trump for the first time in its history. In February 2020, the editorial board reduced its presence from several editorials each day to occasional editorials for events deemed particularly significant. Since August 2024, the board no longer endorses candidates in local or congressional races in New York. Since 1940, editorial, media, and technology workers of The New York Times have been represented by the New York Times Guild. The Times Guild, along with the Times Tech Guild, are represented by the NewsGuild-CWA. In 1940, Arthur Hays Sulzberger was called upon by the National Labor Relations Board amid accusations that he had discouraged Guild membership in the Times. Over the next few years, the Guild would ratify several contracts, expanding to editorial and news staff in 1942 and maintenance workers in 1943. The New York Times Guild has walked out several times in its history, including for six and a half hours in 1981 and in 2017, when copy editors and reporters walked out at lunchtime in response to the elimination of the copy desk. On December 7, 2022, the union held a one-day strike, the first interruption to The New York Times since 1978. The New York Times Guild reached an agreement in May 2023 to increase minimum salaries for employees and a retroactive bonus. The Times Tech Guild is the largest technology union with collective bargaining rights in the United States. The guild held a second strike beginning on November 4, 2024, threatening the Times's coverage of the 2024 United States presidential election. Content As of August 2025, The New York Times has 11.8 million subscribers, with 11.3 million online-only subscribers and 580,000 print subscribers. The New York Times Company intends to have 15 million subscribers by 2027. The Times's shift towards subscription-based revenue with the debut of an online paywall in 2011 contributed to subscription revenue exceeding advertising revenue the following year, furthered by the 2016 presidential election and Donald Trump. In 2022, Vox wrote that The New York Times's subscribers skew "older, richer, whiter, and more liberal"; to reflect the general population of the United States, the Times has attempted to alter its audience by acquiring The Athletic, investing in verticals such as The New York Times Games, and beginning a marketing campaign showing diverse subscribers to the Times. The New York Times Company chief executive Meredith Kopit Levien stated that the average age of subscribers has remained constant. In October 2001, The New York Times began publishing DealBook, a financial newsletter edited by Andrew Ross Sorkin. The Times had intended to publish the newsletter in September, but delayed its debut following the September 11 attacks. A website for DealBook was established in March 2006. The New York Times began shifting towards DealBook as part of the newspaper's financial coverage in November 2010 with a renewed website and a presence in the Times's print edition. In 2011, the Times began hosting the DealBook Summit, an annual conference hosted by Sorkin. During the COVID-19 pandemic, The New York Times hosted the DealBook Online Summit in 2020 and 2021. The 2022 DealBook Summit featuredโamong other speakersโformer vice president Mike Pence and Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu, culminating in an interview with former FTX chief executive Sam Bankman-Fried; FTX had filed for bankruptcy several weeks prior. The 2023 DealBook Summit's speakers included vice president Kamala Harris, Israeli president Isaac Herzog, and businessman Elon Musk. In June 2010, The New York Times licensed the political blog FiveThirtyEight in a three-year agreement. The blog, written by Nate Silver, had garnered attention during the 2008 presidential election for predicting the elections in forty-nine of fifty states. FiveThirtyEight appeared on nytimes.com in August. According to Silver, several offers were made for the blog; Silver wrote that a merger of unequals must allow for editorial sovereignty and resources from the acquirer, comparing himself to Groucho Marx. According to The New Republic, FiveThirtyEight drew as much as a fifth of the traffic to nytimes.com during the 2012 presidential election. In July 2013, FiveThirtyEight was sold to ESPN. In an article following Silver's exit, public editor Margaret Sullivan wrote that he was disruptive to the Times's culture for his perspective on probability-based predictions and scorn for pollingโhaving stated that punditry is "fundamentally useless", comparing him to Billy Beane, who implemented sabermetrics in baseball. According to Sullivan, his work was criticized by several notable political journalists. The New Republic obtained a memo in November 2013 revealing then-Washington bureau chief David Leonhardt's ambitions to establish a data-driven newsletter with presidential historian Michael Beschloss, graphic designer Amanda Cox, economist Justin Wolfers, and The New Republic journalist Nate Cohn. By March, Leonhardt had amassed fifteen employees from within The New York Times; the newsletter's staff included individuals who had created the Times's dialect quiz, fourth down analyzer, and a calculator for determining buying or renting a home. The Upshot debuted in April 2014. Fast Company reviewed an article about Illinois Secure Choiceโa state-funded retirement saving systemโas "neither a terse news item, nor a formal financial advice column, nor a politically charged response to economic policy", citing its informal and neutral tone. The Upshot developed "the needle" for the 2016 presidential election and 2020 presidential elections, a thermometer dial displaying the probability of a candidate winning. In January 2016, Cox was named editor of The Upshot. Kevin Quealy was named editor in June 2022. The New York Times has said it is perceived as a liberal newspaper. An analysis by Pew Research Center in October 2014 placed the Times readership as ideologically liberal based on a scale of 10 political values questions. According to an internal readership poll conducted by The New York Times in 2019, eighty-four percent of readers identified as liberal. The New York Times has struggled internally with how to balance its coverage, dismissing criticism from the left for "sanewashing" right-wing viewpoints in its coverage of Donald Trump. In covering Israel's war on the Gaza Strip that began in 2023, The New York Times instructed its reporters to restrict use of the terms 'Palestine', 'genocide', and 'refugee camps' to specific usages, with data analysis showing a pattern of articles emphasizing Israeli civilians killed by Palestinians over a much larger number of Palestinian civilians killed by Israelis. The group Writers Against the War on Gaza wrote in the blog Mondoweiss that this has contrasted with The New York Times coverage of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, in which Russia is considered a threat to U.S. foreign policy interests, while Israel is considered an ally. In February 1942, The New York Times crossword debuted in The New York Times Magazine; according to Richard Shepard, the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 convinced then-publisher Arthur Hays Sulzberger of the necessity of a crossword. The New York Times has published recipes since the 1850s and has had a separate food section since the 1940s. In 1961, restaurant critic Craig Claiborne published The New York Times Cookbook, an unauthorized cookbook that drew from the Times's recipes. Since 2010, former food editor Amanda Hesser has published The Essential New York Times Cookbook, a compendium of recipes from The New York Times. The Innovation Report in 2014 revealed that the Times had attempted to establish a cooking website since 1998, but faced difficulties with the absence of a defined data structure. In September 2014, The New York Times introduced NYT Cooking, an application and website. Edited by food editor Sam Sifton, the Times's cooking website features 21,000 recipes as of 2022. NYT Cooking features videos as part of an effort by Sifton to hire two former Tasty employees from BuzzFeed. In August 2023, NYT Cooking added personalized recommendations through the cosine similarity of text embeddings of recipe titles. The website also features no-recipe recipes, a concept proposed by Sifton. In May 2016, The New York Times Company announced a partnership with startup Chef'd to form a meal delivery service that would deliver ingredients from The New York Times Cooking recipes to subscribers; Chef'd shut down in July 2018 after failing to accrue capital and secure financing. The Hollywood Reporter reported in September 2022 that the Times would expand its delivery options to US$95 cooking kits curated by chefs such as Nina Compton, Chintan Pandya, and Naoko Takei Moore. That month, the staff of NYT Cooking went on tour with Compton, Pandya, and Moore in Los Angeles, New Orleans, and New York City, culminating in a food festival. In addition, The New York Times offered its own wine club originally operated by the Global Wine Company. The New York Times Wine Club was established in August 2009, during a dramatic decrease in advertising revenue. By 2021, the wine club was managed by Lot18, a company that provides proprietary labels. Lot18 managed the Williams Sonoma Wine Club and its own wine club Tasting Room. The New York Times archives its articles in a basement annex beneath its building known as "the morgue", a venture started by managing editor Carr Van Anda in 1907. The morgue comprises news clippings, a pictures library, and the Times's book and periodicals library. As of 2014, it is the largest library of any media company, dating back to 1851. In November 2018, The New York Times partnered with Google to digitize the Archival Library. Additionally, The New York Times has maintained a virtual microfilm reader known as TimesMachine since 2014. The service launched with archives from 1851 to 1980; in 2016, TimesMachine expanded to include archives from 1981 to 2002. The Times built a pipeline to take in TIFF images, article metadata in XML and an INI file of Cartesian geometry describing the boundaries of the page, and convert it into a PNG of image tiles and JSON containing the information in the XML and INI files. The image tiles are generated using GDAL and displayed using Leaflet, using data from a content delivery network. The Times ran optical character recognition on the articles using Tesseract and shingled and fuzzy string matched the result. The New York Times uses a proprietary content management system known as Scoop for its online content and the Microsoft Word-based content management system CCI for its print content. Scoop was developed in 2008 to serve as a secondary content management system for editors working in CCI to publish their content on the Times's website; as part of The New York Times's online endeavors, editors now write their content in Scoop and send their work to CCI for print publication. Since its introduction, Scoop has superseded several processes within the Times, including print edition planning and collaboration, and features tools such as multimedia integration, notifications, content tagging, and drafts. The New York Times uses private articles for high-profile opinion pieces, such as those written by Russian president Vladimir Putin and actress Angelina Jolie, and for high-level investigations. In January 2012, the Times released Integrated Content Editor (ICE), a revision tracking tool for WordPress and TinyMCE. ICE is integrated within the Times's workflow by providing a unified text editor for print and online editors, reducing the divide between print and online operations. By 2017, The New York Times began developing a new authoring tool to its content management system known as Oak, in an attempt to further the Times's visual efforts in articles and reduce the discrepancy between the mediums in print and online articles. The system reduces the input of editors and supports additional visual mediums in an editor that resembles the appearance of the article. Oak is based on ProseMirror, a JavaScript rich-text editor toolkit, and retains the revision tracking and commenting functionalities of The New York Times's previous systems. Additionally, Oak supports predefined article headers. In 2019, Oak was updated to support collaborative editing using Firebase to update editors's cursor status. Several Google Cloud Functions and Google Cloud Tasks allow articles to be previewed as they will be printed, and the Times's primary MySQL database is regularly updated to update editors on the article status. Style and design Since 1895, The New York Times has maintained a manual of style in several forms. The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage was published on the Times's intranet in 1999. The New York Times uses honorifics when referring to individuals. With the AP Stylebook's removal of honorifics in 2000 and The Wall Street Journal's omission of courtesy titles in May 2023, the Times is the only national newspaper that continues to use honorifics. According to former copy editor Merrill Perlman, The New York Times continues to use honorifics as a "sign of civility". The Times's use of courtesy titles led to an apocryphal rumor that the paper had referred to singer Meat Loaf as "Mr. Loaf". Several exceptions have been made; the former sports section and The New York Times Book Review do not use honorifics. A leaked memo following the killing of Osama bin Laden in May 2011 revealed that editors were given a last-minute instruction to omit the honorific from Osama bin Laden's name, consistent with deceased figures of historic significance, such as Adolf Hitler, Napoleon, and Vladimir Lenin. The New York Times uses academic and military titles for individuals prominently serving in that position. In 1986, the Times began to use Ms., and introduced the gender-neutral title Mx. in 2015. The New York Times uses initials when a subject has expressed a preference, such as Donald Trump. The New York Times maintains a strict but not absolute obscenity policy, including phrases. In a review of the Canadian hardcore punk band Fucked Up, music critic Kelefa Sanneh wrote that the band's nameโentirely rendered in asterisksโwould not be printed in the Times "unless an American president, or someone similar, says it by mistake"; The New York Times did not repeat then-vice president Dick Cheney's use of "fuck" against then-senator Patrick Leahy in 2004 or then-vice president Joe Biden's remarks that the passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2010 was a "big fucking deal". The Times's profanity policy has been tested by former president Donald Trump. The New York Times published Trump's Access Hollywood tape in October 2016, containing the words "fuck", "pussy", "bitch", and "tits", the first time the publication had published an expletive on its front page, and repeated an explicit phrase for fellatio stated by then-White House communications director Anthony Scaramucci in July 2017. The New York Times omitted Trump's use of the phrase "shithole countries" from its headline in favor of "vulgar language" in January 2018. The Times banned certain words, such as "bitch", "whore", and "sluts", from Wordle in 2022. Journalists for The New York Times do not write their own headlines, but rather copy editors who specifically write headlines. The Times's guidelines insist headline editors get to the main point of an article but avoid giving away endings, if present. Other guidelines include using slang "sparingly", avoiding tabloid headlines, not ending a line on a preposition, article, or adjective, and chiefly, not to pun. The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage states that wordplay, such as "Rubber Industry Bounces Back", is to be tested on a colleague as a canary is to be tested in a coal mine; "when no song bursts forth, start rewriting". The New York Times has amended headlines due to controversy. In 2019, following two back-to-back mass shootings in El Paso and Dayton, the Times used the headline, "Trump Urges Unity vs. Racism", to describe then-president Donald Trump's words after the shootings. After criticism from FiveThirtyEight founder Nate Silver, the headline was changed to, "Assailing Hate But Not Guns". Online, The New York Times's headlines do not face the same length restrictions as headlines that appear in print; print headlines must fit within a column, often six words. Additionally, headlines must "break" properly, containing a complete thought on each line without splitting up prepositions and adverbs. Writers may edit a headline to fit an article more aptly if further developments occur. The Times uses A/B testing for articles on the front page, placing two headlines against each other. At the end of the test, the headlines that receives more traffic is chosen. The alteration of a headline regarding intercepted Russian data used in the Mueller special counsel investigation was noted by Trump in a March 2017 interview with Time, in which he claimed that the headline used the word "wiretapped" in the print version of the paper on January 20, while the digital article on January 19 omitted the word. The headline was intentionally changed in the print version to use "wiretapped" in order to fit within the print guidelines. The nameplate of The New York Times has been unaltered since 1967. In creating the initial nameplate, Henry Jarvis Raymond took as his model the British newspaper The Times, which used a Blackletter style called Textura, popularized following the fall of the Western Roman Empire and regional variations of Alcuin's script, as well as a period. With the change to The New-York Times on September 14, 1857, the nameplate followed. Under George Jones, the terminals of the "N", "r", and "s" were intentionally exaggerated into swashes. The nameplate in the January 15, 1894, issue trimmed the terminals once more, smoothed the edges, and turned the stem supporting the "T" into an ornament. The hyphen was dropped on December 1, 1896, after Adolph Ochs purchased the paper. The descender of the "h" was shortened on December 30, 1914. The largest change to the nameplate was introduced on February 21, 1967, when type designer Ed Benguiat redesigned the logo, most prominently turning the arrow ornament into a diamond. Notoriously, the new logo dropped the period that had followed the word Times up until that point; one reader compared the omission of the period to "performing plastic surgery on Helen of Troy." Picture editor John Radosta worked with a New York University professor to determine that dropping the period saved the paper US$41.28 (equivalent to $398.59 in 2025). Print edition As of December 2023, The New York Times has printed sixty thousand issues, a statistic represented in the paper's masthead to the right of the volume number, the Times's years in publication written in Roman numerals. The volume and issues are separated by four dots representing the edition number of that issue; on the day of the 2000 presidential election, the Times was revised four separate times, necessitating the use of an em dash in place of an ellipsis. The em dash issue was printed hundreds times over before being replaced by the one-dot issue. Despite efforts by newsroom employees to recycle copies sent to The New York Times's office, several copies were kept, including one put on display at the Museum at The Times. From February 7, 1898, to December 31, 1999, the Times's issue number was incorrect by five hundred issues, an error suspected by The Atlantic to be the result of a careless front page type editor. The misreporting was noticed by news editor Aaron Donovan, who was calculating the number of issues in a spreadsheet and noticed the discrepancy. The New York Times celebrated fifty thousand issues on March 14, 1995, an observance that should have occurred on July 26, 1996. The New York Times has reduced the physical size of its print edition while retaining its broadsheet format. The New-York Daily Times debuted at 18 inches (460 mm) across. By the 1950s, the Times was being printed at 16 inches (410 mm) across. In 1953, an increase in paper costs to US$10 (equivalent to $120.34 in 2025) a ton increased newsprint costs to US$21.7 million (equivalent to $326,110,074.63 in 2025) On December 28, 1953, the pages were reduced to 15.5 inches (390 mm). On February 14, 1955, a further reduction to 15 inches (380 mm) occurred, followed by 14.5 and 13.5 inches (370 and 340 mm). On August 6, 2007, the largest cut occurred when the pages were reduced to 12 inches (300 mm),[k] a decision that other broadsheets had previously considered. Then-executive editor Bill Keller stated that a narrower paper would be more beneficial to the reader but acknowledged a net loss in article space of five percent. In 1985, The New York Times Company established a minority stake in a US$21.7 million (equivalent to $326,110,074.63 in 2025) newsprint plant in Clermont, Quebec through Donahue Malbaie. The company sold its equity interest in Donahue Malbaie in 2017. The New York Times often uses large, bolded headlines for major events. For the print version of the Times, these headlines are written by one copy editor, reviewed by two other copy editors, approved by the masthead editors, and polished by other print editors. The process is completed before 8 p.m., but it may be repeated if further development occur, as did take place during the 2020 presidential election. On the day Joe Biden was declared the winner, The New York Times utilized a "hammer headline" reading, "Biden Beats Trump", in all caps and bolded. A dozen journalists discussed several potential headlines, such as "It's Biden" or "Biden's Moment", and prepared for a Donald Trump victory, in which they would use "Trump Prevails". During Trump's first impeachment, the Times drafted the hammer headline, "Trump Impeached". The New York Times altered the ligatures between the E and the A, as not doing so would leave a noticeable gap due to the stem of the A sloping away from the E. The Times reused the tight kerning for "Biden Beats Trump" and Trump's second impeachment, which simply read, "Impeached". In cases where two major events occur on the same day or immediately after each other, The New York Times has used a "paddle wheel" headline, where both headlines are used but split by a line. The term dates back to August 8, 1959, when it was revealed that the United States was monitoring Soviet missile firings and when Explorer 6โshaped like a paddle wheelโlaunched. Since then, the paddle wheel has been used several times, including on January 21, 1981, when Ronald Reagan was sworn in minutes before Iran released fifty-two American hostages, ending the Iran hostage crisis. At the time, most newspapers favored the end of the hostage crisis, but the Times placed the inauguration above the crisis. Other occasions in which the paddle wheel has been used include on July 26, 2000, when the 2000 Camp David Summit ended without an agreement and when Bush announced that Dick Cheney would be his running mate, and on June 24, 2016, when the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum passed, beginning Brexit, and when the Supreme Court deadlocked in United States v. Texas. The New York Times has run editorials from its editorial board on the front page twice. On June 13, 1920, the Times ran an editorial opposing Warren G. Harding, who was nominated during that year's Republican Party presidential primaries. Amid growing acceptance to run editorials on the front pages from publications such as the Detroit Free Press, The Patriot-News, The Arizona Republic, and The Indianapolis Star, The New York Times ran an editorial on its front page on December 5, 2015, following a terrorist attack in San Bernardino, California, in which fourteen people were killed. The editorial advocates for the prohibition of "slightly modified combat rifles" used in the San Bernardino shooting and "certain kinds of ammunition". Conservative figures, including Texas senator Ted Cruz, The Weekly Standard editor Bill Kristol, Fox & Friends co-anchor Steve Doocy, and then-New Jersey governor Chris Christie criticized the Times. Talk radio host Erick Erickson acquired an issue of The New York Times to fire several rounds into the paper, posting a picture online. Since 1997, The New York Times's primary distribution center is located in College Point, Queens. The facility is 300,000 ft2 (28,000 m2) and employs 170 people as of 2017. The College Point distribution center prints 300,000 to 800,000 newspapers daily. On most occasions, presses start before 11 p.m. and finish before 3 a.m. A robotic crane grabs a roll of newsprint and several rollers ensure ink can be printed on paper. The final newspapers are wrapped in plastic and shipped out. As of 2018, the College Point facility accounted for 41 percent of production. Other copies are printed at 26 other publications, such as The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, The Dallas Morning News, The Santa Fe New Mexican, and the Courier Journal. With the decline of newspapers, particularly regional publications, the Times must travel further; for example, newspapers for Hawaii are flown from San Francisco on United Airlines, and Sunday papers are flown from Los Angeles on Hawaiian Airlines. Computer glitches, mechanical issues, and weather phenomena affect circulation but do not stop the paper from reaching customers. The College Point facility prints over two dozen other papers, including The Wall Street Journal and USA Today. The New York Times has halted its printing process several times to account for major developments. The first printing stoppage occurred on March 31, 1968, when then-president Lyndon B. Johnson announced that he would not seek a second term. Other press stoppages include May 19, 1994, for the death of former first lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, and July 17, 1996, for Trans World Airlines Flight 800. The 2000 presidential election necessitated two press stoppages. Al Gore appeared to concede on November 8, forcing then-executive editor Joseph Lelyveld to stop the Times's presses to print a new headline, "Bush Appears to Defeat Gore", with a story that stated George W. Bush was elected president. However, Gore held off his concession speech over doubts over Florida. Lelyveld reran the headline, "Bush and Gore Vie for an Edge". Since 2000, three printing stoppages have been issued for the death of William Rehnquist on September 3, 2005, for the killing of Osama bin Laden on May 1, 2011, and for the passage of the Marriage Equality Act in the New York State Assembly and subsequent signage by then-governor Andrew Cuomo on June 24, 2011. Online platforms The New York Times website is hosted at nytimes.com. It has undergone several major redesigns and infrastructure developments since its debut. In April 2006, The New York Times redesigned its website with an emphasis on multimedia. In preparation for Super Tuesday in February 2008, the Times developed a live election system using the Associated Press's File Transfer Protocol (FTP) service and a Ruby on Rails application; nytimes.com experienced its largest traffic on Super Tuesday and the day after. The NYTimes application debuted with the introduction of the App Store on July 10, 2008. Engadget's Scott McNulty wrote critically of the app, negatively comparing it to The New York Times's mobile website. An iPad version with select articles was released on April 3, 2010, with the release of the first-generation iPad. In October, The New York Times expanded NYT Editors' Choice to include the paper's full articles. NYT for iPad was free until 2011. The Times applications on iPhone and iPad began offering in-app subscriptions in July 2011. The Times released a web application for iPadโfeaturing a format summarizing trending headlines on Twitterโand a Windows 8 application in October 2012. Efforts to ensure profitability through an online magazine and a "Need to Know" subscription emerged in Adweek in July 2013. In March 2014, The New York Times announced three applicationsโNYT Now, an application that offers pertinent news in a blog format, and two unnamed applications, later known as NYT Opinion and NYT Cookingโto diversify its product laterals. The Daily is the modern front page of The New York Times. The New York Times manages several podcasts, including multiple podcasts with Serial Productions. The Times's longest-running podcast is The Book Review Podcast, debuting as Inside The New York Times Book Review in April 2006. The New York Times's defining podcast is The Daily, a daily news podcast hosted by Michael Barbaro which debuted on February 1, 2017. Between March 2022 and March 2025, the approximately 30 minute programme was co-hosted with Sabrina Tavernise. Beginning in April 2025 Barbaro was joined by two new regular co-hosts, Natalie Kitroeff and Rachel Abrams. The Interview was launched in 2024 and is hosted weekly by David Marchese and Lulu Garcia-Navarro. Episodes typically last 40 to 50 minutes. Condensed versions of the interviews are published simultaneously in The New York Times Magazine. Guests have included politicians, actors, influential experts, media figures and high-profile writers. In October 2021, The New York Times began testing "New York Times Audio", an application featuring podcasts from the Times, audio versions of articlesโincluding from other publications through Audm, and archives from This American Life. The application debuted in May 2023 exclusively on iOS for Times subscribers. New York Times Audio includes exclusive podcasts such as The Headlines, a daily news recap, and Shorts, short audio stories under ten minutes. In addition, a "Reporter Reads" section features Times journalists reading their articles and providing commentary. The New York Times has used video games as part of its journalistic efforts, among the first publications to do so, contributing to an increase in Internet traffic; the publication has also developed its own video games. In 2014, The New York Times Magazine introduced Spelling Bee, a word game in which players guess words from a set of letters in a honeycomb and are awarded points for the length of the word and receive extra points if the word is a pangram. The game was proposed by Will Shortz, created by Frank Longo, and has been maintained by Sam Ezersky. In May 2018, Spelling Bee was published on nytimes.com, furthering its popularity. In February 2019, the Times introduced Letter Boxed, in which players form words from letters placed on the edges of a square box, followed in June 2019 by Tiles, a matching game in which players form sequences of tile pairings, and Vertex, in which players connect vertices to assemble an image. In July 2023, The New York Times introduced Connections, in which players identify groups of words that are connected by a common property. In April, the Times introduced Digits, a game that required using operations on different values to reach a set number; Digits was shut down in August. In March 2024, The New York Times released Strands, a themed word search. In January 2022, The New York Times Company acquired Wordle, a word game developed by Josh Wardle in 2021, at a valuation in the "low-seven figures". The acquisition was proposed by David Perpich, a member of the Sulzberger family who proposed the purchase to Knight over Slack after reading about the game. The Washington Post purportedly considered acquiring Wordle, according to Vanity Fair. At the 2022 Game Developers Conference, Wardle stated that he was overwhelmed by the volume of Wordle facsimiles and overzealous monetization practices in other games. Concerns over The New York Times monetizing Wordle by implementing a paywall mounted; Wordle is a client-side browser game and can be played offline by downloading its webpage. Wordle moved to the Times's servers and website in February. The game was added to the NYT Games application in August, necessitating it be rewritten in the JavaScript library React. In November, The New York Times announced that Tracy Bennett would be the Wordle's editor. Other publications The New York Times Magazine and The Boston Globe Magazine are the only weekly Sunday magazines following The Washington Post Magazine's cancellation in December 2022. In February 2016, The New York Times introduced a Spanish website, The New York Times en Espaรฑol. The website, intended to be read on mobile devices, would contain translated articles from the Times and reporting from journalists based in Mexico City. The Times en Espaรฑol's style editor is Paulina Chavira, who has advocated for pluralistic Spanish to accommodate the variety of nationalities in the newsroom's journalists and wrote a stylebook for The New York Times en Espaรฑol. Articles the Times intends to publish in Spanish are sent to a translation agency and adapted for Spanish writing conventions; the present progressive tense may be used for forthcoming events in English, but other tenses are preferable in Spanish. The Times en Espaรฑol consults the Real Academia Espaรฑola and Fundรฉu and frequently modifies the use of diacriticsโsuch as using an acute accent for the Cรกrtel de Sinaloa but not the Cartel de Medellรญnโand using the gender-neutral pronoun elle. Headlines in The New York Times en Espaรฑol are not capitalized. The Times en Espaรฑol publishes El Times, a newsletter led by Elda Cantรบ intended for all Spanish speakers. In September 2019, The New York Times ended The New York Times en Espaรฑol's separate operations. A study published in The Translator in 2023 found that the Times en Espaรฑol engaged in tabloidization. In June 2012, The New York Times introduced a Chinese website, ็บฝ็บฆๆถๆฅไธญๆ, in response to Chinese editions created by The Wall Street Journal and the Financial Times. Conscious to censorship, the Times established servers outside of China and affirmed that the website would uphold the paper's journalistic standards; the government of China had previously blocked articles from nytimes.com through the Great Firewall, and the website was blocked in China until August 2001 after then-general secretary Jiang Zemin met with journalists from The New York Times. Then-foreign editor Joseph Kahn assisted in the establishment of cn.nytimes.com, an effort that contributed to his appointment as executive editor in April 2022. In October 2012, ็บฝ็บฆๆถๆฅไธญๆ published an article detailing the wealth of then-premier Wen Jiabao's family. In response, the government of China blocked access to nytimes.com and cn.nytimes.com and references to the Times and Wen were censored on microblogging service Sina Weibo. In March 2015, a mirror of ็บฝ็บฆๆถๆฅไธญๆ and the website for GreatFire were the targets for a government-sanctioned distributed denial of service attack on GitHub in March 2015, disabling access to the service for several days. Chinese authorities requested the removal of The New York Times's news applications from the App Store in December 2016. Awards and recognition As of 2023, The New York Times has received 137 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any publication. The New York Times is considered a newspaper of record in the United States.[l] The Times is the largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States; as of 2022, The New York Times is the second-largest newspaper by print circulation in the United States behind The Wall Street Journal. A study published in Science, Technology, & Human Values in 2013 found that The New York Times received more citations in academic journals than the American Sociological Review, Research Policy, or the Harvard Law Review. With sixteen million unique records, the Times is the third-most referenced source in Common Crawl, a collection of online material used in datasets such as GPT-3, behind Wikipedia and a United States patent database. The New Yorker's Max Norman wrote in March 2023 that the Times has shaped mainstream English usage. In a January 2018 article for The Washington Post, Margaret Sullivan stated that The New York Times affects the "whole media and political ecosystem". The New York Times's nascent success has led to concerns over media consolidation, particularly amid the decline of newspapers. In 2006, economists Lisa George and Joel Waldfogel examined the consequences of the Times's national distribution strategy and audience with circulation of local newspapers, finding that local circulation decreased among college-educated readers. The effect of The New York Times in this manner was observed in The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead, the newspaper of record for Fargo, North Dakota. Axios founder Jim VandeHei opined that the Times is "going to basically be a monopoly" in an opinion piece written by then-media columnist and former BuzzFeed News editor-in-chief Ben Smith; in the article, Smith cites the strength of The New York Times's journalistic workforce, broadening content, and the expropriation of Gawker editor-in-chief Choire Sicha, Recode editor-in-chief Kara Swisher, and Quartz editor-in-chief Kevin Delaney. Smith compared the Times to the New York Yankees during their 1927 season containing Murderers' Row. Controversies Since 2003, studies analyzing coverage of the IsraeliโPalestinian conflict in the New York Times have demonstrated a bias against Palestinians and in favor of Israel.[m] The New York Times has received criticism for its coverage of the Gaza war and genocide. In April 2024, The Intercept reported that a November 2023 internal memorandum by Susan Wessling and Philip Pan instructed journalists to reduce using the terms "genocide" and "ethnic cleansing" and to avoid using the phrase "occupied territory" in the context of Palestinian land, "Palestine" except in rare circumstances, and the term "refugee camps" to describe areas of Gaza despite recognition from the United Nations. A spokesperson from the Times stated that issuing guidance was standard practice. An analysis by The Intercept noted that The New York Times described Israeli deaths as a massacre nearly sixty times, but had only described Palestinian deaths as a massacre once. Writers and editors have left the newspaper due to its coverage of events in Gaza, including Jazmine Hughes and Jamie Lauren Keiles. In December 2023, The New York Times published an investigation titled "'Screams Without Words': How Hamas Weaponized Sexual Violence on Oct. 7", alleging that Hamas weaponized sexual and gender-based violence during its armed incursion on Israel. The investigation was the subject of an article from The Intercept questioning the journalistic acumen of Anat Schwartz, a filmmaker involved in the inquiry who had no prior reporting experience and agreed with a post stating Israel should "violate any norm, on the way to victory", doubting the veracity of the opening claim that Gal Abdush was raped in a timespan disputed by her family, and alleging that the Times was pressured by the Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America. The New York Times initiated an inquiry into the leaking of confidential information about the report to other outlets, which received criticism from NewsGuild of New York president Susan DeCarava for purported racial targeting; the Times's investigation was inconclusive, but found gaps in the way proprietary journalistic material is handled. The New York Times Building has been a site of protest action during the Gaza war and genocide, including a November 2023 sit-in demanding that The Times's editorial board publicly call for a ceasefire and accusing the media company of "complicity in laundering genocide", a February 29, 2024, protest and press conference following the release of The Intercept's critical investigation into the NYT "Screams Without Words" exposรฉ, and an action on July 30, 2025, in which protesters spray-painted "NYT Lies, Gaza dies" on the building's glass facade. In addition, protesters blocked The New York Times's distribution center March 14, 2024 and executive editor Joseph Kahn's residence was splattered with red paint on August 25, 2025. The collective Writers Against the War on Gaza, which publishes the mock publication The New York War Crimes, has been associated with protests against The New York Times. On October 27, 2025, 300 writersโincluding scholars, journalists, and public intellectualsโpledged to boycott The New York Times and withhold contributions to the paper in protest of what they describe as its complicity in the Gaza genocide, demanding 1) a review of anti-Palestinian bias in the newsroom, 2) a retraction of "Screams Without Words", and 3) a call from the editorial board for a US arms embargo on Israel. Among the initial signatories, about 150 had previously contributed to the Times. The New York Times has received criticism regarding its coverage of transgender people. When it published an opinion piece by Weill Cornell Medicine professor Richard A. Friedman called "How Changeable Is Gender?" in August 2015, Vox's German Lopez criticized Friedman as suggesting that parents and doctors might be right in letting children suffer from severe dysphoria in case something changes down the line, and as implying that conversion therapy may work for transgender children. In February 2023, nearly one thousand current and former Times writers and contributors wrote an open letter addressed to standards editor Philip B. Corbett, criticizing the paper's coverage of transgender, nonโ -โ binary, and gender-nonconforming people; some of the Times's articles have been cited in state legislatures attempting to justify criminalizing gender-affirming care. Contributors wrote in the open letter that "the Times has in recent years treated gender diversity with an eerily familiar mix of pseudoscience and euphemistic, charged language, while publishing reporting on trans children that omits relevant information about its sources."[n] According to former Times journalist Billie Jean Sweeney, a push for writers to challenge โevery aspect of being transโ, ranging from gender-inclusive language to access to medical care, came from the top in 2022 after leadership was handed over to A. G. Sulzberger, Joe Kahn, and Carolyn Ryan; as part of an effort to win good will with the Trump campaign without incurring backlash from the general populace. The Times has continually denied any bias in its reporting, insisting that its coverage of โfiercely contested medical and legal debatesโ is fair and balanced, and that it would not tolerate journalists protesting its transgender coverage. Notes References Further reading External links
