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[SOURCE: https://www.lomdimbareshet.net/%d7%9e%d7%aa%d7%9e%d7%98%d7%99%d7%a7%d7%94-%d7%9b%d7%99%d7%aa%d7%94-%d7%97/] | [TOKENS: 913] |
ืืชืืืืงื ืืืืชื ื' ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืชืืืืงื ืืืืชื ื' ืืืจืืืช ืืฉืืืฉื ืชืืืืื: ืืืืืจื , ืืืืืืจื ืืืกืคืจื ( ืืืฉืืื ).ืืคื ืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืชืืกืคืช ืกืจืืื ื ืืกืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื. ืืชืืชืืช ืืืฃ ืชืืฆืื ืืืื ื ืืืฆ"ื ืืฉื ืื ืงืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืื ื. ืคืื ืงืฆืื ืงืืืืช ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืช ืงืืืืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืขื ื ืขืื ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืขื ื ืขืื ืืื ืืื ืืงื ืืืืืจืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืฉืืืืืช ืขื ืฉื ื ื ืขืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืขื ืฉื ื ื ืขืืืื ืขืจื ืืืืื ืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืช ืืืก ืืื ืืกืคืจืื ืืืืก ืืฉืืจ ืคืืจืคืืจืฆืื ืงื ื ืืืื ืืืก ืืคืื ืืืืืื ืกืืืืกืืืงื ืชืืืืจืืช ืืกืชืืจืืช ืฉืืจืฉ ืจืืืืขื ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืจืฆืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืคืคืื ืชืืืื ืืืฉืืืฉ ืืฉืืืฉ ืฉืืื ืฉืืงืืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืืืขืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืืืช ืืฉืคื ืคืืชืืืจืก ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืฆ"ื ืืืชืืืืงื ืืชืืืืื ืืืชืืช ื' ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืืชื ื' ืืืฉื ื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืืชื ื'.ืืืื ืืืืฆ"ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชืืืืืื. ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืฆ"ื ืืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืคืชืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 2012. ืฆืจื ืงืฉืจ - ื ืฉืื ืืขืืืจ. ยฉ 2024 ืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืืช. ืืืืืื ืืจืฉืช - ืืืื ืืืืืฉืืืื ืขืจืืฅ "ืืืืืื ืืจืฉืช" ืืืืื ืขืฆืื |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/models?library=safetensors] | [TOKENS: 918] |
Models Qwen/Qwen3.5-397B-A17B Image-Text-to-Text โข Updated 1 day ago โข 133k โข โข 802 MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.5 Text Generation โข Updated 5 days ago โข 173k โข โข 816 nvidia/personaplex-7b-v1 Audio-to-Audio โข Updated 6 days ago โข 539k โข 2.1k zai-org/GLM-5 Text Generation โข 754B โข Updated 8 days ago โข 177k โข โข 1.39k Nanbeige/Nanbeige4.1-3B Text Generation โข 4B โข Updated 2 days ago โข 130k โข โข 636 FireRedTeam/FireRed-Image-Edit-1.0 Image-to-Image โข Updated 7 days ago โข 2.15k โข โข 228 Qwen/Qwen3-TTS-12Hz-1.7B-CustomVoice Text-to-Speech โข Updated 23 days ago โข 933k โข 1.12k nineninesix/kani-tts-2-en Text-to-Speech โข 0.4B โข Updated 2 days ago โข 2.59k โข 163 xgen-universe/Capybara Any-to-Any โข Updated 1 day ago โข 141 OpenMOSS-Team/MOSS-TTS Text-to-Speech โข 8B โข Updated 8 days ago โข 41.2k โข 289 moonshotai/Kimi-K2.5 Image-Text-to-Text โข Updated 16 days ago โข 1.07M โข โข 2.06k jdopensource/JoyAI-LLM-Flash Text Generation โข 49B โข Updated 3 days ago โข 807 โข 128 Qwen/Qwen3-Coder-Next Text Generation โข Updated 18 days ago โข 415k โข โข 933 nvidia/NVIDIA-Nemotron-Nano-9B-v2-Japanese Text Generation โข 9B โข Updated 1 day ago โข 5.14k โข 92 Fortytwo-Network/Strand-Rust-Coder-14B-v1 Text Generation โข 15B โข Updated Jan 5 โข 627 โข 103 mistralai/Voxtral-Mini-4B-Realtime-2602 Automatic Speech Recognition โข Updated 3 days ago โข 101k โข 596 Zyphra/ZUNA 0.4B โข Updated 3 days ago โข 747 โข 84 inclusionAI/Ling-2.5-1T Text Generation โข Updated 5 days ago โข 1.64k โข 80 zai-org/GLM-OCR Image-to-Text โข Updated 12 days ago โข 1.32M โข 1.1k inclusionAI/Ring-2.5-1T Text Generation โข Updated 6 days ago โข 5.35k โข 215 shallowdream204/BitDance-14B-16x Text-to-Image โข 15B โข Updated 3 days ago โข 117 โข 59 AIDC-AI/Ovis2.6-30B-A3B Image-Text-to-Text โข 31B โข Updated 9 days ago โข 11.1k โข 132 inclusionAI/Ming-flash-omni-2.0 Any-to-Any โข Updated 9 days ago โข 7.86k โข 241 CohereLabs/tiny-aya-global Text Generation โข 3B โข Updated 2 days ago โข 988 โข 47 openbmb/MiniCPM-SALA Text Generation โข Updated 10 days ago โข 4.66k โข 470 Qwen/Qwen3.5-397B-A17B-FP8 Image-Text-to-Text โข 403B โข Updated 3 days ago โข 34.8k โข 46 OpenMOSS-Team/MOVA-360p Image-to-Video โข Updated 6 days ago โข 22.7k โข 200 lm-provers/QED-Nano Text Generation โข 4B โข Updated 5 days ago โข 450 โข 74 Qwen/Qwen3-ASR-1.7B Automatic Speech Recognition โข Updated 22 days ago โข 423k โข 514 DMindAI/DMind-3 Text Generation โข Updated 25 days ago โข 322 โข 85 |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/datasets?modality=modality%3Ageospatial] | [TOKENS: 781] |
Datasets blanchon/AID Preview โข Updated Dec 4, 2023 โข 719 โข 8 blanchon/ETCI-2021-Flood-Detection Preview โข Updated Dec 4, 2023 โข 902 โข 12 RichardErkhov/DASP Updated Mar 9, 2025 โข 40.6k โข 4 AdaptLLM/remote-sensing-VQA-benchmark Viewer โข Updated Aug 21, 2025 โข 24.8k โข 83 โข 4 nyuuzyou/streetview Preview โข Updated 18 days ago โข 33 โข 1 hjvsl/GeoZero_Train_Datasets Viewer โข Updated 9 days ago โข 291k โข 68 โข 2 cimadure/snow_removal_transactions_in_montreal Preview โข Updated May 16, 2023 โข 34 โข 3 kraina/airbnb Viewer โข Updated Jun 3, 2023 โข 103k โข 62 โข 11 unisaacarroyov/focus_investigaciones Preview โข Updated Jun 23, 2023 โข 14 psalama/NYC_sensitive_sites Viewer โข Updated Jun 24, 2023 โข 2.04k โข 34 yachay/text_coordinates_seasons Viewer โข Updated Sep 22, 2023 โข 624k โข 54 โข 2 yachay/text_coordinates_regions Viewer โข Updated Sep 21, 2023 โข 615k โข 46 โข 8 Jerry-Master/lung-tumour-study Preview โข Updated Mar 28, 2024 โข 367 โข 1 nasa-cisto-data-science-group/tutorial-senegal-lcluc Viewer โข Updated Oct 9, 2023 โข 2 โข 30 satellite-image-deep-learning/SODA-A Preview โข Updated Oct 22, 2023 โข 36 โข 17 satellite-image-deep-learning/DOTAv2 Viewer โข Updated Oct 28, 2023 โข 2.81k โข 159 โข 16 jfloresf/demo Viewer โข Updated Nov 12, 2023 โข 45 โข 360 danaroth/cuprite Viewer โข Updated Nov 10, 2023 โข 1 โข 143 โข 1 danaroth/chikusei Viewer โข Updated Nov 9, 2023 โข 29 โข 189 โข 1 danaroth/jasper_ridge Viewer โข Updated Nov 10, 2023 โข 1 โข 194 danaroth/urban Viewer โข Updated Nov 10, 2023 โข 1 โข 421 โข 3 danaroth/samson Viewer โข Updated Nov 10, 2023 โข 1 โข 250 jfloresf/mlstac-demo Viewer โข Updated Nov 13, 2023 โข 17 โข 200 joshuasundance/govgis_nov2023 Viewer โข Updated Nov 17, 2023 โข 510k โข 40 โข 4 fadingNA/CovidCases.csv Preview โข Updated Nov 16, 2023 โข 5 danaroth/moffett_field Viewer โข Updated Nov 17, 2023 โข 4 โข 268 IGNF/TreeSatAI-Time-Series Preview โข Updated Aug 19, 2025 โข 338 โข 8 joshuasundance/govgis_nov2023-slim-spatial Preview โข Updated Nov 23, 2023 โข 29 โข 1 lauransotomayor/eco_composition Viewer โข Updated Jul 4, 2024 โข 10 โข 97 blanchon/INRIA-Aerial-Image-Labeling Preview โข Updated Dec 4, 2023 โข 1.46k โข 17 |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg] | [TOKENS: 128] |
File:P countries-vector.svg Summary Licensing File history Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. File usage More than 100 pages use this file. The following list shows the first 100 pages that use this file only. A full list is available. View more links to this file. Global file usage The following other wikis use this file: View more global usage of this file. Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details may not fully reflect the modified file. |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/spaces-gpus] | [TOKENS: 937] |
Hub documentation Using GPU Spaces Hub and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started Using GPU Spaces You can upgrade your Space to use a GPU accelerator using the Settings button in the top navigation bar of the Space. You can even request a free upgrade if you are building a cool demo for a side project! Longer-term, we would also like to expose non-GPU hardware, like HPU, IPU or TPU. If you have a specific AI hardware youโd like to run on, please let us know (website at huggingface.co). As soon as your Space is running on GPU you can see which hardware itโs running on directly from this badge: Hardware Specs In the following tables, you can see the Specs for the different upgrade options. Configure hardware programmatically You can programmatically configure your Space hardware using huggingface_hub. This allows for a wide range of use cases where you need to dynamically assign GPUs. Check out this guide for more details. Framework specific requirements Most Spaces should run out of the box after a GPU upgrade, but sometimes youโll need to install CUDA versions of the machine learning frameworks you use. Please, follow this guide to ensure your Space takes advantage of the improved hardware. Youโll need to install a version of PyTorch compatible with the built-in CUDA drivers. Adding the following two lines to your requirements.txt file should work: You can verify whether the installation was successful by running the following code in your app.py and checking the output in your Space logs: Many frameworks automatically use the GPU if one is available. This is the case for the Pipelines in ๐ค transformers, fastai and many others. In other cases, or if you use PyTorch directly, you may need to move your models and data to the GPU to ensure computation is done on the accelerator and not on the CPU. You can use PyTorchโs .to() syntax, for example: If you use JAX, you need to specify the URL that contains CUDA compatible packages. Please, add the following lines to your requirements.txt file: After that, you can verify the installation by printing the output from the following code and checking it in your Space logs. The default tensorflow installation should recognize the CUDA device. Just add tensorflow to your requirements.txt file and use the following code in your app.py to verify in your Space logs. Billing Billing on Spaces is based on hardware usage and is computed by the minute: you get charged for every minute the Space runs on the requested hardware, regardless of whether the Space is used. During a Spaceโs lifecycle, it is only billed when the Space is Starting or Running. This means that there is no cost during build. If a running Space starts to fail, it will be automatically suspended and the billing will stop. Spaces running on free hardware are suspended automatically if they are not used for an extended period of time (e.g. two days). Upgraded Spaces run indefinitely by default, even if there is no usage. You can change this behavior by setting a custom โsleep timeโ in the Spaceโs settings. To interrupt the billing on your Space, you can change the Hardware to CPU basic, or pause it. Additional information about billing can be found in the dedicated Hub-wide section. Do you have an awesome Space but need help covering the GPU hardware upgrade costs? We love helping out those with an innovative Space so please feel free to apply for a community GPU grant and see if yours makes the cut! This application can be found in your Space hardware repo settings in the lower left corner under โsleep time settingsโ: Set a custom sleep time If your Space runs on the default cpu-basic hardware, it will go to sleep if inactive for more than a set time (currently, 48 hours). Anyone visiting your Space will restart it automatically. If you want your Space never to deactivate or if you want to set a custom sleep time, you need to upgrade to paid hardware. By default, an upgraded Space will never go to sleep. However, you can use this setting for your upgraded Space to become idle (stopped stage) when itโs unused ๐ด. You are not going to be charged for the upgraded hardware while it is asleep. The Space will โwake upโ or get restarted once it receives a new visitor. The following interface will then be available in your Spaces hardware settings: The following options are available: Pausing a Space You can pause a Space from the repo settings. A โpausedโ Space means that the Space is on hold and will not use resources until manually restarted, and only the owner of a paused Space can restart it. Paused time is not billed. |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/datasets?modality=modality%3Aimage] | [TOKENS: 849] |
Datasets ma-xu/fine-t2i Viewer โข Updated 1 day ago โข 727k โข 28.2k โข 85 commoncrawl/CommonLID Viewer โข Updated 12 days ago โข 373k โข 207 โข 31 deepgenteam/DeepGen-1.0 Viewer โข Updated 8 days ago โข 1 โข 1.29k โข 26 markov-ai/computer-use Viewer โข Updated 8 days ago โข 313 โข 130 โข 19 nyuuzyou/suno Viewer โข Updated 18 days ago โข 660k โข 374 โข 132 cais/hle Benchmark โข Updated Jan 20 โข 2.5k โข 32.7k โข 709 kensho/PubTables-v2 Viewer โข Updated 9 days ago โข 3M โข 156 โข 12 nvidia/PhysicalAI-Robotics-NuRec Preview โข Updated 2 days ago โข 847 โข 47 VLR-CVC/DocVQA-2026 Viewer โข Updated 1 day ago โข 25 โข 234 โข 7 ILSVRC/imagenet-1k Viewer โข Updated Sep 17, 2025 โข 1.43M โข 95.7k โข 736 none-yet/anime-captions Viewer โข Updated Nov 18, 2025 โข 337k โข 1.05k โข 28 MMMU/MMMU Viewer โข Updated 9 days ago โข 11.6k โข 74.5k โข 319 OmniAICreator/ASMR-Archive-Processed Viewer โข Updated 6 days ago โข 18.6M โข 44k โข 77 mercor/apex-agents Viewer โข Updated about 12 hours ago โข 480 โข 16.1k โข 92 microsoft/WebSTAR Preview โข Updated 12 days ago โข 150 โข 9 moonworks/lunara-aesthetic-image-variations Viewer โข Updated 12 days ago โข 2.85k โข 6.94k โข 62 jtatman/stable-diffusion-prompts-stats-full-uncensored Viewer โข Updated Nov 8, 2024 โข 897k โข 359 โข 120 ARTPARK-IISc/Vaani Viewer โข Updated Dec 22, 2025 โข 22.8M โข 5.77k โข 102 bitmind/Nano-banana-150k Preview โข Updated Oct 13, 2025 โข 76 โข 6 moonshotai/WorldVQA Viewer โข Updated 17 days ago โข 3k โข 6.46k โข 63 huggingface/documentation-images Viewer โข Updated 2 days ago โข 59 โข 1.9M โข 109 gaia-benchmark/GAIA Viewer โข Updated Oct 28, 2025 โข 932 โข 14.2k โข 614 Hothan/OlympiadBench Viewer โข Updated Jun 8, 2025 โข 8.48k โข 2.6k โข 41 histai/SPIDER-breast Viewer โข Updated Apr 7, 2025 โข 985k โข 70 โข 8 UCSC-VLAA/GPT-Image-Edit-1.5M Viewer โข Updated Aug 21, 2025 โข 2.78M โข 3.49k โข 72 janok24/NSFWinspo Viewer โข Updated Oct 24, 2025 โข 16 โข 30 โข 4 kaupane/nano-banana-pro-gen Viewer โข Updated 5 days ago โข 1k โข 95 โข 6 X779/ChenkinNoobXL-Style-test Viewer โข Updated 8 days ago โข 1 โข 306 โข 5 davanstrien/enc-brit-glm-ocr-v2-full Viewer โข Updated 3 days ago โข 2.72k โข 185 โข 3 zalando-datasets/fashion_mnist Viewer โข Updated Aug 8, 2024 โข 70k โข 19.6k โข 66 |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/models?pipeline_tag=text-to-image] | [TOKENS: 971] |
