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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C%C3%A9sar_Quispe_Luj%C3%A1n_juramenta_como_nuevo_ministro_de_la_Producci%C3%B3n_2_(cropped).jpg] | [TOKENS: 157] |
File:Cรฉsar Quispe Lujรกn juramenta como nuevo ministro de la Producciรณn 2 (cropped).jpg Summary Licensing Public domain Public domain false false File history Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. File usage More than 100 pages use this file. The following list shows the first 100 pages that use this file only. A full list is available. View more links to this file. Global file usage The following other wikis use this file: View more global usage of this file. Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details may not fully reflect the modified file. |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืงืืื ืื] | [TOKENS: 5176] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืงืืื ืื ืงืืื ืื (ืื ืคืืืืช: โเคเคพเค เคฎเคพเคกเฅเคโโโพโ; ืื ืืืืจืืช: เคฏเฅเค เคฆเฅเคฏเฅ - ืึถื ืึตืื) ืืื ืืืจืช ื ืคืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืื. ืขื ืคื ืืคืงื ืืืืืืืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2021 ืืืืืืกืืืช ืืขืืจ ืื ืชื 862,400 ืชืืฉืืื. ืืงืืจ ืืฉื ืืขืืจ ืงืืื ืื ืงืืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืืื ื ืืงึทืกึฐืชึท-ืึทื ึฐืึทืคึทึผ ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืจืืจ. ืืืื ื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืืจืืืกืื, ืืื ื ืืืกื ืืขืืื ืจืื ืืขืืืจื ืืืจื, ืืืฉืืขืืช ืฉืื ืืื "ืืืชื-ืืืกื ืืขืฅ". ืืืื ื ืืื ืืื ื ืืคืืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืขืชืืง ืืืืชืจ ืฉืฉืจื, ืืืคื ืฉืฉืื ืืจืื โ ืืื ืื ืื ืืขืฅ ืืืื (ืงึทืกึฐืชึท), ืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืชืืช ืืฃ ืืฆืืจืื ืืกืืจืื ืื ืืืืืจืื. ืขื ืคื ืืืกืืจืช ื ืื ื ืื ืืืื ื ืืขืฅ ืืืื ืขื ืงื. ืชืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืืงืืจื ืืื ื ืืืืข. ืืืืืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืืงืกืชืื ืืคื ืืืคืข ืืืชืืืช ืืฉื ืช 1143, ืืกืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืืืกื ืืืื ืืขืืืจื ืืืจื, ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืฉืืืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืฃ ื ืขืจืื ืืงืกื ืืืชืจื. ืืฉืื ืืขืฅ ืืขืืงืจื ืืืืง ืืืขืืืืื ืืชืืืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืจืื ืืืง ืืืืื ื ืืืงืืจื, ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืื ื ืฉืืคืฅ ืืฉืืืืจ ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืช ืืฉื ืื. ืืืกืืืจืื ืืฉืืืืชื ืืืืกืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืืืจ ื ืืืขืช ืืคืืจืืืช ืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืจื ืืกืืื ืืืชื, ืืืืืืชื ืืืืงื ืขื ื ืชืื ืืืกืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืกืื. ืืืืฆืืื ืืขืชืืงืื ืืืืชืจ ืืชืืืจืืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ืืคื ื ืืกืคืืจื, ืื ืื ืืฉ ืืืงืจืื ืืกืืืจืื ืื ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืจ ืขืชืืงื ืืจืื ืืืชืจ. ืืืชืืืช ืืขืชืืงื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืืฉื ืช 185. ืขื-ืคื ืืืกืืจืช, ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืงืจื ืืกืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืืคืืจ ืฉื ืืืื ื ืืกืืืืืช ืืืื ื-6 ืืคื ื"ืก, ืื ืืื ืขืืืืืช ืืื. ืืคืื ืงืืืืืช ืืจืืข ืกืืืคืืช ืื ืืืื ื-3 ืืคื ื"ืก, ืืืืืื ื ืืขื ืื ืืืงืื ืขื ืืื ืืงืืกืจ ืืฉืืงื ืฉืืื ืืืืืคืจืื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืื ืืืงืจื ืฉื ืืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืืงื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืขืืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช, ืื ืื ืืงืืจ ืืกืืืคืืช ืื ืจืื ืืชืงืืคื ืื. ืืฉืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืชืืขืืื ืฉื ืืขืืง ืื ืืงืืจืืืื, ืืงืืืืื ืฉืจืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืืื ืฉืืื ืืคืื. ืืืื ืืืืืฉืืช, ืฉืืืื ืืขืืง ืืื ืฉืืฉืืช ืืืืฆ'ืื, ืืฉืจ ืงืืืื ืงืฉืจืื ืืืืงืื ืขื ืฉืืฉืืช ืืืคืื ืืืืื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืงืืืืืช ืืชืืืืช, ืืฉืจ ืืืืงืืืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 464. ืืื ืืืื ื-12 ืืืืื ื-17 ืฉืืื ืืขืืง ืืืื ืฉืืฉืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืจืื, ืืชืงืืคื ืื ื ืื ื ืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืกืืืจืืื ืฉืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 1769 ื ืืืฉ ืืขืืง ืขื ืืื ืฉืืฉืืช ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ื ืกืืืืช ืืืจืงื ืืกืืืื, ืฉืืืืืฉืืื ืื ืจืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ื ืคืื ืืืืืื ืืืช. ืืืืืฉ, ืคืจืืืื ื ืจืืืื ืฉืื, ืืื ืฉืงืืข ืืช ืงืืื ืื ืืืืจืช ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืืชื ืฉื ืืขืืจ. ืฉืืืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืืง ืืืืคืืื ื ืืชืจืืืช ืื ืืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืื, ืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ื ื ืืคืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืขืื ืืขืืืช ืื ื ืืคืจืืืืื ืฉืืืฆืื ืืืืื, ืืฉืคืชื ื ืืคืื ืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ื ืืืช ืืืืืจ ืื ืงืจืืช ืืืื ื ืคืืืืช. ืืื ืืฉื ืื 1846 ืขื 1951 ืืื ืืฉืืืื ื ืชืื ืืืื ืืฉืคืืช ืจืื ื, ืฉืืฉืื ืืคืืขื ืืืืชืืจื ืืืื ืชืคืงืื ืกืืื ืืืื. ืกืืื ืฉืืืื ื ืืืคืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืืคืืื ืืฉื ืช 1951 ืขืืจื ืงืืื ืื ืชืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฆืื ืืืืฅ, ืฉืืชืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืกืืื, ืืคืืชืื ืืขืจืืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืช ืฆืคืืคื. ืืืช ืืืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืกืคื ืืืืืงืงืช ืืฉื ืช 2008. ืืืืืจืคืื ืืืงืืื ืงืืื ืื ืืฉืชืจืขืช ืขื ืคื ื 49.45 ืงื"ืจ, ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืฉื ื-1,400 ืืืจืื ืืขื ืืืื ืคื ื ืืื, ืขื ืืืืช ื ืืจ ืืืืืื, ืืขืืง ืงืืื ืื ืืืืื ืงืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืจืืืื ืฆืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืืจื ืืืืื ื. ืืื ืชืืืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืื ื ืืจ ืืืืืื-ืงืืื ืืืืขืจื ืขื ืืื ื ืืจ ืืืืฉื ืืืืื ืื ืฉืคืืื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืจ ืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืขืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืฆืฅ ืืื ื ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืคืืจ. ืืืื ืืืงืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืขืืง ืงืืื ืื ืฉืืจืฆืืขืช ืืืืขืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืคืื ืืืจืืคืืช ืฉื ืืจืื ืืืืื ื (ืืืจืื), ืฉืื ืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืฉื ืืฉื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ. ืืืงืืื ืืชืืคืืื ืืขืื ื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืืื ืกืื ืืจืืคืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืื ื ืขื ืกืคืืืืจ. ืืืืืฉ ืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืืคืจืื, ืื ืืืืื ืืืืคืจืืืจื ืืืืืข ืขื 35 ืืขืืืช. ืืืืืฉ ืืงืจ ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืื ืืืจ, ืื ืืืืคืจืืืจื ืืืืืฆืขืช ืืื ืืืขืื ืืืช, ืืืขืื ื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืืฃ ืืืจื ืฉืื. ืืชืจืื ืืืกืืืจืืื ืืืชืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืืชื ืืืืงืฃ ืืจืืื ืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืขื ืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืจืืจ (ืืืืจ ืืืจืืื), ืขืืื ืื ืืืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืงืืฉืื, ืืจืืืชื ื ืื ื ืืชืงืืคืช ืฉืืืื ืฉืืฉืืช ืืืื. ืืืืืจ ืงืืื ืื ืืืงืืฉ ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืคืฉืืคืืื ืืช, ืืืืชืจืื ืืืืืืืกืืืื ืืขืืงืจืืื ืื ืืกืืืคืืช ืืกืืืืืืืืื ืืช, ืืืืืื ืช'. ืืืจืืื ืืืืืืจ ืฉืืืืฆื ืื ืืฉืชืจืขืื ืขื ืฉืื ืฉื ื-40 ืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืขืืจ, ืื ืืฆืืื ืืื ื-60 ืืื ืื ืืืกืืืจืืื. ืขืืืืืช ืืชืืืืช ืืืจืืืืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืื ืืจืืื ืืช ืงืืืืื ืืื ืงืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืจ ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืืฉืืืขืืช, ืื ืืืื ืื ืืงืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืขืืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืชืื ืื ืืืืื ื-11 ืื ื-12. ืืืจืืื, ืื ืืื ืืืืงื, ืงืืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืขื ืคื ื ืืงืืฃ, ืฉืืืืชื ืืชื ืืกืกืช ืืขื ืืฉืขืจ ืืจืืฉื (ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืื ืืืืงื ืืื ืืืช). ืืื ืืื ืืฉืื ื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืฉืืฉืืช ืฉืื ืขื ืฉื ืช 1896. ืืชืงืืคื ืืืืืื ืืช ืื ืคืื ืืืืืจื ืืช ืืืจืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืขืืงืจ ืืฆืจืืื ืืงืกืืื ืืืชืืื. ืืชืื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืืงืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืฉืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืช ืืฉื ืื ืืืชืืจ ืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืคืืฅ. ืืืืจ ืืืจืืจ ืืืืืช ืขืฉืจืืช ืืงืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืื. ืืื ืืืงืืฉืื ืืืฉืืืื: ืชืืืจืืช ืจืง ืืฉื ืช 1956 ื ืกืืื ืื ืคืื ืืืจื ืจืืฉืื ื ืฉืืืขืื ืืชื ืืขืช ืืื ืจืื, ืฉืงืืฉืจื ืืช ืืขืืจ ืขื ืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1974 ื ืคืชืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืกืืช ืืื ืืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืขืฉืืจืื ืืืื, ื ืืคืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืขื ืฃ ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืืืช ืืขืืจ. ืืงืคืืฆื ืืืืืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืจืขื ืืฉื ืืช ื-70, ืื ืืืืขื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ื ืชืืืจืื. ืืืืืจืื ืืืืืื, ืืงืจืื ืืืืข ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืงืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืืื ืืช ืืืคื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืกืืจ ืืกืืื, ืืฉืื ืืืงืื ืชืืืจืื ืจืืื ืฉืืืืงื ืืืืื ื ืื ื ืขื ืชืจืืืช ืืืืคืื, ืฉืืืืขื ืืืืืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืชืืจืืช ืืคืืืืกืืคืืืช ืืืืชืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืืื. ืชืจืืืช ืื ืืฉืคืืขื ืืืื ืขื ืืืคื ืืขืืจ, ืืื ืืืื ืืฉ ืื ืชืจืืืช ืชืจืืืืืืช ืขื ืคื, ืืขืืงืจ ืฉื ืฆืขืืจืื ืืืขืืื. ืืืง ืืืื ืืืชืืืจืื ืืืืื ืื ืคืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืฉื ืืืคืกื ืืจืื ืืืืืขืื ืืจื ืงืืื ืื. ืจืื ืืชืืืจืื ืืชืจืืืื ืืจืืืข ืืืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืขืืจ, ืืืืจ ืืืืืฉ ืืืืกื ืืืช (ืืกื ืืืืก) ืืืืื ืืช, ืืกืขืืืช, ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืช ืืจืงืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืฆืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืขืืจ ืืืฉืืช ืืืื ืื ืชืืืจืื ืืฉืจืืืื ืจืืื. ืืื ืฉื ื ื ืขืจื ืกืืจ ืคืกื ืืืื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืช ืืชืจืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืื ืืขืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืืช ืื"ื ืืืงืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืจื ืืืงื ืืืคืฉืืฅ ืืจืขืืืชื ืื ื. ืขืจืื ืชืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืืขืจืืช: 1 ืืืง ืืฉืื ืืืืื ื ื ืืฆื ืืืืจืืคื. 2 ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืกืื ืืช (ืืืืืืื) ืื ืืืืจืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืจืฉืืืช. 3 ืืืง ืืฉืื ืืืืื ื ื ืืฆื ืืืืงืืื ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื ืคืื] | [TOKENS: 8665] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ื ืคืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืจื ืืืฆื ืืืืืื "ืืจืฅ ืืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืื" ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืคืืจืืืช ืืืืืงืจืืืช ืฉื ื ืคืื (ืื ืคืืืืช: เคธเคเคเฅเคฏ เคฒเฅเคเคคเคพเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐเคฟเค เคเคฃเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐ เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ, ืืืืืื: Saแน
ghฤซya Lokatฤntrika Gaแนatantra Nepฤla) ืืืงืืฆืืจ ื ึถืคึธึผื (ืื ืคืืืืช: เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ, ืืืืืื: Nepฤla, ืืืืื ืื ืคืืืืช: [nepal]) ืืื ืืืื ื ืืจืจืืช ืืืจืื ืืกืื, ืืื ืืืฆื ืืื, ืืืืืืช ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืขืืืืช ืฉื ืกืื ืืฆืคืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืจื, ืืืืจื ืืืจืื. ืืืง ื ืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืจืืก ืืจื ืืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืื ืืขืืื, ืืจ ืืืืืจืกื. ื-19 ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืฉื ื ืคืื ืืืืจืืื ืืฉืืืจืืช ืืืข ืืื. ืืืกืืืจืื ืืขืืง ืงืืื ืื ืงืืืืช ืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืงืืืืช ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืคืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ืืคื ื ืืกืคืืจื, ืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ื ืจืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉืืช ืืกืคืืจื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืืืจื ืืจืืืช ืืืืกืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืช ื ืคืื ืืืืืจื ืืช ื ืชืื ืชืืช ืฉืืืื ืืื, ืืืฉื ื ืคืื ืืชืืืืก ืืืืืจ ืขืืง ืงืืื ืื ืืืื. ื ืคืื ืืืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืึพ18, ืืืฉืจ ืคืจืืืื ื ืืจืืืื ืฉืื, ืืฉืืื ืฉื ื ืกืืืืช ืืืจืงื ืืงืื ื, ืืืฉ ืฉืืืื ืจืืื ืืืฆืจ ืืืื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืขืฆืืืืืช. ืืืจืฉืื ืื ืืฆืืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืฉืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืง, ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืชืงืืคื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืคื ืืืืืช. ืืฉืืื ืืชืจืืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืคืื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืื, ืฉืืกืชืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉืืขื ืืง ืืืจืืื ืื ืืกืคืจ ื ืคืืช ื ืคืืืืืช. ืขื ืืืช, ืืืืื ืืืกืื ืืช ืขืฆืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืคืื, ืืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืืชื ื ืชืื ื ืชืืช ืฉืืืื ืงืืืื ืืืื. ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืจื ืืืืจ 1846, ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืคืืช ืจืื ื ืชืคืกื ืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืืคืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืฆืจื ืืช ืืขืืื ืขื ืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืฉืื ืชืืจืฉืชืืื ืฉืืฉืืืจื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืกืืื ืืืื. ืฉืืืื ื ื ืืฉื ืขื 1951, ืื ืืืจ ืืฉืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืคืืื ืื ืืฉืืช ืืืืกืืื ืฉื ื ืคืื ืืืืืจื ืืช. ืชืืช ืฉืืืื ืื ื ืขืฉื ื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืื ื ืขื ืืืืงืจืื ืืืงืื ืชืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฆืื ืืืืื ื. ื-1 ืืืื ื 2001, ืื ืกืื ืืืจืฉ ืืขืฆืจ ืืืคื ืืจื ืคืชื ืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืืชื, ืืื ืื ืจืื ืืชืืืื ืืกืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืืืกืืืืจืื, ืืืืช ื ืคืื, ืืงืื ืืช ืืืืจืชื ืืืื. ืืื ืืจื ืืืจื ืืช ืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืจื ืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืืืจืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืคื ื ืฉืืจื ืืขืฆืื. ื-4 ืืืื ื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืื ืืจื, ืืืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืจื, ืืืื ื ืคืื. ืืื 1996 ืืชืงืืื ืืืืง ืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืฆืคืื ืืขืจื ืืืืื ื. ืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืชืจ ื-12,000 ืืจืืืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2006 ื ืืชื ืืกืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืฆืืืื, ืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืขืืืจ ืืช ื ืฉืงื ืืฆืืื ืืคืืงืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืคืจืืื ื ืืืืืฉืื. ืืชืืืืช ืฉื ืช 2005 ืคืืืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืืจืื ืขื ืืฉืืจ ืืืจืื ืืชืคืก ืฆืืืืช ืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ื. ืชืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืฆืืื ืืงืฆืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืงื ืืืืจืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฅ ืืื-ืืืืื, ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืจ ืืืืจืื. ืืืกืืืช ืืืคืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืงืื ืืขืื ืืืืืงืช ืืืืจืืขืื ืืืืืืืืช ืฉืคืจืฆื ืืืืจ ืชืคืืกืช ืืฉืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืื. ืืืจืืื ืจืืื ืจืืืื ืืืืื ืืจื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืืชื ืืืื ื 2001. ืื ื ืคืืจืืฉ, ืืืจืฉ ืืขืฆืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืืงืช, ืืืฃ ื ืืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืคืขืืื ืืจืฆื, ืืื ืืขืืื ืื ื ืืงืจ. ื ืคืืืื ืจืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืืืื ืืจื ืื ืื ื ืขื ืืก ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืฆืืจื ืชื ืืขืช ืืืืื ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืคืืคืืืจืืืช ืจืื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ]. ื-28 ืืืื 2008 ืืืืื ืืืกืคื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ื ืคืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืืื. ื-25 ืืืคืจืื 2015 ืืชืจืืฉื ืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืื'ืื ื ืจืขืืืช ืืืื ืืขืืฆืื 7.9 ืืกืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืคื ืืืื ื. ืืชืืฆืื ืืจืขืืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืขืืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืื ื ืืจืื ืืขื ื-8,000 ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื, ื ืคืฆืขื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคืื, ืื ืืจื ื ืืง ืืืขืจื ืฉื ื-3.5 ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจ. ืืฉืืืคืื ืืช ืฉืืชืจืืฉื ืืฉื ืช 2024 ื ืืจืื ื-300 ืืืจืืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืคืจืฆื ืืคืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืช ื ืคืื, ืงืืื ืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืืืืขื ืขื ืืกืืืช ืืืืฉื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช ืคืืืกืืืง, X (ืืืืืืจ ืืฉืขืืจ) ืืืืืืื, ืืฆื ืืขื ืืช ืืฉืืืชืืช ืฉืืืื ืืช. ืืืคื ืืคืืื ืื, ืจืืื ืฆืขืืจืื ืื ื ืืืจ ืึพZ, ืืงืืคื ืืช ืื ืืื ืืคืจืืื ื ืืืชืขืืชื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืืจื. ืืฉืืืจืื ืืฉืชืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืข ืืืืจื ืืงื ืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืคืชืื ืืืจื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืจืืขืื ื ืืจืื ืืคืืืช 21 ืื ื ืืื ืืขืฉืจืืช ื ืคืฆืขื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืจื ืขืืฆืจ ืกืืื ืืืกืืืช ืฉืืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืขืืจ, ืืื ืืคืจืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืฅ ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืืข ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืงืืืื ืคืจืกืื ืืืื ืขื ืืชืคืืจืืชื, ืืืื ืขืืื ืืชืคืืจื ืื ืฉืืืฉื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืื ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื. ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืฆืืืืจื ืจืื ืื ืชืคืกื ืื ืงืืืช ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืื ืฆืขืื ืืคืืงืื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืคืฉ ืืืืื ืืฉืงืืคืืช ืฉืืืื ืืช. ืคืืืืืืงื ื-1990 ืืืงืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืงืชืืช ืืืืจ ืฉื ืขืจื ืืฉืื ืขื. ืืืื ืืืจื ืืจื, ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืืจืืื, ืื ืืืืงืื ืืื ืืคืืืืช ืคืืืืืืืช ืืืขืืืช ืืืจืชืืืช ืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืืืกืื, ืฉื ืืฆื ืืืกืืื ืืื 1996. ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืืชื, ื ืืกื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืงืื ืืืชืจ ืฉืืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืขื ืชื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืขืืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืฉืขืชื ืืจืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืจื, ืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืขืฆืื ืืช ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืื. ื-28 ืืืื 2008 ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืคืื ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืืืงืจืืืช. ืขื ืคื ืืืงืช ื ืคืื ื-2015 ืฆืืจืช ืืืืฉื ืฉื ื ืคืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืคืจืืื ืืจื ืจื-ืืคืืืชื, ืชืืจืืชื, ืจืคืืืืืงื ื, ืืืืงืจืื, ืคืืจืื ืืืืืกืก ืขื ืคืืืจืืืื. ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืฉืืื ื ื ืืจืืืข. ืืืช ืืืืืงืงืื ืืคืืจืื ืฉื ื ืคืื ืืืจืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืื: ืืืช ืื ืืืจืื: ืงืื ืฆืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉ ืฉื ืื. ืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืืืจืื 275 ืืืจืื ืืืฉืจ 165 ื ืืืจืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืฉืืจืืช (ืืคื ืืืื) ื-110 ืืฉืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืกืืืช (ืืคื ืจืฉืืื). ืืืกืคื ืืืืืืืช: ืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืกืคื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืฉืฉ ืฉื ืื. ืืืกืคื ืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืืช 59 ืืืจืื ืืืฉืจ 56 ืืืจืื ื ืืืจืื ืืชืื ืืืจ ืืืงืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืขืฆื ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืกืื ื ืืืฉืื ืจืืฉ ืืืขืฆืืช ืืคืจ ืืจืืฉื ืืขืจืื ืืกืื ื ืจืืฉ ืขืืจ ืืืืขืฆืืช ืขืืจืื ืืืช, ืขื ืืฉืงืืื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืงืืืืช ืขืืืจ ืื ืฆืืจ, ืขื ืฉืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืคืืืช ืฉืืืฉ ื ืฉืื, ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืงืกืืช ืืืืืช, ืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืืืช ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืงืืืฆืช ืืืขืื. ืฉืืืฉืช ืื ืืกืคืื, ืืื ืืคืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืช, ื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืขื ืคื ืืืืฆืช ืืืืฉืื ืฉื ื ืคืื. ืืืืื ื ืคืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืขื ืืืช ืืืคืืืช ืืคืืชืืืช ืืขืืื. ืืืขื ืืืฆืืช ืืืืืืืืกืืื ืืื ืืชืืช ืืงื ืืขืื ื. ืืงืืืืช ืืื ืืืกืืก ืฉื ืืืืืื, ืืืกืคืงืช ืคืจื ืกื ืืืขืื ื-80% ืืืืืืืืกืืื, ืืืกืคืงืช 41% ืืืชื"ื. ืชืืฆืื ืืชืขืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืงืจ ืขืืืื ืฉื ืชืืฆืจื ืืงืืืืช, ืืขืืงืจ: ืืืื, ืงื ื ืกืืืจ, ืืืง ืืชืืืื. ืืืฆืืจ ืฉื ืืงืกืืื ืืฉืืืืื ืืชืจืื ืืืืืื ื-80% ืืืืื ืกืืช ืืืืฆืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื]. ืงืฆื ืืืืื ืืืืฆืืจ ืืืงืืื ืืื ื-5% ืืฉื ื, ืืขืืืช ืงืฆื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืฉืืื 2.3% ืืฉื ื. 15% ืืืืื ืกื ืืืืื ื ืืืืขื ืืชืืืจืืช, ื-6% ืืืื ืกืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืจืงื ืฉืืืจืื ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืืืช ืงืื ืืช. ืืื ืืื 1991 ืื ืกื ืืืฉืืช ื ืคืื ืืงืื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืงืืื ืกืืจ ืืืฉืงืืขื ืืืฅ, ืืืฉื ืืืงืื ืขื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืขืกืงืื ืืืืจื ืืืงื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืฉืงืขื. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืงืืฆืฆื ืืืืฆืืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืฆืืฆืื ืกืืืกืืืืืช, ืืคืจืื ืฉื ืืืจืืช ืชืขืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืืืช ืืคืืืืจืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืื ื. ืืืฆืืืืช ืืคืืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืชืขืจืขืจื (ืืืฉ ืืืฉืืืช ืฉืื ืืช)[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื], ืืืืกืจ ืืืฆืืืืช ืืงืฉื ืืืฉืื ืงืื ืฆื ืืืก ืฉืืจืืฉ ืืืืฆืืข ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืฉืืืืช. ื ืคืื ืืขืื ืืื ืช ืืืืืฅ ืฆืืืื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืืื ื ืืฆืื ืคืืื ืฆืืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืื, ืืืฆืืจืช ืืฉืื ืืืืจืืืืงืืจื ืืืืื โ ืฉื ื ืชืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฉืงืขืืช ืืจืืช. ืืกืืืื ืืืฉืงืขืืช ืื ืกืืจ ืืืฅ ืืฉืืขืืชืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืงืืื ื ืฉื ืืืืืื, ืืคืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื, ืืจืืืืง ืืืืืืจืคื ืืืืฉืืคื ืืืกืื ืืช ืืืข. ืืงืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืืชืจ ื-60% ืืชืงืฆืื ืืคืืชืื ืฉื ื ืคืื ืืืืชืจ ื-28% ืืกื ืืืืฆืื ืืชืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืืื ืชืืฉืื ืื ืจืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืฆืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชื. ืืืืืื ืฆืื ื ืคืื (ืื ') ืืื ืฆืื ืงืื ืฉื 95,000 ืืืฉ, ืฆืื ื ืคืื ืืืจืื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืื ืืื ืจืืืื ืงืจืงืขื ืืืชืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืขื ืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืื ื ืฉื ื ืคืื ืืคื ื ืคืืืฉ ืืจ. ืืืืืก ืืื ืืืชื ืืืืช. ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืคืงื ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืฆืื ื ืคืื; ื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืฃ ืืืืคื ืขื ืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ื. ืืืืฆืื ืืฆืืืืช ืืฉื ืช 2018 ืืืืชื 398.5 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ, ื-1.4% ืืืชืืฆืจ ืืืงืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจืคืื ื ืคืื ืืื ืืจืฅ ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชืืช ืืื ืฉืชื ืืจืฆืืช ืืขื ืง ืกืื ืืืืื, ืืฉืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืฉืื ืืืขืื ืืืฅ ืคืืื ืืื ืืื. ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืจืจื, ืื ืขื ืืืืื ืคืืื ืจื. ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืจืื ืคืืืืืืจืคืืื: ืืจืื (ืฉืคืื) ืฉืืื ืืืจืื, ืืจืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื, ืืืจื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืฆืืขื ืืฆืคืื ืืช. ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืืขืื ื ืื ืื ืืจ ืืืืืจืกื, ืื 8,848 ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืคืกืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืืขื 8,000 ืืืจืื, ืืื ืืื ื ืืฆืืืช ืืจืืก ืืื ืืคืืจื ื. ืืืื 14 ืืคืกืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืื, ืฉืืื ื ื ืืฆืืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉื ื ืคืื. ืืกืืื ืื ืืคืื ื ืคืื ืืืขื ืชืืืจืืชื ืืืืงืฉ. ืื ืคืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจื ืืงืืื, ืืืชืืืงืื ืืคื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืืืจ ืกืืืืจืืคื ืืืจืื, ืืขื ืืงืืฅ ืงืจืืจ ืืืืจืฃ ืงืฉื ืืฆืคืื. ืืฉืื ืืืื ืกืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืื ืคืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืื ื ืขื ืกืคืืืืจ, ืืืกืคืงืื 60 ืขื 80 ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืงืขืื ืืฉื ืชืืช: 2,500 ื"ื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ื, 1,420 ืืืืืจ ืงืืื ืื ื-1,000 ืืืขืจื ืืืืื ื. ืืืจืื ืืืืื ื ื ืืฆื ืขืืง ืงืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืคืืจืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืืื. ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืคืืชื ืืืืชืจ ืื ืคืื ืืืืื ืืชืจืืืชื ืืืฉืืืื ื. ืืืื ืืืืคื ืืืจืจื ืฉื ืืืง ืืืื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืขืจืืช ืืฆืคืืคืื ืืืืงื ืืืืจ, ืจืง ื-20% ืืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืขืืืืื ืืงืืืืช, ืืื ืืกืฃ ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืขืื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืจืืชืช ืืขืจืืช. ืืืืืจืคืื ืืืืืืกืืืช ื ืคืื ืืืจืืืช ืืงืืืฆืืช ืืชื ืืืช ืืืืื ืืช, ืฉืืฃ ืืืช ืืื ืืื ื ืจืื. ืืืง ืืืื ืืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืืื ืขืืื ืืืืฆื ืืืื, ืืืง ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืฆื ืืืืื-ืืืจืืื, ืืื ืืกืฃ ืืชืงืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืชืจืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืช ืืืืืงื ืืืชืืช, ืจืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืช โ ืืืขืื ื-80%. ื-10% ืื ืืืืืืกืืื, 4.2% ืืืกืืืื ืื-0.5% ืืืื ืื ื ืืฆืจืื. ืืฉืืจ ืืฉืชืืืืื ืืืืช ืื ื ืืชืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืจืืืช. ืื ืคืื ืืงืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืกืืืื, ืื ืฉืจืืื ืืงืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉื ืฉืชื ืืืชืืช. ื-5% ืืืืืืืืกืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืขืืง ืงืืื ืื, ืฉืื ื ืืฆื ืืจืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืชืืืฉืืืช ืขืืจืื ืืช ืืืืงื ืืฉืืืื. ืชืืฉืืื ืืืงืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืืจ ืื ืื ืื ืืืืจืื. ืืงืืืฆื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืืฆื ืืืื-ืืจื (ืืืืจื ื ืคืืืืช), ืืืืืืกืื ืื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืจืื. ืืืืืจืื ืืืจืจืืื ืืืืง ืืืืืจื ืืืืขืืช ืืืืืืกืื ืขื ืืื ืงืืืฆืืช ื ืืกืคืืช. ืืืงื, ืืื ืื ื ืืืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจืคื, ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช. ืืงืืจื ืืขืชืืง ืฉื ืงืืืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืกืื. ืื ืคืื ืื ืืืืืืกืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืชืืืฉืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืืืืฉ ืืกืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืืืืฉืื. ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืืืจืืช ืื ืคืื ืืชืืืงืืช ืืฉืคืืช ืืืื-ืืืจืืคืืืช (ืืื ืืื ืฉืคืช ืืืืื ื, ืื ืคืืืืช), ืืฉืื ืืช ืฉืืงืืจื ืืืืื (ืืื ืฉืคืช ืืฉืจืคื), ืืฉืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืคืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืืจืืช. ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื 1ืืืง ืืฉืื ืืืืื ื ื ืืฆื ืืืืจืืคื. 2ืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืจืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืจืฉืืืช. 3ืืืง ืืฉืื ืืืืื ื ื ืืฆื ืืืืงืืื ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื ืืืื_ื ืชื ืืื#cite_ref-354] | [TOKENS: 76002] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืึดึผื ึฐืึธืึดืื (ืึดึผืืึดึผื) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐืึธืืึผ (ื ืืื ื-21 ืืืืงืืืืจ 1949, ื"ื ืืชืฉืจื ื'ืชืฉ"ื) ืืื ืคืืืืืืงืื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืคืืืช "ืืืืืื" ืืืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื (ืื ืคืงืื). ืืฉื ืื 1984โ1988 ืืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืื"ื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจื ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ. ื-1993 ื ืืืจ ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ืืืื ืฉืฉ ืืืื ืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืฉืืืฉ ืชืงืืคืืช ืื ืจืฆืืคืืช: ืืื 1996โ1999 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืืข; ืืื 2009โ2021 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืชืืื, ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉ, ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืจืืข ืืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ; ืืืื ืืฆืืืจ 2022 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ, ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชืคืงืืืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืืงื ืืืงืืื ืืืืื ืืชืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื, ืืืขื ืืฉื ืื 1999โ2002 ืืื ืคืจืฉ ืืืคืืืืืืงื. ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ืืชืฉืขืื ืืชื ืขื ืืกืื ืืืจืื ืืืกืื ืืืื ืขื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืืื ืืฉื ืื 2003โ2005, ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืงืืื ืืคืจืื, ืืืจืืช ืืืกืื ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืฉื ืช 2018, ืืืขืืจื ืืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉืืช, ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020, ื ืืชืื ืืกืืื ืืืจืื. ืืืื ื ืื ืืชืืจืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืคืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืจืขื ืืืฆืข ืขืืื ืขื ื, ืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื, ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช. ื-2023 ืืืจืข ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ ืฉืืืืื ืืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื, ืื-2025 ืชืงืคื ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืฆืข ืขื ืืืืื. ืืืจืืขืื ืืืืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืกืชื ื ืืช ืืืคืจืืงื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื 2005 ื-2013 ืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืโืืฆืจืื, ืืืืื ืืืืจืชืืช ืืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืช 2011, ืืชืคืจืฆืืช ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2020, ืงืืืื "ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช" ืืฉื ืช 2023 ืืืืืื ืืขืืืืช ืื ืจืืืช ืืขืงืืืชืื. ื-24 ืืืื 2020 ืืืืฉื ื ืืื ืืชืื ืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืชื ืื ื ืืื ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืฉืื ืืช: ืชืืง 1000, ืชืืง 2000 ืืชืืง 4000. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืชื. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2024 ืืืืืข ืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื (ICC) ืื ืืืฆืื ืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืืื, ืื ืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืืื ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื. ืจืืฉืืช ืืืื, ืฉืืจืืชื ืืฆืืื ืืืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืฉืช ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฆืืื (ืืืืช ืกืื; 1912โ2000) ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืื ืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื (1910โ2012) ืื ืงืจื ืขื ืฉื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืคืจืืกื ืื ืืืื ืกืื. ืืื ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื ืช ืชืืคืืืช ืื-1955 ืืงืืืื. ืืงืืจ ืืฉื "ืืืื" ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืจืื. ืืืืชื ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืื[ื] ืืืืจ ืืฉืื "ืื" ืืงืจืืืช ืืืจื ืืืืชื. ืืืื ืื ืืืง ืจืืฉืืช ืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ื-50 ืืชืืืืช ื-60 ืืืืชื ืืืฉืคืื ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื, ืขื ืฉืืฉืคืืชื ืขืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉื ืช 1963, ืืขืงืืืช ืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืื. ืืืฉืคืื ืืจื ืืฆ'ืืื ืื, ืคืจืืืจ ืฉื ืคืืืืืคืื ืฉืืคื ืกืืืื ืื, ืฉื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืื ืคืขืื ืืืืขืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืืืื, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ื-1967 ืืื ืืืชืืืืก ืืฆื"ื, ืืขืื ืฉืืฉืคืืชื ื ืฉืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉื ืฉื ืชืืื ื ืืกืคืืช. ืืื ืฉืืจืช ืืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื, ืฉืื ืฉืืจืช ืื ืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืขืื. ืืื ืขืืจ ืืกืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืื ืืืืคืงื ืืืชื ืชืืช ืคืืงืืื ืฉื ืขืืืจื ืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืืง ืงืืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืฆืข ืชืฉืืจื, ืืืืฆืข ืชืืคืช ืืืืืฆืข ืืืืืืก 4 ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืชืฉื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืข, ืืืืจ ืฉืืฆืื ืืืฆืจื ืคืชื ืืืฉ ืขื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืขื ืฉืืืืช 13, ืืขืช ืฆืืืืช ืชืขืืช ืกืืืฅ ืขื ืืื ืกืืจืืช ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช, ืฉืืืืชื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืฆืจืืื. ืืืืฉื, ืกืืื ืงืืจืก ืงืฆืื ื ืื"ืจ ืืืฆืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืืคืงื ืฆืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืคืงื ืฆืืืช ืืฉืชืชืฃ ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืืืฆืข ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืขื ืืืืก "ืกืื ื", ืฉืขืืื ืคืืงื ืืคืงื ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืง. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืคืฆืข ืืคืขืืื ืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืืืื. ืืคืขื ืืืจืช, ืืืืจื ืืคืขืืื ืกืืืืช ืืกืืจืื, ื ืชืงืข ืืฆืืืช ืฉืขืืื ืคืืงื ืืืจื ืืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืชืฉืืฉืืช ืืืงืืจ. ืืคืงื ืคืืืชื, ืขืืื ืืืื, ืืฉ ืืขืืจืชื ืืืืืฅ ืืืชื. ืืงืืฅ 1972 ืืฉืชืืจืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆื"ื ืืืจืืช ืกืจื. ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืจื ืืฆื"ื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช MIT ืฉืืืกืฆ'ืืกืืก. ืขื ืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1973, ืฉื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืงืืืฆื ืืืืืชืจืช ืฉื "ืืืืจืื" ืืืืืืื, ืฉืฉืืจื ืขื ืื ืืื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืงืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืื, ืืืฉืืืข ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืชื ืืืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืฆืคืื. ืืคื ืืืืืืื, ื ืจืื ืื ืคืืงื ืขื ืืืฆืข ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฆืคืื. ืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืฉืจืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืคืืืช ืขื 1981. ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืคืืจ, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืฉื ืงืืื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืืจืืืืืช (B.S.A.D) ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช MIT ื-1974, ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืื ืขืกืงืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืื MIT ืกืืืื ื-1976. ืขืืืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืฃ ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืฆืืจ, ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืชืืจื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืื ืึพMIT ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจืืืืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืืขื ืืืืื ื. ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืืื, ืขืื ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืขืืฅ ืขืกืงื, "ืืืกืืื ืงืื ืกืืืื ื ืืจืืค". ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืื ื ืขืฆืื "ืื ื'ืืื ื ืืชืื" ืื "ืื ื ืืชืื". ื ืืชืื ืืื ืฉื ืืขื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืขืืชืื ืขื ืืืืจืื. ื-1976 ืฉืื ืืช ืืืื, ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืื ืืืฆืข ืื ืืื, ืืขืช ืืืืชื ืืคืงื ืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื. ืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1977 ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืกืืฃ 1976 ืืขื 1980 ืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืืจ, ืฉืขืจื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืกืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืจืืจ. ื-1980 ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืขืื ืืคืจืก ื'ืืืืื ืกืงื ืืกืคืจืืช ืืืืืงืจ, ืืขืืืจ ืืืฆืืช ืืืชืื ืืื ื. ืืื 1979โ1982 ืขืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืง ืฉื ืืืจืช ืืจืืืืื "ืจืื ืชืขืฉืืืช". ืืืกืืจืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืืจ, ืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืืืืืืงืืื, ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉื ืืจื ืก, ืฉืืื ืืกืึน ืืคืืืืืืงื ืืืืืืฅ ืืื ืืชื ืืฆืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื. ืกื., ืชืคืงืื ืฉืืืื ืืื 1982โ1984. ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืจื ืก ืืฉืืจืืจ, ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืงืืื, ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืจ ืจืืื ืืชืคืงืื. ืืื 1984โ1988 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืื"ื ืืืื ืืืืคืขืืชืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืขืืืืืช. ืืืจื ืฉืืงืื ืืจืก ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืฉืฃ ืืช ืขืืจื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืื"ื, ืงืืจื ืืืืืืื, ืฉืฉืืจืช ืืงืฆืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืชืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื"ื, ืืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ืืฆืืื, ืืืฉืืฃ ืืกืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืขืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืคืืฉืขื ืืืืื ื ืืฆืื ื ืืกืคืื. ื-1988 ืืืขื ืง ืื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืจ ืืืงืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจ-ืืืื. ืงืจืืืจื ืคืืืืืืช ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจื ื-1988, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช "ืืืืืื". ืืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืชื ืืขืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืชืฉืืขื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื, ืฉืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืืืืฅ. ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ื-12, ืืืชืื ื ืืกืื ื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืฉื ืืจื ืก, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื. ืืื ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืื ื ืืฆืจ ืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืฆืฆื ื ืืฆื ื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืืชืขืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืื. ืืื ืืชืคืงืืื ืืื"ื, ืื ืืชืคืงืื ืื ืืชืืื ืืืืคืขืืชืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืชืืืช. ื-1991 ื ืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืจืืฉืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืืง ืฉืืืจ. ืืืืจ ืืืืขืืื, ืขืงื ืืืชื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื, ืขืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื, ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-1992, ืืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืืฉื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืคืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ืฉืืืจ, ืืชืืืื ื-1993 ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื. ืืืืื ืืกืข ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช, ืืชืคืจืกืื "ืคืจืฉืช ืืงืืืช ืืืืืืช". ืืืืคืขื ืืืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืจืช ืืื ืืืืฉืืช, ืืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืื "ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืืืจืช ืคืืฉืขืื" ื ืืกื ืืกืืื ืืืชื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืจืืืืช ืืืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชื. ืืจืืืื ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืื ืืคืจืฉื, ืืขืืืงื ืืช ืืงืจืข ืืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืืงืืืช ืื ืืืฆืื ืืขืืื, ืืืืืื ืืชื ืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืคื ืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื, ืื ื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืงืฆื, ืืืื ื-52.1% ืืืงืืืืช (72,705 ืืชืื 139,522 ืงืืืืช ืืฉืจืื). ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืคืืช ืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืื ื-1993 ืืืืืืจ ืฉืืืกืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืจ ืืืคื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืื ืืืงืจ ืืืืจืืช ืคืืืืขื ืืจืืจ ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืื, ืงืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช, ื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื. ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืชื ืืคืื ืช ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืฆืืื ื ืื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืืกืื ืืืกืื ื', ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1995. ืืฉืชืชืคืืชื ืืืคืื ื ืืฆืืืช ืจืขื ื ื ืฉืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืชืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืจืื ืงืืืจื ืฉืขืืื ืืืืชืื "ืจืืื ืงืืืจ ืืช ืืฆืืื ืืช", ืืืชื ืืคืจืกืื ืจื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืขื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื. ื-29 ืืืื 1996 ื ืขืจืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืจืืข-ืขืฉืจื, ืืคื ืฉืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืฉืืจื. ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก, ืฉืืืืืฃ ืืช ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืฆืื, ืืจืื ืืืืง ืฉื ื-29,000 ืงืืืืช. ื ืืฆืืื ื ืืชืงืื ืืืคืชืขื ืืงืจื ืืคืจืฉื ืื. ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืจืืฅ ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืฆื ืคืจืก ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื 1.4%, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืงื ืฉื ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืคื ืืช ืืืงืจ ืืชืืคืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืืช ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืกืืจ ืฉื ืืชื ืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืืชืืกืก ืขื ืชืืืฉืช ืืืกืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืขืงื ืืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืขืช ืคืืืืขื ืืชืืืืืช, ืืฆื ืืืืืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืื ืฉื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืื. ืื ืืืขื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืจ ืคืขื ืืจืขืช ืคืจืก, ืขืงื ืืขืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืืฉืคืขื ืืจืืฉืืช ืฉื ืจืฆื ืจืืื, ืืืชื ืืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืชืืจืื ืืช, ืืืชื ื ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืกืืขืืช ืืืชืืจืืช ื"ืืืืืื-ืืฉืจ-ืฆืืืช". ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืคืจืก ืืืคืืข ืขืืืฃ ืื ืจืื, ืื ืฉืคืืข ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืชื ืืขืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืงืจื ืืืืขืืืื ืคืขืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืขืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืขืจืืืช ื ืื ืขื ืืืชืืื ืืืืฉืื, ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฆืข "ืขื ืื ืืขื" ืืืืคืืื ืขื ืืคืจ ืงืื ื ืืืื ืื, ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืขื ืชืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืื ืงืืคืืื ืฆืขืืจื ืืืืืช ืื"ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืง: "ื ืชื ืืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื", ืืืืจืืช ืืจื ืืจื ืฉื, ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืฆืืืข ืื ืชื ืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืขืฅ ืืจืชืืจ ืคืื ืงืืฉืืืื ืืงืืคืืื ื ืืืืื ืขื ืกืืกืืืืช ืงืืืืืช ืืื "ืคืจืก ืืืืง ืืช ืืจืืฉืืื", ืฉืืื ืืคืงืืืื ืืืฆืืจืช ื ืืืืจ ืืืคื ืืฉืืื ืืงืจื ืขืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืืื. ื ืืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืชื ืืืื 47 ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืขืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืจ ืงืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืึพ18 ืืืื ื 1996 ืขื ืึพ6 ืืืืื 1999. ืืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืื-ืคืืกืืื ื. ืืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื, ืชืื ืืฆืืจื ืขื ืขืืงืจืื ืืคืื ืืงืืื ืืชืืืืืืืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ืจืง ืืืงืืื ืืงืืื ืืชืืืืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืืชืื ืืื, ืืชืขืืื ืืกืืจืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืฉืืจื ื ืืกืจื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืชืื ืืืกืืื ืืืกืื ื'. ืืชืืืืช ืกืคืืืืจ 1996 ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ืืืขืืจ ืืจื, ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืกืืืืช. ื-24 ืืกืคืืืืจ 1996 ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืคืชืืืช ืื ืืจืืช ืืืืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืจืช ืืืืชื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฆืคืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืื ื ืืจืื 17 ืืืืื ืฆื"ื ืืืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืืจืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืืืืืืช ืืชืคืชืื ืืขืงืืืช ืคืชืืืช ืืคืชื ืืฆืคืื ื ืฉื ืื ืืจืช ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืจืืืข ืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืฉืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืขื ื ืฉืืฉืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืชืืช ืืกืืื ืืจ ืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืขืจืขืจ ืืืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืง ืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืฉื ืชื ืืคืชืืืช ืคืชื ืืื ืืจื ืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืขืช ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืจืช "ื ืืืขื ืืกืืข ืงืืืื ื". ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจืืข ืืืืืื ื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืื ืืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืืื ืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืคืืกืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืคืืช ืฉื ืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืืคืจืืช ืกืืจ ืืขืจืื ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืืขืืจืืืช, ืฉื ืคืกืงื ืชืื ืืืื ืกืคืืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืงืจื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืงืืื ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืขืจืคืืช ืืคืกืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื, ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืกืืื ืืื ืืจืื. ืืคืกืื ืกืืื ืืช ืืืจื ืืืชืืืช "ืืกืื ืืืจืื" ืืื ืืืจ 1997. ืืืกืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืช ืืจืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืื, ืืืขื ืืืืจ ืืขืจืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืจืื ืกืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืื ืืืืืืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืืื. ืืื ืื ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ืฉืชื ื ืกืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืฉืืืื ืขื ืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืงืจืื "ืฉืืืฉ ืืคืขืืืืช". ืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฆืขื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ. ืืงืืฅ 1997 ืืชืจืืฉื ืฉื ื ืคืืืืขื ืืชืืืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืขืงืืืชืืื ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืชื ืงืฉืืช ืื'ืืื ืืฉืขื, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืืก ืืืจืื. ืืคืขืืื ืื ืขืืชื ืืคื ืืกืืื ื "ืืืืกื" ืฉืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ื ืชืคืกื. ืืชืืืจื ืืฉืืจืืจื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื ืชืจืืคืช ื ืื ืฉืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืขื ืืฉืืจืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืกืืจืื ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืจืืฉื ืฉืืื' ืืืื ืืืกืื. ืงืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืฉ ืืช ืืกืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืกื ืืื ืืจืืืง, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืก ืฉืืืจืฉ ืืืจืื ืื ืขืฆืจ ืื ืืืชืชื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืฉืฉ ืฉืืฉืคืื ืืขืืจืจ ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืืคืืืืขืื. ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉื ื ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืืคื ืื, ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก ืืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืจืง ืืืจืืื ืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 1999, ืฉื ืช ืืืื ืชื ืืืืจืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ื ืจืฆืื 4 ืื ืฉืื ืืคืืืืขืื, ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืชืืคืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืขื 2008. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืช ืืืืืฃ ืืื ืขืืจื. ืืงืืช ืืืืขืฆื ื ืขืฉืชื ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืืืกืืจืช ืืคืงืช ืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืขื ืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืงืืื ืื. ืืืืจ ืชืงืืคื ืืจืืื ืฉื ืงืืคืืื, ืฉืืืืืื ืืจืฉื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืชืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ื ืืืกืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืกืื ืืืจืื ืื ืกืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช, ืืื ืก ืื ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืืช ืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1998. ืืืืขืืื ืืกืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉืืชืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืคืืจ, ืื ืกืืื ื ืืกืคืช, ืฉืืืื 13% ืืฉืืื C ืฉืืืื ืฉืืืขืืจื ืืฉืืื A ื-B,โ 1% ื-12% ืืืชืืื, ืืืคืชืืืช ื ืื ืชืขืืคื ืืื-ืืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืกืขืืคื ืืืื ื ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืงืืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืื ืืชืื ืกื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืขืื ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืื, ืืืื ืื ืคืืจืกื ื ืืกื ืืืฉ ืฉื ืืืื ื ืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืกืขืืคืื ืืงืืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฆืขื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืจืง ืืืง ืงืื ืืื ืกืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืจื: โืืชื ื โ ืืงืืื, ืื ืืชื ื โ ืื ืืงืืื.