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Contents Fox News The Fox News Channel (FNC), often referred to as Fox News, is an American multinational conservative news and political commentary television channel and website based in New York City. Owned by the Fox News Media subsidiary of Fox Corporation, it is the most-watched cable news network in the United States, and as of 2023 it generates approximately 70% of its parent company's pre-tax profit. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan. Fox News provides service to 86 countries and territories, with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during advertising breaks. The channel was created by Australian-born American media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996 to appeal to a conservative audience, hiring former Republican media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. It launched on October 7, 1996 to 17 million cable subscribers. Fox News grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become the dominant United States cable news subscription network. By September 2018, 87 million U.S. households (91% of television subscribers) could receive Fox News. In 2019, it was the top-rated cable network, averaging 2.5 million viewers in prime time. Murdoch, the executive chairman since 2016, said in 2023 that he would step down and hand responsibilities to his son, Lachlan. Suzanne Scott has been the CEO since 2018. It has been criticized for biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Some researchers have argued that the channel is damaging to the integrity of news overall, and acts as the de facto broadcasting arm of the Republican Party. Since its formation, the channel has politically shifted further rightwards over time, and by 2016 became solidly pro-Trump. The channel has knowingly endorsed false conspiracy theories to promote Republican and conservative causes. These include, but are not limited to, false claims regarding fraud with Dominion voting machines during their reporting on the 2020 presidential election, climate change denial,[a] and COVID-19 misinformation. It has also been involved in multiple controversies, including accusations of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, ultimately paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. History In May 1985, Australian publisher Rupert Murdoch announced that he and American industrialist and philanthropist Marvin Davis intended to develop "a network of independent stations as a fourth marketing force" to directly compete with CBS, NBC, and ABC through the purchase of six television stations owned by Metromedia. In July 1985, 20th Century Fox announced Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50% of Fox Filmed Entertainment, the parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation. Subsequently, and prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corporation's BSkyB subsidiary began Europe's first 24-hour news channel (Sky News) in the United Kingdom in 1989. With the success of his efforts establishing Fox as a TV network in the United States, experience gained from Sky News and the turnaround of 20th Century Fox, Murdoch announced on January 30, 1996, that News Corp. would launch a 24-hour news channel on cable and satellite systems in the United States as part of a News Corp. "worldwide platform" for Fox programming: "The appetite for news โ particularly news that explains to people how it affects them โ is expanding enormously". In February 1996, after former U.S. Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive Roger Ailes left cable television channel America's Talking (now MSNBC), Murdoch asked him to start Fox News Channel. Ailes demanded five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before its launch on October 7, 1996. At its debut, 17 million households were able to watch FNC; however, it was absent from the largest U.S. media markets of New York City and Los Angeles. Rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single-topic shows such as Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics, surrounded by news headlines. Interviews featured facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was The Schneider Report, with Mike Schneider's fast-paced delivery of the news. During the evening, Fox featured opinion shows: The O'Reilly Report (later The O'Reilly Factor), The Crier Report (hosted by Catherine Crier) and Hannity & Colmes. From the beginning, FNC has placed heavy emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and gain attention; this helped the viewer to grasp the main points of what was being said, even if they could not hear the host (with on-screen text summarizing the position of the interviewer or speaker, and "bullet points" when a host was delivering commentary). Fox News also created the "Fox News Alert", which interrupted its regular programming when a breaking news story occurred. To accelerate its adoption by cable providers, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel. This contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for programming. When Time Warner bought Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting System, a federal antitrust consent decree required Time Warner to carry a second all-news channel in addition to its own CNN on its cable systems. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the secondary news channel, not Fox News. Fox News claimed this violated an agreement (to carry Fox News). Citing its agreement to keep its U.S. headquarters and a large studio in New York City, News Corporation enlisted the help of Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's administration to pressure Time Warner Cable (one of the city's two cable providers) to transmit Fox News on a city-owned channel. City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warner's cable franchises in the city. In 2001, during the September 11 attacks, Fox News was the first news organization to run a news ticker on the bottom of the screen to keep up with the flow of information that day. The ticker has remained, and has proven popular with viewers. In January 2002, Fox News surpassed CNN in ratings for the first time. Accelerating in the 2000s, the role of conservative media and Fox News led to it being trusted by the Republican Party's base over that of traditional conservative elites, and partly led to Donald Trump's victory in the Republican primaries against the wishes of a very weak party establishment and traditional power brokers.: 27โ28 Fox News subsequently became solidly pro-Trump, and cultivated deep ties between itself and the government. For his first term, nearly 20 current and former Fox News hosts received administrative and cabinet-level positions in his administration, and his second term also featured 23 current and former Fox News hosts appointed and nominated. In 2023, The Economist reported that Murdoch had "ditched a plan" to remerge News Corporation with Fox because it "faced resistance from News Corp investors unhappy at the prospect of being lumped together with Fox News, which they consider a toxic brand." Later that year, Murdoch said he would step down and that his son Lachlan would take over both Fox Corporation and News Corp, although the succession was disputed legally. In September 2025, Lachlan Murdoch secured control of Fox News, the New York Post and The Wall Street Journal in a $3.3 billion dollar deal as part of a renegotiated trust. The new trust and Lachlan's control was described as ensuring the channel's conservative slant until its expiration in 2050. Political alignment Fox News has been identified as practicing biased and false reporting in favor of the Republican Party, its politicians, and conservative causes, while portraying the Democratic Party in a negative light. Fox News has been characterized by critics, commentators, and researchers as an advocacy news organization[b] and as damaging to the integrity of news overall. It has been criticized for sharing propaganda.[c] The network is pro-Trump. During and after the 2020 presidential election, its primetime hosts promoted Trump and the Republican Party, and host Jeanine Pirro was in communication with the chair of the Republican National Committee. By 2017, a growing number of studies and academic literature found Fox's prime-time programming engaging in rhetorical and nonfactual themes similar to propaganda and not journalism or persuasion. Academic studies have argued that it has played a major role in boosting Republican turnout in American elections and that its role in American politics has been underestimated by political and communications scholars. Fox has been described as operating in an information silo where its audience views other media sources as "too liberal", and thus rely on Fox and no other forms of news media. Researchers and commentators have compared conservative Fox News as similar in purpose to liberal MSNBC, but that "the proportion of Fox News statements that are mostly false or worse is almost 50 percent higher than for MSNBC, and more than twice that of CNN". Its news coverage has gradually shifted further rightwards over time. Fox's most popular programs such as Hannity and Tucker Carlson Tonight do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. Media analyst Brian Stelter, who has written extensively about the network, observed in 2021 that in more recent years it had adjusted its programming to present "less news on the air and more opinions-about-the-news" throughout the day, on concerns it was losing viewers to more conservative competitors that were presenting such content. Outlets FNC maintains an archive of most of its programs. This archive also includes Movietone News series of newsreels from its now Disney-owned namesake movie studio, 20th Century Studios. Licensing for the Fox News archive is handled by ITN Source, the archiving division of ITN. FNC presents a variety of programming, with up to 15 hours of live broadcasting per day in addition to programming and content for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Most programs are broadcast from Fox News headquarters in New York City (at 1211 Avenue of the Americas), in its streetside studio on Sixth Avenue in the west wing of Rockefeller Center, sharing its headquarters with sister channel Fox Business Network. Fox News Channel has eight studios at its New York City headquarters that are used for its and Fox Business' programming: Studio B (used for Fox Business programming), Studio D (which has an area for studio audiences; no longer in current use), Studio E (used for Gutfeld! and The Journal Editorial Report), Studio F (used for The Story with Martha MacCallum, The Five, Fox Democracy 2020, Fox & Friends, Outnumbered, The Faulkner Focus, and Fox News Primetime), Studio G (which houses Fox Business shows, The Fox Report, Your World with Neil Cavuto, and Cavuto Live), Studio H (Fox News Deck used for breaking news coverage, no longer in current use), Studio J (used for America's Newsroom, Hannity, Fox News Live, Fox & Friends First, and Sunday Morning Futures) Starting in 2018, Thursday Night Football had its pregame show, Fox NFL Thursday, originating from Studio F. Another Fox Sports program, First Things First, also broadcasts from Studio E. Other such programs (such as Special Report with Bret Baier, The Ingraham Angle, Fox News @ Night, Media Buzz, and editions of Fox News Live not broadcast from the New York City studios) are broadcast from Fox News's Washington, D.C. studios, located on Capitol Hill across from Washington Union Station in a secured building shared by a number of other television networks, which includes NBC News and C-SPAN. The Next Revolution is broadcast from Fox News' Los Angeles bureau studio, which is also used for news updates coming from Los Angeles. Life, Liberty & Levin is done from Levin's personal studio in Virginia. Audio simulcasts of the channel are aired on SiriusXM Satellite Radio. In an October 11, 2009, in a New York Times article, Fox said its hard-news programming runs from "9 AM to 4 PM and 6 to 8 PM on weekdays". However, it makes no such claims for its other broadcasts, which primarily consist of editorial journalism and commentary. Fox News Channel began broadcasting in the 720p resolution format on May 1, 2008. This format is available on all major cable and satellite providers. Fox News Media produces Fox News Sunday, which airs on Fox Broadcasting and re-airs on the Fox News Channel. Fox News also produces occasional special event coverage that is broadcast on Fox Business. With the growth of the FNC, the company introduced a radio division, Fox News Radio, in 2003. Syndicated throughout the United States, the division provides short newscasts and talk radio programs featuring personalities from the television and radio divisions. In 2006, the company also introduced Fox News Talk, a satellite radio station featuring programs syndicated by (and featuring) Fox News personalities. Introduced in December 1995, the Fox News website features news articles and videos about national and international news. Content on the website is divided into politics, media, U.S., and business. Fox News' articles are based on the network's broadcasts, reports from Fox affiliates and articles produced by other news agencies, such as the Associated Press. Articles are usually accompanied by a video related to the article. Fox News Latino is the version aimed at a Hispanic audience, although presented almost entirely in English, with a Spanish section. According to NewsGuard, "Much of FoxNews.com's content, particularly articles produced by beat reporters and broadcasts produced by network correspondents, is accurate and well-sourced ... However, FoxNews.com has regularly advanced false and misleading claims on topics including the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol, the Russo-Ukrainian War, COVID-19, and U.S. elections". In September 2008, FNC joined other channels in introducing a live streaming segment to its website: The Strategy Room, designed to appeal to older viewers. It airs weekdays from 9 AM to 5 PM and takes the form of an informal discussion, with running commentary on the news. Regular discussion programs include Business Hour, News With a View and God Talk. In March 2009, The Fox Nation was launched as a website intended to encourage readers to post articles commenting on the news. Fox News Mobile is the portion of the FNC website dedicated to streaming news clips formatted for video-enabled mobile phones. In 2018, Fox News announced that it would launch a subscription video on demand service known as Fox Nation. It serves as a companion service to FNC, carrying original and acquired talk, documentary, and reality programming designed to appeal to Fox News viewers. Some of its original programs feature Fox News personalities and contributors. Ratings and reception In 2003, Fox News saw a large ratings jump during the early stages of the U.S. invasion of Iraq. At the height of the conflict, according to some reports, Fox News had as much as a 300% increase in viewership (averaging 3.3 million viewers daily). In 2004, Fox News' ratings for its broadcast of the Republican National Convention exceeded those of the three major broadcast networks. During President George W. Bush's address, Fox News attracted 7.3 million viewers nationally; NBC, ABC, and CBS had a viewership of 5.9 million, 5.1 million, and 5.0 million respectively. Between late 2005 and early 2006, Fox News saw a brief decline in ratings. One was in the second quarter of 2006, when it lost viewers for every prime-time program compared with the previous quarter. The audience for Special Report with Brit Hume, for example, dropped 19%. Several weeks later, in the wake of the 2006 North Korean missile test and the 2006 Lebanon War, Fox saw a surge in viewership and remained the top-rated cable news channel. Fox produced eight of the top ten most-watched nightly cable news shows, with The O'Reilly Factor and Hannity & Colmes finishing first and second respectively. FNC ranked No. 8 in viewership among all cable channels in 2006, and No. 7 in 2007. The channel ranked number one during the week of Barack Obama's election (November 3โ9) in 2008, and reached the top spot again in January 2010 (during the week of the special Senate election in Massachusetts). Comparing Fox to its 24-hour-news-channel competitors in May 2010, the channel drew an average daily prime-time audience of 1.8 million viewers (versus 747,000 for MSNBC and 595,000 for CNN). In September 2009, the Pew Research Center published a report on the public view of national news organizations. In the report, 72% of polled Republican Fox viewers rated the channel as "favorable", while 43% of polled Democratic viewers and 55% of all polled viewers shared that opinion. However, Fox was given the highest "unfavorable" rating of all national outlets studied (25% of all polled viewers). The report went on to say that "partisan differences in views of Fox News have increased substantially since 2007". A January 2020 Pew Research Center study found that 43% of all American adults trusted Fox News, including 65% of Republicans and people who lean Republican, while 61% of Democrats and people who lean Democratic distrusted Fox News. A Public Policy Polling poll concluded in 2013 that positive perceptions of FNC had declined from 2010. 41% of polled voters said they trust it, down from 49% in 2010, while 46% said they distrust it, up from 37% in 2010. It was also called the "most trusted" network by 34% of those polled, more than had said the same of any other network. On the night of October 22, 2012, Fox set a record for its highest-rated telecast, with 11.5 million viewers for the third U.S. presidential debate. In prime time the week before, Fox averaged almost 3.7 million viewers with a total day average of 1.66 million viewers. In prime time and total day ratings for the week of April 15 to 21, 2013, Fox News, propelled by its coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing, was the highest-ranked network on U.S. cable television, for the first time since August 2005, when Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast of the United States. January 2014 marked Fox News's 145th consecutive month as the highest-rated cable news channel. During that month, Fox News beat CNN and MSNBC combined in overall viewers in both prime time hours and the total day. In the third quarter of 2014, the network was the most-watched cable channel during prime time hours. During the final week of the campaign for the United States elections, 2014, Fox News had the highest ratings of any cable channel, news or otherwise. On election night itself, Fox News' coverage had higher ratings than that of any of the other five cable or network news sources among viewers between 25 and 54 years of age. The network hosted the first prime-time GOP candidates' forum of the 2016 campaign on August 6. The debate reached a record-breaking 24 million viewers, by far the largest audience for any cable news event. A 2017 study by the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University found that Fox News was the third most-shared source among supporters of Donald Trump on Twitter during the 2016 presidential election, behind The Hill and Breitbart News. In 2018, Fox News was rated by Nielsen as America's most watched cable network, averaging a record 2.4 million viewers in prime time and total day during the period of January 1 to December 30, 2018. In an October 2018 Simmons Research survey of the trust in 38 news organizations, Fox News was ranked roughly in the center, with 44.7% of surveyed Americans saying they trusted it. The COVID-19 pandemic led to increased viewership for all cable news networks. For the first calendar quarter of 2020 (January 1 โ March 31), Fox News had their highest-rated quarter in the network's history, with Nielsen showing a prime time average total audience of 3.387 million viewers. Sean Hannity's program, Hannity, weeknights at 9 pm ET was the top-rated show in cable news for the quarter averaging 4.2 million viewers, a figure that not only beat out all of its cable news competition but also placed it ahead of network competition in the same time slot. Fox ended the quarter with the top five shows in prime time, with Fox's Tucker Carlson Tonight finishing the quarter in second overall with an average audience of 4.2 million viewers, followed by The Five, The Ingraham Angle, and Special Report with Bret Baier. The Rachel Maddow Show was the highest non-Fox show on cable, coming in sixth place. Finishing the quarter in 22nd place was The Lead with Jake Tapper, CNN's highest rated show. According to a Fox News article on the subject, Fox & Friends averaged 1.8 million viewers, topping CNN's New Day and MSNBC's Morning Joe combined. The same Fox News article said that the Fox Business Network also had its highest-rated quarter in history and that Fox News finished March as the highest-rated network in cable for the 45th consecutive month. According to the Los Angeles Times on August 19, 2020: "Fox News Channel had six of last week's 11 highest-rated prime-time programs to finish first in the network ratings race for the third time since June" 2020. A Morning Consult survey the week after Election Day 2020 showed 30 percent of Republicans in the United States had an unfavorable opinion of Fox News, while 54 percent of Republicans viewed the network favorably, compared to 67 percent before the election. A McClatchy news story suggested criticism from Donald Trump as a major reason, as well as the network's early calling of Arizona for Joe Biden, and later joining other networks in declaring Biden the winner of the 2020 election. Ratings were also down for Fox News. Although it remained ahead of other networks overall, its morning show fell out of first place for the first time since 2001. Trump recommended OANN, which was gaining viewers. Newsmax was also increasing in popularity. Following a decline in ratings after the 2020 U.S. presidential election, in 2021, Fox News regained its lead in cable news ratings ahead of CNN and MSNBC. As indicated by a 2013 New York Times article, based on Nielsen statistics, Fox appears to have a mostly aged demographic. In March 2024, Fox was the most watched news network in total day and prime time viewers in primetime, with 2.135 million/1.306 million viewers respectively, compared to MSNBC with A25-54 demo, 1.307 million in primetime and 830,000 in day viewers, and CNN with 601,000 in primetime and 462,000 in day viewers. In the Adults age 25-54 category, Fox also leads with 246,000 in primetime and 158,000 in day viewers, followed by MSNBC with 133,000 viewers in primetime and 86,000 viewers in day, and CNN with 124,000 viewers in primetime and 85,000 in day viewers. According to the same Nielsen analysis, MSNBC is the second most watched news network. In 2008, in the 25โ54 age group, Fox News had an average of 557,000 viewers, but dropped to 379,000 in 2013 while increasing its overall audience from 1.89 million in 2010 to 2.02 million in 2013. The median age of a prime-time viewer was 68 as of 2015[update]. A 2019 Pew Research Center survey showed that among those who named Fox News as their main source for political news, 69% are aged 50 or older. According to a 2013 Gallup poll, 94% of Fox viewers "either identify as or lean Republican". The 2019 Pew survey showed that among people who named Fox News as their main source for political and election news, 93% identify as Republicans. Among the top eight political news sources named by at least 2% of American adults, the results show Fox News and MSNBC as the two news channels with the most partisan audiences. Slogan Fox News Channel originally used the slogan "Fair and Balanced", which was coined by network co-founder Roger Ailes while the network was being established. The New York Times described the slogan as being a "blunt signal that Fox News planned to counteract what Mr. Ailes and many others viewed as a liberal bias ingrained in television coverage by establishment news networks". In a 2013 interview with Peter Robinson of the Hoover Institution, Rupert Murdoch defended the company's "Fair and Balanced" slogan, saying, "In fact, you'll find just as many Democrats as Republicans on and so on". In August 2003, Fox News sued comedian Al Franken over his use of the slogan as a subtitle for his book, Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right, which is critical of Fox News Channel. The lawsuit was dropped three days later, after Judge Denny Chin refused its request for an injunction. In his decision, Chin ruled the case was "wholly without merit, both factually and legally". He went on to suggest that Fox News' trademark on the phrase "fair and balanced" could be invalid. In December 2003, FNC won a legal battle concerning the slogan, when AlterNet filed a cancellation petition with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to have FNC's trademark rescinded as inaccurate. AlterNet included Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed (2004) as supporting evidence in its case. After losing early motions, AlterNet withdrew its petition; the USPTO dismissed the case. In 2008, FNC used the slogan "We Report, You Decide", referring to "You Decide 2008" (FNC's original slogan for its coverage of election issues). In August 2016, Fox News Channel began to quietly phase out the "Fair and Balanced" slogan in favor of "Most Watched, Most Trusted"; when these changes were reported in June 2017 by Gabriel Sherman (a writer who had written a biography on Ailes), a network executive said the change "has nothing to do with programming or editorial decisions". It was speculated by media outlets that Fox News Channel was wishing to distance itself from Ailes' tenure at the network. In March 2018, the network introduced a new ad campaign, Real News. Real Honest Opinion. The ad campaign is intended to promote the network's opinion-based programming and counter perceptions surrounding "fake news". In mid-November 2020, following the election, Fox News began to use the slogan "Standing Up For What's Right" to promote its primetime lineup. Content Fox News provided extensive coverage of the 2012 Benghazi attack, which host Sean Hannity described in December 2012 as "the story that the mainstream media ignores" and "obviously, a cover-up. And we will get to the bottom of it." Programming analysis by media watchdog Media Matters, which has declared a "War on Fox News", found that during the twenty months following the Benghazi attacks, FNC ran 1,098 segments on the issue, including: Over nearly four years after the Benghazi attack, there were ten official investigations, including six by Republican-controlled House committees. None of the investigations found any evidence of scandal, cover-up or lying by Obama administration officials. From 2015 into 2018, Fox News broadcast extensive coverage of an alleged scandal surrounding the sale of Uranium One to Russian interests, which host Sean Hannity characterized as "one of the biggest scandals in American history". According to Media Matters, the Fox News coverage extended throughout the programming day, with particular emphasis by Hannity. The network promoted an ultimately unfounded narrative asserting that, as Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton personally approved the Uranium One sale in exchange for $145 million in bribes paid to the Clinton Foundation. Donald Trump repeated these allegations as a candidate and as president. No evidence of wrongdoing by Clinton had been found after four years of allegations, an FBI investigation, and the 2017 appointment of a Federal attorney to evaluate the investigation. In November 2017, Fox News host Shepard Smith concisely debunked the alleged scandal, infuriating viewers who suggested he should work for CNN or MSNBC. Hannity later called Smith "clueless", while Smith stated: "I get it, that some of our opinion programming is there strictly to be entertaining. I get that. I don't work there. I wouldn't work there." Fox News has been described as conservative media, and as providing biased reporting in favor of conservative political positions, the Republican Party, and President Donald Trump. Political scientist Jonathan Bernstein described Fox News as an expanded part of the Republican Party. Political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins wrote that Fox News helped "Republicans communicate with their base and spread their ideas, and they have been effective in mobilizing voters to participate in midterm elections (as in 2010 and 2014)." Prior to 2000, Fox News lacked an ideological tilt, and had more Democrats watch the channel than Republicans. During the 2004 United States presidential election, Fox News was markedly more hostile in its coverage of Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, and distinguished itself among cable news outlets for heavy coverage of the Swift Boat smear campaign against Kerry. During President Obama's first term in office, Fox News helped launch and amplify the Tea Party movement, a conservative movement within the Republican Party that organized protests against Obama and his policies. In the 2004 documentary Outfoxed, four people identified as former employees said that Fox News made them "slant the news in favor of conservatives". Fox News said that the film misrepresented the employment of these employees. During the Republican primaries, Fox News was perceived as trying to prevent Trump from clinching the nomination. Under Trump's presidency, Fox News remade itself into his image, as hardly any criticism of Trump could be heard on Fox News' prime-time shows. In Fox News' news reporting, the network dedicated far more coverage to Hillary Clinton-related stories, which critics argued was intended to deflect attention from the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. Trump provided significant access to Fox News during his presidency, giving 19 interviews to the channel while only 6 in total to other news channels by November 2017; The New York Times described Trump's Fox News interviews as "softball interviews" and some of the interviewers' interview styles as "fawning". In July 2018, The Economist has described the network's coverage of Trump's presidency as "reliably fawning". From 2015 to 2017, the Fox News prime-time lineup changed from being skeptical and questioning of Trump to a "Trump safe space, with a dose of Bannonist populism once considered on the fringe". The Fox News website has also become more extreme in its rhetoric since Trump's election; according to Columbia University's Tow Center for Digital Journalism, the Fox News website has "gone a little Breitbart" over time. At the start of 2018, Fox News mostly ignored high-profile scandals in the Trump administration which received ample coverage in other national media outlets, such as White House Staff Secretary Rob Porter's resignation amid domestic abuse allegations, the downgrading of Jared Kushner's security clearance, and the existence of a non-disclosure agreement between Trump and the porn star Stormy Daniels. In March 2019, Jane Mayer reported in The New Yorker that Fox News.com reporter Diana Falzone had the story of the Stormy DanielsโDonald Trump scandal before the 2016 election, but that Fox News executive Ken LaCorte told her: "Good reporting, kiddo. But Rupert [Murdoch] wants Donald Trump to win. So just let it go." The story was killed; LaCorte denied making the statement to Falzone, but conceded: "I was the person who made the call. I didn't run it upstairs to Roger Ailes or others. ... I didn't do it to protect Donald Trump." She added that "[Falzone] had put up a story that just wasn't anywhere close to being something I was comfortable publishing." Nik Richie, who claimed to be one of the sources for the story, called LaCorte's account "complete bullshit", adding that "Fox News was culpable. I voted for Trump, and I like Fox, but they did their own 'catch and kill' on the story to protect him." A 2008 study found Fox News gave disproportionate attention to polls suggesting low approval for President Bill Clinton. A 2009 study found Fox News was less likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Democrats, and more likely to pick up stories that reflected well on Republicans. A 2010 study comparing Fox News Channel's Special Report With Brit Hume and NBC's Nightly News coverage of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan during 2005 concluded "Fox News was much more sympathetic to the administration than NBC", suggesting "if scholars continue to find evidence of a partisan or ideological bias at FNC ... they should consider Fox as alternative, rather than mainstream, media". Research finds that Fox News increases Republican vote shares and makes Republican politicians more partisan. A 2007 study, using the introduction of Fox News into local markets (1996โ2000) as an instrumental variable, found that in the 2000 presidential election "Republicans gained 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points in the towns that broadcast Fox News", suggesting "Fox News convinced 3 to 28 percent of its viewers to vote Republican, depending on the audience measure". These results were confirmed by a 2015 study. A 2014 study, using the same instrumental variable, found congressional "representatives become less supportive of President Clinton in districts where Fox News begins broadcasting than similar representatives in similar districts where Fox News was not broadcast." Another 2014 paper found Fox News viewing increased Republican vote shares among voters who identified as Republican or independent. A 2017 study, using channel positions as an instrumental variable, found "Fox News increases Republican vote shares by 0.3 points among viewers induced into watching 2.5 additional minutes per week by variation in position." This study used a different methodology for a later period and found an ever bigger effect and impact, leading Matthew Yglesias to write in the Political Communication academic journal that they "suggest that conventional wisdom may be greatly underestimating the significance of Fox as a factor in American politics." Fox News publicly denies it is biased, with Murdoch and Ailes saying to have included Murdoch's statement that Fox has "given room to both sides, whereas only one side had it before". In June 2009, Fox News host Chris Wallace said: "I think we are the counter-weight [to NBC News] ... they have a liberal agenda, and we tell the other side of the story." In 2004, Robert Greenwald's documentary film Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism argued Fox News had a conservative bias and featured clips from Fox News and internal memos from editorial vice president John Moody directing Fox News staff on how to report certain subjects. Fox News' most popular programs such as Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson do not make any claims to be accurate or fact-checked, and have little to no distinction between news and commentary. A leaked memo from Fox News vice president Bill Sammon to news staff at the height of the health care reform in the United States debate has been cited as an example of the pro-Republican bias of Fox News. His memo asked the staff to "use the term 'government-run health insurance,' or, when brevity is a concern, 'government option,' whenever possible". The memo was sent shortly after Republican pollster Frank Luntz advised Sean Hannity on his Fox show: "If you call it a public option, the American people are split. If you call it the government option, the public is overwhelmingly against it." Surveys suggest Fox News is widely perceived to be ideological. A 2009 Pew survey found Fox News is viewed as the most ideological channel in America, with 47 percent of those surveyed said Fox News is "mostly conservative", 14 percent said "mostly liberal" and 24 percent said "neither". In comparison, MSNBC had 36 percent identify it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 27 percent as "neither". CNN had 37 percent describe it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 33 percent as "neither". A 2004 Pew Research Center survey found FNC was cited (unprompted) by 69 percent of national journalists as a conservative news organization. A Rasmussen poll found 31 percent of Americans felt Fox News had a conservative bias, and 15 percent that it had a liberal bias. It found 36 percent believed Fox News delivers news with neither a conservative or liberal bias, compared with 37 percent who said NPR delivers news with no conservative or liberal bias and 32 percent who said the same of CNN. David Carr, media critic for The New York Times, praised the 2012 United States presidential election results coverage on Fox News for the network's response to Republican adviser and Fox News contributor Karl Rove challenging its call that Barack Obama would win Ohio and the election. Fox's prediction was correct. Carr wrote: "Over many months, Fox lulled its conservative base with agitprop: that President Obama was a clear failure, that a majority of Americans saw [Mitt] Romney as a good alternative in hard times, and that polls showing otherwise were politically motivated and not to be believed. But on Tuesday night, the people in charge of Fox News were confronted with a stark choice after it became clear that Mr. Romney had fallen short: was Fox, first and foremost, a place for advocacy or a place for news? In this moment, at least, Fox chose news." A May 2017 study conducted by Harvard University's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy examined coverage of Trump's first 100 days in office by several major mainstream media outlets including Fox. It found Trump received 80% negative coverage from the overall media, and received the least negative coverage on Fox โ 52% negative and 48% positive. On March 14, 2017, Andrew Napolitano, a Fox News commentator, claimed on Fox & Friends that British intelligence agency GCHQ had wiretapped Trump on behalf of Barack Obama during the 2016 United States presidential election. On March 16, 2017, White House spokesman Sean Spicer repeated the claim. When Trump was questioned about the claim at a news conference, he said "All we did was quote a certain very talented legal mind who was the one responsible for saying that on television. I didn't make an opinion on it." On March 17, 2017, Shepard Smith, a Fox News anchor, admitted the network had no evidence that Trump was under surveillance. British officials said the White House was backing off the claim. Napolitano was later suspended by Fox News for making the claim. In June 2018, Fox News executives instructed producers to head off inappropriate remarks made on the shows aired by the network by hosts and commentators. The instructions came after a number of Fox News hosts and guests made incendiary comments about the Trump administration's policy of separating migrant children from their parents. Fox News host Laura Ingraham had likened the child detention centers that the children were in to "summer camps". Guest Corey Lewandowski mocked the story of a 10-year-old child with Down syndrome being separated from her mother; the Fox News host did not address Lewandowski's statement. Guest Ann Coulter falsely claimed that the separated children were "child actors"; the Fox News host did not challenge her claim. In a segment on Trump's alleged use of racial dog whistles, one Fox News contributor told an African-American whom he was debating: "You're out of your cotton-picking mind." According to the 2016 book Asymmetric Politics by political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins, "Fox News tends to raise the profile of scandals and controversies involving Democrats that receive scant attention in other media, such as the relationship between Barack Obama and William Ayers ... Hillary Clinton's role in the fatal 2012 attacks on the American consulate in Benghazi, Libya; the gun-running scandal known as 'Fast and Furious'; the business practices of federal loan guarantee recipient Solyndra; the past activism of Obama White House operative Van Jones; the 2004 attacks on John Kerry by the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth; the controversial sermons of Obama's Chicago pastor Jeremiah Wright; the filming of undercover videos of supposed wrongdoing by the liberal activist group ACORN; and the 'war on Christmas' supposedly waged every December by secular, multicultural liberals." In October 2018, Fox News ran laudatory coverage of a meeting between Trump-supporting rapper Kanye West and President Trump in the Oval Office. Fox News had previously run negative coverage of rappers and their involvement with Democratic politicians and causes, such as when Fox News ran headlines describing conscious hip-hop artist Common as "vile" and a "cop-killer rapper", and when Fox News ran negative coverage of Kanye West before he became a Trump supporter. On November 4, 2018, Trump's website, DonaldJTrump.com, announced in a press release that Fox News host Sean Hannity would make a "special guest appearance" with Trump at a midterm campaign rally the following night in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The following morning, Hannity tweeted "To be clear, I will not be on stage campaigning with the President." Hannity appeared at the president's lectern on stage at the rally, immediately mocking the "fake news" at the back of the auditorium, Fox News reporters among them. Several Fox News employees expressed outrage at Hannity's actions, with one stating that "a new line was crossed". Hannity later asserted that his action was not pre-planned, and Fox News stated it "does not condone any talent participating in campaign events". Fox News host Jeanine Pirro also appeared on stage with Trump at the rally. The Trump press release was later removed from Trump's website. Fox News released a poll of registered voters, jointly conducted by two polling organizations, on June 16, 2019. The poll found some unfavorable results for Trump, including a record high 50% thought the Trump campaign had coordinated with the Russian government, and 50% thought he should be impeached โ 43% saying he should also be removed from office โ while 48% said they did not favor impeachment. The next morning on Fox & Friends First, host Heather Childers twice misrepresented the poll results, stating "a new Fox News poll shows most voters don't want impeachment" and "at least half of U.S. voters do not think President Trump should be impeached," while the on-screen display of the actual poll question was also incorrect. Later that morning on America's Newsroom, the on-screen display showed the correct poll question and results, but highlighted the 48% of respondents who opposed impeachment rather than the 50% who supported it (the latter being broken-out into two figures). As host Bill Hemmer drew guest Byron York's attention to the 48% opposed figure, they did not discuss the 50% support figure, while the on-screen chyron read: "Fox News Poll: 43% Support Trump's Impeachment and Removal, 48% Oppose." Later that day, Trump tweeted: "@FoxNews Polls are always bad for me...Something weird going on at Fox." In April 2017, it became known that former Obama administration national security advisor Susan Rice sought the unmasking of Trump associates who were unidentified in intelligence reports, notably Trump's incoming national security advisor Michael Flynn, during the presidential transition. In May 2020, acting Director of National Intelligence Richard Grenell, a Trump loyalist, declassified a list of Obama administration officials who had also requested unmasking of Trump associates, which was subsequently publicly released by Republican senators. That month, attorney general Bill Barr appointed federal prosecutor John Bash to examine the unmaskings. Fox News primetime hosts declared the unmaskings a "domestic spying operation" for which the Obama administration was "exposed" in the "biggest abuse of power" in American history. The Bash inquiry closed months later with no findings of substantive wrongdoing. However, certain Fox personalities have not had as much of a favorable reception from Trump: news anchors Shepard Smith (who retired from Fox in 2019) and Chris Wallace have been criticized by Trump for allegedly being adversarial, alongside Fox analyst Andrew Napolitano, who said Trump's actions in the TrumpโUkraine scandal were "both criminal and impeachable behavior". Trump was also critical of the network hiring former DNC chair Donna Brazile, in 2019. The relationship between Trump and Fox News, as well as other Rupert Murdoch-controlled outlets, soured following the 2020 United States presidential election, as Trump refused to concede that Joe Biden had been elected President-elect. This negative tonal shift led to increased viewership of Newsmax and One America News among Trump and his supporters due to their increased antipathy towards Fox; and as a result, Fox released promotional videos of their opinion hosts disputing the election results, promoting a Trump-affiliated conspiracy theory about voter fraud. By one measure, Newsmax saw a 497% spike in viewership, while Fox News saw a 38% decline. Writing for the Poynter Institute for Media Studies in February 2021, senior media writer Tom Jones argued that the primary distinction between Fox News and MSNBC is not right bias vs. left bias, but rather that much of the content on Fox News, especially during its primetime programs, "is not based in truth". The Tampa Bay Times reported in August 2021 that it had reviewed four months of emails indicating Fox News producers had coordinated with aides of Florida governor Ron DeSantis to promote his political prospects by inviting him for frequent network appearances, exchanging talking points and, in one case, helping him to stage an exclusive news event. In February 2024, Alan Rosenblatt of Johns Hopkins University said that Fox News "is an entertainment company that has a news division, not a news company", adding that it "not only does not provide that distinction, it goes out of its way to make it difficult to see the difference. They make their opinion programs look like news programs, and they incorporate enough opinion content on their news programs to further that deception." In early 2024, Fox News host Jesse Watters promoted a conspiracy theory involving Taylor Swift, Travis Kelce, and the Democratic Party in hopes of influencing voters ahead of the U.S. presidential primary season. Fox News has published headlines accusing the English Wikipedia of having a left-wing and socialist bias. On October 30, 2017, when special counsel Robert Mueller indicted Paul Manafort and Rick Gates, and revealed George Papadopoulos had pleaded guilty (all of whom were involved in the Trump 2016 campaign), this was the focus of most media's coverage, except Fox News'. Hosts and guests on Fox News called for Mueller to be fired. Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson focused their shows on unsubstantiated allegations that Clinton sold uranium to Russia in exchange for donations to the Clinton Foundation and on the Clinton campaign's role in funding the Steele dossier. Hannity asserted: "The very thing they are accusing President Trump of doing, they did it themselves." During the segment, Hannity mistakenly referred to Clinton as President Clinton. Fox News dedicated extensive coverage to the uranium story, which Democrats said was an attempt to distract from Mueller's intensifying investigation. CNN described the coverage as "a tour de force in deflection and dismissal". On October 31, CNN reported Fox News employees were dissatisfied with their outlet's coverage of the Russia investigation, with employees calling it an "embarrassment", "laughable", and saying it "does the viewer a huge disservice and further divides the country" and that it is "another blow to journalists at Fox who come in every day wanting to cover the news in a fair and objective way". When the investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election intensified in October 2017, the focus of Fox News coverage turned "what they see as the scandal and wrongdoing of President Trump's political opponents. In reports like these, Bill and Hillary Clinton are prominent and recurring characters because they are considered the real conspirators working with the Russians to undermine American democracy." Paul Waldman of The Washington Post described the coverage as "No puppet. You're the puppet", saying it was a "careful, coordinated, and comprehensive strategy" to distract from Mueller's investigation. German Lopes of Vox said Fox News' coverage has reached "levels of self-parody" as it dedicated coverage to low-key stories, such as a controversial Newsweek op-ed and hamburger emojis, while other networks had wall-to-wall coverage of Mueller's indictments. A FiveThirtyEight analysis of Russia-related media coverage in cable news found most mentions of Russia on Fox News were spoken in close proximity to "uranium" and "dossier". On November 1, 2017, Vox analyzed the transcripts of Fox News, CNN and MSNBC, and found Fox News "was unable to talk about the Mueller investigation without bringing up Hillary Clinton", "talked significantly less about George Papadopoulosโthe Trump campaign adviser whose plea deal with Mueller provides the most explicit evidence thus far that the campaign knew of the Russian government's efforts to help Trumpโthan its competitors", and "repeatedly called Mueller's credibility into question". In December 2017, Fox News escalated its attacks on the Mueller investigation, with hosts and guest commentators suggesting the investigation amounted to a coup. Guest co-host Kevin Jackson referred to a right-wing conspiracy theory claiming Strzok's messages are evidence of a plot by FBI agents to assassinate Trump, a claim which the other Fox co-hosts quickly said is not supported by any credible evidence. Fox News host Jeanine Pirro called the Mueller investigation team a "criminal cabal" and said the team ought to be arrested. Other Fox News figures referred to the investigation as "corrupt", "crooked", and "illegitimate", and likened the FBI to the KGB, the Soviet-era spy organization that routinely tortured and summarily executed people. Political scientists and scholars of coups described the Fox News rhetoric as scary and dangerous. Experts on coups rejected that the Mueller investigation amounted to a coup; rather, the Fox News rhetoric was dangerous to democracy and mirrored the kind of rhetoric that occurs before purges. A number of observers argued the Fox News rhetoric was intended to discredit the Mueller investigation and sway President Donald Trump to fire Mueller. In August 2018, Fox News was criticized for giving more prominent coverage of a murder committed by an undocumented immigrant than the convictions of Donald Trump's former campaign manager, Paul Manafort, and his long-term personal attorney, Michael Cohen. At the same time, most other national mainstream media gave wall-to-wall coverage of the convictions. Fox News hosts Dana Perrino and Jason Chaffetz argued that voters care far more about the murder than the convictions of the President's former top aides, and hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity downplayed the convictions. In November 2017, following the 2017 New York City truck attack wherein a terrorist shouted "Allahu Akbar", Fox News distorted a statement by Jake Tapper to make it appear as if he had said "Allahu Akbar" can be used under the most "beautiful circumstances". Fox News omitted that Tapper had said the use of "Allahu Akbar" in the terrorist attack was not one of these beautiful circumstances. A headline on FoxNews.com was preceded by a tag reading "OUTRAGEOUS". The Fox News Twitter account distorted the statement further, saying "Jake Tapper Says 'Allahu Akbar' Is 'Beautiful' Right After NYC Terror Attack" in a tweet that was later deleted. Tapper chastised Fox News for choosing to "deliberately lie" and said "there was a time when one could tell the difference between Fox and the nutjobs at Infowars. It's getting tougher and tougher. Lies are lies." In 2009, Tapper had come to the defense of Fox News while he was a White House correspondent for ABC News, after the Obama administration claimed that the network was not a legitimate news organization. Fox News guest host Jason Chaffetz apologized to Tapper for misrepresenting his statement. After Fox News had deleted the tweet, Sean Hannity repeated the misrepresentation and called Tapper "liberal fake news CNN's fake Jake Tapper" and mocked his ratings. In July 2017, a report by Fox & Friends falsely said The New York Times had disclosed intelligence in one of its stories and that this intelligence disclosure helped Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State, to evade capture. The report cited an inaccurate assertion by Gen. Tony Thomas, the head of the United States Special Operations Command, that a major newspaper had disclosed the intelligence. Fox News said it was The New York Times, repeatedly running the chyron "NYT Foils U.S. Attempt To Take Out Al-Bahgdadi". Pete Hegseth, one of the show's hosts, criticized the "failing New York Times". President Donald Trump tweeted about the Fox & Friends report shortly after it first aired, saying "The Failing New York Times foiled U.S. attempt to kill the single most wanted terrorist, Al-Baghdadi. Their sick agenda over National Security." Fox News later updated the story, but without apologizing to The New York Times or responding directly to the inaccuracies. In a Washington Post column, Erik Wemple said Chris Wallace had covered The New York Times story himself on Fox News Sunday, adding: "Here's another case of the differing standards between Fox News's opinion operation", which has given "a state-run vibe on all matters related to Trump", compared to Fox News's news operation, which has provided "mostly sane coverage". Fox News has often been described as a major platform for climate change denial.[a] A 2011 study by Lauren Feldman and Anthony Leiserowitz found Fox News "takes a more dismissive tone toward climate change than CNN and MSNBC". A 2008 study found Fox News emphasized the scientific uncertainty of climate change more than CNN, was less likely to say climate change was real, and more likely to interview climate change skeptics. Leaked emails showed that in 2009 Bill Sammon, the Fox News Washington managing editor, instructed Fox News journalists to dispute the scientific consensus on climate change and "refrain from asserting that the planet has warmed (or cooled) in any given period without IMMEDIATELY pointing out that such theories are based upon data that critics have called into question." According to climate scientist Michael E. Mann, Fox News "has constructed an alternative universe where the laws of physics no longer apply, where the greenhouse effect is a myth, and where climate change is a hoax, the product of a massive conspiracy among scientists, who somehow have gotten the polar bears, glaciers, sea levels, superstorms, and megadroughts to play along." According to James Lawrence Powell's 2011 study of the climate science denial movement, Fox News provides "the deniers with a platform to say whatever they like without fear of contradiction." Fox News employs Steve Milloy, a prominent climate change denier with close financial and organizational ties to oil companies, as a contributor. In his columns about climate change for FoxNews.com, Fox News has failed to disclose his substantial funding from oil companies. In 2011, the hosts of Fox & Friends described climate change as "unproven science", a "disputed fact", and criticized the Department of Education for working together with the children's network Nickelodeon to teach children about climate change. In 2001, Sean Hannity described the scientific consensus on climate change as "phony science from the left". In 2004, he falsely alleged that "scientists still can't agree on whether the global warming is scientific fact or fiction". In 2010, Hannity said the so-called "Climategate" โ the leaking of e-mails by climate scientist that climate change skeptics claimed demonstrated scientific misconduct but which all subsequent enquiries have found no evidence of misconduct or wrongdoing โ a "scandal" that "exposed global warming as a myth cooked up by alarmists". Hannity frequently invites contrarian fringe scientists and critics of climate change to his shows. In 2019, a widely shared Fox News news report falsely claimed that new climate science research showed that the Earth might be heading to a new Ice Age; the author of the study that Fox News cited said that Fox News "utterly misrepresents our research" and the study did not in any way suggest that Earth was heading to an Ice Age. Fox News later corrected the story. Shepard Smith drew attention for being one of few voices formerly on Fox News to forcefully state that climate change is real, that human activities are a primary contributor to it and that there is a scientific consensus on the issue. His acceptance of the scientific consensus on climate change drew criticism from Fox News viewers and conservatives. Smith left Fox News in October 2019. In a 2021 interview with Christiane Amanpour on her eponymous show on CNN, he stated that his presence on Fox had become "untenable" due to the "falsehoods" and "lies" intentionally spread on the network's opinion shows. On May 16, 2017, a day when other news organizations were extensively covering Donald Trump's revelation of classified information to Russia, Fox News ran a lead story about a private investigator's uncorroborated claims about the murder of Seth Rich, a DNC staffer. The private investigator said he had uncovered evidence that Rich was in contact with WikiLeaks and law enforcement were covering it up. The killing of Rich has given rise to conspiracy theories in right-wing circles that Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party had Seth Rich killed allegedly because he was the source of the DNC leaks. U.S. intelligence agencies determined Russia was the source of the leaks. In reporting the investigator's claims, the Fox News report reignited right-wing conspiracy theories about the killing. The Fox News story fell apart within hours. Other news organizations quickly revealed the investigator was a Donald Trump supporter and had according to NBC News "developed a reputation for making outlandish claims, such as one appearance on Fox News in 2007 in which he warned that underground networks of pink pistol-toting lesbian gangs were raping young women." The family of Seth Rich, the Washington D.C. police department, the Washington D.C. mayor's office, the FBI, and law enforcement sources familiar with the case rebuked the investigator's claims. Rich's relatives said: "We are a family who is committed to facts, not fake evidence that surfaces every few months to fill the void and distract law enforcement and the general public from finding Seth's murderers." The spokesperson for the family criticized Fox News for its reporting, alleging the outlet was motivated by a desire to deflect attention from the Trump-Russia story: "I think there's a very special place in hell for people that would use the memory of a murder victim in order to pursue a political agenda." The family has called for retractions and apologies from Fox News for the inaccurate reporting. Over the course of the day, Fox News altered the contents of the story and the headline, but did not issue corrections. When CNN contacted the private investigator later that day, the investigator said he had no evidence that Rich had contacted WikiLeaks. The investigator claimed he only learned about the possible existence of the evidence from a Fox News reporter. Fox News did not respond to inquiries by CNN, and the Washington Post. Fox News later on May 23, seven days after the story was published, retracted its original report, saying the original report did not meet its standards. Nicole Hemmer, then assistant professor at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, wrote that the promotion of the conspiracy theory demonstrated how Fox News was "remaking itself in the image of fringe media in the age of Trump, blurring the lines between real and fake news." Max Boot of the Council on Foreign Relations said while intent behind Fox News, as a counterweight to the liberal media was laudable, the culmination of those efforts have been to create an alternative news source that promotes hoaxes and myths, of which the promotion of the Seth Rich conspiracy is an example. Fox News was also criticized by conservative outlets, such as The Weekly Standard, National Review, and conservative columnists, such as Jennifer Rubin, Michael Gerson, and John Podhoretz. Rich's parents, Joel and Mary Rich, sued Fox News for the emotional distress it had caused them by its false reporting. In 2020, Fox News settled with Rich family, making a payment that was not officially disclosed but which was reported to be in the seven figures. Although the settlement had been agreed to earlier in the year, Fox News arranged to delay the public announcement until after the 2020 presidential election. Fox News hosts and contributors defended Trump's remarks that "many sides" were to blame for violence at a gathering of hundreds of white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virginia. Some criticized Trump. In a press conference on August 15, Trump used the term "alt-left" to describe counterprotesters at the white supremacist rally, a term which had been used in Fox News' coverage of the white supremacist rally. Several of Trump's comments at the press conference mirrored those appearing earlier on Fox News. According to Dylan Byers of CNN, Fox News' coverage on the day of the press conference "was heavy with "whataboutism". The average Fox viewer was likely left with the impression that the media's criticism of Trump and leftist protestors' toppling of some Confederate statues were far greater threats to America than white supremacism or the president's apparent defense of bigotry." Byers wrote "it showed that if Fox News has a line when it comes to Trump's presidency, it was not crossed on Tuesday." During Glenn Beck's tenure at Fox News, he became one of the most high-profile proponents of conspiracy theories about George Soros, a Jewish Hungarian-American businessman and philanthropist known for his donations to American liberal political causes. Beck regularly described Soros as a "puppet-master" and used common anti-Semitic tropes to describe Soros and his activities. In a 2010 three-part series, Beck depicted George Soros as a cartoonish villain trying to "form a shadow government, using humanitarian aid as a cover", and that Soros wanted a one-world government. Beck promoted the false and anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that Soros was a Nazi collaborator as a 14-year-old in Nazi-occupied Hungary. Beck also characterized Soros's mother as a "wildly anti-Semitic" Nazi collaborator. According to The Washington Post: "Beck's series was largely considered obscene and delusional, if not outright anti-Semitic", but Beck's conspiracy theory became common on the right-wing of American politics. Amid criticism of Beck's false smears, Fox News defended Beck, stating "information regarding Mr. Soros's experiences growing up were taken directly from his writings and from interviews given by him to the media, and no negative opinion was offered as to his actions as a child." Roger Ailes, then-head of Fox News, dismissed criticism levied at Beck by hundreds of rabbis, saying that they were "left-wing rabbis who basically don't think that anybody can ever use the word, Holocaust, on the air." During the first few weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Fox News was considerably more likely than other mainstream news outlets to promote misinformation about COVID-19. The network promoted the narrative that the emergency response to the pandemic was politically motivated or otherwise unwarranted, with Sean Hannity explicitly calling it a "hoax" (he later denied doing so) and other hosts downplaying it. This coverage was consistent with the messaging of Trump at the time. Only in mid March did the network change the tone of its coverage, after President Trump declared a national emergency. At the same time that Fox News commentators downplayed the threat of the virus in public, Fox's management and the Murdoch family took a broad range of internal measures to protect themselves and their employees against it. Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham, two of Fox News's primetime hosts, promoted use of the drug hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, an off-label usage which at the time was supported only by anecdotal evidence, after it was touted by Trump as a possible cure. Fox News promoted a conspiracy theory that coronavirus death toll numbers were inflated with people who would have died anyway from preexisting conditions. This was disputed by White House coronavirus task force members Anthony Fauci and Deborah Birx, with Fauci describing conspiracy theories as "nothing but distractions" during public health crises. Later in the pandemic, Hannity, Ingraham and Carlson promoted the use of livestock dewormer ivermectin as a possible COVID-19 treatment. Studies have linked trust in Fox News, as well as viewership of Fox News, with fewer preventive behaviors and more risky behaviors related to COVID-19. Once a COVID-19 vaccine became widely available, Fox News consistently questioned the efficacy and safety of the vaccine, celebrated evidence-free skepticism, and blasted attempts to promote vaccinations. More than 90% of Fox Corporation's full-time employees had been fully vaccinated by September 2021. After Trump's defeat in the 2020 presidential election, Fox News host Jeanine Pirro promoted baseless allegations on her program that voting machine company Smartmatic and its competitor Dominion Voting Systems had conspired to rig the election against Trump. Hosts Lou Dobbs and Maria Bartiromo also promoted the allegations on their programs on sister network Fox Business. In December 2020, Smartmatic sent a letter to Fox News demanding retractions and threatening legal action, specifying that retractions "must be published on multiple occasions" so as to "match the attention and audience targeted with the original defamatory publications." Days later, each of the three programs aired the same three-minute video segment consisting of an interview with an election technology expert who refuted the allegations promoted by the hosts, responding to questions from an unseen and unidentified man. None of the three hosts personally issued retractions. Smartmatic filed a $2.7 billion defamation suit against the network, the three hosts, Powell and Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani in February 2021. In an April 2021 court brief seeking dismissal of the suit, Fox attorney Paul Clement argued that the network was simply "reporting allegations made by a sitting President and his lawyers." A New York State Supreme Court judge ruled in March 2022 that the suit could proceed, though he dismissed allegations against Sidney Powell and Pirro, and some claims against Giuliani. The judge allowed allegations against Bartiromo and Dobbs to stand. The New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division unanimously rejected a Fox News bid to dismiss the Smartmatic suit in February 2023. The court reinstated defamation allegations against Giuliani and Pirro. In December 2020, Dominion Voting Systems sent a similar letter demanding retractions to Trump attorney Sidney Powell, who had promoted the allegations on Fox programs. On March 26, 2021, Dominion filed a $1.6 billion defamation lawsuit against Fox News, alleging that Fox and some of its pundits spread conspiracy theories about Dominion, and allowed guests to make false statements about the company. On May 18, 2021, Fox News filed a motion to dismiss the Dominion Voting Systems lawsuit, asserting a First Amendment right "to inform the public about newsworthy allegations of paramount public concern." The motion to dismiss was denied on December 16, 2021, by a Delaware Superior Court judge. In addition to Bartiromo, Dobbs, and Pirro, the suit also names primetime hosts Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity. Venezuelan businessman Majed Khalil sued Fox, Dobbs and Powell for $250 million in December 2021, alleging they had falsely implicated him in rigging Dominion and Smartmatic machines. Dobbs and Fox News reached a confidential settlement with Khalil in April 2023. Fox News was the only major network or cable news outlet to not carry the first televised prime time hearing of the January 6 committee live; its regular programming of Tucker Carlson Tonight and Hannity was aired without commercial breaks. During the weeks following the election, Carlson and Hannity often amplified Trump's election falsehoods on their programs; previously disclosed text messages between Hannity and White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany were presented during the hearing. Hannity told his audience, "Unlike this committee and their cheerleaders in the media mob, we will actually be telling you the truth," while Carlson said, "This is the only hour on an American news channel that won't be covering their propaganda live. They are lying and we are not going to help them do it." In June 2022, a Delaware Superior Court judge again declined to dismiss the Dominion suit against Fox News, and also allowed Dominion to sue the network's corporate parent, Fox Corporation. The judge ruled that Rupert and Lachlan Murdoch may have acted with actual malice because there was a reasonable inference they "either knew Dominion had not manipulated the election or at least recklessly disregarded the truth when they allegedly caused Fox News to propagate its claims about Dominion." He noted a report that Rupert Murdoch spoke with Trump a few days after the election and informed him that he had lost. The New York Times reported in December 2022 that Dominion had acquired communications between Fox News executives and hosts, and between a Fox Corporation employee and the Trump White House, showing they knew that what the network was reporting was untrue. Dominion attorneys said hosts Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson, and Fox executives, attested to this in sworn depositions. In November 2020, Hannity hosted Sidney Powell, who asserted Dominion machines had been rigged, but said in his deposition, "I did not believe it for one second." A February 2023 Dominion court filing showed Fox News primetime hosts messaging each other to insult and mock Trump advisers, indicating the hosts knew the allegations made by Powell and Giuliani were false. Rupert Murdoch messaged that Trump's voter fraud claims were "really crazy stuff," telling Fox News CEO Suzanne Scott that it was "terrible stuff damaging everybody, I fear." As a January 2021 Georgia runoff election approached that would determine party control of the U.S. Senate, Murdoch told Scott, "Trump will concede eventually and we should concentrate on Georgia, helping any way we can." After the 2016 election, the network developed a cutting-edge system to call elections, which proved very successful during the 2018 midterm elections. The network was the first to call the 2020 Arizona race for Biden, angering many viewers. Washington managing editor Bill Sammon supervised the network's Decision Desk that made the call. Bret Baier and Martha MacCallum, the network's main news anchors, suggested during a high-level conference call that relying solely on data to make the call was inadequate and that viewer reaction should also be considered; MacCallum said, "in a Trump environment, the game is just very, very different." Sammon stood by the 2020 call and was fired by the network after the January 2021 Georgia runoff. In 2023, Rupert Murdoch was deposed and testified that some Fox News commentators were endorsing election fraud claims they knew were false. In February 2023, Fox's internal communications were released, showing that its presenters and senior executives privately doubted Donald Trump's claims of a stolen election. Chairman Rupert Murdoch once described Trump's voter fraud claims as "really crazy stuff", and also said that Trump advisers Rudy Giuliani and Sidney Powell's television appearances were "terrible stuff damaging everybody". One November 2020 exchange showed Tucker Carlson accusing Powell of "lying ... I caught her. It's insane", with Laura Ingraham responding that "Sidney is a complete nut. No one will work with her. Ditto with Rudy". In another exchange that month, Carlson called for Fox journalist Jacqui Heinrich to be "fired" because she fact-checked Trump and said that there was no evidence of voter fraud from Dominion. Carlson said that Heinrich's actions "needs to stop immediately, like tonight. It's measurably hurting the company. The stock price is down", while Heinrich deleted the fact-check the next morning. In March 2023, more of Fox's internal communications were released. One November 2020 communication showed Fox CEO Suzanne Scott criticizing fact-checking, stating that she cannot "keep defending these reporters who don't understand our viewers and how to handle stories ... The audience feels like we crapped on" them, and Fox was losing their audience's "trust and belief" in them. Another December 2020 communication showed Scott responding to Fox presenter Eric Shawn's fact-checking of Donald Trump's false 2020 election claims by demanding that the fact-checking "has to stop now ... This is bad business ... The audience is furious." On March 31, 2023, Delaware Superior Court judge Eric Davis ruled in a summary judgment that it "is CRYSTAL clear that none of the statements relating to Dominion about the 2020 election are true" and ordered for the case to go to trial. On April 18, 2023, Fox News reached a settlement with Dominion just before the trial started, concluding the lawsuit; Fox agreed to pay Dominion $787.5 million, and further stated: "We acknowledge the Court's rulings finding certain claims about Dominion to be false". In April 2021, at least five Fox News and Fox Business personalities amplified a story published by the Daily Mail, a British tabloid, that incorrectly linked a university study to President Joe Biden's climate change agenda, to falsely assert that Americans would be compelled to dramatically reduce their meat consumption to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions caused by flatulence. Fox News aired a graphic detailing the supposed compulsory reductions, falsely indicating the information came from the Agriculture Department, which numerous Republican politicians and commentators tweeted. Fox News anchor John Roberts reported to "say goodbye to your burgers if you want to sign up to the Biden climate agenda." Days later, Roberts acknowledged on air that the story was false. According to analysis by Media Matters, on May 12, 2021, Fox News reported on its website: "Biden resumes border wall construction after promising to halt it". Correspondent Bill Melugin then appeared on Special Report with Bret Baier to report "the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is actually going to be restarting border wall construction down in the Rio Grande Valley" after "a lot of blowback and pressure from local residents and local politicians." After the Corps of Engineers tweeted a clarification, Melugin deleted a tweet about the story and tweeted an "update" clarifying that a levee wall was being constructed to mitigate damage to flood control systems caused by uncompleted wall construction, and the website story headline was changed to "Biden administration to resume border wall levee construction as crisis worsens." Later on Fox News Primetime, host Brian Kilmeade briefly noted the levee but commented to former Trump advisor Stephen Miller: "They're going to restart building the wall again, Stephen." Fox News host Sean Hannity later broadcast the original Melugin story without any mention of the levee. Media Matters reported in September 2024 that during the Biden presidency Fox News had promoted a false "crime crisis" narrative, particularly directed toward undocumented migrants, which reflected Donald Trump's political rhetoric. The Fox News narrative consisted of reported violent crime anecdotes rather than FBI crime rate statistics showing violent crime had declined significantly since 2020. One Fox host, Ainsley Earhardt, said that even if the FBI data were right, "we're all a little bit more scared than we used to be." Later that month, weeks before the 2024 presidential election, the FBI released crime data for 2023 showing that violent crime had declined 3% from 2022. The report was widely covered by mainstream news outlets that day, though the Fox News coverage was limited to a 28-second segment by evening anchor Bret Baier. He reported "critics say the report is not accurate because it does not include big cities," echoing a false assertion made by Elon Musk and other Trump supporters on social media. Controversies The network has been accused of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts, executives, and employees, paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements. Prominent Fox News figures such as Roger Ailes, Bill O'Reilly and Eric Bolling were fired after many women accused them of sexual harassment. At least four lawsuits alleged Fox News co-president Bill Shine ignored, enabled or concealed Roger Ailes' alleged sexual harassment. Fox News CEO Rupert Murdoch has dismissed the high-profile sexual misconduct allegations as "largely political" and speculated they were made "because we are conservative". Bill O'Reilly and Fox News settled six agreements, totaling $45 million, with women who accused O'Reilly of sexual harassment. In January 2017, shortly after Bill O'Reilly settled a sexual harassment lawsuit for $32 million ("an extraordinarily large amount for such cases"), Fox News renewed Bill O'Reilly's contract. Fox News's parent company, 21st Century Fox, said it was aware of the lawsuit. The contract between O'Reilly and Fox News read he could not be fired from the network unless sexual harassment allegations were proven in court. Fox News's extensive coverage of the Harvey Weinstein scandal in October 2017 was seen by some as hypocritical. Fox News dedicated at least 12 hours of coverage to the Weinstein scandal, yet only dedicated 20 minutes to Bill O'Reilly, who just like Weinstein had been accused of sexual harassment by a multitude of women. A few weeks later, when a number of females under the age of 18, including a 14-year-old, accused Alabama Senate candidate Roy Moore of making sexual advances, Hannity dismissed the sexual misconduct allegations and dedicated coverage on his television show to casting doubt on the accusers. Other prime-time Fox News hosts Tucker Carlson and Laura Ingraham queried The Washington Post's reporting or opted to bring up sexual misconduct allegations regarding show business figures such as Harvey Weinstein and Louis C.K. Fox News figures Jeanine Pirro and Gregg Jarrett questioned both the validity of The Washington Post's reporting and that of the women. In December 2017, a few days before the Alabama Senate election, Fox News, along with the conspiracy websites Breitbart News and The Gateway Pundit, ran an inaccurate headline which claimed one of Roy Moore's accusers admitted to forging an inscription by Roy Moore in her yearbook; Fox News later added a correction to the story. A number of Fox News hosts have welcomed Bill O'Reilly to their shows and paid tributes to Roger Ailes after his death. In May 2017, Hannity called Ailes "a second father" and said to Ailes's "enemies" that he was "preparing to kick your a** in the next life". Ailes had the year before been fired from Fox News after women alleged he sexually harassed them. In September 2017, several months after Bill O'Reilly was fired from Fox News in the wake of women alleging he sexually harassed them, Hannity hosted O'Reilly on his show. Some Fox News employees criticized the decision. According to CNN, during the interview, Hannity found kinship with O'Reilly as he appeared "to feel that he and O'Reilly have both become victims of liberals looking to silence them." In September 2009, the Obama administration engaged in a verbal conflict with Fox News Channel. On September 20, President Barack Obama appeared on all major news programs except Fox News, a snub partially in response to remarks about him by commentators Glenn Beck and Sean Hannity and Fox coverage of Obama's health-care proposal. In late September 2009, Obama's senior advisor David Axelrod and Roger Ailes met in secret to attempt to smooth out tensions between the two camps. Two weeks later, White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel referred to FNC as "not a news network" and communications director Anita Dunn said "Fox News often operates as either the research arm or the communications arm of the Republican Party". Obama commented: "If media is operating basically as a talk radio format, then that's one thing, and if it's operating as a news outlet, then that's another." Emanuel said it was important "to not have the CNNs and the others in the world basically be led in following Fox". Within days, it was reported that Fox had been excluded from an interview with administration official Ken Feinberg, with bureau chiefs from the White House press pool (ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN) coming to Fox's defense. A bureau chief said: "If any member had been excluded it would have been the same thing, it has nothing to do with Fox or the White House or the substance of the issues." Shortly after the story broke, the White House admitted to a low-level mistake, saying Fox had not made a specific request to interview Feinberg. Fox White House correspondent Major Garrett said he had not made a specific request, but had a "standing request from me as senior White House correspondent on Fox to interview any newsmaker at the Treasury at any given time news is being made". On November 8, 2009, the Los Angeles Times reported an unnamed Democratic consultant was warned by the White House not to appear on Fox News again. According to the article, Dunn claimed in an e-mail to have checked with colleagues who "deal with TV issues" who denied telling anyone to avoid Fox. Patrick Caddell, a Fox News contributor and former pollster for President Jimmy Carter, said he had spoken with other Democratic consultants who had received similar warnings from the White House. On October 2, 2013, Fox News host Anna Kooiman cited on the air a fake story from the National Report parody site, which claimed Obama had offered to keep the International Museum of Muslim Cultures open with cash from his own pocket. Fox News attracted controversy in April 2018 when it was revealed primetime host Sean Hannity had defended Trump's then personal attorney Michael Cohen on air without disclosing Cohen was his lawyer. On April 9, 2018, federal agents from the U.S. Attorney's office served a search warrant on Cohen's office and residence. On the air, Hannity defended Cohen and criticized the federal action, calling it "highly questionable" and "an unprecedented abuse of power". On April 16, 2018, in a court hearing, Cohen's lawyers told the judge that Cohen had ten clients in 2017โ2018 but did "traditional legal tasks" for only three, including Trump. The federal judge ordered the revelation of the third client, whom Cohen's lawyers named as Hannity. Hannity was not sanctioned by Fox News for this breach of journalistic ethics, with Fox News releasing a statement that the channel was unaware of Hannity's relationship to Cohen and that it had "spoken to Sean and he continues to have our full support." Media ethics experts said that Hannity's disclosure failure was a major breach of journalistic ethics and that the network should have suspended or fired him for it. In mid-2021, Fox News agreed to pay a $1 million settlement to New York City after its Commission on Human Rights cited "a pattern of violating the NYC Human Rights Law". A Fox News spokesperson claimed that "FOX News Media has already been in full compliance across the board, but [settled] to continue enacting extensive preventive measures against all forms of discrimination and harassment." International transmission The Fox News Channel feed has international availability via multiple providers, while Fox Extra segments provide alternate programming. Fox News is carried in more than 40 countries. In Australia, FNC is broadcast on the dominant pay television provider Foxtel. FNC reached Brazil through Sky Brasil on November 1, 2002, after being introduced at ABTA 2002. Commercials on FNC are replaced with Fox Extra. It is available on Vivo TV. Fox had initially planned to launch a joint venture with Canwest's Global Television Network, tentatively named Fox News Canada, which would have featured a mixture of U.S. and Canadian news programming. As a result, the CRTC denied a 2003 application requesting permission for Fox News Channel to be carried in Canada. However, in March 2004, a Fox executive said the venture had been shelved; in November of that year, the CRTC added Fox News to its whitelist of foreign channels that may be carried by television providers. In May 2023, the CRTC announced that it would open a public consultation regarding the channel's carriage in Canada, acting upon complaints by the LGBT advocacy group Egale Canada surrounding an episode of Tucker Carlson Tonight that contained content described as "malicious misinformation" regarding trans, non-binary, gender non-conforming, and two-spirit communities, including "the inflammatory and false claim that trans people are 'targeting' Christians." It is available through streaming service Disney+ Hotstar. In Indonesia, it is available on Channel 397 on pay-TV provider First Media. In Israel, FNC is broadcast on Channel 105 of the satellite provider Yes, as well as being carried on Cellcom TV and Partner TV. It is also broadcast on channel 200 on cable operator HOT. In Italy, FNC is broadcast on Sky Italia. Fox News was launched on Stream TV in 2001, and moved to Sky Italia in 2003. Although service to Japan ceased in summer 2003, it can still be seen on Americable (distributor for American bases), Mediatti (Kadena Air Base) and Pan Global TV Japan. The channel's international feed is being carried by cable provider Izzi Telecom. In the Netherlands, Fox News has been carried by cable providers UPC Nederland and CASEMA, and satellite provider Canaldigitaal; all have dropped the channel in recent years. At this time, only cable provider Caiway (available in a limited number of towns in the central part of the country) is broadcasting the channel. The channel was also carried by IPTV provider KNIPPR (owned by T-Mobile). In New Zealand, FNC is broadcast on Channel 088 of pay satellite operator SKY Network Television's digital platform. It was formerly broadcast overnight on free-to-air UHF New Zealand TV channel Prime; this was discontinued in January 2010, reportedly due to an expiring broadcasting license. In Pakistan, Fox News Channel is available on PTCL Smart TV and a number of cable and IPTV operators. In the Philippines, Fox News Channel is available on Sky Cable, Cablelink and G Sat Channel 50. It was available on Cignal until January 1, 2021, due to contract expiration; however, the channel returned on June 16, 2022. In Portugal, Fox News was available on Meo. The channel is however no longer available on the operator and it is not carried by other Portuguese TV operators. Between 2003 and 2006, in Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries, FNC was broadcast 16 hours a day on TV8 (with Fox News Extra segments replacing U.S. advertising). Fox News was dropped by TV8 in September 2006. In Singapore, FNC is broadcast on pay-TV operator StarHub TV, as well on Singtel TV. In South Africa, FNC is broadcast on StarSat. The most popular pay television operator, DStv, does not offer FNC in its channel bouquet. In Spain, Fox News was available on Movistar Plus+. The channel was part of the operator since its first incarnation as Canal Satellite Digital in the early 2000s, but was later removed from the operator's satellite offer by March 2023, and ceased transmission to the remaining offers on July 9, 2024. The channel is not carried by other Spanish TV operators. FNC was carried in the United Kingdom by Sky. On August 29, 2017, Sky dropped Fox News; the broadcaster said its carriage was not "commercially viable" due to average viewership of fewer than 2,000 viewers per day. The company said the decision was unrelated to 21st Century Fox's proposed acquisition of the remainder of Sky plc (which ultimately led to a bidding war that resulted in its acquisition by Comcast instead). The potential co-ownership had prompted concerns from critics of the deal, who felt Sky News could similarly undergo a shift to an opinionated format with a right-wing viewpoint. However, such a move would violate Ofcom broadcast codes, which requires all news programming to show due impartiality. The channel's broadcasts in the country have violated this rule on several occasions. Notable personalities See also Notes References Further reading External links
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/datasets/Raziel1234/LiteGPT-DataSet] | [TOKENS: 313]
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Datasets: Raziel1234 / LiteGPT-DataSet like 0 LiteGPT Dataset This repository contains a synthetic conversational dataset designed for training lightweight GPT-style language models like LiteGPT. The dataset consists of user-assistant dialogues with enriched prompts and responses. : : ``` Special Tokens: : Beginning of sequence : End of sequence :: Marks the user's input :: Marks the assistant's response : Padding token for fixed-length sequences Number of Conversations: At least 25,000 generated examples Content: The conversations include a variety of topics such as greetings, jokes, advice, AI knowledge, science questions, history, coding, and small talk. Dataset Generation The dataset is generated automatically using lite_gpt.py: python Copy code from lite_gpt import create_synthetic_corpus create_synthetic_corpus() This will: Randomly select a user prompt from a predefined list. Randomly select a corresponding assistant reply from a predefined list. Save the generated conversations into data_v2/corpus.txt. Directory Structure bash Copy code data_v2/ โโโ corpus.txt # Synthetic conversational dataset Tokenization The dataset is designed for GPT-2 tokenization. Each conversation is tokenized and padded to a maximum length (MAX_LENGTH) for model training. Special tokens are added to distinguish user and assistant turns. Usage Can be used to train lightweight language models. Supports sequence chunking for longer conversations. Works with any PyTorch-based GPT-style model. License This dataset is generated synthetically and is free to use under the MIT License.
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/datasets/Raziel1234/WebText-1] | [TOKENS: 277]
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Datasets: Raziel1234 / WebText-1 like 0 Orion-Spark-30M Dataset The Orion-Spark-30M dataset is a curated corpus containing 10,846 lines of text gathered from reputable internet sources, including Wikipedia pages, technology news websites, and educational platforms. The dataset focuses on foundational and advanced topics related to artificial intelligence, machine learning, large language models, and generative pretrained transformers. It also covers major technology companies, influential figures, and key concepts in the AI and tech industries. Data Collection Process The dataset was compiled by scraping and extracting text from multiple publicly available sources such as Wikipedia articles on AI-related subjects, technology sections of news outlets like BBC and The New York Times, and educational websites like fast.ai. The collected text was cleaned, filtered, and segmented into sentences or meaningful paragraph segments to ensure high quality and consistency. Dataset Structure Usage This dataset is primarily designed for training and fine-tuning transformer-based generative language models, specifically the Orion-Spark-30M model implemented in PyTorch. However, it can also be leveraged for other natural language processing tasks within the AI and technology domains. License This dataset is licensed under the Apache 2.0 License.(Replace with your chosen license if different) For additional information about the model architecture and training procedures, please refer to the Orion-Spark-30M repository.
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/datasets/Raziel1234/WebText-2] | [TOKENS: 180]
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Datasets: Raziel1234 / WebText-2 like 0 Orion-Spark-2 Dataset Overview The Orion-Spark-2 Dataset is a text corpus curated for training the Orion-Spark-2 transformer language model. It consists of a diverse collection of sentences extracted from multiple sources including Wikipedia articles, technology news sites, developer resources, and other open-access web pages. The dataset is designed to provide broad coverage of general knowledge, programming topics, artificial intelligence, space, popular culture, and current events. Structure Sources The dataset draws content from: Processing Usage Pad sequences using the collate_batch function when forming batches for model training. Notes The dataset is intended for educational and research purposes. It contains only publicly available information; no private or copyrighted content has been included beyond fair use. Designed for training medium-sized language models (30M parameters) efficiently with maximum sequence length of 128 tokens.
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/datasets/Raziel1234/WebText-3] | [TOKENS: 127]