Models deepgenteam/DeepGen-1.0 Text-to-Image โข Updated about 8 hours ago โข 24 โข 127 shallowdream204/BitDance-14B-16x Text-to-Image โข 15B โข Updated 3 days ago โข 117 โข 59 shallowdream204/BitDance-14B-64x Text-to-Image โข 15B โข Updated 3 days ago โข 226 โข 35 Tongyi-MAI/Z-Image-Turbo Text-to-Image โข Updated 22 days ago โข 990k โข โข 4.14k Phr00t/Qwen-Image-Edit-Rapid-AIO Text-to-Image โข Updated 18 days ago โข 1.65k stabilityai/stable-diffusion-xl-base-1.0 Text-to-Image โข Updated Oct 30, 2023 โข 2.09M โข โข 7.46k Tongyi-MAI/Z-Image Text-to-Image โข Updated 24 days ago โข 31.9k โข โข 930 black-forest-labs/FLUX.1-dev Text-to-Image โข Updated Jun 27, 2025 โข 687k โข โข 12.3k kpsss34/FHDR_Uncensored Text-to-Image โข 12B โข Updated Nov 19, 2025 โข 11.8k โข 135 black-forest-labs/FLUX.1-schnell Text-to-Image โข Updated Aug 16, 2024 โข 676k โข โข 4.62k Qwen/Qwen-Image-2512 Text-to-Image โข Updated Dec 31, 2025 โข 83.4k โข โข 677 lodestones/Chroma2-Kaleidoscope Text-to-Image โข Updated 8 days ago โข 99 alibaba-pai/Z-Image-Fun-Lora-Distill Text-to-Image โข Updated 9 days ago โข 9.22k โข 75 Qwen/Qwen-Image Text-to-Image โข Updated Aug 18, 2025 โข 148k โข โข 2.4k MaxedOut/ComfyUI-Starter-Packs Text-to-Image โข 5B โข Updated 2 days ago โข 3.17k โข 143 Nurburgring/BEYOND_REALITY_Z_IMAGE Text-to-Image โข Updated 11 days ago โข 18.6k โข 117 RomixERR/Pornmaster_v1-Z-Images-Turbo Text-to-Image โข Updated Dec 25, 2025 โข 5.93k โข โข 39 stepfun-ai/NextStep-1.1-Pretrain-256px Text-to-Image โข 15B โข Updated 5 days ago โข 18 โข 10 wikeeyang/Flux2-Klein-9B-True-V1 Text-to-Image โข 9B โข Updated 24 days ago โข 8.36k โข 71 unsloth/Z-Image-GGUF Text-to-Image โข 6B โข Updated 24 days ago โข 30.3k โข 112 GuangyuanSD/Z-Image-Distilled Text-to-Image โข Updated 2 days ago โข 6.79k โข 101 ReCodePlus/Smnth_v1_NSFW1 Text-to-Image โข Updated 20 days ago โข 726 โข โข 8 CodeGoat24/FLUX.2-klein-base-9B-UnifiedReward-Flex-lora Text-to-Image โข Updated 13 days ago โข 377 โข 17 GuangyuanSD/FLUX.2-klein-9B-Blitz-ComfyUI Text-to-Image โข Updated 5 days ago โข 948 โข 8 xinsir/controlnet-union-sdxl-1.0 Text-to-Image โข Updated Jul 30, 2024 โข 179k โข 1.68k stabilityai/stable-diffusion-3.5-medium Text-to-Image โข Updated Oct 31, 2024 โข 117k โข โข 905 Heartsync/Flux-NSFW-uncensored Text-to-Image โข Updated May 5, 2025 โข 291 nphSi/Z-Image-Lora Text-to-Image โข Updated about 11 hours ago โข 62.3k โข 31 lodestones/Zeta-Chroma Text-to-Image โข Updated 5 minutes ago โข 122 BiliSakura/BitDance-14B-64x-diffusers Text-to-Image โข Updated 3 days ago โข 233 โข 5 |
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[SOURCE: https://www.lomdimbareshet.net/%d7%9e%d7%aa%d7%9e%d7%98%d7%99%d7%a7%d7%94-%d7%9b%d7%99%d7%aa%d7%94-%d7%98/] | [TOKENS: 1110] |
ืืชืืืืงื ืืืืชื ื' ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืชืืืืงื ืืืืชื ื' ืืืจืืืช ืืฉืืืฉื ืชืืืืื: ืืืืืจื , ืืืืืืจื ืืืกืคืจื ( ืืืฉืืื ).ืืคื ืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืชืืกืคืช ืกืจืืื ื ืืกืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื. ืืชืืชืืช ืืืฃ ืชืืฆืื ืืืื ื ืืคื"ืจ ืืฉื ืื ืงืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืื ื. ื ืืกืืืืช ืืืคื ืืืงืืฆืจ ืืคืืจืืง ืืืืจืืื ืคืชืจืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืจืืืืขืืืช ืคืชืจืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืจืืืืขืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืฉืืื ืืจืืืืข ืคืืจืืง ืืจืื ืื ืืืฆืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืคืื ืงืฆืื ืืจืืืืขืืช ืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช โ ืืขืื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืช ืจืืืืขืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืขื ืฉื ื ื ืขืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืฉืืืืืช ืขื ืฉื ื ื ืขืืืื โ ืืขืื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช โ ืฉื ื ื ืขืืืื โ ืืขืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืขื ืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืืืงื ืืืงืืช ืฉืืจืฉืื ืจืืืืขืืื ืืกืชืืจืืช ืืืชื ืืช ืืกืชืืจืืช ืฉื ืฉื ื ืืืืจืขืืช ืืจืืืขืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืื ืืืช ืืืืืืจืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืจืื ืขืืืจ ืืืชืืื ื ืื ืืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื / ืืคื"ืจ , ืืฆืืจืคืื ืืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช .ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืงืื ืืคื ืจืืืช ืงืืฉื. ืืืื ื ืืกืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืชืื ืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืฅ ืืืฆืขื ืืกืืฃ ืืืชื ื' . ืื ืืืืืชืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืคืชืจืื ืืืื ืืคื"ืจ ืืฉื ืช 2019 . ืชืจืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืชื ื' ืืกืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืื , ืืฆืืจืคืื ืืคื ืชืจืืื ืืืืืงืื ืืคื ืจืืืช ืืืืื.ืืคื ืืชืจืืื ืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืืืฆืื ืืชืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืคื ื ืฉื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืชืืืื. ืฆืจื ืงืฉืจ - ื ืฉืื ืืขืืืจ. ยฉ 2024 ืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืืช. ืืืืืื ืืจืฉืช - ืืืื ืืืืืฉืืืื ืขืจืืฅ "ืืืืืื ืืจืฉืช" ืืืืื ืขืฆืื |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/models?language=en] | [TOKENS: 906] |
Models nvidia/personaplex-7b-v1 Audio-to-Audio โข Updated 6 days ago โข 539k โข 2.1k zai-org/GLM-5 Text Generation โข 754B โข Updated 8 days ago โข 177k โข โข 1.39k Nanbeige/Nanbeige4.1-3B Text Generation โข 4B โข Updated 2 days ago โข 130k โข โข 636 FireRedTeam/FireRed-Image-Edit-1.0 Image-to-Image โข Updated 7 days ago โข 2.15k โข โข 228 nineninesix/kani-tts-2-en Text-to-Speech โข 0.4B โข Updated 2 days ago โข 2.59k โข 163 OpenMOSS-Team/MOSS-TTS Text-to-Speech โข 8B โข Updated 8 days ago โข 41.2k โข 289 jdopensource/JoyAI-LLM-Flash Text Generation โข 49B โข Updated 3 days ago โข 807 โข 128 nvidia/NVIDIA-Nemotron-Nano-9B-v2-Japanese Text Generation โข 9B โข Updated 1 day ago โข 5.14k โข 92 mistralai/Voxtral-Mini-4B-Realtime-2602 Automatic Speech Recognition โข Updated 3 days ago โข 101k โข 596 Zyphra/ZUNA 0.4B โข Updated 3 days ago โข 747 โข 84 Soul-AILab/SoulX-Singer Text-to-Speech โข Updated 10 days ago โข 1.08k โข 125 zai-org/GLM-OCR Image-to-Text โข Updated 12 days ago โข 1.32M โข 1.1k shallowdream204/BitDance-14B-16x Text-to-Image โข 15B โข Updated 3 days ago โข 117 โข 59 unsloth/GLM-5-GGUF Text Generation โข 754B โข Updated 6 days ago โข 48.1k โข 182 salakash/Minimalism Text Generation โข Updated about 20 hours ago โข 1.19k โข 76 inclusionAI/Ming-flash-omni-2.0 Any-to-Any โข Updated 9 days ago โข 7.86k โข 241 CohereLabs/tiny-aya-global Text Generation โข 3B โข Updated 2 days ago โข 988 โข 47 openbmb/MiniCPM-SALA Text Generation โข Updated 10 days ago โข 4.66k โข 470 lm-provers/QED-Nano Text Generation โข 4B โข Updated 5 days ago โข 450 โข 74 unsloth/GLM-4.7-Flash-GGUF Text Generation โข 30B โข Updated 9 days ago โข 360k โข 502 DMindAI/DMind-3 Text Generation โข Updated 25 days ago โข 322 โข 85 zai-org/GLM-4.7-Flash Text Generation โข Updated 23 days ago โข 1.75M โข โข 1.55k hexgrad/Kokoro-82M Text-to-Speech โข Updated Apr 10, 2025 โข 8.66M โข โข 5.73k zai-org/GLM-5-FP8 Text Generation โข Updated 8 days ago โข 421k โข 113 Lightricks/LTX-2 Image-to-Video โข Updated 18 days ago โข 1.97M โข โข 1.56k mmnga-o/NVIDIA-Nemotron-Nano-9B-v2-Japanese-gguf Text Generation โข 9B โข Updated 3 days ago โข 6.16k โข 36 Aratako/MioTTS-2.6B Text-to-Speech โข Updated 11 days ago โข 924 โข 63 shallowdream204/BitDance-14B-64x Text-to-Image โข 15B โข Updated 3 days ago โข 226 โข 35 Tongyi-MAI/Z-Image-Turbo Text-to-Image โข Updated 22 days ago โข 990k โข โข 4.14k CohereLabs/tiny-aya-base Text Generation โข 3B โข Updated 2 days ago โข 467 โข 34 |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืจืืืคื] | [TOKENS: 16680] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืจืืืคื ืจืืืคื ืืื ืืชืืืืกืืช ืืคืื ืืืืคื ืฉืืืชื ืืืคื ืืื ืื ืงืืืฆื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืื ืงืืืฆื ืืืจืช. ืืฆืืจืืช ืื ืคืืฆืืช ืืืืชืจ ืื ืจืืืคืืช ืืชืืืช, ืืืขื ืืช (ืจืืืคื ืืชื ืืช), ืจืืืคืืช ืคืืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืืคื ืืืขื ืืฉ ืืคืืคื ืืกืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื. ืืื ืื ืงืืืืช ืจืืืคื ืขื ืืกืืก ื ืืืื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืจืืช โ ืืืืืคืืืื ืืืจื ืกืคืืืื ืืื ืจืืืคื ืืฉื ืฉืื ื ืืืจืื ืื ืืขืืืช ืืจืืืืช ืืื ืจืืืคื ืืืงื ืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืขืื ืืืืืช ื ืคืฉ. ืืืืจืช ืจืืืคื ืืืืืช ืืืืช ืกืื, ืืืจืื, ืืืกืจ, ืคืื ืื ืืื ืืืคืขืืื ืืจืืืคื ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืขืฉื ืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืชื ื, ืื ืจืฆื ืขื. ืขื ืืืช ืื ืื ืืจืืืช ืกืื ืืืืืจืช ืืืืจื ืืจืืืคื. ืืกืื ืฉืืืื ืืงืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืกืืืืช. ืงืืืืช ืืืืืงืช ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืกืื, ืืืืจื ืฉืืืืืจื ืจืืืคื. ืืืง ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืง ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ื ืืจื ืืจื, ืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืื ืืืง ืืืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืืืื. ืขืงืจืื VI ืฉื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ื ืืจื ืืจื ืงืืืข ืื ืืคืฉืขืื ืืืคืืจืืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืขืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืง ืืืื ืืืืื: ... (ื) ืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช: ืืืคืืจื ืืืืืืจ, ืฉืืื ืืืขืฅ ืืชืืืขื ืืืฉืคืื ื ืืจื ืืจื ืืชื "ืืืฉืคื ืคืฉืขื ืืืืืื ื ืืจื ืืจื, ืฉืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืคื ืืช ืืืืืจื ืฉืืืงืฉื ืืชืืืขื ืืืืฅ ืขืืืจ ืืขืฉื ืืืืขื "ืคื ืื-ืืืื ืชืืื" ื"ืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช" ืืืกืืจืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืชืจ ืืฉืืื ืขืืงืจืื ืื, ืื ืืืืงื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืจื "ืืงืฉืจ ืืคืฉืข ืืืฉืื ื ืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืคืฉืข ืืืืื ืืืฉืื", ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืฆืืช ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ื ืืจื ืืจื. ืืื ืช ืจืืื ืฉื ืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืืืืช 111 ืืืื ืืช, ืืืืืจื ืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืกืขืืฃ 7.1. ืืกืขืืฃ ืืืืืจ ืืืขืฉื ืคืฉืข ืืขืฉืื ืืกืืืืื "ืฉื ืขืฉื ืืืกืืจืช ืืชืงืคื ืจืืื ืื ืฉืืืชืืช ืืืืคื ืืช ื ืื ืื ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช, ืืชืื ืืืืขืืช ืืคืืืขื". ืืื ืืืืืื: (ื) ืจืืืคื ืื ืื ืื ืงืืืฆื ืื ืงืืืงืืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืืืืชื ืขื ืจืงืข ืคืืืืื, ืืืขื, ืืืืื, ืืชื ื, ืชืจืืืชื, ืืชื, ืืืืจื. ืื ืืืขืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืืคื ืืื ืืืจืกืื ืืืืชื ืืืชืจืื ืขื ืคื ืืืืง ืืืื ืืืืื, ืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืืืืจ ืืคืกืงื ืื (ืืืฉื ืจืฆื, ืืฉืืื, ืฉืขืืื, ืืืจืืฉ, ืืืกืจ, ืขืื ืืืื, ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืช, ืืคืจืืืืื ืืืขืฉืื ืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื) ืื ืื ืคืฉืข ืืกืืืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื. ืจืืืคื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืชื ืจืืืคื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืชืืืืกืืช ืฉืืืืืช ืฉืืืชืืช ืืืื ืื ืงืืืฆื ืขืงื ืืฉืชืืืืืชื ืืืชืืช. ืชืืืจืืืงื ื ืืืืืื (ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืชืืืช ืืืืคื ืืืื) ืกืืจื ืืชืงืืคืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืฉืจืืฉืืชื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืจืืช, ืฉืืจืืืคื ืืืชืืช ืืื ื ืืืช ืืขืืจ.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืขื ืืืช, ืขื ืขืืืืช ืืคืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืืจ ืืงืฉืืจ ืืืืืงืืช ืืืชืืช, ืื ืื ืื ืืคืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืงืช[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืื ืืช ืจืืืช ืืขืืื ืืืื ืจืืืคื ืืชืืช ืืื ืืขืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืื. ืืชืืืกืืื ืืื ืจืืืคืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืกืืืจืื: ืืขืฆืจ, ืืืืื, ืืืื, ืขืื ืืืื ืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืจืืช ืจืืืฉ ืื ืืฉืืืชื. ืจืืืคืช ืืืืืื ืืชืืืืกืช ืืจืืืคื ืืชืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืกืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืื. ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืขืื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืื ื ืื ืืื ืืืื. ืจืืืคืช ืื ืืฆืจืื ืืื ืจืืืคื ืืชืืช ืฉื ืืฆืจืื ืขืฉืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืืชืืฆืื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืืืืื ื ืืืกืืืจืืช ืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืื. ื ืืฆืจืื ืืืงืืืื ื ืจืืคื ืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืื ืืืืืื-ื ืืฆืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืคืจืื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืฉืืื ืืืืง ื ืืืจ ืืืืืจื ืชืคืืฆืชื ืฉื ืื ืฆืจืืช ืืงืืืื. ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืืช ืงืืืื ืฉื ืื ืฆืจืืช ืืืืืคืจืื ืืจืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืฆื ืืืืื ื, ืืืื ืืคืื ืืืช ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืืืคืจืื ืืจืืืืช. ืืืกืืื ืจืื ื ืืฆืจืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืฉืืืืกืืื ืจืื ืืืืจื ืืช ืืชื ืื ืฆืจืืช, ืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืืคื, ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช ืขื ืืื ืขืื ืื ืืจืฆื ืขื ืืืื ืืืื ืชื. ืืื ืขืืืช ื ืืฆืจืืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉืกืืื ืืจืืืคื ืืืื ื ืืฆืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืืคืงืืื ืขื ืืืคืื ืืืืคืจืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืจืคืืจืืฆืื ืืคืจืืืกืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ื-16 ืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืงืืืฆืืช ื ืืฆืจืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืฉื ืืฉืื ืืืคืจืืช ื ืจืืคื ืขื ืืื ืืืคืืคืืืจ. ืืืื ื-20 ื ืจืืคื ื ืืฆืจืื ืขื ืืื ืงืืืฆืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืชืืืกืืืืช ืืืืืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืขืฆืืช ืืฆืคืื ืงืืจืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื ื ืจืืคื ืืืจื ืื ืกืืืช ื ืืฆืจืืืช ืจืืืช ืืืจืื ืื ืขืงื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืื ืืฆืืช, ืืื ืงืชืืืื ืืจืื ืื. ืืกืืฃ ืืืื ื-20 ืืืขืจืืช ืืจืืื ืืืืกืืื ืจืื ืื ืืฆืจื ืืืจืืื "ืืืชืืช ืคืชืืืืช" (Oped Doors), ืืชืืืืื 100 ืืืืืื ื ืืฆืจืื ืขื ืจืืืคืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืฉืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืื ืคืงืืกืื ืืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช. ืขื ืคื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืื, ืขื 80% ืืืื ืคืขืืืืช ืืจืืืคื ืืืชืืช ืืืคื ืืช ืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืืช ืื ืืฆืจืืช. ืขื ืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืจื (ืื ') ื-1838 ืืคืื ืืืืจืืื ืื ืืงืืืฆื ืืืชืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืช ืืฉืืืช ืืชื. ืื ืืื ืืืืจ ื ืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืกืืื ื ืจืืืืื ื-4 ืืืืื (ืืื ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช), ืฉืื ืงืืข ืื ืืืืจืืื ืื ืืื ื ืขื ืืืืื ืืจืืืฉื. ื ืืื ืื ื ืืฉื ืืืชืกืืก ืืืืจืื. ืืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืืืืจืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืจื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืขืื ืืืื ืขืงื ืืฉืืคื, ืจืขื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืฆืื ืืื. ืืืืจืืื ืื ืกืืื ืืืืคืืช ืื ืืฆืืช, ืืืืืชืืื ืืจืืืฉื ื ืืงืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืื, ืืชืงืคืืช ืืกืคืกืืฃ, ืืืกืจื ืฉืืื, ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืฆืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืคื ื"ืืขืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืื " ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืงืืืฆื ืฉื ืืืจืืื ืื ืืื ืืืช ื'ืื ื 'ืื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืื. ืืืืืฆืื ืืืฉืืชืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืจืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืช ืืืื. ืืืืกื ืืื ืกืืื, ื'ืืืฃ ืกืืืช', ื ืืจื ืืงืจืชืื, ืืืืื ืื ืขื ืืื ืืกืคืกืืฃ ืฉื ืึพ200 ืืืฉ, ืฉืืืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืืฆืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืขืืื. ืขืื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืชืืื, ืชืืจืชื ืืืคืจืงืืืงืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืงืช ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืฆื ืืืฉืืืช ืืงืืืืืช, ืงืืืืืช ืืงืืืฆืืช ื ืืฆืจืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืืจืืืืื. ืขืื ืืืื ื ืจืืคื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืช. ืคืืืื ืืื ื ืืืฆื ืืคืืืื ืื ืืื ืื'ื ืืฆ'ืื ืืฆ'ืื, ืกืื, ืืฉื ืช 1992. ืืฉื ืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืคืืืื ืืื ื ืืชืจืืื ืืฆืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืฆ'ื ืงืื ื" ืืืืกืืืจืื ืืกืื ืืช, ืืืฉื ืช 1999 ืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืชืจืืืื ืืฉืืื ืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืฉื ืืช ืืคืืคืืืจืืืช ืื ืจืืืช, ื-20 ืืืืื 1999, ืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืกืื ืืืกืข ืจืืืคื ืืจืฆื ื ืื ืืชืจืืื ืคืืืื ืืื ื, ืืืขื ืืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืงืื. ืืกืืฃ 1999 ื ืืงืงื ืืงืืงื ืฉื ืืขืื ืืืืฆืื ืื ืืืืฅ ืืืืง "ืืชืืช ืืืจืืืืงืกืืืช" ืืืงืืงื ืื ืืืืื ืจืืจืืืงืืืืืช ืขื ืืคืืืื ืืื ื. ืืจืืื ืืื ืกืื ืืื ืืจื ืฉืืื ื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืจืืืคื "ืืื ืขืช ืืื ืืขืื ืคืืืืืืื" ืืืืฆืขืืช "ืืงืืงื ืฉืืฉืืฉืช ืจืืจืืืงืืืืืช ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืฉืืืช ืืืื ืขืืช ืืื ืืขืื ืคืืืืืืื, ืืืืืฆืขืืช ืชืงื ืืช ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืืชืงื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืืืช ืืืกืืกืืืช". ืจืืืคืช ืืื ืืื ืืชืืืืกืช ืืจืืืคื ืืืชืืช ืฉืขืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืจ ืขืงื ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืืืืื ื ืืืกืืืจืืช ืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืื ืืื ื ืจืืคื ืืืืืจืืืช ืืชืงืืคืช ืืฉืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืฉื ืชืช ืืืืฉืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืจืืืืื ืืืืื. ืื ืืืืื ื, ืืื ืืื ืืคืงืืกืื ืืืื ืืืืฉ ืกืืืืื ืืจืืืคืืช. ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืกืื ื ืืคืงืืกืื ื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืขื ืืฉืฉ ืืฉืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืงืช ืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1947, ืืื ืืคืงืืกืื 8.8 ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื (ืืืขื ืื ืืืืฉ) ืืฉื ืช 1951 โ 22% ืืืืืืืกืืืช ืคืงืืกืื (ืืืื ืื ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืืืื ื ืฉืืืืชื ืืืง ืืคืงืืกืื). ืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืื ืื ืืกืชืื ืื-1.7% ืืืืืืืกืืืช ืคืงืืกืื. ืืืืืช ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืื ืืืืฉ (1971) ืืืืื ืืืื ืืจืฆืืืืช ืืขื ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ื-20. ืืกืคืจ ืื ืคืืขืื ื ืืื ื-3,000,000, ืื ืกืืืจ ืืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ื ืคืืขื ืืืืคื ืืืชื ืคืจืืคืืจืฆืืื ืื ืืืชืงืคื ืฉื ืฆืื ืคืงืืกืื ื ืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืฉื ืืืจื ืคืงืืกืื. ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื "ืืืื" ืืืื 2 ืืืืืืกื 1971 ื ืืืจ "ืืืื ืืื, ืืืืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืจืืขืื ืืืคืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืจืืืื, ืืื ืขืืงืจ ืื ืคืืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืกืืืืช." ืืกื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจื ืงื ืื ืืชื ืืื"ื ื-1 ืื ืืืืืจ 1971, ืืืขื ืืขืืช ืืกื ืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืกื ืืืฅ, "ืืช ืืืืืช ืืงืฉืืช ืืืืชืจ ืกืคืื ืืืจื ืืงืืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืชืืื, ื ืฉืืื ืืืืคื ืฉืืืชื, ืขืืจื ืืื ืก ืืืื ื ืืืงืืืืช ืืกืืืืื, ืืกืืื ื ืืืืืื ืฆืืืืื ืืืกืืื ืื ืืืืช 'H'. ืื ืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืคื ืจืฉืื, ืืืืื ื ืืืกืืืืืืื ืืืืคืขืื ืขื ืคื ืืืง ืฆืืื". ืงื ืื ืืืืื ืื 80% ืืืคืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืคื ืกืืื ืืืืช ืกืืืข ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืกืง"ื ืืืจืืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืื ืืืืจื ืคืงืืกืื ืืฉืื ืืกืคืจื ืืืืื ืืื ืงืจืื ื-10 ืืืืืื. ืืืืจ "ืืฉืืืื ืืคืงืืกืื ืืช ืฉื ืืงืกืื ืืชืขืื ืืื ื", ืืชื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืคืจืก ืคืืืืฆืจ, ืกืืื ื ืฉื ืืจื, ืขื ืืืจืชื ืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืฉืืืจืจืช ืืฉื ืช 1972. "ืชืืืืจืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืืชืืืช 'H' ืืฆืืืืืช ืฉืฆืืืจื ืืคืงืืกืื ืื ืขื ืืชืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืื, ืืขืืื ืืกืืืืื ืฉื ืืฆืื ืืืืกืืื (ืืืืืจ ืฆืื ืคืงืืกืื, ืฉืคืขื ืื ื ืื ืืืกืืืื ืื ืืืืืื)." (ื ืืืืืื, 29 ืืืคืจืื 1994). ื-28 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2013 ืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืช ืกืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืกืืื ืกืขืืื ืืืืืช ืขื ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืฉืืืฆืขื ืืืืื 1971 ืืืืืืช ืืขืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืื ืืืืฉ. ืืืืจ ืืืจ ืืืื, ืคืขืืื ืชื ืืขืช ื'ืืขืช-ืื-ืืืกืืืื ืืืืฃ ืืกืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืชืงืคื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ื. ื ืืกืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืื, ืืชืื ืืื ืืื ื ืฉืจืคื ืืืคืจ ืืืงืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฆืชื. ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืช ื ืืกืื ืืขืกืงืื ืืื ืืื, ืฉืจืืคืช ืืชืื ืืื ืืื, ืืื ืก ื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืช,[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืื ืืื ื ืงืืืฉ ืืืจืก. ืืืืจื ืื ืืืื ืืงืืืื ืืืชืจ ื-50 ืืงืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ื-1,500 ืืชืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืจืกื ื-20 ืืืืืืช. ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ื ืฉืืืืจืืืช ืขื ืืชืงืคืืช ืขื ืืืืขืืืื ืืื ืฉื ื'ืืขืช-ืื-ืืืกืืืื, ืื ืื ืืืช ื'ืืขืช-ืื-ืืกืืืื ืืืืืฉื ืื ืืขืืจืืืช. ืจืืฉื ืืืืขืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืชืงืคืืช. ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืฉ ืืืจื ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืืืง ืืืชืืื ืืืงืืจืช ืืคืืืืขืื. ืฉืืจืืจ ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืข ืืืื ืืืชืงืคืช ื'ืืขืช ืขื ืืงืืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืช. ืจืืืคืช ืืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืชืืคืขื ืืืืจืช ืืืืจื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืืืืืืืช. ืืืฉื ืืื ืืืืช ืฉื ืื ืจืืืคืช ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืืงืจ ืขื ืจืงืข ืืชื, ืื ืฉืืืืืื ื ืจืืคื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืขืืช ืงืืืืืช ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืืื ืืช ืืืชืืืช ืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืฉืื ืืช ืืงืืืฆืืช ืืจืื โ ืืขืืงืจ ื ืฆืจืืช ืืืกืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืงืืื ืฉื ืขืืืืืช ืื, ืืืงืื ืืคืืื ื ืื ืืืืืื, ืืืื, ืืืกืจืื, ืขืื ืืืื, ืืขืฉื ืืจื ืื ืจืฆื ืืื ืขืื ืฉ, ืืืืคืช ืืืืื ืืืืจืช ืืชื, ืคืืืจืืืื, ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืชื ื ืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืื ืืื (ืืื ืืืจืืฉ ืื ืืืื, ืืืจืืฉ ืกืคืจื. ืขื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืืืืจื ืืช ืืชื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืงืจืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ื-19 ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืฉืชื ืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืขื ื โ ืฉืื ืืืืืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืืืฉื ืืฉื ืื, ืืคืืื ืจืืืคื ืืืฉืืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืชื ื ืืืฃ ืื ืื, ืื ืฉืื ืฆืืฆืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืืจื ืืงืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืชื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืฉืชืืืื ืืืชืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ื ืชืื ืื ืืกืื ื. (ืจืื ืคืจืืื ืืืืฉื). ืจืืืคืช ืืืืกืืืื ืืืืชื ืชืืคืขื ืืืืจืช ืืืืจื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืกืืื: ืืขืฆืจ ืื ืืืฆืืง, ืืืกืจ, ืืืืช, ืขืื ืืืื ืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืจืื, ืืฉืืืช ืจืืืฉ, ืื ืืกืชื ืืฉื ืืช ืืืกืืืื. ืืขืืชืื ืืชืจืืื ืืจืืืคื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืฉืชืคืกื ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืืกืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืฉื ืชืคืก ืืขืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืืกืืืื, ืื ืืืกืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืกืืืื ืืขืื ื ืืืืกืืืื ืืืืจืื. ืืืืืื ืื ืืืกืืืื ืืืขื ื ืขืฆืื, ืื ืืขืื ื ืืืกืืืื ืจืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืืกืืืื ืืื "ืืืคืจืื". ืืฉื ืช 1984, ืืืฉืืช ืคืงืืกืื, ืืคืืงืืื ืฉื ืืื ืจื ืืื-ืื-ืืืง, ืืขืืืจื ืืช ืคืงืืื XX, ืืฉืจ ืืกืจื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืชื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืชื-ืฉืืื ืืื ืืกืจื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืชืืืืก ืืขืฆืื ืืืืกืืืื. ืขื ืคื ืคืงืืื ืื, ืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืืืก ืืขืฆืื ืืืืกืืื ืืืชื ืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื, ืืืืฉืจืื ืื ืืขืงืืคืื, ืื ืขืืฉื ืืช ืืงืจืืื ืืชืคืืื ืืคื ืฉืขืืฉืื ืืืกืืืื ืืืจืื, ืืื ื ืืืกืจ ืฉื ืขื 3 ืฉื ืื. ืืืื ืืงืฉืืื ืืืื, ืืืจืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ื ืื ืืืื ืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืคืจืขืืช ืืื ืื-ืกืืงืืืช ื-1984 (ืืื ืืกืืงืื) ืืื ืกืืจืช ืคืืืจืืืื ื ืื ืกืืงืื ืืืืื, ืขื ืืื ืืกืคืกืืฃ ืื ืื-ืกืืงื, ืืชืืืื ืืืชื ืงืฉืืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจื ืื ืื, ื-31 ืืืืงืืืืจ 1984, ืขื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืฉืืืจื ืจืืฉื ืืกืืงืื ืืชืืืื ืืืขืฉืื ืืืืฉืจืื ืืช ืืืืฆืข ืืฆืืื ืืืฆืข ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืชืจ ื-8,000 ืกืืงืื ื ืืจืื, ืืืื 3,000 ืืืืื. ืืืื ื 1984, ืืืืื ืืืฆืข ืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืจืชื ืืื ืืืจื ืื ืื ืืฆืื ืืืื ืืชืงืืฃ ืืช ืืงืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืกื ืืช ืืืชืงืืืืื, ืกืืงืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืจื ื ืฉืง. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืคืขืื ืืืืืช ืฆืืืืื ืืืืื ืืคืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืคืจื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืคื ื'ืื. ืืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืืืืื ืขื 2,700 ืืจืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืื ืื 20,000 ืืจืื ืืืขืืจ. ืืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืจืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืื ืขื ืืคืืืช 1,000 ืขืงืืจืื. ืืืืืจืื ืืืืฉืคืขืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืฉืืื ืืช ืืกืืงืื ืืืืื. ืืืฉืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืงืืจื, ืกืืื ืืช ืืืงืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช, ืกืืจื ืื ืืขืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืชืงืืืื ืืชืืืืชื ืฉื ืื ืฉื ืืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืื ื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจื ืื ืื, ืจื'ืื ืื ืื. ืจื'ืื ืื ืื ืืืฉืืข ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืืช ืืื, ืืืฉื ืฉืื ืขื ืืคืจืืช ืกืืจ, ืืืจ "ืืืฉืจ ืขืฅ ืืืื ื ืืคื ืืืืื ืจืืขืืช" ืืืื ื ืืกื ืืืฆืืืง ืืช ืืกืืกืื ืืงืืืืชื. ืืฉ ืืขื ืืช ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืื ืจืืืืช ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืฉืืื ืืจืืืคื. ืขืืชืื ืืจืืื ืืื ื ืืช ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืฉืื "ืื ืื ืืืืืืื". ื ืืขื ืฉืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืขืืชืื ืงืจืืืืช ืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืคืจืขืืืืช. ืื ืฉืง ืืจืืฉื ืฉืฉืืืฉ ืืช ืืืืื ืื, ื ืคื, ืกืืคืง ืขื ืืื ืงืืืฆื ืฉื ืื ืืืื ืืคืืืช ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืขืืืช ืชืื ืืช ืืืง. ืจืืืคืืช ืืชื ืืืช ืจืืืคื ืืชื ืืช ืืื ืจืืืคื ืืืืืกืกืช ืขื ืืืฆื ืืชื ื. ืืืื ืจืืืคื ืืืื ืืจืืืคื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืขื ื (ืขื ืืกืืก ืืืข). ืจืฆื ืืขื ืืจืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืืกื ืขื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฆื ืืงืืืืจืื ืื. ืืืืืืฉ ืืืคื ื ืืกืื ืืจื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืื ื ืื ืฉืื, ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืจืฆืื ืืืืจ ืคืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืืืื ื-19 ืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืช ืืืคืืื โ ืื ืจืง ืจืืืคื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืฉืื ื, ืืื ืจืืืคื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืืฆื ืืืชื ื ืฉืืื. ืชืืืจืืืช ืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืช ืืืืขื ืืืื ืชืืจืช ืืืืข. ืฉืืื ืฉื ืจืืืคื ืื ืืืืชื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืื ื ืจืฆืื ื-6 ืืืืืื ืืืฉ ืจืง ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืื ืฆืืฆืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื. ืืืื ื-20 ืืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืชืื ืงืจืืืืช ืืื ืื-ืฆืืื ืืช, ืืืจืืช ืืขืืืื ืฉืืฉื ื ืงืืืฆืืช ืืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืฉืืืจืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืจืขืืื ืืฆืืื ืืช. ืืื ืื ืืืืืื ื ืจืืคืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืืฆื ืืืชื ื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืชื. ืืืืืคืจืื ืืขืืช'ืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืืื ื-19 ื-2.5 ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืื. ืขื ืจืงืข ืงืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืืืคืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืขืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืจืืืคืืช ื ืื ืืจืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืจืืคื. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืขืฆืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืชืงืืคื ืื ื ืื ืืฉื "ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืช" ืื ืืฉ ืืขืฉืืช ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืื. ืืจืืืคืืช ื ืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืขืฉื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืงืฃ ืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื. ืืืกืืฃ ืจืื ืืืจืื ืื ื ืจืฆืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืจืฆื ืืขื ืืืจืื ื. ืืืงืืื ื ืจืฆืื ืืืืจืฉื ืืืขืืืื ื ืืฆืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืกืืจืช ืจืฆื ืืขื ืืืฉืืจื ืืจืฆื ืืขื ืืืืื ื-ืคืื ืื. ืจืืืคืช ืืจืื ืื ืืชื ืืื ืืชืืืืกืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืฉืืืชืืช ื ืื ืงืืืฆืืช ืฉื ืืจืื ืื ืืชื ืืื ืขื ืกืื ืืืฆืื ืืืชื ื. ืืืืื ื ืืืกืืืจืืช, ืจืืืคื ืื ื ืืขื ืืฉืชื ืกืืืืช: ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืืช ื ืืฉืื, ืืื ืื ืืฆืืง ืื ืื, ืงืฉืืจื ืืืฉืืจืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืืงืืกืจ ืืืืืื. ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ื ืจืืคื ืืจืื ืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืื ืงืจื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืจืื ืืืจืืคื ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืืจืื ืืงืืจืื ืืช ืฉื ืจืืืคืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืงืฉืจ ืืืืชื ืืฉืืจืื, ืื ืืื ืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืื ืืจืืื ื ืืืืขืืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืื ืืฆื, ืืคื ืฉืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืกืืฉืืฅ (ืื '), ืืืฉืืฉ ืขืืืื ืืชืืจืืฅ ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืื ืื ื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืชืชืคื ืืืจืืื ืื ืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืจืืื ืืคืืืงืกืืืืืฉื ืืื ื ืืจืื ืื ืืืจืฉื ืืืชืืื ืืืขืฉื ื ืงื, ืืืืจืื โ ืืืืืืจ ืืชื ื ืฉื ืฉืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืืกื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืกืคืืช. ืืืงืจืื ืืืจืื (ืืืฉื ืืืงืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืืกืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืฉืขืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืช ืืจืืกืื ืื ืืกืืื ืื, ืื ืืืืขืื ืืืจืื ื ืืืจื ืกืืืืื ื (ืืืื ืืืจืื) ืืจืืื ืื ืืืืืงื), ืืืืชื ืจืืืคื ืฉื ืงืืืืืช ืืคืืช ืืคืฉืข ืฉืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืจืืื ืืฉืืืฉื. ืื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืืจืื ืืคืื ืืกืื ื ืจืืคื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืคืื ืืกืื ืืชืงืืคืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืกืืืจืื. ืืื ืคืืืืขื 11 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2001, ืืืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืกืื ืื ืชืืงืคืื ืืช ืงืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืจืื ืืขืจื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืชื ืืคืงืืกืื, ืืืชื ืฉื ื-500,000 ืื ื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืื ืืจืืืคืืช ืืืคืื ืืกืื ืืฉืื ื. ื-2,400 ืืืจืื, ื ืฉืื ืืืืืื ื ืืจืื ืื ื ืคืฆืขื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืงืจ-ืื-ื'ื ืืืื (ืื ') ืืงื ืืืจืืืช ืขื ืืจืืืช ืืืชืงืคืืช ื ืื ืืงืืืื. ืืชืืฆืื ืืื, ืืืคืื ืจืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ื ืืืืงืฉื ืืงืื ืืืืกืืจืืื. ืื ืื-ืฆืืขื ืืืช ืืื ืขืืื ืืช, ืืขืืช ืงืืืืืช, ืืคืืื ืื ืืืขื ืืช ืืืืคื ืืช ืืืคื ืืฆืืขื ืื ืืงืืืฆื ืืชื ืืช, ืื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืชืคืกืื ืืื ื ืืืืจืฉืช ืืฆืืขื ืืช. ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื ื ืืกื ืืืฉืืช ืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืช ืืืขืืืช ืืจืืชื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืขื ืืฆืืขื ื ืืืืจืืคื, ืืืืืฅ ืืชืืื ื ืืื ืืกืืื, ืฉืชืืืจ ืืขืืชืื ืงืจืืืืช ืื'ื ืืกืืื. ืชืืช ืฉืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืืืฃ ืืืืืจ, ืืืฆื ืฆื ืืฉืืื ืืืืงื ื ืืจื ืืจื ืึพ26 ืื ืืืืืจ 1935, ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืืฆืืขื ืื ื"ืืืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืืข", ืืืชื ืงืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืคืืื, ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฆืืขื ืื ืืืืจืืคื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืืื ืืกืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืื. ืืืกืืืจืืื ืื ืืขืจืืืื ืื 220,000 ืขื 500,000 ืฆืืขื ืื ื ืจืฆืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืฆืื ืืืฉืชืคื ืืคืขืืื ืขืื, ืื ืืืชืจ ื-25% ืืืื ืคืืืช ืืืืืืื ืฆืืขื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจืืคื ืืืืชื ืชืงืืคื. ืืืื ืื ืงืืง ืืืขื ืฉืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื 1.5 ืืืืืื. ืจืืฉ ืืืืืงื ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืื ื ืืช "ืืืชืงืคื ืืฉืืืชืืช" ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืื ืืจ ืขื ืืืขืื ืืจืืืื ืืื, ืืืืืืจ ืื ื ืจืื ืื "ืืืืืจ ืืชื ื" ืืชื ืื. ืืืกืืืื ืื ื ืืจืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืช ืจืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืจ ืชืืืจื ืืจืืืืช, ืืคืืืืช ืืืฆืชื ืืืคืจืืื, ืืืืืืื ืืช ืื ืืกืืื ืื ืฉื ืืกืข "ืืืืืจ ืืชื ื", ืืืจ ืืจืืื Human Rights Watch. "ืืคืืืื ืจืืืื ืืื ืืฉ ืชืืืืจืื ืืืจืืืื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืืืชืงืคืืช ืฆืื ืืืจืืื ืืฆืคืืื ืืืคืจืืื ื ืืจืกืื", ืืืจ ืืื ืืงืฉื ืืื ืืืื, ืื ืื ืืจืื ืืกืื ืฉื ืืืจืืื. "ืคืขืืืืช ืืืงืืืช ื ืื ืงืืืฆืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืื ื ืืจืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืชืื." ืืชืงืคืืช ื ืจืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืื ืืกืจื ืื ืงื ืืืฉื ืฆืืจื ืฉื ืคืจืขืืช ืืชื ืืืช ืจืืืืช ืืื, ืืืื ืืคืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1958 ืืคืจืขืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืจืืืคืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืืขืงืืืช ืืขืฉื ืจืฆื, ืืื ืก ืืืืืคื. ืงืืื ืืื, ืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืฉื ืืืงืื ืืืื ื ื ืคืจืืช, ืื ื-1983 ืืืื ืืืืงืื ืืืืื ืื ื ืื ืงืืฆืื ืื ืกืื ืืืื (ืืงืืืฆื ืืืชื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืกืจื ืื ืงื), ืฉืืืืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืงืืช ืืจืืื ืืืืจืืกื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืื. ืจืืืคื ืืืืืกืกืช ืขื ืืกืืก ืฉืื ื ืืืคื ื ืื ื ืคืฉื ืืชืจืืืืืช ืืกืืจืชืืืช ืจืืืช ืจืื ืืืขืื ืืืืื (ื ืื ืืคืื, ืืจืฉืื, ืขืืืืจืื), ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืช ื ืคืฉ ืื ืืคืืจืื ืืกืื ืฉื ืขืื ืฉ ืืืืืืื ืื ืงืืื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืื. ืืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืง ืืืกืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฆืืจืขืื ืื ืืืื ืคืื ืืืืืงื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืช ืงืืืืืช ืืคืืื ืืืื ื ืืืขืช ืืขืื ืฉ ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืจืื ืขื ื"ืืืืืื". ืืืืฆืืช ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ื-20 ื ืขืฉื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืกืืื ืืขืืงืืจ ืืคืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืกืืืืืช ืืืืจืืคื ืืืฆืคืื ืืืจืืงื, ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืง ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืช. ืชืืืื ืืขืืงืืจ ืืฆืืื ืืืช ืื ืืกืืื ืืคืืืจ ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืืช ืืชืคืชืืืชืืช, ืืืืืช ื ืคืฉ ืืกืืืืืช ืื ืืคืจืขืืช ืืชื ืืืืชืืืช ืืกืืืืืช. ืืืกืืืจืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืข ืืืขื ืื ืฉืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืจืงืข ืื ืื ืื ื ืืืจืืช ืืืกืืช ืืขื ืื ืขืืงืืจ ืืืื ื ืืื ื ื ืืืฅ ืืฉื ืื ืืขืชื ืืืื ื ืืคืงืืืื, ืืืขืืงืืจ ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืกืืื ืืขืฆื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืคื ืฉืืกืืง ืืื ื ืืกืืืืช ืฉืืืืืจื ืื-ืกืืฆืืืืืื, ืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืกืืจ ืืืจืชื ืกืคืฆืืคื ืื ืืขืฆื ืกืืจ ืืืจืชื ืจืฆืื. ืชืืื ืืช T4 - ืืืชื ืกืื ืืื ืืืฆืข ืฉื ืขืจื ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ื ืฉื ืื ืืฆืื ืืืจืื ืื, ืื ืืขื ืืืืกืื ืื "ืืื ืืฉืืจืื" ืืืืืื ื"ืฉืืืจืช ืืืืจ ืืืืข ืืืจื". ืืชืืื ืืช ืื, ืฉืืชืืกืกื ืขื ืืืืื ืืงื ืื ืืฆืืช ืืขื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืขืืช, ืจืฆืื ืื ืืฆืื ืืืืฆืขืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืจืืืช ืชืื ืืืื, ื-90 ืืืฃ ืืจืื ืื ืฉืกืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืคื ืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืจืื ืืืช ืืื ืืงืฉืืื ื ืคืฉืืื. ืฉืื ืฉื ืืชืืื ืืช, T4, ืื ืืืชืืืช ืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืจื' ืืืจืืืจืื 4 ืฉืืืจืืื. ืจืขืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืขืื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืื, ืฉื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืฆืื, ืืืขืชืงื ืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืฉืืื. ืจืืืคื ืขื ืืกืืก ืืืงื ืืช ืืืืกืกืช ืืขืืชืื ืงืจืืืืช ืขื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืืงื ืื ื ืืืชืื ืืื ืฉืื ืขื ืจืืืื ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืขืืจื. ืืชืืฆืื ืืื ื ืจืืคื, ื ืืจืื ืืืืชืจื ืืืงื ืื, ืืงืืจืื ืฉื ืืืงื ืื ื ืืคืจื ืืืืืื. ืืืงื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืจืข ืืืืืจืื ืืกืืืืื. ืืืคืจืืงื ืืชืืคืขื ืจืืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืขืืื. ืืืืืื ืืฉ ืื ืืกืืจืช ืฉื ืืชืืืืกืืช ืืื ืืืืงื ืื, ืืฉืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืคืขืชื ืฉื ืคืจื ืกืืื ืืืืืื. ืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืกืคืงืืจืื ืืืืืืกืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืงืืจืื ืืช ืืจืืืคื, ืืืืจื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืงืืจืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืืฃ ืืขืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืขืื ืืืื ืืืฃ ืืืืืช. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืฉืขืจืื ืฉืจืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉื ืจืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืข T4 ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืช ืืื ืืืืืกืืื, ืืืคืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืกืืื ืืงืืจืื ืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื. ืืื"ื ืืืืืกืงืกืืืืื ื ืจืืคื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืช. ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ื-21 ื ืจืืคื ืืขืืืื ื ืจืืคืื ืืืืืกืงืกืืืืื ืืฆ'ืฆ'ื ืื ืืืืืื ื ืืืกืืืืืช. ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืืขืจืื, ื ืงืื ืืืฆืขืื ื ืื ืืคืืื ืฉื ืืืขืืืื ืืื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืงืื ื ืื ืคืฉืขื ืฉื ืื ืืืคื ืืืืืกืงืกืืืืื ืืืคืืื ืืืงืื ืืขืืืื. ืืืงื ืืืฉืจื ื ืืฉืืืื ืื-ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืขื ืืง ืืืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2011 ืงืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืช ืืืืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืจื ืืืืืืืช ืืื"ื, ืืืฉื ืช 2015 ืืคืื ื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืงืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/models?pipeline_tag=text-to-video] | [TOKENS: 1084] |
Models tencent/HunyuanVideo-1.5 Text-to-Video โข Updated Dec 25, 2025 โข 1.35k โข โข 575 Wan-AI/Wan2.2-TI2V-5B Text-to-Video โข Updated Aug 7, 2025 โข 4.81k โข โข 516 tencent/HunyuanVideo Text-to-Video โข Updated Mar 6, 2025 โข 1.15k โข โข 2.12k genmo/mochi-1-preview Text-to-Video โข Updated Sep 4, 2025 โข 4.93k โข โข 1.31k meituan-longcat/LongCat-Video Text-to-Video โข Updated Oct 29, 2025 โข 1.09k โข โข 439 CodeGoat24/Wan2.2-T2V-A14B-UnifiedReward-Flex-lora Text-to-Video โข Updated 11 days ago โข 164 โข 8 Wan-AI/Wan2.1-T2V-14B Text-to-Video โข Updated Mar 12, 2025 โข 36.6k โข โข 1.47k Wan-AI/Wan2.2-T2V-A14B Text-to-Video โข Updated Aug 7, 2025 โข 3.57k โข โข 423 zai-org/CogVideoX-5b Text-to-Video โข Updated Nov 23, 2024 โข 33.5k โข โข 663 vrgamedevgirl84/Wan14BT2VFusioniX Text-to-Video โข Updated Jun 21, 2025 โข 603 QuantStack/Wan2.2-TI2V-5B-GGUF Text-to-Video โข 5B โข Updated Jul 31, 2025 โข 11.6k โข 137 QuantStack/Wan2.2-T2V-A14B-GGUF Text-to-Video โข 14B โข Updated Jul 29, 2025 โข 125k โข 222 lightx2v/Wan2.2-Lightning Text-to-Video โข Updated Nov 13, 2025 โข 69 โข 594 GitMylo/Wan_2.2_nvfp4 Text-to-Video โข Updated 16 days ago โข 27 ali-vilab/text-to-video-ms-1.7b Text-to-Video โข Updated Dec 1, 2023 โข 11.4k โข 651 calcuis/hunyuan-gguf Text-to-Video โข 13B โข Updated Dec 21, 2024 โข 417 โข 70 Wan-AI/Wan2.1-T2V-1.3B Text-to-Video โข Updated Mar 1, 2025 โข 12.8k โข โข 431 city96/Wan2.1-T2V-14B-gguf Text-to-Video โข 14B โข Updated Feb 26, 2025 โข 20.5k โข 184 calcuis/wan-1.3b-gguf Text-to-Video โข 0.1B โข Updated Aug 8, 2025 โข 3.75k โข 35 alibaba-pai/Wan2.1-Fun-1.3B-Control Text-to-Video โข Updated Dec 11, 2025 โข 1.42k โข 110 Remade-AI/Vintage-VHS Text-to-Video โข Updated Mar 27, 2025 โข 17 โข 3 Skywork/SkyReels-V2-DF-1.3B-540P Text-to-Video โข 1B โข Updated Apr 25, 2025 โข 648 โข 44 Skywork/SkyReels-V2-T2V-14B-720P Text-to-Video โข Updated Apr 25, 2025 โข 373 โข 41 Lightricks/LTX-Video-0.9.7-dev Text-to-Video โข Updated Jul 8, 2025 โข 560 โข โข 20 Skywork/SkyReels-V2-DF-14B-540P-Diffusers Text-to-Video โข Updated Aug 11, 2025 โข 764 โข 4 lightx2v/Wan2.1-T2V-14B-StepDistill-CfgDistill Text-to-Video โข Updated Oct 17, 2025 โข 130 APRIL-AIGC/UltraWan Text-to-Video โข Updated Dec 11, 2025 โข 8 โข 27 Lightricks/LTX-Video-ICLoRA-pose-13b-0.9.7 Text-to-Video โข Updated Jul 8, 2025 โข 1.38k โข 17 Wan-AI/Wan2.2-T2V-A14B-Diffusers Text-to-Video โข Updated Aug 9, 2025 โข 130k โข โข 110 alibaba-pai/Wan2.2-Fun-A14B-Control-Camera Text-to-Video โข Updated Dec 11, 2025 โข 3.44k โข 34 |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/spaces-zerogpu] | [TOKENS: 579] |