โ ืชืงืืคื ืื ืืชืืคืืื ื ืืืชืืงืืืืืช ืืจืืืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ื"ืคืขืืืืช" ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืคืขื. ืืืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืงืืคืืื ืืืืขืื ืขื ืกืืจืื, ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืืื ืจืื ืืืืืจ, ื ืฉืื ืืืขืื ืืกืืจืื. ืืืขื ืช ืื ืืก ืจืืก ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืง, ืืืืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืจืื, ืืืืชื ืืืกืืืชื, ืืืื ื ืกืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืงื ืขื ืืกืืก ืืืืืืช 1967, ืชืื ืฉืชืืืื ืืงื ืืืืืืง ืืืงืืข ืืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืื. ืืืขื ืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืืชืขืงืฉ ืขื ืื ืฉืงื ืืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืงืืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืชืจ. ืฉืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืงืืจืื ืืช ืจืืื, ืืื: ืืกืื ืืืกืืงืื (4 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1997), ืืืช ืฉืืืฉื ืงืฆืื ืื ืืกืืืจืช ืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืชืงืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื (23 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1997) ืืืกืื ืืฉืืืืช (5 ืืกืคืืืืจ 1997) ืฉืื ื ืืจืื 12 ืืืืื ืฉืืืืช 13 ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืื. ืืกืื ืืืกืืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืช ืืคืงืคืืง ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืงืืช ืืจืืื ืืจืืข ืืืืืช ืฉืคืขืื ืื ืกืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื. ืืขืงืืืช ื ืคืืืช ืืงืฆืื ืื ืืืืืข ืื"ืจ ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืง, ืขื ืืชืืืืืืชื ืืฆืืช ืืืื ืื ืชืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืืจื, ืขืืืฃ ืชืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืกืืจืื. ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืช ืืืชืช ืขื ืื ืกืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืื ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ, ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืืฆืจื ืืฉืืจื ื ืืืืจืืงื ื. ืคืขืืืืช ืื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื'ืจื ืคืืืืื (ืื ') ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืฆืจื, ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืงืจื ืืืืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ื ืฉืืืฉื ืฉืจื ืืืฆืจ: ืื ืืจืืืืจ, ืืขืงื ื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช โ ืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืคืจืง ืืื ืฉื ืืฉื ื. ืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืื ืืจืืืืจ, ืื ืืฉื "ืจืฆืืขืช ืืืืืกืื" ืืืืื ืืืชืคืืจืืช ืืืืจืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื. ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืื ืืื ืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืฆืขืืื ืืืืืืืื[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืฉื ืงื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉืืช 1998, ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืฉืืื ืจืขืืขืื ืขืื. ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืกืืืืช ืฉืืง ืืืคืฉื, ืืขืื ืขื ื ืก ืืช ืขืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืคืฉืืช ืืืช ืืืคืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืฉ ืชืคืืกื ืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืืืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืืคืืชืช ืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืืื. ืืืฉืืชื ืืืฆืขื ืืคืจืื ืฉื ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืชืืืช ืืืืืจืืืืฆืื ืืืืืข ืืืืฅ, ืืืื ืืืืื "ืจืฆืืขืช ืืืืืกืื", ืืืื ืฉืืจื ืืืชืคืืจืืชื ืฉื ืื ืืจืืืืจ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจื ืจืคืืจืื ืืคื ืกืื ืฉืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืคื ืกืื ืชืงืฆืืืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืฆืืืจืช, ืืืจืืืช ืืขืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืฆืืืืจื. ืืื ืื ืืืกืคืช ืืคืขืื ืกืืืืจื ืฉืืืฉื, ืชืืืืช ืฉืืจืืชื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืช "Yes" ืืืืกืคืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉืืง ืฉืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืืช. ืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืงื ืืขืืช ืืจืืคืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืืขืื ืืจืืชื ืืคืืืืืืื ืึปืึผืึผ ืืขืืชืื ืืืจืืงืืช ืืฆืจืืืืช. ืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืืกื ืื ืืืง ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืืืืจื ืฉืืคืฉืจื ืืช ืจืฆื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื. ืืกืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืง ืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืืขืื ืฉืืคืืืืช ืืฉืืื ื ืื ืขื ืืืกืคืง ืื ืจืฉืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืกืื, ืืืขืงืืืช ืืชืงืคื ืฉืื ืขืืืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืืขืืื. ืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื ืื ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืคืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืขื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืจืืช ืืืคื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืขืงืืืช ืืชืจืกืืชืื ืืืคื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืื ื.[ื] ืขื ืืืช, ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืืจืชื. ืืืคืขืชื ืืชืงืฉืืจืชืืช ืืืืืืฉืช ืืืืื ืื ืชืืืืื, ืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืื ืขืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื. ืืืชืืจืืจืืช ืขื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืจืื ืื. ืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ื-21 ืืืฆืืืจ 1998 ืืฆืืืขื ืืื ืกืช ืืงืจืืื ืฉืืืฉืืช ืขื ืคืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืจื ืกืืื ืชืืจืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืงืืจื, ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืขืช ืื-ืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืขื ืืฃ ื ืืกืืื ืืชืื ืืื ืืข ืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืชื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืง, ืืืขืื ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื; ืืฆืืง ืืจืืื, ืฉืืืชื ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืจืืฅ ื ืืื; ืื ื ืืืื, ืฉืขืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืขืืื ืืฉืืจื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืคืจืฉื ืืจืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืจืืฅ, ืืืื ืชืื ืืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืชืืื ืืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืจืง, ืฉื ืืฆื ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืื 1999, ืืฉืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 56% ืืงืืืืช ืืืืืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืืืกืชื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืคืจืกืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืกืืคืืืช ืืืืืืข ืขื ื ืืืืช ืคืกืง ืืื ืืืคืืืืืืงื, ืืฉืืฆืืื ืขืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉืืืฆื ืืืืืืคื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืชืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ื ืืงืื ืฆืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืฉืื ืืงืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืื ืฉืืขืจ ืขื ืืื ืขืืืงืื ืืงืจืข ืืขื ืืืืื ื ืฉืจืืฉ ืื ืืฉืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืจ ืฉืืคืกืื ืืืืืจืืช 1999, ืคืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืชื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืืืืกื 1999 ืืื ื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืจืช ืืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชืงืืืช ืืืืืจืช "ืืืงืืจืืง ืคืืื". ืขื ื ืคืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืจืง ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2000, ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืคื ืืืืืจ ืืคืืืืืืงื. ืขื ืคื ืืืง, ืืชืคืืจืืช ืืจืง ืืืืจื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืฉืืชืงืืืื ืื ืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืืจืช ืื ืชืชืืคืฉืจ ืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืฆืืื. ืืคืืืช ืฉ"ืก, ืฉืื ืจืฆืชื ืืืกืชืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื, ืกืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืคืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช, ืื ืกืืืขื ืืืขืืจืช ืืืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืชืืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืขืืืืชื ืืืคืชืืขื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืืืชื ืขืช ื"ืืืชื ืืืืจ" ืืืคืืคืืืจื ืคืืืช ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืจื ืืืฆืข "ืืืืช ืืื", ืชืงืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจืื ืืื ืืคืืืืขืื ืืงืจื ืืื ืืกืช ืฆื"ื ืืขืจืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืืช. ืืื ืงืจื ืื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืคืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืขืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืคื ืฉืื ืืืขืชื ืฆืจืืื ืืืชืืฆืข ืืคืจืื ืืืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ, ืขื ืคืืจืืง ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืคืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2002 ืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืคืืืฉ ืืขืืจืืง. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืขื ืืืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืื ืืขืืช ืืคืืงืื ืืืจืคืืจืื ืฉื ืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืขืืืชื ืืขืจืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื "ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื, ืคืขืืืืชืื ืืืชืงืืืืชื ืฉื ืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืืคืืชืื ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื" ืืืืกืืฃ ืื ืชืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ื ืฉื ืกืืื, ืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืชืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืื. ืืคืืขื ืืชืืจืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืขืืจืืง ืื ืืืื ืขืืจืืง ืื ืืื ืื ื ืฉืง ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืจืืื ืืขืจืืืื ืื ืืฉืคืขืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืฉืืืืืช ืืกื ืืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2002 ืืฆืืจืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ. ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืื ืฉืจืื ืขื ืื ืืืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืืคืกืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื 24%. ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืืืช 2003, ืืืฆืข ืื ืชื ืืื ืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ. ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉืืคืฅ ืืชืืง ืืืืฅ, ืกืืจื ืชืืืื, ืื ืืืกืืฃ ืงืืื ืืช ืืชืคืงืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืคืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืงืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฆืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืก ืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืง ืืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืฆื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืฆืจ, ืขืจื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืจืืืงืืช ืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื. ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืงืคืืืืืกืืืช ืชืงืืคื, ืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืคืืชืช ืืืฆืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืงืืฆืืฆืื ื ืจืืืื ืืชืงืฆืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืคืจืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืชืืืช. ืืื ืืืืจ ืจืืืช ืขื ืืฆืืจื ืืงืฆืฅ ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืฉืง ื"ืืืฉ ืืจืื (ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืื) ืืกืืื ืขื ืืื ืืช ืืืืฉ ืืฉืื (ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื)". ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืชื, ืืืืฅ ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืฉืืื ืื ืงืืืื, ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืืคืืชืช ืฉืืขืืจื ืืก ืืืื ืกื. ืืืงืืื ืืจืืื ืืช ืืกืืก ืืืก ืืืืื ืคืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืก ืืชืืฉืื ืืชื ืืืืืืช. ืืืืฆืข 2004 ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืคืืชื ืืืจืืชืืช ืื ืื ืืก ืืืื ืกื ืืืก ืืืืจืืช (25% ืืขืืืช 36%) ืขื ืฉื ืช 2010 ืืืคืืชืช ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืืื (44% ืืขืืืช 50%). (ืืืื ืืืช ืืฉืชื ืชื ืืขืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืช 2012 โ ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืขืื ื-48% ืื-50% ืืฉื ืช 2013, ืืืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืืก ืืืื ืกื ืขื ื-40,000 ืฉ"ื ืืืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืช.) ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืื ืืคืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืฉืืจ ื ืืื, ืื ืืชืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืจืง ืขื ืืขืื ืืื ืกื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืืขืื. ืขืจืื ืฉื ื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืก ืืื ืกื ืืืงืคื ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืืืืช. ืืืกืืจืช ืชืืงืื 147 ืืคืงืืืช ืืก ืืื ืกื, ืืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืก ื-15% ื-20% ืขื ืจืืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื, ืืจืืืช ืื ืืืช ืืืืจืกื ืืจืืืืืช ืขื ืคืืงืืื ืืช, ืืืื ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืงืจืงืขืื. ืืชืืืืช 2004 ืืืืื ืงืืฆืืฅ ืืืืกืื ืขื ืงืฉืช ืจืืื ืฉื ืืืฆืจื ืฆืจืืื, ืืืงืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืืข"ื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืฉื 17%. ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืงืจืืืจืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืงืฆืืืืช ืจืืืื ("ืชืฉืืืื ืืขืืจื") ืืืืื ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืช ืื ื ืืขืื, ืืืืจืื, ืืขืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืฆืืช ืืขืืืื. ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืฃ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืฉืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืืืืคื ืืกืืจืชื ืคืขืื ืืืืืืช ืงืฆืื ืื (ืืืืืื ืืืง ืืืคืจื), ืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืงืืืืืฆืื. ืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืงืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืคืืขื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืขืจืื, ืฉืืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืกืืช. ืงืืฆืืฆืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืงืฆืืืืช ืคืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืื-ืืืจืืืช, ืืืืืืืื ืืืงืฉืืฉืื ืืขืืจืจื ืื ืฉื ืฉืืืชืืช ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืืืช, ืืืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืงื ืงื ืคื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื, ืืืขืืจื ืืืจืืช ืจืืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืคืื ืคืจืืืื. ื-2003 ืืื ืคืงื ืืืืจืกื ืื ืืืช "ืื ืขื", ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืงืืืฆืช "ืื ืคืืื" ืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืืฅ ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจื. ืืชืืืืช 2004 ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืช ืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืคื ืืช "ืฆืื" (50% ืืืืืจื) ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืขืืคืจ ืชืืืจืช ืืืฆื ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื. ืืืืื, ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืงื ืจืืื ืื "ืขืกืงืช ืืฉืงืฉืืงื", ืขืืจืจ ืืืงืืจืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ืจืื, ืื ืืชืื ืขืืื ืืขืจื ืืื"ื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื. ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืง ืืืกืงืื ื ื ืืืจ ืืงืืืฆืช ืืฉืงืืขืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืชืื ืืจืื ืคืื, ืชืืืจืช 1.3 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื, ื-80% ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืง, ืขื ืคื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืกืืจื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืืจืกื. ืืืจืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช "ืืืง" ื ืืืจื ืืงืืืฆื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืกืื ืืืืืคืงืก, ืืืืืจ ืืงืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืกืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืงืืืืื ืืืืืืคืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืง ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 2008 ืื ืืื ืืื ืง ืืืืืื ืคืจืืืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืคืืืช ื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืฆืืจ ืชืืจืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืขืื. ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืขืืืืื, ืฉืื ืชืืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืกืื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืชืืช ืขืืืจ ืื ื ืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2009, ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืื ืืืช ืืจืคืืจืื, ืืืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืคืจืืฉืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืงืืข ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืื ืืจืคืืจืื ื ืืฉืื. ืืื ืืื ืคืชืจืื ืืืฉืืจ ืงืจื ืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืช, ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืงืจื ืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืืืืืจืช ืืงืจื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืช, ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืื. ืชืืื ืืช ืืกืืืข ืืคืฉืจื ืืงืจื ืคืืขืื ืืื ืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืคืจืขืื, ืืช ืชืฉืืื ืืคื ืกืื ืืืืจืื. ืฆืขื ืื ืืืื ืืืขืืื ื ืืืจืช ืฉื ืืคืจืฉืืช ืืขืืืชืื ืืงืจื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืช ืืืขืืืืืื ืืฆืืฆืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืืชืื. ืืงืจืืช ืกืืฃ ืืืื ืชื ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช "ืืขืืช ืืืจ". ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆืืชืื, ืฉืืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ื ืืืฆื ืืื ืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืงืืคืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืงืจื ืืช ืื ืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืขืืืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืจืชืืื ืืฉื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืื ืืื-ืฉืืืืื ืืืฉืง. ืขื-ืคื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืื 2002 ื-2004 ืขืื ืื-10%, ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืขื ืืืช ืขืื ื-12%. ืืจืืื ื ืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืขืืืื ืืืจืืฉืช ืื ืืงืงืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจืืคืืช, ืื ืืงืจื ืืืจืืื ืฉืืฉืชืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืขืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืงืจื ืืืจืืื ืขืืืืื ืื ืคื ืกืืื ืจืื. ืืขืื ื ืืชืจืื ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืฆืื ืืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืชืฉืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืงืฆืืืืช. ืืฆื ืืืืงืืจืช, ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืชืคืจื ืืืืคื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืง ืืืฉืจืื: ืืกืืฃ 2002 ืืชืงืฉืชื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืก ืืกืฃ ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืช, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืืคื ื ืืืจ. ืืื"ื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืคืื ื ืกืืช ืฉื ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2003 ืฆืืื ืื ืฉืืคืืจ ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืคืื ื ืกืืื ื ืืข, ืืื ืืฉืืจ, ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืฉื, ืืฆืืื ืืืขืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืชืงืฆืื (ืืฃ ืฉืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืขืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉื ื), ืืืช ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืขืืื, ืงืืืช ืืขืจืืืืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืืช ืืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืคืจืกืื ืืืืงืช ืืืืงืจ ืฉื ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืงืจื-ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืคื, ืืจืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืืืฆืืืื ืืืฉืง ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฆืื ืืื, ืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืืืืืื ื ืืฆืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืจืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืืก ืื-ืขืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืชืงืืช. ืืื ืชืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืืข ืืขืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืงืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืืง ืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืื ืกืช. ืขื ืืืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืข ืืกืชืืืืืืืช, ืืคืจื ืื ืกืืื ืืฆืืจ ืคืืืืืคื ืืืฆืืข ืขืจืืืช ืืฉืื ืขื, ืืฃ ืื ืืฆืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืื ืืฆืืืข ืืขื ืืชืื ืืช. ืืฉืขืืชื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืืฆืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืื, ืื ืืฆืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืคืื ืืชืคืืจ ืื ืื ืืืืฆืข ืืฉืื ืขื. ืืืืฉื ื ืกืื ืื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืื ืืชืงืืื ืืฉืื ืขื. ืืช ืืชื ืขืจืืชื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืฉืืฆืื, ืืืืก ืืืืจืคืช ืืฆืื ืืจืคืืื ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช. ืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืชืืข ืงืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืขื, ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืืข ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืขืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืกืช. ื-7 ืืืืืืกื 2005, ืขืจื ืืืฆืืข ืืคืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ืคืื ืื ืฉืืืฉืช ืืืืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืชืคืืจืืชื. ืืื ื ืืืง ืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืชืคืืจ ืืืฉืฉื ืฉืืขืื ืฆืคืื ืืงืื "ืืกืืก ืืจืืจ ืฉืืกืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื" ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ืจืคืืจืืช ืืืจ" ืืื ืงืื ืืฉืืืื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืืืช ืฉืืืงืฉ ืืขืจืื ืืืกืืจืช ืชืคืงืืื. ื-30 ืืืืืืกื 2005 ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืขืืืืชื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืืจื ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืกืคืืจืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืขืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืขืืืืชื ืืชืคืงืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืชืงืืฃ ืืช ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื "ืฉืืืื ืืืจืฆ". ืืกืคืืืืจ ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืขื ืื ืืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืฉืจืื, ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืจืช ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืคืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืจืื ืืชืคืงืืื. ืืืฆืขื ื ืืืชื ืขื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืคืจืฉ ืงืืืืช ืงืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืชื ืืขื. ืืชืืืืช ืืฆืืืจ 2005, ืืขืงืืืช ืคืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื ืืืคืืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืฉื "ืงืืืื", ืืคื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืข ืขืฉืจื. ืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืฅ ืืืฉื ืคืืืืืื. ืขืืื ืื ืืื, ืฉืืชืืืื ืืชืืืื, ืืกืืจ ืืช ืืืขืืืืชื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืชืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคื, ืฉืืชืืืื ืืชืืืื ืื ืืื, ืขืืจ ืืืคืืืช "ืงืืืื". ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ื ืขืจืื ื-19 ืืืฆืืืจ 2005, ืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื ืขื 44% ืื ืืงืืืืช (ืืื 33% ืืฉืืื, 12% ืืคืืืืืื ื-9% ืืืฅ). ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2006 ืืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืขืชื ืืืืขืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ืืืคืืื ืืืืจื ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืคืชืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืืขื. ืืื ื ืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืคืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืชื ืืขื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืฉื ืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืงืืจ ืืฉืืืชืืช ืืชื ืืขื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ]. ืืชืืืืืช ืืฆืขื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืืื ืืขืืจืืืช, ืืื ืืื ืืชืฉืืืืช ืขื ืฉื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืคืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืขื ื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืชืืงืื ืงืืกืืื ืืืื, ืืืฆืืืขื ืขื ืืขืืืื ืื ืืฆืขื ื ื ืงื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจ ื ืืืจื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ื-17, ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืฆื ืืงืืืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช. ืืคืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ื"ืฆืขื ืงืืกืืื" ืืืชื ืืื ืคืจืืืืจืื ืจืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืืขื ืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-17 ืืืืื ืขืื ืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉืืื ื-12 ืื ืืืื, ืืืช ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืืขืื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืฃ ืขืืืืช ืืืืก ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืจืื, ืฉื ืจืื ืืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืคืืื. ืื ืืื ืืชืืืกื, ืงืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืืช, ืฉืคืืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืื ืงืืข ืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืืช ืืืขื ืืฆืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืข ืฉืืืฉืื ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืชื ืืขื. ืืื ืกืช ื-17 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืกืื ื ืื ืฉืงืคืช ืืืืจืื ืืืชืืืฉืช ืืคืฆืฆืช ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืช. ืืฉื ืช 2008 ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืคืจืืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืขืกืงื ืืืืกืืจ ืืฉืงืขื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืจืื. ื-14 ืืืืืืกื 2007 ื ืขืจืื ืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื. ืืจืืื ืืขืืงืจื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืืื, ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืคืจืฉ ืืืคืื ืชืืืช ืืืืจืืฅ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื, ืชืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืขืืงืจื ืืืื ืืื ืคืขืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืคืืื, ืืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 72.8% ืืืืกืก ืืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืขืื ืืืคืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืงืืจืื, ืืืคืืจ ืืงืื ืืก, ืืืืืงืชื ืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืขืืืื ืืืงืื ื-36, ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืืืงืื ื-20. ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื ื ืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืฉื ืชืคืกื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืฉืืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืืงืืช ืืขืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจื ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืขืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืกืืคื ืืชืคืืจ. ืืืืืคืชื, ืฆืืคื ืืืื ื, ืืฉืื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืคืืืจื ืืื ืกืช. ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืื ื ืขืฉืจื ืืื ืืจื ืืงืกืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืก ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืข ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืช ืขืืืชื ืฉืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืฉ ืืืคืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขื ืืชืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืฆืข. ืืงืืคืืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืคื ืืื ื ืืกืืกืืืืช ืืื "ืืืง ืืืืืืื, ืืืง ืืืืืื". ื-3 ืืคืืจืืืจ, ืืฉืืืขืืื ืืืจื ืชืื ืืืฆืข "ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื", ื ืคืื ืืืฉืงืืื ืจืงืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืงืจ ืืขืืจ, ืืืืื ืฉืืืฉืืชื ืชืคืขื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขื, ืืชืงืฃ ืืช ืืืฉืืช ืงืืืื ืขื ืื ืฉืื ืขืฉืชื ืืืช. ืืฉืจืื ืืืจ, ืฉืืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืกืืจืืื ืฉื ืืงืืคืืื, ืกืืคืจ ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืชื ื-2020 ืฉืืืืืื ืืืฆืืจื ืืืืชื ืฉืื, ืขืงื ืกืงืจืื ืคื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืขื ืืชืืืงืืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื ืืฉืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืจ ืืื, ืืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืฉืชืื ืข. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-18 ืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ื-27 ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืกืืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืจื ืงืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืฆืืคื ืืื ื ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื. ืืืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ื-ืืชื, ืฉืืืืืฅ ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืจืื ืืื ืกืช (65 ื"ืืื), ืื ืฉืื ืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืื ืงืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื, ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืฉ"ืก, ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ื-31 ืืืจืฅ 2009 ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืงืื ืืืื 30 ืฉืจืื ื-9 ืกืื ื ืฉืจืื. ืืืื ื 2009 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช "ื ืืื ืืจ-ืืืื", ืฉืืืจืืื ืืืืข ืืกืืื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืงืืช ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืชื ืืช ืืคืืจืืื, ืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืขื ืืืืืื, ืืืชืืจ ืขื ืืืืช ืืฉืืื. ืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืขืฉืจื ืืืื ืืืืจ ื ืืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืจ, ืืืื ืงืฉืืจ ืืืืขืื ืขื ืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืคื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ-ืืืื ื ืชืคืก ืืฆืืืืจ ืืชืคื ืืช ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืก ืืขืืืืชืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืืคื ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2010 ืืืืืื ืืขืืช ืฉืจืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืืืฅ ืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืฉืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืืฆืืง ืืืจืื ืืืืฅ' ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืขื ืืฆืจืื ืืขืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืืจื ืืืฆื ืฉ"ื. ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื "ืงืืืืชื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืืืืืื... ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืกืืจืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืงืจืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื". ืืขืงืืืช ืฆืขื ืื ืคืกืงื ืืืกืชื ื ืืช ืืืขื ืืืืจื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืืจืืฃ ืืืฉืืจ ืืืชืืฉื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืงืื, ืืฉืืจ ืฉืืื ืืขืช ืืืื ืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื, ืืืืจ ืืืฆืข ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื, ืืืืจืืฃ ืืชืงืืคืช ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉื ืืขืื ืืกืืฃ ืืื 2010. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2010, ืืขืงืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืืขืื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืื ืก ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืคืชืืจ ืืช ืืกืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืื-ืคืืกืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฉืชื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉื ื ืขืืื ืืชืื ืืกืชืืืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืก, ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืขื ืืืืืื. ืืืงืืื, ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืฆื ืืืฉื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืชืงืืคื ืฉื 10 ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืืืกื 2011 ืืืจืขื ืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืืื ืืคืืืืข ืงืืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืจื ืกืื ื, ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืงืคืช ืจืงืืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2011, ืื ืืื ืืื"ื, ืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืจืืฉ ืืืื"ื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืงืจื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืฆืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืงืืื, ืคืขื ืืืืืจื ืืงืืขืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืจืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืจืฃ ืคืขืืืืช ืืื, ื-29 ืื ืืืืืจ 2012 ืืืฉืจื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืจืื ืืืื (ืืืืืื 67/19 ืฉืื) ืืช ืืืืจื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืื ื ืืฉืงืืคื ืฉืืื ื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืื"ื. ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก, ืืคืืขื ืืืจ ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืง ืืืชื. ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืข ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืกืืจ ืงืืข. ื-11 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2011 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืช ืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืก - ืืืกืืจืชื ืฉืืืจืจ ืืืขื ืฉืืื ืชืืืจืช 1,027 ืืกืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2012 ืืืกื ืฆื"ื ืืช ืืืื ื'ืขืืจื, ืจืืฉ ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืก, ืืขืงืืืช ืืจื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืคืชืืืช ืืืฆืข ืขืืื ืขื ื, ืฉื ืืขื ืืื ืืข ืืจื ืจืงืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืฆืข, ืืคืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืกืชื ืฉื ื'ืืื ืืฉืขื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืืจื ืขืืื ืืจื, ืฉืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขื 2011, ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืข ืืกืืจืื, ืืชืืืื ืืืจืืงืื, ืืกืื ืืืืื ื ืกืืื ืืืงืืช ืืจืืช ืืืืื, ืชืื ืืฉืืจืช ืจืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืื ืืจืื ืืืงืืื. ืืคื ืืืฆืขื ืืจืื ืชืืกืืจ ืืกืืจืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืจืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืชืืฆืข ืืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืื ืขื ืกืขืืืื. ืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืื ื ืืืชื ืขื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืกืืจืื. ืกืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืื ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืื ืกืืืืืช ืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ืืชืงื ื ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื. ืขื ืกืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืจืืข ืืืจ ื-1993. ืืคืชืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืืจืฃ ืฉื ืืื ืกืช, ื-31 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2011, ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืื โืืืจืื ืืจืขืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืขื ืืขืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืื ืขืืื ืโ. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืจืขื ืืืืืช ืืืชืงื ืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืืื 3, ืืืงื ืืืืกื ื"ืืืกื", ืฉืืื ืขื ืืจืืื ื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืื ืื, ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืืืคื ืืฉืื ืื ืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช. ื-27 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2012 ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื. ืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืชืืืข ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืขืฉืจ ืืจืื ืฉื 90% ืชืืื ืื ื ืงืืืช ืืื-ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืงื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืืข ืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืฉ ื"ืฉืจ ืืืกืืจืืืื ืืืืืืช". ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืฆื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืกืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืชื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืขืจื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืื 2010 ืืืขืื ืื ืืืก ืขื ืกืืืจืืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืืื ืืช ืขื ืื"ืจ ืืืกืชืืจืืช, ืขืืคืจ ืขืื ื, ืขื ืขืกืงืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืง. ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืฉืืืฉืง ืฉืื ืฆืื ืืขืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื. ืืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช. ืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉืืขืืชื. ืืฉืงื ืืชืืืง ืืื ืืืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืงื ืืืช ืขืชืืืืช ืื"ื ืืฉื ืื ืืขืช ืืืกืืฃ. ืืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืจืืกืคืงืืืื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืขืช ืืืฉืืจ, ืืืืืช ืืฆืืืชื ืืื ืืขื ื ืจืืืช ืฉื ืคืืืขื ืืืฉืง ืืืืื ืืงื ืืื ืืืฉืจืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืกื ืืงืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืง ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืงื ืขื ืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืื ืืื. ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืืขืงืืืช "ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืืื ื", ืืืฉืฉืืช ืื ืืืข ืืืจื ืคืขืืืชื ืฉื ืืขืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืคืื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื. ืืืื 2010 ืืฆืืจืคื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืคืืชืื ืืืืื (OECD). ืืืืื-ืืืืืกื 2011 ืคืจืฆื ืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืช ืืจืืื ืืจื ืืืืืืฉ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืคืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืื ืฉืขืื ืืืืื, ืืืืืฅ ืืช ืจืื ืืืืฆืืชืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืฅ ืืืืืฆืืช, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืื 3, ืืืขืื ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืข"ื, ืืก ืงื ืืื ืขื ืืืง ืืืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืก ืืื ืกื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2012 ืืืืข ืืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ื-39 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื, ืืคืืืื ืืืืชืืื ื. ืืืจืขืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืขืืืืช ืืืกืื ื ืืกืคืืช. ืืืชืื ืืืกืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ื, ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืฉืจ ืืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืืชื ืืืขื ืืง ืืช ืืกืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืกืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ืขืชืืจื ืฉื ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืจืคืืืืช ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืกืืจ ืื ื ืืืชื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืคืช ืฉืคืขืช ืืืืืจืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืืฉ ืืืกืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืคืขืช ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืชืืฉืื ืืืืื ื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืชืืกื ื ืจืง ื-700,000 ืืฉืจืืืื (ื-10%) ืืืืืื ื ื ืืชืจื ืขื ืขืืืฃ ืฉื ื-4.5 ืืืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืกืื. ืืฉื ืช 2010 ืคืจืฆื ืืฉืจืคื ืืืจืื ืื ื ืกืคื 44 ืื ื ืืื, ื-17,000 ืืืฉ ืคืื ื ืืืชืืื ืืงืจืื ื-25 ืงื"ืจ (25,000 ืืื ื) ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ื ืขืฆืื ืขืื ืืืฉ. ืฉืจืคื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืฉืืชืจืืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืชื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2011 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืื ื, ืฉืขืกืงื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืงืืช ืืขืืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืืืชืืืช ืืืขืืืจ ืืช ืกืืืืืืชืื ืืืืฃ ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2012 ืืืงื ืืื ืืกืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืจื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืื ืขืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืกืืืืจ, ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืขืื ืฉืขืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืฃ ืืืื' ืืฆืืง ืื ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืชืืคืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชืื ืืื ืชืืงืฆืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืืจืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืื ืืจืืื ืื"ืค ืกืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืฉืืข. ืืกืืฃ ืื ืืืจ 2012 ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืคื ืืืืืช ืขื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืคืืืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืงืื ื-36 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช 2008, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ-ืื ืกืช. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืชืคืงืื, ืืฉืืฆืืืขื ืื ื-75% ืืืืชืคืงืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ 2012 ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืชืืืืช 2013, ืืืื ืฉืงืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืืงืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืคืืืืช "ืืืืืื" ื"ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืจืฉืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉืืื ืชื "ืืืืืื ืืืชื ื" ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืืจืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืชื ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ื-31 ืื ืืืื, ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-19 ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืฉืืืฉืืช. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืขื ืื ืืืืืจ 2013. ืืืจืฅ 2013 ืืืืกืืจืช ื ืืกืืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืฉื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืจืง ืืืืื - ืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืจืงืื, ืจื'ืค ืืืืค ืืจืืืื ืขื ืืฉืืช ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืชืืงืื ื, ืืืจื ืฉื ืงืืขื ืืืฉืืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืืืจืืขื ืืืฉื ืืขืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืชื ืฆื ืขื ืืืจืืขื ืืืฉื, ืืฉื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืกืืืืช, ืฉืืืคืจืื 2014 ื ืจืื ืืงืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืชืืื ืขื ืืกืื, ืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื, ืืืืกืื ืืืจืืจื ืฉืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืชืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืคื ืืจืืฃ ื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืืจืงืื ื ืขืจืื ืืคืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืชืงืคื ืื ืื ืืืช ืืฉืืจืืจืืช, ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืฉืคืืืช ืืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืคืจืกืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืข ืืืืจืงืื. ืืืืง ืืืืกื ืืจืื ืืโืืฉืจืื ืืืืกื ืืฉืจืืโืืฆืจืื ืืกืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืจืื ืื ืืืฆืจืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ื-ืกืืกื. ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืกืื ืืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืคืช ืืจืฆื ืฉืืืฉื ื ืขืจืื ืืืืืื ื-12 ืืืื ื 2014 ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืก, ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืคืชืื ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืชืืจ ืืืืืคืื ืืืคืืืขื ืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืก ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืฆืข ื ืขืฆืจื ืืืขืื ื-400 ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืจืืืชื ืื ืฉื ืืืืก, ืืจืืืช ื-50 ืืกืืจืื ืฉืฉืืืจืจื ืืืืื ืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื. ืืื ืื, ื ืืฉืคื ืขืฉืจืืช ืกืืืงืื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืขืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฆืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืจืืืื ืื ืืืืขื ืื. ื-8 ืืืืื 2014 ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื ืืชืืืื ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืกื ืงืจืงืขืืช ืืืจืืง ืฉื ื-3 ืงืืืืืืจืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืชืงืคืืืช ืฉืื ื ืืืืก. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืจื ืืืืก ืืืคื ืจืงืืืช ืืคืฆืฆืืช ืืจืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืฉืจืื. ื-30 ืืืืื ื ืืืคื ืืืคืืชืืื ืฉื ืกืื ืจืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืกืื ืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืงืจื ืฉื'ืืขืืื, ืื-7 ืืืืืืกื ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืงืฉ ืืื ื ืืกืืืข ืืืฉืืช ืืืคืืชืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืข ืืืชืื ืืช ืืืกืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช ืืืคืกืงืืช ืืฉ ืฉืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืฉืจ ืืืฆื ืืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ื ืชืืื ืืืืจืคืช ืืืขืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ื ืืืจื ืืชืืืืช ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืง ืืืืื. ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืจืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืืืกืืื ืืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืืืงืื ืืช ืืืจืงืื ืืงืืจ ืืืชืืืืืช ืืกืืกืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื, ืื ืืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืฆืข ืืกืชืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืขื ืฉืืืขืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ื-26 ืืืืืืกื, ืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืคืกืงืช ืืืฉ ืืกืืื ืืืืฆืข ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืฆืืขื ืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื, ืฉืื ืื ืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืฆืข, ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืขื ืื ืืฆืื ืืกืคืงืช ืืงืืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืชืงืืคื ืืคื ื ืืืืฆืข. ืืืืื 2014 ืืื ืขืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืคืืืืขื ืืจืืจ ืืฆื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืฆืขื ืืืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืคืืืืขืื ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืคืืืืข ืืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืงืืืืช ืื ื ืชืืจื ืืืื ื ืจืฆืื 6 ืืฉืจืืืื. ื-3 ืืืจืฅ 2015 ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืจืืข ืืคื ื ืืืกืื ืืืชืืืฉ ืืื ืืืขืฆืืืช ืืืืจืื, ืืืกืืจ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช. ืืขืฆื ื ืฉืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืชืืื ืื ืืื ื ืื ืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืง ืืืืื. ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืงืื ืืจืก. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืจืขืื ืฉื 40 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืฆืจ ืืฉื ืช 2012, ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืืช ืืฆืคื ืืืืจืขืื ืชืงืฆืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 4.9% ืืฉื ืช 2013, ืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืชืงืฆืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืงื ื-2013 ืืืืงื ื-2014. ืืืคืจืื 2013 ืืืฉืจื ืจืคืืจืืช ืืฉืืื ืืคืชืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืกืืช ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืขืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืฉืจ ืืืง ืืจืืืืืืืช ืืคื ืืกืงื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืืชืืจืืชืืืช ืืืฉืง. ืืืื 2014 ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืื ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืฃ ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืงืจ, ืืฉื ืืืื ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืฆืืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืื ื 2015, ืืื ืฉืงืืคืืช, ืฆืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืงืืข ืืจืคืืจืื ืืคื ืกืืืช. ืืื ื ืชืงืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืจืืคื ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืืจืืื"ื ืืื ืืืื ืงืื. ื-2 ืืืฆืืืจ 2014 ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืฆืืคื ืืื ื ืืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืจืฉื ืืืืืฉืื ืืชืจ ืฉืจื "ืืฉ ืขืชืื" ืืืื ืกืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ื-17 ืืืจืฅ 2015. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ื ืชืื ื ื "ืคืืืฉ" ืฉื ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืคืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืจ ืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืขืงืืืช ืชืืืืชื ืืืืง "ืืฉืจืื ืืืื". ืืืืื ืืกืคืจื "ืืืื: ืกืืคืืจ ืืื" ืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืื ืขื ืฉืคืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืคืื ืืืื ื "ืขื ืกืื ืฉืืืขื ืงืื ืกืคืืจืืืืืช ืฉืืกืจื ืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืคืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืื ื ืื ื ืืื ืคืืืฉ". ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืคืืืชื ืืืืืื ื-30 ืื ืืืื. ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช, ืืืจ ืฉืืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืฆืจื ืืฉื ืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืคืืกื ืฉืคืจืกื ืืืฃ ืืคืืืกืืืง ืฉืื ืืชื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืฉืืชืคืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืืฆืืง ืืจืฆืื ืืืื ื, ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืชืืจ ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืืืฆืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืืืืืชืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืืืง ืืงืืคืืื ืืืจืฆืช ืืืฆืืขื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืื, ืคืจืกื ืกืจืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืขืืื ืืื ืืืจ: โืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืกืื ื. ืืืฆืืืขืื ืืขืจืืื ื ืขืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืงืืคื. ืขืืืชืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืืืืืืกืื. ืจืืืชืื ืื ื ืืื V15, ืืฉ ืื ื "ืฆื 8", ืืฉ ืื ื ืจืง ืืชืื, ืฆืื ืืงืืคืโ. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืข ืฆืขืจ ืขื ืฉืืืจืื ืคืืขื ืืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืกืืฃ ืฉืืขืฉืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, "ืืืื ืืืฉืงืขืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืืขืืืื", ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืื ืืื. ื-14 ืืืื 2015, ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ื-34 ืืจืืฉืืชื, ืืืฉืื ืฆืจื ืฉื ืฉืขื ื ืขื 61 ื"ืืื. ืืขืืืจ ืืฉื ื, ื-26 ืืืื 2016, ืืฆืืจืคื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืขืื ื-66. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืืืฃ ืืคืืจืืืจ 2017 ืืืืคื ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฆืื ืื ืืื (ืจืื ืืืื). ืขื ืกืืฃ 2016 ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื, ืื ืืืืืฃ ืขื ืืื ืฆืื ืื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืฉืืืขืื "ืืืื" ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืขืื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 2015 ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืคืืืืขืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืขื ื ืฉืืคืื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืื ืช ืืคืืืข ืืืกืื ืื-ืืงืฆื, ืืืืืฉืื ืชืืืจื ืืช ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืืืจื ืืช ืืขื ืืฉื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืจื ืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช ืืืงืืื ืืช. ืื ืืืจืืจ ืืขื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืฉ ืืจืฅ, ืืืกืืฃ ืืืืฉ ืืื ื ืขืื ืฉืื ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื, ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืจืืืื. ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืืืขืืืช ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืฆืืื ื ืืขืืืื ื-37, ื-20 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2015, ืืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืื' ืืืื ืื-ืืืกืืื ื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืชืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืจืฉ ืืืชื, ืื ืืืืคืชื ืืืจ ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืขืฅ ืื ืืฉืจืืฃ ืืืชื. ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืขืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืฉืืชืื ืฉื ืืืืกืืืจืื, ืืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืกืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืืชื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ืื-ืืืกืืื ื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืืจ. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืืช ืชืงืืคืืช ืฉื ืฆื"ื ืืืืื ื, ืืืืจื ืืื ืืข ืืขืืจืช ื ืฉืง ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืกืืจืื. ืืืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืกืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืืื ืชืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืกืื ืืืคืจื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืจ ืฉื ืฉืชื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืฉื ืื, ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืืืช, ืืื ืืกืคืืืืจ 2015, ืขื ื ืฉืื ืจืืกืื, ืืืืืืืจ ืคืืืื. ืืืื 2016 ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื, ืฉืืชืคืืจ ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืกืช ืืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืคืื "ื ืืจืจืช ืืืชืืืืช". ืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืชืคืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื. ื-2018 ืืกืืกืื ืืืืจืื ื-ืืฉืจืืื ืืคื ืืขืืืืช ืืฉืืจ ืขื ืืืืจืช ืื"ื ืืชืืื ืืืจืื ื ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืืจืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื T-4 ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืกื ื ืืชืืืืฉืช ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืฉ ืืคืจืื, ืืชืงืคืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืจืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืกืืืืืช ืืืืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืขืืืช. ื-30 ืืืคืจืื 2018 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืืฉืฃ ืืืืข ืืืจืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืคื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืกืืืื ืืงืืฆืื ืฉืืืฆืื "ืืืืกื" ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืื ื ืืกืชื ืืืกืชืืจ ืืช ืชืืื ืืืชืื ืืคืืชืื ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื. ืืืจืชื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื. ืืืื ืืจื ืืืืืฆืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืช 20 ืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืฆืื ืฆื"ื ืืืจืืื ืืืชืืืื ืชืงืฃ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืขืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2018 ืืื ืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืก. ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืชืจ ืฆื"ื ืฉืืจืช ืื ืืจืืช ืืจืืจ. ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืจืฅ 2018 ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืคืจืืช ืกืืจ ืืืื ืืืช ืขื ืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืกืืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืก. ืืืืืืืช ื ืืจืื ื-220 ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืจืืื ืคืขืืื ืืจืืจ. ืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืขืื ืืืฉ ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืช ืืืืจืฉ ืืขืืืฃ ืขืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืช ืขืคืืคืื ื ืชืืขืจื, ืืืื ื ืชืืขืจื ืื ืคืฅ ืืจืงืืืช ืฉืฉืืืจื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืื ืืจืฆืืขื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืืืช ืคืืงืื ืืฆืคืื, ืืื ืืื ืืกื ืืงืจืืืช ืืืืฃ ืืืืืืขืื ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืฆืคืื ื ืืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืจืืจ ืืชืงืคืืืช ืฉืืคืจ "ืืืืืืื" ืืฉืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืโืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืืกื ืฆื"ื, ืืืืฆืข ืืืืจื ืฉืืืจื, ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืื-ืขืื, ืืคืงื ืืืืจื ืืฆืคืื ืืช ืฉื "ืคืืืืืช ืื-ืงืืืก", ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื "ืื'ืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ื". ืืชืืืื ืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืืช ืจืงืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืคืฆืืฅ ืืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืจื ืืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืืจ 2018 ืืืืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืขื ืืืืืก. ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืกืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืฉ ืฆืื ืืจ ืืืกืคืื ืืงืืจ ืขืืืจ ืืืืืก, ืื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืงืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืืืคื ืืฉืืจ ืืกืืื ืฉื ื-30 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืฉ, ืืืืขืื ืืคืื ืืขืืจืช ืืืกืฃ ืชืกืืืข ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืงืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืจืืงืื ืืืืฉื ืืจืืืค, ืกืืืื ืื ืืฆ'ืื, ืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืงืืจืื ืฉืืืกืคืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืก ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืจ. ืืจืืฉืืช 2019 ืืกืืืจ ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืคื ืืจืืื ืืืืก: "ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืกืื ืืงืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืืก ืืืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืืืืก. ืื ืืืง ืืืืกืืจืืืื ืฉืื ื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื". ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืชืื ืชืคืืกื ืื ืืคืืืื ืืคื ืื ืคืืกืืื ื ืืื ืข ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืกืื ืฉืืื ืืืกืืจ ืืืื ื ืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืืืื ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืงืืจ ืืืืืก ืืชืคืืจ ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืคืืืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืจืืฉืืชื ืคืจืฉื ืืืงืืืืืฆืื. ืืฉื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืื ื-18 ืื ืืืืืจ 2018 ืืึพ17 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ืืชืคืืจ ืืชืคืงืื ืื ื-10 ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2019 ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืจืขื ืืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ื ืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืืข ืืื ืฉืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืก ืืฉืชืืืช ืขื ืืืง ืืืืกืฃ ืืงืืจื. ืืฉื ืช 2020 ืื"ื ืฆืืื ืื ืืคืืืช ืืจืืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืข ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืก ืืื ืืืืฉ. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2019 ืืืื ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืื ืขืืื ืืืืื ืขืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืื ืข ืืืืจืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืขื ืคืืจืืืจ 2019. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืืืืช ืืืฉืื, ืืชืงืืื ืืืืื 2334 ืฉื ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื, ืืืืจืฉืช ืืขืืงืจ ืืคืกืงืช ืื ืืืช ืืชื ืืืืืืช "ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืืืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื". ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืื ื ื ืงืื ืฆืขืืื ื ืื ืกื ืื, ื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืงืจืืื ื ืืืืคืกืงื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืกืืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื, ืฉืืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืืืืข ืขื ืืืจื ืืืคืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืชื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืืืืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืฉืืจืืจืืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื-14 ืืืื 2018 ื ืขืจื ืืงืก ืคืชืืืช ืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืจืืืค ืคืจืฉ ืืืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืคืขืื ืขืืื ืกื ืงืฆืืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืืคืกืืง ืืืืื ืืืกืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืจ"ื, ืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืกืง"ื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืกืืจ ืืช ืืงืื ืกืืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืคืจืืฉืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ื, ืื ืืฉ ืืจืืืื ืืคืจืืฉื ืคืืืขื ืืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืขื ืฆื ืืืืจื ืืืจืืงืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช ืขื ืจืืช ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืช ืจืืืช ืืืืขื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืฆืขื ืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืฆืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉืื ("ืขืกืงืช ืืืื"). ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืช. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืชืงืจืจื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืจืืืค ืื ืชื ืืื. ื-4 ืืืืื 2017 ืืืงืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืื, ื ืจื ืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืง ืืงืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืกืืืข ืืฉืจืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ ืืืงืจ ืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืคื. ืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืืคืจืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืฆืจืคืช ืขืื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืคืฉื, ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืื ืืจืื. ืืื ืืชื ืขื ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืกืืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืื-ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืขืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฆืื ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืงืืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืงื: ืืืืื 2016 ืขืจื ืกืื ืืืงืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืจืื 40 ืฉื ื ืืืืฆืข ืื ืืื, ืืฆื ืคืกืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืงืืืืช, ืืืงืืจ ืืงื ืื ืขื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืืงืืจ ืืจืืื ืื ืืืืชืืืคืื. ืืืื ื 2017 ื ืื ืืคื ื ืืืืขืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจื ืืคืจืืงื (ืื ') ืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืืื. ืืืืงืืจื ืืงื ืื ืื ืืืืืจ 2017 ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืจืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืขืช ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืจื ืงื ืืืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2017 ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืคืืฉ ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืื ื, ืงืืืืืืื ืืืงืกืืงื. ืืฉื ืืื ืืก ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืคืืฉ ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืื ืืืข ืืืฆื ืืืืืคืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช. ืืกืืฃ 2017 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืชืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืจืื ืืจืขื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื, ืืืขื ืืจืื, ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืชืงื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืฉ ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืฉืืืช ืืช ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืจืืชืจืืื ืืืกืืืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ื ืื ืขืช ืืืืืืืจื ืืืืืืชื ืืืชื ืืขื ืง ืืืืืจืฉืื ืืืืืื ื ืืงืืืืช. ื-2 ืืืคืจืื 2018 ืืืจื ืจืืื ืื ืืืกืืืชื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืืืจืฉืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืงืจื ืืืืฉื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืคืขืืื "ืืืฅ ืืืจืืคื ืขื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื ืื" ืืกืืช ืืืืกืื, ืื ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืื ืื ืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื ืื. ืืืงืื ืืืช, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืฉ ืขื ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื, ืืจืื ืืจืขื, ืืื ื ืฆืืืืช ืืื"ื ืืคืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืื ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจื ืืืจืืคื ืืขืื ืืืืงืืื ืืคืืจ ืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืชื ืืืืช ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืชืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืืืืช ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืชืงื ืืืืืช, ืื ืืืชืงื ืื ืฉื ืืคืขืืืืช. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืคืืืืจ ืืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช.ืืืกืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืกืืขืืช ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืชืืื ืืจืคืืจืืืช ืืฉืืง ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืืืฉืื ืชืงืื ืื ืืกืจ ืขืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืงืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชื ืื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืงื ืงืฉืจืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืฅ' ืืืขืื ืืืง, ืืืืื ืืืืืืกื 2016 ืืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืื ืื ืืื ืืืคื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืง, ืืืคืืจืืืจ 2017 ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืขืงืืืช ืขืชืืจืืช ืืื"ืฅ ืื ืืฉื. ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืงืจื ืืฉืจ ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืงืืืข. ืืืืื 2015 ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืืืจ: ืืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืืืืืืื ืืืงืืช ืชืืืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืงืืื. ืืืื ืืชืืืืช 2017 ืคืขื ืืกืืืจืช ืืชืืืื ืื ืืืืงืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืกืคืื ืืืืื ืคืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืชื ืื ืืชืืงืฃ ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืฉืืจ ืืืกืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืงืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืื ืชืืงื ืืืืฃ ื ืคืจื. ืชืืงืื ืืืงืืงื ืขืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืขืจื ืืงืืช ืืชืืืื, ืื ืืืงืคื ืืืื ืื"ืฅ (ืื-2018 ืืฃ ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืกืช), ืื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืืงื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืื ืืคืืขื ืืกืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ื ืืชื ื ืืกืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ืืืืืืกื 2015, ืืขืงืืืช ืขืชืืจื ืฉืืืืฉื ืกืืขืช "ืืฉ ืขืชืื", ืงืืข ืื"ืฅ ืื ืืืฆืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืขืื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืฉืจ. ืืขืงืืืช ืื, ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืื ืืชืืจื ืฉื "ืืืืืช ืืฉืจืื" ืืชืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ืืชืืืืช 2020 ื ืืจืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื. ืชืืืื ืืืคื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืจืคืืื ืฉื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืขืช ืืชืคืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืืื ืกืืจ ืืจืฆื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืืข ืชืืืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืื ืชื ืืืืขืืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืขื ืฆืขืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืืจืฉืื. ืืืืฉื ืฆืืฆื ืืช ืืืคืขืืชืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืืื ื-29.9 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2014, ื-54 ืืืืืืจื ืืืื ื 2019, ืืจืืื ืฉื 14 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืขืืืช ืืืขื ืืชืงืฆืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืืื ืืื, ืฉื ืืขื ืืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืคื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืช ืืื ืืืืขื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืคืจื ืกืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืื ืืคืื ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืจืื, ืืืฆืื, ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืืจื. ืืืืง ืืคืขืืืืชืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืื. ื-27 ืืืจืฅ 2016, ืคืกื ืื"ืฅ ืืช ืกืขืืฃ ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืชืืื, ืื ื ืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืจืื ืฉื ืฉื ื ืืชืืงืื ื. ืืืื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืขืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื, ืขื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืกืขืืฃ ืื. ืืฉื ืช 2016, ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืกืื ืคืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2019, ืคืืจืกืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืจ ืืืงืืื ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืื ื ืืฆืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืขืจืืืช ืืชืืงืฆืืช ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืกืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ. ืืกืืฃ ืื ืืืจ 2016 ืืืฉืจ ืืืืฉืื "ืืชืืื ืืืืชื" ืืคืื ืืืืชื ืืืืจื ืืืชืจืื ืขืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืขืืช ืืชืคืืื ืืขืืจืืช, ืื ืืืื ืืืขืฆื ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ื ืฉืืช ืืืืชื. ืืืชืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืืืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืขืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืฉืช ืฉื ืืืชืืื, ืขื ืฉืืืงืคื ืืืื ื 2017. ืืชืืงืื ืืคืงืืืช ืืก ืืื ืกื ื ืงืืข ืฉืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืคืืืจ ืืืก ืืื ืกื ืืชืฉืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ื, ืฉืืื ื ืืฉืืืจืช ืื ืงืฆืื, ืืืืื ืืคืืืจ ืื ืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืจืฉืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืก ืขื ืืืืืช ืืกื 600,000 ืฉ"ื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืชืืืืงืช ืืืชื ืืคืจืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืืืืืื ืืขืืช ืืืกืคืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืชืืื ืจืืจืืืงืืืืืช ืืช ืืก ืืืื ืกื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืงืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืชืืงืื ืืงืืื. ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ 2015 ืืงืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื, ืืืงืฉืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื, ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืืขื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืจืืืง ืืืืชื ืืขืช. ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืจืฉืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจ 2016 ืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืืืืืืข ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืคืขื ื ืืกืคืช ืืชืคืงืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ื-24 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018, ืืืืจ ืคืจืืฉืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืขืงื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืืืืืคืงืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืจ ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-21. ื-26 ืืืฆืืืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืช ืคืืืืจื ืืงืืขื ืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืขืจืื ื-9 ืืืคืจืื 2019. ืืงืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืช, ืขืืื ืืช ืจืืฆืชื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืื. ืืื ืืฃ ืฉืจืืื ืืช ืืืงืื ื-28 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืขื ืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืืชืงืืืื ื-9 ืืืคืจืื 2019, "ืืืืืื" ืืื ื-35 ืื ืืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืจืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืืื ืื ืื ืกืืช ืืืืงืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื. ืกืืื ืืคืงืืขืช ืคืจืง ืืืื ืฉื ืงืฆื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืช ืคืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉื ืื, ืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืขืืจ. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืชืืื ืฆืืจืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืคืืืช "ืืืื ื". ืื ืืกืฃ, ืฉืื ืข ืืช ืืคืืืช "ืืืืช" ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืืืืจืืช, ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืงื ืืืืก ืจืคืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจืืื ืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ื-32 ืื ืืืื, ืืขืืืช 38 ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืคืืืช "ืืืื ื" ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืื ืื-ืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืืืคืืืช "ืืืืช ืืืืืื". ื-25 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2019 ืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืจืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืฉื ืชืื ืืืื 55 ืืืจื ืื ืกืช, ืืขืืืช 54 ืฉืชืืื ืืืจืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืจืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ, ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืื ืืฃ ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื. ืืฉืื ืืชืคืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืขื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2019 ื ืขืจืื ืคืจืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืช "ืืืืืื", ืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ื-72.5% ืืืงืืืืช, ืืฉืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื, ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2020 ืืืืืื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื-36 ืื ืืืื, ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืฅ ืืื ืืืืืฆืชื ืฉื 61 ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืื ืขืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืจื ืกืืฃ ืชืงืืคืช ืืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืฅ, ืืขื ืจืงืข ืืชืคืจืฆืืช ืืงืืจืื ื, ื ืืชื ืืกืื ืงืืืืืฆืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ื-7 ืืืื, ืืืืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืชืืื ืฉื 72 ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืงืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืขืงืืืช ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืช ืืื ืื. ืืคื ื ืื ื ืืืชื ืขืชืืจื ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืืืช ืืื ืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืื ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืื ืคืืจืกื ืืกืืจ ืืื ืืขืช ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืืกืจ ืขืืื ืืขืกืืง ืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืืฉืคืื. ื-17 ืืืื 2020 ืืืฉืืข ืืงืื ืฆืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ. ืืืืชื ืืขืื ืืืฉืืข ืื ื ืื ืฅ ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืคื, ืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืฆื, ื-17 ืื ืืืืืจ 2021, ืื ืืืืืคื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืชืืืฉื. ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืง ืืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืืืืชืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืงืืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืกืืืข ืืืขื ืงืื ืืืืจืืื. ืืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืชืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืกืืจืืืืืช ืืืฆืืื, ืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืฉืช ืืชืืืืื, ืฉืืืืืื ืืกืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืชืฉืจื. ืืืงืืื ืืชืงืืืื ืืืืืช ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืขื ืจืงืข ื ืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืฉื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉื. ืืขืงืืืช ืขืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืืชืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืกืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ. ืืืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืืจืื, ืื ื"ื ืคืืืืจ, ืขื ืจืืืฉืช ืืืกืื ืื. ืืจืืืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ื ืขื ื ืืงืจืืืืช ืืืชืืกื ืืืคืจืง ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืชืืกื ืื ืื ืคืฉ. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฆืขื ืฆืขืืื ืืกืืคืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืฅ ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืฉืืื ืชื "ืชืืื ืืช ืืืื". ืืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืจืื ืืืคืจืง ืขื ืืชืืืช "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื" ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืืจืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืืืื ืขื ืืจืืงื ืืกืืื, ืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืกืืื ืื ืืชืืืฉ. ื-13 ืืืืืืกื 2020 ืืฆืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค, ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืื' ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื, ืืช ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช-ืืฉืจืื ืื ืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช. ืืคื ืืคืจืกืืืื, ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืกืืคืื. ื-11 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020 ืืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืกืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื. ืืกืืืื ืืื ื ืงืจืื "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื". ืืืกืื ื ืืชื ื-15 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020 ืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช (ืืืชืืืืช) ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช, ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ื-10 ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ืืืืจื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืื ืขื ืืจืืงื ืืืฆืืจืคืืชื ืืืกืืื ืืืจืื. ื-22 ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ื ืืชื ืืจืืื ืืกืื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืงื. ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืฆืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืกืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืจื ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืจืืงื ืืจื ืกืืืื. ื-24 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2020 (ืฉืขืื ืืฉืจืื), ืืืืืข ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืจืืฉ ืืืขืฆืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืกืืืื ืขืื ืื-ืคืชืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืคื ืจืฉืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืืืื ืืืื ื ื ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ื-6 ืืื ืืืจ 2021 ืืชืื ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืขื ืืฆืืจืช "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื". ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2021 ืืืืืขื ืืชืืืขืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืขื ืืงืืจืช ืืืจืืขืื ืฉืืชืจืืฉื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืื ื-13 ืืืื ื 2014. ืืืื ื"ื ืืขืืืจ, ื"ื ืืืืืจ ื'ืชืฉืค"ื, 30 ืืืคืจืื 2021 ืืชืจืืฉ ืืกืื ืืืจืื, ืื ื ืกืคื 45 ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืคืฆืขื 102 ืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ื-6 ืืืจืฅ 2024 ืคืจืกืื ืืขืืช ืืืงืืจื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืจ ืืกืื ืืจ ืืืจืื ืืช ืืกืงื ืืชืื, ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืฉืืืข ืื ืืื ืืคืืืช ืืื ืขืืื ืืืขืช ืขื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืฆืืื ื ืืืืฆื ืืขืฉืืช ืืฉื ืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืขืงื ืืขืืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื โ ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืจืงืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจืื, ืคืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช. ืืืงืืื ืืืืฆืข ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ื-23 ืืืจืฅ 2021 ืืชืงืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืจืืข, ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื"ืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจื ืืกืคืจ ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ื-36 ื-30, ืื ืืืคืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉ ืขืชืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืจ ืืคืื, ืขื 17 ืื ืืืื. ืื ืฉืื ืจืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืขื ืืง ืชืืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืคืื, ืฉืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื, ืืื ืขื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ื-13 ืืืื ื ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืฉ, ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืคืชืื ืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืคื ืืืื ืืกืชืืืื ืืืชืจ ื-12 ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ื ืจืฆืืคืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืจ ืืฉืืฉ ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื, ืืฉืจ ืชืืช ืื ืืืชื ื ืื ืขื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ื ืืงืืคืื ืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืจืฉ ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืคืืืืืกืืจืื ืจืืื. ืืืจื ืื ืกืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืขืืจื, ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืคืืื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืื, ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืฆืืืขื ืื ื ืื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืชืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืชืงื ืืช ืฉืขืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืืคืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืื ืื ืจืืฆืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืืจื ืฉื ืืคืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืื ืกืคืฆืืคืืื ืฉืืงืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืฆืื ื ืื ืข ืืืืืืข ืืขืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฆืข ืขืืืช ืืฉืืจ, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื. ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืคื ืืขืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืชืืจืืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืกืืืืช ืืขืื ืืกืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2021 ื ืื ื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ื-2019. ืืืงืก ืืื ืืื ืืืง ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ ืฉืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืฃ ืืช ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืฆืื ืืืจ ืื "ืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืจื", ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืืจ ืืฆืื ืืืื ืจืืื. ืืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ, ืืืงืจ ืืช ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืคืจืกืืื. ืืื ืืฃ ืืฉืืืข ืืชืืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืื-ืืืืื ืืืกืื, ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืจืืื ืืช ืืชืืืืืืืชืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืช ื ืืงืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืกืืืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื. ื-29 ืืืฆืืืจ 2022, ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข. ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืืืจ ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืคืกืง ืื"ืฅ ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืจืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืงื ืืืืกืจ ืกืืืจืืช ืงืืฆืื ื, ืขื ืจืงืข ืขืืจื ืืคืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฆื ืฉืืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืคื ื ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืื ื ืืขืืืจืืช ืืก. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืจืขื ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืชืคืงืืืื ืฉืืืขื ืื: ืืืฉื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ืึพ4 ืืื ืืืจ 2023 ืืืจืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืงืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืช ืคืกืืืช ืืืงืื ืืคืกืงืช ืืชืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืื ืกืช ืืจืื ืจืืื, ืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืกืืืจืืช, ืืืืจืช ืชืคืงืื ืืืืขืืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืืขืฅ ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื ืื ืฉืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืจืื ืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืคืจืกืื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืงืืขื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื, ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืข ืืืืชืขืจื ืื ืืืื ืืืงืืงื ืืจืื ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ืขืงื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื, ืืืืืชื ื ืชืื ืืืฉืคื ืคืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืงืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืช "ืืืง ืื ืืฆืจืืช", ืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืืืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฆืจืืช ืขืงื ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืืงืืงื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืื ืคืืืื. ืืจืคืืจืื ืฉืืืฆืขื ืืฆืจื ืืชื ืืืืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ื ืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืจืืืช ืืืงืฃ. ืืืืืื ืืขื ื ืฉืืืืื ืืืงืืงื ืืืืืื ืคืืืขื ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืฉืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืกื ืืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืฉืชืืืื ืืช ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช, ืขื ืืื ืืคืืืชื ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืืื. ื ืฉืืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ืืกืชืจ ืืืืช ืืืงืืขื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืชืคืืข ืืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืคืืช. ืขื ืืฃ ืืืช, ืืืืฉืื ืื ืฆืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืงื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืชืื ืืชืขืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืคืืืื ืงืฉื ืืขื. ืืืง ืืืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืจืฅ ืืงืืืฆืช ืงืฆืื ืื ืืฆื"ื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืชืืจืื ื ืืืื "ืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืื" ืฉืืืืื ืืืคืกืืง ืืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืืื. ื-25 ืืืจืฅ ืงืจื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืขืฆืืจ ืืช ืืงืืงืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืืืืจ ืืกืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืคืืืืจืื, ืขืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืขืฆืืช ืืืืื ืืืืคืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืกืคืื ืื ืืืช ืืจืืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืื ื "ืืื ืืื ื". ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืื ืืืืืขื ืขื ืืฆืืจืคืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืง. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืื ืืกื ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืืื ืชืืื ืคืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืงืืื ืืฉืืืืช, ืงืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื "ืชืจืืื" ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืช ื ืฆืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื, ืขื ืืื ืืฆืืขื ื ืื ืื ืืืืขืืืื. ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืจืฉื ืฉืชืืืื ืืืืจืช ื ืฆืืืช ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืขืื, ืืืชืื ืื ืืื. ืืืกืืฃ ื ืืืจื ื ืฆืืืช ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืงืจืื ืืืืจืจ, ืืชืืืื ืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจื ืงืืืืืฆืื, ืื ืืืขื ืขื ืืชืจืืื ืืืื ืืืงืคืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืช ืื ืฉืื. ืืชืืืื ืืืงืงื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืกืืืจืืช, ืขืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืขืฉืจืช ืืืคืื ืืชื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืืคืกืงืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืจื ืืืจืืกื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืฉืื ื ืงืื ืืฆืขืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืื ืืืคืืขืื. ืึพ9โ13 ืืืื, ืืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืฉืืืืจื ืจืงืืืช ืืขืืจ ืขืืืฃ ืขืื, ืืื ืฆื"ื ืืช ืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืฅ ืืกืืืื ืืืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืื-ืงืืืก. ืืกืืคื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืฆืข "ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืจืชืขื". ืืืืื 2023 ืืืืจ ืขืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื ืืฆืคืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืฆื ืฆื"ื ืืืืฆืข ืืืช ืืื ืืขืืจ ื'ื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืืืื ืฉืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2023 ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืก ืืงืืืื ืื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืขื ืกืขืืืื, ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืฆื ืืืจืฉ ืืขืฆืจ ืฉื ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช, ืืืืื ืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืกืขืื. ืืช ืืืงืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืช ื ืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช. ื-26 ืืืฆืืืจ 2023 ืืืืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืืช ืฉื 60%. ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืงืื, ืืคื ืคืจืกืืืื ืืจืื, ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื. ืืชืืืืช 2024 ืคืืจืกื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืขืื ืื ืืืฉืฉื ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืจืืืืื ืื ืืจืฉืื ืืคืฆืฆื ืืจืขืื ืืช. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2023 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืื"ื, ืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ื ืืฆืืช "ืขื ืกืืคื ืฉื ืคืจืืฆืช ืืจื - ืืกืื ืืืกืืืจื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืขืืืื" - ืืกืื ืฉืืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืฆืืื. ืืืื ื 2024 ืฉืืื ืืขืืช ืืจืื ืืก ืืืงืจ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืจืืขื ืืืฉืื ื ืืกืคืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืจืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืฆืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืื. ืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืืืขืช ืืืืขืื: "ืืืชืืื ื ืืืฆืืืืจืช ืืคื ื ืืืืขืื ืืฉืื ืื ืขืืื, ืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืงืจืื ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืขืืืง ืืชืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืงืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืจื ืฉื ืกืืืืืช ืจืืืฉืืช. ืืืช, ืชืื ืืฆืืจืช ืกืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืื ืคืืืขื ืืืืกื ืืืืฅ ืืืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื". ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืคืจืกืื ืืืืขืื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืกื ืืื ืืกืชืืจื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืขื ืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืฆืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืจืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืืฆืจืื. ืื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืืฉ ืฉืืืฉ ืฆืืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืืขืืืช ืืงืืื ื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืืืชืืช. ืืืืื 2024 ืืืจืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืจืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืืช (ืืืื'ืก, ืคืืฅ' ืืกืื ืืจื ืื ื ืคืืจืก) ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื, ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืฉื ืช 1988. ืืื ืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืืฉ ืฉื S&P ืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืกืืืื ืื ืืืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืฉื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืช 2025. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2024 ืืืจืืื ืืืื'ืก ืืช ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉื ื ืืืืืคื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืชื ืืจืืืช. ืืฆืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืช ืืก ืขืจื ืืืกืฃ ื-17% ื-18%. ืขืื ืืคื ื ืืขืืืช ืืืืกืื, ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืคื ืืืขืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืงืจื ืืืชืจ ื-38% ืืขืืืช ืืืืฆืข OECD. ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืงืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืฆืขืืื ืฉืงืฉืืจืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช. ืืืฉื, ืฉืื ืื ืืืง ืืกืื: ืืฉืคืืื ืฉืื ื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืงืื ืฉื ืืคืืืืืืงืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืคืืฃ ืืืกืืจ ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืกืจ ืขืืื ืืขืกืืง ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืชืืงืื ืืคืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2025, ืืงืจืืช ืคืจืกืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉื ืืจืืืค, ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืขืงื ืืขืืืฃ ืืืกืืจื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช, ืืืืื ืืืืจืืงืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืก ืืืืื 17% ืขื ืกืืืจืืช ืืฉืจืืืืืช. ื-25 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืงืืขื ืืขืืช ืืจืื ืืก ืื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืจืืฉื ืฉื"ื ืืคืขืื ืืืืคื "ืฉืืื ื ืจืืื ืืืืืงืจืืื". ืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืฆืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืื ื-2018 ืงืืื ืืขืืจื ืืจื ืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืื ืงืื, ืืงืืจ ืืืื ืืืืก. ืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืงืืจ ืืงืื ืืช ืืขืืจืช ืืืกืคืื ืืืืคื ืกืืืจ, ืืชืื ืืืื ื ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืกืืื. ืืืฉืืืช ืกืืขืช ืืืืื ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืขื: "ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืกืื ืืงืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืก ืืืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืืืืก." ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจืจ ืฉืืชืคืืกื ืืฉืื. ืืชืื ืืืืฆืข, ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืจืื ืฉืืชืงืืื ืฉืงื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืจืช ืขืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืฆืขืช ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื, ื ืื ืืจืืื, ืืืกื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืก ืืขืื. ืืืฉืจ ื ืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจื ืืืกืคืืช ืืืกืืจืช "ืืืืขืื ืืงืืจืืช".[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืื 2023 ืชืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืขืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืขืื ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืงื ืืฉื ืช 2004, ืืืช ืืชืืฆืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืชื ืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืื ืคืงืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืืืชืจื ืขืืืื. ืืืืชื ืืืืืฉ ืฉืื ืืฉื"ื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืกืื ืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉืืงืื ืืืจืชืขื ื ืื ืืืืก ืืืืฆืขืืช โืกืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืก, ืืจืืืช ืืกืืืืืื ืืืืืงืืื, ืืืฉื ืืืชืจืขื, ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืืฉืืื ืืกืคืจ 1". ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืฆืืช ืืืืืฉืื ืื ืงืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืกืื. ืืืื ืชืฉืจื 2023 ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืืื ืืืืก. ื-1 ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืืืฅ ืื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ืจืื ื ืืจ ืืืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืืช ืชืืื ืืช "ืืขืจืืคื" ืืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืืก, ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื ืืื ืื ืืงืื ืืกืืจื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืก. ืืืืงืจ 7 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2023, ืืื ืฉืืช, ืฉืืืช ืชืืจื, ื"ื ืืชืฉืจื ื'ืชืฉืค"ื, ืคืชืื ืืจืืื ื ืืืจืืจ ืืคืืกืืื ืื "ืืืืก" ื"ืื'ืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ื" ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ. ืืืกืืช ืฉืืืืจ ื-4,300 ืจืงืืืช, ืืืจื ื-6,000 ืืืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืขืฉืจืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉืจืืืืื, ืืืขืจ ืืืจื ืืืืชืงื ืื ืฆืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืขืืืฃ ืขืื ืืืกืืืืชื, ื-119 ืคืจืฆืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืจ, ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืื, ืชืื ื ืืืื ืงืจืืืช ืืจื ื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืืื. ืืืืืืื ืืืฆืขื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืก, ืจืฆืื ืืืจืื 1,173 ืื ื ืืื, ืืชืืื ืืืื ื-779 ืืืจืืื, ืืืืคื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ื-251 ืื ืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืจืื, ื ืฉืื, ืงืฉืืฉืื ืืชืื ืืงืืช. ืืฉืขืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืชืืช ืืืื ื ืืช, ืฉืืืจื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืืืื ืฆื"ื, ืฉืืื ืื ืืืชืืช ืืกืคืจืืช. ืืงืจืืืช ื ืืจืื ื-1,609 ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืฆื ืืืฉืจืืื ื ืืจืื 329 ืืืืืื, 58 ืฉืืืจืื ื-10 ืื ืฉื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื. ืืฉืจืื ืคืื ืชื ืืืืฉืืืื 29 ืืืฉืืืื ืืขืืืฃ ืขืื ื-22 ืืืฉืืืื ืืฆืคืื ื. ืืืืืื ื ืืจืื ืจืืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืืื, ื ืืจื ืืจืก ื ืจืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืชืืฉืื ืืจืฆืืขื ื ืืืฆื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืชืืืจืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืขืื, ื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืฆืืจ ืืืชื ืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืืช'ืื ืืืืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืื ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืืชืขืฆืืืช ืืืืืก, ืืจืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืกืืจื ืืงืืช ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืืก, ืืื ืขืฉื ืฉืืืฉ ืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืืช ืืืืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืกื ืืืง ืืืืืจืื. ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืฆืืืืจื ื"ืฉืืืช ืืืืจืืืช" ืืคืจืืฆืชื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืจืืืช, ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืชืช ืชืฉืืืืช ืขื ืื. ืขื ืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ, ืืฉืื ืืจืืืื ืืจืฉืช NBC ืืืืจืืงื ืืช ืืืืจ: "ืืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืจืืืช [...] ืืืืจืืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืื ืงืจื". ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืคืจืกื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืื"ื ืืฉื "ืืืขืืจ ืชืคืืกืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืคืขื ืขื ืชืืืืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืืฆื"ื", ืืืกืืจืช ืกืืจืช ืื"ืืืช ืขื ืืฉืื 7 ืืืืงืืืืจ, ืืื ืงืืข ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉ ืืืจืืืชื ืืืื ืช ืชืคืืกืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืื "ืืืชืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืืจืช ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืื ืืืคื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืกื"ื ืื ืืจืฉ ืืืืคื ืืคืขืืชื, ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืื ืขืื ื-7.10.23". ืืืืื 2024 ืืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืืืื ื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืืืืงืืจ ื ืื ืืคืขื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืคื ื ืฉื ื ืืชื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื, ืืงืืื ืคืืืฉืืช ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื'ื ืืืืื, ืกืื ืืช ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืงืืื ืืืจืืก ืืืืืขืื ืื ืฉืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค. ื-19 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2024, ืืฉืขืืช ืืืืงืจ, ืฉืืืจ ืืจืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืืืื"ื ืคืืข ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ื. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืคืืืขื ืืื ืืื ื ืคืืขืื ืืืืจืืข. ื-4 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2025 ืืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืฆื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค. ืืืืงืืจ ืืชืืงื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืกืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช, ืืจืืืค ืืฆืืข ืืฆืขื ืืคืชืืขื ืืคืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืชืืงื ืฉืืืื ืขื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืชืคื ื ืืช ืืชืืฉืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืชืฉืงื ืืช ืืืืืจ ื"ืจืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื" ืชืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืจืืงืืืช. ืืฆืขื ืื ืขืืจืจื ืชืืืืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืืชืื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื-21 ืืืื 2025 ืืื ืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื, ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืฆื ืฉื ื. ืืืกืืืช ืืขืืชืื ืืื ืืชืืืืก ืืคืกืืงืช ืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืคืืืืจื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ืจืื ื ืืจ, ืืกืืืืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ื, ืืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืืืืจืขื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ื"ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ". ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉื "ื ืืื ืืืคืืคืื" ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืื: โืขืืฉืื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืชืื, ืขื ืื ืชืงืคื ืืืชื ื ื-7 ืืืืงืืืืจ? [...] ืขื ืืืืกื F-35? ืขื ืื? ืขื ืื ืงืื? ืขื ืื? ืื ืชืงืคื ืืืชื ื ืขื ืืคืืคืื, ืงืืฆ'ื ืืงืืืื ืืื ืืจืื. ืื ืขืืื ืคืจืืืืช.โ ื-12 ืืืคืจืื, ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืกืื ืืจืขืื ืืืฉ ืืืงืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืคืืืืื 60 ืืื. ื-2015 ืขื ืคืจืืฉืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื-2018 ืืืืกืื ืืงืืื ืืคืฉืจื ืืืจืื ืืืคืงืืื ืืกืื"ื ืืคืงื ืขื ืืชืงื ืื, ืจืืช ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืชื ืขื 3.67%, ืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืขืฉืจ ืืืืชื ืขื 300 ืง"ื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืค ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืืกืื ื-2018 ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืกื ืงืฆืืืช, ืืืืฆื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืช ืฉืื. ื-31 ืืืื ืคืจืกืื ืกืื"ื ืฉืืจืฉืืช ืืืจืื 408.6 ืง"ื ืืจืืช ืืขืฉืจื ืฉื 60%. ืืคื ืืขืจืืืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ืื ืขืฉืจ ืคืฆืฆืืช ืืจืขืื. ืืฉื ืืจืืืช ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื ืฉืืืฉ, ื ืืชืจ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืจ ืืจืืื ืฉืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืจืขืื ืืช ืืคืืฆืืฅ. ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ 2025 ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืค ืืืืืืชื ืืคืืืจืืื ืฉื ืื ื ืขื ืืืขืืจ ืืฉืื ื' ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืก, ืกืืืืืช ืืืจืื, ืืื ืื ืืคืืจืืง ืืืืืืื ืื ืฉืงื, ืืืืกืืจ ืืืคืฉืจื ืืื ืกืืจืื. ืื ืืืืชื ืคืืืฉืชื ืืฉืืฉืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืค ืืฉื ืช 2025. ืื ืืืืืจ 2025, ืืกืขืืืื ืืืืืจืืงืืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืกื F-35 ืืงืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืจืขืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืืฉื ืช 2023. ืืืื 13 ืืืื ื 2025 ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื ืขื ืืืฆืข ืขื ืืืืื, ืฉืืืจืชื ืืื ืกืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืื ืชืงืฃ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืขืจืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืงื ื ืืจืขืื ืืืชืจื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืื ืืื ืืชื ืงืฉ ืืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืช, ืืื ืืคืงื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืกืืื ืกืืืื, ืจืืื"ื ืฆืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืงืจื, ืืืืขื ื ืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืกืืืืืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื 30 ืืืจืืื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืืจืกื ืื ืืื ืื ืืชืฉืชืืืช. ืืืื 22 ืืืื ื ืืฆืืจืคื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืชืงืืคืืช ื ืื ืืืจืื, ืืชืงืคื ืืชืงื ื ืืืจืขืื. ื-24 ืืืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืืืช ืคืกืงื. ื-5 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2026 ืคืจืกื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืชืฉืืืืชืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืงืช ืืืืงืจ ืืช ืืืจืืขื ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ. ืืืกืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืืืขืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืช ืืกืืืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืืื ืืืืก ืื ืกืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 2000 ืืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืฉื ืช 2005. ืืชืืืื ืืืกืื ืคืจืกืื ืืกืคืจ ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืขื ืืช ืฉืืืกืื ืืืื ืกืืืืคืื ืืฉืงืจืื. ืืจืืื"ื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืงืื ืืขื ืฉืืืกืื "ืฉืงืจื ืืื ืืคืืืืืื", ืืื ืืขื ืื ื"ื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืื"ืจ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืคืจืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืกืื. ืคืจืฉืืืช ืคืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืืคืืืืืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืขืืื ืืขื ืืช ืืคืืืืื: ืฉืฉ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื, ืืชืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืชืืงืื ื ืกืืจื ืืืฉืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืืข ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืคืจืฉืช ืืจ-ืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืจ 1997, ืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืช ืื ืืื ืืขืืจื ืืงื ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ื ืคืชืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืขืงืืืชืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื. ืืืกืืฃ, ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืงืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืื, ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืคืจืฉื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืง ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืจืืืืช, ืื ืฆืืื ืื "ืืืชื ืืืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืขืื ืชืืืืืช". ืืคืจืฉืช ืขืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืกืคืืืืจ 1999, ืืืขืื ืืฉื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืงืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืจ ืขืืื, ืืืืืช ืขืืืืืช ืฉืืืฆืข. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2000 ืืืืืฆื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืขืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื, ืืจืื ืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืงืืจื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืงืืจืช ืคืจืฉืช ืขืืื, ืขืื ืืฉื ืฉืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืจื ืืืืงืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืืชื ืืช ืฉืืืชื ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืขืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืจืืืฉ ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืงืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืฉ ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉืชื ืืคืจืฉืืช, ืื ืืืืง ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืจืืืืช, ืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืจืฅ 2011, ืคืจืกื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืจืืื ืืจืืงืจ, ืชืืงืืจ ืืชืืื ืืช "ืืืงืืจ", ืฉืื ืืขื ืื ืืฉื ืื 1999โ2008 ื ืกืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืคืืชื ืืืืฅ ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืคืื ืคืจืืืื, ืื ืืืจื ืืืจืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคืืืืืืงื ื-2002. ืืชืืงืืจ, ืฉื ืืืข ื"ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืืืืจืก", ืืืื ืืืืืงื ืฉื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืงื ืืฉืืจืชืืช. ืืื ืืืจ 2017 ืงืืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืกืืืจืช ืืืืืงื. ืืื ืืื ืืืจ 2017 ื ืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ื ื ืืฉืืื: "ืชืืง 1000", ืืืืื ืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืจื ืื ืืืืฆ'ื ืื'ืืืืก ืคืืงืจ ื"ืชืืง 2000" ืืขืืกืง ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืื ืื"ื "ืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช", ื ืื ื ืืืืก, ืฉืืื โ ืขื ืคื ืืืฉื โ ืืฆืืข ืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืงื ืืกืืงืืจ ืืืืกืคืช ืืชืืื ืืืขืื ืืชืืืจื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืชืืื ืช ืืคืฆืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืื". ืขื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืคืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช "ืื ืืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืืื". ืืืืื ืืืงืืจืืช, ืืขืื ืืืจื ืื ืกืช ื"ืืืืืื" ืืฆืขืืช ืืืง ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืงืืจืืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืื ืืฆืขื, ืฉื ืืืขื ืืฉื "ืืืง ืืืืืฆืืช", ืฉืืคืื ืชืืฆืืืชืื ืฉื ืืงืืจืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืขืืจื ืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืฉืืจื ืชืฆืืื ืขืืืชื ืืขื ืืื ืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื. ืืืฆืขืืช ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืื ืืขื ืืืคืืื ืื ืื ื ืืขืื ืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2017, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืช ืื"ืจ ืืขืืช ืืคื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืื ืืืกืื, ืืืืืืื "ืืืง ืืืืืฆืืช", ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฆืขืช ืืืืง ืื ืชืืื ืขื ืืงืืจืืชืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2018, ืืืืจ ืืฉื ื ืืืฆื ืฉื ืืงืืจืืช, ืืืืขื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืกืงื ื ืื ื ืืฆืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืจืืืืชืืช ืืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืืงืื. ื"ืชืืง 1000" ืืืืกื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ื"ืชืืง 2000" ืืืืกื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืงืฉืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืขืช ืืืฉืืจื, ืืกืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขื ืืคืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืชืคืืจ. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืขื ืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืืืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืงืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืืืืจืื "ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉืชืืจืจ ืืืจืืฉื ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืขื ืืชืืืฉืืช ืืกืจืืช ืืกืืก ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืงืืจื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืคืขืืชื ื ืืื" ืจืื ืืืจื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืคืจื ืจืืฉื ืืืคืืืืช ืื, ืืชืืืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืงืช ืืืคืืช ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืืคืช ืืืืง "ืชืืง 4000", ืืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื 433 ืฉื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืขื ืจืฉืืช ื ืืืจืืช ืขืจื, ืืื ืืืื ื 2017. ืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืื: ืืขื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืช "ืืืง" ืฉืืื ืืืืืืฅ', ืื ื"ืืืช "ืืืง" ืกืืื ืื ืืืจ, ืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืคืืืืจ ืืืืขืฅ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ื ืืจ ืืคืฅ. ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2018 ืืจืืฉืื ื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืืจื ืืืงืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื. ืฉื ืืื ืืืืฉืืืื, ืคืืืืจ ืืืคืฅ, ืืชืื ืขื ืืกืื ืขื ืืืื ื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืขื ืฉืืกืืืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืจื. ื-2 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018, ืคืจืกืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืื ื ืืฆืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืจืืืืชืืช ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื, ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืกืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืขื ืฉืืืืืืชืื ืืชืงืืื ืืืืืฆืช ืืืจืื ืืืงืฆืืข ืืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืืฃ ืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืกืื ืืคืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืฅ' ืืืืื ืืชืจ 'ืืืืื' ืกืืงืจ ืืืชื ืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืชืงืืคื ืืืืืืจืช. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืขื ืฉืืืงืืจื ืื ืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืื ืช, ืขืงื ืกืืจืื ืืืืงืจืื ืืขืืช ืืืชื ืคื ืื ืืื ืคื ืื ืขื ืขืื ืืืืื ื. ืขื ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืชืืงืื 1000, 2000 ื-4000 ืืฆื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืคืืฃ ืืฉืืืืข ืื ืชืคืืจืกื ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืฉืื ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืข ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืขืื ืืืชื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื, ืืืชื ืืช ืืงืฉืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืืืืงืืืกืงื ืืืืืฉ ืืขืกืงืื ืกืคื ืกืจ ืคืจืืจืืื'. ืืืืขืื ืงืืขื ืื ืื ืขืืื ืืืืืืจ 300 ืืืฃ ืืืืจ ืฉืงืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืชืจ ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืคืกืง ืฉืืืืขืื ืชืงืืื ืืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืคื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืคืจืืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืฉื ืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืขื ืืื ื. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2019 ืืืืืข ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืงืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืคืืฃ ืืฉืืืืข, ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืชืืงืื: ืืชืืง 1000 ื-2000 ืืืฉืืช ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื, ืืืชืืง 4000 ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืกืข ืฆืื ื ืืื ืืืืคืขืืช ืืืฅ ืคืกืื ืขื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืคืจืงืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืคืจืงืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืจื, ืฉืืืืจืื ืชืืื ืืขืืื ืงืืฆืื ืืช ืืขื ืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืื. ืืฉืืืืข ืืชืงืืื ืืืฉื ืืจืืขื ืืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืชื ืืฉื ื. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืืืืข ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืชื ืืืฉืื ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืชืืง 4000 ืืืขืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืชืืงื 1000 ื-2000. ืืชืืืื ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืฉืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืืจืืคื ืขื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืคืช ืืืืง (ืืืฉืืจื, ืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื). ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืืืืืืกืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืฉืคื ืชืื ืืื ืืืื ืชื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืฉื ืขืชืืจื ืืื"ืฅ ืฉืืจืฉื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ, ืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืจืขื-ืคื ืืกื. ื-2 ืืื ืืืจ 2020, ืืชืคืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืืงื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืง โ ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ื-1 ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืฉื ืืื"ืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืงืืืช ืืกืื ืืช ืืืขืืืชื ืืืื ืคืืืื. ื-28 ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืืืจ ืฉืจืฉืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืจืื ืืืืขืื ื ืื ืืชื ืืืกืื ืืช, ืืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืงืฉื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืขืืช ืืืืฉ ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื-24 ืืืื 2020 ืืื ืืฉืคืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืชื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืื. ื-30 ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืืืืฉ ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืฉืช ืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื, ืืฆืืง ืืจืฆืื. ืืช ืืงืฉืชื ื ืืืง: ืืืื 2024 ืืืืฉ ืืชืืืข ืืจืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืืื ืืงืฉื ืืฆื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืฉืืจืช ืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืจืขืืช ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืฆืขื ืืืืื, ืืจืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืจืฆื, ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืื ืืช ื ืื ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืจืืืช ืืืงืฉืจ ืฉื ืืจืขืื. ืืืงืฉื ืืืืฉื ืื ืืืคื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืืืงืืื ืืืืฉื ืืงืฉื ืืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืืก - ืืืื ืกื ืืืืจ, ืืกืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฃ. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2024 ืืืืืข ืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืื ืืืฆืื ืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืขื ืคื ืืืช ืืืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืจืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ืฉื ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืื, ืจืฆื, ืจืืืคื ืืืืืื ืช ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื ื ืชืืืื. ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืฆืืช ืฆืืื ืืืขืฆืจ ืืื ืฉ-124 ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืฆืืจ ืืืืกืืืจ ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืกื ืืชืืืื. ืืฆืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืืฆืช ืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืชืคืกืืช ืืืคืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืืง ืืืื-ืืืืื. ืชืคืงืืืื ืืขืืงืจืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืฉื ื ืฉื ืฆืืื ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืืืกืืืจืื ืื ืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ื, ืืื ืืคืงื ืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืฆืข ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฆืขืืจ ืขืื, ืืื ืจืืคื ืืกืืคืจ. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืฉืข, ืืื ืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืืชืืืืงื, ืืขืื ืฉื ืฉืืคืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื, ืฉืืฉื ื ื ืชื ืืื. ื ืืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื (ืืืงื) ืืืืกืื (ืืืืจ ืืื, ืืจื) ืืฉื ืช 1972. ืืฉื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืช, ื ืืขื, ืฉืืืืื ืืืจื ืืชืฉืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืจืื, ืืืฉ ืขืกืงืื ืืกืื ืืจืกืื; ืืืชื ื ืืขื ืืฉ ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉื ื ืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1979 ืืชืืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืกืื. ื-1981 ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืจ ืงืืืืก, ื ืืฆืจืื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืขืืจื ืืืืจ ืงืื ืกืจืืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืื ืืฉืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืื"ื, ืขืืจื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืชืืืืงืกื. ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืจืฉื ื-1989. ืืืจืฅ 1991 ื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจื ืื ืืจืฆื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ื"ืื ืขื". ืฉืจื ืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืืกืืคืจ, ืืืฉืืจืจ ืืืืื ื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืจืฆื, ืฉืืืฉื ืืคืกืืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืื ืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืจ. ื-2002 ืจืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืืกืจืื ืืกืืื ืฉื 1.8 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ. ื-2007 ืจืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื 1.7% ืืื ืืืช ืืืจืช NMDM, ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืชื ืืืืืงืืืกืงื, ืชืืืจืช 600 ืืืฃ ืืืืจ. ื-2010 ืืืจ ืืืชื ืชืืืจืช 4.3 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืืฉืงืคืื ืจืืื ืฉื 13.2 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืขื ืคื "ืคืืจืืก ืืฉืจืื", ืืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืื ื-50 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืช ืฉืชื ืงืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืจื ืขืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืฉืขืจืื ื-25 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืืขืฉืืจ ืืฉืืื ื ืืืืื, ืืฉื ืื 2023โ2024, ืขืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืชืืช ืงืืฆื ืื, ื ืืชืื ืืชืืงืื ืืงืข ืืคืฉืขืชื ืื ืืชืื ืืืกืจืช ืืืืืช ืืขืจืืื ืืช. ื-17 ืืืืื 2024 ื ืืฉืฃ ืื ืขืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืคืืชื, ืืื ืืฉื ืื 2018โ2023, ืขืืื ืขื 30 ืืืืืื ืฉืงืืื. ืืืจืฅ 2016 ืคืจืกื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืกืจื ื ืกืืืืก ืืคืืืกืืืง ืฉืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืืืจืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืขืฆืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ 1 ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืืง ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืืจืืช ืืฉืชื ืฉืจื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืขื ืกื 279 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื. ื-11 ืืืื ื 2017, ืงืืข ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืจืข ืฉืคืืจืกื ืืืืจื ืืคืืืข ืืืืื ืืช ืกืจื ื ืืฉืื ืืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืคืืฆืืืื ืืขืื 15 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคื. ืืขืงืืืช ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืคืืืจ ืกืจื ื ืืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช. ืขืจืขืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืกืจื ื ืขื ืคืกืง ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื. ืืงืฉืช ืจืฉืืช ืขืจืขืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืกืจื ื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืฃ ืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืขื ืกื 200 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืื ืืกืคืืช, ืฉืคืจืกื ืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืื ืื ืื ืงืืื ืืืืืช ืืกืคืืืช ืืคื ืกืื, ืืชืืืจื ืืื ืฉืืช ืืืื ืขืืืช ืืจืจื, ืืืฉื ื ืืืืขื"ืฉ ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืื, ืชืคืขื ืืืืืชื ืืชืืงืื. ืืืื 2023, ืืืฉืื ืคืฉืจื, ืฉืืืกืืจืชื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืชืืืขืชื ืืืกืคืืช ืืคืจืกื ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืืชื ืื ืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืช ืืจืจื ืื ืืช ืื ืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2022 ืืืื ืืืชืืจืจ ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืจ ื ืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืจื, ืขื ืฉืืขื ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืฉืื "ืืืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืงืืงืื ืืืืคืื ืคืกืืืืืืจื". ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2022 ื ืคืกืง ืฉืืืืืจื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืจืข ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืช ื ืชื ืืื 62,500 ืฉ"ื ืคืืฆืืืื ืืชืืกืคืช 35,000 ืฉ"ื ืฉืืจ ืืจืื ืืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคื. ื-16 ืื ืืืืืจ 2023 ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืจืฆื ืืชืฉืืื ืคืืฆืืืื ืืกื ืืืขืื ืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืืื ืฉืืจืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืฆื ืืขื ืื ืืฉ ืืกืื ืกืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืคืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืชืคื ืืื ืืืืื. ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืคืกืง ืื ืืกืฃ 50 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื. ืืจืฆื ืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืคืกืง ืืืื, ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืคืกืง ืืืื ืื ืงืืข ืฉืืจืฆื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืจืื 290 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื, ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืชืฉืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2025 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืืช ืืฉืื ืืจืข ืืืืืช, ืืื ืชืืืขืืช ื ืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื, ืืืืขื ืฉืจืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2025 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืฉืื ืืจืข ื ืื ืคืขืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืงืื ืืจืกืืจ, ืขื ืกื ืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืืชืืืขื ืขืืกืงืช ืืฉืืืฉื ืคืจืกืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืขื ืืืืืจื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืฉืืื ืืงืืจ, ืื ืืขื ืื ืื "ืืคืจืกืื ืืืืืจ ืคืืืข ืืืกืืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืงืื ืืืขืจืื ืืืืืงืจืืื". ืืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืคืชืื ืืจืกืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืื, ืฉืชืื ืคืืืช ืืฉืขื ืืืืก 500 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื, ืืืืืฉื ืฆืื ืืืืชืจ ื-750 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืฉืชืจืื ื-4,800 ืืืฉ. ืกืคืจืื ืกืคืจืื ืืขืจืืืชื: ืืขืงืืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืืืช ืกืคืจ ื ืืกืฃ, ืฉื ืงืจื ืชืืืื "ืืฉืื ืืืจืื" ืืืืืฉื ื ืงืจื "ืื ืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื", ืืืฃ ืงืืื ืืงืืื ืขื ืคืจืกืืื ืืืื"ื, ืืืฆืืช ืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช, ืื ืขื ืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืืช, ืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ. ืคืจืกืื ืืืืงืจื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืื ืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืืืงืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืืกืื โข ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื ื ืืจ ืืจืงืช โข ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืชื ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจืช ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืืกืจืืืืฃ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืืืงื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืื ืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืฅ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืฅ โข ืกืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื, ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืคืืจ ืกืืคืจ โข ืฉืจืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืกืืจืืง โข ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืขืืืืช ืกืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืงืืฉ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืงืจืขื โข ืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจื ืจืื โข ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืง ืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืขืืืื ืฉืืงืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื: ืืืืื ืืืืื โข ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ: ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช โข ืืฉืืื ื ืืจื โข ืืฆืืง ืืื โข ืืื ืขืืืจ โข ืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื: ืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื: ืืืื ืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censure_of_Jos%C3%A9_Jer%C3%AD] | [TOKENS: 1885] |
Contents Censure of Josรฉ Jerรญ On 17 February 2026, the Peruvian Congress approved the censure of Josรฉ Jerรญ from the position of president of Peru under a vote of no confidence. Unlike impeachment, which requires a supermajority of 87 in the 130-member legislature, Congress voted to censure Jerรญ, which strips him of his title as President of Congress with a simple majority of 66 votes. His interim status was then used to remove him from the presidency. Jerรญ became the sixth president removed by Congress after Guillermo Billinghurst (1914), Alberto Fujimori (2000), Martรญn Vizcarra (2020), Pedro Castillo (2022), and Dina Boluarte (2025). He was the fourth president to be removed in the 2020s. Seven motions were put against Jerรญ during the extraordinary plenary session by several opposition parties. Jerรญ has been accused of misconduct after holding off-the-radar meetings with Zhihua Yang, a Chinese businessman who holds a state-granted concession for one of his companies. The only parties who voted against the impeachment proceedings were We Are Peru, led by Jerรญ, and Popular Force, led by Keiko Fujimori. Jerรญ's impeachment was structured as a vote-of-no-confidence rather than the traditional "permanent moral incapacity" under Article 113 of the Constitution of Peru. Fernando Rospigliosi, acting President of Congress, declared after the vote that the office of President of the Congress of the Republic is vacant, and consequently, the office of President of the Republic is vacant. Jerรญ accepted the outcome. Following Jerรญ's removal, Rospigliosi, who would have been next-in-line for the presidency, declined to assume the office. As a result, Congressman Josรฉ Marรญa Balcรกzar was elected president by the Congress on 18 February. Background After the unanimous impeachment and removal of President Dina Boluarte on 10 October 2025, Josรฉ Jerรญ immediately ascended as President of Peru. With Boluarte having no vice presidents, Jerรญ, as president of the legislature, stood next in the line of succession established in the Peruvian Constitution. He became the eighth individual to serve as President since the resignation of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2018, a span of just over seven years. The ongoing protests in Peru only intensified after Jerรญ assumed the presidency. In Lima, thousands participated in demonstrations and protesters chanted "The rapist is Jerรญ" and "Jerรญ is a violin", with "violin" being Peruvian slang for a rapist, due to allegations of sexual assault committed by Jerรญ. The clashes resulted in one protester being killed and over 80 injured after police fired pellets at demonstrators. In late October 2025, Jerรญ refused to resign, stating "My responsibility is to maintain the stability of the country." Peruvian prime minister Ernesto รlvarez Miranda, an ultraconservative judge popular on social media who described the protesters as being subversives days earlier on 10 October, announced that the government would declare a state of emergency. Jerรญ held clandestine meetings with Chinese businessmen, especially with Zhihua Yang, in places such as a chifa restaurant on 26 December 2025 and the "Market Capรณn" in the Barrio Chino in 6 January 2026, Jerรญ justified it as a simple candy purchase. The first meeting, held at a Chinese restaurant in Lima on December 26, sparked controversy after images showed the president entering the establishment wearing a hood. Neither of these meetings was registered in presidential records. Jerรญ also visited another Chinese businessman, Jiwu Xiaodong, who was under house arrest for illegal activities. In February 2026, the Attorney General's Office had raised questions about Yang's potential interference in government decisions and contracts. They also alleged that Jerรญ had lied before Congress and in media interviews about his dealings with Yang. Jerรญ acknowledged the meetings took place and apologized for how they had been conducted. The scandal had fueled tensions over one of Peru's biggest challenges on how to balance relations between China, one of its largest trade partners, and the US, which is against China's influence. The US Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs said it was "concerned" about reports that Peru could be powerless to oversee one of its largest ports, Chancay, which it said was managed by "predatory" Chinese owners. Jerรญ faced a second investigation involving allegations of irregular hiring of several women[a] during his tenure. These female hires were described as young and inexperienced who were given roles in his administration. It was reported that other hirings of female employees took place during the nighttime or on holidays, which raised further concerns about his administration's transparency. Censure The first motion of censure was presented by Ruth Luque from Democratic Change and was admitted at 10:00 AM with 71 votes in favor, 18 against, and 4 abstentions, the fifth motion was presented by Esdras Medina from Popular Renewal with 78 votes in favor and 23 votes against. The opposition parties to congress filed a total of seven motions. There was a brief debate period during the extraordinary plenary session. Congresswoman Ana Zegarra of We Are Peru attempted to delay the proceedings, but her efforts were rejected by the Congress after a point of order was approved. During the impeachment proceedings, it was noted the rift between the right-wing parties Popular Renewal and Popular Force. Popular Renewal leader Rafael Lรณpez Aliaga attempted to create a coalition of Popular Force and Jerรญ supporters, however this did not materialize. Popular Force leader Keiko Fujimori criticized Popular Force and those who supported the censure for being "politically immature" and accused them of generating political instability. The Peruvian congress censured Jerรญ after a motion of censure with 75 votes in favor and 24 votes against. Only his own party and the Fujimorist Popular Force voted against his censure. President of Congress Fernando Rospigliosi made the formal announcement that Jerรญ had been removed from power. Ruth Luque, one of the lawmakers who backed the censure measures, said she wanted to replace Jeri with a leader who would put public interest and security first, ahead of a new president coming into office. The final motion was passed at 2:30 PM and Jerรญ was formally removed from the presidency. The structure of this censure differed from the traditional "permanent moral incapacity" under Article 113 of the Constitution of Peru. Instead, this impeachment was structured as a vote of no confidence, and only required a simple majority of 66 votes or fewer, provided fewer deputies are present. Originally during the censure, Free Peru aimed to impeach Jerรญ under Article 113, but later accepted a censure vote instead due to it being more tangible in votes. Unlike impeachment, which requires a supermajority of 87 in the 130-member legislature, Congress voted to censure Jerรญ, which strips him of his title as President of the Congress with a simple majority. His interim status as president was henceforth automatically removed due to him losing his role. The results were: Aftermath According to congressional procedure which removed Jerรญ as president of Congress which automatically led to his ouster as Interim President, his successor would be appointed by Congress, due to Acting President of Congress Fernando Rospigliosi, who would have been next-in-line for the presidency declining to assume the office. Several news organizations noted the political instability in the country due to the rapid successful impeachment proceedings Jerรญ and some of his predecessors faced in the past few years. The Washington Post noted that his impeachment triggered a "fresh wave of political instability" just weeks before the 2026 general election. An article by the BBC stated that a correction had been made on 18 February as an earlier version of the article said Josรฉ Jerรญ had been impeached as Peru's president. This was later updated to say he had been ousted by Congress to better reflect the parliamentary procedure used to remove him from office. On 18 February, four candidates were nominated for consideration as Jerรญ's successor: Congressman Edgard Reymundo of Together for Peru, Congressman Josรฉ Marรญa Balcรกzar of Free Peru, Congresswoman Maricarmen Alva of Popular Action and Congressman Hรฉctor Acuรฑa of Honor and Democracy. After several hours of voting, the two finalists were Maricarmen Alva and Josรฉ Marรญa Balcรกzar. Balcรกzar received 46 votes, Alva received 43, Acuรฑa received 13 and Reymundo received 7. Following the elimination of Reymundo and Acuรฑa, congressional members of the Together for Peru and Honor and Democracy parties declined to participate in the run-off voting. Prior to final voting, Alva was considered to be the front runner to be elected. However, on the final ballot, Balcรกzar was elected president by a narrow margin of 60 to 54 votes. He was sworn-in as president of the Congress and as interim president shortly afterwards. Notes References Supporting Parties Supporting Parties Before 2021: After 2021: After 2021: |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights] | [TOKENS: 2228] |
Contents Civil and political rights Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one's entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of society and the state. Civil rights generally include ensuring peoples' physical and mental integrity, life, and safety, protection from discrimination, the right to privacy, the freedom of thought, speech, religion, press, assembly, and movement. Political rights include natural justice (procedural fairness) in law, such as the rights of the accused, including the right to a fair trial; due process; the right to seek redress or a legal remedy; and rights of participation in civil society and politics such as freedom of association, the right to assemble, the right to petition, the right of self-defense, and the right to vote. These rights also must follow the legal norm as in they must have the force of law and fit into the system of administrative justice. A key feature in modern society is that the more a state can guarantee political rights of citizens the better the states relations are with its citizens. Civil and political rights form the original and main part of international human rights. They comprise the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (with economic, social, and cultural rights comprising the second portion). The theory of three generations of human rights considers this group of rights to be "first-generation rights", and the theory of negative and positive rights considers them to be generally negative rights. History The phrase "civil rights" is a translation of Latin jus civis (right of the citizen). Roman citizens could be either free (libertas) or servile (servitus), but they all had rights in law. After the Edict of Milan in 313, these rights included the freedom of religion; however, in 380, the Edict of Thessalonica required all subjects of the Roman Empire to profess Nicene Christianity. Roman legal doctrine was lost during the Middle Ages, but claims of universal rights could still be made based on Christian doctrine. According to the leaders of Kett's Rebellion (1549), "all bond men may be made free, for God made all free with his precious blood-shedding." In the 17th century, English common law judge Sir Edward Coke revived the idea of rights based on citizenship by arguing that Englishmen had historically enjoyed such rights. The Parliament of England adopted the English Bill of Rights in 1689. It was one of the influences drawn on by George Mason and James Madison when drafting the Virginia Declaration of Rights in 1776. The Virginia declaration heavily influenced the U.S. Bill of Rights (1789). The removal by legislation of a civil right constitutes a "civil disability". In early 19th century Britain, the phrase "civil rights" most commonly referred to the issue of such legal discrimination against Catholics. In the House of Commons, support for civil rights was divided, with many politicians agreeing with the existing civil disabilities of Catholics. The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 restored their civil rights. In the United States, the term civil rights has been associated with the civil rights movement (1954โ1968), which fought against racism. The movement also fought segregation and Jim Crow laws and this fight took place in the streets, in public places, in government, and in the courts including the Supreme Court. The civil rights movement was also not the only movement fighting for civil rights as The Black Panthers were also a group focused on fighting racism and Jim Crow. Other things that civil rights have been associated with are not just race but also rights of Transgender and other LGBTQ individuals. These have been fights over sexuality instead of race and focused around whether these individuals may access certain spaces like bathrooms according to their sexual identity or biological sex. Gavin Grimm's fight in Virginia over whether he could use the bathroom of his choice is a well known case in these civil right fights. Another issue in civil rights has been the issue with police brutality in certain communities especially minority communities. This has been seen as another way for minority groups to be oppressed and their rights infringed upon. Outrage has also been a massive result of incidents caught on tape of police abusing and in some cases causing the deaths of people from minority groups such as African Americans. That is why to address the issue has been accountability to police engaging in such conduct as a way to deter other officers from committing similar actions. Protection of rights T. H. Marshall notes that civil rights were among the first to be recognized and codified, followed later by political rights and still later by social rights. In many countries, they are constitutional rights and are included in a bill of rights or similar document. They are also defined in international human rights instruments, such as the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Civil and political rights need not be codified to be protected. However, most democracies worldwide do have formal written guarantees of civil and political rights. Civil rights are considered to be natural rights. Thomas Jefferson wrote in his A Summary View of the Rights of British America that "a free people [claim] their rights as derived from the laws of nature, and not as the gift of their chief magistrate." The question of to whom civil and political rights apply is a subject of controversy. Although in many countries citizens are considered to have greater protections against infringement of rights than non-citizens, civil and political rights are generally considered to be universal rights that apply to all persons. One thing to mention is that if individuals have fewer political rights than are they more likely to commit political violence such as in countries where individual rights are highly restricted. That is why it is important for countries to protect the political rights of all citizens including minority groups. This extends to racial, ethnic, tribal, and religious groups. By granting them the same rights it helps reduce the risk of political violence breaking out. According to political scientist Salvador Santino F. Regilme Jr., analyzing the causes of and lack of protection from human rights abuses in the Global South should be focusing on the interactions of domestic and international factorsโan important perspective that has usually been systematically neglected in the social science literature. Other rights Custom also plays a role. Implied or unenumerated rights are rights that courts may find to exist even though not expressly guaranteed by written law or custom; one example is the right to privacy in the United States, and the Ninth Amendment explicitly shows that other rights are also protected. The United States Declaration of Independence states that people have unalienable rights including "Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness". It is considered by some that the sole purpose of government is the protection of life, liberty, and property. Some thinkers have argued that the concepts of self-ownership and cognitive liberty affirm rights to choose the food one eats, the medicine one takes, and the habit one indulges. Social movements for civil rights Civil rights guarantee equal protection under the law. When civil and political rights are not guaranteed to all as part of equal protection of laws, or when such guarantees exist on paper but are not respected in practice, opposition, legal action and even social unrest may ensue. Civil rights movements in the United States gathered steam by 1848 with such documents as the Declaration of Sentiment.[full citation needed] Consciously modeled after the Declaration of Independence, the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments became the founding document of the American women's movement, and it was adopted at the Seneca Falls Convention, July 19 and 20, 1848.[full citation needed] Worldwide, several political movements for equality before the law occurred between approximately 1950 and 1980. These movements had a legal and constitutional aspect, and resulted in much law-making at both national and international levels. They also had an activist side, particularly in situations where violations of rights were widespread. Movements with the proclaimed aim of securing observance of civil and political rights included: Most civil rights movements relied on the technique of civil resistance, using nonviolent methods to achieve their aims. In some countries, struggles for civil rights were accompanied, or followed, by civil unrest and even armed rebellion. While civil rights movements over the last sixty years have resulted in an extension of civil and political rights, the process was long and tenuous in many countries, and many of these movements did not achieve or fully achieve their objectives. Problems and analysis Questions about civil and political rights have frequently emerged. For example, to what extent should the government intervene to protect individuals from infringement on their rights by other individuals, or from corporationsโe.g., in what way should employment discrimination in the private sector be dealt with? Political theory deals with civil and political rights. Robert Nozick and John Rawls expressed competing visions in Nozick's Anarchy, State, and Utopia and Rawls' A Theory of Justice. Other influential authors in the area include Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld, and Jean Edward Smith. First-generation rights First-generation rights, often called "blue" rights,[citation needed] deal essentially with liberty and participation in political life. They are fundamentally civil and political in nature, as well as strongly individualistic: They serve negatively to protect the individual from excesses of the state. First-generation rights include, among other things, freedom of speech, the right to a fair trial, (in some countries) the right to keep and bear arms, freedom of religion, freedom from discrimination, and voting rights. They were pioneered in the seventeenth and eighteenth-century during the Age of Enlightenment. Political theories associated with the English, American, and French revolutions were codified in the English Bill of Rights in 1689 (a restatement of Rights of Englishmen, some dating back to Magna Carta in 1215) and more fully in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789 and the United States Bill of Rights in 1791. They were enshrined at the global level and given status in international law first by Articles 3 to 21 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and later in the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. In Europe, they were enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights in 1953. Civil and political rights organizations There are current organizations that exist to protect people's civil and political rights in case they are infringed upon. The ACLU, founded in 1920, is a well-known non-profit organization that helps to preserve freedom of speech and works to change policy. Another organization is the NAACP, founded in 1909, which focuses on protecting the civil rights of minorities. The NRA is a civil rights group founded in 1871 that primarily focuses on protecting the right to bear arms. These organizations serve a variety of causes, one being the AFLโCIO, which is America's union that represent the working-class people nationwide. See also References External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Purpose] | [TOKENS: 184] |
Contents Wikipedia:Purpose Wikipedia's purpose is to benefit readers by acting as a widely accessible and free encyclopedia; a comprehensive written compendium that contains information on all branches of knowledge. Encyclopedias are designed to introduce readers to a topic, not to be the final point of reference. Wikipedia, like other encyclopedias, is a tertiary source and provides overviews of a topic. The goal of a Wikipedia article is to present a neutrally written summary of existing mainstream knowledge in a fair and accurate manner with a straightforward, "just-the-facts style". Articles should have an encyclopedic style with a formal tone instead of essay-like, argumentative, promotional, or opinionated writing. Concept of an encyclopedia Wikipedia's goal Wikipedia's content Content is governed by three principal core content policies โ neutral point of view, verifiability, and no original research. See also References External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation#Projects_and_initiatives] | [TOKENS: 6921] |
Contents Wikimedia Foundation The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (WMF) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization headquartered in San Francisco, California, and registered there as a charitable foundation. The foundation is most known for being the host of Wikipedia, one of the most visited websites in the world. It also hosts fourteen related open collaboration projects, and supports the development of MediaWiki, the wiki software which underpins them all. The foundation was established in 2003 in St. Petersburg, Florida by Jimmy Wales, as a non-profit way to fund Wikipedia and other wiki projects which had previously been hosted by Bomis, Wales' for-profit company. The Wikimedia Foundation provides the technical and organizational infrastructure to enable members of the public to develop wiki-based content in languages across the world. The foundation does not write or curate any of the content on the projects themselves. Instead, this is done by volunteer editors, such as the Wikipedians. However, it does collaborate with a network of individual volunteers and affiliated organizations, such as Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, user groups and other partners. The foundation finances itself mainly through millions of small donations from readers and editors, collected through email campaigns and annual fundraising banners placed on Wikipedia and its sister projects. These are complemented by grants from philanthropic organizations and tech companies, and starting in 2022, by services income from Wikimedia Enterprise. As of 2023, it has employed over 700 staff and contractors, with net assets of $255 million and an endowment which has surpassed $100 million. History Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger founded Wikipedia in 2001 as a feeder project to supplement Nupedia. The project was originally funded by Bomis, Wales's for-profit business, and edited by a rapidly growing community of volunteer editors. The early community discussed a variety of ways to support the ongoing costs of upkeep, and was broadly opposed to running ads on the site, so the idea of setting up a charitable foundation gained prominence. That addressed an open question of what entity should hold onto trademarks for the project. The Wikimedia Foundation was incorporated in St. Petersburg, Florida, on June 20, 2003. A small fundraising campaign to keep the servers running was run in October 2003. In 2005, the foundation was granted section 501(c)(3) status by the U.S. Internal Revenue Code as a public charity, making donations to the foundation tax-deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Its National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE) code is B60 (Adult, Continuing education). The foundation filed an application to trademark the name Wikipedia in the US to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences on September 14, 2004. The mark was granted registration status on January 10, 2006. Trademark protection was accorded also by Japan on December 16, 2004, and by the European Union on January 20, 2005. Subsets of Wikipedia were already being distributed in book and DVD form, and there were discussions about licensing the logo and wordmark. On December 11, 2006, the foundation's board noted that it could not become a membership organization, as initially planned but not implemented, due to an inability to meet the registration requirements of Florida statutory law. The bylaws were accordingly amended to remove all references to membership rights and activities. In 2007, the foundation decided to move its headquarters from Florida to the San Francisco Bay Area. Considerations cited for choosing San Francisco were proximity to like-minded organizations and potential partners, a better talent pool, as well as cheaper and more convenient international travel. The move was completed by January 31, 2008, into a headquarters on Stillman Street in San Francisco. It later moved to New Montgomery Street, and then in 2017 to One Montgomery Tower. On October 25, 2021, the foundation launched Wikimedia Enterprise, a commercial Wikimedia content delivery service aimed at groups that want to use high-volume APIs, starting with Big Tech enterprises. In June 2022, Google and the Internet Archive were announced as the service's first customers, though only Google will pay for the service. The same announcement noted a shifting focus towards smaller companies with similar data needs, supporting the service through "a lot paying a little". Projects and initiatives The foundation operates 12 wiki-based content projects that are written and governed by volunteer editors. They include, by launch date: The foundation also operates wikis and services that provide infrastructure or coordination of the content projects. These include: Wikimedia Enterprise is a commercial product by the Wikimedia Foundation to provide, in a more easily consumable way, the data of the Wikimedia projects, including Wikipedia. It allows customers to retrieve data at large scale and high availability through different formats like Web APIs, data snapshots or streams. It was announced in March 2021, and launched on October 26, 2021. Google and the Internet Archive were its first customers, although Internet Archive is not paying for the product. A New York Times Magazine article was reporting that Wikimedia Enterprise made $3.1 million in total revenue in 2022. Wikimedia affiliates are independent and formally recognized groups of people working together to support and contribute to the Wikimedia movement. The Wikimedia Foundation officially recognizes three types of affiliates: chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups. Affiliates organize and engage in activities to support and contribute to the Wikimedia movement, such as regional conferences, outreach, edit-a-thons, hackathons, public relations, public policy advocacy, GLAM engagement, and Wikimania. While many of these things are also done by individual contributors or less formal groups, they are not referred to as affiliates. Wikimedia chapters and thematic organizations are incorporated non-profit organizations. They are recognized by the foundation as affiliates officially when its board does so. The board's decisions are based on recommendations of an Affiliations Committee (AffCom), composed of Wikimedia community members, which reports regularly to the board. The Affiliations Committee directly approves the recognition of unincorporated user groups. Affiliates are formally recognized by the Wikimedia Foundation, but are independent of it, with no legal control of or responsibility for Wikimedia projects and their content. The foundation began recognizing chapters in 2004. In 2012, the foundation approved, finalized and adopted the thematic organization and user group recognition models. An additional model for movement partners, was also approved, but as of May 19, 2022[update] has not yet been finalized or adopted. Wikimania is an annual global conference for Wikimedians and Wikipedians, started in 2005. The first Wikimania was held in Frankfurt, Germany, in 2005. Wikimania is organized by a committee supported usually by the local national chapter, with support from local institutions (such as a library or university) and usually from the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikimania has been held in cities such as Buenos Aires, Cambridge, Haifa, Hong Kong, Taipei, London, Mexico City, Esino Lario, Italy, Montreal, Canada, Cape Town, Stockholm, and Nairobi. The 2020 conference scheduled to take place in Bangkok was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, along with those of 2021 and 2022, which were held online as a series of virtual, interactive presentations. The in-person conference returned in 2023 when it was held in Singapore, at which UNESCO joined as a partner organization. In 2024, Wikimania was held in Katowice, Poland. Technology The Wikimedia Foundation maintains the hardware that runs its projects in its own servers. It also maintains the MediaWiki platform and many other software libraries that run its projects. Wikipedia employed a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed multitier architecture. Server downtime in 2003 led to the first fundraising drive. By December 2009, Wikimedia ran on co-located servers, with 300 servers in Florida and 44 in Amsterdam. In 2008, it also switched from multiple different Linux operating system vendors to Ubuntu Linux. In 2019, it switched to Debian. By January 2013, Wikimedia transitioned to newer infrastructure in an Equinix facility in Ashburn, Virginia, citing reasons of "more reliable connectivity" and "fewer hurricanes". In years prior, the hurricane seasons had been a cause of distress. In October 2013, Wikimedia Foundation started looking for a second facility that would be used side by side with the main facility in Ashburn, citing reasons of redundancy (e.g. emergency fallback) and to prepare for simultaneous multi-datacenter service. This followed a year in which a fiber cut caused the Wikimedia projects to be unavailable for one hour in August 2012. The result of this was another datacenter being added in 2014 at a CyrusOne facility in Carrollton, Texas, to further improve reliability. Both datacenters work as the primary one in alternate semesters, with the other one working as secondary datacenter. Apart from the second facility for redundancy coming online in 2014, the number of servers needed to run the infrastructure in a single facility has been mostly stable since 2009. As of November 2015, the main facility in Ashburn hosts 520 servers in total which includes servers for newer services besides Wikimedia project wikis, such as cloud services (Toolforge) and various services for metrics, monitoring, and other system administration. In 2017, Wikimedia Foundation deployed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore, the first of its kind in Asia. In 2024, a caching data center was opened in Sรฃo Paulo, the first of its kind in South America. The operation of Wikimedia depends on MediaWiki, a custom-made, free and open-source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MariaDB database since 2013; previously the MySQL database was used. The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language, variables, a transclusion system for templates, and URL redirection. MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and it is used by all Wikimedia projects. Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker. Some MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of MediaWiki software. In April 2005, an Apache Lucene extension was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene and later switched to CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch for searching. The Wikimedia Foundation also uses CiviCRM and WordPress. The foundation published official Wikipedia mobile apps for Android and iOS devices and in March 2015, the apps were updated to include mobile user-friendly features. Corporate identity The Wikimedia Foundation was founded in 2003 by Jimmy Wales so that there would be an independent charitable entity responsible for company domains and trademarks, and so that Wikipedia and its sister projects could be funded through non-profit means in the future. The name "Wikimedia", a compound of wiki and media, was coined by American author Sheldon Rampton in a post to the English Wikipedia mailing list in March 2003, three months after Wiktionary became the second wiki-based project hosted on the original server. The foundation's mission is collection and distribution of educational knowledge under free licenses or public domain and promised to keep these projects free of charge. All intellectual property rights and domain names about Wikipedia were moved to the foundation after its inception, and it currently owns the domain names and maintains most of the Wikimedia movement's websites. WMF is now the registrant of the domain wikipedia.org, owner of the trademark and operator of the wiki platform. It runs projects like Wikibooks, Wikidata, Wiktionary and Wikimedia Commons; it raises money, distributes grants, controls the servers, develops and deploys software, and does outreach to support Wikimedia projects, including the English Wikipedia. It also engages in political advocacy regarding copyright, press freedom and legal protection of websites from liability related to user content. Finances The Wikimedia Foundation mainly finances itself through donations from the public, collected through email campaigns and annual fundraising banners placed on Wikipedia, as well as grants from various tech companies and philanthropic organizations. Campaigns for the Wikimedia Endowment have included emails asking donors to leave Wikimedia money in their will. As a 501(c)(3) charity, the foundation is exempt from federal and state income tax. It is not a private foundation, and contributions to it qualify as tax-deductible charitable contributions. In 2007, 2008 and 2009, Charity Navigator gave Wikimedia an overall rating of four out of four possible stars, increased from three to four stars in 2010. As of January 2020[update], the rating was still four stars (overall score 98.14 out of 100), based on data from FY2018. The foundation also increases its revenue through federal grants, sponsorship, services and brand merchandising. The Wikimedia OAI-PMH update feed service, targeted primarily at search engines and similar bulk analysis and republishing, was a source of revenue for a number of years. DBpedia was given access to this feed free of charge. An expanded version of data feeds and content services was launched in 2021 as Wikimedia Enterprise, an LLC subsidiary of the foundation. In July 2014, the foundation announced it would accept Bitcoin donations. In 2021, cryptocurrencies accounted for just 0.08% of all donations and on May 1, 2022, the foundation stopped accepting cryptocurrency donations, following a Wikimedia community vote. The foundation's net assets grew from an initial $57,000 at the end of its first fiscal year, ending June 30, 2004, to $53.5 million in mid-2014 and $231 million (plus a $100 million endowment) by the end of June 2021; that year, the foundation also announced plans to launch Wikimedia Enterprise, to let large organizations pay by volume for high-volume access to otherwise rate-limited APIs. In 2020, the foundation donated $4.5 million to Tides Advocacy to create a "Knowledge Equity Fund", to provide grants to organizations whose work would not otherwise be covered by Wikimedia grants but addresses racial inequities in accessing and contributing to free knowledge resources. In January 2016, the foundation announced the creation of an endowment to safeguard its future. The Wikimedia Endowment was established as a donor-advised fund at the Tides Foundation, with a stated goal to raise $100 million in the next 10 years. Craig Newmark was one of the initial donors, giving $1 million. Peter Baldwin and Lisbet Rausing, of Arcadia Fund, donated $5 million in 2017. In 2018, major donations to the endowment were received from Amazon and Facebook ($1 million each) and George Soros ($2 million). In 2019, donations included $2 million from Google, $3.5 million more from Baldwin and Rausing, $2.5 million more from Newmark, and another $1 million from Amazon in October 2019 and again in September 2020. As of 2023,[update] the advisory board consists of Jimmy Wales, Peter Baldwin, former Wikimedia Foundation Trustees Patricio Lorente and Phoebe Ayers, former Wikimedia Foundation Board Visitor Doron Weber of the Sloan Foundation, investor Annette Campbell-White, venture capitalist Michael Kim, portfolio manager Alexander M. Farman-Farmaian, and strategist Lisa Lewin. The foundation itself has provided annual grants of $5 million to its Endowment since 2016. These amounts have been recorded as part of the foundation's "awards and grants" expenses. The Endowment pays the foundation for expenses the foundation incurs on behalf of the Endowment, mostly salaries of staff; in 2022โ2023, this payment was 1.8 million. In September 2021, the foundation announced that the Wikimedia Endowment had reached its initial $100 million fundraising goal in June 2021, five years ahead of its initial target. In January 2024, the endowment was reported to have a value of $140 million. The foundation summarizes its assets in the "Statements of Activities" in its audited reports. These do not include funds in the Wikimedia Endowment, however expenses from the 2015โ16 financial year onward include payments to the Wikimedia Endowment. A plurality of Wikimedia Foundation expenses are salaries and wages, followed by community and affiliate grants, contributions to the endowment, and other professional operating expenses and services. The Wikimedia Foundation has received a steady stream of grants from other foundations throughout its history. In 2008, the foundation received a $40,000 grant from the Open Society Institute to create a printable version of Wikipedia. It also received a $262,000 grant from the Stanton Foundation to purchase hardware, a $500,000 unrestricted grant from Vinod and Neeru Khosla, who later that year joined the foundation advisory board, and $177,376 from the historians Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin (Arcadia Fund), among others. In March 2008, the foundation announced what was then its largest donation yet: a three-year, $3 million grant from the Sloan Foundation. In 2009, the foundation received four grants. The first was a $890,000 Stanton Foundation grant to help study and simplify the user interface for first-time authors of Wikipedia. The second was a $300,000 Ford Foundation grant in July 2009 for Wikimedia Commons, to improve the interface for uploading multimedia files. In August 2009, the foundation received a $500,000 grant from The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Also in August 2009, the Omidyar Network committed up to $2 million over two years to Wikimedia. In 2010, Google donated $2 million and the Stanton Foundation granted $1.2 million to fund the Public Policy Initiative, a pilot program for what later became the Wikipedia Education Program (and the spin-off Wiki Education Foundation). In March 2011, the Sloan Foundation authorized another $3 million grant, to be funded over three years, with the first $1 million to come in July 2011 and the remaining $2 million to be funded in August 2012 and 2013. As a donor, Doron Weber from the Sloan Foundation gained Board Visitor status at the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. In August 2011, the Stanton Foundation pledged to fund a $3.6 million grant of which $1.8 million was funded and the remainder was to come in September 2012. As of 2011, this was the largest grant the Wikimedia Foundation had ever received. In November 2011, the foundation received a $500,000 donation from the Brin Wojcicki Foundation. In 2012, the foundation was awarded a grant of $1.25 million from Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin through the Charities Aid Foundation, scheduled to be funded in five equal installments from 2012 through 2015. In 2014, the foundation received the largest single gift in its history, a $5 million unrestricted donation from an anonymous donor supporting $1 million worth of expenses annually for the next five years. In March 2012, The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, established by the Intel co-founder and his wife, awarded the Wikimedia Foundation a $449,636 grant to develop Wikidata. This was part of a larger grant, much of which went to Wikimedia Germany, which took on ownership of the development effort. Between 2014 and 2015, the foundation received $500,000 from the Monarch Fund, $100,000 from the Arcadia Fund and an undisclosed amount from the Stavros Niarchos Foundation to support the Wikipedia Zero initiative. In 2015, a grant agreement was reached with the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation to build a search engine called the "Knowledge Engine", a project that proved controversial. In 2017, the Sloan Foundation awarded another $3 million grant for a three-year period, and Google donated another $1.1 million to the foundation in 2019. The following have donated $500,000 or more each (2008โ2019, not including gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment): Board of trustees The foundation's board of trustees supervises the activities of the foundation. The founding board had three members, to which two community-elected trustees were added. Starting in 2008 it was composed of ten members: Over time, the size of the board and details of the selection processes have evolved. As of 2020, the board may have up to 16 trustees: In 2015, James Heilman, a trustee recently elected to the board by the community, was removed from his position by a vote of the rest of the board. This decision generated dispute among members of the Wikipedia community. Heilman later said that he "was given the option of resigning [by the Board] over the last few weeks. As a community elected member I see my mandate as coming from the community which elected me and thus declined to do so. I saw such a move as letting down those who elected me." He subsequently added that while on the Board, he had pushed for greater transparency regarding the Wikimedia Foundation's Knowledge Engine project and its financing, and indicated that his attempts to make public the Knight Foundation grant for the engine had been a factor in his dismissal. Heilman was reelected to the board by the community in 2017. In January 2016, Arnnon Geshuri joined the board before stepping down amid community controversy about a "no poach" agreement he executed when at Google, which violated United States antitrust law and for which the participating companies paid US$415 million in a class action suit on behalf of affected employees. As of January 2024, the board comprised six community-and-affiliate-selected trustees (Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Dariusz Jemielniak, Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight, Victoria Doronina, Mike Peel and Lorenzo Losa); five Board-appointed trustees (McKinsey & Company director Raju Narisetti, Bahraini human rights activist and blogger Esra'a Al Shafei, technology officer Luis Bitencourt-Emilio, Nataliia Tymkiv, and financial expert Kathy Collins); and Wales. Tymkiv chairs the board, with Al Shafei and Sigalov as vice chairs. In August 2025, Mayree Clark was appointed to serve the remainder of Esraโa El-Shafeiโs term, extended through January 1, 2027, as El-Shafei stepped off the Board after eight years as a Trustee. As of March 2024 there are six committees of the Board of Trustees: the executive committee (Chair: Nataliia Tymkiv, as the chair of the board), the Audit Committee (Chair: Kathy Collins, appointed in 2023), the Governance Committee (Chair: Dariusz Jemielniak, appointed in 2021), the Talent and Culture Committee (Chair: Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight, appointed in 2023), the Community Affairs Committee (Chair: Shani Evenstein Sigalov, appointed in 2021), and the Product and Technology Committee (Chair: Lorenzo Losa, appointed in 2023). Staff In 2004, the foundation appointed Tim Starling as developer liaison to help improve the MediaWiki software, Daniel Mayer as chief financial officer (finance, budgeting, and coordination of fund drives), and Erik Mรถller as content partnership coordinator. In May 2005, the foundation announced seven more official appointments. In January 2006, the foundation created a number of committees, including the Communication Committee, in an attempt to further organize activities somewhat handled by volunteers at that time. As of October 4, 2006[update], the foundation had five paid employees: two programmers, an administrative assistant, a coordinator handling fundraising and grants, and an interim executive director, Brad Patrick, previously the foundation's general counsel. Patrick ceased his activity as interim director in January 2007 and then resigned from his position as legal counsel, effective April 1, 2007. He was replaced by Mike Godwin who served as general counsel and legal coordinator from July 2007 to 2010. In January 2007, Carolyn Doran was named chief operating officer and Sandy Ordonez joined as head of communications. Doran began working as a part-time bookkeeper in 2006 after being sent by a temporary agency. Doran, found to have had a criminal record, left the foundation in July 2007 and Sue Gardner was hired as consultant and special advisor; she became the executive director in December 2007. Florence Devouard cited Doran's departure from the organization as one of the reasons the foundation took about seven months to release its fiscal 2007 financial audit. Danny Wool, officially the grant coordinator and also involved in fundraising and business development, resigned in March 2007. He accused Wales of misusing the foundation's funds for recreational purposes and said that Wales had his Wikimedia credit card taken away in part because of his spending habits, a claim Wales denied. In February 2007, the foundation added a position, chapters coordinator, and hired Delphine Mรฉnard, who had been occupying the position as a volunteer since August 2005. Cary Bass was hired in March 2007 in the position of volunteer coordinator. In January 2008, the foundation appointed Veronique Kessler as the new chief financial and operating officer, Kul Wadhwa as head of business development and Jay Walsh as head of communications. In March 2013, Gardner announced she would be leaving her position at the foundation. Lila Tretikov was appointed executive director in May 2014; she resigned in March 2016. Former chief communications officer Katherine Maher (joined Wikimedia in 2014) was appointed the interim executive director, a position made permanent in June 2016. Maher served as executive director until April 2021 and is credited with building the foundation endowment in her tenure. As of November 9, 2025,[update] there were about 650 people working at the foundation. Maryana Iskander was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. In May 2025, Iskander told Axios that she would be leaving her position and would remain with the foundation until her replacement was filled by early 2026. As of August 2024, the WMF has the following department structure: Disputes A number of disputes have resulted in litigation while others have not. Attorney Matt Zimmerman has said, "Without strong liability protection, it would be difficult for Wikipedia to continue to provide a platform for user-created encyclopedia content." In December 2011, the foundation hired Washington, D.C., lobbyist Dow Lohnes Government Strategies LLC to lobby Congress. At the time of the hire, the foundation was concerned about a bill known as the Stop Online Piracy Act. The communities were as well, organizing some of the most visible protest against the bill on the Internet alongside other popular websites. In October 2013, a German court ruled that the Wikimedia Foundation can be held liable for content added to Wikipedia when there has been a specific complaint; otherwise, the Wikimedia Foundation does not check the content Wikipedia publishes and has no duty to do so. In June 2014, Bildkonst Upphovsrรคtt i Sverige filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Wikimedia Sweden. On June 20, 2014, a defamation lawsuit (Law Division civil case No. L-1400-14) involving Wikipedia editors was filed with the Mercer County Superior Court in New Jersey seeking, inter alia, compensatory and punitive damages. In a March 10, 2015, op-ed for The New York Times, Wales and Tretikov announced the foundation was filing a lawsuit against the National Security Agency and five other government agencies and officials, including DOJ, calling into question its practice of mass surveillance, which they argued infringed the constitutional rights of the foundation's readers, editors and staff. They were joined in the suit by eight additional plaintiffs, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. On October 23, 2015, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland dismissed the suit Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA on grounds of standing. U.S. District Judge T. S. Ellis III ruled that the plaintiffs could not plausibly prove they were subject to upstream surveillance, and that their argument is "riddled with assumptions", "speculations" and "mathematical gymnastics". The plaintiffs filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit on February 17, 2016. In September 2020, WMF's application to become an observer at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) was blocked after objections from the government of China over the existence of a Wikimedia Foundation affiliate in Taiwan. In October 2021, WMF's second application was blocked by the government of China for the same reason. In May 2022, six Wikimedia movement affiliate chapters were blocked from being accredited to WIPO's Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights (SCCR) by China, claiming that the chapters were spreading disinformation. In July 2022, China blocked an application by seven Wikimedia chapters to be accredited as permanent observers to WIPO; China's position was supported by a number of other countries, including Russia, Pakistan, Iran, Algeria, Zimbabwe and Venezuela. In 2014, Jimmy Wales was confronted with allegations that WMF had "a miserable cost/benefit ratio and for years now has spent millions on software development without producing anything that actually works". He acknowledged that he had "been frustrated as well about the endless controversies about the rollout of inadequate software not developed with sufficient community consultation and without proper incremental rollout to catch show-stopping bugs". During the 2015 fundraising campaign, members of the community voiced their concerns about the fundraising banners. They argued that they were obtrusive and could deceive potential donors by giving the impression that Wikipedia had immediate financial problems, which was not true. The Wikimedia Foundation vowed to improve wording on further fundraising campaigns to avoid these issues. Despite this, the foundation has continued to come under criticism for running campaigns seemingly designed to "make its readers feel guilty." Such campaigns have additionally been condemned for, in 2021, being run in countries that had been badly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, such as Argentina and Brazil, as well as for sparking fears in India that Wikipedia might be "dying". This is despite the foundation being in ownership of "vast money reserves", in 2021 reaching its 10-year goal of compiling a $100 million endowment fund in only 5 years. In February 2017, an op-ed published by The Signpost, the English Wikipedia's online newspaper, titled "Wikipedia has Cancer", produced a debate in both the Wikipedian community and the wider public. The author criticized the Wikimedia Foundation for its ever-increasing annual spending, which, he argued, could put the project at financial risk should an unexpected event happen. The author proposed to cap spending, build up the endowment, and restructure the endowment so that WMF cannot dip into the principal when times get bad. As of June 2022, the WMF reported $239 million in net assets. It is expected to raise $174 million in revenue in the 2023. Despite expenses on the foundation staff's salaries, there's a significant surplus left. To manage these funds, the WMF has created an endowment composed of investments and cash. This is managed not by the WMF but by the Tides Foundation. The endowment aims to grow this capital to $130.4 million in the next fiscal year. However, there has been controversy over the administration of the funds. While the Tides Foundation has promised to become a more transparent 501(c)(3) organization to reveal how it manages funds, details on expenses and salaries are still lacking seven years later. Additionally, the WMF's salary costs have risen from $7 million in 2010/11 to $88 million in 2021/22. Knowledge Engine was a search engine project initiated in 2015 by WMF to locate and display verifiable and trustworthy information on the Internet. The KE's goal was to be less reliant on traditional search engines. It was funded with a $250,000 grant from the Knight Foundation. Some perceived the project as a scandal, mainly because it was conceived in secrecy, and the project proposal was even a surprise to some staff, in contrast with a general culture of transparency in the organization and on the projects. Some of the information available to the community was received through leaked documents published by The Signpost in 2016. Following this dispute, Executive Director Lila Tretikov resigned. References External links 37ยฐ47โฒ21โณN 122ยฐ24โฒ12โณW๏ปฟ / ๏ปฟ37.78917ยฐN 122.40333ยฐW๏ปฟ / 37.78917; -122.40333 |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruption] | [TOKENS: 1469] |
Contents Wikipedia:Disruptive editing Disruptive editing is a pattern of editing that disrupts progress toward improving an article or building the encyclopedia. This may extend over a long time on many articles. Disruptive editing is not always vandalism, though vandalism is always disruptive. Each case should be treated independently, taking into consideration whether or not the actions violate policies and guidelines. Editors should take care to not wrongly label disruptive situations as vandalism as it drives away others, especially newcomers. Editors may be accidentally disruptive because they were not aware of policies and guidelines. If so, a friendly reminder is helpful. If the disruptive editing continues after many warnings, it may be because they are a case of Wikipedia:Competence is required. Summary Wikipedia's openness sometimes attracts people who seek to exploit the site as a platform for pushing a single point of view, original research, advocacy, or self-promotion. While notable minority opinions are welcomed when verifiable through reliable sources, and constructive editors occasionally make mistakes, sometimes an editor creates long-term problems by persistently editing a page or set of pages with information which is not verifiable through reliable sources or insisting on giving undue weight to a minority view. Collectively, disruptive editors harm by degrading Wikipedia's reliability and/or by exhausting the patience of other editors, who may quit the project in frustration. An edit which, in isolation, is not disruptive may still be part of a pattern of editing that is. A group of disruptive edits may be close together in time, or spread out; they may all occur on a single page, or on many pages; they may be all very similar, or superficially quite different. Disruptive editors may seek to disguise their behavior as productive editing, yet distinctive traits separate them from productive editors. When discussion fails to resolve the problem and when an impartial consensus of uninvolved editors agree (through requests for comment or similar means), further disruption is grounds for blocking, and may lead to more serious disciplinary action through the dispute resolution process. In extreme cases, this could include a site ban, either through the Arbitration Committee or by a consensus. The three-revert rule, if observed by disruptive editors, is not to be construed as a defense against action taken to enforce this policy against disruptive editors. As stated in that policy, "The rule is not an entitlement to revert a page a specific number of times." The three-revert rule should not be broken, even by editors attempting to revert disruptive edits. While vandalism is always disruptive, disruptive editing is not always vandalism; it is better for editors to follow the process suggested below than to break the rule. Examples of disruptive editing This guideline concerns gross, obvious and repeated violations of policies, not subtle questions about which reasonable people may disagree. A disruptive editor often exhibits these tendencies: In addition, such editors might: When one becomes frustrated with the way a policy or guideline is being applied, it may be tempting to try to discredit the rule or interpretation thereof by, in one's view, applying it consistently. Sometimes, this is done simply to prove a point in a local dispute. In other cases, one might try to enforce a rule in a generally unpopular way, with the aim of getting it changed. Such behavior, wherever it occurs, is highly disruptive and can lead to a block or ban. If you feel that a policy is problematic, the policy's talk page is the proper place to raise your concerns. If you simply disagree with someone's actions in an article, discuss it on the article talk page or related pages. If mere discussion fails to resolve a problem, look into dispute resolution. Practically speaking, it is impossible for Wikipedia to be 100 percent consistent, and its rules will therefore never be perfect. If consensus strongly disagrees with you even after you have made proper efforts, then respect the consensus, rather than trying to sway it with disruptive tactics. Note that it is possible to make a point, without disrupting Wikipedia to illustrate your point. Sometimes, editors perpetuate disputes by sticking to a viewpoint long after community consensus has decided that moving on would be more productive. This is disruptive. Genuine belief that you have a valid point does not mean that point must be accepted by the community when you have been told otherwise. The community's rejection of your idea is not because they didn't hear you. Stop writing, listen, and consider what others are telling you. Make an effort to see their side of the debate, and work on finding points of agreement. Do not confuse "hearing" with "agreeing with". Sometimes, even when editors act in good faith, their contributions may be time-wasting, especially if they can't understand what the problem is. Although editors should be encouraged to be bold and just do things if they think they're right, sometimes a lack of competence can get in the way. If the community spends more time cleaning up editors' mistakes and educating them about policies and guidelines than it considers necessary, sanctions may be imposed. Distinguished from productive editing Editors often post minority views to articles. This fits within Wikipedia's mission so long as the contributions are verifiable, do not give undue weight, and where appropriate, comply with WP:FRINGE. The burden of evidence rests with the editor who initially provides the information or wishes the information to remain. From Wikipedia:Neutral point of view: Neutrality requires that each article or other page in the mainspace fairly represents all significant viewpoints that have been published by reliable sources, in proportion to the prominence of each viewpoint. Giving due weight and avoiding giving undue weight means that articles should not give minority views as much of or as detailed a description as more widely held views. Editors may present active public disputes or controversies documented by reliable sources; citing a viewpoint stated in a mainstream scholarly journal, textbook, or monograph is not per se disruptive editing. This exemption does not apply to settled disputes, e.g. that the Sun revolves around the Earth. (The dispute itself is notable.) Sometimes well-meaning editors may be misled by fringe publications or make mistakes. Such people may defend their positions for a short time, then concede the issue when they encounter better evidence or impartial feedback. Attempts to evade detection Bad-faith disruptive editors attempt to evade disciplinary action in several ways: Nonetheless, such disruptive editing violates Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Dealing with disruptive editors The following is a model for remedies, though these steps do not necessarily have to be done in this sequence. In some extreme circumstances, a rapid report to the Administrators' noticeboard of incidents may be the best first step; in others, a fast track to a community ban may be in order. But in general, most situations can benefit from a gradual escalation: April Fools' Day All edits on April Fools' Day must continue to adhere to all applicable policies and guidelines, including (but not limited to) edit warring, no personal attacks and the biographies of living persons policy. With the exception of the Main Page, all edits that are intended to be humorous should be kept out of the article and help namespaces, as well as their respective talk pages; and be tagged with {{Humor}} (or equivalent template, such as the inline {{April fools}} or {{4-1}}) to avoid misleading users. See also |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2026)] | [TOKENS: 1825] |
Contents Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2026) Battles War crimes Humanitarian crisis Other The following is a timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023โpresent) in 2026. This timeline is a dynamic and fluid list, and as such may never satisfy criteria of completeness. Moreover, some events may only be fully understood and/or discovered in retrospect. January Hamid Ali Abubakar, the commander-in-chief of the RSF-aligned faction of the Sudanese Awakening Revolutionary Council (RAC) and concurrent security adviser to Hemedti, was killed in a drone strike on a meeting of RSF and allied commanders in Damrat al-Firdous, Central Darfur. The RSF carried out drone strikes on El-Obeid and White Nile State. An airstrike against a power station in El-Obeid left the city without electricity. Up to 64 civilians were killed in SAF airstrikes on Hemedti's hometown of Al Zorg that destroyed the town's hospital, and also killed two of Hemedti's relatives and local tribal leader Bashir Barma Baraka Allah. The RSF and allied groups claimed to have taken El Bardab, north of Kadugli. The Sudan Liberation Movement-Abdel Wahid (SLM-AW), a neutral rebel group, ordered the replacement of Sudanese state symbols with its own in the Liberated Areas in Central and North Darfur. The SAF claimed to have intercepted a drone attack by the RSF on Merowe. Thirteen people, including eight children, were killed in an RSF drone strike on a house in El-Obeid, according to the Sudan Doctors' Network. One soldier was killed in a suspected RSF drone strike on a Sudan Shield Forces camp in the Butana plains in Gezira State. The RSF and its allies, the Sudan Liberation Forces Gathering and the Justice and Equality Movement, attacked positions of the Darfur Joint Protection Force (JDF) at the ChadโSudan border. The SAF carried out airstrikes on RSF positions in Darfur and Kordofan. The SAF claimed 240 military vehicles were wrecked and hundreds of RSF members were killed. The SAF also claimed a Turkish Baykar Bayraktar Akฤฑncฤฑ drone operated by the RSF was shot down over Nyala Airport. In South Kordofan, the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) said 13 civilians, including children, were killed in an airstrike on Um Jamina in Al-Sunut County. The JDF accused the RSF of killing and kidnapping 19 people in Jirjira, North Darfur. The SAF conducted strikes against a supply convoy in Yabus, Blue Nile State, near the EthiopiaโSudan border. The SAF-aligned government announced its complete return to Khartoum, having operated in Port Sudan as the temporary capital since 2022. Five people were killed and 20 injured in an RSF drone strike on a market in Kartala, South Kordofan. At least 27 people were killed and 73 others were wounded by an RSF drone strike on an army base in Singa. The attack reportedly targeted a meeting between government and SAF officials at the base. The governors of White Nile, Sennar, and Blue Nile States were confirmed to have been in attendance, but survived the attack. The SAF and allied groups claimed to have retaken Jirjira from the RSF. The SAF repelled an attack by the RSF and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) near Al-Kuwaik, close to Kadugli. The RSF was accused of abducting 97 young men from a gold mine in Eyal Bakhit, West Kordofan. The RSF carried out a cross-border attack into Chad while pursuing a JDF unit that fled into the country, killing seven Chadian soldiers at the Birak garrison near Tinรฉ Djagaraba. Twelve people were killed in an RSF drone strike on a market in Dalang, South Kordofan. The SPLM-N (al-Hilu) and the RSF claimed to have repelled an SAF attack on Habila, 30 km (19 mi) from Dalang. The SAF repelled a large scale RSF attack on Wadi al-Hout in North Kordofan. The Central Bank of Sudan announced the resumption of its operations in Khartoum for the first time since the civil war began. The RSF detained 17 Zaghawas from Mahajeriya in East Darfur, including the head of the rural court. Five people were killed in an SAF drone strike on a market in Abu Zaima, North Kordofan. Two people were killed in an RSF drone strike on Dalang. The RSF claimed to have shot down an SAF Bayraktar drone over the city. The SAF repelled a large-scale attack by the RSF and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) from South Sudan on Milkan and Al-Silak in Blue Nile State. The SAF retook Habila and broke the siege of Dalang. Five people were killed in a drone strike on Dalang. Dozens of people were killed in an RSF drone strike on Dalang. The European Union imposed sanctions on seven individuals for their role in escalating the conflict in Sudan, including Hemedti's brother Major Algoney Hamdan Dagalo Musa, and Al-Misbah Abu Zaid Talha, commander of the SAF-allied Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion. The RSF carried out a drone attack on El-Obeid. February A joint SAF-JDF force retook Al-Dashol, on the highway between Dalang and Kadugli. At least five people, including a senior RSF commander and a tribal leader, were killed in clashes with rival RSF factions in Khazan Jadid, East Darfur. The SAF said it had broken the RSF siege of Kadugli. Later that day, RSF drone strikes on the city killed 15 people. The RSF and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) seized the towns of Deim Mansour, Bashir Nuqu and Khor al-Budi near Kurmuk in Blue Nile state. One person was killed in an RSF drone strike on a military hospital in Kadugli. The United Kingdom imposed sanctions on six individuals over their role in sustaining the conflict, including three Colombians accused of recruiting mercenaries for the RSF, RSF field commander Hussein Barsham, and Sudan Shield Forces commander Abu Aqla Kikal. Twenty-two people were killed in an RSF drone strike on a military hospital in Kouik, South Kordofan. An SAF drone strike on a market in West Kordofan injured 11 people. At least one person was killed in a series of RSF drone strikes on truck convoys in North Kordofan. A RSF drone attack on a vehicle carrying displaced families near Er Rahad killed at least 24 people including eight children. The SAF repelled an RSF attack on Al-Silak. Three people were killed in an RSF drone strike on a vehicle carrying food supplies near Umm Ruwaba, North Kordofan. The SAF said it had destroyed a FK-2000 air defense system and drones used by the RSF in Ed Dubeibat. Two people were killed in an RSF drone strike on a mosque in Er Rahad. Two people were killed in RSF drone strikes on al-Kurgal, South Kordofan. The SAF shelled the RSF and SPLM-N (Toka)-held towns of Malkon and Yabus, near the Ethiopian border in Blue Nile state. An unspecified number of civilian casualties occurred following drone strikes by the RSF and SPLM-N (Toka) in Qeisan, Blue Nile state. Three people were killed in an RSF drone strike on Al-Mazmoum Hospital in Sennar State. At least 28 people were killed in a drone strike on a market outside Sodari, North Kordofan. The SAF claimed to have destroyed an RSF air defence system in Abu Zabad, West Kordofan. At least 26 people were killed in a suspected SAF drone strike on a displacement shelter in El Sunut, West Kordofan. The World Food Programme delivered humanitarian aid to Dalang and Kadugli for the first time since 2024. One person was killed in an RSF drone strike on Kurmuk. The United States imposed sanctions on RSF commanders Elfateh Abdullah Idris Adam, Gedo Hamdan Ahmed Mohamed and Tijani Ibrahim Moussa Mohamed for their actions at El Fasher. The three were added to the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List. References |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war_(1_January_2026_%E2%80%93_present)] | [TOKENS: 6966] |
Contents Timeline of the Russo-Ukrainian war (1 January 2026 โ present) This timeline of the Russo-Ukrainian war covers the period from 1 January 2026 to the present day. Northern front Eastern front Southern front Other regions Naval operations Spillover & related incidents Eastern front Southern front Ukrainian incursion Other regions Naval operations Spillover & related incidents January 2026 The Russian-installed governor of Kherson Oblast, Vladimir Saldo, said 28 people were killed while several others were injured in a Ukrainian drone strike on hotels and restaurants in Khorly [uk]. Saldo accused Ukraine of deliberately targeting civilians during New Year's Eve celebrations. Multiple animals were killed and injured in a Russian airstrike on the Feldman Ecopark in Lisne [uk], Kharkiv Oblast. Drones were reported over Moscow, shutting down local airports. They were believed to be timed to interfere with President Putin's New Year's speech. Ukrainian drones struck the Ilsky oil refinery in Krasnodar Krai and various sites in occupied Donetsk Oblast. Germany delivered two Patriot missile systems to Ukraine. Six people were killed in a Russian missile attack on Kharkiv. Kyrylo Budanov, head of the HUR, was appointed to replace Andriy Yermak as head of the Office of the President of Ukraine. Ukrainian drones struck the Novokuybyshevsk Oil Refinery in Samara Oblast. Geolocated footage showed Ukrainian forces operating in Drobysheve near Lyman, an area Russian forces claimed they controlled. Geolocated footage showed Russian advances in the city of Kostiantynivka and northwest of the village of Oleksandro-Kalynove; and Russian advances towards Hryhorivka [uk] and Prymorske near the Konka river. In Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts, 44 settlements were subjected to mandatory evacuation due to the deteriorating "security situation", affecting some 3,000 children and families. Geolocated footage indicated Russian advances in central Sotnytskyi Kozachok, northwest of Kharkiv; and northeast of Orikhovo-Vasylivka near the E40 highway. The Russian Defense Ministry claimed Russian forces seized Podoly near Kupiansk. The Head of Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov, claimed the Chechen 270th Akhmat-Kavkaz Motorized Rifle Regiment took the town of Bilohiria [uk], southeast of Orikhiv. Russian authorities said two people were killed in Ukrainian drone strikes on Belgorod and Kursk Oblasts. Two people, including a National Guard of Ukraine officer, were injured in a car bombing in Obolonskyi District in Kyiv. A suspect was arrested. The mayor of Moscow claimed around 28 drones approached the city, leading to the cancellation of more than 200 flights as the Vnukovo, Domodedovo, and Zhukovsky airports were closed. Ukrainian drones struck the Energia enterprise at Yelets in Lipetsk Oblast. The plant makes batteries for various Russian weapon systems. President Zelenskyy dismissed Lieutenant General Serhii Deineko as head of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, and replaced him on an interim basis with his deputy Valeriy Vavrynyuk. Vasyl Malyuk was forced to resign as head of the SBU by President Zelenskyy. One person was killed in a Russian drone attack on Kyiv. Russia claimed to have taken Hrabovske in Sumy Oblast. Ukrainian drones destroyed a Russian 9S32M1 radar of an S-300V missile system in Donetsk Oblast. The Russian 136th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigadeโs commander, Colonel Eric Selimov, was killed in a car crash in Alchevsk Raion in Luhansk Oblast. Ukrainian military observer Kostyantyn Mashovets reported Russian advances north of Yablunivka across Highway H20, and also in southeast Kostiantynivka. A Russian milblogger claimed Russian forces took the town of Pishchane, southeast of Kupiansk. Ukrainian drones struck targets in Penza and Sterlitamak. Ukrainian drones struck Yaroslavl, with Yaroslavl Oil Refinery believed to be the target. Ukrainian forces attacked the 100th Arsenal of the Main Missile and Artillery Directorate located in Neya in Kostroma Oblast, which supplied ammunitions storages in the Central and Moscow military districts. Ukrainian forces also attacked an oil depot in Usmansky District in Lipetsk Oblast. Ukrainian drones set fire to the Oskolneftesnab oil depot near Kotel in Belgorod Oblast. A warehouse belonging to the Russian 20th Motor Rifle Division in Donetsk was also struck. Russian forces struck Chornomorsk and Pivdennyi ports in Odesa Oblast, killing one person and injuring five more. Geolocated footage showed Russian advances in north Yunakivka and Ukrainian advances in Vovchanski Khutory. Russian forces struck Lviv with an Oreshnik missile. DeepstateUA reported Russian forces took the towns of Andriivka in Sumy Oblast and Novomarkove [uk] in Donetsk Oblast. The Ukrainian Kursk Group of Forces denied the claim of Andriivka being captured. A Russian shadow fleet oil tanker Elbus was struck by a drone off the coast of Turkey. According to ASTRA, the tanker was headed to Novorossiysk and sustained damage, but no crew members were injured. The ship was towed to ฤฐnebolu for inspections. The pro-Ukrainian Freedom of Russia Legion set fire to some 15 trucks at the village of Kochegury in Belgorod Oblast. Geolocated footage showed Ukrainian forces continued to operate in Zahryzove [uk] near Borova, an area Russian forces claimed they controlled, while the Russian Defense Ministry claimed Russian forces took the town of Bratske [uk], south of Pokrovske. Four people were killed in Russian airstrikes on Kyiv that also damaged the building housing the Qatari embassy. Ukrainian FP-2 drones struck a fuel train in Crimea and a military arms depot in Donetsk. Ukrainian missiles struck the thermal power plants at Belgorod and Oryol, resulting in blackouts. The Minister for Development of Communities and Territories Oleksiy Kuleba, said Russian forces struck a vessel en route to Chornomorsk, and another vessel near Odesa, killing a Syrian national. Russian milbloggers claimed Russian forces took the town of Tyshchenkivka [uk], northwest of Kupiansk. Geolocated footage showed Russian advances in west Novomarkove [uk], and northwest of Stupochky [uk] and Ivanopillia [uk], all located east of Kostiantynivka. Geolocated footage showed Ukrainian advances west of Pryluky [uk] and Russian infiltration in Zelene [uk], both located north of Huliaipole. Geolocated footage showed Ukrainian forces continued to operate in central Stepnohirsk, an area Russian forces claimed they controlled. The SBU arrested two GRU agents who were accused of assessing the effectiveness of the Oreshnik missile strike on Lviv. Ukrainian drones set fire to the Volgograd oil refinery. A drone warehouse in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, attached to the Russian 19th Motor Rifle Division, was attacked, as was an "UAV control point" near Pokrovsk. In Donetsk Oblast, a command post in Kurakhivka and a grouping of the 76th Guards Air Assault Division in Hirnyk were both attacked. Voronezh was attacked by 70 drones and a Neptune missile according to the SHOT Telegram channel, while the Russian MoD claimed all were shot down. The air defense and 20 explosions caused by the drones lasted for an hour. Iraq established a commission to prevent Iraqi nationals from going to Russia to fight in Ukraine. Russian milbloggers claimed Russian forces seized Viroliubivka, north of Kostiantynivka, and the towns of Dobropillia [uk] and Svyatopetrivka [uk], both located north of Huliaipole. Voronezh Oblast Governor Alexander Gusev claimed a woman died and three were injured by a drone attack on Voronezh city. The Governor claimed several administrative buildings, a secondary school, ten private houses and ten apartment blocks were damaged in โone of the heaviest drone attacks since the start of the special military operation.โ Russia deployed a new jet powered drone called the Geran-5, which carries a 90 kg (200 lb) warhead, has a strike range of 1,000 km (620 mi) and can be air launched by Su-25 aircraft according to HUR. Ukrainian drones struck three Lukoil drilling rigs on the Caspian Sea (the V. Filanovsky, Yuri Korchagin, and Valeri Graifer), a Buk-M3 missile system in Luhansk Oblast, and a Russian army warehouse in Kherson Oblast. Britain said it will develop a new ballistic missile for the defense of Ukraine. Geolocated footage showed Russian infiltration in south Podoly near Kupiansk, and Russian advances in east Kostyantynivka, and in west Ridkodub [uk] near Borova. Ukrainian drones struck the Novocherkassk Thermal Power Plant [ru] in Novocherkassk, Rostov Oblast, causing a power outage in the region. Russian forces struck energy infrastructure in Odesa Oblast, causing significant damage and leaving 33,500 consumers without electricity. Russian forces also struck two vessels near Odesa Oblast, injuring one person. The Russian defense ministry claimed Russian forces took Novoboikivske [uk] town, east of Stepnohirsk,in Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Four people were killed in a Russian missile attack in Kharkiv. The SBU said it carried out an attack on a Russian UAV factory in Taganrog in cooperation with the Ukrainian Navy. Three Greek-owned tankers, the Delta Harmony, the Matilda and the Delta Supreme, were attacked and damaged by unknown maritime drones en route to the Caspian Pipeline Consortium at Novorossiysk. A Russian source confirmed the Ukrainian recapture of Kurylivka and Kucherivka [uk], Ukrainian control of Petropavlivka, and Ukrainian advances in west and east Podoly; all near Kupyansk. Geolocated footage confirmed Russian advances east of Nova Kruhlyakivka [uk], northeast of Borova. A Russian air defence missile accidentally struck an apartment block in Rostov-on-Don, starting a fire. Mayor Alexander Skryabin blamed the fire on "Ukrainian drone debris." The city was targeted by Ukrainian drones and missiles with its fuel storage tank reportedly ablaze. The Governor of Rostov Oblast, Yury Slyusar, claimed one person was killed and five were injured, including a four-year-old, by falling drone debris. The Governor of Belgorod Oblast claimed two people were killed in drone strikes. The Russian defense ministry claimed Russian forces crossed the international border into Sumy Oblast and took the town of Komarivka [uk]. President Zelenskyy declared a state of emergency in the Ukrainian energy sector due to Russian attacks and adverse winter conditions. Ukrainian drones set fire to the Nevinnomyssk Azot [ru] chemical plant in Nevinnomyssk, Stavropol Oblast. The plant made ingredients for explosives such as TNT and RDX used by the Russian military. This marked the fifth time the plant was struck since June 2025. The mayor of Kharkiv, Ihor Terekhov, claimed a major critical energy infrastructure facility was destroyed by a Russian strike. Russian forces struck the port of Chornomorsk, damaging a docked vessel. DeepstateUA reported that Russian forces took the town of Krasnohirske in Zaporizhzhia Oblast. A Ukrainian drone struck a high-rise building in Ryazan, damaging two apartments and injuring two people. Drone debris also struck an "industrial enterprise" according to Ryazan Governor Pavel Malkov. Geolocated footage published on January 16 confirmed Russia's control over Dobropillia [uk]. ISW assessed that Russian forces also took Varvarivka [uk]; both are located north of Huliaipole. Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces took the towns of Pavlivka [uk] near Stepnohirsk, and Kruhle [uk] in Kharkiv Oblast near the international border. The Russian defense ministry claimed that Russian forces took the towns of Zakitne [uk] near Siversk and Olenokostyantynivka [uk] near Huliaipole. The Russian defense ministry claimed that Russian forces took the town of Pryvillia, south of Rai-Oleksandrivka [uk], Donetsk Oblast. Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces took the towns of Ozerne, near Lyman and Novyi Donbas [uk], east of Dobropillia. Ukrainian drones strikes on electricity infrastructure in Russian-occupied Ukraine left over 200,000 households in Zaporizhzhia Oblast without power, according to Russian occupation officials. The container ship Aurelia was struck by a drone some 80-90 nautical miles at sea, after its departure from the Russian port of Novorossiysk. The strike severely damaged several containers but did not damage the ship or injury to crew. It stopped at the Turkish port of Samsun to have the damaged containers removed. Russian forces launched three airstrikes on Kharkiv's Slobidskyi District, killing one person and injuring 11 more. The Ukrainian military said it had carried out an attack that destroyed a Russian drone warehouse in Novokrasnianka [uk], Luhansk Oblast. The SBU captured a Russian officer accused of executing nine Ukrainian POWs in Kursk Oblast in 2024. The DTEK Energot power plant in Belgorod was set on fire by a drone and missile attack but without interruption to power supplies. In Oryol the local thermal power plant was struck by drones resulting in some 10 explosions with blackouts in parts of the city. Ukrainian drones struck Adygea; the head of the republic, Murat Kumpilov claimed that one person was killed and 13 people, including two children, were injured after a drone was detected in Novaya Adygea, Takhtamukaysky District. A fire broke out at an apartment building and a parking lot. However Telegram channel ASTRA said "debris (was) consistent with an air defense interceptor". A refinery caught fire in Afipsky, Krasnodar Krai. In the evening, another drone strike on an oil terminal near Volna [ru], Krasnodar Krai, killed three people. Japan announced $6 billion in "humanitarian and technical support" aid for Ukraine, largely for generators and other equipment used for electrical systems such as transformers. The State Investigation Bureau (DBR) arrested a Ukrainian military officer in Sumy Oblast on "suspicion of abusing and torturing subordinates" and threatening to shoot soldiers who failed to follow his orders. The Second Western District Military Court in Moscow sentenced Uzbek national Akhmadzhon Kurbonov to life imprisonment for the assassination of Lieutenant General Igor Kirillov in 2024, which Russia blamed on a Ukrainian national. The Ukrainian military said it had carried out strikes on three radar stations in Crimea, a drone storage facility in Novohryhorivka, Kherson Oblast, and other Russian military facilities in Selydove and Debaltseve in Donetsk Oblast. In Moscow, the Second Western District Military Court formally acknowledged that the Russian cruiser Moskva was sunk by a Ukrainian missile, and accused Andrii Shubin, then commander of the 406th Artillery Brigade of the Ukrainian Navy, of giving the orders that led to the sinking of the Moskva. Updated casualties were listed as 20 crew members killed, 24 injured and eight missing. Shubin was also accused of destroying the frigate Admiral Essen in April 2022, for which the court demanded 2.2 billion rubles (approximately $28.4 million) in damages. Shubin was sentenced to life imprisonment in absentia for terrorism charges related to the sinking. The Penzanefteprodukt oil depot in Penza was set on fire by a Ukrainian drone attack, while a house was set on fire in Voronezh Oblast according to the local governor, Oleg Melnichenko. The Russian Ministry of Defense and Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces took the town of Symynivka [uk] near Vovchansk. A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces took the towns of Novoselivka [uk], Vorone [uk], Sosnivka [uk], and Orestopil [uk], all southeast of Oleksandrivka, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. According to the regional governor Vyacheslav Gladkov, Belgorod Oblast suffered its "most massive" attack that involved that HIMARS, damaging electrical infrastructure, a utility building, a car park and homes in the village of Tavrovo. Unidentified drones also struck Taganrog in Rostov Oblast, with the city losing power after explosions and fires were reported by locals with a transformer failing. Explosions were also reported in Oryol and Bryansk Oblast. A Russian drone attack damaged two buildings of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, the first time the complex sustained war-related damage since World War II. An oil refinery in Slavyansk-on-Kuban was attacked by Ukrainian drones with at least one oil storage tank being set on fire. The Novokuybyshevsk Oil Refinery in Samara Oblast was also attacked. Three people were killed in a Russian drone attack on Odesa. Two others were killed in a separate attack in Sloviansk, while a drone strike on a train in Kharkiv Oblast killed six. Additional strikes killed two people in Zaporizhzhia and Kherson Oblasts. Two people were killed in a Russian air attack on Bilohorodka, Kyiv Oblast. Atesh partisans claimed to have set fire to an electrical substation in Izhevsk, Udmurtia, cutting electricity to the BUMMASH metallurgical plant. Ukrainian forces struck the Khokholskaya oil depot in Voronezh Oblast with thick smoke being spotted over the depot. Ukrainian forces struck Russian soldiers in Kolotilovka, Belgorod Oblast. Other groupings of Russian soldiers were attacked in Velyka Novosilka, Shakhove, and Hryhoriivka, Donetsk Oblast. A UAV control center near Velyka Novosilka and battalion command post near Berezove, both in Russian-occupied Dnipropetrovsk Oblast was attacked as was an ammunition depot in Nyzhnia Duvanka, Russian-occupied Luhansk Oblast. Ukrainian officials claimed that Russian forces lost a Su-34 and a Su-30, without providing further details. On social media a Su-34 was reported destroyed along with its crew. Three people were killed in a Russian drone strike in Zaporizhzhia Oblast. The bodies of 1,000 Ukrainian soldiers killed in action were repatriated by Russia in exchange for those of 38 Russian soldiers. The Russian Defense Ministry claimed that Russian forces took the town of Bila Bereza [uk], east of Komarivka [uk] in Sumy Oblast. One person was killed by Russian shelling in Kherson. The Kremlin said that President Putin agreed to U.S. President Donald Trump's personal request to halt strikes in Kyiv until 1 February to create "favourable conditions" for peace negotiations. Near Stepnohirsk, geolocated footage showed that Russian forces took the town of Lukianivske [uk] and the Russian defense ministry claimed that Russian forces took the town of Richne as well as Ternuvate north of Huliaipole. Ukrainian forces claimed to have destroyed a TOR-M1 near the village of Kamianka, Luhansk Oblast. Attacks were also made in Zaporizhzhia Oblast on "concentrations of enemy personnel" near Rivnopillia, Pryvillia, and Uspenivka, as well as a Russian logistics depot near Voskresenka and a Russian command post in Rivnopillia. Attacks were also made in Donetsk Oblast on troop concentrations near Chasiv Yar and a motorized rifle regiment command post in Poltavka, and a UAV command post near Sluchovsk, Bryansk Oblast. Near Kupiansk, a Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces took the town of Podoly while another Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces almost completely control Petropavlivka. The Russian Defense Ministry claimed that Russian forces took the towns of Berestok [uk], south of Kostyantynivka, Sofiivka [uk], south of Shakhove [uk] and Svyatopetrivka [uk], north of Huliaipole. February 2026 A DTEK-owned minibus transporting mineworkers was hit by a Russian drone in Ternivka, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, killing 12 people and injuring 16. The Russian defense ministry claimed that Russian forces took the towns of Zelene, northeast of Kharkiv, and Sukhetske [uk], northeast of Rodynske. A Ukrainian drone strike hit Stary Oskol, killing two people and setting fire to a house according to the Governor of Belgorod Oblast. Locals reported six explosions and a fire. The Russian Defense Ministry claimed that Russian forces took the town of Prydorozhnie [uk], southwest of Ternuvate. Two people were killed in a Russian drone strike on Zaporizhzhia. A separate attack severely damaged the Darnytsia Thermo-Electric Station in Kyiv. A court in Poland sentenced a Polish national to 3.5 years' imprisonment for spying as part of a Russian plot to assassinate President Zelenskyy in 2024. According to the Governor of Belgorod Oblast, Vyacheslav Gladkov, 12 Ukrainian missiles and three drones damaged energy infrastructure in Belgorod city, resulting in the loss of power, water and heating for "thousands" in the southwestern part of the oblast. Seven people were killed in a Russian cluster munitions attack on Druzhkivka, Donetsk Oblast. President Zelensky said that 55,000 Ukrainian troops had been killed since the beginning of the war. ISW reported that Russian forces took the cities and towns of Myrnohrad and Svitle [uk], as well as Pryluky [uk], Olenokostyantynivka [uk], and Zelene [uk], northwest of Huliaipole. Ukrainian military analysist Kostantyn Mashovets reported that Russian forces took the town of Minkivka and Orikhovo-Vasylivka near Kostiantynivka. The Russian Ministry of Defense claimed that Russian forces took the towns of Stepanivka [uk], southwest of Kostyantynivka and Staroukrainka [uk], near Huliaipole. Russia and Ukraine held a prisoner exchange that saw the release of 157 Ukrainian POWs for the same number of Russians. Geolocated footage showed that Russian forces took the town of Novomarkove [uk], north of Chasiv Yar. Lieutenant General Vladimir Alexeyev, the deputy head of the GRU, was shot and severely injured by an unidentified gunman in Moscow. A Ukrainian soldier was killed in a vehicle bombing in Odesa. Ten dogs were killed in a Russian airstrike on an animal shelter in Zaporizhzhia. Geolocated footage showed that Russian forces took the city of Huliaipole. The Russian Ministry of Defense and several Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces took the town of Popivka north of Hrabovske. The Russian defense ministry claimed that Russian forces took the town of Chuhunivka [uk], northeast of Velykyi Burluk, near the border. Alexander Bogomaz, Governor of Bryansk Oblast, claimed that energy facilities were attacked by Ukrainian HIMARS and Neptune missiles, causing power outages in seven municipalities. SBU drones struck the Redkinsky Research Plant in Redkino, Tver Oblast. The plant made fuel additives for use in Kh-55 and Kh-101 cruise missiles. A Russian strike on Kherson's Korabelnyi District [uk] injured eight people. A Russian FAB-250 strike in Kramatorsk killed one person and injured three more. The Russian defense ministry claimed that Russian forces took the towns of Sydorivka [uk] in Sumy Oblast near the border, and Hlushkivka [uk], southeast of Kupiansk. Russian strikes in Nikopol Raion, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, injured three people. Atesh claimed to have carried out a sabotage attack on a military communications tower in Belgorod Oblast. Ukraine imposed sanctions on 128 individuals and entities accused of supplying components for Russian weaponry and circumventing sanctions against Russia. The Ukrainian General Staff claimed to have struck the Russian test range at Kapustin Yar using FP-5 Flamingo missiles. One person was killed in a Russian airstrike on Odesa. The Ukrainian 11th Separate Army Aviation Brigade "Kherson" announced the loss of an Mi-24 helicopter along with its crew during a combat mission. The Russian-installed mayor of Horlivka, Ivan Prikhodko [ru], announced the death in action of Hayk Gasparyan, the commander of the paramilitary Arbat Battalion composed of ethnic Armenians that had been fighting alongside Russian forces in Ukraine. An electrical substation exploded in Volgograd during a Ukrainian drone strike. It is unclear if the explosion was due to Ukrainian drones or an accident. Ukrainian drones struck a warehouse holding three containers containing some 6,000 FPV drones in Rostov-on-Don, also damaging more drone containers. The headquarters of a Russian paratrooper unit in Sudzha, Kursk Oblast and an ammunition dump in Novooleksiivka, Kherson Oblast, were also attacked. Russian troops launch a mechanised assault east of the city of Kupiansk, capturing the towns of Petropavlivka and Stepova Novoselivka [uk]. Two people were killed in a Russian airstrike on Sloviansk. Geolocated footage showed that Russian forces took the town of Zaliznychne, west of Huliaipole. Four people were killed in a Russian airstrike on Bohodukhiv, Kharkiv Oblast. The Lukoil refinery in Volgograd was attacked and set on fire by Ukrainian drones. The JSC Progress Plant, in Michurinsk, Tambov Oblast, was struck by Ukrainian drones. The plant makes aviation and missile control systems, along with equipment for gas and oil pipelines. Ukrainian drones also struck an ammunition depot near Rozivka, Zaporizhzhia Oblast. A Main Missile and Artillery Directorate ammunition depot near Kotluban, Volgograd Oblast, was attacked by Flamingo missiles resulting in a โseries of powerful explosionsโ and a precautionary evacuations of locals according to Governor of Volgograd Oblast, Andrey Bocharov. Ukrainian drones struck the Ukhta oil refinery, located in the Komi Republic. Some 1,750 km (1,090 mi) from Ukraine, the SBU claimed this was a record for a Ukrainian drone attack. Ukrainian drones also struck an airfield in Hvardiiske, Crimea, the Kirova electrical substation in Luhansk, and a data center in Prymorsk, Zaporizhzhia Oblast. An attack was also carried out on a 55Zh6U "Nebo-U" long-range radar station near Yevpatoria and a BK-16 landing vessel in Novoozerne. The Ukrainian military said it carried out an attack on a Russian ammunition depot near Novoekonomichne, Donetsk Oblast. Ukraine unveiled a new Shershen surface-to-air missile system, based on the Israeli Barak 8, tested with "legacy Soviet-era weapons (missiles), foreign-produced missiles, and emerging Ukrainian designs (missiles)". One person was killed in a Russian drone strike on Odesa, while one person was killed in a Ukrainian drone strike on Bryansk Oblast. Russian-installed authorities claimed that 15 people were injured in a Ukrainian airstrike in Luhansk Oblast. Ukrainian drones struck targets in Moscow, Bryansk, and Belgorod Oblasts. Thirteen drones attacked Moscow with falling debris was reported by the Mayor and flights from Domodedovo airport were suspended. In Bryansk 120 drones attacked the city according to Bryansk Oblast Governor Alexander Bogomaz, cutting power to five municipalities. Parts of the city were left without heat or electricity. Attacks on Belgorod resulted in โsignificant damage to energy infrastructureโ, according to Governor Vyacheslav Gladkov. Ukrainian drones struck the Tamanneftegaz oil terminal, near Volna in Krasnodar Krai, starting multiple fires and injuring two people. A Pantsir-S1 was destroyed in Crimea. In Odesa, the Odessa Oblast Regional Recruitment Center was attacked by a group of civilians. A "violator of military registration" was being escorted to the Recruitment Centre when the civilians attacked. Using tear gas and physical violence, one military officer suffered a burned cornea from tear gas, while a military vehicle and camera were damaged. A disabled former Ukrainian soldier was injured in a car bombing in Odesa's Kyivskyi district [uk]. Three people were killed in a Russian drone strike in Mykolaivka, Donetsk Oblast. A separate strike killed one person in Kyrykivka, Sumy Oblast. Ukrainian drones set fire to the Ilsky oil refinery in Krasnodar Krai. Drones also struck targets in Kazan and Nizhnekamsk; locals reported explosions which disrupted electricity to one part of Kazan. Airports in Kazan, Nizhnekamsk, Krasnodar, Sochi, and Gelendzhik suspended operations. Metafrax Enterprise, a chemical factory in Gubakha, Perm Oblast involved in the manufacture of explosives, was attacked by Ukrainian drones. Witnesses reported multiple explosions and a fire. A Ka-27 and an Iskander missile storage site were struck by Ukrainian drones in Crimea. A S-300VM missile system was destroyed by drones near Mariupol. The Tamanneftegaz oil terminal in Krasnodar Krai was attacked by SBU drones. Explosions were reported by locals and a fire broke out at the oil terminal. An explosion occurred at a military commandantโs office in Sertolovo, Leningrad Oblast. Three were killed and four were believed to be trapped under the rubble. According to open source information the facility was used to train soldiers in skills for deployment to Ukraine such as โdrone operation and counter-drone defenseโ. A bomb attack was carried out on a Ukrainian military enlistment office in Kolomyia, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. Ukrainian drones attacked the VNIIR-Progress plant in Cheboksary. ASTRA noted that locals reported explosions. Ukraine launched an "another massive missile attack on energy facilities" on Belgorod, according to the regional governor Vyacheslav Gladkov, resulting in partial electricity loss in the city. Another drone attack was reported on the oil depot near Velikiye Luki in Pskov Oblast with a report of explosions. The Russian defense ministry claimed that Russian forces took the town of Kharkivka [uk], west of Komarivka [uk] in Sumy Oblast. Two Ukrainian police officers of the White Angels evacuation unit were killed after their vehicle was struck by a Russian drone in Kupiansk Raion, Kharkiv Oblast. Ukrainian drones struck the Votkinsk Machine Building Plant in Udmurtia, injuring 11 people. The plant is responsible for manufacturing parts for Iskander-M ballistic missiles and intercontinental ballistic missiles with nuclear capability. A court in Kyiv sentenced a Russian soldier to life imprisonment for the killing of two surrendered Ukrainian soldiers in Kursk Oblast in 2025. Ukrainian authorities announced the discovery of a Russian plot to assassinate senior Ukrainian political figures following a joint operation with Moldovan authorities that resulted in 10 arrests. References |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VAND] | [TOKENS: 5621] |
Contents Wikipedia:Vandalism On Wikipedia, vandalism has a very specific meaning: editing (or other behavior) deliberately intended to obstruct or defeat the project's purpose, which is to create a free encyclopedia, in a variety of languages, presenting the sum of all human knowledge. The malicious removal of encyclopedic content, or the changing of such content beyond all recognition, without any regard to our core content policies of neutral point of view (which does not mean no point of view), verifiability and no original research, is a deliberate attempt to damage Wikipedia. There are, of course, more juvenile forms of vandalism, such as adding irrelevant obscenities or crude humor to a page, illegitimately blanking pages, and inserting obvious nonsense into a page. Abusive creation or usage of user accounts and temporary accounts may also constitute vandalism. Vandalism is prohibited. While editors are encouraged to warn and educate vandals, warnings are by no means a prerequisite for blocking a vandal (although administrators usually block only when multiple warnings have been issued). Even if misguided, willfully against consensus, or disruptive, any good faith effort to improve the encyclopedia is not vandalism. For example, edit warring over how exactly to present encyclopedic content is not vandalism. Careful consideration may be required to differentiate between edits that are beneficial, edits that are detrimental but well-intentioned, and edits that are vandalism. If it is clear that an editor is intending to improve Wikipedia, their edits are not vandalism, even if they violate some core policy of Wikipedia. Mislabeling good faith edits "vandalism" can be harmful, as it makes users less likely to respond to corrective advice or to engage collaboratively during a disagreement. For that reason, avoid using the term "vandalism" unless it is clear the user means to harm Wikipedia; this is even true when warning a user with a user warning template. Choose the template that most closely matches the behavior you are trying to correct. Types of vandalism Vandalism on Wikipedia usually falls into one or more of these categories: Bad faith placing of non-content tags such as {{afd}}, {{db}}, {{sprotected}}, or other tags on pages that do not meet such criteria. This includes baseless removal of {{policy}} and related tags. Removing {{afd}}, {{copyvio}} and other related tags in order to conceal deletion candidates or avert deletion of such content. However, this is often mistakenly done by new users who are unfamiliar with AfD procedures and such users should be given the benefit of the doubt and pointed to the proper page to discuss the issue. Making offensive edit summaries in an attempt to leave a mark that cannot be easily expunged from the record (edit summaries cannot simply be "reverted" and require administrative action if they have to be removed from a page's history). Often combined with malicious account creation. Changing the formatting of a page unreasonably and maliciously. But many times, editors might just make an unintended mistake or are testing how the wikicode works. Sometimes it might be a bug in the Wikipedia software. Some changes to the format are not vandalism, but rather either good faith edits of editors who don't know the guidelines or simply a different opinion on how the format should look, in which case it is just a disputed edit. Deliberate attempts to circumvent enforcement of Wikipedia policies, guidelines, and procedures by causing bad faith edits to go unnoticed. Includes marking bad faith edits as minor to get less scrutiny, making a minor edit following a bad faith edit so it won't appear on all watchlists, recreating previously deleted bad faith creations under a new title, use of the {{construction}} tag to prevent deletion of a page that would otherwise be a clear candidate for deletion, or use of sock puppets. Any form of vandalism that makes use of embedded text, which is not visible to the final rendering of the article but visible during editing. This includes link vandalism, or placing malicious, offensive, or otherwise disruptive or irrelevant messages or spam in hidden comments for editors to see. Deliberately adding falsities to articles, particularly to biographies of living people, is considered vandalism. Removing encyclopedic content without any reason, or replacing such content with nonsense. Content removal is not considered to be vandalism when the reason for the removal of the content is readily apparent by examination of the content itself, or where a non-frivolous explanation for the removal of apparently legitimate content is provided, linked to, or referenced in an edit summary. Blanking that could be legitimate includes blanking all or part of a biography of a living person. Wikipedia is especially concerned about providing accurate and unbiased information on the living; blanking may be an effort to remove inaccurate or biased material. Due to the possibility of unexplained good faith content removal, {{uw-test1}} or {{uw-delete1}}, as appropriate, should be used as initial warnings for content removals without more descriptive edit summaries. Creating new pages with the sole intent of malicious behavior. It also includes personal attack pages (articles written to disparage the subject), hoaxes and other intentionally inaccurate pages. There are many other types of pages that merit deletion, even speedy deletion, but which are not vandalism. New users sometimes create test pages containing nonsense or even autobiographies, and doing so is not vandalism; such pages can also be moved to become their sandbox or userpage. Pages on non-notable topics are not vandalism. Blatant advertising pages, and blatant POV pushes, are not vandalism, but frequently happen and often lead to editors being blocked. It's important that people creating inappropriate pages be given appropriate communication; even if they aren't willing to edit within our rules, they are more likely to go away quietly if they understand why their page has been deleted. Adding very large (measured by the number of bytes) amounts of bad faith content to a page so as to make the page's load time abnormally long or even make the page impossible to load on some computers without the browser or machine crashing. Adding large amounts of good faith content is not vandalism, though prior to doing so, one should consider if splitting a long page may be appropriate (see Wikipedia:Article size). Uploading shock images, inappropriately placing explicit images on pages, or simply using any image in a way that is disruptive. Please note though that Wikipedia is not censored and that explicit images may be uploaded and/or placed on pages for legitimate reasons (that is, if they have encyclopedic value). Adding or changing internal or external links on a page to disruptive, irrelevant, or inappropriate targets while disguising them with mislabeling. Creating accounts with usernames that contain deliberately offensive or disruptive terms is considered vandalism, whether the account is used or not. For Wikipedia's policy on what is considered inappropriate for a username, see Wikipedia:Username policy. See also Wikipedia:Sock puppetry. Changing the names of pages to disruptive, irrelevant, or otherwise inappropriate names. Only autoconfirmed or confirmed users can move pages. Because of this, vandals of this variety will often create "sleeper" accounts to gain autoconfirmed status. Redirecting or changing the target of redirect pages to other pages that are vandalism, nonsense, promotional, non-existent pages, or attack pages. This can also manifest as changing the target of a pre-existing redirect from an appropriate target to an inappropriate one. This also applies when a redirect or its title is created only to disparage its subject. Pages that redirect to non-existent or deleted pages are also applied with G8. Uploading or using material on Wikipedia in ways which violate Wikipedia's copyright policies after having been warned is vandalism. Because users may be unaware that the information is copyrighted, or of Wikipedia policies on how such material may and may not be used, such action becomes vandalism only if it continues after the copyrighted nature of the material and relevant policy restricting its use have been communicated to the user. Reverting edits to the latest revisions that are nonsense, promotional, personal attacks, and/or harassment (except for when done by mistake). Adding profanity, graffiti, or patent nonsense to pages; creating nonsensical and obviously unencyclopedic pages, etc. This is one of the most common forms of vandalism. However, the addition of random characters to pages is often characteristic of an editing test and, though impermissible, may not be malicious. Adding or continuing to add spam external links is vandalism if the activity continues after a warning. A spam external link is one added to a page mainly for the purpose of promoting a website, product or a user's interests rather than to improve the page editorially. Vandalism that is harder to spot, or that otherwise circumvents detection, including adding plausible misinformation to articles (such as minor alteration of facts or additions of plausible-sounding hoaxes), hiding vandalism (such as by making two bad edits and reverting only one), simultaneously using multiple accounts or temporary accounts to vandalize, abuse of maintenance and deletion templates, or reverting legitimate edits with the intent of hindering the improvement of pages. Impersonating other users by signing an edit with a different username or IP address also constitutes subtle vandalism, but take care not to confuse this with appropriately correcting an unsigned edit made by another user. Some vandals even follow their vandalism with an edit that states "Rv vandalism" or similar in the edit summary in order to give the appearance the vandalism was reverted. Illegitimately removing or editing other users' comments, especially in closed discussions, or adding offensive comments. However, it is acceptable to blank comments constituting vandalism, internal spam, or harassment or a personal attack. It is also acceptable to identify an unsigned comment. Users are also permitted to remove comments from their own user talk pages. A policy of prohibiting users from removing warnings from their own talk pages was considered and rejected on the grounds that it would create more issues than it would solve. Modifying the wiki language or text of a template in a harmful or disruptive manner. This is especially serious, because it will negatively impact the appearance of multiple pages. Some templates appear on hundreds or thousands of pages, so they are permanently protected from editing to prevent vandalism. Unwelcome, illegitimate edits to another person's user page may be considered vandalism. User pages are regarded as within the control of their respective users and generally should not be edited without the permission of the user to whom they belong. See WP:UP#OWN. This is why there is an edit filter that prevents new and non-(auto)confirmed users from editing user pages other than their own. Related to this is Wikipedia:No personal attacks. A script or "robot" that attempts to vandalize or add spam to a mass of pages. What is not vandalism Although at times the following situations may be referred to colloquially as "vandalism", they are not usually considered vandalism within the context of Wikipedia. However, each case should be treated independently, taking into consideration whether or not the actions violate Wikipedia policies and guidelines. If an editor treats situations which are not clearly vandalism as such, it may harm the encyclopedia by alienating or driving away potential editors. A user who, in good faith, adds content to an article that is factually inaccurate in the belief that it is accurate, is trying to contribute to and improve Wikipedia, not vandalize it. If you believe inaccurate information has been added to an article in good faith, remove it once you are certain it is inaccurate, and consider discussing its factuality with the user who has added it. While intentionally adding nonsense to a page is a form of vandalism, sometimes honest editors may not have expressed themselves correctly (e.g. there may be an error in the syntax, particularly for Wikipedians who use English as a second language). Also, connection errors, browser extensions, or edit conflicts can unintentionally produce the appearance of nonsense or malicious edits. In either case, assume good faith. Bold edits, though they may precede consensus or be inconsistent with prior consensus, are not vandalism unless other aspects of the edits identify them as vandalism. The Wikipedia community encourages users to be bold and acknowledges the role of bold edits in reaching consensus. Uploading or using material on Wikipedia in violation of Wikipedia's copyright policies is prohibited, but is not vandalism unless the user does so maliciously or fails to heed warnings. It is at least as serious an issue as vandalism and persistent offenders will ultimately get blocked, but it is well worth spending time communicating clearly with those who violate copyright as they are far more likely to reform than vandals or spammers. Some users cannot come to an agreement with others who are willing to talk to them about an editing issue, and repeatedly make changes against consensus. Edit warring is not vandalism and should not be dealt with as such. Dispute resolution may help. See also: Tendentious editing. Starting a deletion process in bad faith is disruptive editing, but is not vandalism. However, misusing deletion template messages with no intention to start a deletion process is vandalism by abuse of tags. In short, all vandalism is disruptive editing, but not all disruptive editing is vandalism. The edit summary is important in that it helps other editors understand the purpose of your edit. Though its use is not required, it is strongly recommended, even for minor edits, and is considered proper Wikipedia etiquette. Even a brief edit summary is better than none. However, not leaving edit summaries is not considered vandalism. Users sometimes edit pages as an experiment. Such edits, while prohibited, are treated differently from vandalism. These users should be warned using the uw-test series of user warning templates, or by a talk page message including, if appropriate, a welcome and referral to the Wikipedia sandbox, where they can continue to make test edits without being unintentionally disruptive. Registered users can also create their own sandboxes as a user subpage. If a user has made a test edit and then reverted it, consider placing the message {{uw-selfrevert}}, on their talk page. Pages created as test edits outside of userspace may be deleted under speedy deletion criterion G2. Editing tests are considered vandalism only when a user continues to make test edits despite receiving numerous warnings. Editors are encouraged to be bold. However, making edits to Wikipedia policies and guidelines pages, such as this one, does require some knowledge of the consensus on the issues. If people misjudge consensus, it would not be considered vandalism; rather, it would be an opportunity to discuss the matter with them, and help them understand the consensus. Personal attacks and harassment are not allowed. While some harassment is also vandalism, such as user page vandalism, or inserting a personal attack into an article, harassment in itself is not vandalism and should be handled differently. Inexperienced users are often unfamiliar with Wikipedia's formatting and grammatical standards, such as how to create internal and/or external links or which words should be bolded or italicized, etc. Rather than label such users as vandals, just explain to them what the standard style would be for the issue at hand, perhaps pointing them towards the documentation at How to edit a page, and the like. Some users are not familiar with Wikipedia's purpose or policies and may start editing it as if it were a different mediumโsuch as a forum or blogโin a way that it appears as unproductive editing or borderline vandalism to experienced users. Although such edits can usually be reverted, it should not be treated as vandalism. The neutral point of view policy is difficult for many of us to understand. Even Wikipedia veterans occasionally introduce material which is not ideal from an NPOV perspective. Indeed, we are all affected to a greater extent than we estimate by our beliefs. Though the material added may be inappropriate, it is not vandalism in itself. Even factually correct material may not belong on Wikipedia, and removing such content when it is inconsistent with Wikipedia's content policies is not vandalism. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourcedโwhether the material is negative, positive, neutral, or just questionableโshould be removed immediately and without waiting for discussion, per Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons. Make sure that the removed content is consistent with Wikipedia's standards before restoring it or treating its removal as vandalism. How to spot vandalism Useful ways to detect vandalism include: In all the three methods above, examples of suspicious edits are those performed by IP addresses, red linked, or obviously improvised usernames. A good way to start is to click on every edit in watchlists, histories etc. with the least suspicion of being vandalism. Increased experience will probably give a sense of which edit descriptions are worth to check further and which may likely be ignored. Some descriptions like "Fixed typo" may be vandalism as that is one of the default edit summaries. IP editors should not be approached with the assumption that they are vandals. Although many vandals do vandalize without registering an account, there are many IP editors who are great contributors to Wikipedia. Always read the actual changes made and judge on that, rather than who made the changes or what was entered in the edit summary. How to respond to vandalism Upon discovering vandalism, revert such edits, using the undo function or an anti-vandalism tool. Once the vandalism is undone, warn the vandalizing editor. Notify administrators at the vandalism noticeboard of editors who continue to vandalize after multiple warnings, and administrators should intervene to preserve content and prevent further disruption by blocking such editors. Users whose main or sole purpose is clearly vandalism may be blocked indefinitely without warning. If you see vandalism on a list of changes (such as your watchlist), then revert it immediately. You may use the "undo" button (and the automatic edit summary it generates), and mark the change as minor. It may be helpful to check the page history to determine whether other recent edits by the same or other editors also represent vandalism. Repair all vandalism you can identify. For a new article, if all versions of the article are pure vandalism, mark it for speedy deletion by tagging it with {{Db-g3}}. [a] To make vandalism reverts easier you can ask for the rollback feature to be enabled for your registered Wikipedia account. This feature is only for reverting vandalism and other obvious disruption, and lets you revert several recent edits with a single click. See Wikipedia:Requests for permissions. If you see that a user has added vandalism you may also check their other contributions. If most or all of these are obvious vandalism you may report the user immediately at the Administrator intervention against vandalism noticeboard, though even in this case you may consider issuing a warning message first, unless there is an urgent need to block the user. Otherwise, you can leave an appropriate warning on the user's talk page. Remember that any editor may freely remove messages from their own talk page, so they might appear only in the talk history. If a user continues to cause disruption after being warned, report them also at the Administrator intervention against vandalism noticeboard. An administrator will then decide whether to block the user. For repeated vandalism by a temporary it is helpful to get and trace the IP address (e.g. http://whois.domaintools.com/) and add {{whois|Name of owner}} to the user talk page of the address. If it appears to be a shared IP address, add {{SharedIP|Name of owner}} or {{Shared IP edu|Name of owner}}. The OrgName on the IP trace result should be used as the Name of owner parameter in the above three templates. Sometimes vandalism takes place on top of older, undetected vandalism. With undetected vandalism, editors may make edits without realizing the vandalism occurred. This can make it harder to detect and delete the vandalism, which is now hidden among other edits. Sometimes bots try to fix collateral damage and accidentally make things worse. Check the page history to make sure you're reverting to a "clean" version of the page. Alternatively, if you can't tell where the best place is, take your best guess and leave a note on the article's talk page so that someone more familiar with the page can address the issueโor you can manually remove the vandalism without reverting it. For relatively inexperienced Wikipedians, use these simple steps to quickly respond to what you consider vandalism. This is essentially an abridged version of the above page. If no vandalizing edits appear in the page's edit history, or the vandalism obscures the page tabs so you can't easily access the history or edit the page, it is probably template or Cascading Style Sheets vandalism. These are often not difficult to fix, but can be confusing. To access the page history or edit the page when the "View history" or "Edit" tabs are inaccessible, use Wikipedia keyboard shortcuts. You can also access the history through a vandalism patrolling tool if you're using one, or from your watchlist if you are watching the page), or from your user contributions if you have edited the page. Or, enter the URL manually into the address bar of your browser: it will take the form https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_article?action=edit or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_article?action=history. If vandalizing edits do not appear in the page history, the vandalism is likely in a transcluded template instead of the page itself. To find the template page, edit the article (using Wikipedia keyboard shortcuts if necessary); toward the bottom of the edit page is a list of all templates transcluded into the page. Look for vandalism in the transcluded templates not protected. Alternatively, look for {{Template name}} or {{Template name|parameter ...}} in the text, approximately where the vandalism appears, then go to the page Template:Template name and revert any vandalism. When you return to the original page, the vandalism should be gone, though you may need to purge the page. Images are occasionally used for vandalism, such as by placing shock or explicit images where they should not be. When an image has been created exclusively for vandalism, it can be requested for speedy deletion: under criterion G3 if hosted on Wikipedia or as vandalism if hosted on Commons (a file repository for Wikimedia Foundation projects). When an image is used for vandalism due to its explicit nature but has legitimate encyclopedic uses (Wikipedia is not censored) or is hosted on Commons and has legitimate uses on other projects, it can be requested for being added to the bad image list, which precludes its addition on any page except those specified. How not to respond to vandalism Warnings See additional templates and examples of output The purpose of warning a user who has vandalized is to inform the user that the user's conduct is abusive and prohibited, and seek the user's compliance. Not all that appears to be vandalism is in bad faith, and a warning can politely advise and correct users unaware of the nature of their actions. A warning may even dissuade a user acting in bad faith from continuing, particularly as the warnings escalate and the user is informed of the consequences of continuing. Warning a user for vandalism is generally a prerequisite to administrator intervention. Because of this, users should be warned for each and every instance of vandalism. A list of user warning templates, with descriptions and instructions for their use, is at Wikipedia:Template messages/User talk namespace. In addition to a series of user warning templates for vandalism, there are series for specific types of vandalism. Use the most specific user warning template for the conduct. The existence of these templates is intended as a convenience, and their use is not required. A specifically tailored note, written personally and directly addressing the problematic behavior is equally as acceptable as a form of warning, and in many cases, will often result in better engagement with the user in question. Assume good faith (such as that the user is simply unaware of the policies and guidelines) unless it is clear that the user is deliberately harming Wikipedia from the outset, for instance in cases of abusive, vulgar, or juvenile vandalism. If you do choose to use warning templates, please choose templates that are appropriate to the type and level of problem in question. If edits are questionable, but not clearly vandalism, consider using lower-level templates (level 1 or 2) and wait for a few further contributions to see if the other editor responds or changes their behavior. If the behavior continues, or if it is clear the edits are in bad faith from the outset, the use of a higher-level template (level 3 or 4) may be appropriate. If, after receiving multiple warnings, the behavior persists past the point where good faith can be extended, or it becomes clear that the user has had the opportunity to notice they have been warned, and they still persist with the problematic behavior, consider reporting them to the Vandalism noticeboard. Response from administrators at the vandalism noticeboard varies depending on the type of vandalism and the specifics of the report. Keep in mind: Because warnings for vandalism are generally a prerequisite to administrator intervention, it is important that users responding to vandalism warn vandalizing users. To inform responding users of this responsibility, use the user warning template {{uw-warn}}. Likewise, incorrect use of user warning templates, even if well-intended, should be identified to the mistaken user. The {{uw-tempabuse}} series of user warning templates may be used, but a detailed talk page message is better. Tracing temporary accounts If you have temporary account IP viewer (TAIV) permissions and believe two temporary accounts are the same person, you can view the IP addresses of the temporary accounts to see if they are the same. If they are not the same but you believe they are still the same person, the owners of the IP addresses can be found using: If an address is not in one registry, it will probably be in another. If you're trying to determine whether a set of IP addresses involved in vandalism is related, a command-line WHOIS query will generally list this information, or can be shown using the Routeviews DNS name server asn.routeviews.org reverse IP look-up to find the CIDR and ASN for a set of IP addresses. This can be done using IP lookup tools. A WHOIS query will typically return NetRange, CIDR, NetName, NetHandle, and OriginAS, all of which identify specific network spaces. Data and labeling vary considerably by WHOIS registrar. The Routeviews data is far more uniformly structured and returns ASN and CIDR as a reverse-lookup TXT query result. It is more useful and faster than WHOIS when checking multiple IP addresses and can be scripted or automated. CIDR identifies a set of related addresses ("network space") and ASN identifies an Autonomous Systemโthat is, a single administrative entity with control over multiple (and often very many) addresses. Some (though not all) abuse from multiple sources does come from such unified spacesโpossibly corresponding to a set of hosts within a single facility. Abuse originating in a short period of time from different IP addresses within the same CIDR or ASN may indicate a dedicated non-distributed attack, as opposed to a distributed denial of service attack. It's possible that a user's source location is being masked by routing traffic through a Proxy server, VPN or the Tor network. Such addresses typically serve many, not just one, person, and though they can be valid present challenges when used for abuse. A proxy VPN is not necessarily detectable, but commercial services may be indicated by the hostname when resolving an IP address. Users of the Tor anonymity network will show the IP address of a Tor "exit node". Lists of known Tor exit nodes are available from the Tor Project's Tor Bulk Exit List exporting tool. See also Further reading Notes |
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Contents Jesse Jackson Jesse Louis Jackson (nรฉ Burns; October 8, 1941 โ February 17, 2026) was an American civil rights activist, LGBTQ rights activist, politician, and ordained Baptist minister. A protรฉgรฉ of Martin Luther King Jr. and James Bevel during the civil rights movement, he became one of the most prominent civil rights leaders of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, and also an ardent and early supporter of LGBTQ rights. From 1991 to 1997, he served as a shadow delegate and shadow senator for the District of Columbia. Born in Greenville, South Carolina, Jackson began his activism in the 1960s and founded the organizations that later merged to form the Rainbow/PUSH Coalition. Expanding his work into international affairs in the 1980s, he became a vocal critic of the Reagan administration and launched a presidential campaign in 1984. Initially viewed as a fringe candidate, he finished third for the Democratic nomination behind former vice president Walter Mondale and Senator Gary Hart. He continued his activism and mounted a second presidential bid in 1988, finishing as the runnerโup for the Democratic nomination to Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis. Jackson did not seek the presidency again, but in 1990 he was elected as the District of Columbia's shadow senator, serving one term during the Bush and Clinton administrations. Although initially critical of President Bill Clinton, he later became a supporter. Jackson hosted Both Sides with Jesse Jackson on CNN from 1992 to 2000. A critic of police brutality, the Republican Party, and conservative policies, he was widely regarded as one of the most influential AfricanโAmerican activists of his era. Early life and education Jackson was born Jesse Louis Burns on October 8, 1941, in Greenville, South Carolina, to Helen Burns (1923โ2015), an 18-year-old high school student, and her 33-year-old married neighbor, Noah Louis Robinson (1908โ1997). His ancestry included Cherokee, enslaved African-Americans, Irish plantation owners, and a Confederate sheriff. Robinson, a former professional boxer, worked for a textile brokerage and was a wellโknown figure in the black community. A year after Jesse's birth, his mother married Charles Henry Jackson, a post-office maintenance worker who later adopted him. Jesse took his stepfather's surname, though he also maintained a close relationship with Robinson as he grew up. He said that he considered both men his fathers. As a child, Jesse Jackson was taunted by other children about his outโofโwedlock birth, and he said these experiences helped motivate him to succeed. Living under Jim Crow segregation laws, he was taught to go to the back of the bus and to use separate water fountainsโpractices he accepted until the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955. He attended a racially segregated school, Sterling High School in Greenville, where he was elected student class president, finished 10th in his class, and earned letters in baseball, football, and basketball. After graduating from high school in 1959, Jackson rejected a contract from a minor-league professional baseball team so that he could attend the University of Illinois on a football scholarship. After his second semester at the predominantly white college, he transferred to North Carolina A&T, a historically black university in Greensboro, North Carolina. Accounts of the reasons for the transfer differed, though Jackson said he changed schools because racial prejudice prevented him from playing quarterback and limited his participation on a competitive publicโspeaking team. Writing an article on ESPN.com in 2002, sociologist Harry Edwards noted that the University of Illinois had previously had a black quarterback, but also observed that black athletes attending predominantly white colleges during the 1950s and 1960s encountered a "combination of culture shock and discrimination". Edwards suggested that Jackson left the University of Illinois in 1960 because he had been placed on academic probation, but the university's president reported in 1987 that Jackson's 1960 freshman transcript was clean and that he would have been eligible to re-enroll at any time. At A&T, Jackson played quarterback and was elected student body president. He became active in local civil-rights protests against segregated libraries, theaters, and restaurants. He graduated with a B.S. degree in sociology in 1964, then attended the Chicago Theological Seminary on a scholarship. He left the seminary in 1966, three classes short of earning his master's degree, to focus full-time on the civil rights movement. He was ordained a minister in 1968 and was awarded a Master of Divinity degree by Chicago Theological Seminary in 2000, based on his previously earned credits and his subsequent work and life experience. Civil rights activism Jackson was known for commanding public attention since he first started working for Martin Luther King Jr. In 1965 he participated in the Selma to Montgomery marches organized by James Bevel, King, and other civil rights leaders in Alabama. Impressed by Jackson's drive and organizational abilities, King soon began giving Jackson a role in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), though he was concerned about Jackson's apparent ambition and attention-seeking. When Jackson returned from Selma, he was charged with establishing a frontline office for the SCLC in Chicago. In 1966, King and Bevel selected Jackson to head the Chicago branch of the SCLC's economic arm, Operation Breadbasket, and he was promoted to national director in 1967. Operation Breadbasket had been started by the Atlanta leadership of the SCLC as a job placement agency for blacks. Under Jackson's leadership, a key goal was to encourage massive boycotts by black consumers as a means to pressure white-owned businesses to hire blacks and to purchase goods and services from black-owned firms. T. R. M. Howard, a 1950s proponent of the consumer boycott tactic, soon became a major supporter of Jackson's efforts โ donating and raising funds, and introducing Jackson to prominent members of the black business community in Chicago. Under Jackson's direction, Operation Breadbasket held popular weekly workshops on Chicago's South Side featuring white and black political and economic leaders, and religious services complete with a jazz band and choir. Jackson became involved in SCLC leadership disputes following King's assassination on April 4, 1968. When King was shot, Jackson was in the parking lot one floor below. Jackson told reporters he was the last person to speak to King, and that King died in his arms, an account that several King aides who were present, disputed. In the wake of King's death, Jackson worked on SCLC's Poor People's Campaign in Washington, D.C., and was credited with managing its 15-acre tent city but he began to increasingly clash with Ralph Abernathy, King's successor as chairman of the SCLC. In 1969, The New York Times reported that several black leaders viewed Jackson as King's successor and that Jackson was one of the few black activists who was preaching racial reconciliation. Jackson believed a conspiracy was involved in King's murder. In 1978, he met with King's convicted assassin, James Earl Ray for four hours. Jackson stated that Ray was involved in King's assassination but did not kill him, and that others who were involved were "still walking the streets". One notable activist involved with Operation Breadbasket who later gained greater prominence was a then-teenage Al Sharpton, who Jackson mentored early on in life and later appointed as youth director of Operation Breadbasket's Brooklyn branch in 1969. Jackson reportedly was seeking to form a coalition with whites in order to approach what were considered racial problems as economic and class problems. "When we change the race problem into a class fight between the haves and the have-nots, then we are going to have a new ball game", he said. In the 21st century, some public school systems are working on an approach for affirmative action that deals with family income rather than race, recognizing that some minority members have been very successful. The Times also indicated that Jackson was being criticized as too involved with middle-class blacks and for having an unattainable goal of racial unity. In the spring of 1971, Abernathy ordered Jackson to move the national office of Operation Breadbasket from Chicago to Atlanta and sought to place another person in charge of local Chicago activities, but Jackson refused to move. He organized the October 1971 Black Expo in Chicago, a trade and business fair to promote black capitalism and grass roots political power. The five-day event was attended by black businessmen from 40 states, as well as politicians such as Cleveland Mayor Carl Stokes, and Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley. Daley's presence was seen as a testament to the growing political and economic power of blacks. In December 1971, Jackson and Abernathy had a complete falling out, with the split described as part of a leadership struggle between Jackson, who had a national profile, and Abernathy, whose prominence from the Civil Rights Movement was beginning to wane. The break began when Abernathy questioned the handling of receipts from the Black Expo, and then suspended Jackson as leader of Operation Breadbasket for not obtaining