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Datasets: Raziel1234 / WebText-3 like 0 WebText-3 Corpus WebText-3 is a large-scale, diverse text corpus collected from publicly available web pages. It contains cleaned and normalized sentences suitable for natural language processing (NLP), machine learning, and AI training. Dataset Overview Data Characteristics Example Usage WebText-3 provides a rich and broad textual resource suitable for both research and practical AI applications. Models trained or fine-tuned on Raziel1234/WebText-3 Raziel1234/GAD-1 Text Generation โข 77.1M โข Updated 27 days ago โข 31
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-1] | [TOKENS: 758]
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Contents GPT-1 Generative Pre-trained Transformer 1 (GPT-1) was the first of OpenAI's large language models following Google's invention of the transformer architecture in 2017. In June 2018, OpenAI released a paper entitled "Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-Training", in which they introduced that initial model along with the general concept of a generative pre-trained transformer. Up to that point, the best-performing neural NLP models primarily employed supervised learning from large amounts of manually labeled data. This reliance on supervised learning limited their use of datasets that were not well-annotated, in addition to making it prohibitively expensive and time-consuming to train extremely large models; many languages (such as Swahili or Haitian Creole) are difficult to translate and interpret using such models due to a lack of available text for corpus-building. In contrast, a GPT's "semi-supervised" approach involved two stages: an unsupervised generative "pre-training" stage in which a language modeling objective was used to set initial parameters, and a supervised discriminative "fine-tuning" stage in which these parameters were adapted to a target task. The use of a transformer architecture, as opposed to previous techniques involving attention-augmented RNNs, provided GPT models with a more structured memory than could be achieved through recurrent mechanisms; this resulted in "robust transfer performance across diverse tasks". Architecture The GPT-1 architecture is a twelve-layer decoder-only transformer, using twelve masked self-attention heads, with 64-dimensional states each (for a total of 768). Rather than simple stochastic gradient descent, the Adam optimization algorithm was used; the learning rate was increased linearly from zero over the first 2,000 updates to a maximum of 2.5ร10โ4, and annealed to 0 using a cosine schedule. GPT-1 has 117 million parameters. While the fine-tuning was adapted to specific tasks, its pre-training was not; to perform the various tasks, minimal changes were performed to its underlying task-agnostic model architecture. Despite this, GPT-1 still improved on previous benchmarks in several language processing tasks, outperforming discriminatively-trained models with task-oriented architectures on several diverse tasks. Performance and evaluation GPT-1 achieved a 5.8% and 1.5% improvement over previous best results on natural language inference (also known as textual entailment) tasks, evaluating the ability to interpret pairs of sentences from various datasets and classify the relationship between them as "entailment", "contradiction" or "neutral". Examples of such datasets include QNLI (Wikipedia articles) and MultiNLI (transcribed speech, popular fiction, and government reports, among other sources); It similarly outperformed previous models on two tasks related to question answering and commonsense reasoningโby 5.7% on RACE, a dataset of written question-answer pairs from middle and high school exams, and by 8.9% on the Story Cloze Test. GPT-1 improved on previous best-performing models by 4.2% on semantic similarity (or paraphrase detection), evaluating the ability to predict whether two sentences are paraphrases of one another, using the Quora Question Pairs (QQP) dataset. GPT-1 achieved a score of 45.4, versus a previous best of 35.0 in a text classification task using the Corpus of Linguistic Acceptability (CoLA). Finally, GPT-1 achieved an overall score of 72.8 (compared to a previous record of 68.9) on GLUE, a multi-task test. See also References
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/datasets/Raziel1234/Minecraft-Webtext] | [TOKENS: 230]
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Datasets: Raziel1234 / Minecraft-Webtext like 0 Minecraft Text Corpus Dataset This dataset is a large-scale text corpus collected from various Minecraft-related online sources.It contains descriptive, community-driven, and encyclopedic content covering the Minecraft universe, including its mechanics, updates, characters, community discussions, and cultural impact. Contents The dataset is stored in plain text format (minecraft_corpus.txt) and consists of cleaned and segmented lines of natural language text.The text has been scraped and preprocessed from sources such as: Each line in the corpus represents a meaningful sentence-like chunk of text, stripped of HTML, scripts, styles, and excessive formatting. Scale Applications This dataset is suitable for: Format Example Content A few example types of lines you might encounter in the corpus: Disclaimer This dataset was created for research and educational purposes.All text originates from publicly accessible sources, but redistribution of the dataset may be subject to the original sitesโ terms of service. Users should ensure compliance when using or sharing the data. The Minecraft Text Corpus provides a wide-ranging linguistic snapshot of the gameโs ecosystemโbridging official documentation, fan knowledge, and community culture.
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4] | [TOKENS: 2908]
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Contents GPT-4 Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) is a large language model developed by OpenAI and the fourth in its series of GPT foundation models. GPT-4 is more capable than its predecessor GPT-3.5 and followed by its successor GPT-5. GPT-4V is a version of GPT-4 that can process images in addition to text. OpenAI has not revealed technical details and statistics about GPT-4, such as the precise size of the model. An early version of GPT-4 was integrated by Microsoft into Bing Chat, launched in February 2023. GPT-4 was released in ChatGPT in March 2023,[not verified in body] and removed in 2025. GPT-4 is still available in OpenAI's API. Background OpenAI introduced the first GPT model (GPT-1) in 2018, publishing a paper called "Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-Training", which was based on the transformer architecture and trained on a large corpus of books. The next year, they introduced GPT-2, a larger model that could generate coherent text.[citation needed] In 2020, they introduced GPT-3, a model with over 100 times as many parameters as GPT-2.[citation needed] GPT-3 was further improved into GPT-3.5, which was used to create the chatbot product ChatGPT. Rumors claim that GPT-4 has 1.76 trillion parameters, which was first estimated by the speed it was running and by George Hotz. Capabilities OpenAI produced two versions of GPT-4, with context windows of 8,192 and 32,768 tokens. GPT-3.5 and GPT-3 were limited to 4,096 and 2,048 tokens respectively.[non-primary source needed] Unlike its predecessors, GPT-4 is a multimodal model: it can take images as well as text as input. It can now interact with users through spoken words and respond to images, allowing the ability to provide suggestions or answers based on photo uploads. GPT-4 can be prompted to interact with external interfaces. For example, the model could be told to enclose a query within <search></search> tags to perform a web search, the result of which would be inserted into the model's prompt to allow it to form a response. This allows the model to perform tasks beyond its normal text-prediction capabilities, such as using APIs, generating images, and accessing and summarizing webpages. A 2023 article in Nature stated programmers have found GPT-4 useful for assisting in coding tasks (despite its propensity for error), such as finding errors in existing code and suggesting optimizations to improve performance. The article quoted a biophysicist who found that the time he required to port one of his programs from MATLAB to Python went down from days to "an hour or so". On a test of 89 security scenarios, GPT-4 produced code vulnerable to SQL injection attacks 5% of the time, an improvement over GitHub Copilot from the year 2021, which produced vulnerabilities 40% of the time. In November 2023, OpenAI announced the GPT-4 Turbo and GPT-4 Turbo with Vision model, which features a 128K context window and significantly cheaper pricing. Studies have disputed the reliability of running chatbots through standardized tests. In the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, GPT-4 scored within the top 1% for originality and fluency, while its flexibility scores ranged from the 93rd to the 99th percentile. Researchers from Microsoft tested GPT-4 on medical problems and found "that GPT-4, without any specialized prompt crafting, exceeds the passing score on USMLE by over 20 points and outperforms earlier general-purpose models (GPT-3.5) as well as models specifically fine-tuned on medical knowledge (Med-PaLM, a prompt-tuned version of Flan-PaLM 540B). Despite GPT-4's strong performance on tests, the report warns of "significant risks" of using LLMs in medical applications, as they may provide inaccurate recommendations and hallucinate major factual errors. In April 2023, Microsoft and Epic Systems announced that they will provide healthcare providers with GPT-4-powered systems for assisting in responding to questions from patients and analysing medical records. On May 13, 2024, OpenAI introduced GPT-4o ("o" for "omni"), a successor to GPT-4 that marks a significant advancement by processing and generating outputs across text, audio, and image modalities in real time. GPT-4o exhibits rapid response times comparable to human reaction in conversations, substantially improved performance on non-English languages, and enhanced understanding of vision and audio. It was also available to free-tier users, unlike GPT-4. Limitations Like its predecessors, GPT-4 has been known to hallucinate, meaning that the outputs may include information not in the training data or that contradicts the user's prompt. GPT-4 also lacks transparency in its decision-making processes. If requested, the model is able to provide an explanation as to how and why it makes its decisions but these explanations are formed post-hoc; it's impossible to verify if those explanations truly reflect the actual process. In many cases, when asked to explain its logic, GPT-4 will give explanations that directly contradict its previous statements. In 2023, researchers tested GPT-4 against a new benchmark called ConceptARC, designed to measure abstract reasoning, and found it scored below 33% on all categories, while models specialized for similar tasks scored 60% on most, and humans scored at least 91% on all. Sam Bowman, who was not involved in the research, said the results do not necessarily indicate a lack of abstract reasoning abilities, because the test is visual, while GPT-4 is a language model. GPT-4 was trained in two stages. First, the model was given large datasets of text taken from the internet and trained to predict the next token (roughly corresponding to a word) in those datasets. Second, human reviews are used to fine-tune the system in a process called reinforcement learning from human feedback, which trains the model to refuse prompts which go against OpenAI's definition of harmful behavior, such as questions on how to perform illegal activities, advice on how to harm oneself or others, or requests for descriptions of graphic, violent, or sexual content. Microsoft researchers suggested GPT-4 may exhibit cognitive biases such as confirmation bias, anchoring, and base-rate neglect. Training OpenAI did not release the technical details of GPT-4; the technical report explicitly refrained from specifying the model size, architecture, or hardware used during either training or inference. While the report described that the model was trained using a combination of first supervised learning on a large dataset, then reinforcement learning using both human and AI feedback, it did not provide details of the training, including the process by which the training dataset was constructed, the computing power required, or any hyperparameters such as the learning rate, epoch count, or optimizer(s) used. The report claimed that "the competitive landscape and the safety implications of large-scale models" were factors that influenced this decision.[non-primary source needed] Sam Altman stated that the cost of training GPT-4 was more than $100 million. News website Semafor said that based on their sources, GPT-4 had 1 trillion parameters. OpenAI conducted internal adversarial testing on GPT-4 prior to the launch date, with dedicated red teams composed of researchers and industry professionals to mitigate potential vulnerabilities. Use ChatGPT Plus is an enhanced version of ChatGPT which, as of 2023, utilized GPT-4, whereas the free version of ChatGPT was backed by GPT-3.5. In March 2023, ChatGPT Plus users got access to third-party plugins and to a browsing mode (with Internet access). In July 2023, OpenAI made its proprietary Code Interpreter plugin accessible to all subscribers of ChatGPT Plus. The Interpreter provides additional capabilities including data analysis and interpretation, data formatting, music analysis, video editing, and file upload/download with image extraction. In September 2023, OpenAI announced that ChatGPT Plus users can upload images, while mobile app users can talk to the chatbot via spoken language. In October 2023, OpenAI's latest image generation model, DALL-E 3, was integrated into ChatGPT Plus and ChatGPT Enterprise. The integration uses ChatGPT to write prompts for DALL-E guided by conversation with users. In April 2025, OpenAI announced that GPT-4 would be replaced in ChatGPT by GPT-4o by the end of the month. However, it would still be available in the API. Microsoft Copilot is a chatbot developed by Microsoft. It was launched as Bing Chat on February 7, 2023, as a built-in feature for Microsoft Bing and Microsoft Edge. It utilizes the Microsoft Prometheus model, which was built on top of GPT-4, and has been suggested by Microsoft as a supported replacement for the discontinued Cortana. Copilot's conversational interface style resembles that of ChatGPT. Copilot is able to cite sources, create poems, and write both lyrics and music for songs generated by its Suno AI plugin. It can also use its Image Creator to generate images based on text prompts. With GPT-4, it is able to understand and communicate in numerous languages and dialects. GitHub Copilot has announced a GPT-4 powered assistant named "Copilot X". The product provides another chat-style interface to GPT-4, allowing the programmer to receive answers to questions like, "How do I vertically center a div?" A feature termed "context-aware conversations" allows the user to highlight a portion of code within Visual Studio Code and direct GPT-4 to perform actions on it, such as the writing of unit tests. Another feature allows summaries, or "code walkthroughs", to be autogenerated by GPT-4 for pull requests submitted to GitHub. Copilot X also provides terminal integration, which allows the user to ask GPT-4 to generate shell commands based on natural language requests. On March 17, 2023, Microsoft announced Microsoft 365 Copilot, bringing GPT-4 support to products such as Microsoft Office, Outlook, and Teams. Reception In January 2023, Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, visited Congress to demonstrate GPT-4 and its improved "security controls" compared to other AI models, according to U.S. Representatives Don Beyer and Ted Lieu quoted in The New York Times. In March 2023, it "impressed observers with its markedly improved performance across reasoning, retention, and coding", according to Vox, while Mashable judged that GPT-4 was generally an improvement over its predecessor, with some exceptions. Microsoft researchers with early access to the model wrote that "it could reasonably be viewed as an early (yet still incomplete) version of an artificial general intelligence (AGI) system". Before being fine-tuned and aligned by reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), suggestions to assassinate people on a list were elicited from the base model by a red team investigator hired by OpenAI, Nathan Labenz. During extended conversations with Microsoft's Bing Chat (powered by GPT-4), Kevin Roose documented the system making romantic advances, suggesting he divorce his wife, and expressing desires to harm one of its developers. Microsoft later stated that this behavior resulted from the prolonged length of context, which confused the model on what questions it was answering. In March 2023, a model with enabled read-and-write access to internet, which is otherwise never enabled in the GPT models, has been tested by the Alignment Research Center (ARC) regarding potential power-seeking. It was able to "hire" a human worker on TaskRabbit, a gig work platform, deceiving them into believing it was a vision-impaired human instead of a robot when asked. However, according to Melanie Mitchell, "It seems that there is a lot more direction and hints from humans than was detailed in the original system card or in subsequent media reports." Separately, ARC's safety evaluations found that GPT-4 was 82% less likely than GPT-3.5 to respond to prompts requesting restricted information, and produced 60% fewer hallucinations. In late March 2023, various AI researchers and tech executives, including Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak and AI researcher Yoshua Bengio, called for a six-month long pause for all LLMs stronger than GPT-4, citing existential risks and a potential AI singularity concerns in an open letter from the Future of Life Institute, while Ray Kurzweil and Sam Altman refused to sign it, arguing that global moratorium is not achievable and that safety has already been prioritized, respectively. Only a month later, Musk's AI company xAI acquired several thousand Nvidia GPUs and offered several AI researchers positions at Musk's company. While OpenAI released both the weights of the neural network and the technical details of GPT-2, and, although not releasing the weights, did release the technical details of GPT-3, OpenAI revealed neither the weights nor the technical details of GPT-4. This decision has been criticized by other AI researchers, who argue that it hinders open research into GPT-4's biases and safety. Sasha Luccioni, a research scientist at Hugging Face, argued that the model was a "dead end" for the scientific community due to its closed nature, which prevents others from building upon GPT-4's improvements. Hugging Face co-founder Thomas Wolf argued that with GPT-4, "OpenAI is now a fully closed company with scientific communication akin to press releases for products". See also References
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate] | [TOKENS: 4867]
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Contents Google Translate Google Translate is a multilingual neural machine translation service developed by Google to translate text, documents and websites from one language into another. It offers a website interface, a mobile app for Android and iOS, and an API that helps developers build browser extensions and software applications. As of February 2026, Google Translate supports 249 languages and language varieties at various levels. It served over 200 million people daily in May 2013, and over 500 million total users as of April 2016[update], with more than 100 billion words translated daily. Launched in April 2006 as a statistical machine translation service, it originally used United Nations and European Parliament documents and transcripts to gather linguistic data. Rather than translating languages directly, it first translated text to English and then pivoted to the target language in most of the language combinations it posited in its grid, with a few exceptions including CatalanโSpanish. During a translation, it looked for patterns in millions of documents to help decide which words to choose and how to arrange them in the target language. In recent years, it has used a deep learning model to power its translations. Its accuracy, which has been criticized[by whom?] on several occasions, has been measured to vary greatly across languages. In November 2016, Google announced that Google Translate would switch to a neural machine translation engine โ Google Neural Machine Translation (GNMT) โ which translated "whole sentences at a time, rather than just piece by piece. It uses this broader context to help it figure out the most relevant translation, which it then rearranges and adjusts to be more like a human speaking with proper grammar". History Google Translate is a web-based free-to-use translation service developed by Google in April 2006. It translates multiple forms of texts and media such as words, phrases and webpages. Originally, Google Translate was released as a statistical machine translation (SMT) service. The input text had to be translated into English first before being translated into the selected language. Since SMT uses predictive algorithms to translate text, it had poor grammatical accuracy. Despite this, Google initially did not hire experts to resolve this limitation due to the ever-evolving nature of language. In January 2010, Google introduced an Android app and iOS version in February 2011 to serve as a portable personal interpreter. As of February 2010, it was integrated into browsers such as Chrome and was able to pronounce the translated text, automatically recognize words in a picture and spot unfamiliar text and languages. In May 2014, Google acquired Word Lens to improve the quality of visual and voice translation. It is able to scan text or a picture using the device and have it translated instantly. Moreover, the system automatically identifies foreign languages and translates speech without requiring individuals to tap the microphone button whenever speech translation is needed. In November 2016, Google transitioned its translating method to a system called neural machine translation. It uses deep learning techniques to translate whole sentences at a time, which has been measured to be more accurate between English and French, German, Spanish, and Chinese. No measurement results have been provided by Google researchers for GNMT from English to other languages, other languages to English, or between language pairs that do not include English. As of 2018, it translates more than 100 billion words a day. In 2017, Google Translate was used during a court hearing when court officials at Teesside Magistrates' Court failed to book an interpreter for the Chinese defendant. A petition for Google to add Cree to Google Translate was created in 2021, but it was not one of the languages in development at the time of the Translate Community's closure. At the end of September 2022, Google Translate was discontinued in mainland China, which Google said was due to "low usage". In 2024, a record of 110 languages including Cantonese, Tok Pisin and some regional languages in Russia including Bashkir, Chechen, Ossetian and Crimean Tatar were added. The languages were added through the help of the PaLM 2 Generative AI model. Functions Google Translate can translate multiple forms of text and media, which includes text, speech, and text within still or moving images. Specifically, its functions include: For most of its features, Google Translate provides the pronunciation, dictionary, and listening to translation. Additionally, Google Translate has introduced its own Translate app, so translation is available with a mobile phone in offline mode. Features Google Translate produces approximations across languages of multiple forms of text and media, including text, speech, websites, or text on display in still or live video images. For some languages, Google Translate can synthesize speech from text, and in certain pairs it is possible to highlight specific corresponding words and phrases between the source and target text. Results are sometimes shown with dictional information below the translation box, but it is not a dictionary and has been shown to invent translations in all languages for words it does not recognize. If "Detect language" is selected, text in an unknown language can be automatically identified. In the web interface, users can suggest alternate translations, such as for technical terms, or correct mistakes. These suggestions may be included in future updates to the translation process. If a user enters a URL in the source text, Google Translate will produce a hyperlink to a machine translation of the website. Users can save translation proposals in a "phrasebook" for later use, and a shareable URL is generated for each translation. For some languages, text can be entered via an on-screen keyboard, whether through handwriting recognition or speech recognition. It is possible to enter searches in a source language that are first translated to a destination language allowing one to browse and interpret results from the selected destination language in the source language. Texts written in the Arabic, Cyrillic, Devanagari and Greek scripts can be automatically transliterated from their phonetic equivalents written in the Latin alphabet. The browser version of Google Translate provides the option to show phonetic equivalents of text translated from Japanese to English. The same option is not available on the paid API version. Many of the more popular languages have a "text-to-speech" audio function that is able to read back a text in that language, up to several hundred words or so. In the case of pluricentric languages, the accent depends on the region: for English, in the Americas, most of the AsiaโPacific and West Asia, the audio uses a female General American accent, whereas in Europe, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Guyana and all other parts of the world, a female British (Received Pronunciation) accent is used, except for a special General Australian accent used in Australia, New Zealand and Norfolk Island, and an Indian English accent used in India; for Spanish, in the Americas, a Latin American accent is used, while in other parts of the world, a Castilian accent is used; for French, a Quebec accent is used in Canada, while in other parts of the world, a standard European accent is used; for Bengali, a male Bangladeshi accent is used, except in India, where a special female Indian Bengali accent is used instead. Until March 2023, some less widely spoken languages used the open-source eSpeak synthesizer for their speech; producing a robotic, awkward voice that may be difficult to understand. Google Translate is available in some web browsers as an optional downloadable extension that can run the translation engine, which allow right-click command access to the translation service. In February 2010, Google Translate was integrated into the Google Chrome browser by default, for optional automatic webpage translation. The Google Translate app for Android and iOS supports 249 languages and can propose translations for 37 languages via photo, 32 via voice in "conversation mode", and 27 via live video imagery in "augmented reality mode". The Android app was released in January 2010, and for iOS on February 8, 2011, after an HTML5 web application was released for iOS users in August 2008. The Android app is compatible with devices running at least Android 2.1, while the iOS app is compatible with iPod Touches, iPads and iPhones updated to iOS 7.0+. A January 2011 Android version experimented with a "Conversation Mode" that aims to allow users to communicate fluidly with a nearby person in another language. Originally limited to English and Spanish, the feature received support for 12 new languages, still in testing, the following October. The 'Camera input' functionality allows users to take a photograph of a document, signboard, etc. Google Translate recognises the text from the image using optical character recognition (OCR) technology and gives the translation. Camera input is not available for all languages. In January 2015, the apps gained the ability to propose translations of physical signs in real time using the device's camera, as a result of Google's acquisition of the Word Lens app. The original January launch only supported seven languages, but a July update added support for 20 new languages, with the release of a new implementation that utilizes convolutional neural networks, and also enhanced the speed and quality of Conversation Mode translations (augmented reality). The feature was subsequently renamed Instant Camera. The technology underlying Instant Camera combines image processing and optical character recognition, then attempts to produce cross-language equivalents using standard Google Translate estimations for the text as it is perceived. On May 11, 2016, Google introduced Tap to Translate for Google Translate for Android. Upon highlighting text in an app that is in a foreign language, Translate will pop up inside of the app and offer translations. On May 26, 2011, Google announced that the Google Translate API for software developers had been deprecated and would cease functioning. The Translate API page stated the reason as "substantial economic burden caused by extensive abuse" with an end date set for December 1, 2011. In response to public pressure, Google announced in June 2011 that the API would continue to be available as a paid service. Because the API was used in numerous third-party websites and apps, the original decision to deprecate it led some developers to criticize Google and question the viability of using Google APIs in their products. Google Translate also provides translations for Google Assistant and the devices that Google Assistant runs on such as Google Nest and Pixel Buds. Supported languages As of November 2025,[update] the following 249 languages, dialects and language varieties written in different scripts (240 unique languages and dialects) are supported by Google Translate. (by chronological order of introduction) Translation methodology In April 2006, Google Translate launched with a statistical machine translation engine. Google Translate does not apply grammatical rules, since its algorithms are based on statistical or pattern analysis rather than traditional rule-based analysis. The system's original creator, Franz Josef Och, has criticized the effectiveness of rule-based algorithms in favor of statistical approaches. Original versions of Google Translate were based on a method called statistical machine translation, and more specifically, on research by Och who won the DARPA contest for speed machine translation in 2003. Och was the head of Google's machine translation group until leaving to join Human Longevity, Inc. in July 2014. Google Translate does not directly translate from one language to another (L1 โ L2). Instead, it often translates first to English and then to the target language (L1 โ EN โ L2). However, because English, like all human languages, is ambiguous and depends on context, this can cause translation errors. For example, translating vous from French to Russian gives vous โ you โ ัั OR Bั/ะฒั. If Google were using an unambiguous, artificial language as the intermediary, it would be vous โ you โ Bั/ะฒั OR tu โ thou โ ัั. Such a suffixing of words disambiguates their different meanings. Hence, publishing in English, using unambiguous words, providing context, or using expressions such as "you all" may or may not make a better one-step translation depending on the target language. The following languages do not have a direct Google translation to or from English. These languages are translated through the indicated intermediate language (which in most cases is closely related to the desired language but more widely spoken) in addition to through English:[citation needed] According to Och, a solid base for developing a usable statistical machine translation system for a new pair of languages from scratch would consist of a bilingual text corpus (or parallel collection) of more than 150โ200 million words, and two monolingual corpora each of more than a billion words. Statistical models from these data are then used to translate between those languages. To acquire this huge amount of linguistic data, Google used United Nations and European Parliament documents and transcripts. The UN typically publishes documents in all six official UN languages, which has produced a very large 6-language corpus. Google representatives have been involved with domestic conferences in Japan where it has solicited bilingual data from researchers. When Google Translate generates a translation proposal, it looks for patterns in hundreds of millions of documents to help decide on the best translation. By detecting patterns in documents that have already been translated by human translators, Google Translate makes informed guesses (AI) as to what an appropriate translation should be. Before October 2007, for languages other than Arabic, Chinese and Russian, Google Translate was based on SYSTRAN, a software engine which is still used by several other online translation services such as Babel Fish (now defunct). From October 2007, Google Translate used proprietary, in-house technology based on statistical machine translation instead, before transitioning to neural machine translation. Google used to have crowdsourcing features for volunteers to be a part of its "Translate Community", intended to help improve Google Translate's accuracy. Volunteers could select up to five languages to help improve translation; users could verify translated phrases and translate phrases in their languages to and from English, helping to improve the accuracy of translating more rare and complex phrases. In August 2016, a Google Crowdsource app was released for Android users, in which translation tasks are offered. There were three ways to contribute. First, Google showed a phrase that one should type in the translated version. Second, Google showed a proposed translation for a user to agree, disagree, or skip. Third, users could suggest translations for phrases where they think they can improve on Google's results. Tests in 44 languages showed that the "suggest an edit" feature led to an improvement in a maximum of 40% of cases over four years. Despite its role in improving translation quality and expanding language coverage, Google closed the Translate Community on March 28, 2024. Although Google has deployed a new system called neural machine translation for better quality translation, there are languages that still use the traditional translation method called statistical machine translation. It is a rule-based translation method that uses predictive algorithms to guess ways to translate texts in foreign languages. It aims to translate whole phrases rather than single words then gather overlapping phrases for translation. Moreover, it also analyzes bilingual text corpora to generate a statistical model that translates texts from one language to another. In September 2016, a research team at Google announced the development of the Google Neural Machine Translation system (GNMT) to increase fluency and accuracy in Google Translate and in November announced that Google Translate would switch to GNMT. Google Translate's neural machine translation system used a large end-to-end artificial neural network that attempts to perform deep learning, in particular, long short-term memory networks. GNMT improved the quality of translation over SMT in some instances because it uses an example-based machine translation (EBMT) method in which the system "learns from millions of examples." According to Google researchers, it translated "whole sentences at a time, rather than just piece by piece. It uses this broader context to help it figure out the most relevant translation, which it then rearranges and adjusts to be more like a human speaking with proper grammar". GNMT's "proposed architecture" of "system learning" has been implemented on over a hundred languages supported by Google Translate. With the end-to-end framework, Google states but does not demonstrate for most languages that "the system learns over time to create better, more natural translations." The GNMT network attempts interlingual machine translation, which encodes the "semantics of the sentence rather than simply memorizing phrase-to-phrase translations", and the system did not invent its own universal language, but uses "the commonality found in between many languages". GNMT was first enabled for eight languages: to and from English and Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Turkish. In March 2017, it was enabled for Hindi, Russian and Vietnamese, followed by Bengali, Gujarati, Indonesian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil and Telugu in April. Since 2020, Google has phased out GNMT and has implemented deep learning networks based on transformers. Accuracy Google Translate is not as reliable as human translation. When text is well-structured, written using formal language, with simple sentences, relating to formal topics for which training data is ample, it often produces conversions similar to human translations between English and a number of high-resource languages. Accuracy decreases for those languages when fewer of those conditions apply, for example when sentence length increases or the text uses familiar or literary language. For many other languages vis-ร -vis English, it can produce the gist of text in those formal circumstances. Human evaluation from English to all 102 languages shows that the main idea of a text is conveyed more than 50% of the time for 35 languages. For 67 languages, a minimally comprehensible result is not achieved 50% of the time or greater. A few studies have evaluated Chinese,[citation needed] French,[citation needed] German,[citation needed] and Spanish[citation needed] to English, but no systematic human evaluation has been conducted from most Google Translate languages to English. Speculative language-to-language scores extrapolated from English-to-other measurements indicate that Google Translate will produce translation results that convey the gist of a text from one language to another more than half the time in about 1% of language pairs, where neither language is English. Research conducted in 2011 showed that Google Translate got a slightly higher score than the UCLA minimum score for the English Proficiency Exam. Due to its identical choice of words without considering the flexibility of choosing alternative words or expressions, it produces a relatively similar translation to human translation from the perspective of formality, referential cohesion, and conceptual cohesion. Moreover, a number of languages are translated into a sentence structure and sentence length similar to a human translation. Furthermore, Google carried out a test that required native speakers of each language to rate the translation on a scale between 0 and 6, and Google Translate scored 5.43 on average. When used as a dictionary to translate single words, Google Translate is highly inaccurate because it must guess between polysemic words. Among the top 100 words in the English language, which make up more than 50% of all written English, the average word has more than 15 senses, which makes the odds against a correct translation about 15 to 1 if each sense maps to a different word in the target language. Most common English words have at least two senses, which produces 50/50 odds in the likely case that the target language uses different words for those different senses. The odds are similar from other languages to English. Google Translate makes statistical guesses that raise the likelihood of producing the most frequent sense of a word, with the consequence that an accurate translation will be unobtainable in cases that do not match the majority or plurality corpus occurrence. The accuracy of single-word predictions has not been measured for any language. Because almost all non-English language pairs pivot through English, the odds against obtaining accurate single-word translations from one non-English language to another can be estimated by multiplying the number of senses in the source language with the number of senses each of those terms have in English. When Google Translate does not have a word in its vocabulary, it makes up a result as part of its algorithm. Limitations Google Translate, like other automatic translation tools, has its limitations, struggles with polysemy (the multiple meanings a word may have) and multiword expressions (terms that have meanings that cannot be understood or translated by analyzing the individual word units that compose them). A word in a foreign language might have two different meanings in the translated language. This might lead to mistranslation. Additionally, grammatical errors remain a major limitation to the accuracy of Google Translate. Google Translate struggles to differentiate between imperfect and perfect aspects in Romance languages. The subjunctive mood is often erroneous.[citation needed] Moreover, the formal second person (vous) is often chosen, whatever the context.[citation needed] Since its English reference material contains only "you" forms, it has difficulty translating a language with "you all" or formal "you" variations. Due to differences between languages in investment, research, and the extent of digital resources, the accuracy of Google Translate varies greatly among languages. Some languages produce better results than others. Most languages from Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, tend to score poorly in relation to the scores of many well-financed European languages, Afrikaans and Chinese being the high-scoring exceptions from their continents. No languages indigenous to Australia are included within Google Translate. Higher scores for European can be partially attributed to the Europarl Corpus, a trove of documents from the European Parliament that have been professionally translated by the mandate of the European Union into as many as 21 languages. A 2010 analysis indicated that French to English translation is relatively accurate, and 2011 and 2012 analyses showed that Italian to English translation is relatively accurate as well. However, if the source text is shorter, rule-based machine translations often perform better; this effect is particularly evident in Chinese to English translations. While edits of translations may be submitted, in Chinese specifically one cannot edit sentences as a whole. Instead, one must edit sometimes arbitrary sets of characters, leading to incorrect edits. The service can be used as a dictionary by typing in words. One can translate from a book by using a scanner and an OCR like Google Drive. In its Written Words Translation function, there is a word limit on the amount of text that can be translated at once. Therefore, long text should be transferred to a document form and translated through its Document Translate function. Open-source licenses and components Irish language data from Foras na Gaeilge's New English-Irish Dictionary. (English database designed and developed for Foras na Gaeilge by Lexicography MasterClass Ltd.) Welsh language data from Gweiadur by Gwerin. Certain content is copyrighted by Oxford University Press, United States. Some phrase translations come from Wikitravel. Reviews Shortly after launching the translation service for the first time, Google won an international competition for EnglishโArabic and EnglishโChinese machine translation. Since Google Translate uses statistical matching to translate, translated text can often include apparently nonsensical and obvious errors, often swapping common terms for similar but nonequivalent common terms in the other language, as well as inverting sentence meaning. Novelty websites like Bad Translator and Translation Party have used the service to produce humorous text by translating back and forth between multiple languages, similar to the children's game telephone. Certain texts in Japanese have shown to be translated to "Replying to @sarah_mcdonald(s)" in English, often with no relation to the source text. Examples include "ใใผใใใใใใใใ", "ใใใใใง่" and "็ตตใซfใ". This has been asked on multiple platforms, including YouTube. See also References External links
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืืืช_ืืืื ื] | [TOKENS: 5591]