Hub documentation Spaces ZeroGPU: Dynamic GPU Allocation for Spaces Hub and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started Spaces ZeroGPU: Dynamic GPU Allocation for Spaces ZeroGPU is a shared infrastructure that optimizes GPU usage for AI models and demos on Hugging Face Spaces. It dynamically allocates and releases NVIDIA H200 GPUs as needed, offering: Unlike traditional single-GPU allocations, ZeroGPUโs efficient system lowers barriers for developers, researchers, and organizations to deploy AI models by maximizing resource utilization and power efficiency. Using and hosting ZeroGPU Spaces Technical Specifications ZeroGPU supports two GPU sizes See GPU size selection to learn how to use sizes Compatibility ZeroGPU Spaces are designed to be compatible with most PyTorch-based GPU Spaces. While compatibility is enhanced for high-level Hugging Face libraries like transformers and diffusers, users should be aware that: Gradio: 4+ PyTorch: Almost all versions from 2.1.0 to latest are supported Python: Getting started with ZeroGPU To utilize ZeroGPU in your Space, follow these steps: This decoration process allows the Space to request a GPU when the function is called and release it upon completion. Note: The @spaces.GPU decorator is designed to be effect-free in non-ZeroGPU environments, ensuring compatibility across different setups. GPU size selection The default size used by @spaces.GPU is large (half H200). You can explicitly request a full H200 by specifying size="xlarge": Duration Management For functions expected to exceed the default 60-second of GPU runtime, you can specify a custom duration: This sets the maximum function runtime to 120 seconds. Specifying shorter durations for quicker functions will improve queue priority for Space visitors. @spaces.GPU also supports dynamic durations. Instead of directly passing a duration, simply pass a callable that takes the same inputs as your decorated function and returns a duration value: Compilation ZeroGPU does not support torch.compile, but you can use PyTorch ahead-of-time compilation (requires torch 2.8+) Check out this blogpost for a complete guide on ahead-of-time compilation on ZeroGPU. Usage Tiers GPU usage is subject to daily quotas, per account tier: Quota resets exactly 24 hours after your first GPU usage. Remaining quota directly impacts priority in ZeroGPU queues. Hosting Limitations By leveraging ZeroGPU, developers can create more efficient and scalable Spaces, maximizing GPU utilization while minimizing costs. Recommendations If your demo uses a large model, we recommend using optimizations like ahead-of-time compilation and flash-attention 3. You can learn how to leverage these with ZeroGPU in this post. These optimizations will help you to maximize the advantages of ZeroGPU hours and provide a better user experience. Feedback You can share your feedback on Spaces ZeroGPU directly on the HF Hub: https://huggingface.co/spaces/zero-gpu-explorers/README/discussions |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/spaces?hardware=zerogpu] | [TOKENS: 1080] |
Spaces The AI App Directory Running on Zero MCP 830 Wan2.2 14B Preview ๐ generate a video from an image with a text prompt r3gm 5 days ago generate a video from an image with a text prompt Running on Zero MCP 2.25k Z Image Turbo ๐ผ Generate high-quality images from text prompts in seconds mrfakename 19 days ago Generate high-quality images from text prompts in seconds Running on Zero Featured 108 SoulX-Singer ๐ค Generate singing voice from your lyrics Soul-AILab 11 days ago Generate singing voice from your lyrics Running on Zero Featured 1.48k Qwen3-TTS Demo ๐ Generate custom speech from text, voice descriptions, or samples Qwen 5 days ago Generate custom speech from text, voice descriptions, or samples Running on Zero Featured 94 FireRed Image Edit 1.0 ๐ FireRed-Image-Edit-1.0 FireRedTeam 5 days ago FireRed-Image-Edit-1.0 Running on Zero MCP Featured 873 Qwen-Image-Edit-2511-LoRAs-Fast ๐ Demo of the Collection of Qwen Image Edit LoRAs prithivMLmods 3 days ago Demo of the Collection of Qwen Image Edit LoRAs Running on Zero MCP 381 Wan2.2 14B Fast Preview ๐ generate a video from an image with a text prompt r3gm 15 days ago generate a video from an image with a text prompt Running on Zero Featured 422 ACE-Step v1.5 ๐ต Music Generation Foundation Model v1.5 ACE-Step 1 day ago Music Generation Foundation Model v1.5 Running on Zero Featured 1.07k TRELLIS.2 ๐ข High-fidelity 3D Generation from images microsoft Dec 17, 2025 High-fidelity 3D Generation from images Running on Zero 42 Omni Video Factory ๐ text to video, image to video, video extend FrameAI4687 5 days ago text to video, image to video, video extend Running on Zero MCP 232 LTX-2 Video [Turbo] ๐ฅ Fast high quality video with audio generation with FA3 alexnasa 13 days ago Fast high quality video with audio generation with FA3 Running on Zero Featured 1.45k Qwen Image Multiple Angles 3D Camera ๐ฅ Change the camera angle of a photo with AI multimodalart Jan 8 Change the camera angle of a photo with AI Running on Zero MCP Featured 528 FLUX.2 [Klein] 9B ๐ป Generate or edit images from text prompts with optional input images black-forest-labs Jan 16 Generate or edit images from text prompts with optional input images Running on Zero MCP 37 BitDance-14B-64x ๐ Open-source autoregressive model with binary visual tokens. shallowdream204 4 days ago Open-source autoregressive model with binary visual tokens. Running on Zero 322 NSFW Uncensored Adult Image ๐ Based 'Z-IMAGE TURBO' Heartsync Jan 1 Based 'Z-IMAGE TURBO' Running on Zero Featured 80 Kugel Audio ๐ Generate natural-sounding speech in European languages with voice cloning multimodalart 16 days ago Generate natural-sounding speech in European languages with voice cloning Running on Zero MCP Featured 1.3k Dream-wan2-2-faster-Pro ๐ฅ generate a video from an image with a text prompt dream2589632147 Dec 24, 2025 generate a video from an image with a text prompt Running on Zero MCP Featured 2.79k Wan2.2 14B Fast ๐ฅ generate a video from an image with a text prompt zerogpu-aoti Dec 16, 2025 generate a video from an image with a text prompt Running on Zero MCP Featured 66 GLM OCR Demo ๐ Multimodal OCR model for complex document understanding. prithivMLmods 3 days ago Multimodal OCR model for complex document understanding. Running on Zero MCP 185 Wan2.2 14B Fast ๐ฅ app_lora is base rahul7star 12 days ago app_lora is base Running on Zero MCP Featured 2k Qwen Image Edit Camera Control ๐ฌ Fast 4 step inference with Qwen Image Edit 2509 linoyts Jan 12 Fast 4 step inference with Qwen Image Edit 2509 Running on Zero 24 MOSS TTS ๐ A simple gradio platform for demonstrating MOSS-TTS capabili OpenMOSS-Team 8 days ago A simple gradio platform for demonstrating MOSS-TTS capabili Running on Zero Featured 2.05k Hunyuan3D-2.1 ๐ป Image-to-3D Generation tencent Aug 11, 2025 Image-to-3D Generation Running on Zero MCP Featured 222 Qwen Edit Any Pose ๐บ Edit any pose with Qwen Edit 2511 Any Pose LoRA linoyts Dec 29, 2025 Edit any pose with Qwen Edit 2511 Any Pose LoRA |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืืง_ืืืื-ืืืืื] | [TOKENS: 11394] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืฉืคื ืืื-ืืืืื ืคืืืื ืืฉืคื ืืื-ืืืืื ืคืืืื ืืื ืขื ืฃ ืืฉืคืื ืืขืืกืง ืืคืขืืืืชืืื ืฉื ืืืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืืื-ืืืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืจืืื ืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืืืฃ ืคืจืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืช. ืชืืื ืื ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืช ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืกืืกืืืื. ืืืงืจืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืคืืืื ืื ืงืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืก ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืฉืคืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืืก ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืคืืืืืช. ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืคืืืื ื ืคืจื ืืชืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืคืจืื. ืืืกืืก ืืืืกืืืจื ืืืฉืคื ืืื-ืืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืกืืืจืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืืืกื ืืืฅ ืขื ืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืืคื ืฉืืืืื ืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืกืืืื ืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืชืืคื ืคืขืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืืืื, ืืจืชื ืืจืืชืืช ืืืกืืืื ืขื ืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืืฉืื ืกืืกืืืื ืืืชื ืืืขื ืคื. ืืืืจืื ืืชืคืชืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืื ืืืคื ืืงืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืก ืืืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืืืคืจืชื. ืืืืขืื ืืงืจืื ืฉื ืืืคืืืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืงืืื, ืืืืงืจืื ืืกืืืืื ืืฃ ืฉืจืื ืขืืืืืช ืืืกืืืื ืืื. ืื ืืชื "ื ืจืืืื ืขืืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืื-ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืคืชื, ืฉืืคื ืืฉืจืืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืฉืืคืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืื ื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืคืื ืฉื ืฉืื ืืกืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืจืื (ืกืคืจ ืฉืืคืืื, ืคืจืง ื"ื). ืืืืืืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจืืจ ืื ืืื ืืงืืืืื ืขื ืฉื ื ืืฆืืืื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืกืืืืื ืฉื ืฆืืง. ืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืคืืจืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืกื ืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืืคื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืจื ืกืื ืก. ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉืจืช ืืขืืงืจืืช ืืกืืกืืืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื. ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืงืื ืกืื ืฅ (1414), ืคืืืื ืืืืืืงืืืืง โ ืืจืงืืืจ ืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืืืืื ืืช (ืงืจืงืื, ืคืืืื) โ ืชืืืืื, ืขืืจื ืืื ืืืืคืืืื, ืืฆืื ืืช ืืชืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืช, ืื ืืคืืื ืืืช, ืืฉ ืืืืช ืืืืฉื ืขืฆืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืฆื. ืืืืืช ื-16 ืื-17 ืืืืจืืคื, ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืคืขืชื ืืืฉืืจื ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืช ืงืชืืืืืช ืืคืจืืืกืื ืืืืช ืืืคืืขื ืื ืืืงื ืืื ืืื ืขื ืืฉืืืื. ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ื-17, ืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืคื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืฆื ืืคืืืืื: ืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื ืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืชืคืชื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืฉืงืื, ืืืจืื ืืืขื ืื ืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืฆืจ ืืืืจ ืืจืืืช ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืคืืคืืืจืืช ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืืงืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ]. ืคืจื ืกืืกืงื ืื ืืืืืจืื (Vitoria), ืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืืืื ืืงื ื ืืชืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืกืืื ืงื ืืจืฆื ืขื ืืืืืืชืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืื. ืืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืืื ืฉืกืคืจื ืืืืชื ืืฉืื ืชืคืืจืชื, ืืืืจ ืืืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืฉื ืคืจื ืึพ1536. ืงืจื ืืืืืฉื, ืงืืกืจ ืืืืืคืจืื ืืจืืืืช ืืงืืืฉื, ืืชื ืื ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ, ืื ืึพ1542 ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืงืืขื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืขื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืกืคืจืื. ืืืืืจืื ืืืจื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืกื ืฉื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืืืืจื ื. ืื ืืืจ ืืฆืจืคืชื ืืืจืืง ืงืจืืก (Crucรฉ ,1590โ1648) ืืฉื ืื ื ืฆืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืคืืฉื ืืืงืื ืืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืื ืืกืืกืืืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืื. ื-1623, ืืื ืืฆืืข ืืช ืืจืขืืื ื"ืืกืื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉืื" (Nouveau Cynรฉe), ืืฉืืื ืืฆืืข ืืช ืื ืฆืื ืืขืืจ ืฉืื ืืคืืฉื ืื ืฆืืืื, ืืืฆืืข ืื ืืืคืืคืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืฉื ืืจืืฉ ืืืกืคื. ืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืื (1618โ1648), ืจืขืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืงืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืืกืื ืืืืช. ืืื ืื ืืืจ ืื ืืฉ ืืืื ืืช ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืกื ืืืช ืืื ืืื-ืืืืื. ืืฃ ืฉืืจืขืืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืืืช ืื ื ืืงืื ืืจืฆืื ืืช, ืืงืจืืก ืืื ืืขื ืืืื ื ืืืืงืืืช ืืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืฆืืข ืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืืืจืืืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืคืชืืจ ืกืืกืืืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื. ืืืื ืืจืืืืืก (1583-1645) ืืื ืืืื ืืกื ืืืฉืคืื ืืืื ืื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืืจืืื ืืืชืคืชืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื. ืืื ื ืขืฉื ืืขืืจื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื. ืืื ื ืฉืคื ืืืืกืจ ืขืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืชื ืื ืืืืืจืืฅ, ื ืกืื ืืืจื ื', ืืืฉืคื, ืื ืืื ืืจื ืืคืจืื. ืืฆืจืคืช ืคืืชื ืืช ืจืขืืื ืืชืื ืขื ืืฉืคื ืืื-ืืืืื ืืกืคืจื "Mare Liberum" ("ืื ืืืคืฉื"), ืฉืื ืชืงืฃ ืืช ืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืฉื ืื ืืืื, ืกืคืจื ืืคืืจืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืงืื ืืืื. ืืื ืืชืคืจืกื ืืขืืื ื-1625 ืขื ืคืจืกืื ืกืคืจื "ืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืื" (De Jure Belli ac Pacis), ืืกืคืจ ืื ื ืขืฉื ืืืงืกื ืืงืืืข ืืืฉืคื ืืื-ืืืืื. ืืื ืคืืจืกื ืจืง ืฉื ืชืืื ืืืืจ "The New Cyneas". ืจืืื ืืืชืื ืื ืฉื ืืจืืืืืก ืืืืขื ืืืชื "ื ืืืืืืกืืืจืื ืืงืืืกืืช (ืืืฉ ืืื ืชืืืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืกืืื ืืก). ืืืืืืจื ืืื ืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืคืืืืื, ืืื ืจืง ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืงืจืื ืืกืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืืืืช. ืืื ืคืืชื ืืช ืชืืืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฆืืืงืช, ืืืืืืจ ืืกืคืจ ืงืจืืืจืืื ืื ืฉืขืฉืืืื ืืืฆืืืง ืืืืื: ืืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืื ื ืืชื ืืืคืกืืง ืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืื ืืชืืื ื ื ืื. ืืขืืืช ื'ื ืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ื-1864 ืืื ืกื ืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืคืืืืช ืขื ืื ืช ืืืกื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืช ืืืงื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืคื ืืืื ื ืืื-ืืืืืืช. ืืืื ื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืขืกืงื ืืืืคืื ืืคืฆืืขื ืืืืื ืืืืกืื ืืช ืืจืืื ืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื. ืืืืฉื ื ืืชืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืื ืืช ื ืืกืคืืช, ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืื ื-1906 ืืืืื ืืช ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืช, ืืฉืืืฉืืช ื-1929 ืขืกืงื ืืืืคืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืจืืืขืืช ื-1949 ืขืกืงื ืืืืคืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืช ื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืืื, ืืื ื ืืฉืืืช ืืืขืืืช ืชืืงืฃ ืืฉืคืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืงืคืืช ืืฉืคื ืื ืืื. ืืืืง ืืืงืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื, ืืืื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฃ ืืื-ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืชื ืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืกืืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืกืืกืืืื. ืืขืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืคืจืื (1919), ืืืฆืื ืืช ืื ืืกืืื ืืจืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฆืืจ ืืกืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืจื-ืฆืืืืื. ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืจื ืืืืกืื, ืืฆืืข ืืืงืื ืืช ืืจืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืืงื ื-1920. ืืจืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืืจืชื ืืื ืืข ืืืืืช ืขืืื ื ืืกืคืช, ืืื ืืืชืจ ืขืงื ืืืกืจ ืฉืืชืืฃ ืืคืขืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืื, ืืื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืคืจืฆื, ืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืฃ ืืกืจ ืชืืขืืช ืืืืฉืื ืกืืกืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื, ืืขืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืงืืช ืืืฃ ืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืขืชืื ืืืฆืืื ืขื ืืชืืจื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืื-ืืืืืืช. ืึพ1 ืืื ืืืจ 1942, ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืคืจื ืงืืื ืืืื ื ืจืืืืืื ืคืจืกื ืืช "ืืฆืืจืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช" ืืฉืื ืฉื 26 ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืฆืืืจื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืช ืืฆืืจ. ืขืื ืืคื ื ืกืืฃ ืืืืืื, ื ืฆืืืื ืฉื 50 ืืืื ืืช ื ืคืืฉื ืืกื ืคืจื ืกืืกืงื ืขื ืื ืช ืื ืกื ืืช ืืฆ'ืจืืจ ืฉื ืืืฃ ืืื-ืืืืื ืฉืืืืืฃ ืืช ืืืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืึพ24 ืืืืงืืืืจ 1945 ืืืงื ืืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช. ืืื"ื ืืืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืงื ืืืฉืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืืช, ืืืืฉืื ืกืืกืืืื ืืืงืืืขืช ืชืืื ื ืฉื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื, ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืฆ'ืจืืจ ืฉืืื. ืืืืงืฃ ืฉื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืขืจื ืืืกืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืจืฆืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืจื, ืฉืืืจื ืืืืืคื ืฉืื. ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืฉ ืืงืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืืคื, ืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืงืืืืช ืขืืืื ืืชืืืืืืืืช ืืฉืคืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืช ืืชืื ืืื ืืจืก ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืชืื ืฆืืืช ืืืืงืื ืืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืฉื ืืืืื ื ืขืฆืื. ืืืืกืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ื ืชื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืงืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืช ืืืืืฃ ืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืื"ื ืฉืืคืจืืช ืืช ืืฆ'ืจืืจ ืฉืื. ืืขืืจ, ื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืช ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื, ืืคื ืชืืืจืืืช "ืืืืจื ืืืืืืืจื". ืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืื ืืืืฉืืืืช ืืื-ืืืื ืชืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืื-ืืืืืืช ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืฆืืืื ืจืืืื ืืืื. ืคืืจืืฉืื ืืืขืช ืืืืจืื ื ืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื, ืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืื-ืืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืกืืจื ืืื-ืืืืื ืืืื ืชืืืืืื ืืืืจืืช, ืืืฃ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืงืืช ืขืงืจืื ืืืช ืืชืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืคืืืืกืืคื, ืคืืืืื ืืืืงืชื, ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืืืช ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืืืฆืื ืคื ืืืืช ืืื ืืฉื ืืกืืื ืฉื ืืงืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืช. ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืคืืื, ืืืกืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืืคื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืฉืคื ืืื-ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืื ืชืงืืื ื ืชืืืื ืืฉืคืื ืืืืฅ ืืืกืืืชื ืฉืืื. ืืคืืื, ืืืื ืืจืกืื ืฉืืื ืื ืฉืืงืืขื ืืืฆื ืื ืืคืจืฉืื ืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื. ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืคืืืืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืขื ื ืืืื ืืืืจืื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ], ืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืชืคืชื ืืืฆื ืฉืื ืืื ืขืฆืืื ืืืืกืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืฉ ื ืืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฉืคืืืช ืืืขืฉืื ืืคื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืกืื ืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื. ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืืช, ืืืืืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืคื ื ืืจืฅ ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืื, ืืืืขื ืืช ืื ืืขืจื ืืืืืื ื ืื ืืื ืจืืืื ืืช. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืฉื ื ืื ืฉื ืืงืืืื ืฉืจืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืชืืืืื ืืฉืคืืื ืืืืงืืงื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืืงืืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืคื ืืืืจืื ืืคื ืืื. ืฉืื, ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืขื ืื ืื ืจืง ืืกืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืคืืช ืขืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื. ืืงืืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืกืขืืฃ 38 ืืืืงืช ืืืช ืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืฆืืง (ICJ) ืงืืืข ืืช ืืงืืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืขืืืื ืืกืชืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืกืืกืืืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื. ืืืฉืช ืืงืืจืืช ืืื, ืืืืืจืืื ืืคื ืกืืจ ืืฉืืืืชื, ืืืืืื ืืช ืจืฉืืืช ืืืงืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืช ืืงืืืขืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื. ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืืจืืช, ืงืืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืฉืื. ืจืืฉืืช, ืืคื ืก' 38 ืืืืงืช ืืืช ืืืื, ืฉืืืฉืช ืืืงืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืื "ืืงืืจืืช ืจืืฉืื ืืื" - ืืืืืืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืื-ืืืืื. ืืื ื ืืฉ ืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืจืจืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืฉืืขืืช ืืื. ืฉื ืืช, ืืืชืื ืืก' 59 ืืืืงืช ืืืช ืืืื, ืืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืฆืจืืช ืชืงืืื ืืืืื. ืืื, ืืืืืืชืื ืืืืืืืช ืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืื ืืช ืืื ืฉืืื ื. ืฉืืืฉืืช, ืืชืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืกืืคืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืื ื ืืืืืืื; ืืื, ืืคื ืก' 38(ื) ืืืืงืช ืืืช ืืืื - ืืฉืืฉืื ืืืืฆืขื ืขืืจ, ืืืืืืื ืืื ืคืจืฉื ื ืืืื ืช ืืืงืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืื. ืคืืจืืฉ ืฉื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉ ืกืืกืืืื ืืืื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืืืืืง ืืืืืฉืื ืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืชืื ืืืื ื, ืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืืื ืืคืจืฉ ืืช ืืืฉืคื. ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืชื ืืื ืืขืื ืกืืืืช ืืกืคืงืช ืืื, ืืืืืจืืืช ืขื ืคืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืคื ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืช ืขืฆืื. ืืื ืช ืืื ื ืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืื ืืช ืงืืืขืช "ืืื ื ืฆืจืืื ืืืชืคืจืฉ ืืืืฉืจ, ืขื ืคื ืืืฉืืขืืช ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืกืื ืืืงืฉืจื, ืืืืืจ ืืืจืชื" (ืก' 31). ืืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืขืฆื ืคืฉืจื ืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืชืืืจืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืฉื ืคืืจืืฉ: ืืื ืื ืืืืงืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืคืืจืืฉ; ืืืงืื ืคืจืื ืืื ืขืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืื-ืืืืื. ืืืืคื ืืขืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืืขืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืฃ ื ืืจืืืช ืืกืืืืืช, ืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืืืข ืืืืืฅ ืฉืืืืื ืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืช ืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืืคื ืขืงืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืชืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืฉืคืืืช, ืืขืืืืื ืขืื ืืืคืจืืช ืจืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื. ืืจืื, ืืฆืืจื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืคืื ืืช ืืืืง ืืื ืืฆืื ืืจืืช ืืืคืืืืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืฉื ืืจืข ืฉืืืฆื ืืืืื ื ืฉืขืืืจืช ืขื ืืืืง. ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืคืจืืช ืื ืืืขืฉื ืจืืืช, ืืืื ืืช ืื ืกืืช ืืืืื ืข ืืืืืจืืืช ืืขืืืจืืช ืขื ืืืืง ืืืื-ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืคืขืื ืกื ืงืฆืืืช ืืืืคื ืื-ืฆืืื ืืืช ืขื ืืฉื ืืื, ืืืื ื ืืชืืง ืงืฉืจืื ืืืคืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืืืื, ืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืงืจืื ืืกืืืืื, ืืชื ืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืืคืกืืง ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืืจื (ืืืื ืืืจ ืืขื ืืื ื ืฉื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืคืจืื) ืืฉื ืคืืืขื, ืืฃ ืฉืืื ืืืืืจ ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืกืืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืขื ืืืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืช ืืฉื ื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืื ืืืื ื ืขืฆืืืช ื ืื ืืืื ื ืฉืคืขืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืืจืืืืจืื ืฉืื ืื ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืคืืืืืืช ืฉืื. ืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืื ืืืื ื ืขืฆืืืช ืงืืืงืืืืืช, ืืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืคืขื ื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืจืช. ืืืืื ื ืฉืืืชืงืคื ืฆืจืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืขืฆืืืช. ืืืืช ืื ืืขืืื ืช ืืฆ'ืจืืจ ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช. ืืคืจืืช ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช (ืืื"ื) ืขื ืืื ืืืจื ืืื"ื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช. ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืืืืืืช ืคืขืืื, ืื ืชืืช ืืืืืื "ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืืื" (Uniting for Peace, GA/RES/0377), ืืื ืืฆืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืคืจื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืื ืคืขืืืืช ืืืื, ืื ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืื ืคืขืื ืืฉื ืืฆืืขื ืฉืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืงืืืขืื (ืืืืืจ, ืืื). ืืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืข ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช (ืืืื ืกื ืงืฆืืืช ืคืืืืืืืช) ืื ืืืฆื "ืืืื ืขื ืืฉืืื" ืงืื ืืืชืจ. ืืืฉืืขืืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืจืืจื, ืฉืื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืคืขืืื. ื ืืชื ืืืขืืืช ืืคืจืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื. ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืชืืช ืคืจืง 6 ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืื"ื, ืืืืืืืฅ ืขื "ืคืชืจืื ืืกืืกืื". ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ื ืงืืืขืืช ืืืืื ืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืช ืืขืช ืืืืขืฆื. ืืืงืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืืคื, ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืืืจ ืืืืื ืชืืช ืคืจืง 7 ืฉื ืืืืืื, ืืืชืืืืก ื"ืืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืืื, ืืคืจืืช ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืื", ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืงืืืขืืช ืชืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื, ืื ืืชื ืืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืกื ืงืฆืืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืคืขืืืืช ืฆืืืืืช, ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืจ ืืืื ืชืืช ืืืกืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื. ื ืืขื ืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืืขืืจื ืชืืช ืคืจืง 7 ืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืงืืืขืืช, ืืืืกืืก ืืืฉืคืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืืืขืฆื ืชืืช ืกืขืืฃ 24(2), ืฉืงืืืข ืื "ืืืืฆืืข ืืืืืช ืืื (ืืืจืืืช ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื) ืืืืขืฆื ืชืคืขื ืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืจืืช ืืืขืงืจืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช". ืืืืคื ืืงืืืข ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืชืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืืืขื ืืืืืขืฆืช ืฉืื ืขื ื ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืื, ืืืกืืื ืืืืืช, ืืืืื ืกืืกืืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืคืฉืจื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืฆืืง, ืฉืืืืงื ืืืื, ืืืืื ื. ืืคืกืงืื ืฉื ืืชื ืื ืขื ืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืงืจืื ืืืื ืื ืงืืืขืื, ืืฃ ืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืฃ ืืช ืืืืืืชืื. ืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืชืช ืืขื ืืืืขืฆืช ืขื ืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืคืืืช ืืืงืฉืช ืื ืืืฃ ืฉืงืืื ืืช ืืกืืืืช ืืืงืฉื ืืื ืืืฆ'ืจืืจ ืฉื ืืื"ื. ืืืื ืืืงืจื ืืืืขืืฅ ืฉืืืืขื ืื ืืืช ืืืื, ืืื ืืืืืงืืช ืืืื ืืืืช ืืกืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืช ืืืื. ืืงืจืื ืฉืืืืขืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช ืืกืืืืื ืืืื (ืืื ืจืง 150 ืืงืจืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืกื ืืืช ืืืื ื-1945), ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืจืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืคื ืืคืื ืฉื ืจืืืืช ืืขืจืขืืจืื, ืืืืขืกืืง ืืช ืขืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืฉืคื ืฆืืืืจื ืืื-ืืืืื ืืขืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2005, ืืื 12 ืืงืจืื ืืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืช ืืืื. ืืืืืืช ืืืงืจืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืจ ืขืฉืืืืช ืืืืืช ืงืืืขืืช ืื ืื, ืขื ืคื ืืกืื ืืืืฉืืจ, ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืงืจืื ืฉื ืกืืกืื ืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืฉื ืืขื ืื ืืคื ื ืืืช ืืืื, ืื ืชืืื ืงืืืขืืช ืืืคื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืืจืืืช. ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืื ืืช (ืืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื) ืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืคืืขืืืช ืืฆืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืื-ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืช ืืกืืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื-ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืคืืืืืืืช, ืืฉ ืคืจืืืืงืื ืืืคืฆืืื ืื ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืฉืืืืืืชืืื ืืืคืจื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืขืชืืจ ืืืืขืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืช. ืืขืจืืื, ืชืืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืจืื ืคืืจืื ืืืง ืืืฉืคื ืจืื ืื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืืืืจื: ืืืืืข ืืืืืงืืคืืื ื ืืขื ืืืขืฉืจื ืืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืช ืื ืืืขืืฅ ืืฉืคืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://www.lomdimbareshet.net/%d7%94%d7%9b%d7%a0%d7%94-%d7%9c%d7%aa%d7%99%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%9f-3-%d7%99%d7%97%d7%99%d7%93%d7%95%d7%aa/] | [TOKENS: 529] |
ืืื ื ืืชืืืื - 3 ืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืจืื ืงื ืืื ืืืืจืช ืืื ื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืืช ื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืจืืช 3 ืืืืืืช, ืืืืืืงืช ืืคืจืง ืืืืืจื ืืคืจืง ืืืืืืืจืื.ืืืืืจืช ืืืืืฆืช ืืืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืชื ื' . ืืืืื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืจืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืฉืคืช ืืช ืืืืื ืืืกืืจืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืคืืจืืืช ืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืงืืจืก. ื ืืชื ืืืืคืืก ืืช ืืืืืจืช ืืืชืจืื ืืืืฆืขืืชื ืฉืืืืช ืจืืืช ืืื ื ืืฉื. ืืืืืจืช ืืืืืงืช ืืคืจืงื ืืืืื ืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืจืืช ืืืกืืก ืืขื ืืจืืช ืืืืจืืช. ืืืชืจืฉืืืช โ ืืืฆื ืขื ืืชืืื ื. ืฆืจื ืงืฉืจ - ื ืฉืื ืืขืืืจ. ยฉ 2024 ืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืืช. ืืืืืื ืืจืฉืช - ืืืื ืืืืืฉืืืื ืขืจืืฅ "ืืืืืื ืืจืฉืช" ืืืืื ืขืฆืื |
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[SOURCE: https://mschool.co.il/reg2026school/] | [TOKENS: 435] |
ืืจืฉืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืจืฉืื ืืืชืจ ืืงืืจืกืื ืฉืืื ืื! ืืฉ ืืืืจืฉื ืขื ืืืืืื ืขืืื ื.ืฉื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื (ืืคืฉืจื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืืกืคืจืื) ืืื ืกืืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืจืืื.ืืืืืื daniel2056 ืืจืฉืื ืจืืฉืื ืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืชืืืช ืืืืืื * ืฉื ืืฉืชืืฉ (ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืกืคืจืื - ืืื ืจืืื ืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืืื) * ืกืืกืื * ืืืฉืืจ ืืกืืกืื ืืืืฉื * ืืจืฉืื ืืจืฉืื ืืืชืจ ืืงืืจืกืื ืฉืืื ืื! ืืฉ ืืืืจืฉื ืขื ืืืืืื ืขืืื ื. ืฉื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื (ืืคืฉืจื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืืกืคืจืื) ืืื ืกืืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืจืืื. ืืืืืื daniel2056 ืืจืฉืื ืชืคืจืื ื ืืืฉืืช |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/datasets?modality=modality%3Atabular] | [TOKENS: 915] |
Datasets OpenResearcher/OpenResearcher-Dataset Viewer โข Updated 9 days ago โข 97.6k โข 8.47k โข 72 allenai/molmospaces Viewer โข Updated 5 days ago โข 772k โข 206 โข 38 atreydesai/qgqa-gpt-5.2-20260213-041705 Viewer โข Updated 8 days ago โข 3k โข 76 โข 36 OpenDriveLab-org/Kai0 Viewer โข Updated 7 days ago โข 1.8k โข 24.7k โข 30 HuggingFaceFW/fineweb Viewer โข Updated Jul 11, 2025 โข 52.5B โข 194k โข 2.67k nyuuzyou/suno Viewer โข Updated 18 days ago โข 660k โข 374 โข 132 HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu Viewer โข Updated Jul 11, 2025 โข 3.5B โข 254k โข 954 openfoodfacts/product-database Viewer โข Updated about 21 hours ago โข 4.35M โข 4.17k โข 82 Idavidrein/gpqa Benchmark โข Updated 30 days ago โข 1.25k โข 86.6k โข 367 PleIAs/common_corpus Viewer โข Updated 2 days ago โข 69.9k โข 60k โข 354 lm-provers/FineProofs-SFT Viewer โข Updated 7 days ago โข 12.1k โข 74 โข 11 TIGER-Lab/MMLU-Pro Benchmark โข Updated Jan 19 โข 12.1k โข 83.4k โข 431 MathArena/aime_2026 Benchmark โข Updated 5 days ago โข 30 โข 538 โข 10 nvidia/PhysicalAI-Robotics-GR00T-Teleop-GR1 Viewer โข Updated 7 days ago โข 7.55M โข 1.09k โข 8 bigcode/the-stack-v2 Viewer โข Updated Apr 23, 2024 โข 5.45B โข 7.32k โข 472 HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus Viewer โข Updated Sep 6, 2024 โข 237M โข 22.1k โข 437 uw-math-ai/theorem-search-dataset Viewer โข Updated 1 day ago โข 2.89M โข 240 โข 21 ronantakizawa/leetcode-assembly Viewer โข Updated 5 days ago โข 14.1k โข 88 โข 7 kmfoda/booksum Viewer โข Updated Nov 30, 2022 โข 12.5k โข 1.31k โข 71 bowen-upenn/PersonaMem-v2 Viewer โข Updated 16 days ago โข 51.7k โข 2.31k โข 19 cx-cmu/deepresearchgym-agentic-search-logs Viewer โข Updated 22 days ago โข 14.3M โข 113 โข 12 allenai/real-toxicity-prompts Viewer โข Updated Sep 30, 2022 โข 99.4k โข 7.4k โข 113 jtatman/stable-diffusion-prompts-stats-full-uncensored Viewer โข Updated Nov 8, 2024 โข 897k โข 359 โข 120 HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2 Viewer โข Updated Oct 27, 2025 โข 4.48B โข 72.4k โข 755 HHS-Official/medicaid-provider-spending Viewer โข Updated 4 days ago โข 227M โข 171 โข 4 seongsubae/KorMedMCQA-V Viewer โข Updated 4 days ago โข 1.84k โข 518 โข 4 deepmind/code_contests Viewer โข Updated Jun 11, 2023 โข 4.04k โข 861k โข 216 OpenAssistant/oasst1 Viewer โข Updated May 2, 2023 โข 88.8k โข 11.2k โข 1.48k HuggingFaceTB/smoltalk Viewer โข Updated Feb 10, 2025 โข 2.2M โข 5.75k โข 391 openbmb/DCAD-2000 Viewer โข Updated Dec 5, 2025 โข 649M โข 3.99k โข 20 |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/datasets/Raziel1234/WebBooks/discussions/1#6918ba7c06ef9e60dba2f08a] | [TOKENS: 343] |
Datasets: Raziel1234 / WebBooks like 0 [bot] Conversion to Parquet The parquet-converter bot has created a version of this dataset in the Parquet format in the refs/convert/parquet branch. What is Parquet? Apache Parquet is a popular columnar storage format known for: This is what powers the dataset viewer on each dataset page and every dataset on the Hub can be accessed with the same code (you can use HF Datasets, ClickHouse, DuckDB, Pandas, PostgreSQL, or Polars, up to you). You can learn more about the advantages associated with Parquet in the documentation. How to access the Parquet version of the dataset? You can access the Parquet version of the dataset by following this link: refs/convert/parquet What if my dataset was already in Parquet? When the dataset is already in Parquet format, the data are not converted and the files in refs/convert/parquet are links to the original files. This rule has an exception to ensure the dataset viewer API to stay fast: if the row group size of the original Parquet files is too big, new Parquet files are generated. What should I do? You don't need to do anything. The Parquet version of the dataset is available for you to use. Refer to the documentation for examples and code snippets on how to query the Parquet files with ClickHouse, DuckDB, Pandas or Polars. If you have any questions or concerns, feel free to ask in the discussion below. You can also close the discussion if you don't have any questions. ืฉืืื ยท Sign up or log in to comment |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/models?pipeline_tag=text-to-speech] | [TOKENS: 987] |
Models Qwen/Qwen3-TTS-12Hz-1.7B-CustomVoice Text-to-Speech โข Updated 23 days ago โข 933k โข 1.12k nineninesix/kani-tts-2-en Text-to-Speech โข 0.4B โข Updated 2 days ago โข 2.59k โข 163 OpenMOSS-Team/MOSS-TTS Text-to-Speech โข 8B โข Updated 8 days ago โข 41.2k โข 289 Soul-AILab/SoulX-Singer Text-to-Speech โข Updated 10 days ago โข 1.08k โข 125 hexgrad/Kokoro-82M Text-to-Speech โข Updated Apr 10, 2025 โข 8.66M โข โข 5.73k Aratako/MioTTS-2.6B Text-to-Speech โข Updated 11 days ago โข 924 โข 63 nineninesix/kani-tts-2-pt Text-to-Speech โข 0.4B โข Updated 2 days ago โข 1.19k โข 37 NAMAA-Space/NAMAA-Saudi-TTS Text-to-Speech โข 0.5B โข Updated 23 days ago โข 138 โข 35 OpenMOSS-Team/MOSS-TTS-Realtime Text-to-Speech โข 2B โข Updated 6 days ago โข 10.4k โข 50 OpenMOSS-Team/MOSS-TTSD-v1.0 Text-to-Speech โข 8B โข Updated 7 days ago โข 11.9k โข 44 Qwen/Qwen3-TTS-12Hz-1.7B-VoiceDesign Text-to-Speech โข 2B โข Updated 23 days ago โข 406k โข 266 microsoft/VibeVoice-Realtime-0.5B Text-to-Speech โข 1B โข Updated Dec 12, 2025 โข 602k โข 1.12k YatharthS/LuxTTS Text-to-Speech โข Updated 29 days ago โข 2.81k โข 138 OpenMOSS-Team/MOSS-VoiceGenerator Text-to-Speech โข 2B โข Updated 10 days ago โข 4.66k โข 34 coqui/XTTS-v2 Text-to-Speech โข Updated Dec 11, 2023 โข 7.19M โข 3.4k ResembleAI/chatterbox Text-to-Speech โข Updated Sep 23, 2025 โข 766k โข โข 1.48k kugelaudio/kugelaudio-0-open Text-to-Speech โข Updated 15 days ago โข 91.4k โข 163 OpenMOSS-Team/MOSS-TTS-Local-Transformer Text-to-Speech โข 3B โข Updated 8 days ago โข 22.7k โข 19 syvai/plapre-nano Text-to-Speech โข 0.3B โข Updated 3 days ago โข 1.04k โข 9 neuphonic/neutts-nano Text-to-Speech โข 0.2B โข Updated 9 days ago โข 6.41k โข 52 fishaudio/s1-mini Text-to-Speech โข Updated 15 days ago โข 5.21k โข 590 Aratako/MioTTS-GGUF Text-to-Speech โข 0.1B โข Updated 12 days ago โข 3.01k โข 14 neuphonic/neutts-nano-q8-gguf Text-to-Speech โข 0.2B โข Updated 9 days ago โข 2.02k โข 11 bharatgenai/sooktam2 Text-to-Speech โข Updated about 6 hours ago โข 222 โข 6 vadimbelsky/emirati-vits-male-1.0 Text-to-Speech โข Updated 2 days ago โข 6 fishaudio/fish-speech-1.5 Text-to-Speech โข Updated Mar 25, 2025 โข 3.82k โข 709 sesame/csm-1b Text-to-Speech โข Updated Dec 1, 2025 โข 129k โข 2.34k microsoft/VibeVoice-1.5B Text-to-Speech โข 3B โข Updated about 1 month ago โข 77.3k โข 2.22k zai-org/GLM-TTS Text-to-Speech โข Updated Jan 12 โข 250 โข 320 FunAudioLLM/Fun-CosyVoice3-0.5B-2512 Text-to-Speech โข Updated 18 days ago โข 5.78k โข 459 |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/enterprise-hub-datasets] | [TOKENS: 105] |
Hub documentation Datasets Hub and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started Datasets This feature is part of the Team & Enterprise plans. Data Studio is enabled on private datasets under your Team or Enterprise organization. Data Studio allows teams to understand their data and to help them build better data processing and filtering for AI. This powerful viewer allows you to explore dataset content, inspect data distributions, filter by values, search for keywords, or even run SQL queries on your data without leaving your browser. More information about Data Studio. |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/models?other=chemistry] | [TOKENS: 803] |
Models Prior-Labs/tabpfn_2_5 Tabular Classification โข Updated 23 days ago โข 95.4k โข 162 thelamapi/next-1b Text Generation โข 1.0B โข Updated Nov 11, 2025 โข 3.51k โข 25 SandboxAQ/AQAffinity Updated 11 days ago โข 23 VibeStudio/Nidum-Llama-3.2-3B-Uncensored-GGUF Text Generation โข 3B โข Updated Dec 17, 2024 โข 3.89k โข 35 bartowski/PocketDoc_Dans-PersonalityEngine-V1.3.0-24b-GGUF Text Generation โข 24B โข Updated May 23, 2025 โข 29.1k โข 35 microsoft/NatureLM-8x7B 47B โข Updated Jun 20, 2025 โข 155 โข 19 OpenMed/OpenMed-NER-ChemicalDetect-ElectraMed-33M Token Classification โข 33.2M โข Updated Aug 5, 2025 โข 191k โข โข 2 Moreza009/Llama-DrugReasoner Text Generation โข Updated Oct 7, 2025 โข 6 โข 2 ByteDance-Seed/byteff2 Updated Nov 17, 2025 โข 3 SandboxAQ/aqcat25-ev2 Updated Oct 30, 2025 โข 9 thelamapi/next-ocr Image-Text-to-Text โข 9B โข Updated Nov 15, 2025 โข 10k โข 16 ValiantLabs/Ministral-3-14B-Reasoning-2512-ShiningValiant3 Text Generation โข 14B โข Updated Dec 8, 2025 โข 93 โข 4 vipsehgal/qwen3-8b-jee-sft Text Generation โข 8B โข Updated 3 days ago โข 57 โข 1 ngetichkpeter/Logoi Updated 6 days ago โข 1 Felipe2231/canario-amarelo-prod-final Text-to-Video โข Updated 7 days ago โข 1 Intae/mymodel Updated Aug 24, 2023 davanstrien/test Updated Sep 7, 2023 โข 13 seyonec/ChemBERTa-zinc-base-v1 Fill-Mask โข Updated May 20, 2021 โข 651k โข โข 62 ncfrey/ChemGPT-4.7M Text Generation โข Updated Jun 15, 2022 โข 1.15k โข 20 ncfrey/ChemGPT-19M Text Generation โข Updated Jun 15, 2022 โข 660 โข 4 ncfrey/ChemGPT-1.2B Text Generation โข Updated Jun 15, 2022 โข 779 โข 16 sagawa/ReactionT5v1-forward Updated Jul 28, 2024 โข 123 Dr-BERT/DrBERT-4GB Fill-Mask โข Updated May 28, 2023 โข 196 โข 1 Dr-BERT/DrBERT-7GB Fill-Mask โข Updated May 28, 2023 โข 2.28k โข โข 17 UEG/interface Text Classification โข Updated Feb 27, 2023 Sevenlee/kkk Image Segmentation โข Updated Jan 10, 2023 Dr-BERT/DrBERT-4GB-CP-CamemBERT Updated May 28, 2023 Dr-BERT/DrBERT-4GB-CP-PubMedBERT Fill-Mask โข Updated May 28, 2023 โข 355 โข 1 cosmobaby/ka Image Segmentation โข Updated Jan 10, 2023 csimonmeunier/test-model Updated Jan 23, 2023 โข 1 |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/spaces-dev-mode] | [TOKENS: 724] |