permission to form non-profit corporations. Al Sharpton, then youth group leader of the SCLC, left the organization to protest Jackson's treatment and formed the National Youth Movement. Jackson, his entire Breadbasket staff, and 30 of the 35 board members resigned from the SCLC and began planning a new organization. Time magazine quoted Jackson as saying at that time that the traditional civil rights movement had lost its "offensive thrust". People United to Save Humanity (Operation PUSH) officially began operations on December 25, 1971; Jackson later changed the name to People United to Serve Humanity. T. R. M. Howard was installed as a member of the board of directors and chair of the finance committee. At its inception, Jackson planned to orient Operation PUSH toward politics and to pressure politicians to work to improve economic opportunities for blacks and poor people of all races. SCLC officials reportedly felt the new organization would help black businesses more than it would help the poor. In 1978, Jackson called for a closer relationship between blacks and the Republican Party , telling the Party's National Committee that "Black people need the Republican Party to compete for us so we can have real alternatives... The Republican Party needs black people if it is ever to compete for national office." In 1983, Jackson and Operation PUSH led a boycott against beer giant Anheuser-Busch, criticizing the company's level of minority employment in their distribution network. August Busch IV, Anheuser-Busch's CEO, was introduced in 1996 to Yusef Jackson, Jesse's son, by Jackson family friend Ron Burkle. In 1998, Yusef and his brother Jonathan were chosen by Anheuser-Busch to head River North Sales, a Chicago beer distribution company, leading to controversy. "There is no causal connection between the boycott in 1983 and me meeting in the middle '90s and me buying this company in 1998," said Yusef. In 1984, Jackson organized the Rainbow Coalition and resigned his post as president of Operation PUSH in 1984 to run for president of the United States, though he remained involved as chairman of the board. PUSH's activities were described in 1987 as conducting boycotts of business to induce them to provide more jobs and business to blacks and as running programs for housing, social services, and voter registration. The organization was funded by contributions from businesses and individuals. In early 1987 the continued existence of Operation PUSH was imperiled by debt, a fact that Jackson's political opponents used during his race for the 1988 Democratic Party nomination. In the mid-1990s, the Operation PUSH and Rainbow Coalition organizations were merged. On July 16, 1960, while he was home from college, Jackson joined seven other African Americans in a sit-in at the Greenville Public Library in Greenville, South Carolina, which only allowed white people. The group was arrested for "disorderly conduct". Jackson's pastor paid their bond, the Greenville News said. DeeDee Wright, another member of the group, later said they wanted to be arrested "so it could be a test case." The Greenville City Council closed both the main library and the branch black people used. The possibility of a lawsuit led to the reopening of both libraries September 19, also the day after the News printed a letter written by Wright. In 1984, Jackson and Coretta Scott King sent letters to Florida governor Bob Graham asking him to halt the scheduled execution of James Dupree Henry, a black man convicted of killing Z. L. Riley, an Orlando based civil rights leader. Jackson met with Graham, but was unable to persuade him, and Henry was executed on September 20. LGBT rights activism Jesse Jackson was an ardent and early supporter of LGBT rights. In 1984, while seeking the 1984 Democratic presidential nomination, he became the first person to mention gays and lesbians in a major party convention speech when he included gays and lesbians as part of the fabric of American society in his speech to the 1984 Democratic National Convention, saying that "[...] the lesbian, the gay, [...] make up the American quilt" and that "The rainbow includes lesbians and gays. No American citizen ought to be denied equal protection from the law.". In 1987, while seeking the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination, Jackson was one of the leaders of the Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights. In 1993, he spoke at the March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay, and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation, saying "No more homophobia. Letโs respect people, protect people. Everyone is somebody". In 2004, Jackson spoke out in support of same-sex marriage in a speech in Massachusetts, which had become the first state to establish marriage rights for same-sex couples, saying that "Gays deserve the right of choice to choose their own partners". In 2010, Jackson attended a rally at the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which was then considering a case challenging Proposition 8, saying that "We stand with you today to support marriage equality and to declare that Proposition 8 must be struck down as unconstitutional. Peopleโs right to self-expression, self-determination, be respected and affirmed. Itโs time to challenge ignorance, a time to break the silence and the chains of hatred, of divisive and discriminatory bigotry. Marriage is based on love and commitment โ not on sexual orientation. I support the right for any person to marry the person of their choosing", that "LGBT people deserve equal rights โ including marriage equality โ and equal protection under the law. Discrimination against one group of people is discrimination against all of us. The state โ and the courts โ should not sanction discrimination", and that gays and lesbians are "Americaโs newest second-class citizens". In 2012, when President Barack Obama came out in support of same-sex marriage in the United States, Jackson supported him, saying that "This is a bold step in the right direction for equal protection under the law for all citizens", and compared the fight for equality for gays and lesbians and the fight for same-sex marriage to the fight for equality for blacks, the fight for inter-racial marriage, the fight against anti-miscegenation laws, the fight for the rights for blacks to vote, and the fight against slavery. International activism Jackson's influence extended to international matters in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1983, he traveled to Syria to secure the release of a captured American pilot, Navy Lt. Robert Goodman, who was being held by the Syrian government. Goodman had been shot down over Lebanon while on a mission to bomb Syrian positions in that country. After Jackson made a dramatic personal appeal to President Hafez al-Assad, Goodman was released. The Reagan administration was initially skeptical about Jackson's trip, but after Jackson secured Goodman's release, Reagan welcomed Jackson and Goodman to the White House on January 4, 1984. This helped to boost Jackson's popularity as an American patriot and served as a springboard for his 1984 presidential run. In June 1984 Jackson negotiated the release of 22 Americans being held in Cuba after an invitation by Cuban president Fidel Castro. On the eve of the 1991 Persian Gulf War, Jackson made a trip to Iraq to plead with Saddam Hussein for the release of foreign nationals held there as "human shields", securing the release of several British and 20 American individuals. Jackson was an outspoken advocate for the end of the racial apartheid regime in South Africa, lobbying Pope John Paul II and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev against the South African government; Jackson accompanied anti-apartheid leader (and future president) Nelson Mandela on Mandela's release from his long imprisonment in South Africa. In 1997, Jackson traveled to Kenya to meet with Kenyan President Daniel arap Moi as United States President Bill Clinton's special envoy for democracy to promote free and fair elections. In April 1999, during the Kosovo War and the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, he traveled to Belgrade to negotiate the release of three U.S. POWs captured on the Macedonian border while patrolling with a UN peacekeeping unit. Along with Serbian American congressman Rod Blagojevich, he met with then-Yugoslav president Slobodan Miloลกeviฤ, who later agreed to release the three men. Jackson's negotiation was not sanctioned by the Clinton administration. Next, Jackson spoke on February 15, 2003, to over an estimated one million people in Hyde Park, London at the culmination of the anti-war demonstration against the imminent invasion of Iraq by the U.S. and the United Kingdom. In November 2004, Jackson visited senior politicians and community activists in Northern Ireland in an effort to encourage better cross-community relations and rebuild the peace process and restore the governmental institutions of the Belfast Agreement.[failed verification] In August 2005, Jackson traveled to Venezuela to meet with President Hugo Chรกvez after controversial remarks by televangelist Pat Robertson which implied that Chรกvez should be assassinated. Jackson condemned Robertson's remarks as being immoral. After meeting with Chรกvez and addressing the Venezuelan Parliament, Jackson said there was no evidence that Venezuela posed a threat to the U.S. He also met representatives from the Venezuelan African and indigenous communities. In 2013, Jackson attended Chรกvez's funeral. He told Wolf Blitzer that "democracies mature" and incorrectly said that the first 15 U.S. presidents owned slaves (John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, and James Buchanan did not have slaves). Jackson said that the U.S. had come very far since that era. In 2005, he was enlisted as part of the United Kingdom's Operation Black Vote, a campaign Simon Woolley ran to encourage more of Britain's ethnic minorities to vote in political elections ahead of the 2005 UK general election. In 2009, Jackson served as a speaker for the International Peace Foundation on the topic "Building a culture of peace and development in a globalized world". He visited multiple locations in Malaysia, including the Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in Thailand, including NIST International School in Bangkok. Political activism During the 1980s, Jackson achieved wide fame as a politician and a spokesman for civil rights issues. In May 1983, Jackson became the first African-American man since Reconstruction to address a joint session of the Alabama Legislature, where he said it was "about time we forgot about black and white and started talking about employed and unemployed". Art Harris saw Jackson as "testing the waters for a black presidential candidacy down South". In June, Jackson delivered a speech to 4,000 black Baptist ministers in Memphis bemoaning the fact that only one percent of American public officials were African-American despite blacks making up 12 percent of the population; the crowd responded with chants for him to "Run". Jackson's address to the National Congress of American Indians and touring of southern Texas to test his appeal among Hispanics fueled speculation that he would run for president. On November 3, 1983, Jackson announced his campaign for president of the United States in the 1984 election, becoming the second African American (after Shirley Chisholm) to mount a nationwide campaign for president as a Democrat. Jackson's candidacy divided support among black politicians, and even prominent African Americans such as Coretta Scott King, who supported his right to run, refrained from endorsing him due to their belief he would not win the nomination. Among black office-holders, Jackson received the support of former Mayor of Atlanta Maynard Jackson, and Mayor of Newark Kenneth A. Gibson. Jackson entered the race after most prominent Democrats including Senator Gary Hart, and former Vice President Walter Mondale. In December, he was endorsed by National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. chairman T. J. Jemison, and lost the endorsement of the Alabama Democratic Conference, the largest black political organization in Alabama, to Mondale. In January, Jackson participated in the first Democratic debate in Hanover, New Hampshire. Although Jackson campaign issues coordinator Frank Watkins said the campaign did not "have to spend but a moment's time on how to utilize TV, because he understands that better than any of the other candidates and most of their media advisers", his performance was criticized for being "either wrong or uninformed". Neither Jackson or Senator Fritz Hollings campaigned prolifically in Iowa ahead of the Iowa caucuses, which Mondale won. Jackson took part in the February 24 League of Women Voters-sponsored debate, and The New York Times wrote that Jackson "provided the most dramatic exchange of the 90-minute program when Barbara Walters, the ABC News interviewer who was the moderator, asked him if he had made anti-Semitic statements, including referring to Jews as 'Hymies.'" Hart defended Jackson as having "no derogatory feelings in his soul"; Hart won the New Hampshire primary. At the end of February, Jackson announced his supporters would file a lawsuit against state election rules that he deemed racially motivated, specifically targeting "dual registration" and "second primaries". Jackson, Mondale, and Hart took part in the March 28 debate, where Jackson interjected as Mondale and Hart argued over Central American policy. Jackson's reply, according to Howell Raines, "won him the only bursts of applause from an audience of 200 people at the Low Memorial Library who witnessed what was almost certainly the most tense of the debates." Jackson won the April 15 primary in his home state of South Carolina with 34.4 percent of the vote, receiving twice as many delegates as Mondale and Hart. At the start of May, Jackson won the District of Columbia and Louisiana primaries. More Virginia caucus-goers supported Jackson than any other candidate, but Mondale won more Virginia delegates. Jackson received the most black support of any candidate in the Georgia, Alabama, and Florida primaries, where massive registration drives targeted at black voters led to a 69 percent increase in voter turnout from 1980 in Georgia and Alabama. A March 1984 Washington Post-ABC News poll found Jackson in third place with 20 percent support, behind Mondale and Hart with 39 and 32 percent. "By achieving unexpected success in some early primaries and caucuses, Mr. Jackson has apparently unified and raised the expectations of black voters," Raines wrote before noting that his support was based "almost entirely on a minority vote" and pondering whether Jackson had the ability to reach white voters and whether whites were willing to vote for black candidates. The Washington Post credited Jackson with drawing "thousands of black Americans into the political process for the first time", shaking the Democratic Party's status quo, and "inspiring black pride generally by his strong showing in many primaries and his performances in candidate debates." Chairman of the D.C. Democratic State Committee Theodis Gay said that Jackson's campaign "puts blacks in particular back in touch with an identityโa feeling of self-worth and of hope." Overall, Jackson received three-quarters of the black vote in the Democratic primary. A New York Times/CBS News Poll found that black Democrats preferred Mondale to Jackson as the Democratic nominee by a margin of 5 to 3. In May, Jackson complained that he had won 21% of the popular vote but was awarded only 9% of the delegates. He said afterward that he had been handicapped by party rules. While Mondale (in the words of his aides) was determined to establish a precedent by picking a woman or a visible minority as his vice-presidential candidate, Jackson criticized the screening process as a "p.r. parade of personalities". He mocked Mondale, saying that Hubert Humphrey was the "last significant politician out of the St. PaulโMinneapolis" area. In the June 5 primaries, Jackson ran third behind Mondale and Hart in each state, and Mondale's victories left him with enough delegates to be considered the presumptive nominee. Mondale signaled his desire to telephone both Hart and Jackson for party unity. In an address to supporters at the Operation PUSH headquarters, Jackson said that fairness had not been achieved and that he was entitled to help choose both Mondale's running mate and his cabinet in the event he defeated Reagan in November. On July 4, Jackson and Mondale met at the Radisson Muehlebach Hotel for more than two hours. Mondale called the meeting "successful", while Jackson said it was "not complete because there are unresolved matters", though he said that he expected to support Mondale if he was the nominee. Mondale ruled out Jackson as a running mate, citing "sufficient differences between Reverend Jackson and myself". Jackson addressed the 1984 Democratic National Convention in San Francisco on July 17, 1984, where he delivered his famous "Rainbow Coalition" speech. It was the first speech at a national convention to mention gays and lesbians. Jackson said, America is not like a blanketโone piece of unbroken cloth, the same color, the same texture, the same size. America is more like a quilt: many patches, many pieces, many colors, many sizes, all woven and held together by a common thread. The white, the Hispanic, the black, the Arab, the Jew, the woman, the native American, the small farmer, the businessperson, the environmentalist, the peace activist, the young, the old, the lesbian, the gay, and the disabled make up the American quilt. It also featured an apology alluding to comments he made which were considered derogatory to Jews and "answered the longstanding question of his loyalty to the party in the general election". He added: "Even in our fractured state, all of us count and all of us fit somewhere. We have proven that we can survive without each other. But we have not proven that we can win and progress without each other. We must come together." During the convention, Jackson's proposals to ban runoff primaries, decrease defense spending, and pledge the U.S. would not use nuclear weapons first were voted down from the party platform. In spite of this, Jackson reiterated his support for the Democrats, saying that while they could afford to lose the vote, they could not afford to "avoid raising the right questions. Our self-respect and our moral integrity were at stake. Our heads are perhaps bloody, but unbowed. Our back is straight and our vision is clear." On August 29, Jackson met with Mondale again and afterward declared that he had "embraced the mission and support the Mondale-Ferraro candidacy with great fervor" but also that he would "always reserve the right to challenge" Mondale. By September, Jackson had introduced Mondale to the National Baptist Convention and the Congressional Black Caucus, and had gone from a political liability to "mostly a plus for the Democratic ticket, with few minuses". Reagan defeated Mondale in a landslide in the general election, and Thomas Cavanagh of the Joint Center for Political Studies noted that all black challengers lost their elections despite expectations that Jackson's presidential candidacy would increase turnout in their favor. In January 1985, concurrent with the second inauguration of Ronald Reagan, Jackson led several hundred supporters in a procession through downtown Washington to the grounds of the Washington Monument. He stressed that they needed to "keep alive the hopes of those who have fallen through the safety net" and challenge America "to protect the poor". In April, Jackson led a rally to protest the sale of an elderly farmer's form to Kearney Trust Co. outside the Clinton County Courthouse, where he called the gathering of farmers, union labor members, ministers and urban blacks from Kansas City "a rainbow coalition for economic justice". In June, Mayor of the District of Columbia Marion Barry introduced Jackson at the Winston Elementary School, where Jackson said that the "number one threat to the development of this generation is drugs". In June 1986, Jackson delivered a commencement speech at Medgar Evers College in which he bemoaned that many young people were "experiencing an ethical collapse, a spiritual withdrawal, and escaping this reality through drugs, alcohol, sex without love, making unwanted babies and turning on each other with violence". Later that month, after basketball player Len Bias died from cardiac arrest stemming from "cocaine intoxication", Jackson and Representative Charles Rangel called for Reagan to announce a nationwide war on drugs and seek increased funding of federal anti-drug education programs in public schools. During the 1987 Chicago mayoral election, Jackson led an effort to get Chairman Paul G. Kirk to meet with the Cook County party leaders in Chicago to prevent the campaign's deterioration and avoid "dissension and splintering of the Democratic vote". Jackson and his supporters charged that Chicago Democrats would do anything to prevent Harold Washington from being reelected, including campaigning for his Republican challenger. By early 1986, there was speculation that Jackson would run for president again in 1988. In March 1987, he formed an exploratory committee, making him the second potential candidate to do so, after Gary Hart. By April 1987, after previously having spent "all of half a day" in Iowa, Jackson had spent six days there throughout the year and moved his office to the rural part of the state instead of Des Moines. He stressed that farmers and businessmen were akin to unemployed blacks in being negatively affected by the Reagan administration's economic policies. In July, Jackson met with former Governor of Alabama George Wallace for half an hour, calling the former segregationist "one of the most forward of any governor across the South in terms of the sharing of appointments with blacks and whites and women, and the tone of the administration had changed". The meeting was seen as Jackson testing support for a presidential bid. In September, Jackson attended a presidential candidates forum; he embraced the Congressional Black Caucus's positions on education, employment, and defense, and was greeted with chants of "Run Jesse Run" and "Win Jesse Win". On October 11, 1987, Jackson announced his candidacy in the 1988 presidential election. At the time of his announcement, polling showed that he led in nine of the 12 Southern states that would hold primaries or caucuses in March and led the Democratic field at 27 percent. In November, Jackson announced that Speaker of the California State Assembly Willie Brown would serve as his campaign chairman while political strategist Gerald Austin became his campaign manager. Later that month, Jackson announced he would stop his tour of the Persian Gulf to attend the funeral of his friend, Mayor of Chicago Harold Washington, before changing his mind. Jackson's campaign platform included a call for a single-payer system of universal health care; higher taxes on the wealthy and defense spending cuts intended to reduce federal budget deficits and increase education, housing, welfare, and childcare spending; ratifying the Equal Rights Amendment; an executive order to ban discrimination against gays and lesbians in federal agencies, the army, and to recognize gay couples for spousal benefits; reducing the supply and flow of drugs into communities; the creation of a domestic version of the World Bank called the "American Investment Bank" that would have the authority to sell government bonds to rebuild American infrastructure; suspending the development of new nuclear weapons in order to eventually ban them altogether; and "a very different relationship with the Soviet Union" involving a constructive partnership. In 1987, The New York Times called Jackson "a classic liberal in the tradition of the New Deal and the Great Society". Jackson participated in the January 24 University of New Hampshire debate, where he was noted as the "one candidate who stayed away from most of the bitter exchanges" as he assailed the Reagan administration. In the February 8 Iowa caucus, Jackson came in fourth place behind Gephardt, Simon, and Dukakis, though he had quadrupled his support there from his 1984 bid. After losing in New Hampshire to Dukakis by a wide margin, Jackson was seen as having done "well enough to argue that he has expanded his appeal to white voters." In the March 8 Super Tuesday contests, Jackson won Virginia, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. Party leaders saw the results as indicating the beginning of a long three-way race between Dukakis, Jackson, and Gore. As the month progressed, Jackson won Alaska, South Carolina, and Puerto Rico. Jackson scored a surprising victory in the March 26 Michigan primary, defeating Dukakis in a landslide. This made him the front-runner in the race and spurred party officials to actively contemplate that he could be the party's nominee after all. Former Democratic Party chairman Robert S. Strauss said that his Michigan win showed that Jackson "has a kind of power we hadn't expected" and was "a real vulnerability" for Dukakis's campaign. Jackson participated in the March 28 debate at Fordham University, where he was the only candidate greeted by applause, and stressed that government intervention could end homelessness. Mayor of New York City Ed Koch supported Gore and attacked Jackson, saying that Jews "would have to be crazy" to support his campaign and that Jackson lied about his role in the aftermath of King's assassination. Dukakis defeated Jackson in the New York primary, and a distant third-place finish led Gore to drop out of the race. Koch later apologized in a letter, expressing regret "if racial or religious friction resulted" from his comments about Jackson. Jackson narrowly lost the Colorado primary to Dukakis, and was defeated handily by him in the Wisconsin primary the next day. Jackson's showing among Wisconsin's white voters was significantly better than in 1984 but also noticeably lower than pre-primary polling had predicted. The back-to-back victories established Dukakis as the front-runner. Jackson and Dukakis debated each other one-on-one for the first time on April 23. Throughout May, Dukakis won more contests, and Jackson's own staff admitted he no longer could win the nomination. By the end of the Democratic primaries, Jackson had received 6.9 million votes and won 11 contests: seven primaries (Alabama, the District of Columbia, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Puerto Rico, and Virginia) and four caucuses (Delaware, Michigan, South Carolina, and Vermont). The day after the last primaries, Jackson met with Dukakis and they discussed some of Jackson's platform, such as a universal same-day, on-site voter registration and changing the rules for the winner-take-all delegate allocation. Jackson felt he deserved Dukakis's consideration as a running mate. Dukakis agreed, but added that Jackson was of no "special or greater consideration" simply because he finished second in the primaries. Polling in April found a DukakisโJackson ticket would defeat Vice President George H. W. Bush, but that either alone would lose to Bush. Dukakis picked Senator Lloyd Bentsen as his running mate, and Jackson responded that Dukakis had the right to use an approach "making a strategic move to solidify his organization" and that his strategy was to "keep hope alive, to keep focus in our campaign, to keep our delegates and supporters, disciplined detail and full of hope, to put forth the very best expression we can of support on Wednesday, July 20, at nomination time." The dispute between Jackson and Dukakis led Jackson to suggest former President Jimmy Carter would have to mediate their conflict, and they did not reach an agreement until shortly before the 1988 Democratic National Convention began. After Dukakis was nominated, Jackson appeared with Bentsen and Dukakis at a loyalty breakfast where Dukakis told Jackson's supporters that he needed them. By September, former members of Jackson's campaign became involved in a dispute with the Dukakis campaign and the Michigan Democratic Party to "obtain additional jobs, power and money". According to a November 1987 New York Times article, "Most political analysts give him little chance of being nominatedโpartly because he is black, partly because of his unretrenched liberalism." Jackson's campaign was also interrupted by allegations about his half-brother Noah Robinson Jr.'s criminal activity. Jackson was often asked about Robinson, who was often called "the Billy Carter of the Jackson campaign". But his past successes made him a more credible candidate, and he was both better financed and better organized than in 1984. The Washington Post wrote that while Jackson's support "continued to flow predominantly from black districts", his support among white voters allowed him to "claim that he is more than a one-race candidate. Perhaps more to the point, no other candidate was able to generate anything like the total support that Mr. Jackson did." Jackson once again exceeded expectations as he more than doubled his previous results, prompting R. W. Apple of The New York Times to call 1988 "the Year of Jackson". Although Jackson was one of the most liberal members of the Democratic Party, his position on abortion was originally more in line with pro-life views. Less than a month after the 1973 Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade legalized abortion, Jackson began a PUSH campaign against the decision, calling abortion murder and declaring that Jesus and Moses might not have been born if abortion had been available in ancient times. Jackson's strong rhetoric on abortion temporarily alienated one of his major supporters, T. R. M. Howard, a Black physician who performed the procedure. In 1975, Jackson endorsed a plan for a constitutional amendment banning abortion. He also endorsed the Hyde Amendment, which bars the funding of abortions through the federal Medicaid program. In a 1977 National Right to Life Committee News report, Jackson argued that the basis for Roe v. Wadeโthe right to privacyโhad also been used to justify slavery and the treatment of slaves on the plantations. Jackson decried what he believed was the casual taking of life and the decline in society's values. He later changed his views, saying that women have the right to an abortion and that the government should not interfere. In 1988, a pro-life opinion writer in the Washington Post wrote: "He [Jackson] supports federal funding of abortion and says moral positions shouldn't be imposed on public policy. Freedom of choice must prevail. He echoes the arguments that make Democrats the party of abortion." After the leak of the draft decision to overturn Roe v. Wade, Jackson compared the draft to Dred Scott v. Sandford, as both were "preceded by a disingenuous campaign to urge citizens to respect the decisions of the court as grounded in law, not politics". He predicted overturning Roe v. Wade would "spark fierce political battles over basic rights in the states, the Congress, the courts and on the streets". In June 2022, the Supreme Court overruled Roe in Dobbs v. Jackson. After District of Columbia Mayor Marion Barry was arrested, Jackson was under pressure to enter the mayoral race to replace Barry. While Jackson said he was not running for the position, he also said, "that public servants should never say never, and they should never say forever." Jackson talked about running with his 1988 presidential campaign chairman, Joel Ferguson, and Ferguson formally announced Jackson's decision not to enter the race the next day. Jackson instead ran for office as "shadow senator" for the District of Columbia when the position was created in 1991, serving until 1997, when he did not run for reelection. This unpaid position was primarily a lobbying post for statehood for the District of Columbia. In 1990, Jackson attended a dinner honoring the 20th anniversary of The Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, where Bush spoke of the day an African-American would one day be president and teased Jackson by invoking him when mentioning his visit with children in ghettos: "Jesse. I'm talking about little kids. I'm not talking about 49-year-old guys. Let's not rush it." In November 1991, Democratic National Committee chair Ron Brown reported that Jackson had told him that he would not enter the 1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries. A short time later, Jackson formally declared he would not mount a third presidential bid and called for the creation of a "new democratic majority". His decision not to run caused concerns for the future of the Rainbow Coalition, which The New York Times wrote "has only carried political clout in the years when Mr. Jackson has run for President." Governor of Arkansas Bill Clinton insulted Jackson on an open television microphone and called Jackson to apologize. Jackson said focusing on the comments was unhelpful and noted that Clinton was the only one of the then-five Democratic presidential candidates who had not agreed to join Jackson on campaign trips highlighting housing, health, and education issues. On April 26, 1992, Jackson and Clinton had a 40-minute meeting in Clinton's hotel suite and emerged to announce that they were both committed to defeating Bush in the general election. Asked if he was ready to endorse Clinton, Jackson said: "Well, if he wins the nomination of our party, he would be well on his way. We need a new President and we need a new direction. We cannot afford any more of what George Bush represents." After Clinton became the likely nominee, Jackson appealed to the Democratic Party's platform committee to neither "go with the flow on capital punishment" nor "walk soft on right-to-work laws". Although Jackson promised to endorse the party's nominee, his comments were seen as directed toward Clinton. David S. Broder noted Jackson's lessened influence at the 1992 Democratic National Convention and contrasted him with Chairman Brown: "At almost the same moment that Jackson learned he could no longer hold the Democratic Party and its nominee hostage to his demands, Brown was showing he could carry the party and its convention in his hands." In January 1992, Jackson began hosting a CNN talk show, Both Sides with Jesse Jackson. The program featured guests representing opposite sides of a single issue and was among the few programs on CNN hosted by a liberal. In February 2026, it was revealed that Jackson and Clinton had been friends since they first met in Little Rock, Arkansas during the 20th anniversary celebration of the integration of Little Rock Central High School in 1977. Jackson was initially critical of Bill Clinton's moderate "Third Way" policies. Peter Beinart alleged that Clinton was "petrified about a primary challenge from Jackson in the 1996 U.S. presidential election. But Jackson became a key ally in gaining African-American support for Clinton and eventually became a close adviser and friend of the Clinton family. His son Jesse Jackson Jr. was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois. In the mid-1990s, Jackson was approached about being the United States Ambassador to South Africa but declined the opportunity in favor of helping his son run for the House. However, he would in October 1997 accept an offer by Clinton and Secretary of State Madeleine Albright to serve as "Special Envoy of the President and Secretary of State for the Promotion of Democracy in Africa". On August 29, 1993, Jackson joined gatherers at the Lincoln Memorial to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, walking arm-in-arm with United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Henry Cisneros and United States Attorney General Janet Reno. In September 1996, Jackson visited rapper Tupac Shakur in the hospital after he was wounded in a drive-by shooting. Jackson said the real issue was "the violent culture we live inโthe survival of the fittest that too often calls for revenge". SFGATE criticized his remark as "off the mark" in characterizing Shakur as a victim of a violent society. In 1997, Jackson backed Al Sharpton in his bid for mayor of New York City, denouncing Alan Hevesi for refusing to support Sharpton in the event that he won the primary, calling it "the worst conceivable time for polarizing statements and positions by responsible leaders". Sharpton lost the Democratic primary to Ruth Messinger, who lost the general election to incumbent Rudy Giuliani. In March 2000, Jackson criticized Giuliani's handling of the Patrick Dorismond shooting, saying that there was "something that is not well about his response to unarmed people being shot by police." Mayoral spokesman Curt Ritter responded: "Jesse Jackson, Dov Hikind and Alan Hevesi have joined the political pile-on team being captained by Al Sharpton in the name of Hillary Clinton." In 1998, Clinton's affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky became public, and his lying under oath about the affair led to an impeachment inquiry by the House. In an interview with The Washington Post, Jackson explained his opposition to Clinton's removal from office: "The punishment of impeachment does not correspond to the nature of Mr. Clinton's lack of candor. What he did does not fit the definition of high crimes; it was a little crime." On December 17, Jackson led a prayer vigil outside the U.S. Capitol for the purpose of increasing the visibility of those opposed to Clinton's impeachment. The House impeached Clinton the next day. On November 18, 1999, seven Decatur, Illinois high school students were expelled for two years after participating in a brawl at a football game. The incident was caught on home video and became a national media event when CNN ran pictures of the fight. After the students were expelled, Jackson argued that the expulsions were unfair and racially biased, and called on the school board to reverse its decision. In March 1999, Jackson announced he would not be a candidate in the 2000 U.S. presidential election, saying that he intended to continue championing the causes of education and health care reform and highlighting the "ongoing shame of our nationโthe explosive growth of the prison-industrial complex." In August, Jackson criticized Republican Governor of Texas and presidential candidate George W. Bush as showing no leadership after the murder of James Byrd Jr. by not pushing any hate-crime bills. On March 1, 2000, Jackson endorsed Vice President Al Gore, saying that he brought "to the table a body of invaluable accomplishments as a former congressman, senator and vice president." Gore won the nomination, and Jackson addressed the 2000 Democratic National Convention. Gore faced Bush in the general election, where the close race in Florida led to the Florida election recount. On November 10, Jackson attended a rally in West Palm Beach and called for the Justice Department to investigate the "widespread disgrace across this state", noting Palm Beach County had confusing and illegal ballots that failed to adhere to state laws mandating that voters make their choice to the right of the candidate's name. On December 5, Jackson joined Florida Black Caucus members in filing a civil rights suit charging that minority voters in Duval County were discarded at higher rates than those of whites. Jackson noted 27,000 votes from Duval County were not counted on election night and most of them came from black inner-city neighborhoods. Gore conceded the election weeks later. Jackson responded to Bush's victory with plans for a national demonstration at federal buildings to coincide with Bush's inauguration and the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr., which Jackson said would adhere to King's message of nonviolent civil disobedience to raise awareness of equality. On January 20, 2001, Bill Clinton's final day in office, Clinton pardoned Congressman Mel Reynolds, John Bustamante, and Dorothy Rivers; Jackson had requested pardons for them. Jackson had also requested a pardon for his half-brother Noah Robinson who had been convicted of murdering Leroy Barber and sentenced to life imprisonment, but Clinton did not pardon Robinson on the grounds that Robinson had already submitted three pardon appeals, all of which the Justice Department had denied. The 2000 recount was not the last time Jackson clashed with Governor of Florida Jeb Bush. After Bush nominated Jerry Regier for the Department of Children and Families in 2002, Jackson joined Democrats who criticized a 1989 paper, which listed Reiger as co-chairman of the authoring group, that endorsed spanking to the point of bruises and welts and opposed married women having careers. Jackson said: "In some sense, Mr. Regier is an extension of Mr. Bush's ideology. These are his convictions and that's why he's going to stand by him." In June 2004, Jackson rebuked Bush for requesting counties purge felons from voting rolls, calling it "a typical South (tactic), denying the right to vote based on race and class." Bush called Jackson's comments "outrageous" and said the civil rights leader was "past his prime." In early 2005 Jackson visited Terri Schiavo's parents and supported their unsuccessful bid to keep her alive, which Bush also supported, one of the few times Jackson and Bush backed the same cause. After the September 11 attacks, and in the lead-up to the United States invasion of Afghanistan, Jackson said on September 26 that he had been invited by the Taliban to lead a "peace delegation" to the country; he had previously undertaken several such independent missions to negotiate the release of overseas American hostages. Jackson said he was reluctant, but that he was carefully considering the visit, saying, "If we can do something to encourage them to dismantle those terrorist bases, to choose to hand over the suspects and release the Christians rather than engage in a long bloody war, we'll encourage them to do so." The father of one of eight Christian missionaries held in Kabul on charges of proselytizing had made an appeal to Jackson that Jackson called "compelling". There was later some confusion as to where the offer of mediation had come from; the Taliban ambassador to Pakistan was quoted as saying, "We have not invited him [Jackson], but he has made an offer to mediate which has been accepted by our leader, Mullah Mohammad Omar." The White House advised against the visit, reiterating its commitment not to negotiate with the Taliban. Ultimately, Jackson rejected the offer, citing the lack of progress made by a Pakistani delegation, calling the Afghan response "a mistake on their part and strangely suspicious." In a 2002 interview, Jackson said there was "a new America" and the world was abandoning the Jeffersonian democracy that coexisted with slavery in favor of "King democracy", named for his former mentor who "fundamentally changed democracy." In November, African Americans Against Exploitation Inc., which included Jesse Lee Peterson as a plaintiff, filed suit against Jackson alleging that he "intentionally misrepresented himself as an official of the African American race." Jackson responded that it was "a nuisance lawsuit with no basis in law or fact." That year, Jackson was a target of a white supremacist terror plot. On September 1, 2003, Jackson was among those arrested for blocking traffic at Yale University as they showed their solidarity with striking clerical, dining hall and maintenance workers. He was the first person handcuffed. On June 23, 2007, Jackson was arrested in connection with a protest at a gun store in Riverdale, a low-income suburb of Chicago. He and others were protesting due to allegations that the gun store had been selling firearms to local gang members and was contributing to the decay of the community. According to police reports, Jackson refused to stop blocking the front entrance of the store and let customers pass. He was charged with one count of criminal trespassing. In February 2004, Jackson delivered an address at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, where he called for southern voters to turn away from the fears and despair that led to their support of Bush in 2000. Jackson also said the wartime credentials of John Kerry, the front-runner for the Democratic presidential nomination, would make him a formidable opponent for Bush and urged those feeling powerless to get involved. Jackson addressed the 2004 Democratic National Convention. In the general election, Jackson traveled with Kerry, and stumped for him in battleground states. Kerry lost to Bush. In 2005, the Federal Election Commission ruled that Jackson and the Democratic National Committee had violated electoral law and fined them $200,000 (equivalent to $307,800 in 2024). In March 2006 an African-American woman accused three white members of the Duke University men's lacrosse team of raping her. During the ensuing controversy, Jackson stated that his Rainbow/PUSH Coalition would pay for the rest of her college tuition regardless of the outcome of the case. The case against the three men was later thrown out and the players were declared innocent by the North Carolina Attorney General. Jackson took a key role in the scandal caused by comedian Michael Richards's onstage racist tirade at the Laugh Factory in November 2006. Richards called Jackson a few days after the incident to apologize; Jackson accepted Richards' apology and met with him publicly as a means of resolving the situation. Jackson also joined Black leaders in a call for the elimination of the "N-word" throughout the entertainment industry. In March 2007, Jackson declared his support for then-Senator Barack Obama in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries. He later criticized Obama in 2007 for "acting like he's white" in response to the Jena 6 beating case. On July 6, 2008, during an interview with Fox News, a microphone picked up Jackson whispering to fellow guest Reed Tuckson: "See, Barack's been, ahh, talking down to black people on this faith-based... I want to cut his nuts off." Jackson was expressing his disappointment in Obama's Father's Day speech chastising absent Black fathers. Subsequent to an interview with Fox News, Jackson apologized and reiterated his support for Obama. On November 4, Jackson attended the Obama victory rally in Chicago's Grant Park. In the moments before Obama spoke, Jackson was seen in tears. In November 2009, the Congressional Black Caucus honored Jackson for the 25th anniversary of his 1984 presidential campaign. Of Obama's health care reform proposal, Jackson said: "We even have blacks voting against the health care bill. You can't vote against health care and call yourself a black man." His comments were interpreted as a dig at Representative Artur Davis, the only member of the caucus to vote against the proposal, and political observers said that Jackson's criticism could benefit Davis, who was then a candidate in the 2010 Alabama gubernatorial election and positioning himself as a moderate Democrat. Davis lost the Democratic primary to Ron Sparks. In August 2010, Jackson participated in the "Jobs, Justice and Peace" march in Detroit, which he said was held to show Obama and other leaders that Detroit needed a focused urban policy. Shannon Jones of World Socialist Web Site criticized the march as "little more than a campaign rally for the Democratic Party, which has overseen wholesale job and wage cuts in Detroit and nationally while escalating military violence around the world" and in actuality "a demonstration in support of the American ruling class drive, spearheaded by the Obama administration, to put in place a permanent lowering of wages and living conditions in the US." In 2011, Wayne Barrett wrote that Obama's embrace of Sharpton had "as much to do with the president's antipathy for three other black leadersโJesse Jackson, Dr. Cornel West and Tavis Smileyโas it does with any genuine White House enthusiasm for the controversial New York preacher." In 2012, Jackson commended Obama's 2012 decision to support gay marriage and compared the fight for marriage equality to the fight against slavery and the anti-miscegenation laws that once prevented interracial marriage. He favored federal legislation extending marriage rights to gay people. After the shooting of Trayvon Martin in February 2012, Jackson joined Martin's parents as they demanded the arrest of his killer, George Zimmerman, and called for repealing stand-your-ground laws to discourage "vigilante" behavior. Zimmerman was arrested, and later acquitted of second-degree murder. Jackson responded to the acquittal by refusing to accept it, comparing it to the acquittals in the cases of Emmett Till and Medgar Evers. He called for protesters to do nothing that "would diminish the moral authority of Trayvon Martin as a martyr in this case" and for the Justice Department to file civil rights charges against Zimmerman. The Department of Justice concluded that there was not sufficient evidence of Zimmerman violating Martin's civil rights. In July 2013, Jackson met with Marissa Alexander and called for Angela Corey to use her influence to get Alexander's 20-year sentence reduced. He contrasted Alexander's sentence with Zimmerman's acquittal: "A woman was not guilty of shooting or killing anyone is in jail for 20 years. A man who did kill someone is walking free. The gap is too great." In January 2015, Alexander was released from a jail in Jacksonville, Florida under a plea deal changing her sentence to three years which she had already served. The shooting of Michael Brown ignited unrest in Ferguson, Missouri. Jackson wrote an op-ed addressing Ferguson in which he declared that "there has been no significant urban, suburban, small town or rural policy to rebuild America" since Lyndon B. Johnson and that urban and rural communities "have significantly deteriorated during the past 46 years of neglect." In an MSNBC interview, Jackson likened the shooting to a state execution and requested that the White House create a policy to address ills in black urban communities. He marched to the site of Brown's shooting with other protesters and led them in prayer, warning them that they could "reshape an iron while it's hot, but don't destroy yourself in the process." After Robert McCulloch chose to not indict Brown's shooter, Darren Wilson, Jackson requested the involvement of a federal grand jury in the case. In January 2015, Jackson participated in a panel discussion at Stanford University in Stanford, California, calling for Palo Alto residents to combat gentrification even if it meant marching to company headquarters in Silicon Valley. He met with Silicon Valley leaders. In June, after Dylann Roof killed nine people at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in downtown Charleston, South Carolina, Jackson and Sharpton joined Governor Nikki Haley, Senator Tim Scott, and Mayor of Charleston Joseph P. Riley Jr. in attending funerals of the victims. In an op-ed, Jackson said the shooting was "the result of institutionalized racism, centuries of dehumanization and the current denial of economic and political equality of opportunity", and urged Obama, Congress, governors, and state legislatures "to all put the same effort, resources and energy into ending the crime of racism, economic injustice and political denial throughout the nation". Jackson declined to endorse either Hillary Clinton or Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Democratic presidential primary, citing his longtime associations with both. After Clinton secured the nomination, Jackson endorsed her. In July, Republican nominee Donald Trump released a video condemning the police killings of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile. Jackson admitted the video contained "significant remarks" but faulted Trump for his past involvement in the birther movement and past rhetoric that had "helped to seed these clouds". Days before the election, Jackson cited several reasons for voters to support Clinton over Trump, including the possible repeal of the Affordable Care Act and the appointment of U.S. Supreme Court justices and urged them to "join the right side of history". Trump defeated Clinton in the general election, and Jackson shortly thereafter wrote an op-ed for The Guardian saying that Trump "must prove he is worthy of the office by immediately going to work uniting the country he has done so much to divide." Jackson attended the Women's March on Washington, where he said that both a half-century of civil rights and the right to vote had been threatened. In April, he participated in the Miami, Florida, Hispanicize conference, where he called the Trump administration's efforts to set up deportation camps "Germanesque" and denounced the more than 30 Hispanic-owned firms who put in a bid to construct the border wall. When he visited St. John Baptist Church in Orlando, Jackson stated his support for the Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity investigating the suppression of minority voters, noting that between 1.3 and 1.7 million voters were ineligible to vote in Florida due to felony convictions. In September, he gave a speech at the Ministers March for Justice, saying, "Trump says you must be able to speak the