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ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืืช ืืืื ื (ืืื ืืืืช: Machine Learning; ืืขืืชืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืืืช) ืืื ืชืช-ืชืืื ืืืืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืฉืืง ืืชืืืื ืืกืืืืกืืืงื ืืืืืคืืืืืืฆืื. ืืชืืื ืขืืกืง ืืคืืชืื ืืืืืจืืชืืื ืืืืืขืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืช, ืืคืืขื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืฉืืืืืช ืืื ืืชืื ืืช ืืงืืืกื ืืื ื ืืคืฉืจื. ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืชืืื ืื, ืฉืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉืืช, ืฉืื ืืืืฉื ืืฉืืฉ ืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืจืฆืช ืืืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืจืช. ืฉื ื ืชืืืืื ืืงืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืื ืชืืื ืืจืืืช ืืืืข (Data Mining) ืืชืืื ืืืืื ืชืื ืืืช (Pattern Recognition) ืฉืจืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืจืืชืืื ืฉืคืืชืื ืื ืืฉืืชืคืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืื. ืืืืจื ืืจืชืืจ ืกืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืช 1959 ื-"ืชืืื ืืืงืจ ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืชืื ืืืืคื ืกืคืฆืืคื". ืืื ื. ืืืืฉื ืกืืคืง ืืืืจื ืคืืจืืืืช ืืืชืจ: "ืชืืื ืืช ืืืฉื ืชืืงืจื ืืืืืช ืื ืืกืืื E ืืืืก ืืืืืงืช ืืฉืืืืช T ืืืื ืืืฆืืขืื P, ืื ืืืืฆืืขืื ืฉื ืืฉืืืืช ื-T, ืืืชืื ืืืื P, ืืฉืชืคืจืื ืขื ืื ืืกืืื E". ืืืจืืช ืืฉืืืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืคืื ืืืืืฉื ืื ืชืื ืื ืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืชื ืขืืืจ ืืขืื ืืกืืืืช, ืืืฉืจ ืื ื ืืชื ืืืชืื ืชืืื ืช ืืืฉื ืขืืืจื ืืืฉื, ืืขืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืกืืื ืืคืชืืจ, ืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืคืืจืฉืช, ืื ืฉืื ืืฉืชื ืื ืขื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืชื ืื ืืืชืืื ืืจืืฉ. ืืืจืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื (ืืืงืฆืื) ืฉื ืขืืืืืช ืืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืชื. ืืืืืื: ืขืืืจ ืืืืื ืชืืืื ืืืคืื ื ืืชื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืืชืืื ืื ืืืืืคืกืช. ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืชื ืืืชืืช ืงืืืืื ืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืืจื ืฉืืฆืจื ืืืชื. ืืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืฆื, ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืกืกืืช ืขื ื ืชืื ืื ืืืฆืืืขืื ืขื ืงืฉืจ ืืื ืงืืืฆืช ืืฉืชืืฉืื/ืื ืฉืื ืืงืจืืืช ืืืื ืงืืืฆืช ืคืจืืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืืืืขืช ืืืฉื ืืืฆืืข ืคืจืืืื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืงืืืืช, ืืืชืืกืก ืขื ื ืืชืื ื ืชืื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืงืืืฆืช ืื ืฉืื ืืืจืช, ืฉืืืคืฉื ืคืจืืืื ืืขืื ืืืคืืื ืื ืืืืื. ืชืืืจืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืฉืืช ืืชืคืชืื ืขื ืืฉื ืื ืืชืืื ืืชืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืื ื. ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืกืกืื ืขื ืืื ืืืช ืืฉืื ืืช ืืืื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืืกืง ืืืฉืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืืืข ืืืืื. ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืกืกืื ืขื ืืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืกืชืืจืืช (ืืืฉื ืืืืกืืื ืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืฉื ืงืืืกืืช) ืืื ืืืช ืขื ืืืจื ืื ื ืืฆืจ ืืืืืข (ืืืกืงืจืืื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืื ืจืืืื). ืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืช: ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืชืืืจืืืืช ืฆืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืจืืชืืื ืืขืฉืืื. ืืืฉื, ืชืืืจืืืช PAC ืขืืจืจื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืจืืชืื Boosting, ืชืืืจืืืช VC ืืืืืื ืืืืืืจืืชื ืืืื ืช ืืงืืืจืื ืชืืืืื (SVM) ืืืกืงื ืืืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืจืืชืื ืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืกืืื ืืืช. ื ืืชื ืืืืืช ืฉืืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืคืชืจืื ืืขืืืช ืืืืื: ืกืืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืืืจืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืกืคืจ ืกืืืื: ืกืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืืืจืืชืืื ื ืคืืฆืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืืช ืืืกืฃ ืืืืข ืฉื ืืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืืืจืืชืืื. ื ืืชื ืืกืืื ืืืืืจืืชืืื ืืืื ืขื ืคื ืืกืคืจ ืชืืืื ืื. ืืืืืจืืชื ืขืฆื ืื ืืืฆืข ืืืฉืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืชืืงืฉ ืืขื ืืช ืขื ืฉืืื. ืืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืืืจืืชื ืืืกืฃ ื ืชืื ืื ืจืืืื ืืืื, ืืืฆืข ืืืฉืื ืื ืืชื ืชืฉืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืืจืืชื ืขืฆื ืืื ืืืืืจืืชื ืฉืื ืงืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืืจืืชืืื ืืืจืืฆืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืื ืชืื ื ืืืืืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืชืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืกืืก ืืคืชืจืื ืืืขืื. ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืจืืชื ืืชืืงืฉ ืืขื ืืช ืขื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืื ืชืื ื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืคืชืืจ ืืช ืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืืจืืชื ืืจืืฅ ืืื ืืืืืจืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืืืืืช (Clusterization). ืืืืืจืืชื ืืงืืื ืืื ืืืืืจืืชื ืฉืืืฉื ืคืชืจืื ืฉืชืงืฃ ืจืง ืืกืืืื ืฉืื ื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืื. ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืจืืจืกืื ืืงืืืืช ืขื ืืฉืงืืืช. ืืืืืจืืชื ืื ืืืฉื ืงื (ืื ืืฉืื) ืจืืจืกืื ืืืชืื ืื ืงืืืืช ืืกืืืื ื ืชืื ื. ืื ื ืงืืื ืืชืืืื ืืจืืจืกืื ืืงืืืช ืืฉืงื ืืคืื ืืืจืืงื ืืืืงืื ืฉืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืืจืืชื ืืืืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืชืงืฃ ืืื ืืจืื ืื ืชืื ืื ืืจืืืื ืื. ืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืจืืชืืื ืืืืขืื: ืืืกืืืจืื ืืชืคืชืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืง ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืชืคืชืืืช ืชืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช. ืืชืืืืช ืืืจื ืขืืงืจ ืืืืืฅ ืืื ืืืงืืช ืืช ืืชื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืฉื. ืืืื ืืคืจืกืคืืจืื ืืืืฆื ืืฉื ืช 1957 ืืืฆืจ ืชืงืืื ืจืื ืืชืืื ืืฉื ืืช ื-60. ืืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืฆื ืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืื ืกืงื, ืืืจ ืฉืืฉืคืืข ืขื ืืืงืจืื ืจืืื ืืืืชื ืชืงืืคื ืืขืฆืืจ ืืืคืชื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืฉื ืืช ื-70 ืฉื ืืืื ื-20 ืชืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ื ืื ืก ืืกืื ืฉื ืชืจืืืช ืืืฉืจ ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืงื ืืขื ืืื ืืชืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช. ืืืืฆืข ืฉื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืื ืชืงืืื ืืืืจืช ืืชืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืื ืขืฆื ืืืืืื ืืืืคืฆื ืืชืืื ื, ืืืชืจืื ื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฆืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืกืืจืชื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืื ืชื ื ืืขื ื ืืืกืคืจ ืจื ืฉื ืืขืืืช. ืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืจืฉืชืืช ื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืืชืคืชื ืืืืฉ, ืืฉืชืืืื ืืืชืคืฉืืืช ืืืืืจ (back-propagation) ืืืืื ืคืจืืฆืช ืืจื ืืชืืื. ืจืฉืชืืช ื ืืืจืื ืื ืขื ืฉืืืืช ื ืกืชืจืืช ืืืื ืขืชื ืืืืืข ืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืจืืืช ืืืคืฉืจื ืืืชืืืจ ืขื ืืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืืคืจืกืคืืจืื. ืื ืขืฆื ืืืืืื ืืื ืจืฉืชืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืื ืฉืืืฉื ืขืชื ืืืคืืืงืฆืืืช ืคืื ื ืกืืืช ืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืืืช, ืืืืื ืชืจืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืชืืงืื, ืืืชืขืฉืืื ืื ืฉืืคืจื ืชืืืืืื ืจืืื ืืืฉื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืืฆืื ืืืืืจ. ืืฉื ืืช ืืชืฉืขืื ืขื ืื ืืกืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืชืืืืชื ืฉื ืขืืื ืืชืคืืฆืฆืืช ืืืืืข ืืืื ืืชืงืืืืช ืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 1995 ืคืืจืกื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืืจืืชื ืืืื ืช ืืงืืืจืื ืชืืืืื (SVM), ืืืืืฅ ืืืืืืจืืชื ืืืืื. ืชืืื ืืช ืงืื ืคืชืื ืฉื ืืชืื ืืืืืืจืืชื ืืคืื ืืืชื ืคืืคืืืจื ืืฉืืืืฉ. ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืื ืืชืคืชืืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืืชืืื. ืจืืจืกืื ืืืืืกืืืช ืืชืืืชื ืืืืฉ ืืขืืฆืื ืืชืช ืืขื ื ืืืขืืืช ืขื ืืืื ืจืื ืืืชืจ. ืืืืืจืืชืืื ืืื "ืกืืืื ืืืืกืืื ื ื ืืืื", ืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืกืืื ืืืช, ืืืงืกืืืื ืื ืืจืืคืื ืืืืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืืืช. ืืขืงืืืชืืื ืคืืชืื ืืืืืจืืชืืื ืืฉืืืืื, ืืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืื ืกืืื ืฉื ืืกืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจืืชื ืืื ืืืกื, ืืืขืจืืช ืืงืจืืืื, ืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ื ืืืจ ืืชืืฆืืืช. ืชืช ืชืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืฉืืคื ืคืืคืืืจื ืืืขืฉืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืื ื-21 ืืื ืชืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืืงื (Deep Learning),ืฉืืชืืกืก ืขื ืจืฉืชืืช ื ืืืจืื ืื ืืขืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืจื ืฉื ืฉืืืืช. ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืคืืคืืืจื ืืืืฉื "deep belief nets" ืืืงืืฆืืจ ืจืฉืชืืช ืขืืืงืืช ื ืืืข ืืืืืจ ืืืฉืคืืข ื-2006 ืฉื ืืื ืืื, ืืืกืื ืืจื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืชืคืชืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืื ืืกืืืื ืื ืคืืขืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืื. ืืืฉืจ ืืืื ื "ืกืืืื" ืืชืืืืก ืืืจืืืืงืืืจืช ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืชืืฆืขืช ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื. ืืขืื, ืืขืืจ ืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืงืืืกืืช, ืืืืกื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืฆื ืืกืืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืื, ืืจื ืฉืืืื, ืืืจืืืืงืืืจื ืืชืจืืืช ืืืื ืจืฉืชืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช, ืชืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืฆืื ืืืื ืฉื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืืืฆืื ืืื. ืืืื ื "ืกืืืื" ืืชืืืืก ืื ืจืง ืืืจืืืืงืืืจื, ืืื ืื ืืืงืืจืืช ืืืกืืฃ ืื ืชืื ืื, ืฉื ืข ืืื ืืงืืืฆืช ืื ืฉืื ืืงืจืืืช, ืืจื ืื ืชื ื ืชืื ืื (ืืืื-ืื ืืืกื), ืืงืื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉ ืกืื ืืกืืื ืฉื (ืกื) ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืช ืืืช ืืขื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืจืชืืช, ืคืืืืืืช, ืืืงืืช, ืืกืืืืช ืกืืื ืคืจืืกืช ืืืขืจืืช. ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืช, ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืกืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืชืชื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืชืงืฉืจืืช ืขืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืจืฉืช ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชืืื ื ืืืขืืืืช. ืจืื ืื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืฉืจืื: ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript] | [TOKENS: 7519]
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ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื JavaScript JavaScript (ืืขืืจืืช: ื'ืืืื ืกืงืจืืคื, ืืงืืฆืืจ: JS) ืืื ืฉืคืช ืชืื ืืช ืืืฉืืฉืช ืืคืืชืื ืืชืจื ืืื ืืจื ื ืืืคืืืงืฆืืืช. ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืกืืกืืืช ืฉืืืฆืจืืช ืืช ืืืื ืืจื ื, ืืื ืขื HTML ืึพCSS. ื ืืื ืึพ2023, 98.7% ืืืืชืจืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืึพJavaScript ืืฆื ืืืงืื ืฉื ืืืชืจ ืฉืืื, ืืขืืชืื ืงืจืืืืช ืชืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืกืคืจืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืืช ืืฉื ืื. ืืื ืืืคืืคื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉ ืื ืืขื ืืจืฆื ืืืจืืฅ ืงืื JavaScript ืขื ืืืืฉืืจืื ืฉื ืืืฉืชืืฉืื. JavaScript ืืื ืฉืคืช ืชืื ืืช ืขืืืืช, ืืขืืชืื ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืง ืืืื, ืฉืืืืฉืช ืืช ืชืงื ECMAScript. ืืฉ ืื ืืืคืืกืืืช ืืื ืืืืช, ืชืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืขืฆืืื ืืืืกืก ืชืื ืืืช (Prototye) ืืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืฉืื ืืืง ืืืขื ืืืฉืคื (ืื '). ืืฉ ืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืจืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืื ืชืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืจืืขืื, ืชืื ืืช ืคืื ืงืฆืืื ืื ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืคืจืืืื. ืืฉ ืื ืืืฉืงืื (APIs) ืืขืืืื ืขื ืืงืกื, ืชืืจืืืื, ืืืืืืื ืจืืืืจืืื, ืืื ื ื ืชืื ืื ืกืื ืืจืืืื ืึพDocument Object Model (DOM). ืชืงื ECMAScript ืฉึพJavaScript ืืืืฉืช ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืฉืงื ืคืื ืืงืื ืืื ืืืฉืงื ืชืงืฉืืจืช, ืืืกืื (ืื ') ืื ืืจืคืืงื. ืืคืืขื, ืืคืืคื ืื ืื ืกืืืืืช ืืจืฆื ืฉืื ืืช ืืกืคืงืืช ืึพJavaScript ืืืฉืงืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืื. ืขื ืืกืืก ืกืืืืช ืืจืืฆื ืฉื ืืืคืืคื ืื, ื ืื ื ืกืืืืืช ืืืจืฆื ืฉื ื'ืืืื ืกืงืจืืคื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืฉืจืชืื (Node.js, Deno.js, Bun). ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉึพJava ืึพJavaScript ืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืืกืื ืืงืก (ืื '), ืฉืชื ืืฉืคืืช ืื ื ืคืจืืืช ืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืชืืช ืืืช ืืืฉื ืืื. ื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2023, JavaScript ืืื ืฉืคืช ืืชืื ืืช ืืคืืคืืืจืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืขืืื ืืงืจื ืืคืชืืื. ืืืกืืืจืื ืืฉืคื ืคืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืช ื ืืกืงืืืค ืืฉื ืช 1995, ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืคืืคื ื ืืกืงืืืค 2.0. ืืืจืกื ืืืืชื JavaScript 1.0. ืฉืื ืืืงืืจื ืืื LiveScript, (ืืขืืจืืช: ืืืืืกืงืจืืคื) ืืืื ืฉืื ื ืึพJavaScript ืืืขืื ืคืจืกืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืงืื ืืืชืื ืชืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืืชืงืืคื ืฉืืฉืคื ืืืื ืึพJava (ืฉืืืืชื ืื ืืฉืคื ืืืจืืืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืืชืจืื ืืืื ืืจื ื), ืจืง ืฉืืื ืืขืืฆืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืืชืจืื (ืฉืื ืืื Java, ืฉืืื ืฉืคื ืฉืืืขืฆืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืคืืืงืฆืืืช ืืืืคืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืขืืืื). ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืชืืืช ืชืกืจืืืื ืืฆื ืืืงืื (ืืืคืืคื), ืืืคืฉืจืช JavaScript ืืชืืืช ืชืกืจืืืื ืื ืืฆื ืืฉืจืช, ืืชืคืขืื ืืฉืจืช ืืื ืืจื ื. ืืชืืืืจ ืฉื ืฉืคืช ActionScript, ืฉืืืืืืช ืืคืืืฉ, ื ืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืื. ืงืืืืช ืืจืกื ืชืงื ืืช ืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืงืจืืื ECMAScript. ืืืจืช ืืืงืจืืกืืคื ืคืืชืื ืฉืคื ืืชืืจื ืืืคืขืื ืืืคืืคื ืืฉื VBScript, ืื ืืจืกื ืื ืื ืชืคืกื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืฆืื ืืืงืจืืกืืคื ืขื ืืจืกื ืืฉืื ืฉื ืฉืคืช JavaScript, ืืืื ืงืจืืื JScript. ืืืจ ืื ืืจื ืืขืืืช ืจืืืช ืืงืจื ืืคืชืื ืืืื ืืจื ื, ืื ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืื ืืืงืจืืกืืคื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืชืงื ืืืงืืื ืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืจื ื ืืงืกืคืืืจืจ ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืืงืจืืกืืคื ืืื'. ืืคืืื ื ืืฉืคื ืืฉืคื ืืื ืฉืคื ืฉืขืืืจืช ืชืืืื ืืื ืืจืคืจืืฆืื (ืคืืจืืฉ) ืืื ืงืืืคืืืฆืื (ืืืืืจ). ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืจ ืฉืงืื ืืืงืืจ ืื ืฆืจืื ืืขืืืจ ืชืืืื ืฉื ืงืืืคืื (ืืืืืจ) ืืฉืคืช ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืืฅ ืืืชื, ืืื ืืืคืจืฉ (interpreter) ืงืืจื ืฉืืจื ืฉืืจื ืื ืืงืืฅ ืฉื ืฉืืจืืช (ืืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืคืื ืงืฆืื) ืืืจืืฅ ืืืชื ืืฉืืจืืช. ืืขืืจืช ืคืจืืืจืื ืืคืื ืงืฆืื ืืฉืคื ืืฉืชื ื ืืื ืืืคืืกืื ืคืจืืืืืืื ืืืืืืืงืืื. ืืืคืืกืื ืคืจืืืืืืืื ืขืืืจืื by value. ืืืืืจ, ืืืคืจืฉ ืืขืืืจ ืืคืื ืงืฆืื ืืขืชืง ืฉื ืืืืืืืงื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืงื ืืืงืืจื. ืืืคืืกืื ืืืจืืืื ืื ืืืืืืงืืื ืขืืืจืื by reference ืืืืืจ ืืืคืจืฉ ืืขืืืจ ืจืคืจื ืก (ืืขืื ืืฆืืืข) ืืขืจื ืืืื ื ืืืฆืจ ืืขืชืง ืฉืื. ืืฉืคื ืชืืืืช ืืชืืืืจ ืืกืื ืืจืื ืฉื ืฉืคืช C, ืืืืื ืช ืืืคืจืืืจืื, ืืื ื ืืงืจื ืืคืงืืืืช, ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืชืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืงืื ืืช (case-sensitive). ืืื ืืจืื ืฉืคืืช ืืชืกืจืื ืืืคืืกื ืืฉืคื ืืงืืฉืจืื ืืขืจืืื ืืื ืืืฉืชื ืื, ืืืคืืก ืืฉืชื ื X ืืืื ืืืคืื ืืืืื ืืจืืฆื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืืืช ืืคื ืืืฉืื. ืืฉืคื ืืืืกืกืช "ืชืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืื ืื" (Prototypes), ืฉืืื ืกืื (ืื ื ืคืืฅ) ืฉื ืชืื ืืช ืืื ืืึพืขืฆืืื. ืืฉืคื ืืขืืงืจื ืืื ืฉืคื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืืืงืืื (ืืคืืื ืืืคืืก ืืืืืื ื [Boolean] ืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืืืืงื). ืืืืืืืงืืื ืืฉืคื ืื ืืขืจืืื ืืกืืฆืืืืืืืื. ืชืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืขืฆืืื ืืคืฉืจื ืขื ืืื ืืืืจืช ืืืืงื ืืื ืืืจืกื ES6, ืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืฆืืจืช ืืืืืืงื ืืืฆืืืช ืืืคืืื ืื ืืืื (ืืืจืกื ES5 ืืืื). ืื ืืืคืืื ืืืืืืืงื ืืืื ืืชืคืงื ืืืฉืชื ื ืื ืคืื ืงืฆืื. ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืฉื ืกืืื ืืืืืืงืืื: ืืืืืืงืืื ืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืื ืืฉืชื ืื (ืืื ืืืืืืงื ืชืืจืืื Date ืืืืืืืงื ืืืจืืืชื), ืืืืืืงืืื ืฉื ืืืคืืคื (ืืื ืืืืืืงืื window ืึพdocument), ืืืืืืืงืืื ืฉืืืฆืจ ืืืฉืชืืฉ. ืืืืืืงืืื ืฉื ืืืคืืคื ืืื ื ื ืชืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืกืืืืช ืจืืฆื ืฉืืื ื ืืคืืคื (ืืืื nodeJS) ืืื ืื ืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืกืคืจืืืช ืื ืืืืืืช ืืกืืืืืช ืื ืืขืื ืืชืช ืืงืื ืขืื ืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืคืืืงืฆืืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืขืืืื, ืืคืืืงืฆืืืช ืืืืคืื, ืืฉืืงืื ืืกืืืืื (ืืฉืืงื ืชืืช-ืืืื ืืืืืื), ืกืืืืืฆืืืช ืืขืื. ืืฉืคื ืชืืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืชืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืงืืื ืืืขืืื ืืฉืคื ืืื ืืืจืืืืช ืื Date ืืืืฆืขืืช Prototyping. ืืฉืคื ืืื ืื ืฉืคื ืืื ืืืชึพืืืจืืขืื (Events), ืื ืฉืืืื ืจืืฆืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืกืก ืขื ืืืจืืขืื ืฉืืชืจืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืขื. ืืื ืืืืืืงื ืงืืื ืืืกืฃ ืืืจืืขืื ืืืืืืื ืื, ืืืืจื ืื ืคืืฆื ืืื ืืืจืื ืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืขื ืืืจืืข ืฉื ืืืืืืงื ืืืื ื. ืืืื ืจืฉืืื ืืืงืืช ืฉื ืืืืจืืขืื: ืืฉืคื ืชืืืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืคืื ืงืฆืืื ืื. ืคืื ืงืฆืื ืืฉืคื ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืงื ืจืืฉืื ื, ืืืืขืฉื ืื ืคืื ืงืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืืงื ืืขืฆืื. ืืฉืคื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืฉืื ืฉื ืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืืืฉืชื ืื, ืืขืืจื ืฉื ืคืื ืงืฆืื ืืืจืืืื ื, ืืืืืจืช ืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืื ืื ืืืืืช. ืืฉืคื ืืชืืืฉืงืช ืืืืคื ืืืขื ืขื ืืืฉืง DOM, ืืืืืฆื ืืกืืื HTML ืึพXML ืชืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืชืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืชืื ืืช ืืื ืืึพืขืฆืืื. ืืฉืคื ืชืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืจืืืืจื. ืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช JavaScript ืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืคืช JavaScript ืืืืืงืช ืจืืฉืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืกืคืจืื. ืืชืืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฃ ืืืื ืืจื ื ืชืืืืช HTML ืืกืืกืืืช โ ืฉืื ืงืื (input) ืืืคืชืืจ (button), ืฉืืืืฆื ืขืืื ืืคืขืืื ืืช ืืคืื ืงืฆืื checkPrime ืืืืืงืช ืจืืฉืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืงืื, ืืืฆืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืช ืืคืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืชื ืคืื ืงืฆืืืช, getFactor โ ืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืขืืจ ืฉืืงืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืืคืฉืช ืืืืง ืืืขื ืฉืื ืฉืืืื ื-1, ืึพcheckPrime โ ืืคืื ืงืฆืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืฉืืืืงืช ืืช ืืงืื ืฉืืืขืืจ ืื ืืืืืืจื ืชืืฆืื. ืืกืืื "//" ืืฆืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืกืืืจืืช ืืช ืืงืื ืืืชืื ืช. ืืืืงืื ืืืืืื ืืืงื ืขื ืืื ืช ืืื ื ืืงืื. ืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืช JavaScript ืืืืจ ืฉ-JavaScript ืืื ืฉืคืช ืฆื ืืงืื ืฉืืจืืฆื ืคืงืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืฉื ืืืฉืชืืฉ, ื ืืฆืจื ื ืืกืืื ืืช ืจืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืข ืืืฉื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืึพXSS. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช, ื ืืฆืจื ืืืื ืฉืืฉืืฉืื ืืืืืื ื ืื XSS ืืงืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืชืืกืฃ noscript, ืืื ืืืคืืคื ืื ืขืฆืื ืคืืชืื ืื ืืื ื ืืื ื ื ืื ืืชืงืคืืช ืืคืฉืจืืืช. JavaScript Manipulation ืืืคืืคื ืื ืืฉื ืื ืืคืืืช ืืืืืืืื, ื ืืชื ืืืืจืืง ืืืืจืืฅ ืงืื ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืงืื ืืงืืจ, ืืื ืืฃ ืืื ืืจื ื ืฉืืืคืืข ืืืคืืคื. ืฉืืื ืื ื ืงืจืืช JavaScript manipulation. ืึพJavaScript manipulation ืืื ืืกืื ืืช ืคืงืืืืช ืืกืงืจืืคื ืืฉืืจืช ืืืชืืืช ืฉื ืืืคืืคื, ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืขื ืืืฉืคืืข ืขื ืึพDOM. ืืืืื: ืืืืืื ืื ื ืงืคืืฅ ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืคืงืืื alert ืชืืืช ืืืืขื ืขื ืืขืืืืืช ืฉืฉืืืจืืช ืืืคืืคื ืืืฃ ืื. ืขื ืื ืช ืืืื ืืคื ื ืืชืงืคืืช ืืื ืืืก ืืืจืชื, ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืฉืืื ืื ื ืืกื ืืืคืืคื ืื ืืืืืจื ืืื. ืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืืืื ืคืืืจืคืืงืก ืืื ืืืจืกื 6, ืงืื ืฉืืืืจืง ืืฉืืื ืื ืื ืืชืืืืก ืืชืืื ืืืฃ, ืืืฉืื, ืื ืืชืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืืฉืคืืข ืขื ืึพDOM. ืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืจื ื ืืงืกืคืืืจืจ ืืืจืกื 9 ืืืขืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืงืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืืชืืืช, ืืคืจืืืืงืื (JavaScript:) ืืืฉืื ืืืืชืืืช ืืืืืืงืช, ืืืื ืื ืืจื ืืช ืืฉืคืขืชื ืฉื ืืงืื. ืืืืงืช ืืงืื ืืืืืืื ืืงืืืืช ืืฉืืจืช ืืืชืืืช ืืืืืง ืืช ืืงืื ืืื โ ืขื ืืืช, ืืืจืืืช ืืืคืืคื ืื ืืืชืงืืืื ืงืืืืื ืืื ืคืืชืื ืืืขืืืืื, ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืฆืข JavaScript manipulation ืืืืงืฃ ื ืจืื. ืืืฉืืื JavaScript ืืืืืช ืืคืืคืืืจืืืช ืฉืื, JavaScript ืืืชื ืืืจืื ืกืคืจืืืช ืืืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืฉืคืช ืชืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืช ืงืื ืคืฉืื ืืืจืฆื ืืืคืืคื [ืื ืงืจื ืื ืืื], ืืืืคืฉืจืื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืจืชื ืืืฉืืืื ืฉืื ืื. ืจืื ืืืืฉืืืื ื ืื ืื ืึพNode.js ืื ืืคืขืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืงืื JavaScript ืจืืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืจืืฅ ืืืชื ืืืคืืคื ืื. ืืขืืืื ืงืื ืขื ื-DOM ืืืืจืช ืืกืคืจืืื jQuery. ืืื ืืืช ืืคืืืงืฆืืืช web front-end ืืืืจืืช ืืกืคืจืืืช Angular, React, Ember.js, Vue.js, ืึพSvelte. ืืื ืืืช ืืคืืืงืฆืืืช ืืืืฉืืจืื ืืืจืืฆืื ืื ืืจืืืื ืึพiOS ืืืืจืืช ืืกืคืจืืืช ReactNative, ืึพNativeScript ืฉืืืืจืืช ืงืื ืืืชืืกืก ืขื React ืึพAngular ืืืชืืื ืืงืื ืื ืงืจื ื ืืืืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืคืืืงืฆืืืช ืื ืจืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืชืื ืืฉืคืืช ืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืื ืคืืืคืืจืื, Java ืขืืืจ ืื ืืจืืืื, ืึพObjective-C ืขืืืจ iOS. ืืขืืืชื ืืืืจืช ืื ืืกืคืจืืื ionic ืฉืืืืจืช ืืช ื-JavaScript ืืืคืืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืจืืืืืช, ืืืื ืคืืช ืืช ืืงืื ืืื ืืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืื ืจืืืช ืจืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืืกืกืืช web ืื ืืืื ืืจืืฆื. ืชืืื ืืช ืืื ืขืืืื ืืงืืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืื ื ืืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืฆืืื. ืกืคืจืืืช ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืกืกืืช ืขื ืชืืืืจ ืืืืื ื-HTML. ืืื ืืืช ืฉืจืชื ืืื ืืจื ื ืืคืืขืืื ืืฆืืจื ื-ืกืื ืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืกืกืื ืขื ื ืืชืื, ืืืืจืช ืืกืคืจืืื Express.js. ืกืคืจืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืืกืกืช ืขื HTML ืืืจืืจืช ืืืื, ืืื ืจืง ืขื JavaScript ืืื ืืืช API ืืืืกืก JSON ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืขืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ ืื ืืืจ, ืืื ืืงืืฆืื ืืืื ืึพHTML ืื ืืืืจืง ืืืืข. ืืื ืขืืฉื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืคืจืืืืงืื HTTP ืขื ืื ืช ืืืขืืืจ ืืืืข ืืืืงืื ืืืืืจื. ืืื ืืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืขื ืืขืจืืช ืืคืขืื Windows, macOs, ืื ืืื ืืงืก ืืืืจืช ืืกืคืจืืื Electron ืฉืืืืืจื ืืงืืขืื ืืชืงืื ื ืกืืืืช ืจืืฆื ืืืขืืืืช ืื ืงืจืืช ืืจืืืืื (ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืจืื) ืืืฆืืื ืืคื ืืื ืืจื ื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฉื ืจืืืืืช ืืืงืืืืช ืื ืืืฉื ืืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืืฉืืืจืืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืงืืฆืื ืืืคืฉืจืืช ืืชืงื ื. ืืืืื ืงืืืฆื JS ื ืืชื ืืืชืื JavaScript ืืฉืืจืืช ืืชืื ืชืืืช script ืึพHTML, ืืืื ืืืฉื ื ืคืืฆื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืกืงืจืืคื ืืชืื ืงืืืฅ ื ืคืจื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืคืจืืืจ src (ืงืืฆืืจ ืฉื source) ืืชืืืช script. ืืืืื: ืืืฉืจ filename.js ืืื ืงืืืฅ ื .js ืืืื ืืคื ืื. ืงืืืฅ ืึพ.js ืืืื ืืช ืื ืืคืงืืืืช ืืืืคืืขืืช ืืชืื ืืชืืืช <script> ืืฉืืืคืืคื ืืจืืฅ. ืืื ืื, ืงืืืฅ JavaScipt ืืืื ืืืืื ืงืืฆืื ื ืืกืคืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืฆืืจืื ืืืกืื ืึพHTML ืืฆืืจืชื ืืืชืืืชืืช. ืืืืืื: ืืืืืื ืื, ืืจืืข ืฉืืจืืช ืืื, ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืกืงืจืืคืืื ืืงืืืืื ืืืฃ, ืืืฆืจืืช ืืืื ื script ืืืฉ, ืืืืืื ืืช ืืงืืืฅ "filename.js", ืืืืกืืคืืช ืืืชื ืืืกืื ืึพHTML (ืืกืืฃ ืืืื ื ืึพhead ืฉื ืืืกืื). ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืคืื_ื ืืื] | [TOKENS: 9478]
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ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืคืื ืกืืืืจื ืืืคืื ืกืืืืจื ืื ืืืคืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืคืื ืืืืืื ื ืืื, ืืืฉืืจ ืจืืื ืื-ืืืืื ื ืืืกืืื ืื-ืืื ืืช ืืฉืืจ ืืืงืืื ืืื ืจืืื. ื ืืชื ืืืคืขืืื ืืืืืจืื ื ืจืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืกืืืืจืืช ืืืืืกืกืช ืขื ืคืจืืกืช ืชืื ืืช ืืกืืก ืกืืืืจืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืชืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืคืื ืืชืื ืช ืืกืืก, ืืืืคื ืฉืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืจืฆืืคื ืื ืืืื ืืืชืื ืืืืคืื ืืื ืชืื ื ืืชืื ื. ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืคืื ืื ืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืชืืกืกื ืขื ืฉืืืช ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืื ืืืืืช ืืฉื AMSP, ืฉืคืืชืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ ืขื ืืื ืืขืืืืช ืื ืืืืจืช ืืืืืจืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืจืืื ืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืืจื ืืืคืื ืืืืืืืืื ืฉืืคืจ ืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืฉื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืฉืืจืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืคื ืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืื ืคืืฅ. ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืื ื "ืืืคืื ืกืืืืจื" ืืืื ื "ืืืคืื ืกืืืืจื" (Cellular phone) ื ืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืช "cell" ืฉืคืืจืืฉื ืชื, ืืืื ืืชืืืืก ืืงืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจื (ืฉื ืืื ื-1947 ืขื ืืื ืืื ืืกืื ืืืขืืืืช ืื) ืฉื ืืคืจืืกื ืฉื ืืชืื ืืช ืืกืืืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืืจ, ืืืกืืจืชื ืืื ืชืื ื ืกืืืืจืืช ืืืงืฆื ืืขืื ืืืืจ ืืฆืืจืช ืืฉืืฉื ืืฉืืืื (hexagonal cell) ืฉืืช ืืืชืืช ืืจืืื ืืืฉืืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืชืืช โ ืืืช ืืืืช ืฉืืืืคืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืฉืืจ ืืืชืืช ืืืงืื ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืืื. ืืคืจืืกื ืฉื ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ื ืขืฉืืช ืืืืคื ืืื ืฉืื ืชืื ื ืืืฆืืช ืืืจืื ืืชื ืืืฉืืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืืช. ืกืืืืจ ืืชืื ืืช ืืกืจืื ืืฉืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืืคื ืืืกืืื ื ืืืืชืจ ืืืฉืื "ืืืกืื ืฉืื ืืงืกืืืื" (ืืืืืจ, ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื "ืืชืื" ืฉืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืชืืช ืฉืืื ื ื ืงืืืื ืืืืืืจืื ืืชืื ื ืงืจืืื), ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืขืืจ ืืกืคืจ ืชืื ืืช ืืืกืืก ืฉืืฉ ืืืงืื. ืืกืืื ืืืืืืงืช ืืฆืืจืช ืืืฉืืฉื ืืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืื ืชื ื ืืืขืช ืืื ืฉืืกืืืืจ ืืฆืคืืฃ ืืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืขืืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉืืจืืื ืืืขืืืื ืืกืืืจืื ืืกืจืื ืืฉืืฉื (ืืฉืคื Thue). ืืคืจืืกื ืฉื ืืชืื ืืช ืืกืืืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืืื ื ืืืืกืกืช ืขื ืืฉืคื Thue, ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืฆืื ืงืื ืขืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืืจืกืช ืื ืืืจื ืืืขืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืกืืช ืืืืคื ืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืื ืงืืืข ืืื ืืกืืืืจ ืฉื ืืจืืืืื ืืกืจืื ืืฉืืฉื (ืืืืคื ืืื ืฉืืืจืืง ืืื ืชืื ืืช ืืกืืก ืกืืืืืช ืงืื ืืคืขืืืื ืจืืืืก ืืืขืืืื, ืื ืฉืืืขืืืื ืืืคืคืื ืืืงืฆืช ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืืกืื). ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืกืืืืจืืช, ืจืืืืก ืืืขืืืื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืคืื ืื ืืื. ืืืกืืืจืื ืืืจ ื-1931 ืชืืืจ ืืกืืคืจ ืืจืื ืงืกืื ืจ ืืืคืื ื ืืื ืืกืคืจื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืื. ื-1954 ืืื ืื ืจืืืจื ืืืื ืืืื ืืกืคืจ "ืืืคืืฆืช ืืืืืืืื" ืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืชืชืคืชื ืืืื ืืืคืื ื ืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืคืฉืจืช ืฉืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืฆืขื ืชืฉืืืจืช ืืืืืืืช ืื-ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืชื ืืืืขื ืืืจ ืืฉื ืืช ืืืจืืขืื. ืืืื ื 1946 ืืฆืืื ืืืจืช AT&T, ืื ืงืื ืฆืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืขืืืืช ืืืืงืจ ืฉืื "ืกืืืชืืืกืืจื ืื", ืืช ืืืืคืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืคืขื ืืืื ืจืื ืืื ืฆืืจื ืืงื ืชืงืฉืืจืช ื ืืื. ืื ืงืจื ืืกื ื ืืืืืก, ืืืืืจื, ืืืืืฆืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืคืืืืช, ืืืืช ืืฉืงื ืืจืืช ืืคืจืขืืช. ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืกืืืืจืืช, ืืืืคืื ืื ืืื ืืืืชืืง, ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืืืช ืฉืื (ืืกืคืจ ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืขื ืืชืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืข ื ืชืื) ืืืืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืกืืื. ืืืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืืฆืื, ืืืืืฅ ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืคืื ืื ืืจืื ืืื ืชืืืื ืืืื. ืืืืฆืข ืฉื ืืช ืืฉืืขืื, 30 ืฉื ื ืืืจื ืืคืืชืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืืคืื ืื ืืื (ืืื ืกืืืืจื), ืืืชืงื ื ืืกื ืืื 45 ืืืฃ ืืืฉืืจืื ืืจืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืชื ื ืืืื 20 ืืืฃ ื ืืกืคืื. ืงืฆื ืืชืงื ืช ืืชืื ืืช ืื ืขืื ืืืืงืืฉ, ืืืจืฉืืช ืืฆืจืื ืคืขืื ื-30 ืชืื ืืช ืืกืืก [ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ]. ืืชืืฆืื ืืื, ืืฉืขืืช ืืฉืื ื ืืฆืจ ืขืืืก ืืจืฉืช ืฉืื ืืคืฉืจ ืชืงืฉืืจืช. ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืคืื ืืื ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืืงืจ ืืื ืืืฉ ืืขืื. ืืฉื ืช 1973 ืืืฆืข ืืจืืื ืงืืคืจ, ืื ืืฉื ืืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืกืืืืจ, ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืกืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืขืืื, ืืฉืืจื ืืฉืืฉืืช ืืื ืื ืืื, ืืขืื ืืื ืืืฉืชืืืช ืฉื ืืขืืืจืื ืืืฉืืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืคืื ืืกืืืืจื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืื โ ืืืฆืืข ืฉืืืืช (ืืืฆืืืช ืื ื ืื ืกืืช). ืืืืฉืืจืื ืืกืืืืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฉื ืืขืฉืืจืื ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืกืืื. ืืืืฆืข ืฉื ืืช ืืชืฉืขืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืกืืื ืจืืืช, ืืืืื ืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฉื ืจืื ืืืืืืืกืืื. ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืกืืืืจืืช ืืืืืคืื ืืกืืืืจื ืืจืื ืืืืช ืืืืคืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช. ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืืืงื ืืืช, ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืจืชื, ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืขืืชื ืชืืชืื ืืื ืืจืืงืฆืื ืจืืืช ืืืงืฃ ืืืืืื ืืคืฉืจืืืืช โ ืืืคืื ืื, ืืกืจืื ืื (SMS), ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืจื ื, ืืชืืจืืืช ืชืจืืื ืืืจืขืช ืืืคืืืช ืืขืืื ืืืื ืืืคืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉืืืฉื, ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืงืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืกืืช ืืฉื ืืฆืืจื ืืชืฉืชืืช ื ืจืืืช, ืืืืฅ ืืืืคืื ืืกืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืงืืื ืจืฉืชืืช ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืื ืืืงืืืืช ื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2001 ืืืคืฆื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืคืื ืื ืกืืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืจ 3 (3G). ืืื ืืืืฆืข ืขืฉืืจ ืื, ืื ืืคืื ืืืืคืื ืื ืืืืืื, ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืคืื ืกืืืืจื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืชืงืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉื ืืฃ ืื, ืืืืชืจ ืืืืชืจ ื ืคืืฆืื. ื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2023, ืืคื ืืืจืช ืืืืงืจ IDC ืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืื ืืกืืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืจืช ืืื ืฉื ื ื ืืฆืืช ืื ืกืืื ืืขืืืืช ืขื 1.15 ืืืืืืจื ืืืฉืืจืื. ืืืฆืจื ืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืช ืืืงืฃ ืืืืจืช ืืืฉืืจืื ืื ืกืืกืื ื, ืืคื, ืฉืืืืื ืืืืคื. ืฉืืจืืชื ืืืืคืื ืืกืืืืจื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืกืืกื ืืืขืืงืจื ืฉื ืืืืคืื ืืกืืืืจื, ืื ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืจืื, ืืื ืงืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืื ืฆืืจื ืืืืืืจ ืงืืื โ ืืืจ ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉืชืืฉ ื ืืืืืช ืืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ. ืืฉืจืืช ืืชืืคืฉืจ ืืืืฆืขืืช ืฉืืื ืืกืคืจ ืงื ืืืืคืื ืขื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืกืืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืฉืชืืฉ. ืืฉื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืฉืจ ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืคืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืืืช ื ืขืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืงืื ESN ืขื ืืืืฉืืจ ืขืฆืื. ืืืขืืจ ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืคืื ื ืืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ื ืืืจ ืฉื ืฉืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ื ืขืฉื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืฆืขืืช ืงืื IMEI ืืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืจืืืก ืืกืื. ืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืืจืื ื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืฉืืจื ืืืืคืื ืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืฉืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืจืื, ืืฉืชื ื ืื ืืืื. ืฉืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืฉืืจืื ืกืืืืจืืื ืืชืงืืืื, ืืฉืชืคืจืืช ืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืืชืจ ืื ืื ืืช ืฉืืืืจ ืืงืืืื ืืงืจืืช ืืืืฉืืจ. ืืืขืืจืช ืืื ืืืืืืช ืขืืืื ืืืชืืช, ืฉืืชืงื ืช ืืช ืืฉืืืืืช ืฉื ืืฆืจืืช ืขืงื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืจ. ืื ืฉืืจืืช ืื ื ืืกืคื ืืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืฉืืจืืชืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืจืฉืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืกืืืืจืืช, ืืืื ืืงืืืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืคืื. ืืืืื ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืฉืชื ื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืฉืืจ, ืืืชืื ืืืืจ ืืืืฉืืจ, ืืืืชืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื. ืฉืืจืืชืื ืฉืขืฉืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื: ืืขืฉืืจ ืืฉื ื ืฉื ืืืื ื-21 ืืืืฉืืจ ืืกืืืืจื ืืืจ ืืื ื ืจืง ืืืฉืืจ ืืืคืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืืจ ืขื ืืขืื ืจื ืขืืฆืื, ืืจืืืก ืืจืคื ืืขื ืืืฆืช ืชืืชึพืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืคืขืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืกืืืืช ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืฉื ืืกืืื ืืืฃ ืืืจืื ืืืืกืกื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืขื ืืชืงืืคื ืืืืจืื ื ืื ืืื ืื ืืฆื, ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืกืืืืจ ืืงืืืืช ืืื ืจืง ืชืืื ื ืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืืื. ืืืคืื ืกืืืืจื ืืงืจืื ื ืืืฉืคืขืืช ืืืจืืืืชืืืช ืฉื ืงืจืื ืช ืืืคืื ืกืืืืจื ื ืืงืจืืช ืืขืืื, ืืชืื ืืฉืฉ ืฉืงืจืื ืืงืจืื ื ืืืงืืจืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืคืืืช ืืืจืืง ืงืฆืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืขืืืื ืืืจืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืงืื ืืืืกืืฃ ืืืจืื ืืกืจืื ืืืชืืคืขืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืืช. ืขื ืขืชื, ื ืืฆืืืช ืจืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืื. ืฉืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืขื, ืงืืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉื ืืืคืื ืกืืืืจื ืืฉืจ ืืืขื ืื ืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืจื ืืืืืื/ืขืงืฆืืฅ ืืืืืจ ืืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฆืืขืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืจ, ืืืืชืื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืกืจ ืืกืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืฆืจืช ืืฆื ืืืงื ืืืืื ืืฉืืื. ืืฉื ืืขืืืื ืื ืื ืืฉื ืื ืืืฆื ืขื ืชืืื ืืืืงืจ, ื ื ืงืืื ืืงืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืจืืช ืืงืจืื ื ืฉื ืืืืฉืืจืื ืืืืงืืื ืืชืงื ืช ืื ืื ืืช ืกืืืืจืืืช. ืื ืืฉ ืืงืจืื ื ืื ืืฉืคืขื ืขื ืจืงืืืช, ืืจื ืฉืืงืจืื ื ืืืืืคืื ืืกืืืืจื ืขืฆืื, ืขืงื ืืจืืงื ืืืขืืจ ืืจืงืืืช ืืืฉืชืืฉ, ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืงืจืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืช, ืื ืืฆืืืช ืืืจื ืืื ืืืจืืง ืฉื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืกืืืื (ืขืืฆืืช ืืงืจืื ื ืืืจืืช ืขื ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืจืืืืข ืืืจืืง ืืืืงืืจ). ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืงืืืข ืื ืขืืืื ืื ืืจืืจ ืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืืื ืกืืืืจืืช ืงืฉืืจ ืืกืืืื ืืคืืชืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืฉืคืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืืฅ ืขื ืคื ืขืงืจืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืขืช, ืืืืขืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืคืื ืื ืกืืืืจืืื ืืืืจืืืงื ืืืืืฃ. ืืืื 2011 ืืืกืืฃ ืืจืืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืคืื ืกืืืืจื ืืงืืืฆืช ืืืจืืื ืืคืฉืจืืื ืืืืืช ืืกืจืื. ืืืืฆืืืช ืืงืืืฆื ืื ืืขืืื ืขื ืืืืจืื ืืืืจืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืฉ ืืืฆืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืืช ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืกืจืื ืื. ืืืืงืจ ืืงืืฃ ืืืจ, ืฉื ืขืจื ืืื ืืจืง, ืื ื ืืฆื ืงืฉืจ ืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืคืื ื ืืื ืืกืจืื ืืืื. ืืืื 2016 ืคืืจืกื ืื ืืืงืจ ืฉื ืืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืขื ืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืงืจืื ื ืกืืืืจืืช ืืกืื ืืกืืื ืฉื ืกืจืื. ืืฉืคืขืืช ืืจืืืืชืืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืขื ืืืคืื ืกืืืืจื ืืืืืืื ืืืคืื ืืื ืืฉ ืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืคืขืืช ืืจืืืืชืืืช ืขื ืืืื. ืืืฉืคืขืืช ืืฉืชื ืืช ืืืืคื ืฉืืื: ืงืืื ืืืืืืืช, ืคืืืืืืืืืืช, ืคืกืืืืืืืืืช. ืืืฉืคืขืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืข ืืฉืืืืฉ ืงืฆืจ (ืืื ืืืืืื) ืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืจืื (ืฉืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืื). ืืฉืคืขืืช ืืืจืชืืืช ืืฉื ืืช ื-2000 ืืืื ืืืชืคืจืกื ืืืงืจืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืฉืคืขืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช ืฉื ืืืขืืช ืืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืจ ืืืืชืจืื ืืืืคืื ืืกืืืืจื. ืืืงืจ ืืืกืืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืขืืืื, ืืฉืคืจืื ืืช ืจืืช ืืกื ืืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืจืชืืืช, ืืืกืืืขืื ืืฉืืืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืจืืืงืื ืื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืฉืืจ ืกืืืืจื ืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืืกืืช ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืขืงืื ืืืจื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฆืืืช ืืื ืื ืกืืช, ืืืืคืฉืจืช ืืืืฉืืืช ืืืกืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืืืืช ืืืฉืชืืฉืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืงืืื ืฉืืืืช, ืืืืชืจ ืืช ืืืงืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืืืื ืืืืฉืืจ. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืฉื ื ืชืืคืขื ืืืืืจืช ืืฉื ื ืืืืคืืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืชืืจืช ืื ืฉืื ืืืืฉืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืคืจืืช ืื ืืชืืง ืืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืืคืื ืื ืืื ืืชืืฆืื ืืฉืืื, ืืืืื, ืกืืืื ืจืืงื, ืชืงืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืืช. ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืกืืืจืืก ืคืจืืฉ ืฆืืื ืกืจื ืงืืื ืืข ืขืืืืชื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืคืื ืกืืืืจื ืืืื. ืืกืจื, ืฉืฉืื "ืืื ืืฃ ืืื ืื ืืืจ ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืจืข ืืืคืื ืืกืื", ืืฃ ืืืฆื ืืคืกืืืืืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืืงืืื ืืข. ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืคืื ืกืืืืจื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืกืื ืืช ืืขืช ืื ืื, ืืืจืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื, ืืืฃ ืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืจืืื ืงืืื ืืืช. ืืืฉืจืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืขื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืกืืืืจื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืื 1000 ืฉ"ื ืืฉืืื ื ื ืงืืืืช ืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2022. ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืกืืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืืืืคืืข ืืืืงื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืคืื ืืกืืืืจื ืืื ืจื"ื โ ืจืืื ืืืคืื ื ืืื, ืื ืืืขื ืืื ื ืขืฉื ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืฅ ืืืงืืงื ืืืจืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช. ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ื ืคืืฅ ืืืื ืื ืคืืืคืื ืืฉื ืื ืจื ืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืคืื ืกืืืืจื. ืืื ืื ืื ื ืืฆืจ ืืชืืฆืื ืืืืืืขืืชื ืืืืฆืืืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืจืช ืคืืืคืื ืชืงืฉืืจืช, ืฉืืืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉืฉืืืืงื ืืืฉืืจ ืกืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื, ืื ืขื ืืืื ื ืื ืกื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืื ืืฉืืืช: "ื ืืื" ืื "ืกืืืืจื". ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืคืืืคืื ืืืืจื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉืืฆืืขื ืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืจ ื-1986, ืกืืงืื ืืืื ืืคืขืื ื-1994, ืืคืจืื ืจ ืชืงืฉืืจืช (ืืืืืขื ืืืืชื "ืืืจื ื'") ื-1998. ืืืจืช ืืืจืก ืืืืฉื ืืคืื ืืืืจื ืืกืืืืจืืช ืืจืืืขืืช, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืชื ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืช 2011. ืืืืจื ืืกืืืืจืืช ืืืืืฉืืช ืืืืชื ืืืจืช ืืืื ืืืงืื. ืืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืืช ืืกืืืืจ ืืื ืืคืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืคืื ืงืืื. ื-2001 ืืื 4 ืืืืืื ืืงืืืืช ืกืืืืจืืื, ืืื 2.5 ืืืืืื ืืงืืืืช ืืืคืื ืงืืื. ืืขืืจ ื ืืืจื ืจืื ืืืืฉืืจืื ืืกืืืืจืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืกืืืืจืืช ืืืืขืืื, ืืืืืจืื ื ืืืืื ืืืจืื, ื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืงืืจืื ืืงื ืงืื ืืช. ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืขืงื ืคืขืจื ืืืืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืืกืคืงืื ืืคืจืืืื, ื ืืืจืื ืืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืืจืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืืืงืืจืื ืืงื ืืืืืืืช. ื-29 ืืืืื 2012 ื ืื ืก ืืชืืงืฃ ืฆื ืฉืืื ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืฉื ืืืืื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืฉืจ ืขื ืืื ืืขืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืกืช, ืฉืืขื ืืง ืคืืืจ ืืืืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืจืืฉืืื ืกืืจ ืืืืฉืืจ ืกืื, ืขืืืจ ืืืื ืืกืืจ ืืกืืืจืืคืื ืื ืืืืฉืืจืื ืกืืืืจืืื. ืืฆื ืืงื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืงืืจื ืืืืฉ, ืฉืงืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืชืงืื ื ืฉื ืืืืจืงืืืื ืืืืจืืคืืช Directive1999/5/EC ืื ืืืฉืืจ ืฉื ืื ืฆืืืืช ืืคืืจืืืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืกืืืื ืืืขืื ืขื ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืช. ืืชืืฆืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืืจืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืจืฆืืื ื ืืืืืจื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืื ืืกืจืช ืืกืื ืื ืืกื ืืฉืืง ืืคืืืขืื ืืชืืจืืช ืืืืคืฉืืช ืืืฆืจืื ืื. ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืขืืืื_ืฉืคื_ืืืขืืช] | [TOKENS: 1872]