Hub documentation Spaces Dev Mode: Seamless development in Spaces Hub and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started Spaces Dev Mode: Seamless development in Spaces This feature is still in Beta stage. The Spaces Dev Mode is part of PRO or Team & Enterprise plans. Spaces Dev Mode Spaces Dev Mode is a feature that eases the debugging of your application and makes iterating on Spaces faster. Whenever your commit some changes to your Space repo, the underlying Docker image gets rebuilt, and then a new virtual machine is provisioned to host the new container. The Dev Mode allows you to update your Space much quicker by overriding the Docker image. The Dev Mode Docker image starts your application as a sub-process, allowing you to restart it without stopping the Space container itself. It also starts a VS Code server and a SSH server in the background for you to connect to the Space. The ability to connect to the running Space unlocks several use cases: Overall it makes developing and experimenting with Spaces much faster by skipping the Docker image rebuild phase. Interface Once the Dev Mode is enabled on your Space, you should see a modal like the following. The application does not restart automatically when you change the code. For your changes to appear in the Space, you need to use the Refresh button that will restart the app. The Dev Mode allows you to connect to your Spaceโs docker container using SSH. Instructions to connect are listed in the Dev Mode controls modal. You will need to add your machineโs SSH public key to your user account to be able to connect to the Space using SSH. Check out the Git over SSH documentation for more detailed instructions. You can also use a local install of VS Code to connect to the Space container. To do so, you will need to install the SSH Remote extension. The modal will display a warning if you have uncommitted or unpushed changes in the Space: Enabling Dev Mode You can enable the Dev Mode on your Space from the web interface. You can also create a Space with the dev mode enabled: Limitations Dev Mode is currently not available for static Spaces. Docker Spaces also have some additional requirements. Dev Mode is supported for Docker Spaces. However, your Space needs to comply with the following rules for Dev Mode to work properly. Your application code must be located in the /app folder for the Dev Mode daemon to be able to detect changes. The /app folder must be owned by the user with uid 1000 to allow you to make changes to the code. The Dockerfile must contain a CMD instruction for startup. Checkout Dockerโs documentation about the CMD instruction for more details. Dev Mode works well when the base image is debian-based (eg, ubuntu). More exotic linux distros (eg, alpine) are not tested and Dev Mode is not guaranteed to work on them. This is an example of a Dockerfile compatible with Spaces Dev Mode. It installs the required packages with apt-get, along with a couple more for developer convenience (namely: top, vim and nano). It then starts a NodeJS application from /app. There are several examples of Dev Mode compatible Docker Spaces in this organization. Feel free to duplicate them in your namespace! Example Python app (FastAPI HTTP server): https://huggingface.co/spaces/dev-mode-explorers/dev-mode-python Example Javascript app (Express.js HTTP server): https://huggingface.co/spaces/dev-mode-explorers/dev-mode-javascript Feedback You can share your feedback on Spaces Dev Mode directly on the HF Hub: https://huggingface.co/spaces/dev-mode-explorers/README/discussions |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/models?other=biology] | [TOKENS: 877] |
Models BioMistral/BioMistral-7B-GGUF Text Generation โข 7B โข Updated Feb 19, 2024 โข 962 โข 19 Prior-Labs/tabpfn_2_5 Tabular Classification โข Updated 23 days ago โข 95.4k โข 162 vandijklab/C2S-Scale-Gemma-2-27B Text Generation โข 28B โข Updated Oct 31, 2025 โข 1.58k โข 161 thelamapi/next-1b Text Generation โข 1.0B โข Updated Nov 11, 2025 โข 3.51k โข 25 SandboxAQ/AQAffinity Updated 11 days ago โข 23 google/alphagenome-all-folds Updated 25 days ago โข 76 google/alphagenome-fold-1 Updated 25 days ago โข 8 thefynnbe/ambitious-sloth Updated 9 days ago โข 2 imageomics/bioclip-2.5-vith14 Zero-Shot Image Classification โข Updated 8 days ago โข 87 โข 2 zhihan1996/DNABERT-2-117M Updated Jun 30, 2025 โข 60.7k โข 89 Rostlab/ProstT5 Translation โข Updated Nov 16, 2023 โข 45.8k โข 33 chriamue/bird-species-classifier Image Classification โข 8.51M โข Updated Nov 12, 2023 โข 1.24k โข โข 21 TheBloke/medicine-chat-GGUF Text Generation โข 7B โข Updated Jan 10, 2024 โข 410 โข 17 BioMistral/BioMistral-7B Text Generation โข Updated Feb 21, 2024 โข 41.2k โข 492 EvolutionaryScale/esm3-sm-open-v1 Updated Jan 29, 2025 โข 11.3k โข 277 biomap-research/proteinglm-100b-int4 50B โข Updated Mar 17, 2025 โข 188 โข 11 minwoosun/uce-650m Updated Jul 24, 2024 โข 3 โข 3 minwoosun/uce-100m Updated Jul 24, 2024 โข 28 โข 2 vandijklab/C2S-Pythia-410m-cell-type-prediction Text Generation โข 0.4B โข Updated Oct 31, 2025 โข 738 โข 10 johahi/borzoi-replicate-0 0.2B โข Updated Jan 3, 2025 โข 224k โข 1 genbio-ai/AIDO.Protein-16B Updated Nov 13, 2025 โข 330 โข 6 VibeStudio/Nidum-Llama-3.2-3B-Uncensored-GGUF Text Generation โข 3B โข Updated Dec 17, 2024 โข 3.89k โข 35 codewithdark/vit-chest-xray Image Classification โข 85.8M โข Updated Aug 26, 2025 โข 1.17k โข โข 5 bartowski/PocketDoc_Dans-PersonalityEngine-V1.3.0-24b-GGUF Text Generation โข 24B โข Updated May 23, 2025 โข 29.1k โข 35 imageomics/bioclip-2 Zero-Shot Image Classification โข Updated 8 days ago โข 15.9k โข 28 microsoft/NatureLM-8x7B 47B โข Updated Jun 20, 2025 โข 155 โข 19 Moreza009/Llama-DrugReasoner Text Generation โข Updated Oct 7, 2025 โข 6 โข 2 ByteDance-Seed/byteff2 Updated Nov 17, 2025 โข 3 biomni/Biomni-R0-32B-Preview Updated Oct 13, 2025 โข 485 โข 17 thelamapi/next-ocr Image-Text-to-Text โข 9B โข Updated Nov 15, 2025 โข 10k โข 16 |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/en/storage-limits] | [TOKENS: 1308] |
Hub documentation Storage limits Hub and get access to the augmented documentation experience to get started Storage limits At Hugging Face we aim to provide the AI community with significant volumes of free storage space for public repositories. We bill for storage space for private repositories, above a free tier (see table below). Storage limits and policies apply to both model and dataset repositories on the Hub. We optimize our infrastructure continuously to scale our storage for the coming years of growth in AI and Machine learning. We do have mitigations in place to prevent abuse of free public storage, and in general we ask users and organizations to make sure any uploaded large model or dataset is as useful to the community as possible (as represented by numbers of likes or downloads, for instance). Finally, upgrade to a paid Organization or User (PRO) account to unlock higher limits. Storage plans ๐ก Team or Enterprise Organizations include 1TB of private storage per seat in the subscription: for example, if your organization has 40 members, then you have 40TB of included private storage. * We aim to continue providing the AI community with generous free storage space for public repositories. Beyond the first few gigabytes, please use this resource responsibly by uploading content that offers genuine value to other users. If you need substantial storage space, you will need to upgrade to PRO, Team or Enterprise. โ We work with impactful community members to ensure it is as easy as possible for them to unlock large storage limits. If your models or datasets consistently get many likes and downloads and you hit limits, get in touch. Above the included 1TB (or 1TB per seat) of private storage in PRO and Team or Enterprise Organizations, private storage is invoiced at $25/TB/month, in 1TB increments. See our billing doc for more details. Repository limitations and recommendations In parallel to storage limits at the account (user or organization) level, there are some limitations to be aware of when dealing with a large amount of data in a specific repo. Given the time it takes to stream the data, getting an upload/push to fail at the end of the process or encountering a degraded experience, be it on hf.co or when working locally, can be very annoying. In the following section, we describe our recommendations on how to best structure your large repos. We gathered a list of tips and recommendations for structuring your repo. If you are looking for more practical tips, check out this guide on how to upload large amount of data using the Python library. * Not relevant when using git CLI directly Please read the next section to better understand those limits and how to deal with them. What are we talking about when we say โlarge uploadsโ, and what are their associated limitations? Large uploads can be very diverse, from repositories with a few huge files (e.g. model weights) to repositories with thousands of small files (e.g. an image dataset). Under the hood, the Hub uses Git to version the data, which has structural implications on what you can do in your repo. If your repo is crossing some of the numbers mentioned in the previous section, we strongly encourage you to check out git-sizer, which has very detailed documentation about the different factors that will impact your experience. Here is a TL;DR of factors to consider: One key way Hugging Face supports the machine learning ecosystem is by hosting datasets on the Hub, including very large ones. However, if your dataset is bigger than 1TB, you will need to subscribe to Team/Enterprise or ask us to grant more storage. In this case, to ensure we can effectively support the open-source ecosystem, we require you to let us know via datasets@huggingface.co. When you get in touch with us, please let us know: For hosting large datasets on the Hub, we require the following for your dataset: Please get in touch with us if any of these requirements are difficult for you to meet because of the type of data or domain you are working in. Similarly to datasets, if you host models bigger than 1TB or if you plan on uploading a large number of smaller sized models (for instance, hundreds of automated quants) totalling more than 1TB, you will need to subscribe to Team/Enterprise or ask us to grant more storage. To do that, to ensure we can effectively support the open-source ecosystem, please send an email with details of your project to models@huggingface.co. We recommend that academic and research institutions upgrade to Team, Enterprise, or Academia Hub for guaranteed storage limits. For researchers doing highly impactful work who are genuinely blocked by lack of institutional funding, PRO storage grants may be available on a case-by-case basis. Please contact datasets@huggingface.co or models@huggingface.co with a proposal explaining your use case and demonstrated impact. How can I free up storage space in my account/organization? There are several ways to manage and free some storage space in your account or organization. First, if you need more storage space, upgrade to a PRO, Team or Enterprise plan for increased storage limits. โ ๏ธ Important: Deleting Large Files is a destructive operation that cannot be undone. Make sure to backup your files before proceeding. Key points to remember: Pull requests create git refs that store their commits. After closing or merging a PR, you can delete its ref to free up storage space. This is especially useful when: To delete a PR ref, open the closed or merged PR and look for the storage notice at the bottom showing the estimated space that could be freed. Click โDelete refโ to permanently remove it. Deleting a PR ref is irreversible and will prevent anyone from fetching or checking out those commits locally. The super-squash operation compresses your entire Git history into a single commit. Consider using super-squash when you need to reclaim storage from old LFS versions youโre not using. This operation is only available through the Hub Python Library or the API. โ ๏ธ Important: This is a destructive operation that cannot be undone, commit history will be permanently lost and LFS file history will be removed The effects from the squash operation on your storage quota are not immediate and will be reflected on your quota within 36 hours. When you find an LFS file in your repositoryโs โList LFS filesโ but donโt know where it came from, you can trace its history using its SHA-256 OID by using the git log command: For example: |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/models?other=finance] | [TOKENS: 932] |
Models DMindAI/DMind-3 Text Generation โข Updated 25 days ago โข 322 โข 85 DMindAI/DMind-3-mini Text Generation โข 4B โข Updated 25 days ago โข 198 โข 52 Prior-Labs/tabpfn_2_5 Tabular Classification โข Updated 23 days ago โข 95.4k โข 162 TigerTrading/TradingBot Updated Oct 19, 2025 โข 25 Adilbai/stock-trading-rl-agent Reinforcement Learning โข Updated Jan 8 โข 106 โข 107 DragonLLM/Llama-Open-Finance-8B Question Answering โข Updated Nov 3, 2025 โข 1.2k โข 13 AdityaaXD/Multi-Agent_Reinforcement_Learning_Trading_System_Models Reinforcement Learning โข Updated 20 days ago โข 183 โข 4 FutureMa/Eva-4B-V2 Text Classification โข Updated 11 days ago โข 725 โข 114 TheBloke/finance-chat-GGUF Text Generation โข 7B โข Updated Jan 10, 2024 โข 256 โข 16 thelamapi/next-1b Text Generation โข 1.0B โข Updated Nov 11, 2025 โข 3.51k โข 25 zeroentropy/zerank-2 Text Ranking โข 4B โข Updated Nov 20, 2025 โข 8.49k โข 43 gtfintechlab/ipomine-yolov8-classifier Image Classification โข Updated 2 days ago โข 39 โข 2 nlpaueb/sec-bert-shape Fill-Mask โข Updated Apr 28, 2022 โข 10 โข 17 gtfintechlab/FOMC-RoBERTa Text Classification โข Updated Sep 12, 2023 โข 567 โข 15 bavest/fin-llama-33b-merged Text Generation โข Updated Nov 29, 2023 โข 709 โข 23 ChanceFocus/finma-7b-nlp Text Generation โข Updated Sep 14, 2023 โข 30 โข 16 ChanceFocus/finma-7b-full Text Generation โข Updated Sep 14, 2023 โข 1 โข 27 StephanAkkerman/FinTwitBERT-sentiment Text Classification โข 0.1B โข Updated Feb 21, 2024 โข 17.5k โข โข 23 TheBloke/finance-LLM-GGUF Text Generation โข 7B โข Updated Dec 24, 2023 โข 533 โข 27 andrijdavid/finance-chat-GGUF Text Generation โข 7B โข Updated Jan 19, 2024 โข 151 โข 4 TheBloke/finance-LLM-13B-GGUF Text Generation โข 13B โข Updated Jan 15, 2024 โข 1.58k โข 21 yatharth97/T5-base-10K-summarization Summarization โข 0.2B โข Updated Jun 10, 2024 โข 28.8k โข โข 3 arcee-ai/Llama-3-SEC-Base Text Generation โข 71B โข Updated Jun 19, 2024 โข 43 โข โข 13 SRART/start Text Classification โข Updated Sep 17, 2024 โข 2 ZeroXClem/LLama3.1-Hawkish-Theia-Fireball-8B Text Generation โข 8B โข Updated Nov 21, 2024 โข 2 โข 5 VibeStudio/Nidum-Llama-3.2-3B-Uncensored-GGUF Text Generation โข 3B โข Updated Dec 17, 2024 โข 3.89k โข 35 beethogedeon/Modern-FinBERT-large Text Classification โข 0.4B โข Updated Jul 17, 2025 โข 6.17k โข โข 3 latchkeyChild/deepseek-trading-assistant Updated Feb 9, 2025 โข 17 bartowski/PocketDoc_Dans-PersonalityEngine-V1.3.0-24b-GGUF Text Generation โข 24B โข Updated May 23, 2025 โข 29.1k โข 35 Akhil-Theerthala/Kuvera-14B-v0.1.0 Text Generation โข 15B โข Updated Jun 3, 2025 โข 6 โข 5 |
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