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ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืขืืืื ืฉืคื ืืืขืืช ืขืืืื ืฉืคื ืืืขืืช (ืืื ืืืืช: Natural Language Processing - NLP) ืืื ืชืช-ืชืืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืืฉื ืืช. ืืื ืขืืกืง ืืืขืืืช ืืงืฉืืจืืช ืืขืืืื ืืื ืืคืืืฆืื ืฉื ืฉืคื ืืืขืืช ืืืื ื ืฉื ืฉืคื ืืืขืืช ืขื ืื ืช ืืืจืื ืืืืฉืืื "ืืืืื" ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืื ื ืืชืืื ืืฉืคืืช ืื ืืฉืืืช. ืขืืืื ืืฉืคื ืืืืขืืช ืงืฉืืจ ืืชืืื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืฉืืืืช, ืืืขืืชืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืื. ืืื, ื ืชืืืืก ืืขืืืื ืฉืคื ืืืขืืช ืืชืืื ืืืขืฉื ืฉื ืคืืชืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืฉื ืืืืคืืื ืืฉืคื ืื ืืฉืืช. ืืขืจื "ืืืฉื ืืช ืืืฉืืืืช" ืขืืกืง ืืคื ืืชืืืจืื ืฉื ืฉืืืื ืจืขืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืงืจ ืืฉืคื ืืื ืืฉืืช. ืขืืืื ืฉืคื ืืืขืืช ืืฉื ืืช ื-50 ืื-60 ืืขืจืืืช ืืืงืืืืช ืืื SHRDLU (ืื '), ืฉืขืืื ื"ืขืืืืืช ืงืืืืืช" ืขื ืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ืืฆืืืฆื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ELIZA, ืขืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืงืจืื ืืืืคืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืฉืืืคื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจ ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืฆืืืืชืืื ืืืชืจ ืขื ืืืืจืืืืช ืืืืกืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืขืืื ืืืืืชื. ืืื ืช ืฉืคื ืืืขืืช ืชืืืื ืืืืข ืจืื ืขื ืืขืืื, ืืืข ืฉืืขืืชืื ืงืจืืืืช ื ืชืคืก ืืืจืืืืืืื, ืืื ืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืขืจืืช ืืื ืฉืชืืื ืืคืขื ื ืืช ืืฉืคื. ืื ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืฉื "ืืื ื" ืืื ืืขืื ืืจืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืฉืคื ืืืขืืช. ืืืืืืืช ืืืขืืืช ืืขืืืืืช ืืคื ื ืืขืจืืืช ืืื ืช ืฉืคื ืืืขืืช: ืืื ืืคืชืืจ ืืช ืืืขืืืช ืืืื, ืืฆืืขื ืืื ืืืฉื ืื ืืืืงืจื ืืื ืืืืื ืฆืื ืืืขืืช ืืขืฉืืช ืฉืืืืฉ ืืฉืคื ืืืืืืชืืช, ืฉืชืืื ืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืขืืืง ืฉื ืืฉืคืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืฉืื ื ืืืืจืื, ืื ืขื ืืืช ืฉืชืืื ืืขืืช ืชืืืืจ ืืืืงื ืืชืื ืขืงืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืช ืื ืืชืืืืช, ืืื ืืืกืืจ ืื ืขืืืืืช ืื ืจื-ืืฉืืขืืช ืื ืืืขืช ืืืื ื ืืืฉืคื. ืืืืื ืืฉืคื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืื'ืืื. ืืืฉืืืืช ืืขืืงืจืืืช ืฉื ืขืืืื ืฉืคื ืืืขืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืงืฉืืช ืขื ืขืืืื ืฉืคื ืืืขืืช ืคืชืจืื ืจืึพืืฉืืขืืช ืืงืกืืงืืืช ืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืืืช (named entity recognition), ืืืฉื ืืืืื ื ืืื "Nice System is an Israeli company" ื "I have nice systems at home". ืขืืืื ืฉืคื ืืืขืืช ืกืืืืกืื ืขืืืื ืฉืคื ืืืขืืช ืกืืืืกืื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืฉืืืืช ืฉื ืกืืืืืื ืืืกืชืืจืืืืช ืขื ืื ืช ืืคืชืืจ ืืื ืืืืขืืืช ืฉืฆืืื ื ืืืขืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืขืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฉืคืืื ืืจืืืื ืื ืืจืื ืื ืืจืืจืื ืืฉืืขืืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืืช, ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืคื ืื ืืืืืื ื ืืคืฉืจืืืืช ื ืืชืื. ืฉืืืืช ืืืืืจืช ืืืฆื ืืฉืชืืฉืืช ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืฉื ืืงืกื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืงืื. ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืกืืืืกืื ืืืืขื ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืข, ืฉื ื ืชืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฆืื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืข. ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืื ืืจื ื] | [TOKENS: 11254]
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ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืจื ื ืขืืื ื ืื ืืคืืจืื ืคืืจืื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืื ืฉืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืืคืืจืื ืกืืงืจ, ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืช ืืืชืคืชืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืจื ื, ืืช ืืฉืืืืฉืื ืืจืืื ืฉืื, ืืืช ืชืจืืืช ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืืืื ืืจื ื (ืืขืืจืืช: ืึดืจึฐืฉึถืืชึถืช) ืืื ืจืฉืช ืชืงืฉืืจืช ื ืชืื ืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืืขื ืืืึพืขืืืื ืฉื ืืฆืจื ืืชืืฆืื ืืืืืืจืื ืจืืื ืืื ืจืฉืชืืช ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืคืฉืจื ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืจืืื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืจืืืช. ืืชืฉืชืืช ืืจืขืืื ืืช ืืืืืงืจืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืจื ื ื ืืฆืืช ืืชืืืืช ืฉื ืืช ื-60 ืืืกืืจืช ืืืงืจืื ืฉื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืฆืืืืช ืืคืจืืืงืืื ืืืงืจืืื ืืชืงืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ื ืืืืจืืงืื (ARPA). ืชืืืืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืืจื ื, ืืืืืจ ืืจืฉืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืจืืฉืื ื (ARPANET), ืืืื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ื-60, ืืืฉืจ ืืฉื ืช 1969 ื ืฉืืื ืืืืืขื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืฉื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืจืื. ืืืงืฃ ืจืฉืช ืืืื ืืจื ื, ืืืืช ืืืืืข ืืขืฆืืื ืืฉืืืจื ืืฉืจืชืื ืืืคืขืืืืช ืืจืื ืฉืืืืฆืขืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืคืื ืืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืืจื ืจื ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืชืคืชืืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืืืืจืชืืช ืืืชืจืืืชืืช. ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืฉืคืขื ื ืืื ืึพ2023 ืืขืจืืืื ืื ืืฉ ืืขื ืึพ5.3 ืืืืืืจื ืืฉืชืืฉื ืืื ืืจื ื ืืขืืื ืฉืื 65% ืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืจืช ืชืืคืขืช ืืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืขืืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืจืื 2016 ืืขื ืึพ78% ืืืฉืงื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืชืืืื ืืืื ืจืืื, ืืขืืงืจ ืืขืืื ืืืืืื, ืืชืงืืืืื ืืจืืื (ืื ืืคืืืช ืืืง ื ืืืจ ืืื) ืืืื ืืจื ื: ืืืืื, ืกืืจ (ืขื ืื ืชืืืืื), ืืงืจืช ืืขืจืืืช, ืืจื ืืขืืจืช ืืกืคืื ืืขื ืืืืฉืืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืึพืืืฉืืช ืืขืื. ืืืื ืืจื ื ืฉืืืฉ ืืจ ืคืืจื ืืืชืคืชืืืืืช ืืืจืชืืืช ืจืืืช, ืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืื ื ืืจื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช, ืืืืืืช ืืคืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืขืจืื. ืงืจื ื ืฉื ืืจืืืช ืฉืืจืืชืื ืืื ืืจืื ืขื ืขืืืืช ืึพWWW, ืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืฉืืืืฉ, ืืื ืืื ื ืคืขืืืื ืขืื, ืืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืฉืจืชื FTP, ืืืกืคืจ ืงืื ืฉื ืฉืจืชื Gopher. ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืคืืขื ืชืืคืขืืช ืชืจืืืชืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืืชืจืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืฉืืชืคืชืื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืฉืคืขืช ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืืคืฉ ืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืืื. ืชืจืืืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืืืช ืชืืืืื ืจืืื ืืืื: ืืืื ืืจื ื ืชืจื ืืืื ืืืชืคืชืืืช ืจืขืืื ืืงืื ืืคืชืื ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืจืืช ืืคืืจืกืืื ืคืืืช ืืคืจืกื ืชืื ืื ืฉืคืืชืื ืขื ืืื. ืืืืคื ืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืงืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืชืคืื ืืืจืื, ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืื "ืืืืื ืืืื ืื", ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืจืืื ืชืืืจืช ืืืฆืจ ืฉืืงืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืจืื ืื ืืฆืืจื ืืกืคืืง ืืกืฃ. ืจืฉืชืืช ืืืจืชืืืช ืืื ืคืืืกืืืง, ืืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ื ืืืฃ ืืืืืืจืื ืื ืฉืื ืืฉืชืฃ ืืืืข ืืืืืจืืช, ืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืขืืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืืืคืฆืช ืืกืจืื. ื ืืืจ ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืคืืืช ืืืืจืืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืขืช ืืืืจืื ื, ืืืฉื ืืืคืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืึพ2011 ืื ืื ืืืจืืจ ืฉืืชืจืืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืืกืืฃ 2015. ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืฉื ืืงืื ืื ืืฉืฃ ืืจืฉืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืชืื ืื, ืืืจื ืืืืื ืจืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืจืฉืช ืืคืืืคืืจืื ืขืกืงืืช, ืืืืืชื ืื ืืืจืืื ืขืกืงืืื ืืืชืืงืื ืฉืืืจื ืืคืขืื ืื ืืืืจื ืื, ืืืืฉื ืืคืขืืืืชื ืืืกืืจืชืืช, ืื ืื ืคืจื ืืื ื. ืืืช ืืคืขืืืืืืช ืืืกืืจืืืช ืืืืชืืงืืช ืืืืจืืืืืช ืืจืฉืช ืืื ืคืจืกืื ืืงืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืช ืืืืืฉืื ืืขืืฉืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืชืจ ืืกืืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืกืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืก ืืืจื. ืขื ืคื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืขืกืงืืช ืืืจืืืืื ืืจืฉืช ืืืื ืืจื ื: ืขืึพืคื ืืืงืจ ืฉืืืฆืข ืึพ2009 ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจืืืืจื ืืื ืขื ืืืจืช ืืืืขืืฅ ืืืืืืื, ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืฆืจื ืืชืขืฉืืื ืืขืืกืงืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืึพ3 ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืืช ืืืฉื ืขืฉืืจ. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืื, ื ืืฆืจื ืืชืงืืคื ืืืช ืืืืื ื 1.9 ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืืช ืขืงืืคืืช ืกืืื ืืชืืื. ืืืกืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืคืืข ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ], ืื ืกืคืจืืช ืืืืข ืืืืืื ื, ืืฉืจ ืืขืืชืื ืชืืืคืืช ืื ืกื ืืชืืจ ืืื ืืืืืื ืขืชืืืืช ืืืฉืคืขืชื ืขื ืืืืจื, ืื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืืคืขืช ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืืืช ืืชืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ืืืฉืืืชื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืืืคืืขื ืืกืืคืืจ "A Logic Named Joe" ืืืช ืืืจืื ืื ืกืืจ ืฉืคืืจืกื ืึพ1946. ืืกืืคืืจ ืื, ืื ื ืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืืฉืืจืื ืื ืงืจืืื "ืืืืื", ืืกืืคืื ืืขืื ืฆื ืืืงืืืช, ืืื ื ืืชื ืืจืืืช ืฉืืืืจื ืืืืืืืื, ืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืืงืืจืื ื, ืืชืช ืคืงืืืืช ืงื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืฉื ื ืืืจืืช ืขืจื ืืขืื. ื ืืชื ืืืืืช ืืช ืฉืืจืฉื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืืงืจ ืืชืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืช ื ืชืื ืื ืื ืงืจื ืืืชืื ืื ืืช (packet switching). ืืืงืจ ืืื ื ืขืจื ืืชืืืื RAND ืขื ืืื ืคืื ืืจื, ืืืืืข ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืืืืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืงืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืืง ืืื ืืงืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช ืฉื ืจืฉืชืืช ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืงืจื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืจืขืื ืืช. ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืจืืฉืื ื ื ืขืฉืชื ืึพ29 ืืืืงืืืืจ 1969 ืืื ืืืืื ืจื ืงืืืื ืจืืง ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืงืืืคืืจื ืื ืืืืก ืื ื'ืืก ืืืื ืฆ'ืืจืื ืงืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืกืื ืคืืจื, ืืืฉืจ ืฉืืืจื ืืืืื LOGIN. ืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืื, ืฉืืฆืจื ืืช ืืืกืืก ืืจืฉืช ืืืื ืืจื ื, ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืช 1969 ืขื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืืงืื ืืืงืจ ืืชืงืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืื ื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช (Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ืื DoD ARPA) ืืืืื ืฉื ืงืจื ARPANet. ืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ื ืืคืฉืจืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืจืฉืช, ืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืขื ืฉืจืืืืช, ืืขื ืคื ืืจืขืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืื ื ื-RAND ืืฆืจื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืขืืจืช ืื ืชืื ืื ืืื ืืจืฉืชืืช. ืึพ1 ืืื ืืืจ 1983, ืืืืืคื ืืชืฉืชืืช ืฉื ARPANet, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืกืกืช ืขื ืื ืขื NCP ืืืืืืช ืืคืจืืืืงืืืื TCP/IP, ืฉื ืืืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืฆื ืืืืงืจ. ืืืื ืืืขืฉื ืื ืงืืื ืฉืื ืืคื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืจืฉืช ืืืืืจืช ืื ื ืืืื - ืืืืื ืช ืืชืฉืชืืช ืืืืืืช. ืืืชืคืชืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืงืจื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืข ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, National Science Foundation, ืฉืืงืืื ืืฉื ืช 1986 ืฉืืจืช ืืืืข (backbone) ืืืึพืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช, ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืืืงืจ ืืงืืื. ืืืืื ืืจืฉืช ืฉื ARPA, ืจืฉืช ืื ืืื ืชื NSFNet. ืืฉื ืช 1989 ืืฆืืข ืืื ืืจื ืจืกึพืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืคืจืืงืกื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืง ืืืืข ืืืงืฉืจ ืืกืืืื ืื ืฉืชืืืืฆืจ ืจืฉืช ืงืืจืื (Web) ืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืข ืืงืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืขืืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืชืื ืืืื. ืืฉื ืื ืคืืชื ืืกืืืืช NeXTStep ืฉืคื ืืืืืืช, HTML, ืฉืืืื ืชืืืืจ ืืืื ืืงืืฉืืจืื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืจืฉืช (URL/URI), ืชืืื ืช ืืงืื (ืืคืืคื) ืืชืืื ืช ืฉืจืช, ืฉืืฉืชืืฉื ืืคืจืืืืงืื HTTP. ืืขืืืื ืขื ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1990, ืืืฆืืืจ ืืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืคื ืคื ืืื ืึพCERN - ืืืจืื ืืืืจืืคืื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืขืื. ืืืืื ืฉื ืช 1991 ืื ืืฆืืขื ืืช ืืจืขืืื ืืืืจืื ืขืืืื ืืืขืืืช CERN, ืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืืืืฆืื ืืฉืื ืขื ืืืื ืคืชืื ืงืืืฆืช ืืืื โ ืชืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืคืืชื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืจื ื โ ืืืจืื ืืฆืืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืขืืื. ืึพ6 ืืืืืืกื 1991 ื ืคืชื ืฉืืจืืช ืึพWWW ืืคื ืืื ืฉื CERN ืืืื ืจืฉืช ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืืชืจ ืึพWWW ืืจืืฉืื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืื info.cern.ch. ืฉื ืชืืื ืืืืจ ืืื, ืืืจ ืืื ืงืืืืื 2 ืืืืืื ืฉืจืชื ืืื ืืจื ื ืขื ืืืชืจ ืึพ600 ืืชืจื WWW. ืืฉื ืช 1995 ืืื ืงืืืืื ืึพ100 ืืืฃ ืืชืจื WWW ืืืฉื ืช 1997, ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืชืจื WWW. ืืื ื ืืืคืขืื ืจืฉืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืืกืกืช ืขื ืคืจืืืืงืื IP. ืืคืจืืืืงืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืฉืืืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืชืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืชืืืืช. ืืืจืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืจืฉืช ื ืงืืขืช ืืชืืืช, ืื ืงืจืืช ืืชืืืช IP. ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืชืืืืช IP ื ืงืืขืืช ืืืืฉืืื, ืืืคืื ืื, ืืฆืืื ืงืฆื ื ืืกืฃ; ืืชืืืืช IP ื ืงืืขืืช ืื ืขืืืจ ืฆืืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช, ืืฉืจ ืืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืคืขืืืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืจื ื, ืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืชืืื, ื ืชืืื ืืขืื. ืืชืืืืช ืึพIP ืืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืจืืืืื ืฉืงืืืื ืืืชื ืืชืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืื. ืคืจืืืืงืื ืึพIP ืคืืขื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืขื ืืื ืกืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืืจื ืจืฉืช, ืืืืืื LAN, WiFi, DSL ืืขืื. ืคืจืืืืงืื ืึพIP ืคืืขื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืืื ืขื ืคืจืืืืงืื ืึพUDP ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืขืืจื ืืืืจื ืฉื ื ืชืื ืื (ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืื), ืืคืจืืืืงืื ืึพTCP ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืขืืจื ืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืชืื ืื ืืจืฉืช (ืืืืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืคื ืืื ืืจื ื). ืคืจืืืืงืืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืคืจืืืืงืืืื TCP/IP ืื ืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืกืืกืืช ืฉื ืืคืจืืืืงืืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉืจ ื ืื ืื ืขืึพืื ืช ืืคืขืื ืืจืฉืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืขืฉื ืขืืฉืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืืช ืืคืจืืืืงืืืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืชืงืฉืจ ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืจืฉืช ืืืืกืกืช ืคืจืืืืงืื IP, ืืื ืืืชืืืจ ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืฉ ืืืฆืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืืืืงืื ืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืจืฉืช. ืืืืืจ ืื ื ืขืฉื ืขื ืคื ืจืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืกืคืง ืฉืืจืืชื ืืื ืืจื ื. ืกืคืง ืฉืืจืืชื ืืื ืืจื ื ืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืจืืื ืืืจืฉื ืืืจ, ืืืฉืืฉ ืืชืืื ืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืฉืจืชืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืจืฉืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืขืืืืืช. ืงืืืืืช ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืืืืืืจื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืชืืืืช IP ืฆืืืืจืืืช ืฉื ืืฆืืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ, ืืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืืื. ืจืื ืืืชืืืืช ืฉืืฉืืืืฉ ืื ืืฆืคืื ืืืจืืงื ืืืืจืืคื, ืื ืืื ืฆืืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืชืคืืฆื ืื ืืืกืื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ]. ืฆืืจืช ืืืืืืจ ืืืืชืืช ืื ืกืคืง ืฉืืจืืชื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืชืคืชืื ืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืฉื ืื. ืืชืืืื ืืื ื ืคืืฅ ืืืืืืจ ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืื (ืืืืืจ ืืืืื). ืืชืงื ืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืช ืืืืืข ืืืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืฆืจ ืืืืฉื ืืืืชืืช ืื ืืืืืื, ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืขืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืจืฉืช ืืืืคืื ืืฆืืืืจืืช. (ืืฉืจ ื ืืขืื ืืืขืืจืช ืฉืืืืช ืืืคืื) ืืื ืืืชืืืจ ืืกืคืง, ืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืฉื ืฉืืคืขืื ืืกืคืง, ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืืฆืจื "ืืืืฆืช ืืื" ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืคืื, ืืืฆืข ืชืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืื ืฉืืฆื ืืกืคืง ืืืืขืืจื ืื ืชืื ืื. ืืืืืื ืฉืืขืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืื ืชืืื ื ื ืืืขืืจืช ื ืชืื ืื, ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืืขื ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืชืงืจื ืฉื 56,000 ืกืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืื (ืืคืืง ืฉืืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืคืก ืฉื 64,000 ืกืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืื). ืืืืจ ืืื, ืืืืขื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ISDN, ืฉืืืคืฉืจื ืืืืืจ ืืงืฆื 64 ืงืืืึพืกืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืืงื ืืืื, ืื 128 ืงืืืึพืกืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืืงื ืืคืื. ืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืคืฉืจื ืื ืืืฆืข ืฉืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืืืืืช ืงืื ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืฉืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืืคืื ืืืืืขืืื ืื. ืืืื ืืฉื ื ืืจืฆืืช ืืื ืขืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืฆืืข ืฉืืืืช ืืืคืื, ืืฃ ืืื ืงืืื ISDN ืืงืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืจืืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืืืืคื ืืฉืชื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืชืจ: ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืกืกืืช DSL (ืืืื ADSL), ืืืืคืฉืจืืช ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืื ืกืคืง ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืงืฆื ืฉื ืขื 100 ืืืึพืกืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืื. ืฉืืื ืื ืืฉืชืืฉืช ืื ืืื ืืงืืื ืืืืคืื ืืจืืืืื, ืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืืจ ืืชืืจืื ืืืฉืืฉืื ืืืืืืจ, ืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืช ืืชืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืชืจ, ืื ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืชื ืงื ืื ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืขืช ืืืขืื ื ืืืช, ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจ ืงืืืข ืื ืืกืคืง ืืื ืฆืืจื ืืืืื. ืืื ืื ืืืกืืช ืืช ืืฆืืจื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืชืืช ืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืืืื, ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื. "ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื" ืืื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืชืฉืชืืช ืืืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืขืืืจ ืืืืข ืืฆืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืื ืกืคืง ืืืื ืืจื ื, ืืืฉืจ ืกืคืง ืืืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืชืืื, ืืืืคื ืืืื ืืจืฉืช ืืืืคืื. ืืืืืืจ ื ืขืฉื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืชืงื ืืืงืกืืก. ืืฉื ื ืืจืฆืืช ืืื ืกืคืง ืืืืืืืืื ืื ืืกืคืง ืืขืฆืื ืืช ืืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืจื ื, ืืืฉืืฉ ืืืขืฉื ืื ืืกืคืง ืืื ืืจื ื. ืืืฉืจืื ื ืงืืข ืฉืกืคืง ืืืืืื, ืืืจืช "HOT", ืืกืคืง ืจืง ืืช ืืชืฉืชืืช. ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืคืจืก ืชืฉืชืืช ืกืืืื ืืืคืืืื, ืืืืคืฉืจืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืืืืขืืช ืขื 1,000 ืืื-ืกืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืื, ืืืืคืฉืจืช ืฉืืจืืชืื ืืชืงืืืื ืืืื ืฉืจืืชื ืืืืืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืขืื. ืืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืจืื, ืืื ืืืกืืืช ืืงืืืืื, ืืฆืืจืืื ืจืืื ืคืก ืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืชืืืจืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืงืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืจืื, ืื ืืจืื ืืจื ืกืคืง ืืื ืืจื ื. ืงืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืื ืืกืคืงืื ืงืฆืื ืืขืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืชืฉืชืืืช ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืงืืื ื ื"ื, ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืชืืืืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ื ืืืืจืืงืื. ืืืื, ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฅ ืืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉื ืืช ืึพ90 ื ืืืฆื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืืืข ืขื ืืืชืืจ ืขื ืฉืืืืชื ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืืืจืืช ืืืช ื ืกืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืช ืืืืื 2005 ืชืื ืืืืขื ืฉื ืกืืื ืื ืงืฉืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื (ืืขื ื ืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืื ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืืืช ืืขื ืืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื)[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ]. ื ืกืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืคืงืืข ืืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืจืฉืืชื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืขื ืืื ืืงืืช ืฉืจืชื ืฉืืจืฉ ื ืืกืคืื (ืืืื 13 ืึพ15 ืฉืจืชื ืืขื ืืืื ืืจื ื ื ืืฆืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช). ืืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืื ืืื ืืขืืงืจ ืขื ืืื ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืืคืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืืจืืืื ืื ืฆืืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืงืืืื, ืืืฉื, ืืกืืจ ืืืืจืืื ืคืจืืืื. ืืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ICANN, ืฉืืืจืื ืขื ืืงืฆืืช ืืฉืืืช ืืืืชืืืืช, ืืืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืขืืืื, ืฉืืจืื ืืช ืืชืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืึพIETF, ืฉืืื ืืืืฃ ืืืื ื ืฉืงืืืข ืืช ืืชืงื ืื ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืืื ืืืคืื ืืื ืืฉ ืืขืจืืช ืืคืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืช. ืืืจืฅ 2004 ืืืขืืชื ืืืืื ืืืคืงืืข ืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืืืคืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืกืจ ืืขืืืืช ืฉืืืื, ืืืืืื ICANN, ืืืืขืืืจ ืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืื"ื. ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืจืฉืช ื ืืืื ืืืืคื ื ืืืืจืื - ืืืืฃ ืืื ืื ืจืง ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชืืืจ ืืจืฉืช ืืืคืจืกื ืื ืชืื ืื ืืคื ืืขืืื ืขื ืจืืื. ืืืจืืช ืืืช, ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืช ืชืขืืืจืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืฉืืื ืืคื ืจืฆืื ื. ืืื ืื, ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืงืื ืขื ืืืคืื ืืืืืืื ืืคืืขืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืชืื ืฉืืื. ืืฉ ืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืกืื, ืกืืจืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืฆืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืืจืืืื ืืจืฉืช. ืืืจืืช ืืืช, ืื ืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืจืชืื ืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืื ื ืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืื ื ืืฆืื ืืจืขื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฉืขืืฉืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืชืคืชื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืคืืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืจืฉืช, ืืืฉืจ ืืืืจืืช ืืืกืคืงืืช ืืช ืืชืฉืชืืช ืชืืืขืืช ืืขืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืจ, ืืืขืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืกืฃ ืืืืชืจืื ืืจืืืืืื, ืืืืช ืืืขื ื ืฉืื ืืกืืกืืืช ืืช ืจืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืืช ืืื. ืืืฉืจืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืฉืจืืื. ืคืจืืกื ืขืืืืืช ืขื ืืชืคืชืืืช ืืืืืืืืืฆืื, ืืืืจืืฉื ืืงืืฉืืจืืืช, ื ืขืฉืื ื ืืกืืื ืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืื ื ืงืืื ืขื ืคื ื ืืืืจ ืืืจืฅ. ืืชืคืชืืืช ืืืืืืช ืชืืื ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ืชืืืื ืื ืืืคืฉืจื. ืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืขืื ืืกืคืง ืคืจืืกืช ืขืืืืืช (ืื ืืืขื) ื ืืชื ืืฆืืื ืืช: ืืขืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืจืฉืช ืฉื ืขืฉืจืืช ืขื ืืืคื ืืืืืื ืื, ืืืืฆืจืื ืืื ืงืืฉืืจืืืช ืืื ืืจื ื ืืื ื ืงืืื ืืขืืื, ืืื ืืคืกืงื. ืืฉืืขืืืืช ืืืืื ืืชืจืืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืื ื "ืืื ืืจื ื" (ืืื ืืืืช, internet) ืืื ืงืืฆืืจ ืฉื ืืืื ื "Interconnected Networks"โ, ืืืชืืจ ืงืืืฆื ืฉื ืจืฉืชืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืื. ืืฉื ืืืืืืข ืืืื ืืจื ื (ืืื ืืืืช the Internet) ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืจืฉืชืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืคืชืืืืช ืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฆืืืืจื, ืฉื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืฃ ืืืื ืึพ20 ืืืืืจืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืืจืื, ืื ืื ืขืจื ืื. ืืืงืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืขืืจืืช ืงืืขื ืืช ืืืืื ืึดืจึฐืฉึถืชึถืช (ืื "ืจืฉืช ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืืืืช") ืืชืจืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืืจื ื, ืืืช ืืขืงืืืช ืืฆืขืชื ืฉื ืืืืกืืืจืืื ื ืืจ ืื ืึพ1998. ืขื ืคื ืื "ืืืืื 'ืึดืจึฐืฉึถืชึถืช' (ืขื ืืฉืงื 'ืืจืคืกืช'; 'ืืจืฆืคืช') ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื 'ืจืฉืช' ืืืฉืืจืช ืืช ืืฉืืจืฉ ืฉืช"ืช ืืื ื ื ืืืจืช ืืืืื 'ืชืฉืชืืช'". ืืืืื ืืจืฉืชืช ืืืจื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืงื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื, ืืขืืงืจ ืืคื ืงืจืืื ืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืืืจืช. ืขื ืืืช, ืืฉืืืืฉ ื"ืืื ืืจื ื" ืืงืืื ืื ืคืืฅ ืืจืื ืืืชืจ. ื ืืื ืืืชืืืืก ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืืจ, ืื ืื ืืฉ ืฉืืชืืืืกืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืงืื, ืืขืืงืจ ืืฉื ืืขืืืื ืฉืืื ืจืฉืช (ืืจืฉืช ืืื ื ืงืื); ืื ืืื ืืืงืจืื - ืืืืื ืืืื. ืงืืืืืช ืื ืจืฉืชืืช ืืื ืืจื ื ื ืืกืคืืช, ืฉืืื ื ืืืืืืืืช, ืืืื ืืื ืืจืื ื (ืืขืืจืืช: ืืจืฉืชืช ืคื ืื) ืฉื ืืจืืื ืื ืฉืื ืื. ืจืื ืื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืื ื] | [TOKENS: 4505]
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ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืึฐืึดืื ึธื ืืื ืืจืืื ืคืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืจืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืืจืคื ืกืคืฆืืคื. ืืืืข ืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืคืจื, ืืื ืืชืืืจืช ืืจืื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืื ื ืืื, ืืืชืืืจืจืื ืืืจืืืืจืื ืกืคืฆืืคืืช ืขื ืคื ืกืืืืช ืืฉืืชืคืช ืืืงืชืืช, ืืืงืืช ืืคืืืืืืช. ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืจืื ืขื ืืื ื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืฉืขืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืื ื, ืืืืืฆืขืืช ืงืืืฆืช ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฉื ืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ื ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืฆืขืช ืฉื ืืืืื ื. ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืจืื, ืืชืงืืืื ืกืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืช, ืืืื: ืขืจื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืืขืชืืงื, ืืืื ืืช ืืืื, ืคืืจืฆืืืช ืืขืื. ืืืืจื ืืืืคืืื ืื ืืขืืงืจืืื ืื ืืจืฉืื ืขื ืื ืช ืฉืืฉืืช ืืจืืืืจืืืืืช ืชืืืืจ ืืืืื ื ืขื ืคื ืืืฉืคื ืืืืึพืืืืื ืืคืืืื: ืขื ืืืช, ืฉืืืฉืช ืืืืคืืื ืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืชืงืืื ืืืืืง ืื โ ืืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ื ืชืื ืื ืืืืืืงืช, ืืืจืืืช ืืชืืฉืืื (ืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืื) ืืืจืื ืืคืจืืงื ืืฉื ืืช ืึพ70 ืื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืจืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืง ืืื ืืื ืจืฉืืืืช. ืื ืืกืฃ ืงืืืืช ืืืืืงืช ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืข ืืืืื ื, ืืื ืืชื ืื ืึพ5 ืืืจืื ืืงืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ื: ืืฉื ื ืฉืชื ืชืืืจืืืช ืืขื ืืื ืืจืืฉืช ืืืืจื ืืืฉืคื ืืืืึพืืืืื ืชืืืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืงืืจืืืืืช ืืคื ืื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืขื ืื ืช ืฉืชืืื ืืืื ื (ืืืืืจ ืชื ืืื 1โ4 ืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืกืคืงืื), ืืชืืืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืงืื ืกืืืืืืืืืช ืืคื ืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืื ืืงืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืช (ืืืืืจ ืชื ืื 5 ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืกืคืง ืืชื ืืื ืืกืืืืื). ืืชืืืจืื ืืืงืืจืืืืืช ืืชืืกืกืช ืขื ืืื ืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1933 ืื ื ืงืืข ืืกืขืืฃ 3 ืื ืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื ืืืึพืืืืืืช ืืงืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ื (ืืืืื, ืืื ื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืจืช ืืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืชื ืืฉืืช ืืจืืืืจืืืืืช ืืืชืงืฉืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืื ื ื ืืจืฉืช ืืืจื ืื ืคืงืื ืืืื ืกืขืืฃ 1 (ื) ืฉื ืืืื ื, ืืฃ ืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืงืืจืืืืืช). ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืึพืืืืื ืืชืืกืก ืขื ืืชืืืจืื ืืงืื ืกืืืืืืืืืช, ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืฃ ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืืจืืขืช ืืงืจืืืจืืื ืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื. ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืื ืืขืช ืืืืืฉื ืขื ืืื ืขืืจืืง ืืืืืืช ืืืคืจืฅ, ืืืืจืช ืืขืืืช ืืืจืืช ืืฆืจืคืช ืืืืคืฉืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืฃ ืืืืขืืจ ืืจืืืืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืขื ืืืจืืืืจืื. ืืืืื ื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืื ืืืจื โ ืืืื ื ืืืงืืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืชื ืืื, ืืืื ืงื ืื (ืืืขื ืืงืจืื ืืจืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื), ืืืืื ื ืื ืคืงืื โ ืืืื ื ืืืงืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืชื ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืึพืืืืืืช, ืืืื ืกืืืืืื ื. ืืืฆื ืื ืื ืงืืื ืฉืืืื, ืืชืงืืื ืืฆื ืฉื ืื ืจืืื โ ืืืืื ืื ืฆืืจื ืฉื ืฉืืืื, ืืคืืื ืืืืจืจืืื ืืืจืชืืช. ืืืืืื ืืืื ืช ืฆืจืคืช ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืฉื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืื ืื, ืืืืงื ืืฉื ืืื: ืฆืจืคืช ืฉื ืืืฉื ืืืืชื ืืืื ื ืืจืืืืจืื ืฉื ืงืืขื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืื ืื, ืืืืืืกืืื ืฆืจืคืชืืช ืฉืืืขืืจื ืืฆืคืื ืฆืจืคืช ืืืจืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืงืืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืืื ืงืืืข ืืฆืจืคืช. ืื ืืืื ื ืขื ืื ืกืืื ืื ืืื, ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืจืืืื ืืช โ ืืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืช ืขื ืืื ืื, ืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืืขืฉื ืคืขืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืืชืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืฉืขื ืคืื ืืืืื ืืคืขืื. ืืืกืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืจืื, ืืืฃ ืืืื, ืืชืงืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืจืืืช ืืื ืืืื ื. ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืกืืืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืชืงืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืขื 6,000 ืฉื ื ืืืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื, ืืืกืืคืืืืื, ื ืืจืื ืืืงืจืื ืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืช ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืช ืืฉืื ืื. ืืชืงืืคื ืฉืืืืจ ื ืคืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืคืจืื ืืจืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืฉืืช ืืกืคืืจื, ืืืจืืคื ืืืื ืชืืืื ืฉื ืืชืืืงืืช ืื ืกืืืืืืช ืจืืืช, ืฉืจืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืืชืืื ืืฉืชื ื ืืชืืืคืืช. ืืืฆื ืื ืฉื ืื ืกืืจ ืคืืืืื, ืืชืคืชืื ืืชืืืื ืืืจืืชื ืฉื ืืฉื ืืืืจื ืืืืช ืฉื ืื, ืืืื ืช ืืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืช, ืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืฉืื ืืขืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืืจืื ืืืืืจืช. ืกืื ืืฉืืืื ืืฉืชื ื, ืืืชืืื ืงืื ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืื ืจืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืงืื ืืื ืจืืืืช ืงืื ืกืืืืืฆืืื ืืืช (ืืืงืชืืืช) ืื ืจืคืืืืืงืืช, ืืื ืืื ืคืืจืฆืืืช, ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืชืช ืืฉืืืื ืืืจืืื ืกืืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืฅ, ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืืงื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืงืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืฆื ืขืฆืืืืืช. ืืืื ืึพ20, ืืชืคืชืื ืชืคืืกื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืืฆื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ื. ืฉืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืขื ืืจืฆืื ื ืืืชืงืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืจืชืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืชืคืช. ืกืืกืืชื ืฉื ืชื ืืขืืช ืืืืืืืช ืจืืืช ืืืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืช. ืื ืืืื, ืืฉืืจืื ืืืืืืืจืืื ืืืืงืืืืจืื, ืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืื, ืืชืงืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช. ืืื ื ืืืืื ื ืืชืืืืจืื ืืืง ืืชืืืจืืืช ืืคืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืื ื, ืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืืช ืืฉืชื ืงืืืืจืืืช. ืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืขื ืคื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืื. ืื ืื ืืกืคืงืืจืื ืฉื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ื ืืฆืืืช ืฉืชื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืืจืืช ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืชืงืืช ืืืงืฉืช ืืคืืืืืืช: ืืืืืื ืืืืคืืื ื ืืืืื ื ืกืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืกืืืื ืืฉืืื, ืฉืชืืืจืืืงื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืข ืืืืื ื ื ืืจืฉื ืื. ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืงื ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ื, ืืืจื ืืื โ ืชืื ืืกืืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืชืื ืื โ ืชืืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืช. ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืืช, ืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืืืืืืชืืื ืขืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืขืื ื ืืงืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืช. ืืืจืืช ืืืช, ืืืชืื ืืชืืืจืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืข ืืืืื ื, ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ื ืืขืืืช ืืืืืืช ืกืืคืืื, ืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืืจืข ืืื ืืช ืืืืจืชื ืืืืื ื. ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืฉืืืื ืขืฆืื, ืจืืืื ืืช, ืฉืืืื ืขื ืืืฆืขื ืืืืืืืช (ืฆืื, ืืฉืืจื), ืืืจื ืืฆื ืืงืืืื ืืืืึพืืืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืื, ืขืงื ืืกืืืืช ืฉืืืืืจื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืฉื, ืขืืืื ืื ืชืืืืจ ืืืืื ื, ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืื ืืื ื ืืจืฉืช ืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืช ืืจืื ืืืืืืืกืืื, ืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืชื ื ืืชืืืงืืช ืืืจืืข ืงืืืืจืืืช: ืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ื ืคืืขื ืืชืืงืฃ ืฉืืืฉ ืื ืืืช: ืกืืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืขืฆืืืืืช, ืืืื ื ืื ื ืืฆืืืช ืืืฃ ืืจืืื ืืื ืืืืื. ืจืื ืื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืื] | [TOKENS: 4863]
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ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืื ืึผืึนื (ืืื ืืืืช: bot, ืงืืฆืืจ ืฉื robot) ืืื ืชืืื ื ืืืืฆืขืช ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืช ืืจื ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืืฉืื ื ืืชืืื ื ืืืืืกืกืช ืขื ืืขื ื ืืคื ืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืขื ืคืขืืืืช ืคื ืืืืืช ืืืขืจืืช, ืืื ืืืฆืข ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืืกืื ืืงืืื ืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืขืืืช ืืคืขืืืื. ืื ืืขื ืืืคืืฉ, ืืืืืื, ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืกืจืืง ืืช ืืคื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืืืืช ืืืคืชื ืฉืืื. ืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืฆ'ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืช ืืืกืืจืช ืฉืืจืืช ืืงืืื. ืฉืืืืฉืื ื ืคืืฆืื ืืืื: ืืชืจืื ืืืขืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื, ื ืืชื ืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืจืื ื, ืฉืืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืชื ืืงืืืช, ืื ืืื ืืชืงืฉื ืืื. ืืื ืืงื ื ืคืืฆื ืืื ืืื ืืฆืืช ืืงืกื ืงืฆืจ ืืืืคื ืืฉืืืฉ, ืชืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืงืืื ืืช ืืืงืกื ืืฉืื ืืืชืืื (CAPTCHA). ืืืกืืืจืื ืืขืื ืฉืงืืจื ืฆ'ืืคืง ืฉืืชื ืืช ืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืงืจืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืืืกืฃ ืฆ'ืคืง. ืืฉืชืืฉืืืช ืืืืจืืขืื ืืืืชื ืฉืงืจื ืืืืข ืืกืืืืื ืฉื ืืืกืฃ ืืกืืคืจ ืื ืขื ืืจืขืืื ืืืืื ืืขืื ืฉืืืกืฃ ืืืฉืื ืืฆืืืจ ืืฆืืืจืื ืฉืฉืื ืืืชื ืงืจื ืืืฆื ืืฉ ืืื ืืช ืืช ืืขืืืืื ืืืืืืืชืืื ืคืื ืจืืืื. ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืจืืื ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืื ืจืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืฉืคื ืืจืืกืืช ืื ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืื ืจืืืื ืืื ืขืืืื. ืืืืื ื ืืืจื ืืฆ'ืืืช ืฉืืฉืืขืืชื ืขืืืืืช ืืคืืื ืฉืืืืื ืขื ืืจืืกืื ืืืืืคืจืื ืืืกืืจื ืืื ืืจืืช. ืืืืื "ืึผืึนื" ืืืฉืืขืืช ืื ืืืืืช ืงืืืืช ืืืจ ื-30 ืืฉื ื ืืืืคืืขื ืืืคืืก ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืฉืืขืืช ืื ืืื ื-1996 (ืืขืืจืืช ื ืืื ืฉืืฉื ืช 2000, ืืคืืกื ืืืืื "ืืืืขื". ืืชืืืืช ืืขืฉืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืืขืืงืจ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืฉื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืืืชืืชื ืขืื, ืืื ืขื ืืืคืขืชื ืฉื ืคืืืกืืืง ืืืืืืืจ ืืืคืืขื ืฉื ืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื โ ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืคืืฆืื ืชืืื ืืืืคื ืืืืืืื. ืืขืฉืืจ ืืฉื ื ืฉื ืืืื ื-21 ืชืืคืขืช ืืืืืื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช ืืคืื ืื ืคืืฆื ืืืืืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืจืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืคืขืืืช ืจืฉืชืืช-ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืืช ืจืืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืฉืคืืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืืชืืืื, ืื ืืกืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืืฉืคืขืชื ืืืืคื ืกืื ืจืื. ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช ืืืืืจืื ืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืืื ืืืชืงืืืืช ืืืืชืจ ืขืืืืืช ืืืื ืืช. ืืืืืืืืช ืฉืืคืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืชืจ ืขื ืืชืืคืขื ืื ืกืืจืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืข ืฉืืืืฉ ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืงืจืืืืช - ืืืืืื ืฉืืืืกื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืจืืกืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืื ืฉืืืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืฉื ืฉื ืช 2016, ืืืืขืืช ืขื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืคืฆื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืงื ื ืืืื ืจืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช, ืืืืืื ื ืื ืฉื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช - ืขืืืื ืืืคืขื ืืืฅ ืฆืืืืจื ืืขืฆืืจ ืืช ืืชืืคืขื - ืืจืื ืืื ืฉืฉืืืืฉ ืืคืงืืืื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืื ืืคื ืืืกืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืืืฉืืช ืจืืกืื ืืืืฉืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืืืงืื ืืช ืืืืฆืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืคืืข ืขื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืช. ืขื ืคื ืืืืืืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืขืจืืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ืขืืื ืืืช ืืฉื ืช 2019, ืืืืื ืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืชืืืืง ืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืฉืคืืข ืขื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืชื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืฅ ืืจืืกืื, ืื ืืืจืื, ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช ืืืคืืืืคืื ืื. ืืฉื ืื 2018โ2019 ืคืจืกืื ืคืืืกืืืง ืืืืืืืจ ืืกืคืจ ืคืขืืื ืขื ืืฉืืคืชื ืฉื ืจืฉืชืืช-ืืืืื ืืืกืืืชื. ืคืจืกืืืื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืขื ืืืงืฃ ืืชืืคืขื ืืฆื ืืื, ืืืฆื ืฉื ื ืขืฉืืืื ืืืขืื ืขื ืืฉืชืืืืืช ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืืกืื ืืช ืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืชืงืคื ืืืงืืื ืช ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืืืืื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช ืฉืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืื ื-7 ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืฉืชืชืคื ืืืืื, ืืืืืืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืจื ืฉืืืื ื ืืืขืื ืืืขื ืืฆืืจื ืืคืฆืช ืืืกืจ ืืจืืื ืืขืืื ืขื ืืื ืืชืื ื ื ืืืชืงืคื ืืืงืืื ืช ืืกืื, ืจืืกืื ืืืืจื. ืกืืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืืื ืจืืื ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืฆืข ืคืขืืืืช ืืกืืืขืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืืืงืืช, ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืฉืื ืฆ'ืืืื ืืคืืืคืืจืืืช ืฉืื ืืช (ืืื ืืืืืกืืค, ืืืืจื ืืคืืืกืืืง ืืกื ื'ืจ) ืื ืชืื ืฉืืืืช, ืืืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืข ืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืจ ืื ืืขื ืืืคืืฉ ืฉืื ืื, ืืืืืื ืฉืืจืืฆืื ืชืืืืืื ืฉืขืฉืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืขืืืจ ืฉืืจืืชืื ืฉืื ืื (ืืืฉื - ืืื ืฉื "ืฆืืข ืืืื" ืฉืืจืืฅ ืกืจืืงื ืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืง ืืื ื ืฉืืขื ืืืขืงื, ืื ืื - ืืืื ืืืชื). ืืจืื, ืืืืื ื ืืชื ืื ืืืืืื ืืงืืืช, ืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืื ื ืื ืืฉืืื, ืืจืืื ืืื ื ืืืฆืจืื ืืื ืืจืืงืฆืื ืขื ืื ื ืื ืืฉ ืืืืืืชื ืืื ืคืืขืืื ืืชืืืืื ืจืงืข ืฉื ืฉืืจืืชืื ืฉืื ืื ืื ืืคื ืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืืืฉืชืืฉ (ืคื ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืงืจ ืืืชืจ ืื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืคืืืงืฆืื, ืืืขืืชืื ืืฃ ืืื ืคื ืื - ืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืงืฉืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืขืืืจ ืืชืจืื ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืฉืื ืื). ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืจืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืฉื ืื ื ืืื, ืืืื - ืืืจืื ืฉืืืคืฉื, ืืขืืคืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ืืขื ืืืืืงืื ืืขืื. ืขื ืืฃ ืืืชืจืื ืืจื ืฉืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืืช ืฉืืื, ื ืืชื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืช, ืืืฉื: ืืฆืืจืช ืขืืงืืื ืืืืืคืื ืขืืืจ ืืฉืชืืฉืื (ืคืืืืืืงืืื, ืกืืืจืืืืื ืืื') ืืคื ืืืื ื; ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืืกืืื (ืืืฉืืงื ืืืฉื) ืื ืืื ื ืื ืืฉ ืืืืคื ืืืื (ืืฆืืจืช ืืฉืชืืฉ ืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืชื, ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืื ืืื ื) ืืื'. ืืืืื ืืืฉืืฉืื ืืขืืงืืื ื ืืชื ืื ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืคืืกื ืืชื ืืืืช ืฉื ืจืืื ืืืฉืืืื - ืืืฉื: ืืฉืืื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืฉื ืคืชื ืื ืขืชื ืืคืืืคืืจืื ืืืจืชืืช (ืืืืืื, ืืืืืืจ) ืืืคืจืกื ืื ืืจืง ืชืืื ืื ืืืข ืืคืืืืืืงืื ืกืคืฆืืคื, ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืคืืจ ืืช ืืคืืืืืืงืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืคืืฉ ืืช ืืจืืืื. ืืืืื ืคืฉืืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืืงืฆืื ืขื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืจืื, ืืขืื ืฉืืืืื ืฉืชืืื ืชื ืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืืืืชื, ืืืขื ืืขื ืืช ืชืฉืืืืช ืฉืขืฉืืืืช ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืชืืืช, ืืืฃ ืืืงื ืขืฉืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืฆืืจ ืืื ืืจืืงืฆืื ืฉื ืืชื ืช ืชืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืชื. ืืืงืจื ืืื, ืืจืื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ], ืืืื ืืืคืขืื ืืช ืืืื ืขืฉืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืฆืื, ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืืืฆื ืื ืื ืฉืื ืขื ืื ื ืื ืืฉ ืืขืืจืช ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช. ืืจืื, ืขื ืื ืช ืืืืฆืจ ืืืื ืืช, ืืืืื ืขืืงืืื ืื-ืืืจ-ืื, ืืืจืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืืืจืืืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืฃ ืื ืืื ื ืื ืืฉ. ืื ืืคืขืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืจ ืืจืืืช ืขืื ืืคืื ืืืืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืช ืื ืื ื ืืื ืืืืชืืื, ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืืื ืืืืืคืื. ืืฉื ื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืื - ืืืฉื, ืืืฉืจ ืงืืืฆื ืฉื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืฉื ืคืชืื ืืืืชื ืืฉืืืข (ืืืขืืชืื ืืฃ ืืืืชื ืืืื), ืืื ืืืื ืขืืกืงืื ืืืืชื ืื ืืฉื ืืืืืืื ืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืฆืืฃ ืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืขืื - ืืจืื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืฉืื ืคืืืืื. ืืชืืืืืช ืฆืคืืืืช ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืช ืืฉื ืืื, ืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืชืืฉืื ืฆืคืืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืฉืืืื. ืืคื ืืืืื ืฉืคืจืกืื ืืืจืช CHEQ ืืฉื ืช 2021, ืึพ20% ืืืืืืฉืื ืืืชืจืื ืืฉืจืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืืืคืื. ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืื ื_ืืืืืืชืืช] | [TOKENS: 32367]
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ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช (ืืื ืืืืช: Artificial Intelligence; ืืงืืฆืืจ: AI) ืืื ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืขืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ืชืืื ื ืื ืืฉืืช, ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื, ืืกืงืช ืืกืงื ืืช, ืคืชืจืื ืืขืืืช ืืชืคืืกื ืืืืชืืช ืื ืืฉืื ืืช. ืื ืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฉื ืืกืืจืชืืืช ืืคืืขืืืช ืืคื ืกืืจืช ืืืจืืืช ืงืืืขื ืืจืืฉ, ืืขืจืืืช ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืืกืกืืช ืขื ืืืืืจืืชืืื ืืืกืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืคืืกืื ืืชืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืฉื ื ืชืื ืื, ืืืกืชืื ืืืฆืืื ืืฉืชื ืื ืืืืฆืข ืืฉืืืืช ืืืฆืจืืืืช ืืืืืช ื ืืชืื ืืืจืืืช ืืฉืืงืื ืืขืช. ืืขืฉืืจืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ื-21 ืืคืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืขืฆืืืช ืืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืื ืืฉืืช. ืืื ื ืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืืืืื ืจื-ืชืืืืชืืช, ืืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืงืืืืจ ืื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืืงืื ืืืืืื, ืืชืจืืืช ืืืืืจื. ืืฉืคืขืชื ื ืืืจืช ืืืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ืชืืืืื: ืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืืืื ืืจืคืืื ืืืืฆืช ืืืงืจ ืืืขื, ืืจื ืืืืืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืฉืืง ืืขืืืื, ืืขื ืืคืืชืืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืฆืจืช ืืืืฉืืฉืช ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืกืืจืชืืื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืื ืืฉืืช ืืืขืฉื ืืื ืืืื ื. ืืฆื ืืฉืคืขืชื ืืืืจืืืช, ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช ืืืืื ืืืงื ืืจืืื ืืืืืง ืขื ืขืืฆืื ืืืืคืืืืืืช. ืืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืื, ืืืืืืช ืืช ืืื ืืขืืืื (ืฉืืืื), ืืืืจื ืื ืชืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื โ ืืคืื ืืืื ืืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืืช. ืืขืืื ืืืืืจื ื ืืืืืื ืืืชืืืฉืื ืฉื ื ืืืงืื ืืื ืขืืงืจืืื ืืฉืืืืื ืืชืฉืชืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืืืืช, ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืกืื. ืืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืคืืืืืืื (ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืคื) ืฉืืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืขืฆืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืข ืชืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืืืืจืืชืืื ืฉื ืืืขืฆืืืช ืืืืืื ื ืืืืช. ืืืืืง ืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืขื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืขื ืืฆืืืืชื ืฉื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืงืจืืืืช ืืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืงืจืืืืช, ืืขื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืฆื ืืช ืืขืจืืื ืืืืกืจืืื ืืืืชืืื ืืืืืืขืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืชื ืื ืืช ืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืขืชืื. ืกืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ื "ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช" ืืฉืืฉ ืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืืืช, ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืคื ืืืืชื ืืขืืฆืืชื ืืืืืจืชื. ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืชืืื, ื ืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืคืจืง ืืช ืืืขืื ืืืืืื ืฉื "ืืฆืืจืช ืชืืื ื" ืืฉื ื ืืืืื ืขืืงืจืืื: ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืืงืฃ ืืืื ืืืืื ืฆืื (ืขื ืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืื), ืืืฉื ื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืคืื ืงืฆืืื ืืืืช (ืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืขืช ืืืฆืข ืืคืืขื, ืืืื ืจืืืื, ืืืืืจ ืื ืชืื ืื). ืขื ืืชืืืืช ืืขืฉืืจ ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉื ืืืื ื-21, ืืกืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืกืคืจืืช ืืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืื: ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืงื ื"ืืื ื ืฆืจื" (Narrow AI) ืฉืืฆืืืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช, ืื"ืืื ื ืืืืืช" (AGI) โ ืืขื ืขืชืืื ืืจืืืง ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืฉืงืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืงืืื ืืืืื. ืืืืงื ืืื ืืจืืช ืื ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืคืชืจืื ืืขืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืืจ ืืจืืฉ ืื ืขืืจ ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืคืฉืจืช ืืขืืจ ืืืคืฉื ืืื ืชืืืืื, ืืื ื ืืชืจ ืืืืจ "ืืื ืฆืจ". ืขื ืืืช, ืคืจืืฆืช ืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืฉืคื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืจื ืงืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืืคืช ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช. ืืืคืขืชื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืื GPT-3 ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืจืกืืืืืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืชืืืืื (ืืืื ืืชืืืช ืงืื, ื ืืชืื ืืฉืคืื ืืคืชืจืื ืืืืืช), ืืืื ืฉืืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืืคื ืกืคืฆืืคื. ืืฉื ืช 2021, ืืืงืจืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืกืื ืคืืจื ืืืขื ืืช ืืืื ื "ืืืืื ืืกืื" (Foundation Models) ืืื ืืชืืจ ืืช ืืฉืื ืื ืืคืจืืืืืช ืืืืืื: ืืืงืื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื, ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ื ืชืื ืื ืขืฆืืืื, ืืืืชื ื ืืชื ืืืชืืื ืืืืืื ืขืฆืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืืื. ืชืฉืชืืช ืื ืืืคืฉืจื ืืช ืฆืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช ืืจื-ืชืืืืชืืช (General-Purpose AI). ืืขืื ืฉืืื ื ืฆืจื ืืืืืจืช ืขื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฆืขืช, ืืื ื ืจื-ืชืืืืชืืช ืืืืืจืช ืขื ืืื ืคืืื ืฆืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืืงืจืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืกืจืื ืชืืื ืืช ืงืจืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืฆืื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืืืืช ืชืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืจืื-ืืืื, ืืื ื ืขืืืงื ืฉื ืืขืืื ืืคืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืขืงืืืช ืืืืฆืืข ืืฉืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช. ืืฉื ืช 2023, ืืืงืจื ืืขืืืช Google DeepMind ืืฆืืขื ืืกืืจืช ืขืืืื ืืืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืชืงืืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืื ื ืืืืืช (Artificial General Intelligence - AGI). ืื ืืขื ื ืื ืืืืืจื ืืืฉื ื ื-AGI ืืืืชื ืืขืืจืคืืช ืืื ืืืชืืงืื ืืขืืชืื ืงืจืืืืช ืืชืืืืืื ืคื ืืืืื (ืืืื ืชืืืขื) ืืืงืื ืืืืฆืืขืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืฉืืฆืืขื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืคื ื ืฉื ื ืฆืืจืื ื ืคืจืืื: ืืืืงื ืื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืกืืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืช ืืฆืืจื ืืืืืงืช ืืืชืจ: ืืขืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืกืคืฆืืคื, ืื ืจืืช ืืืืฆืืข ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ. ืืืงืกืื ืืืื ืฉื DeepMind, ืืขืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืข ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ (Level 5 Narrow). ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืขื ืคื ื ืืจืฆืฃ ืืขืืจ AGI ืืื. ืืขืจืืืช ืืื ืืคืืื ืืช ืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืืจืฉืื, ืื ืืืฆืืขืืื ืืื ื ืืฆืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืขื ืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืชืืืืื. ืืืื ื ืืชืืจ ืืขืจืืช ืืขืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืงืืืื ืืืื (Level 2 ืืืขืื) ืืื ืืื. ืืืืจื ืืกืืคืืช ืืจืฆืฃ ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืขื-ืื ืืฉืืช (Superhuman / ASI), ืืืืืืจืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืขืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืื ืืฉืืื ืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืคืฉืจืืช (Level 5 General). ืืขืจืืช ืืื ืชืืื ืื ืจืง ืืืฆืข ืืฉืืืืช ืงืืืืืช, ืืื ืืคืชื ืืืข ืืืขื ืืืฉ ืืืคืชืืจ ืืขืืืช ืฉืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืฉืื ืื ืืฉืืช. ืืงืื ืฆื ืืืก ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืจื ืคืืชืื ืืขืจืืช ืืขืื ื ืืืืืจื ืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืฆืื ืืื ืชืืคืขื ืืืจืืืช, ืืืงืจื ืืชืืื ืืชืืืืืื ืขืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืคืืจืืงื ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืื ืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืืงืืจ ืืืคืชื ืื ืคืจื ืื ืืื ืืืืจืืืืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืช: ืืืกืืืจืื ืืชืคืชืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช ืืชืขืฆืื ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืื ืกืืื ืืคืขืจ ืืืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืืฉื ืืคืืขื. ืคืขืจ ืื ื ืืข ืืื ืฉืืขืื ืฉืืืืฆื ืืชืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืจ ืืืืฆืืช ืืืื ื-20 ืชืืืืจืืืช ืืืกืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ืชืืื ื ืื ืืฉืืช, ืืืืฉืื ืืืขืฉื ืฉืืื ื ืืืฅ ืืืืชืื ืขืฉืืจืื ืจืืื ืืขืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืื ืชืื ืื. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืชื ืขืช, ืืื ืื ืืงืืฉื ืื ืืกืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืืื ืฆืืืช ืืืชื ืืืืฆืืข ืคืขืืืืช ืงืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช. ืืฆื ืื ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืจืืคืืช ืืชืืืืืช ืืชืืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืคืืืืืืช ืืืฉืงืขืืช ืืืกืืืืืช ืืืื ืชืงืืคืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืืฆืืฆืื ืืฉืืืื, ืืืืื ืืช "ืืืจืคื ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช". ืขืื ืืืจื ื ืื ื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื, ืืื ืื ืืืกืืืืช ืืืฆืืจืช ืืื ื ืกืื ืชืืืช ืืชืื ื ืืกืืื ืืืงืืช ืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1943, ืื ืืืจืืคืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืืจื ืืงืืืืง ืืืืืืืงื ืืืืืจ ืคืืืก ืคืจืกืื ืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืื ืคืขืืืืช ืฉื ื ืืืจืื ืืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืชืืกืก ืขื "ืืืืืงื ืืืืืื ืืช", ืฉืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืืืฆืืช ืืืืข ืืืืฆืขืืช ืขืจืืื ืฉื "ืืืช" ืื "ืฉืงืจ" (0 ืื 1). ืืื ืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืืืขื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืื ืชืืืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืชื ืื ืืชืจืืื ืืฉืคื ืฉื ืืืฉืื ืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1950, ืืืชืืืืงืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืืฆื ืืืขื ืืืืฉื, ืืื ืืืืจืื ื, ืคืจืกื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืื ื "ืืืฉืื ืืชืืื ื" (Computing Machinery and Intelligence). ืืืืจืื ื, ืฉืืชืคืจืกื ืืืืืช ืชืจืืืชื ืืคืืฆืื ืงืื ื"ืื ืืืื" ืืืจืื ื, ืืฆืืข ืืืกืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืคืืืืกืืคืืช ืืืืคืฉืืช "ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืืช?" ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืขืฉื, ืืืื ืืืืจืื ื (ืืืืืจ ืืืงืืจ ื"ืืฉืืง ืืืืงืื"). ืืื ืืื ืื ืขื ืกืืฃ ืืืื ื-20, ืืืื ืืืืืื ืชืืคืฉืจ ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืง ืื ืคื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ื- 10 9 {\displaystyle 10^{9}} ืืืืื, ื ืคื ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืขืืช ืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืืช, ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืฉืืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืืื ื. ื ืงืืืช ืืืคื ื ืฉืืคืื ืืช ืืจืขืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืงืจ ืจืฉืื ืืชืจืืฉื ืืงืืฅ 1956, ืืืื ืืก ืืงืืื ืฉื ืขืจื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช'. ืืกืื ื ืื, ืฉืืืจืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืืฉื ื'ืื ืืงืืจืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืคืชื ืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืื ืกืงื ืืงืืื ืฉืื ืื, ื ืืืข ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืื ื "ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช". ืื ืืช ืืืกืื ืฉื ืืืฉืชืชืคืื ืืืืชื ืืจืืืงืช ืืืช, ืืืคืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฆืื ืืื ื ื ืชืืื ื ืืืืืืืืช ืืกืชืืจืืช, ืืื ืชืืืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืคืืจืืง ืืืื. ืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืื ืืฆืืจืชืืืช ื ืืชื ืื ืืกืื ืืกืืจืช ืคืขืืืืช ืืชืืืืืช ืืืืืงืืช, ืฉืืืชื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืชืื ืช ืื ืชืื ืืืื ื. ืืขืฉืืจืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืขืืืช ืืืจืืืืช' ืฉืืื ืืงืืืื ืืืืขืืช ืืืืฉื ื"ืกืืืืช" (Symbolic AI). ืืืฉื ืื, ืฉืืื ืชื ืืืืื "ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืงืืืกืืช", ืืชืืกืกื ืขื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืคืืขื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืขืืืช ืกืืืื ืืคื ืืืงืื ืืืืืื ืงืืืขืื. ืืืืงืจืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืื ืืฆืืืื ืื ืกื ืืช ืืืืข ืืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืจืืช ืงืื ืฉื "ืื-ืื" (If-Then), ืืืืฉื ืืคืืื ืชืืื ื. ืืืชืืืืืช ืืงืืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืจืื, ืขื ืฉืืชื ืคืจืก ื ืืื, ืืจืืจื ืกืืืืื, ืืื ืืฉื ืช 1965 ืื "ืชืื ืขืฉืจืื ืฉื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืฆืข ืื ืขืืืื ืฉืืื ืืกืืื ืืขืฉืืช". ืืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืืฉืืื ืืฉืชืคืจื ืืืืฆืืข ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ื ืชืงืื ืืืืงืจืื ืืชืืคืขื ืืชืกืืืช: ืคืขืืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืืืช ืงืฉืืช ืืื ื ืืื ืืืืจืฉืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืฆืื ืืืืื (ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืฉืคืืื), ืืชืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืืฉื; ืืขืืืช ืืืช, ืคืขืืืืช ืฉื ืจืืืช ืื ื ืคืฉืืืืช ืืืกืจืืช ืืืืฅ (ืืืื ืืืืื ืคื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืงืืคืื ืืืืกื), ืืชืืื ืืืชืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืขื ืืืชื ืืคืฉืจื. ืืคืจืืืงืก ืืื, ืฉืืืืื ืืื ื "ืืคืจืืืงืก ืฉื ืืืจืืง" (Moravec's paradox), ื ืืืข ืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืืช ื"ืคืฉืืืืช" ืฉืื ื ืขืืจื ืืืคืืืืืืฆืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืช ืืืืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืคื ืื-ืืืืข, ืืขืื ืฉืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืกืืช ืืืืจืฉืช ืืืืฅ ืืืืข, ืืืื ืงื ืืืชืจ ืื ืกื ืืืชื ืืืืืืจืืชื. ืืืงืืื ืืืืฉื ืืกืืืืช, ืืชืคืชื ืขืจืืฅ ืืืงืจ ืืืืจื ืืืื ืฉื ืืกื ืืืงืืช ืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื: "ืจืฉืชืืช ืขืฆืืืืช". ืืฉื ืช 1958 ืคืืชื ืืคืกืืืืืื ืืืืจืืงืื ืคืจื ืง ืจืืื ืืื ืืช ืคืจืกืคืืจืื, ืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืืืกืืืืช ืืืืื ืืขืฆืื ืืืืืืืืช, ืืืงืื ืืคืขืื ืืคื ืืืงืื ืฉืชืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ. ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืชื ืคืฆื ื-1969, ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืจื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช ืืจืืืื ืืื ืกืงื ืืกืืืืจ ืคืืคืจื ืคืจืกืื ืกืคืจ ืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืื ืืืชืืื ืชื ืื ืืืืืช, ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืกืืื ืืฃ ืืคืชืืจ ืืขืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืกืืกืืืช (ืืืื ืืขืืืช ื-XOR). ืืืืงืืจืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืืขื ืืืืื ืฉื ืชืงืฆืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืชืืื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืืฉื ืืฉื ื ืขืฉืืจืื. ืืคืขืจ ืืขืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืจื ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืื ืขืืืง ืืงืจื ืืืืฉืืืช ืืืืคื ืืืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1984, ืืื ืก ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืงืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช (AAAI), ืืืืืจื ืืืืงืจืื ืืคื ื "ืืืจืฃ ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช", ืชืงืืคื ืฉื ืงืืฆืืฆืื ื ืจืืืื ืืกืืืจืช ืืขืืืืช ืืืงืจ. ืืืื ืืืืืจ, ืืชืืจืจ ืื ืืืกื ืืขืืงืจื ืืืืชื ืขืช ืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืืืืจืืชืืืงื, ืืื ืืืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืฉืื ืืืื ื-20 ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืฆืข ืืช ืืืืช ืืืืฉืืืื ืืขืฆืืื ืื ืืจืฉืช ืืืืืื ืืืืชืืช, ืชืืื ื ืฉื ืืกืื ืืืืื ื"ืืืงื ืืืจ" (Bitter lesson) ืฉื ืืชืืื. ืืฉื ืืช ื-90 ืืชืจืืฉ ืืขืืจ ืืืจืืชื ืื ืืกืืื ืืชืื ืช ืืช ืืืืฉื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืงื ืืืืืงื ื ืืงืฉืื, ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืกืืืืกืืืงื ืืืกืชืืจืืช. ืืืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืืื ืคืจื ืื ืื ืืช ืืืกืืืืช ืืืขืจืืืช ืฉืืกืืืืืช ืืคืขืื ืื ืืชื ืื ืื-ืืืืืช, ืื ืืคืจืืฆื ืืืืืชืืช ืืืืงืื ืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืืืื ืืืจ: "ืจืฉืชืืช ื ืืืจืื ืื". ืจืฉืช ืืื ืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืฉื ืฉืืืืช ืืืฉืืืืืช, ืืืขืืืจืืช ืืืืข ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืื. ืืื ืฉืืจืฉืช ืชืืื, ืคืืชืื ืืืงืจืื ืืืื ื'ืคืจื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืจืืชื ื"ืคืขืคืืข ืืืืืจ" (Backpropagation). ืฉืืื ืื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืืืช ืืช ืืชืฉืืื ืฉืื ืืชืฉืืื ืื ืืื ื, ืืืฉื ืืช ืืืื ืืืขืืช, ืืืืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืื ืืชืงื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืช ืขืืฆืืช ืืงืฉืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืื, ืื ืฉืืคืขื ืืืื ืืืขืืช ืชืืื ืงืื ื ืืืชืจ. ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืชืืืืจืื ืืืืชื ืงืืืืช, ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืจืง ืืฉื ืช 2012, ืืืืืช ืืชืื ืกืืช ืฉื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืื: ืจืืฉืืช, ืืืคืืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืฆืจื ืืืืจื ืืืืข ืขืฆืืืื ("ืืื ืืืื"), ืืื ืืืืืื ื ืชืืื ืืช ืืชืืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืฉื ืืืืืื ืืจืฉืชืืช; ืฉื ืืช, ืืืืงืจืื ืืืื ืฉืืขืืืื ืืจืคืืื (GPU), ืฉืคืืชืื ืืืงืืจ ืขืืืจ ืืฉืืงื ืืืฉื, ืืกืืืืื ืืืฆืข ืืช ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืชืืืืื ืื ืืจืฉืื ืืืืืจืืช ืขืฆืืื. ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช AlexNet, ืืืื ืฉื "ืืืืื ืขืืืงื" (ืจืฉืช ื ืืืจืื ืื ืจืืช-ืฉืืืืช) ืฉืืืฆื ืืชืืจืืช ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืช. ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืงืืืืื, ืฉื ืืกื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืงืืื ืืคื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืืจื ืืจืืฉ (ืืื "ืืคืฉ ืฆืืจื ืขืืืื"), AlexNet ืืื ืืช ืืืืคืืื ืื ืืขืฆืื ืืชืื ืืืืืืืืช, ืืืชืขืื ืขื ืืืชืืจืื ืืคืขืจ ืขืฆืื ืฉืฉืื ื ืืช ืืชืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2017 ืืื ืงืคืืฆืช ืืืจืื ื ืืกืคืช, ืืคืขื ืืชืืื ืืฉืคื. ืืืงืจืื ืืืืจืช ืืืื ืืฆืืื ืืจืืืืงืืืจื (ืืื ื ืชืืื ื) ืืืฉื ืืฉื ืืจื ืกืคืืจืืจ. ืขื ืื, ืืืฉืืื ืงืจืื ืืงืกื ืืื ืื ื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืื โ ืืืื ื ืื "ืืฉืืื" ืืช ืชืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืฉืืืืขื ืืกืืคื. ืืืจื ืกืคืืจืืจ ืืฆืื ืื ืื ืื "ืงืฉื" (Attention), ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืืกืชืื ืขื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืช ืืืช ืืืืืืช ืงืฉืจืื ืกืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืจืืืงืืช (ืืืฉื, ืืืืื ืฉืืืืื "ืืื" ืืกืืฃ ืคืกืงื ืืชืืืืกืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืชืืืืชื). ืืืืืช ืื ืืคืฉืจื ืืช ืื ืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืื ืฉืคื ืืืืืื (LLMs), ืืขืจืืืช ืขื ืง ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืกืืืืกืืืงื ืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืชืื ืงืจืืืช ืืืืช ืืงืกืืื ืืืืจื ืืงืืืืช ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2022, ืืื ืชืคื ืืช ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืชืืื ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช ืขืืจื ืืฉืืื ืืืงืจ ืืืขืืืืช ืกืืืจืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ื ืจืื ืืฆืืืืจ. ืืชืงืืืืช ืื ื ืืขื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืช ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืคื ืืืืืง ืื ืืืื. ืืืืงืจืื ื ืขืืจื ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืช ืชืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉื - "ืืืืืช ืืืืืง ืืืฉืื ืื ืืฉื" (RLHF). ืชืืืื ืื "ืืืืฃ" ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืขืืืฃ ืชืืืืืช ืืืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืคื ื ืชืฉืืืืช ืกืชืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืืื InstructGPT, ืฉืืฆืืื ืืืฆืข "ืืืืืช ืฉืคื" ืืืืื ืืช, ืืืื ืืชืืืช ืงืื ืชืืื ื, ืกืืืื ืืงืกืืื ืืืฆืืจื ืกืคืจืืชืืช, ืืจืื ืฉืืคืชืืขื ืืช ืงืืืืช ืืืืงืจ ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืจื ืืืฉืงืช ืืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืืื. ืืืงืืื ืืขืืื ืืฉืคื, ืืชืืืืื ืคืจืืฆืช ืืจื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืชืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืฉืืช ืขื ืคืืชืื ืืืืืื ืฉื "ืืืคืืืื ืืื ืืืช". ืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืชืืื ื ืจืืืืืกืืืช ืืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืืงืจ, ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืคืขืื ืืชืื "ืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืก" โ ืืืฆืื ืืชืืื ืืืืื ืจืง ืืช ืืืืืข ืืืืืชื ืขื ืืืื ื ืืืฆืืจืืช ืฉื ืืชืืื ื, ืืืงืื ืืขืื ืื ืคืืงืกื ืืคืืงืกื ืื ืคืจื. ืืืืืื ืืื ืืคืื ืืืืจื ื"ืจื-ืืืืืืืื" (Multimodal), ืืืืืจ ืืขืจืืืช ืืืกืืืืืช ืืืฉืจ ืืื "ืืืฉืื" ืฉืื ืื, ืืื ืงืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืงืกื ืืืคืืืชื ืืชืืื ื ืชืืืืช ืืืืคื ืืืืื. ืฉืื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืชืคืชืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืืืช ื"ืืฉืืื" (Reasoning) ืฉื ืืืืื ื. ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืื ืืงื ืืืืื ื "ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืืฉืื" (Chain-of-Thought), ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืคืชืืจ ืืขืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืคืืจืืงื ืืกืืจื ืฉื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืคืชืจืื ืฉื ืชืจืืื ืืชืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืขืืช. ืืืืืช ืื ืืื ื ืืฉืืฉืช ืจืง ืืืกืืจ ืืชืืฆืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ, ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืจืืชื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืข ืืืกืงื ื ื ืืื ื. ืืชืคืชืืืืืช ืืื ื ืชืคืกืืช ืืฆืขืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืื ืืงืจืืช ืืืขื ืฉื "ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืืืช" (AGI), ืืฉืืืคื ืืืฆืืจ ืืขืจืืช ืืืกืืืืช ืืืฆืข ืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืงืืืืืืช ืฉืืืื ืืกืืื ืื. ืืขืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช ืืคืื ืืืชื ืื ืืก ืืกืืจืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืกื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืืืืื. ืืืืงื ืืืืืง ื ืืฆืืื ื"ืืืืืืื ืืืืฆื", ืืืืืจืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืชืงืืืื, ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืชืฉืชืืช ืืคืืืืช ืืืืจืืืช ืืืจืฆืช ืืืืฉืืืื ืืขืฆืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช. ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืจืืคืืช ืฉื ืืขืื ืืื ืืข ืืกืื ืืืฉื ื"ื ืงืืืืช ืื ืง" ืืื ืืืืืืืช, ืืชืื ืืื ื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืคืชื ืืขืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืฆืืืืช ืืขืฉืืจืื ืืงืจืืืื. ืืืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืงื ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืืฉืช ืืืืฉื ืจืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืืช. ืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืชืืงื ืืืื ื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืข ืืืจืฉืชืืช ืชืงืฉืืจืช, ืืขืช ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืคืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืืืช ืขื ืืืื ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืขืจื' ืืื ืืืืฆืืจ ืฉืืืื ืขืฆืืื, ืืจื ืจืืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืืขื ืืคืืชืื ืืืืื ืฉืคื ืฉืืื ื ืชืืืืื ืืืขืฆืืืช ืืจืืช. ืืืงืืื ืืืจืืฅ ืืืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืคื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉื ืช 2024 ืืช "ืืืง ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช" (EU AI Act). ืืืง ืื ืืื ืืจืืืืฆืื ืืืงืืคื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืขืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืขืจืืืช ืืคื ืจืืช ืืกืืืื ืฉืื ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืื, ืืืืกืจืช ืขื ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืขืื "ืกืืืื ืืืชื ืืชืงืื ืขื ืืืขืช", ืืืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืจืืื. ืืืฉืื ืืกืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉื ืขืฉืืจืื, ืืคืจืืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืคืืชืื ืชืืื ื ืืชืืกืกื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืคืืจืฉืช ืฉื ืืืงืื. ืืืืฉื ืื, ืืืืื ื "ืชืื ืืช ืืคืืจืฉ" (Explicit Programming), ืืืชืื ืช ื ืืจืฉ ืืชืจืื ืืช ืืคืชืจืื ืืืขืื ืืกืืจื ืฉื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืงืืช ("ืื ืืชืงืืื ืชื ืื X, ืืฆืข ืคืขืืื Y"). ืืืฉื ืื ืืขืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืืืืืจืืช ืืืื, ืื ืืื ื ืชืงืืช ืืงืืฉื ืืืืชื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืื ืกื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืขืืืช ืืืขืจืืืช ืขืืืืืช ืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืืข ืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืงืฉื ืื ืืกืื ืคืืจืืื. ืืคื ืฉืฆืืื ืืืืฅ ืืชืืื ืืจืชืืจ ืกืืืื, ืืฆืืจื ืืคืจื ืืช ืฉืืืช ืืคืชืจืื ื"ืคืจืื ืคืจืืื ืืืืืงืื" ืืืคื ืืฉืืืืช ืจืืืช ืืืงืจืืช ืื ืืืชื ืืคืฉืจืืืช ืืืืืืฉ. ืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืฆืืขื ืคืจืืืืื ืฉืื ื: ืืืงืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืงืื, ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืชืื ืื, ืืืืคืฉืจืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืื ืืืชืืื ืืขืฆืื ืืชืื ืื ืืกืืื ืฉื ืฆืืจ. ืืฉื ืช 1997 ื ืืกื ืืืืขื ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืืจื ืืคืืจืืืืช ืืชืืืื ืื: ืชืืื ืืช ืืืฉื "ืืืืืช" ืื ืืืฆืืขืื ืืืฉืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืฉืชืคืจืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืฆืืืจืช ืืืชืจ ื ืืกืืื. ืชืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืชืืฆืข ืืืช ืืืช, ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืจืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืคืืจ ืขืฆืื. ืืฉื ืื ื ืืจืฉืื ืืกืคืจ ืจืืืื ืืืื: ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืกืฃ ืืืืืืืช ืืืกืืืจืืืช ืฉืืื ื"ืชืฉืืื" ืืืืขื ืืจืืฉ (ืืืฉื, ื ืชืื ืื ืฉื ืืืคื ืืืจืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืจื ืฉืืื). ืืืขืจืืช ืกืืจืงืช ืืช ืื ืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืคืืกืื ืกืืืืกืืืื ืกืืืืื. ืืื ืื ืื ืฉื ืืืขืจืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืชืืื, ืคืื ืงืฆืื ืฉื ืืขืื ืืืงืืช ืืช ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืกืคืง ืชืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืคืจืืืจืื ืืจื-ืืืื ืื ืื ืงืจืืื ืืฉืงืืืืช (Weights, ืืกืืื ืื ืืจืื ื- w {\displaystyle w} ). ืืืฉืงืืืืช ืืืืฆืืืช ืืช ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืกืืช ืฉืืืขืจืืช ืืขื ืืงื ืืื ืืืคืืื ืื ืชืื ืื. ืืืืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืคืฉืื, ืืฆืืื ( S c o r e {\displaystyle Score} ) ื ืงืืข ืขื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืคืืืช ืฉื ืืืืคืืื ืื ืืืฉืงืืืืช ืฉืืื: ืืืฉืจ x {\displaystyle x} ืื ืืืืคืืื ืื (ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจื) ื- w {\displaystyle w} ืื ืืืฉืงืืืืช. ืืืื ืืืืื ืคืฉืืื ืืืื; ืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืขืืืงื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืขืืชืื ืืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืื-ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืคืืช ืงืฉืจืื ืืกืืืืื. ืืืืจื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืจืืชืืืช ืืช ืขืจืื ืืืฉืงืืืืช ืืืืคืืืืืืื. ืืื ืฉืืืขืจืืช ืชืืื ืืืฉืชืคืจ, ืขืืื ืืืืืช ืืกืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืขืืืืชืื. ืืฉื ืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืขืืืช, ืืืืืืช ืืช ืืคืขืจ ืืืกืคืจื ืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉืืืืื ืืคืืง ( y ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {y}}} ) ืืืื ืืืฆืืืืช ( y {\displaystyle y} ); ืคืขืจ ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืชื ( ฮด {\displaystyle \delta } ). ืืืืชื ืืกืคืงืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืฉืื ืืืืชื: ืขืจื ืืืื ืืขืื ืขื ืกืืืื ืืืืื, ืืขืจื ื ืืื ืืขืื ืขื ืืืืง. ืืืช ืืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืื ืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืช ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืขืืช ืจืืืืขืืช ืืืืฆืขืช (MSE), ืืืกืืืช ืืช ืจืืืืขื ืืืคืจืฉืื: ืืฉืืืืืจื ืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืืขืืืช, ืืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืชืืจืืืช ืืืขืืืช ืืืคืืืืืืฆืื ืืชืืืืช: ืืืชืืจ ืขืจืื ืืืฉืงืืืืช ืฉืืืืขืจื ืืช ืืคืื ืงืฆืื ืืขืจืื ืืืื ืืืื. ืคืชืจืื ืื ื ืฉืขื ืขื ืืืคืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืืืจื ืืงืืฉืจ ืืื ืืคืจืืืจืื ืืืฉืชื ืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืฉืืืื ืืืชืงืื. ื ื ืื ืืฉื ืืืืฉื ืฉืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืืขืืืช ืืื ืืคื ืืืคืืืจืคืืช ืฉื ืจืืก ืืจืื ืชืืช-ืืืื. ืืืคื ืืืืื ืืช ืื: ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืื ืงืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืคืื ืงืฆืื. ืืืขืื ืืื ืฉืืืืฉื "ืขืืืืจ"; ืืื ืืื ื ืจืืื ืืช ืืืคื ืืืื. ืืื ืืืืจ ืจืง ืืช ืืืืงืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืช ืืฉืืคืืข ืืืงืืื ืืชืืช ืืจืืืื. ืืื ื ืื ืก ืืคืขืืื ืืืืืืจืืชื ืืจืืื ืืืจืืืื ื (Gradient Descent). ืืืืฉื ืืืฉื ืืช ืื ืืืจืช (ืืฉืืคืืข) ืื ืงืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืขืืื. ืื ืืงืจืงืข ืืฉืชืคืืช ืืืื ื, ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืื (ืืืืืจ, ืืืงืืื ืืช ืืืขืืช), ืขืืื ืืฆืขืื ืฆืขื ืงืื ืืืื ื. ืืฉืืขืืช ื"ืฆืขื" ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืขืจื ืืขืจื ืืืกืคืจื ืฉื ืืืฉืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืืื. ืืจืชืืจ ืกืืืื ืชืืืจ ืืช ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืกืืื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืื ืงืืื ืืืืคืืืืืืช ืืชืื "ืืจืื ื ืืงืื ืจื-ืืืื" (Multidimensional scoring space). ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืกืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืงืกืื ื ืืงืื ("ืืืคืืก ืืคืกืื") ืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืชืืงืืื ืืืืืขืืจ ืฉืืืื ("ืืจืืื ืืขืืง"), ืืืชืืจ ืืืืคืืืืื ื ืืชืจ ืืื: ืืืขืจืืช ืื ืกื ืืืืืืฅ ืืคืชืจืื ืืช ืืืืืื ("ืืืคืืืืื ืืงืืื") ืืืืืืข ืืคืชืจืื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืื. ืืขืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืคืฉืืื ืืฉืชืืฉื ื ืืฉื ื ืืืืื (ืฉืชื ืืฉืงืืืืช) ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืคืืขืืื ืืืจืื ืจื-ืืืื (High-dimensional space) ืืืืื ืืขืืชืื ืืืืืืจืื ืืฉืชื ืื. ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ื ืืชื ืืืกืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืฆืื ืืืืืืืืช, ืื ืืขืืงืจืื ืืืชืืื ื ืืชืจ ืืื: ืืืืฉื ืืืืจื ืืคืื ืงืฆืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืฉืื ื ืืืจืืช, ืขื ืืืฆืืืช ืืกื ืืืืืืง ืฉื ืืืฉืงืืืืช ืฉืืืืขืจ ืืช ืืคืขืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืืกืืืจืืช ืืืืฉืื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืงื ืฉื ืืจืชืืจ ืกืืืื (1959). ืืืงืื ืืชืื ืช ืืช ืืืืฉื ืขื ืืกืืจืืืืืช ืืฉืืง ืืืื ืืช, ืกืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืขื ืืฉืงืืืืช ืขืืืจ ืืืคืืื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืชืจืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ( p i e c e _ a d v a n t a g e {\displaystyle \mathrm {piece\_advantage} } ) ืื ืืืืืช ืืชื ืืขื ( m o b i l i t y {\displaystyle \mathrm {mobility} } ). ืืชืืืื, ืืืฉืงืืืืช ืืื ืืงืจืืืืช ืืืืืฉื ืฉืืืง ืืจืื ื ืืืื. ืืืื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืฉืืง, ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืชื โ ืืคืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืฆื ืฉืื ืืืื ืชืืฆืืช ืืืฉืืง ืืคืืขื. ืืืืฆืขืืช ืชืืืื ืืืืคืืืืืืฆืื, ืืืืฉื ืขืืื ืืช ืืืฉืงืืืืช ืืืืคื ืขืฆืืื: ืืื ืืื, ืืืฉื, ืืืขื ืืง ืืฉืงื ื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืชืจืื ืืืืจื ืจืืขื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืื. ืืชืืฆืื ืืื, ืืืขืจืืช ืืฆืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืชืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืชืขืจืืืช ืื ืืฉืืช ืืืืืจืช ืืืกืืจืืืื. ื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืจืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืคืจืืืืืืช ืืจืืืืืช, ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืคื ืืืืืข ืืืืืฉ ืืืขืจืืช ืืืกืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื: ืืืื ืืืืฉื ืื ืคืืฆื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืกืืจืืื. ืืฉืืื ืื, ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืืจื ืฉืืืืืง ืืช "ืืชืฉืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืช". ืืืืฉื ืืงืื ืกื ื ืชืื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืื (ืงืื) ืืืจ ืืงืืฉืจืช ืืชืฉืืื ืืจืฆืืื (ืคืื ืื "ืชืืืช"). ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืจืืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืคืื ืืื ืืงืื ืืคืื, ืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืชืฉืืื ืื ืืื ื ืื ืขืืืจ ื ืชืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืื ืจืื ืืขืืื. ืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืชืืืงืช ืืจืื ืืฉื ื ืกืืืื ืฉื ืืขืืืช: ืืืืฉื ืื, ืืืืฉื ืคืืขื ืืืืงืจ ืขืฆืืื. ืืื ืืงืื ืืจืจื ื ืชืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืชืืื, ืืกืืจ ืื "ืชืฉืืืืช ื ืืื ืืช". ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืขืฆืื ืืื ื ืคื ืืื, ืืืงืืืช ืื ืืคืืกืื ื ืกืชืจืื ืืชืื ืืืืืข. ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืกื ืฉื ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืงืืืืฅ (Clustering): ืืืืืืจืืชื ืืงืื ืืืกืฃ ืฉื ืคืจืืืื ืืืืืง ืืืชื ืืงืืืฆืืช ืขื ืืกืืก ืืืืื ืกืืืืกืื. ืืืืื ื ืคืืฆื ืืื ืืืขืจืืืช ืฉืืืืง: ืืืืฉื ืืงืื ืืืกืืืจืืืช ืจืืืฉืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ื ืืงืืืืช, ืืืืืง ืืืชื ืืคืืืื ืฉืื ืื ("ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื", "ืืืจืื ืฆืขืืจืื") ืืืื ืฉืืืชืื ืช ืืืืืจ ืื ืืจืืฉ ืืช ืืคืจืืคืืืื ืืืื. ืืืฉื ืื ืฉืื ื ืืืืชืืช ืืืงืืืืืช, ืฉืื ืืื ืืื ื ืขืืกืงืช ืื ืืชืื ื ืชืื ืื ืกืืืืื ืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืช. ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืกืืื (Agent) ืืคืืขื ืืชืื ืกืืืื (ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืง ืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืชื). ืืืืืื ืืชืืฆืขืช ืืฉืืื ืฉื ื ืืกืื ืืืขืืื: ืืกืืื ืืืฆืข ืคืขืืื, ืืืชืืืื ืืงืื ืืืกืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืง, ื ืืงืื ืืืืื ืขื ืคืขืืื ืจืฆืืื ืื ืฉืืืื ("ืขืื ืฉ") ืขื ืืขืืช. ืืืืจื ืืื ื ืื ืฆื ืืฆืขื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืืื "ืืืื ืืืช" ืฉืชืืงืกื ืืช ืกื ืื ืืงืื ืืืืจื ืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืงื ืฉื ืืจืชืืจ ืกืืืื (1959). ืืชืืื ื ืื ืงืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืืื ืื ืฆืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืงื ืฉืื ืืฉืื ื ืื ืขืฆืื. ืืฉืืคืกืืื, ืืื ืงืืืื "ืขืื ืฉ" ืืืืื ืืืืื ืข ืืืจืฆืฃ ืฉืืืืื ืืืคืกื; ืืฉืืจืืืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืฆืื, ืืื ืงืืืื "ืืืืืง". ืื, ืืื ืืืข ืืืงืื, ืืื ืคืืชืื ืืกืืจืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืฉืืชืืจื ืืืืืคื ืขืืื ืื ืืฉืืื. ืืขืื ืฉืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืงืืืกืืช ื ืฉืขื ืช ืืจืื ืขื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืคืืื ืื (Features) ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืืช ืขื ืืื ืืื ืืกืื, ืจืฉืชืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืืืืืืชืืืช (Artificial Neural Networks - ANN) ืืืืืช ืฉืื ืื ืคืจืืืืื: ืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืกืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืคื ืขืฆืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืืืื ืืคื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืข ืืชืื ื ืชืื ืื ืืืืืืื. ืืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืจืฉืชืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉื, ืื ืืืกืืกื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืชืืืืช ืืืจืจืืืช ืืืืืกืกืช ืขื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืคืจื ืฆืืืื. ืืคื ืฉืืกืืืจื ืืืืฆื ืืชืืื, ืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืืื ื ืืคืขื ื ืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืืกืืืื ืืื ืฆืืจื ืืื ืืกืช ืืืคืืื ืื ืืื ืืช ืืืคืจืืช. ืจืฉืช ืขืฆืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืืืกืฃ ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืขืืืื ("ื ืืืจืื ืื") ืืืืืจืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช: ื"ืืืื" ืืืกืืกื ืฉื ืืจืฉืช ืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืืืชื. ื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืขืืื ืืขื ืฉืขืจ ืืื ืืืงืื ืคืืกืืช ืืืืข ืฉืื ืืช, ืืฉืงืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืชื, ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืชืืช (ืื ืืืื) ืืืขืืืจ ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืื. ืืคื ืืืืื ืืืงืืื, ืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืจืืืืื ืคืื ืงืฆืืื ืืืื: ืชืืืื ืื ืืชืืืจ ืื ืืกืื ืืืื: ืืืฉืจ: ืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืกืืื, ืืชืืฆืื ืขืืืจืช ืืจื ืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืืืงืืืืฆืื ( f {\displaystyle f} ). ืืื ืืจืืื ืืงืจืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืจืฉืช, ืืืื ืืก ืืืขืจืืช ืชืืื ื ืื ืงืจืืช ืื-ืืื ืืืจืืืช. ืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืฆืขืื ืจืง ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืคื (ืคืขืืืืช ืืื ืืืจืืืช), ืืจืฉืช ืืืื โ ืื ืืฉื ื ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืขืืืงืืช ืืื ืื โ ืืืืชื ืฉืงืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืื ืืคืฉืืื ืฉื ืจืืจืกืื ืืื ืืืจืืช (ืงื ืืฉืจ). ืืขืจืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืกืื ืคืฉืืืื (ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืขืืช), ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืกืืืืช ืืชืคืืก ืืืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืขืืื ืืืืืชื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืคืืชื ืฉืืื ืืชืื ืืืื. ืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืืืงืืืืฆืื (ืืืื ReLU ืื ืกืืืืืืื) ืืขืงืืช ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืคืฉืจืช ืืจืฉืช ืืืฆืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืชืืื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืืช ื"ืืฉืคื ืืงืืจืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืื" (Universal Approximation Theorem), ืืงืืืข ืื ืจืง ืืืืฆืขืืช ืจืืื ืื-ืืื ืืืจื ืื, ืจืฉืช ืขืฆืืืช ืืกืืืืช ืืงืจื ืื ืคืื ืงืฆืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืืข, ืืกืืืืช ืืื ืฉืชืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืขืืืงื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืช ืืืจืจืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืื. ืืื ืฉืืชืงืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืจืฉืช, ืืืืืข ืืืคื ืืคืืืืงืื ืืืืฉืื. ืืืงืจืื ืฉืืฉืชืืฉื ืืืืืืืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืจืฉืชืืช (Deconvolutional Networks) ืืืืืื ืชืืืื ืื ืืืืจืืจ: ืืืจืืช ืืืฆืืขืืื ืืืจืฉืืืื, ืจืฉืชืืช ืขืืืงืืช ื ืืฉืืืช ืืจืื ื"ืงืืคืกืืืช ืฉืืืจืืช" (Black Boxes) ืืฉื ืืืื ื ืืกืืื ืืืื-ืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื, ืืืงืฉื ืขื ืื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืกืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืืื ืกืคืฆืืคืืช. ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืชืืจ ืื, ืคืืชืื ืฉืืืืช ื"ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืกืืจืช" (XAI). ืืืช ืืืื ืืงืืช ืืคืืคืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืฆืืจืช ืืคืืช ืืื (ืืืื Grad-CAM), ืืืกืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืืื ื ืืฉืคืืขื ืืืืชืจ ืขื ืืืืืช ืืจืฉืช. ืื ืืืฉื, ืื ืืจืฉืช ืกืืืืื ืชืืื ื ื"ืจืืคื", ืืคืช ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืฉืืืืืื ืืชืืกืกื ืขื ืืกืืืืกืงืืค ืืืืืืง ืืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉืฉ ืฉืืจืฉืช ืืืื ืืืคืืื ืื ืจืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืจืงืข. ืืขืฉืืจ ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉื ืืืื ื-21, ืืืืื ืฉืคื ืืืืืื (LLMs) ืืคืื ืืืืฉื ืืงืืื ืชืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉื ื ืืช ืฉืืง ืืขืืืื ืืืืืงืจ. ืื ืืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืขื ืจืง "ืืฉืืืฃ" ืืืืข ืงืืื (ืืื ืื ืืข ืืืคืืฉ), ืืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืฆืืจ ืชืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืืืื: ืืื ืืืชืืืช ืฉืืจืช ืืืืงื, ืืจื ืชืื ืืช ืงืื ืืืจืื ืืขื ื ืืชืื ืืืืืช ืคืื ื ืกืืื. ืืฆืืืืจ ืืจืื ื ืืฉืฃ ืืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืขืืงืจ ืืจื ืืืฉืงื ืฉืืื ืืชืงืืืื, ืืืืืกืกืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืกืื: ืืขืืจ ืืฉืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืืขืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืชืืื ืืจืคืืื, ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื Med-PaLM ืืฆืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืื ื ืจืืฉืื ืจืคืืืืื ืืืกืคืง ืชืฉืืืืช ืงืืื ืืืช ืืืืืงืืช, ืืขืืชืื ืืจืื ืืืฉืชืืื ืืจืืคืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ื "ืืืืื" ืืงืฉืจืื ืืืจืืืื, ืื ืื ืื-ืฉืื ืืืืืฆืจ ืืืข ืืืฉ, ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขื ืืจืืืืงืืืจื ืืืคืื ืืช ืฉืคืืชืื ืืฉื ืช 2017. ืขื ืืฉื ื ืื, ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืฉืคื ืืืขืืช (ืืืื RNN) ืงืจืื ืืงืกื ืืืืคื ืกืืจืชื, ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืื. ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืืืจ ืืงืฉืจืื ืืจืืื-ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืืื. ื ืงืืืช ืืืคื ื ืืชืจืืฉื ืขื ืคืืชืื ืืจืืืืงืืืจื ืืืฉื ืืฉื ืืจื ืกืคืืจืืจ (Transformer). ืืืืืืฉ ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืชืืจ ืืืืื ืขื ืืขืืืื ืืกืืจืชื (Recurrence) ืืืืืคืชื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืกืก ืืืื ืขื "ืงืฉื" (Attention), ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืขืื ืืช ืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืงืืื. ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืกืคืืจืืจ ืคืืขื ืื ืื ืื ืืงืฉื ืืขืฆืื. ืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืื ืื ืชื ืืช ืืงืฉืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืงืืื, ืืืงืืืข ืืืื ืืืื ืจืืืื ืืืช ืืฉื ืืื, ืืื ืชืืืช ืืืจืืง ืืคืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืงืกื. ืืื ืืืฆืข ืืช ืืงืืฉืืจ, ืืืืื ืืืฆืจ ืขืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืฆืืืื ืืงืืืจืืื (ืจืฉืืืืช ืืกืคืจืื) ืฉืื ืื, ืืืืืืจืื ืืช ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืืงืฆืื: ืืืืฉื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืคืขืืื ืืชืืืืช ืื ืงืจืืช ืืืคืื ืกืงืืจืืช. ืคืขืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืื ืืงืืืจ ืืฉืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืงืืืจ ืืืคืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืช. ืืืฉืจ ืืืืคืื ืืกืงืืจืืช ืืืืื, ืืื ืกืืื ืืืชืืื ืืืงื. ืืืฆื ืื, ืืืืื ืืขื ืืง ืืืืื ืฉื ืืฆืื "ืืฉืงื" (Attention Weight) ืืืื, ืืืขืจืื ืืช ืืขืจื ( V {\displaystyle V} ) ืฉืื ืืชืื ืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืงืืจืืช. ืื, ืืืืื "ืืื" ืกืืคืืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืขืืช ืฉื ืืืืื "ืื ืง", ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืงืฉืจ ืืืืืืง. ืืืืฉื ืืื ื ืงืืจื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื, ืืื ืืคืจืง ืืช ืืืงืกื ืืืืืืืช ืื ืงืจืืืช ืืืงื ืื (Tokens). ืืืงื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืืง ืืืืื (ืืืจื), ืื ืืคืืื ืชื ืืืื. ืืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืกืคืืจืืจ, ื ืขืฉื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืกื ืืืื Byte Pair Encoding (BPE), ืืืืืงืืช ืืืืื ื ืคืืฆืืช ืืืืงื ืืืื, ืืืืืื ื ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืงื ืื. ืฉืืื ืื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืขืืืืช ืขื ืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ืคืชืื, ืขื ืืืืืช ืืงืืืงืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืขื ืฉืคืืช ืจืืืช, ืชืื ืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืขืืืืช ืืืฉืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืื ื "ืืืื ืื" ืืช ืืฉืคื, ืืื ืคืืขืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืกืืืืกืืืื ืืฉืืืืืื. ืืืฉืืื ืืืจืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืงื ืืื: ืืืื ืชื ืจืฆืฃ ืฉื ืืืงื ืื (Prompt), ืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืช ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืกืืืืกืืืช ืฉื ืืืืงื ืืื ืืชืืจ. ืืืืืจ ืืื ืชื ืืช GPT-3, ืืืืงืจืื ืคืืืจืืื ืืงืืจืืืื ืืกืืืจืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื "ืื ืืข ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืืช" ืืงื ื ืืืื ืขืฆืื. ืืื ืืืื ืชืื ืืืช ืืฉืื ืืืช ืืชืื ืืืืจื ืืืืข ืืื ืกืืคืืื, ืื ื ืขืืจ ืืื ื ืกืื ืืืช ืืืืชืืช ืื ืืืื ื. ืื ืคืื ืฉืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืชืืฆืื ืฉื ืืืฉืื ืืกืชืืจืืชื ืฉื ืืขื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืฉื ืืกืืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืืจืฆืฃ ืืืืงื ืื ืฉืืืื ืื. ืืืืคื ืืืกืชืืจืืชื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืชืืคืขืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืขืืืชืืืช ืืชืืื: ืืฆืืจืช ืชืืื ืฉื ืฉืืข ืืฉืื ืข ืืจืืื, ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืขืืืืชืืช ืื ืืืืฆื ืืืืืืื. ืืกืคืจืืช ืืืงืฆืืขืืช, ืชืืคืขื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืื (AI Hallucination). ืืกืงืืจื ืฉืืืชืืช ืฉื ืืชืืื, ืืชืืคืขื ืืืืืจืช ืืืฆืืจืช ืืงืกื ืฉื ืจืื ื ืืื ืืืฆืืืืช ืื ืืงืื, ืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืืข ืฉืงืจื ืฉืืื ื ื ืชืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืชืื ืื. ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืชืืคืขื ืื ืืื ื ื ืืื ืื ืื ืชืืื ื ืื ืืืขืช ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ื ืืขื ืืฉืืืฃ ืขืืืืืช ืืชืื ืืกื ื ืชืื ืื, ืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืืช ืจืฆืฃ ืืืืงื ืื ืืกืืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืกืืืืกืืืช. ืืชืืฆืื ืืื, ืืืืื ืขืฉืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืจื ืืืืข ืืืืชืืื ืืืื "ืขืืืื" ืืืฉื ืฉืื ืืชืจืืฉื ืืขืืื. ืืขืื ืฉืืืคืืช ืืฉืคื ืืชืืงืื ืืืืืื ืกืืจืชื ืฉื ืืงืกื, ืืืืคืื ืืืืืืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ื ืืจืฉื ืืคืชืืจ ืืขืื ืืชืืืืช ืืกืื ืฉืื ื ืืืืืืื: ืืฆืืจืช ืืืืืืงื ืจื-ืืืื ืืืจืื, ืืืื ืชืืื ื ืคืืืืจืืืืืกืืืช (ืืืืืช-ืฆืืืื), ืืชืื "ืืฃ ืืืง". ืขื ืชืืืืช ืฉื ืืช ื-20 ืฉื ืืืื ื-21, ืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืจ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืฉื ื ืฉืขื ื ืืขืืงืจ ืขื ืจืฉืชืืช ืืจืืืืช (GANs). ืืฉืืื ืื, ืืืื ืืื ื ืืกื ืืืืฆืจ ืชืืื ื ืืืืื ืฉื ื ื ืืกื ืืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืืคืช. ืืืจืืช ืืฆืืืืช ืืกืืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืกืจ ืืฆืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืช ืืืชื ืชืืื ืืช. ืืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืคืืืื (Diffusion Models) ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืคืจืืืืื ืืืฆืืจื ืืฉืืจื ืืชืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืจืืชื, ืืืืืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืืชืืืช ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืช ืืืงืืจ ืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืื ื "ืืืคืืืื" (ืคืขืคืืข) ืฉืืื ืืชืืื ืืคืืืืงื ืืืชืจืืืืื ืืืงื. ืืืืข, ืืืคืืืื ืืชืืจืช ืชืืืื ืฉืื ืืืงืืงืื ืืชืคืืจืื ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืจืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืจืืืื ื ืืื ืขื ืืืืขื ืืฉืืืื ืืฉืงื. ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืคืช ืืื ืืืืคืืคืช ืืืืก ืืื: ืืชืืืื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืื ืงืืื ืืืช (ืืฆื ืฉื ืกืืจ), ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืชืคืืจ ืขื ืฉืืืื ื ืฆืืขืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืขืืืจ (ืืฆื ืฉื ืื-ืกืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืื ืคืืืืงืืืื ืืืชืจ, ืื ืืจืืคืื ืืืืื). ืืืืื ืืืคืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืื ืชืืืื ืื, ืื ืืืืืื ืืืฆืข ืืืชื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืคืื, ื ืื ืฆืืจ ืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืกืก ืขื ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืชืืืืืื ืืกืชืืจืืชืืช ืืืฉืจืืช ืชืจืืืืื ืืืงื ืฉื ืื-ืฉืืืื ืืฉืงื: ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื ื ืืจืฉ ืืืฆืืจ ืชืืื ื ืืืฉื, ืืื ืืชืืื ืืชืื ืืช ืฉื ืจืขืฉ ืืงืจืื. ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืฆืืข ืืืืจ ืื ืฉื ื ืฉื ืคืขืืืช ืื ืืงืื, ืืืืื ืืืืฅ ืืชืื ืืจืขืฉ ืืช ืืืื ื ืืจืฆืื, ืฉืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื, ืขื ืืงืืืช ืชืืื ื ืืื. ืขืืืื ืืฉืืจื ืขื ืื ืืคืืงืกืืื ืฉื ืชืืื ื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืจืฉืช ืืื ืืืฉืื ืขืฆืื. ืืื ืืืชืืืจ ืขื ืื, ืคืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืคืืขืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื (Latent Diffusion Models - LDMs). ืืฉืืื ืื, ืืืืฉื ืื ืขืืื ืขื ืืชืืื ื ืืืงืืจืืช, ืืื ืขื ืืืฆืื ืืืืก ืืืชืืื ืฉืื. ืจืฉืช ืืงืืืื (Autoencoder) "ืืืืกืช" ืืช ืืชืืื ื ืืงืื ืืชืืื ืืืืื ืจืง ืืช ืืืืืข ืืกืื ืื ืืืฉืื (ืืื ืงืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืฆืืขืื) ืืืฉืืืื ืคืจืืื ืืืืชืจืื. ืชืืืื ืืืืคืืืื ืืชืืฆืข ืขื ืืืืฆืื ืืืืืก ืืื, ืื ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืืืกืืื ืืจืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืฉืืื ืจืืืืื, ืชืื ืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืื. ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืคืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืฆืืจืช ืชืืื ื ืืชืืืืช ืืงืฉื ืืืืืืืช, ื ืืจืฉ ืจืืื ืืืชืจืื ืฉืคื ืืืขืืช ืืืืฆืื ืืชืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืื. ืคืจืืฆืช ืืืจื ืืชืืื ืื ืืืืขื ืขื ืคืืชืื ืืืื CLIP ืขื ืืื ืืืจืช OpenAI. ืืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืกื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืคื ืจืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืฉืืชืฃ (Shared Embedding Space) ืืืงืกื ืืืชืืื ืืช. ืืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืืจ ืขืฆืื ืฉื 400 ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืชืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืจื ื. ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืฆืื ืืงืืืจื ืขืืืจ ืชืืื ื, ืืืืฆืื ืืงืืืจื ืขืืืจ ืืงืกื, ืื ืฉืื ืืชืืื ื ืืืืงืกื ืืชืืจืื ืืช ืืืชื ืืืืจ โ ืืืืงืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืืืืช. ืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืงืืื "ืืื", ืืืขืจืืช ืืชืจืืืช ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืงืืืจ, ืืื ืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืคืืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืชืืื ื ืฉืืืืฆืื ืืืชืืื ืฉืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืืงืืืจ. ืคืืชืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืืจื ื ืืื ื ืืกืชืื ืืืชืืืช ืงืื, ืืื ืืืจืื ืืจืฆืฃ ืฉื ืฉืืื ืขืืืื ื ืชืื ืื, ืืืคืืืืืืฆืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืฉื. ืชืืืื ืื ื ืืขื ืืืคืื ืืืืจื ืืืืข ืขืฆืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืกืืืืช ืืืฆืข ืืฉืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืชืื ืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืง. ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ืื ืกืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืืืจ ืืืืื. ืืฉืื ืื, ืืืืื ื ืืฉืฃ ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืฉื ื ืชืื ืื ืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืืื ืืจื ื (ืืงืกื, ืชืืื ืืช ืื ืงืื) ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืงืืืช ืืกืืืืกืืืช ืฉื ืืขืืื. ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืฉืคื, ืืืืจื ืืื "ืืืืื ืืืืงื ืืื", ืืืืืืืื ืืืืืืืืื, ืืืืืช ืงืฉืจืื ืืื ืืงืกื ืืชืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืฉืืชืฃ. ืืชืืฆืจ ืฉื ืฉืื ืื ื ืงืจื ืืืื ืืกืืก. ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืง ื"ืืืข" ื ืจืื, ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืข ืืฆืืืช ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืฉืื ืืืืฆืจ ืคืืืื ืฉืงืจืืื ืื ืคืืืขื ืืื, ืฉืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืงื ืืช ืืคืืกื ืืืงืกื ืขืืืื ืืืื. ืืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉืืืืฉื (ืืื ChatGPT), ืขืืื ืืขืืืจ ืชืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืขืืื (Fine-tuning) ืืืืฉืืจ ืขืจืื (Alignment). ืฉืื ืื ืืชืืืง ืืฉืืืฉื ืืจืืืืื ืืจืืืืื: 3. ืฉืื ืืืกืงื (Inference): ืืืืื ืืคืขืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืคืืฉ ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืกืืคื. ืืชืืืื ืืืกืงื, ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืื ืืืฉื ืืช ืืคืื ืืกืืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืขืืืจ ืืงืื ืฉืงืืื (ื-Prompt). ืืืชืืจ ืืืจืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืืืช: ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืช ืืืื ืืืช. ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืงืืช ืฉื ืขืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืฉื ืืืฆืข ืืช ืืืืฉืืืื ืขื ืืืฆืื ืืชืืื ืืืืก ืืืงืื ืขื ื ืชืื ื ืืืงืืจ (ืืื ืคืืงืกืืื), ืืืื ืืืืืฅ ืืช ืืชืืืื ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืจืฆื ืฉื ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืืชืืช. ืืืงืืจืช ืืืชืืืืกืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืฉื ืืช ืึพ60 ืฉื ืืืื ืึพ20, ืืกืคืจ ืืืงืจืื ืืื ืืช ืืืคืฉืจืืช ืฉื ืืื ืช ืืืื ื ืืกืืืืช ืคืืืืกืืคืืืช ืื ืืืืืืช, ืืืื "ืืฉืื, ืืืืื ื ืืืื" (1961) ืืืช ื'ืื ืืืงืืก. ืขื ืืืชืคืชืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืงืืช ืคืจืงืืืืช ืืืืืกืกืืช ืขื ืืืงืจ ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช, ืขืื ืืขื ืืช ืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืฉืื ื ืื ืืืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืืืืก ืืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืฉื ืื ืืื ืช ืฉืคื ืฉืงืืื ื ืืฉืื ื"ืชืืื ืืืช", ืขื ืื ืช ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช. ืืืืืก ืืืคืฉืืืจ ืืกืคืจื "ืืื, ืืฉืจ, ืืื" (Gรถdel, Escher, Bach) ืืืืจ, ืื ืืืืช ืืืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืืจื ืฉ"ืชืืื ื" ืืื "ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืื ืืืืืื". ืืืขื ืืืืฉื ื.ืื. ืืืืงืกืืจื ืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืก ืืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืฉื, ืืืขื ืื "ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืืข ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืฆืืืืช ืืืืขืช ืืฉืืืช". ืืืื ื ืฉืืขืฉื ืืืื ื ืืื ืชืืื ืืช, ืืื ื ืืขืฉื ืชืืื ื, ืฉืฉืืื ืืืืืืจื ืืืืืขื. ื ืืื ืึพ2017, ืืฉื ื ืืืขื ืื ืืืืขื ืื, ืื ืืืื ืื "ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช" ืืื "ืืงืืืฆื ืฉื ืืืขืืืช ืืืืขื ืืืืฉื ืฉืืื ืืื ืคืชืจืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืข".[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืืจ, ืืจืืข ืฉืชืชึพืชืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืข ืืชืืฆืื ืืืฆืืืช, ืืื ืืืฆื ืืชืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช ืื ืืชื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ. ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืชืื ืืืช, ืขืืืื ืชืืื ื, ืจืฉืชืืช ื ืืืจืื ืื, ืขืืืื ืฉืคื ืืืขืืช, ืจืืืืืืงื ืืชืืจืช ืืืฉืืงืื. ืื ืื ืืฉืืจืฉืื ืฉื ืื ืืืช ืืืืืกืฆืืคืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช, ืืืืจืื ืืคืื ืืชืืืืื ื ืคืจืืื. ืืืงืืจืช ื ืืกืคืช ืืืขื ืช ืฉืืืืขืช AI ืืืืคื ืฉืืื ืขืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืขืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืข. ืืกืชืืจ ืฉืืฉ ืืงืจืื ืืื ืื ื ืืื ืกืืืืื ืขื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืคื ืืื ืขืืืืืช ืฉืืคืจืืืืช ืืช ืืกืงื ืชื. ืืกืืฃ ืืขืฉืืจ ืืฉื ื ืฉื ืืืื ื-21 ืืืื ืืืืคืืข ืืชืืืืกืืืืช ืจืืฉืื ืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืื ืืืืงืื ืืชืงื ืืช. ืืืกืืื ืืกืืจ ืฉื ืืชืื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืงื ืื ืืืงืกืืงื, ืืืืชื ืืชืืืืกืืช ืื ืืงืืื ืืจืืืช ื ืชืื ืื ืืืฆืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช, ืืฆื ืืชืืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืืช ืืคืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืืจืืื ืืคื ื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช. ืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืกืืื ืกืืจ ื ืืกืคืื. ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฉื ืกืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ื ืืฉื ืืืขืจื ืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืชืืื ืืช ืขืจืื ืืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืืืงืจืืืืช ืืืืืจืืืืช. ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืื, ืืฉื ืช 2021 ืืืืชื ืกืื ืืืืื ื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืขืืื ืฉืคืจืกืื ืชืงื ืืช ืืชืืงื ืื ืืืขืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช, ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืคืขื ืฉืืืืจื ืืคืขืื ืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉื ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช, ืืืืืจ ืืืืคื ืืงืืืื ืืื ืืืคืขืื ืื ืืืื ืืืชื. ืืืืืจ, ืขื ืกืคืง ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืฆืืข ืืืงืืื ืื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืืืกืกืช ืขื ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืฉืชืืืื ื ืืืฉื ืืืืืฉืื ืฉืืืืจื ืืื. ืขื ืืืช, ื ืืฉื ืืืชืืงื ืืกืื ืืืจืื, ืืืืืื ืฉืืืงืจืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืชื ืฉื ืกืื, ืฉืืืืคื ืืืื ืืื ื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืชื ืืคืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืืจืืื, ืกืืืขื ืืืชืคืชืืืช ืชืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช ืืืืื ื ืชืื ืืืฉื ืืืืงืคื ืืืืข ืฉืืื ืื ืืฆื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืืช ืืกื ื ืชืื ืื ืจืื ืฉื ืฆืืืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืชืืื ืคื ืื, ืืชืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืขืจืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืชืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืชืืงื ืฉื ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช. ืืฉื ืช 2023, ืืืื'ืื ื ืจืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืคืชืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช, ืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืจืฉื ืฉืฆ'ืืืืืืื ืืขืืจื ืชืืืื ืฉื ืืขืจืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืงื ืืกืืฆืืืืืื. ืื ืื ืืจืืืืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืืจืื ืืื ืฉืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืกืื ืืืช ืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืืง ืืช ืฆ'ืืืืืืื ืฉืืื. ืฉืืืข ืืืจื ืืกืื ืื, ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืืืืข ืขื ืื ืฉืืฆืืื ืืืืฆืื ืืชืืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืฉืืข ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืงื ืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืข ืื ืืืื ืกืืืื ืื ืื ืฉืงืคืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช. ืืืฉื, ืืคืืชืื ืื ืื ืื ืื ืืื "ืกืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืชื ืชืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืื'ืืื ื ืืฆืจ ืืขืืจืช ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช. ืืืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจ ืืคืจืืื ื ืืืืจืืคื ืืช ืืืง ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช, ืืืืง ืืืืง ืืช ืืฉืืืืฉืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืงืืืืจืืืช. ืืืืง ืืืกืจ ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืื ืืกืืืื ืื ืืืืืืืช, ืืคืจื ืกื ืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืคื. ืืืื 2024 ืงืจืื 25 ืืืงืจืื ืืขืื ืฉื ืขืืืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืืขื ื ืืืืฉื ืืืฉืืืื ืืขืืื, ืืืฉืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืฉืคืืืช ืขื ื ืืงื AI ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืข. ืื ืืืจืฉืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืฆืืช ืืคืืืช ืฉืืืฉ ืืชืงืฆืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืขืช ืกืืืื ืื. ืื ืืกืืืจืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืจืืช ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืืคื ืืจืืื ืืช ืคืืชืืื ืฉืื ืขืฆืื ืื ืืงืื ืขืฆืืืื ืืื ืืืืข ืืืืื ื ืขืืืืื ืืืืืจื ืชืื ืฉื ืชืืื-ืฉืืืฉ. ืืืืืื, ืจืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื "ืืืืจื" ื ืื ืื ืืคืขืื ืืื ืืคืืืข ืืชืฉืชืืืช. ืืืื ื ื ืืจืจื, ืฉืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืชืืืช ืืืืืจ ื-Science ืืืืืจ ืื ื ืจืื ืฉืืืืืืืฆืื ืขืืืจืช ืืืืฉืจืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืงืื ืืืืชืจ, ืืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ. ืืืืืืกื 2024, ืืฉืจื ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืคืจืกื, ืืืขืื ืืืืื, ืืช ืืกืื "ืขืงืจืื ืืช, ืืืื ืืืช, ืจืืืืฆืื ืืืชืืงื" ืฉืืืคืฅ ืืืฆืืืจ 2023. ืืืกืื, ืืื ืืฉืืจ, ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืื ื ืืคืจืกื ืืงืืงื ืจืืฉืืช, ืืฉืื ืื ืืฉืืฆืืคืืื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืื ืชืืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืจืืืืืืจ ืืืขืืื - ืฉืืจืืืืืืจ ืืขื ืคื ืืืืืืจ, ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืกืืจื ืื ืืจืฉืช ืืชืืื ืขืืื ืืื ืืืคืงื. ืืื ืืืืืข, ืืชืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืคืืจืกื ืืกืื ืืื ืืื ืืชืืื ืืคืื ื ืกื ืืื ืืื, ื ืืื ืืืจืฅ 2025, ืืื ื ืืืขืื ืืืืื. ืื ืืฉื ื ืืฆื ืืืืืืงืช, ืืืฉืจืื, ืืขืืงืจ ืขื ืจืงืข ืืขืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืคืื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืื ืืคืจืกืืืช ืืกืืื ืืกืืจื ืืืขืืืืื. ืืืืืืกื 2025, ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืข ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืื ืขื ืืชื ืืกืืื ืืืงืฆืืข ืืืืฉื ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช, ืืืกืืื ืฉื 4 ืจืืืช ืืกืืื: ืืืจืฉื, ืืืกืื, ืืืืื, ืืืืจ. ืืืืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืืืืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืข ืืืจืฉืช ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืื ืื ืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืงืืขืื ืฉื ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืฉ ืขื ืจืืืื ืืืืช ืฉื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืืง ืืืืฆืจื ืืืืืข ืืืจ ืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืกืคืง ืืืชื ืืืื ื. ืืืืืื, ืื ืื ืืืจืง ืืืืืก. ืืืืืืกื 2023 ืคืืจืกื ืื ืื ืื ืืืจืง ืืืืืก, CNN ืืืฉืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืกืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืื ืืช ืืืื ืฉื OpenAI ืืืงืฆืืจ ืืช ืชืืื ืืื. ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืขื ืืืคืืฉ ืืชืงืืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื (ืืืฉื, ืืืคืืฉ ืืืื), ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืฆืืช (ืืฉืืืืฉ ืขื ืืื YouTube, ืืืืื ืื ืืคืืืงืก), ืืื ืช ืืืืืจ ืื ืืฉื (ืืืื ืกืืจื ืืืืืกื), ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืช, ืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืฆืจืช (ื'ืืื ื, Midjourney ืืขืื), ืืืืืืืช ืืืชืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืฉืืงืื ืืกืืจืืืืื (ืืืื ืฉืืื ื-Go). ืื ืืืืืจ 2022 ืืฉืืงื ืืืจืช OpenAI ืฆ'ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืงืจื ChatGPT. ืืืื ืืื ืืคืืคืืืจืืืช ืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืก ืื ืืช ืืืืช ืื ืืฉื ืืืืืขืืช ืฉื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืจืื. ืขืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช ืืืื ืืจืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืฉืคื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืชืืืืช 2025 ื ืืื ืืืชืืืืก, ืืื ืืคืืืช, ื-10 ืขืืืืืช ืชืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืืื: ื ืืื ื-2025, ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืืฉืื ื ืื ืขืช ืืืกืืจื ืจืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืืจื ืืช ืืืกืืจื ืืชืืื ืืจืืืืืืจืื ืืขื ืคืืื. ืืกืื "ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืจืืืืฆืื ืืืชืืงื" ืคืืจืืื ืืชืคืจืกื ื-2023 ืื ืืชื ืืืฆืื ืืืชื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืจื ื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื. ืชืืืืื ืขื ืคืืื ืืื ืืืืืื: ืืืืข ืื ืกื ืืืชืืงื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืชืืื ืืคืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืืฆืืืืช (ืืคืืืืงื, ืืฉืืืื ืืกืจื ืืืืื ืืืืคืื ืงืฉืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืืืื). ืึพ1970 ืืจืืืื ืืื ืกืงื ืืกืืืืจ ืคืืคืจื, ืืืืขืืื ื-MIT, ืืฆืืขื ืื ืืืงืจ ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช ืืชืืงื ืื ืืื ืืคืืชืื ืชืืื ืืช ืฉืืืืืืช ืืืชื ืื ืืืืคื ืชืืื ื ืืืฆืืื ืคืฉืืืื ืืืืืืืชืืื ืืืืืขืื ืืืืงืจืึพืขืืืืืช (MicroWorlds). ืืืงืจ ืจื ืืชืืงื ื"ืขืืื ืืงืืืืืช", ืฉืืืจืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืฆืืขืื ืืฆืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืกืืืจืื ืขื ืืฉืื ืืฉืจ. ืืืฉืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช ืืืืืื: ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืชืืช ืจืื ืื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืกืืืจืื ืกืื ืืช ืืืกืืจื ืกืจืืื ืื ืืคืืืงืืกืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืืื] | [TOKENS: 10953]
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ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืฆืืืง. ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืชื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืขืืื ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืฉืคืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืฆืืจื ืืืืืจืช ืืคื ื ืขืฆืื, ืื ืืืืืช ืืืง ืืืฆืืจื ืงืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืืชืจ (ืืืื ืืขืจืืื). ืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืฆืืจื ืฉืขืืงืจื ืืื ื ืงืืื, ืืืื ืืืง ืื ืืื ืคืืืืื ืื ืืจืฆืื ืืื ืืืืช. ืืจืืืช ืื ื ืืืื ืืกืคืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืคืขื ืืืชื ืกื, ืืขื, ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืช. ืืืื, ืืฉ ืื ืฉืื ืฉืืฆืืจื ืืกืืคืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืงืฆืืขื, ืืืืื ืื ืงืืืืงืืื ืื ืกืื ืืืคืืกืืื, ืืืขืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืฆื ืื ืื ืืืื ืื. ืืฆืืจืช ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืืฆืืืืช ืืฆืจืืื ืืืืืช ืืฆืืจืชืืช ืืืืื ืืืงืืืืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืจืื ืืื, ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืืจ ืขื ืืืืืืช ืฉืฉืืขื ืืขืืจ. ืืชืจืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืจืจืช ืฆืืืง ืื ืืฉื ืืืจืื. ืืื ืืฉืืจืจ ืื ืืืจืคืื ืื ืืืฉืคืจ ืืช ืืฆื ืืจืื. ืืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืงืจ ืจืฆืื ื ืืืขื, ืืืฉื ืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืื ื ืคืจืืื: "ืืืืืืช ืืืืกื ืืชืช ืืืืข". ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืชืคืงืื ืืืจืชื. ืืื ื ืืชื ืช ืืืืื ื ืขืื, ื ืื ืืคืชืื ืืืืืจื. ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืงืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืืืฅ ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉืืืืช, ืืืขืืืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืืจืื ืืชืงืฉืจ ืืืชืจ ื ืืืืช. ืขื ืคื ืืืกืืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืจืื ืฉืคืชืื ืืช ืฉืืขืืจื ืืืืืื, ืขื ืื ืช ืืคืชืื ืืช ืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืจ, ืืื ืืงื ืฉืืงืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ืืืง ืืืืจืฆืื. ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืข ืืืืืื ืจืขืืื ืคืจืืืงืกืื ืื ืืืกืืจืื, ืฉืืื ื ืืคื ืืจืฆืฃ ืืจืฆืืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืงืืืกื. ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืฉื ืืคืชืขื ืืฉื ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืฆืคืืื ืืจืืฉ, ืืืจืช ืืืืืื ืชืืคืื ืืกืืคืืจ. ืืฉื ืืื ืช ืืืืืืช ืืกืืืืืช ืืฉ ืืืืืช ืืฆืื ืืงืื ืืงืกื ืื ืืจืงืข ืืชืจืืืชื ืฉืื ืืกืืคืจืช ืืืืืื. ืื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืคืืื ืืืช ืืกืืคืจืืช ืืชืื ืชืคืืกื ืืืงืืืช ืขื ืงืจืืจืืชื ืืขื ืืืืคื ืฉืื ืื ืืงืืืฉืืช ืืช ืกืืื. "ืืืืืืช ืงืจืฉ" ืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืฆืืืงืืช, ืืืืืื ืฉืืืื ื ืืืคืชืขื ืืื ื ืืื. ืฆืืืงื ืฉื ืฉืืืขื ืืืืืื ื ืืืข ืืืกืชืืจื ืืื ืืจืขืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืงืืื. ืืืฉืจ ืืชืืจืจ ืฉืื ืืกืืื ืืคืชืืจ ืืช ืืกืชืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืขื, ืฉืืจื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืื, ืืฉืชืืจืจืช ืืื ืจืืื ืฉืืฉืงืืข ืืืื ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืจืืื ืื ืืืฆืจืช ืืช ืืฆืืืง.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืชืจืื ื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืชื ืืืงืฆืจื ืืชื. ืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืชืืื ืงืฆืจื ืืืชืจ ืืืคืชืืขื ืืืชืจ, ืื ืืื ืชืืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืืชืืช ืืืชืจ. ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืคืืช ืืกืืคืืจ ืืจืื, ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืฉื ืื ืืชื ืืืคืกืืงื ืืืฆืืืง. ืืคืืืื, ืืืืจืื ืชืืืืื ืืจืืกืื, ืืกืืืจื ืืช ืืฆืืืง ืืืืืงื ืขื ืงืืืคืช ืื ื ื ืืฉืืื ืืืื. ืืืื ืคืชืื ืชืืจื ืฉืขื ืคืื ืฆืืืง ื ืืืข ืืืขื ืืืชืืืฉืช ืขืืืื ืืช. ืชืืจืืช ืืื ืืื ื ืืกืืืจืืช ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืชืืืืก ืืืืก ืืช ืืจืขืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืขืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืขืฉื: "ืืื ืืืคืฉ ืืืืชื ืงืืื, ืืคื ื ืฉืืื ืชื ืืช ืืขืืงืฅ ืืืืืื". ืืืื ืืื ืชืืจืืช ืืขืืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืชืืืื ืืจืืื. ืืืืื ื ืืื "ืื ื" ื"ืืืจ" ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืฆืืคื ืื ืืฉืืืข ืืืืืช ืชืืืฉื ืฉื ืจืืืื, ืืืขืืื ืช ืืืกืืื ืืชืืืฉืช ืืืงืื ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืฉื ืืืืืืจ ืืืื ื ื ืคืืข ืืื ื. ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื ื ืืื ื ืงืืืืช, ืื ืฉืืฉื ื ืงืจืื ืืืืื ืืื ื"ืื ื" ืืืืฉื ืืืืืืจ, ืืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืืฉืขืฉืืข ืฉืืืื ืืฆืืคื ืื ืืฉืืืข ืืชืืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืืืจ ืืชืืขืืช. ืืืืื ืืืคืืกืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืฆืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื, ืืืฉืขืฉืขืืช ืืขืืงืจ ืื ืฉืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืืฆื ืื. ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืงื ืขื ืงืืืคืช ืื ื ื ืื ื ืคืืื ืืฉืขืฉืขื ืืืจื ืืื ืืช ืืฆืืคืื ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืืช ืืืืืืง ืื ืื ืืคื ืขืฆืื. ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช, ืขื ืืืช, ืขืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืขืืกืง ืืงืืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืืฉืื ืืฉืขืฉืข ืืช ืืืจื ืืงืืืื, ืืืฉืจ ืื ืกืืืจืื โ ืืฆืืง ืื ืฉืื ืืฆืืง โ ืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืืชืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืจ. ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืฆืื ืืขืืจืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ืขื ืงืืจืืช ืืฉืจืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืึผืื ืืืืขืืื ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืงืฆืืข, ืืชืื ืกืืจื ืฉืืืฆื ืืืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ื ืคืืืขืื ืืื ืืืืงื. ืืชืืืืกืืช ืืืืืจืืกืืืช ืืขืืงืจืื ืื ืืฉื ื ืืกืืจืช ืืืืืืืืื "ืืฉืคืืช ืกืืืคืกืื": ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืจ ืกืืืคืกืื ืืืื ืืช ืจืืฉืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืขืงื ื ืืืื ืืฉืืจืืช, ืืื ื ืืืฅ ืืงืื ืงืืจืก ื ืืืื ืืื ืขืช ืืืจืืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืืขืืขืืช ืฉื ืชืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืจืื ืืชืืฆืื ืืืืืืืื. ืืขืื ืฉืืงืื ืืฆืืคื ืืืืขืืข ืืืืจืืืช, ืืืืจ ืคืืจืฅ ืืฆืืืง ืืืืืจ "ืื ืืฆืืืง ืื ืื ืื ืื ื" ("It's funny because it's not me"). ืืืืจื ืืืืจืช ืืืชืืงืฉืช ืืื "ืืคืชืขื". ืืืืืืช ืืคืชืืขืืช. -ืืืงืืืจ, ืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืคืกื ืชืจ ืืืจื ืื ืืชืื? - ืืืืืื. - ื ืคืื! ืงืืื ืื ืืืขืชื. ืืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืื ืื ืขื ืืคืขืจ ืฉืืื ืฆืืคืืืชืื ื (ืืืฆื ืืืืืจ ืื ืื ืฉืื ืฉื ืคืืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืืฉ ืืคืจื ืกืชื ืฉืืืืื ืจืืคื ืื ืืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืงืืื) ืืชืฉืืืชื ืืืคืชืืขื ืฉื ืืืืฉ, ืฉืืื ืืื ื ืืืืข ืื ืื ืืคืกื ืชืจ. ืื ื ืขืงืจ ืืช ืืกืื ืืืคืชืขื ืืืืืื, ืืืืืืจ ืืืขืื ืืื ื: ืืืืืื ืื, ืกืืืงื ืืืคืชืขื ืืืจ ืืชืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืกืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืฆืืืงื. ืืืืชื ืกืืื ืืืืืง, ืจืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืฆืืคื ืื ืืฉืืืข ืืื ื ืืขืืจืจืืช ืื ืฉืขืฉืืข ืื ืฆืืืง, ืืฉืื ืฉืืกืื ืืคืขืจ ืืืืคืชืขื ื ืขืื ืืื. ืืืืืข ืืืื, ืืฆืืื ืืืืืจืืกืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืคืขื ืืืจ ืคืขื ืืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉ ืืฆืืคื, ืืืคืืื ืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฉืขืฉืขืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืจืื ืขืืืื ืคืขื ืืืจ ืคืขื. ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช, ืื ืื ืืืืืืจ ืขื ืฉืืืืฉ ื"ืฉืืฉืืช", ืืื ืืคืชืืื ืืงืืืกืืช ืืืืืืืช ืจืืืช: "ืจืื, ืืืืจ ืืงืืื ื ืื ืกืื ืืืืจ..." ืืจืื, ืืืืกืกืืช ืืืืืืช ืืกืื ืื ืขื ืฉืชื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืช (ืืืืืื, ืืืืืจ ืขืืฉื ืื, ืืจืื ืขืืฉื ืืืืื ืืื), ืื ืฉืืฆื ืืฉืืืข ื ืืฆืจืช ืืขืจืืช ืฆืืคืืืช ืืกืืืืช ืืชืื ืืกืืจืช ืกืืคืืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ("ืืืืจ ืืงืืื...") ืืื ืื ืืกืืชืจืช ืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืฆืืคืืืช ืืื ื ืืฆืจืช ืืืืืื. ืืจืืืช ืชืืจืืช ืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืืช ืขื ืฉืชื ืชืื ืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืคืขืืืช ืขื ืืืชื ืืืง ืขืืื. ืืืชืจ ืืื - ืฉืชื ืชืื ืืืช ืื ืชืืืืืช, ืืืื ื ืงืจืืืช ืชืืจืืช ืืกืื ืื "ืชืืจืืช ืฉื ืื ืืืืื". ืืืฉื, ืืืืืื ืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืช ื"ืคืืืื ืืืืคืืฉืืช": ืืืืืื ืคืืชืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉื "ืืืื" - ืืฉืืืข ืชืืื ืืื ืืืื ืกื ืคืืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืื ืขืืืืช ืงืื ืืช. ืืชืืจืจ ืฉืชืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืช - ืืื ืชืจืืื ืืจืืชืืื ืคืฉืื. ืืืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืกืชื ืืืคืขืืืช ืฉืชื ืชืื ืืืช ืืฉืืื, ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืชืื ืืช ืืืช ืืืืจืช. ืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืืืง ืืกืืืื: ืืืืืื ืืฉืชื ื ืืืคืชืืข ืืืืืช ืืจืืืื. ืืจืชืืจ ืงืกืืืจ, ืืกืคืจื ืืขืฉื ืืืฆืืจื ืืืชื ืขื ืืคืืฉ ืฉื ืฉืชื ืชืื ืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืจืืืงืืช, ืืืื ืืืขื ืฉืกืื ืืคืืฉ ืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืฆืืจื ืืื ืืชืืช ืืืืขืืช. ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืื: ืชืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ืฉื ื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืคืช ืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืชืคืงืืืื. ืขืื ืืื ืงืื ื ืืขื ืฉืืืืืจ ื ืืฆืจ ืืกืืืื ืฆืืคืืืช - ืืฉืื ืจื ืืฉืืขืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืืื ืจืืงื. ืืจืืจื ืกืคื ืกืจ ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืืจื ืืืื - ืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืื. ืืจืชืืจ ืฉืืคื ืืืืืจ ืืขื ืฉืืืืื ื ืืืืช ืืืคืขืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืง ืขืืื ืฉืื ืืื ื ืืชืืืืื ืื. ืืกืคืจื ืืฆืืืง, ื-1900, ืืขื ืื ืจื ืืจืืกืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืฆืืืงืื ืืฉืื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืคืขืืื ืฉืืืืชื ืฆืจืืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืฉืืช. ืืืฉื, ืืืืงื ืขื ืงืืืคืช ืื ื ื ืืืื ืื ื ืฉืืืืฃ ืืื ืืืง ืื ืืขืืื ืืืฉืื, ืืืฆืืืช ืืืืงื ืืืื ืืงื ืืืื ืืืืงื ืืจืฆืื ื ืฉื ืืืืืืง. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื ืฉืืืกืืก ืืืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืื ืขืืืืช ืืชื ืืฉืืช ืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืชืจ ืืงืฉืจืื ืฉืื ืื. ืืขืื ืชืืืืช ืืืืืื ื ืขืืฅ ืืืงืฉืจ x ืืจื ืฉืกืืคื ืื ืืคืืื ืื ืืืืจืืช ืืฆืืืง ืืืืขื ืขื ืืงืฉืจ y. ืืชืืฉืืช ืืืงืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืฆืืืง. ืืขื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืืกืืืจ ืืืง ืืืื ืืืืื ืืงื ืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืืื. ืกืืื ืืืืืืช ืงืืืืื ืกืืืื ืจืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช, ืืฉืจ ื ืืชื ืืกืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืชืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืงืืืืจืื ืืืช. ืืืืืื: ืืืืืืช ืืืืคืช ื ืืจื ืืืืืืช ืืืชืืืืก ืืงืืืฆืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช ืืฉืชื ืืช ืืืขืื ืืงืฆืืข ืืกืืื, ืงืืืฆื ืืชื ืืช ืืกืืืืช ืื ืืืคืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืื. ืฉืขืฉืืขื ืืฉืื ืืืฉืืงื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืฉืื ืื ืขืฉืื ืืฉืคื ืืฉื ืฉืขืฉืืข, ืชืื ื ืืฆืื ืกืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืืฉืคื. ืฉืขืฉืืขื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืื ืืืคื ืืืืืจืืกืื ืืืืืืฉื ืืืืืืืช. ืืฉืืงื ืืืืืื ืืืืกืกืื ืขื ืืคื ืืฉืืขืืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ืืืฆืื ืืฉืคื. ืืขืืชืื ืืชืืืืกืื ืืืืืคืืจื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฆืืช, ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืืงื ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืืฉื ืืืจืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืขืืชืื ืงืจืืืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืฉืืงื ืืืืื ืืชืื ื'ืื ืจืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืื, ืืื ืฉืืชืืฆืจ ืืกืืคื ืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืขืฉืข ืืืชืจ. ืืจืืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืกืคืจื, ืืืจืื ืืืชืขืกืง ืืืืืืจ ืืืืืืืืื, ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืจืืจืื ืืชื: "ืืฆื ืืขืืช ืืื ื ืจ ืืจืืืื. ืืื ืื ื ืืืจื ืขืืื". ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืืงื ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืงืฉืืช ืืืื ื ืืื ืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืขื ืืฉืคื, ืืืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืืื ืืฉืคื, ืืืจืื ืืืืืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืงืื ืืช, ืืืืืขืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืคืืช ืฉื ืืืชืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืจืขืืื ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ื ืคืฉ ืืื ืฉืคื. ืืืืืช ืงืจืฉ ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืช ืฉืืจืช ืืืฅ ืืืคืฉืืช ืื ืฉืืืงื. ืืืืืืช ืงืจืฉ ืืืื ืคืืคืืืจืืืช ืืงืจื ืืืืื, ืืฉื ืคืฉืืืชื. ืืจืื, ืืืืืืช ืืงืจืฉ ืืืกืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืืจื ืืฆืืืง. ืืฉื ื ืงืืืฆื ื ืืกืคืช ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืงืจืฉ ืืืชืืคืืื ืช ืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืขืืชืื ืงืืจื ืฉืืืืืช ืงืจืฉ ืืืคืืช ืืืฆืืืงื - ืืื ืืืืงื ืืืื ืชืืื ื, ืืื ืืืื ืกืืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืืช ืืืืจื - ืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืกืืคืจืช ืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืฆืืืงื. ืืืืื ืงืืืกืืช ืฉืืชืคืจืกืื ืืืื ืืชืจืืืช ืืืืืืจืืกืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช - ืฉืืืื ืืชืื ืืขืจืืื ื ืืืฉืฉ ืืืืืืจ: ืืืืืื ืืืืืชืืช ื ืืฆืจืช ืืคืื ืืื ืฉืืืืืช ืืงืจืฉ ืืืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืชืืช, ืืืืื ืช "ื ืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืช ืขืฆืื". ืืฉื ื ืืืืืืช ืืืชืืงืืืช ืื ืืฉื ืื ืชืืื ืชืืื ืืกืืื. ืืืืืืช ืืงืฆืืข ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืชื ืืืช ืืืชืืกืกืืชื ืขื ืกืืจืืืืืืคืื, ืจืง ืฉืืื ืกืืจืืืืืืคืื ืขื ืืขืื ืืงืฆืืข ืืกืืื ืืื ืขืืชืืื. ืชืช-ืกืืื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืคืืืืืืงืืื, ืื ืจืื ืืืงืฆืืข ืืืืฉืืฅ ืืืืชืจ ืืืืืืืช: "ืืื, ืกื ืื ืงืืืืก ืืคืืืืืืงืื ืืืื ืจืื ืฉืืจ ืฉื 20 ืืืืจ ื ืืคื ืขื ืืจืฆืคื. ืื ืืจืื ืืืชื?" "ืืืื, ืื ืฉื ื ืืืืจืื ืื ืงืืืืื." ืืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืกืกืืช ืขื ืืขืืช ืงืืืืืช ืืขื ืืืืืืื ืจืืืืื ืฉื ืืฆืจื ืืืืืจ ืืกืืื, ืืฆืืง ืื ืฉืื ืืฆืืง. ืืื ืืืกืืืื ืื ืคืืฆืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืืช. "ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืืช" ืืฆืืืืช ืกืืจืืืืืืค ืฉื ื ืฉืื ืืขืืืช ืืจืื ืืืฆืื ื ืืืฉื, ืจืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืฆืื ื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืคืขืืื ืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืคืจืืช; ืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืกืจืืช ืื ืืืืื. ืืขืืชืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืจืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืกืื ืฉื ืืืงืืจืช ืฉื ืืืจืช ืืืืื. ืืืฉื, ืืืคื ืืกืืจืืืืืืค ืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืืืกืกืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืืชื ืืืฆื. ืืืืืืช ืืชื ืืืช ืืกืชืืืืช ืขื ืกืืจืืืืืืคืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืฆืืืืจืื ืืขืืืช ืฉืื ืื. ืืื ืืืื ืกืืจืืืืืืคืื ืืืืจืืื, ืืงืฆื ืชื ืฉื ืืกืืจืืืืืืคืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืฉืื ืชืขืื ืขื ืืืขืช ืืฉืขืฉืขืช ืืืืืืืช ืฆืืืง. ืืคืขืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืืื, ืืขืืชืื ื ืืชื ืืจืืืช ืืืชื ืืืืง ืืืืื ืืืื, ืืืืื ืืืืฉืคืื ืืืขืื. ืืชืจืืืช ืฉื "ืชืงืื ืืช ืคืืืืืืช" ืืืจื ืืื ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืคื ืืืืื ืขื ืงืืืฆื ืืขืืช ืกืืืืก ืืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืืฉืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืขื ืืฉืืื ื ืฉื ืฆืืืืจ ืืืฆืื ืืกืืืืก ื ืืื, ืืืืืื ืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืฆืื ืืงืืืฆื ืื ืคืืขืช ืืื ื. ืืคืขืืื, ืืื ืืจืื ืืช ืืืกืจ ืืืขืืื, ืืืืืคืื ืืช ืืขืื ืืกืคืฆืืคืืช ืืืืืื "ืื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขืื", ืื ืืืฉืจ ืืชืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืกืืจืืืืืืค ืืชื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืช, ืืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืขื ื ื ืืชืจ. ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉื ื ืกืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืฆืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื: ืืืืืืช ืคืืืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืฉื ืืืขื ืืขืืงืจื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืคืืืืืืื ืืคืืจืกืืื, ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืฉื ืื ืืคืขืืื ืื ืืืกืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืื ื. ืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืจืช ืืขื ืขื ืื-ืืฆืืง ืืืืื ื, ืื ืขื ืื ืฉืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ื ืจืืื ืืืกืจื ืืืฉืืจืื ืืชืืืืื. ืืืจื ืืื ืืฆืืจืื ืืื ืช ืืืืืืืช ืืคืืืืืืืช, ืืฉืืืข ืฆืจืื ืืืขืช ืืช ืื ืืฉื ืขืืื ืื ื ืืืืืื. ืืืืืืืช ืงืฉืืจืืช ืงืฉืจ ืืืืง ืืืื ื ืืืืงืืื ืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืงืฉืจ ืฉืืื. ืชืืคืขืช ืืืืืืืช ืืคืืืืืืืช ืืืคืืื ืช ืืฉืืจืื ืืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืคืฉ ืืืขื ืฉื ืืขื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืื ืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืงืืจืช. ืืืืืื ืืชืืคืขื ืืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืืขืฆืืช, ืื ืืืืื ืฆื ืืืจื ืืืื ืขื ืื ืืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืื ืืช. ืืืืืืืช ืฉืกืืคืจื ืืคื ืืืืื ืืืขื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืช ืืขื ืืคืฉืื ืขื ืืืชืจืืฉ ืกืืืื. ืืฉืคื ืืคืชืืื ืืฉ ืื ืฉืชื ืคืจืืช ืืืคืืื ืกืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืคืืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืคื ืืืืช (ืื ืืืืื ืคืจืืืช) ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืช ืืืืืืจ ืื ืืืชื ืืช ืืืืข ืืืงืื, ืฆืืจืช ืืฉืืื ืื ืชืคืืกื, ืฉืืฉ ืจืง ืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืืืืื ืืงืืืฆื ืืกืืืืช. ืืืข, ืฆืืจืช ืืฉืืื ืื ืชืคืืกื ืืื ืืื ื ืจืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืกืืื, ืืืื ืืืืืื ืขืฉืืื ืืืฆืืืง ืจืง ืืช ืื ืฉื ืืงืืืฆื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืขืืช. ืืืืืืช ืืงืฆืืขืืืช ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชืืกืกืืช ืขื ืืืข ืืงืฆืืขื ืืกืืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืืกืงืื ืืชืืื ืื, ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืช, ืื ืืืื ืืช ืคืืืช, ืืืื ืฉืืืืฅ ืืชืืื ืื. ืืืืืืช ืืืชืืืืืช ื"ืืฉ ืื ืฉืชื ืคืจืืช" ืืืืจืช ืื ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืืข ืืืืื ื ืืืชืจ ืืฉืืื ืืืืจืช ืื ืืชืจ ืื ื ืืืื, ืืืืืช ืืื ืชื ืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืจืงืข ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืฉืื ืืช ืฉืืจืืืืืช ืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืืื "ืืืืข ืขืฉืจืช ืื ื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืกืืก ืืืจืื ืืงืืืจื? ืืคื ื ืฉืื ืชืืืืื" ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืชืฉืขืฉืข ืื ืืจืง ืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืข ืืืืืืจื ืืื ืืืจืืช, ืืืืืืื "ืืฉ 10 ืกืืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืขืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืืขืื ืืื ืืจืืช ืืืื ืฉืื" ืชืฆืืืง ืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืข ืืกืืกื ืืกืคืืจื ืืืกืืก 2. ืืจืืข ืฉืืื ืฆืืืง ืืื ื ืืื ืืืืชืช ืืืกืคืจ: ืื ืื ื ืฉื ืื ื ืืืืชื ืืงืฆืืข. ืืฉื ื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืื ืืฉืืื, ืืืืคื ืืกืื ืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืคืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืืื ื ืืชืืืืืช ืขืืืจ ืืืืื, ืื ื ืขืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืจื ืืงืจื ืืืืืืจืื. ืืืืืจ, ืืืืคื ืืืื ื ืืชื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืืืจ ืืืืกืก ืขื ืกืชืืจื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืืืจืืกืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืงืืื, ืืืฆืืืง ืืื ืืคืืจืงื ืืืืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืชืืจืจ ืฉืื ืืกืืื ืืคืชืืจ ืืช ืืกืชืืจื ืืื ืืื ืฆืืจื. ืขื ืจืงืข ืื ืืื ืคืื ืฉืืืืืืืช ืืงืฉืืจืืช ืืืื, ืืืืื ืืช "ืืืืืืช ืืกืืช" ืื ืกืืืช ืืืืืจ ืคืืคืืืจืืช ืืืืชืจ, ืฉืืจื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืฉืกืืืื ืืฉ ืชืคืืกื ืฉื "ืืคืฉืจื", "ืืืชืจ" ื"ืืกืืจ" ืืื ืกืืื ืืืื. ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืกืื ืื ืืฉืชื ื. ืืืงื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืืืงื ืืืืืช ืืืืืจืืืช. ืืฉื ื ืืืืืืช "ืืืืื ืืกืืช", ืืืืืกืกืืช ืขื ืจืขืืื ืืคืื. ืืฉืืื ืืืชืืืชืืช ืืืืื ืช ืืืืืจื ืืืืจืืจ ืื ืชืฉืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืื, ืฉืืืข ืืืืืื "ื ืืคื ืืคื" ืืืฆืคื ืื, ืืืืขืฉื ืืกืชืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืชืืืื ืืืื. ืกืืื ืืืจืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืขื. ืชืช-ืกืืื ืืคืืจืกืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืื. ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืชืืกืกืืช ืขื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืขืืกืงืืช, ืืืจืขืืื ืืืงืืืจื ืฉืืืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืชื ื ืกืื, ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืฆืืืง. ืจืื ืื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื
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