language of English, [be] qualified and have a job skill. Jesus would not qualify to come in Trump's country. Trump would not qualify to get into Jesus' kingdom." After Colin Kaepernick was not signed by the NFL for kneeling during the national anthem, and Trump denounced players who joined Kaepernick in kneeling in protest, Jackson urged a boycott of the NFL as long "as their boycott of Colin Kaepernick continues" and said that Trump should instead focus on helping victims of Hurricane Maria. In January 2018, Jackson delivered a sermon at a church in Fort Washington, Maryland, in which he accused Trump of being misleading and called him a "man of inherited wealth and privilege who seems to have no understanding of our situation". Ahead of the 50th anniversary of King's assassination, Jackson wrote an op-ed for The New York Times reflecting on King's accomplishments and his continued relevance in current struggles. He asserted that those "who value justice and equality must have the will and courage to follow him." In September, Jackson attended the Angela Project Conference with Congressman John Yarmuth and Mayor of Louisville Greg Fischer, noting injustices in America such as wealth inequality and the disproportionate number of imprisoned African-Americans. Jackson also said that both the Devil and Trump were temporary and would be outlasted by "the Lord". In February 2019, after Jussie Smollett was reported to have been assaulted in a hate crime, Jackson called the attack an attempt at a "barbaric lynching". Although Trump condemned the assault, Jackson charged him with emboldening bigots through his rhetoric and actions, warning of the revival of demeaning and bullying. Smollett was later charged with falsifying the attack, and Jackson was among those who wrote to the judge handling the case, requesting leniency for Smollett as he had already been "excoriated and vilified in the court of public opinion" and had his professional reputation "severely damaged". After Trump attacked Congresswoman Ilhan Omar with multiple false claims, Jackson warned that Trump was "making people afraid of her, and it's going to produce violence", noting King's assassination came after he was "defamed" and "vilified by the government." Jackson and his son Jesse Jr. sent Trump a letter requesting that he pardon former Governor of Illinois Rod Blagojevich, the father-son pair declaring that they stood with the Blagojevich family "as they seek a full pardon for a father and husband that has served most of a sentence that was far longer than the offense deserved". During the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, Jackson delivered food to activists occupying the Venezuelan embassy in Washington, D.C. In June, Jackson went to Alvin S. Glenn Detention Center to encourage inmates to vote as part of a voter registration drive in South Carolina with particular focus on students, seniors, and working-class residents. Months later, he visited Paine College to further encourage voting, saying America was "being torn asunder by inviting Russia and China and Iran and others into the election process. The gap isn't between black and white so much as it's between the have and the have-nots." In November, Jackson spoke at the funeral of former Representative John Conyers. In June 2019, as Biden prepared to deliver remarks for Rainbow PUSH in his capacity as a candidate in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Jackson said he did not understand Biden's previous support for segregated school busing but believed "he's changed" and expressed his opposition to states' rights. In March 2020, Jackson endorsed Bernie Sanders in the primary. He said that Sanders made several commitments to him, and it was reported that he requested Sanders pick an African-American woman as his running mate. Sanders dropped out of the race a month later, and Biden became the Democratic presidential nominee. As the 2020 election neared, Jackson said that Trump had left "African Americans in the deepest hole with the shortest rope" and predicted "African Americansโand particularly African-American womenโwill vote overwhelmingly for Joe Biden". Biden defeated Trump in the general election, fulfilling Jackson's prediction by winning an overwhelming majority of the black vote. Ahead of Biden's inauguration, Jackson wrote an op-ed calling for "an aspirational agendaโan agenda that reveals the scope of action needed to meet the challenges we face, and that provides hope and galvanizes support" and pressed for Biden to demonstrate bold action and leadership. In June 2020, after the killing of Breonna Taylor, Jackson praised Mayor of Louisville Greg Fischer for announcing a review of police conduct and policies and criticized Senator Rand Paul for delaying a bill that would make lynching a hate crime. In September, Jackson and Jacob Blake's uncle Justin marched in Kenosha, Wisconsin, and spoke at Grace Lutheran Church, where he condemned Blake's and Taylor's shooting deaths. In October, Jackson met with the Taylor and Blake families and led a march with them in Evanston, Illinois. After police officer Derek Chauvin murdered George Floyd, Jackson traveled to Minnesota and called for Michael O. Freeman to press charges against the four Minneapolis Police Department officers involved in Floyd's murder. Jackson said protests should continue "until something happens" and advocated for protesters to obey social distancing protocols in order to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Chauvin was convicted of Floyd's murder in April 2021. Jackson appeared with the Floyd family at a press conference shortly after the verdict, where he told attendees that they would have to "learn to live together as brothers and sisters and not die apart". Jackson supported the withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan, calling it "long past time to end the folly in Afghanistan" and "long past time to start investing in the future of America's children and in meeting the existential threat posed by climate change." On August 3, 2021, Jackson and several others were arrested after protesting for Congress to end the filibuster, protect voting rights and raise the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour. In 2022, he wrote to an Argentinian judge in defense of the leaders of a yoga school who had been accused of forcing women into prostitution. Ahead of the 2023 State of the Union Address, Jackson wrote an op-ed calling for Biden "to lay out a planโand to call the Congress to act" by extending the Child Tax Credit to low-income workers and the poor, making voter registration automatic, limiting big money in politics, and reviving the Voting Rights Act. On March 5, Jackson attended an event on the Edmund Pettus Bridge commemorating the 59th anniversary of Bloody Sunday and spoke with Biden. In July 2023, Jackson announced his plans to step down as the leader of Rainbow/PUSH. His decision was caused by his advanced age as well as health complications: Jackson was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2017 and was hospitalized twice in 2021, after testing positive for COVID-19 and then after a head injury. Chicago Mayor Brandon Johnson said that Jackson was "an architect of the soul of Chicago... His faith, his perseverance, his love, and his relentless dedication to people inspire all of us to keep pushing for a better tomorrow". Al Sharpton, a civil rights activist, said he considers Jackson his mentor, "the resignation of Reverend Jesse Jackson is the pivoting of one of the most productive, prophetic, and dominant figures in the struggle for social justice in American history". In May 2024, Jackson wrote in The Chicago Maroon about the Gaza war. He condemned the October 7 attacks, but said that Israel's response an attack on Palestinian civilians was a "massacre". He expressed support for pro-Palestinian protests on college campuses and compared them to divestment campaigns for South Africa, which were proposed in the 1960s but did not ramp up until the mid-1980s. Electoral history Personal life Jackson married Jacqueline Lavinia Brown (born 1944) on December 31, 1962, and together they had five children, including political commentator Santita (1963), former U.S. representative Jesse Jr. (1965) and U.S.representative Jonathan Luther (1966). Jackson's younger brother, Charles "Chuck", was a singer with the vocal group The Independents and, as a solo artist, released two albums in the late 1970s. Along with his songwriting partner and fellow producer, Marvin Yancy, he was largely responsible for launching the career of Natalie Cole. On May 25, 1987, Jackson was made a Master Mason on Sight by Grand Master Senter of the Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Illinois, thereby becoming a Prince Hall Freemason. Jackson had friendships with Ted Kennedy, Bernie Sanders, Aretha Franklin, Bobby Bland, Elijah Cummings, John Lewis, Maxine Waters, and Michael Jackson. In January 2001, it was revealed that Jackson had had an affair with a staffer, Karin Stanford, which resulted in the birth of a daughter in May 1999. According to CNN, in August 1999 the Rainbow Push Coalition paid Stanford $15,000 (equivalent to $28,990 in 2025) in moving expenses and $21,000 (equivalent to $40,590 in 2025) for contracting work. A promised advance of an additional $40,000 against future contracting work was rescinded once the affair became public. This incident prompted Jackson to withdraw from activism for a short period. He was paying $4,000 a month in child support as of 2001. CNN suspended, and later canceled, Both Sides with Jesse Jackson. In September 2008, Jackson was admitted to Northwestern Memorial Hospital after experiencing dehydration and stomach pains. Doctors diagnosed him with viral gastroenteritis. In November 2017, he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. In August 2021, he and his wife were hospitalized with COVID-19 at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago. Later in August, on the 27th, it was reported that he had been transferred to a rehabilitation facility, while his wife had been moved to the intensive care unit. She was released from the hospital on September 4, while Jackson continued to receive care for Parkinson's. In 2025, Jackson was hospitalized in Chicago from November 14th to the 24th. Rainbow PUSH said that his diagnosis had been changed in April 2025 to progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), a neurodegenerative condition which can resemble Parkinsons' symptoms. Among those who visited him during his stay were Bill and Hillary Clinton, Al Sharpton, and Greg Mathis. In December, his family announced that he was in an acute nursing facility in stable condition and was expected to return home soon. He was discharged from the facility on December 22. Death, tributes and funeral plans Jackson died at his home in Chicago on February 17, 2026, at the age of 84. His family announced his death on social media. Tributes were published from U.S. President Donald Trump, Al Sharpton, William Barber, former US Presidents Bill Clinton (in a joint statement with wife Hillary), Barack Obama (in a joint statement with wife Michelle), and Joe Biden, attorney Ben Crump, Chuck Schumer, Martin Luther King III, former US Vice President Kamala Harris, former Ambassador Andrew Young, South Carolina Governor Henry McMaster, South Carolina US Senators Lindsey Graham and Tim Scott, Alveda King, Hakeem Jeffries, Rahm Emanuel, Brandon Johnson, Raphael Warnock, Bernice King, Frank Scott Jr., South Carolina Congressman Jim Clyburn, South Carolina State Representative Wendell Gilliard, Benedict College and King Charles III. Governor Josh Stein ordered all U.S. and North Carolina flags at state facilities be lowered to half-staff from sunrise Feb. 19 through sunset Feb. 28 Also lowering the flag during this period: Governor J.B. Pritzker of Illinois On February 18, Jackson's family revealed that as part of his celebration of life services, Jackson will lie in state at the Rainbow/PUSH headquarters in Chicago the following week, followed by a church service and final celebration on February 28. Plans were subsequently expanded to include celebrations in South Carolina and Washington, DC. Legacy Ebony Magazine named Jackson to its "100 most influential black Americans" list in 1971. In 1979, Jackson received the Jefferson Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged. In 1988, the NAACP awarded Jackson its President's Award, and the next year, the organization awarded him the Spingarn Medal. In 1991, Jackson received the American WhigโCliosophic Society's James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service. In 1999, Jackson received the Golden Doves for Peace journalistic prize awarded by the Italian Research Institute Archive Disarmo. In 2000, Bill Clinton awarded Jackson the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest honor bestowed on civilians. In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante included Jackson on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans. In 2008, Jackson was presented with an Honorary Fellowship from Edge Hill University. In an AP-AOL "Black Voices" poll in February 2006, Jackson was voted "the most important black leader". In 2009, Jackson inherited the title of the High Prince of the Agni people of Cรดte d'Ivoire from Michael Jackson. That same year, he was crowned Prince Cรดte Nana by Amon N'Douffou V, King of Krindjabo, who rules more than a million Agni tribespeople. Jackson and his wife were also titleholders in the Nigerian chieftaincy system. In 2015, Jackson was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor Honoris Causa from the University of Edinburgh, in recognition of decades of campaigning for civil rights. In 2021, Jackson was appointed Commander of the Legion of Honor, France's highest order of merit, presented by French president Emmanuel Macron, for his work in civil rights. That same year, Jackson was elected an Honorary Fellow of Homerton College, Cambridge. In 2022, Jackson received an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Benedict College. In 1987, Donald Rheem stated that Jackson was "one of the most successful black leaders in American history, with 25 years of public service as a self-styled country preacher pushing voter registration, inner-city economic development, and a moral message telling blacks to get off drugs and get on with a fulfilling life." For The Harvard Crimson, David J. Barron wrote that Jackson had "become the undisputed leader of Blacks partly on the strength of his call for young Blacks to recognize that despite their disadvantages they are 'somebody.'" Jackson was often called a civil rights icon and was praised as a gifted orator. His 1980s presidential campaigns are seen as historic and credited with increasing black voter turnout, exceeding expectations, and paving the way for Barack Obama's 2008 campaign. Former Democratic National Committee Chairwoman Donna Brazile commended Jackson for helping "to enable a new generation of African Americans to serve" through his presidential campaign. Herb Benham claimed Jackson last had "credibility" when he was involved with Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Operation PUSH, and marching with King, which he added was "so many decades ago that it makes the corporate-blackmailing, publicity-sniffing, knee-jerking Jackson seem as if he has had two livesโone respectable and one not." Jackson was also charged with exploiting racial divides for his gain, Larry Elder writes that Jackson, Sharpton, Farrakhan, and Bill Clinton have had careers predicated "on exaggerating the extent and the impact of anti-black white racism" and had each "earned a nice living promoting the bogus anti-black-white-racism-remains-a-serious-problem narrative." A proponent of marriage, Jackson was accused of hypocrisy for fathering a child out of wedlock. In October 2021, renowned television judge Greg Mathis described Jackson as "my most impactful mentor," with the two first meeting when Jackson visited the jail Mathis was being held in. According to Mathis, it was Jackson who "suggested I get my GED, go to college and become an activist." Jackson was criticized for calling Jews "Hymies" and New York City "Hymietown" in 1984 remarks to a black reporter for The Washington Post; "Hymie" is a pejorative term for Jews. He had mistakenly assumed the references would not be printed. Louis Farrakhan made the situation worse by issuing, in Jackson's presence, a public warning to Jews that "If you harm this brother [Jackson], it will be the last one you harm." During a speech before national Jewish leaders in a Manchester, New Hampshire synagogue, Jackson publicly apologized to Jews for his remarks but did not denounce Farrakhan's warning. A rift between Jackson and many in the Jewish community endured until at least the 1990s. According to a 1987 article in The New York Times, Jackson began attempting to improve his relationship with the Jewish community after 1984. In 2000, he was invited to speak in support of Jewish U.S. senator and vice-presidential nominee Joe Lieberman at the Democratic National Convention. After the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, the deadliest attack on the Jewish community in the U.S., Jackson joined other clergy at Congregation Sukkat Shalom in Wilmette to honor the 11 victims, saying: "When nine black lives were lost at Charleston, rabbis were there for us. Now we are here for this community." On March 8, 2020, Jackson endorsed Bernie Sanders, who is Jewish, for president. See also References Bibliography External links |
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Editing Portal:Current events/2026 February 21 The daily current events "blank" boxes are now generated daily by an efficient bot, so the instructions below this only apply if the bot has been disabled. If you reached this page via the current date box's "edit" link, check whether the portal box has already been initiated, and already contains the following (parsed) wiki code (use copy/paste from the code below, if necessary, to correct any syntax errors): Then save the page, before adding any news items. This will help insure the new day displays according to the current events portal design. Note that the above items: CURRENTYEAR, CURRENTMONTH, and CURRENTDAY, all will display as positive integers once the page is saved.For example, the code to generate March 27, 2009 (Friday) in the box should appear as {{Current events|year=2009|month=3|day=27|content=... Click on the small "edit" link in the top right corner of the box that you want to edit. Only administrators are allowed to edit the actual page. Copy and paste: โ โ ยฐ โฒ โณ โ โ โค โฅ ยฑ โ ร รท โ โ ยท ยง Sign your posts on talk pages: ~~~~ Cite your sources: <ref></ref> {{}} {{{}}} | [] [[]] [[Category:]] #REDIRECT [[]] <s></s> <sup></sup> <sub></sub> <code></code> <pre></pre> <blockquote></blockquote> <ref></ref> <ref name="" /> {{Reflist}} <references /> <includeonly></includeonly> <noinclude></noinclude> {{DEFAULTSORT:}} <nowiki></nowiki> <!-- --> <span class="plainlinks"></span> Symbols: ~ | ยก ยฟ โ โก โ โ โ โข ยถ # โ โนโบ ยซยป ยค โณ เธฟ โต ยข โก โข $ โซ โฏ โฌ โ โฃ ฦ โด โญ โค โณ โฅ โฆ โง โฐ ยฃ แ โจ โช เงณ โฎ โฉ ยฅ โ โฃ โฅ โฆ ๐ซ โญ โฎ โฏ ๐ช ยฉ ยผ ยฝ ยพ Latin: A a ร รก ร ร ร รข ร รค ว ว ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ ร รฃ ร
รฅ ฤ ฤ
ร รฆ วข วฃ B b C c ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ ร รง D d ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ แธ แธ ร รฐ E e ร รฉ ร รจ ฤ ฤ ร รช ร รซ ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ แบผ แบฝ ฤ ฤ แบธ แบน ฦ ษ ฦ ว ฦ ษ F f G g ฤ ฤก ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤ ฤข ฤฃ H h ฤค ฤฅ ฤฆ ฤง แธค แธฅ I i ฤฐ ฤฑ ร รญ ร รฌ ร รฎ ร รฏ ว ว ฤฌ ฤญ ฤช ฤซ ฤจ ฤฉ ฤฎ ฤฏ แป แป J j ฤด ฤต K k ฤถ ฤท L l ฤน ฤบ ฤฟ ล ฤฝ ฤพ ฤป ฤผ ล ล แธถ แธท แธธ แธน M m แน แน N n ล ล ล ล ร รฑ ล
ล แน แน ล ล O o ร รณ ร รฒ ร รด ร รถ ว ว ล ล ล ล ร รต วช วซ แป แป ล ล ร รธ ล ล ฦ ษ P p Q q R r ล ล ล ล ล ล แน แน แน แน S s ล ล ล ล ล ลก ล ล ศ ศ แนข แนฃ ร T t ลค ลฅ ลข ลฃ ศ ศ แนฌ แนญ ร รพ U u ร รบ ร รน ร รป ร รผ ว ว ลฌ ลญ ลช ลซ ลจ ลฉ ลฎ ลฏ ลฒ ลณ แปค แปฅ ลฐ ลฑ ว ว ว ว ว ว ว ว V v W w ลด ลต X x Y y ร รฝ ลถ ลท ลธ รฟ แปธ แปน ศฒ ศณ Z z ลน ลบ ลป ลผ ลฝ ลพ ร ร รฐ ร รพ ล ล ฦ ษ Greek: ฮ ฮฌ ฮ ฮญ ฮ ฮฎ ฮ ฮฏ ฮ ฯ ฮ ฯ ฮ ฯ ฮ ฮฑ ฮ ฮฒ ฮ ฮณ ฮ ฮด ฮ ฮต ฮ ฮถ ฮ ฮท ฮ ฮธ ฮ ฮน ฮ ฮบ ฮ ฮป ฮ ฮผ ฮ ฮฝ ฮ ฮพ ฮ ฮฟ ฮ ฯ ฮก ฯ ฮฃ ฯ ฯ ฮค ฯ ฮฅ ฯ
ฮฆ ฯ ฮง ฯ ฮจ ฯ ฮฉ ฯ {{Polytonic|}} Cyrillic: ะ ะฐ ะ ะฑ ะ ะฒ ะ ะณ า า ะ ั ะ ะด ะ ั ะ ะต ะ ั ะ ั ะ ะถ ะ ะท ะ
ั ะ ะธ ะ ั ะ ั ะ ะน ะ ั ะ ะบ ะ ั ะ ะป ะ ั ะ ะผ ะ ะฝ ะ ั ะ ะพ ะ ะฟ ะ ั ะก ั ะข ั ะ ั ะฃ ั ะ ั ะค ั ะฅ ั
ะฆ ั ะง ั ะ ั ะจ ั ะฉ ั ะช ั ะซ ั ะฌ ั ะญ ั ะฎ ั ะฏ ั ฬ IPA: tฬช dฬช ส ษ ษ ษก ษข สก ส ษธ ฮฒ ฮธ รฐ ส ส ษ ส ส ส รง ส ษฃ ฯ ส ฤง ส ส สข ษฆ ษฑ ษณ ษฒ ล ษด ส ษน ษป ษฐ ส โฑฑ ส ษพ ษฝ ษซ ษฌ ษฎ ษบ ษญ ส ส ษฅ ส ษง สผ ษ ษ ส ษ ส ส ว ว ว ว ษจ ส ษฏ ษช ส ส รธ ษ ษต ษค ษ ษ ษ ล ษ ษ ษ ส ษ รฆ ษ ษถ ษ ษ สฐ สฑ สท สฒ ห หค โฟ หก ห ห ห ห ฬช {{IPA|}} Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help): |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/2026_February_21&action=history] | [TOKENS: 75] |
Portal:Current events/2026 February 21: Revision history For any version listed below, click on its date to view it. For more help, see Help:Page history and Help:Edit summary. (cur) = difference from current version, (prev) = difference from preceding version, m = minor edit, โ = section edit, โ = automatic edit summary |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines] | [TOKENS: 3014] |
Contents Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines Wikipedia's policies and guidelines are developed by the community to describe best practices, clarify principles, resolve conflicts, and otherwise further our goal of creating a free, reliable encyclopedia. There is no need to read any policy or guideline pages to start editing. The five pillars are a popular summary of the most pertinent principles. Although Wikipedia generally does not have hard-and-fast rules, policies and guidelines are standards all users should normally follow, with guidelines providing guidance in specific contexts. Policies and guidelines should be applied using reason and common sense. Policy and guideline pages are living documents that attempt to describe the actual practice of experienced editors. When consensus exists, they are updated as needed to reflect changes in editor behaviour. This policy page specifies the community standards related to the organization, life cycle, maintenance of, and adherence to policies, guidelines, and related pages of the English Wikipedia. It does not cover other editions of Wikipedia. Derivation Wikipedia is operated by the not-for-profit Wikimedia Foundation, which reserves certain legal rightsโsee the Wikimedia Foundation's Policies page for a list of its policies. See also Role of Jimmy Wales. Nevertheless, normally Wikipedia is a self-governing project run by its community. Its policies and guidelines are intended to reflect the consensus of the community. Role Policies have wide acceptance among editors and describe standards all users should normally follow. All policy pages are in Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines and Category:Wikipedia policies. For summaries of key policies, see List of policies. Guidelines are sets of best practices supported by consensus. Editors should attempt to follow guidelines, though they are best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply. Guideline pages can be found in Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines and Category:Wikipedia guidelines. For summaries of key guidelines, see List of guidelines. Essays are the opinion or advice of an editor or group of editors. They may not be supported by a widespread consensus. They do not necessarily speak for the entire community and may be created and written without approval. Essays the author does not want others to edit, or that overtly contradict consensus, belong in the user namespace. Other administration pages in the project namespace include: Adherence Use common sense in interpreting and applying policies and guidelines; rules have occasional exceptions. However, those who violate the spirit of a rule may be reprimanded or sanctioned even if they do not technically break the rule. Whether a policy or guideline is an accurate description of best practice is determined through consensus. Shortcuts On discussion pages and in edit summaries, shortcuts are often used to refer to policies and guidelines; for example, WP:NORWP:NOR (no original research), WP:NPOVWP:NPOV (neutral point of view), and WP:BLPWP:BLP (biographies of living persons). Similar shortcuts are also used for other types of project pages, like essays and how-to guides. Thus a shortcut does not necessarily imply the linked page has policy or guideline status or has been widely accepted by the community. When referencing shortcuts or policy pages, verify they support the points you're making. The names of the policy and guideline pages and shortcuts can be misleading. Enforcement If an editor violates the community standards described in policies and guidelines, other editors will warn the person to adhere to acceptable norms of conduct, though editors will resort to more forceful means if the behavior continues, such as administrator and steward actions. Gross violations are met with harder enforcement. Going against the principles set out on these pages, particularly policy pages, is unlikely to prove acceptable, although it may be possible to convince others an exception ought to be made. This means individual editors (including you) enforce and apply policies and guidelines. In cases where it is clear a user is acting against policy (or against a guideline in a way that conflicts with policy), especially if they are doing so intentionally and persistently, that user may be temporarily or indefinitely blocked from editing by an administrator. In cases where the dispute resolution procedure has been ineffective, the Arbitration Committee deals with highly disruptive or sensitive situations. Content Policy and guideline pages should: Not part of the encyclopedia Wikipedia has many policies and guidelines about encyclopedic content. These standards require verifiability, neutrality, respect for living people, and more. The policies, guidelines, and process pages themselves are not part of the encyclopedia. They do not generally need to conform to the same content standards or style conventions as articles. It is not necessary to provide reliable sources to verify administrative pages, or to phrase procedures or principles in a neutral manner, or to cite an outside authority in determining editorial practices. Instead, the content of these pages is controlled by community-wide consensus, and the style should emphasize clarity, directness, and usefulness. These pages do, however, need to comply with Wikipedia's legal and behavioral policies, as well as policies applicable to non-content pages. For example, editors may neither violate copyrights nor edit-war anywhere on Wikipedia. Life cycle Many of the most well-established policies and guidelines have developed from principles that have been accepted as fundamental since Wikipedia's inception. Others developed as solutions to common problems and disruptive editing. Policy and guideline pages are seldom established without precedent and require strong community support. Policies and guidelines may be established through new proposals, promotion of essays or guidelines, and reorganization of existing policies and guidelines through splitting and merging. Essays and information pages may be established by writing them and adding {{essay}}, {{Information page}}, {{Wikipedia how-to}}, or a similar template to the page. Current policy and guideline proposals can be found in Category:Wikipedia proposals, and failed ones at Category:Wikipedia failed proposals. All editors are welcome to comment. Proposals for new guideline and policy pages require discussion and a high level of consensus from the entire community for promotion to guideline or policy status. Simply adding the {{policy}} or {{guideline}} template to a page without the required consensus does not mean the page is policy, even if the page summarizes or copies existing policies. Most commonly, new policies or guidelines document established practices, rather than proposing a change to what experienced editors already choose to do. A common path for proposals follows these steps: The first step is to write the best initial proposal you can. Authors can request early-stage feedback at Wikipedia's village pump for idea incubation or from any active relevant WikiProjects. Amendments to a proposal can be discussed on its talk page. It is crucial to improve a proposal in response to feedback received from outside editors. Consensus is built through a process of listening to and discussing the proposal with many other editors. Once you think the initial proposal is well written, and the issues involved have been sufficiently discussed among early participants to create a proposal that has a solid chance of success with the broader community, start a request for comment (RfC) about your policy or guideline proposal in a new section on the proposal's talk page. Include the {{rfc|policy}} tag, along with a brief, time-stamped explanation of the proposal. Then, if you want, you can provide a detailed explanation of what the page does and why you think it should be a policy or guideline. The {{Proposal}} template should be placed at the top of the proposed page; this tag will get the proposal properly categorized. The RfC should typically be announced at the policy and/or proposals village pumps, and you should notify other potentially interested groups. If your proposal affects a specific content area, then related WikiProjects can be found at the WikiProject directory. If your proposal relates to an existing policy or guideline, then leave a note on the talk page of the related policy or guideline. For example, proposed style guidelines should be announced at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style, which is the main guideline for style issues. Try to identify the subcategory of guideline or policy (see {{Subcat guideline}} template). Proposals involving contentious subjects or wide-ranging effects should normally be listed on Wikipedia:Centralized discussion for the duration of the RfC. Rarely, a particularly important proposal may be advertised via a watchlist notice; sitenotices (which are displayed to all readers, not just to active editors) are not used for proposals. RfCs for policy and guideline proposals are normally left open for at least a week or sometimes a couple of months. To avoid later complaints about insufficient notice, it may be helpful to provide a complete list of the groups or pages you used to advertise the proposal on the talk page. Be careful not to canvass, and avoid non-neutral wording. Editors should respond to proposals in a way that helps identify and build consensus. Explain your thoughts, ask questions, and raise concerns. Many editors begin their responses with bold-font 'vote' of support or opposition to make evaluation easier. Closing a discussion requires careful evaluation of the responses to determine the consensus. This does not require the intervention of an administrator; it may be done by any sufficiently experienced impartial editor, not involved in the discussion, who is familiar with all policies and guidelines related to the proposal. The following points are important in evaluating consensus: Discussion may be closed as one of: Promote, No consensus, or Failed. Please leave a short note about the conclusion you came to. Update the proposal to reflect the consensus. Remove the {{Proposal}} template and replace it with another appropriate template, such as {{Subcat guideline}}, {{Policy}}, {{Supplement}}, {{essay}}, or {{Failed proposal}}. See Wikipedia namespace templates for a listing of banners. If a proposal fails, the failed tag should not usually be removed. It is typically more productive to rewrite a failed proposal from scratch to address problems or seek consensus to integrate uncontroversial aspects of it into existing pages, rather than to re-nominate a proposal. An accepted policy or guideline may become obsolete because of changes in editorial practice or community standards, may become redundant because of improvements to other pages, or may represent unwarranted instruction creep. In such situations editors may propose that a policy be demoted to a guideline, or that a policy or guideline be demoted to a supplement, informational page, essay or historical page. In certain cases, a policy or guideline may be superseded, in which case the old page is marked and retained for historical interest. The process for demotion is similar to promotion. A talk page discussion is typically started, the {{Under discussion|status|Discussion Title}} template is added to the top of the project page, and community input is solicited. After a reasonable amount of time for comments, an independent editor should close the discussion and evaluate the discussion and determine whether a consensus has formed to change the status. The {{Disputed tag}} template is typically used instead of {{Under discussion}} for claims that a page was recently assigned guideline or policy status without proper or sufficient consensus being established. Essays, information pages, and other informal pages that are supported by only a small minority of the community are typically moved to the primary author's userspace. These discussions typically happen on the page's talk page, sometimes with an RfC, but they have at times also been conducted at Miscellany for deletion (despite the MFD guidelines explicitly discouraging this practice). Other pages are retained for historical reference and are marked as such. Policies and guidelines can be edited like any other page. It is not strictly necessary to discuss changes or to obtain consensus in advance. However, because policies and guidelines are sensitive and complex, users should take care over any edits, to be sure they reflect the community's view and do not accidentally introduce confusion. The purpose of policies and guidelines is to state what most agree upon, and they should be phrased to reflect the present consensus. Editing a policy/guideline/essay page does not in itself imply an immediate change to accepted practice. It is bad practice to recommend a rejected practice on a policy or guideline page. As explained below, update best practices by editing boldly or by working toward widespread consensus for the change through discussion. Implement. Before making substantive changes to policy and guideline pages, it is sometimes useful to try to establish a reasonable exception to the existing practice. To try to update the existing best practices this way, you may directly deviate from the established practice following the WP:IGNORE and WP:BOLD principles and make the change to mainspace pages. After some time, if there are no objections to the change and/or if a widespread consensus for your change or implementation is reached through discussion, you can then edit policy and guideline pages describing the practice to reflect the new situation. Talk first. Talk page discussion typically precedes substantive changes to a policy. Changes may be made if there are no objections or if the discussion shows there is consensus for the change. Minor edits for grammar and clarity can be made at any time. If the result of discussions is unclear, then it should be evaluated by an administrator or other independent editor, as in the proposal process. Major changes should also be publicized to the community in general; announcements may be appropriate. If wider input on a proposed change is desired, it may be useful to mark the section with the tag {{Under discussion|section|talk=Discussion Title}}. (If the proposal relates to a single statement, use {{Under discussion inline|Discussion Title}} immediately after it.) Or be bold. Although most editors find discussions helpful, especially at well-developed pages, directly editing these pages is permitted by Wikipedia's policies. Consequently, you should not remove any change solely because there was no discussion indicating consensus for the change before it was made. Instead, give a substantive reason for challenging it either in your edit summary or on the talk page. Bold editors of policy and guideline pages are strongly encouraged to follow WP:1RR or WP:0RR standards. Editing a policy to support your own argument in an active discussion may be seen as gaming the system, especially if you do not disclose it when making the edits. If policy and/or guideline pages conflict, one or more pages need to be revised to resolve the conflict so all the conflicting pages accurately reflect the community's actual practices and best advice. As a temporary measure, if a guideline appears to conflict with a policy, editors may assume the policy takes precedence. More commonly, advice pages do not directly conflict, but provide multiple options. For example, Wikipedia:Reliable sources says newspaper articles are generally considered to be reliable sources, and Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine) recommends against newspaper articles for certain technical purposes. Editors must use their judgement to decide which advice is most appropriate and relevant to the situation at hand. Naming The page names of policies and guidelines usually do not include the words "policy" or "guideline", unless required to distinguish the page from another. Finding policies and guidelines Policies and guidelines can be navigated via the directory, categories, the navigation template or by custom search boxes (as seen below). See also Notes Further reading |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)] | [TOKENS: 19354] |
Contents Sudanese civil war (2023โpresent) (Detailed map) 2023120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) 2,950 vehicles104 armored personnel carriers171 vehicles with machine guns Battles War crimes Humanitarian crisis Other Since April 2023, there has been a civil war in Sudan between two factions of the country's military government. The conflict involves the internationally recognized government controlled by the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and consisting of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Republican Guard; and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by General Hemedti, who leads the broader Janjaweed coalition. Smaller armed groups have taken part. Fighting began on 15 April 2023 after a power struggle within the government that had taken power following the 2021 coup. As of 5 February 2025[update] the conflict has caused 12 million people to be forcibly displaced, 9 million internally and 3.5 million have fled the country as refugees, making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has endured chronic instability marked by 20 coup attempts, prolonged military rule, two civil wars and the Darfur genocide. The war erupted amid tensions over the integration of the RSF into the Sudanese Army following the 2021 coup, starting with RSF attacks on government sites in the capital Khartoum, and other cities. The conflict began with the Battle of Khartoum, and there has been fighting in the Darfur region. The capital region was divided between the two factions, and al-Burhan relocated his government to Port Sudan. International efforts, including the 2023 Jeddah Declaration, failed to stop the fighting, while various rebel groups entered the war: the SPLMโNorth attacked the SAF in the south; the Tamazuj movement joined the RSF; and the SAF gained support from factions of the Sudan Liberation Movement and Justice and Equality Movement. By late 2023, the RSF controlled most of Darfur and advanced on Khartoum, taking over most of the capital, Kordofan and Gezira. The SAF regained momentum in 2024, making gains in Omdurman and retaking Khartoum by March 2025. Despite negotiations, no lasting ceasefire has been reached, and the war continues with severe humanitarian consequences and regional implications. In October 2025 the city of El Fasher fell, giving the RSF control over the SAF's last stronghold in Darfur. Additionally, a genocidal massacre is currently taking place within the city and began on 26 October, with 60,000 dead. Other estimates, using satellite information, have been as high as 150,000 dead making this the biggest massacre in the 21st century. Famine is widespread. Sudan faces one of the world's worst humanitarian crises, with 25 million people suffering from severe food insecurity. Four million children are acutely malnourished, including 770,000 at imminent risk of death and famine had been confirmed in several regions. There are extreme shortages of water, medicine and aid access, widespread hospital closures, disease outbreaks, mass displacement, looting of humanitarian supplies, and the near-collapse of education and infrastructure, leaving half the population in urgent need of assistance. The death toll of the war, including fatalities from violence, starvation and disease, is high; thousands remain missing or have been killed in targeted massacres, primarily attributed to the RSF and allied militias. Sixty-one thousand people have died in Khartoum State alone, of which 26,000 were a direct result of the violence. Sexual violence, committed on refugees and during looting, has been widespread. UN under-secretary for humanitarian affairs Tom Fletcher has said that Darfur is the new "epicenter of human suffering in the world" due to the conflict. There have been calls for more aid, legal protections for humanitarian workers, refugee support and an end to international arms supplies to the RSF, particularly by the United Arab Emirates. The US, UK, EU and Canada, imposed sanctions on individuals, companies and entities linked to the SAF and RSF for ceasefire violations and human rights abuses. The UAE has been found to have violated the sanctions, despite denials, shipping Chinese weapons to RSF rebels. The RSF primarily funds its operations through gold exports to the UAE. Many civilians in Darfur have been killed as part of the Masalit genocide. On 7 January 2025, the U.S. said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide. Background Since Sudan gained independence in 1956, the country has experienced 20 military coup attempts, the most of any African nation. Sudan has usually been ruled by the military, interspersed with short periods of democratic parliamentary rule. Two civil warsโ1955โ1972 and 1983โ2005โbetween the central government and the southern regions, killed 1.5 million people and ultimately led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Separately, the conflict in the western region of Darfur displaced two million people and killed more than 200,000. By the turn of the 21st century, Sudan's western Darfur region had endured prolonged instability and social strife due to ethnic tensions and disputes over land and water. In 2003, this situation erupted into a full-scale rebellion against government rule, against which president and military strongman Omar al-Bashir vowed to use forceful action. The resulting War in Darfur was marked by widespread state-sponsored acts of violence, leading to charges of war crimes and genocide against al-Bashir. The initial phase of the conflict left approximately 300,000 dead and 2.7 million forcibly displaced; even though the intensity of the violence later declined, the situation in the region remained far from peaceful. To crush uprisings by non-Arab tribes in the Nuba Mountains, al-Bashir relied upon the Janjaweed, a collection of Baggara Arab militias that were drawn from camel-trading tribes which were active in Darfur and portions of Chad. In 2013, al-Bashir announced that the Janjaweed would be reorganised as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and he also announced that the RSF would be placed under the command of the Janjaweed's commander General Hemedti. The RSF perpetrated mass killings, mass rapes, pillage, torture, and destruction of villages. They were accused of committing ethnic cleansing against the Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa peoples. Leaders of the RSF have been indicted for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC), but Hemedti was not personally implicated in the 2003โ2004 atrocities. In 2017, a new law gave the RSF the status of an "independent security force". Hemedti received several gold mines in Darfur as patronage from al-Bashir, and his personal wealth grew substantially. Bashir sent RSF forces to quash a 2013 uprising in South Darfur and deployed RSF units to fight in Yemen and Libya. During this time, the RSF developed a working relationship with the Russian private military outfit Wagner Group. These developments ensured that RSF forces grew into the tens of thousands and came to possess thousands of armed pickup trucks which regularly patrolled the streets of Khartoum. The Bashir regime allowed the RSF and other armed groups to proliferate to prevent threats to its security from within the armed forces, a practice known as "coup-proofing". In December 2018, protests against al-Bashir's regime began, starting the first phase of the Sudanese revolution. Eight months of sustained civil disobedience were met with violent repression. In April 2019, the military (including the RSF) ousted al-Bashir in a coup d'รฉtat, ending his three decades of rule; the military established the Transitional Military Council, a junta. Bashir was imprisoned in Khartoum; he was not turned over to the ICC, which had issued warrants for his arrest on charges of war crimes. Protests calling for civilian rule continued; in June 2019, the TMC's security forces, which included both the RSF and the SAF, perpetrated the Khartoum massacre, in which more than a hundred demonstrators were killed and dozens were raped. Hemedti denied orchestrating the attack. In August 2019, in response to international pressure and mediation by the African Union and Ethiopia, the military agreed to share power in an interim joint civilian-military unity government (the Transitional Sovereignty Council), headed by a civilian Prime Minister, Abdalla Hamdok, with elections planned for 2023. In October 2021, the military seized power in a coup led by Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Hemedti. The Transitional Sovereignty Council was reconstituted as a new military junta led by al-Burhan, monopolizing power and halting Sudan's transition to democracy. The Sudan Liberation Movement (or Army; SLM, SLA, or SLM/A) is a rebel group active in Darfur, primarily composed of members of non-Arab ethnic groups and established in response to their marginalization by the Bashir regime. Since 2006, the movement has split into several factions due to disagreements over the Darfur Peace Agreement, with some factions joining the government in Khartoum. By 2023, the three most prominent factions were the SLM-Minnawi under Minni Minnawi, the SLM-al-Nur under Abdul Wahid al-Nur, and the SLM-Tambour under Mustafa Tambour. The SLM-Minnawi and SLM-Tambour signed the 2020 Juba Peace Agreement, ceasing hostilities and receiving political appointments, but the SLM-al-Nur refused to sign and kept fighting. The SPLMโN was founded by units of the predominantly South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army stationed in areas that remained in Sudan following the South Sudanese vote for independence in 2011. These forces then led a rebellion in the southern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile a few months later. In 2017, the SPLMโN split between a faction led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and one led by Malik Agar, with al-Hilu demanding secularism as a condition for peace while Agar did not agree with this. During the Sudanese revolution, al-Hilu's faction declared an indefinite unilateral ceasefire. In 2020, a peace agreement was signed between the Sudanese government and Agar's faction, with Agar later joining the Transitional Sovereignty Council in Khartoum. Al-Hilu held out until he agreed to sign a separate peace agreement with the Sudanese government a few months later. Further steps to consolidate the agreement stalled following the 2021 coup, and the al-Hilu faction instead signed an agreement with the SLM-al-Nur and the Sudanese Communist Party, agreeing to co-operate to draft a 'revolutionary charter' and remove the military from power. In the months after the 2021 coup the already weak Sudanese economy steeply declined, fueling wide protests demanding that the junta return power to civilian authorities. Tensions arose between al-Burhan and Hemedti over al-Burhan's restoration to the office of old-guard Islamist officials who had dominated the Omar al-Bashir government. Hemedti saw the appointment of these officials as a signal that al-Burhan was attempting to maintain the dominance of Khartoum's traditional elite over Sudanese politics. This was a danger to the RSF's political position, as said elites were hostile to Hemedti due to his ethnic background as a Darfuri Arab. Hemedti's expression of regret over the October 2021 coup signalled a widening divide between him and al-Burhan. Tensions between the RSF and the SAF began to escalate in February 2023, as the RSF began to recruit members across Sudan. Throughout February and early March the RSF built up in the Sudanese capital of Khartoum, until a deal was brokered on 11 March and the RSF withdrew. As part of this deal negotiations were conducted between the SAF, RSF, and civilian leaders, but these negotiations were delayed and halted by political disagreements. Chief among the disputes was the integration of the RSF into the military: the RSF insisted on a 10-year timetable for its integration into the regular army, while the army demanded integration within two years. Other contested issues included the status given to RSF officers in the future hierarchy, and whether RSF forces should be under the command of the army chief rather than Sudan's commander-in-chief, al-Burhan. On 11 April 2023, RSF forces deployed near the city of Merowe as well as in Khartoum. Government forces ordered them to leave and were refused. This led to clashes when RSF forces took control of the Soba military base south of Khartoum. On 13 April, RSF forces began their mobilization, raising fears of a potential rebellion against the junta. The SAF declared the mobilization as illegal. Course of the war On 15 April 2023, the RSF attacked SAF bases across Sudan, including Khartoum and its airport. There were clashes at the headquarters of the state broadcaster, Sudan TV, which was later captured by RSF forces. Bridges and roads in Khartoum and its hinterland were closed by RSF command. The next day saw a SAF counteroffensive, with the Sudanese Army retaking Merowe Airport alongside the headquarters of Sudan TV and the state radio. The Sudan Civil Aviation Authority closed the country's airspace as fighting began. Telecommunications provider MTN shut down Internet services, and by 23 April there was a near-total Internet outage attributed to attacks on the electricity grid. Sudanese international trade began to break down, with Maersk, one of the largest shipping companies in the world, announcing a pause on new shipments to the country. Hemedti directed his forces to capture or kill al-Burhan, and RSF units engaged in pitched and bloody combat with the Republican Guard. Ultimately al-Burhan managed to evade capture or assassination, but his base at the Sudanese Armed Forces Headquarters was placed under RSF siege, rendering him unable to leave Khartoum. In an interview with Al Jazeera, Hemedti accused al-Burhan and his commanders of forcing the RSF to start the war by scheming to bring deposed leader Omar al-Bashir back to power. He called for the international community to intervene against al-Burhan, claiming that the RSF were fighting against radical Islamic militants. Following the first few days of war the SAF brought in reinforcements from the Ethiopian border. Although a ceasefire was announced for Eid al-Fitr, fighting continued across the country. Combat was described as particularly intense along the highway from Khartoum to Port Sudan and in the industrial zone of al-Bagair. Intercommunal clashes were reported in Blue Nile State and in Geneina. By the beginning of May the SAF claimed to have weakened the RSF's combat capabilities and repelled its advances in multiple regions. The Sudanese police deployed its Central Reserve Forces in the streets of Khartoum in support of the SAF, claiming to have arrested several hundred RSF fighters. The SAF announced it was launching an all-out attack on RSF in Khartoum using air strikes and artillery. Air strikes and ground offensives against the RSF over the next few days caused significant damage to infrastructure, but failed to dislodge RSF forces from their positions. Following further threats to his life from Hemedti, al-Burhan gave a public video address from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, vowing to continue fighting. On 19 May, al-Burhan officially removed Hemedti as his deputy in the Transitional Sovereignty Council and replaced him with former rebel leader and council member Malik Agar. With al-Burhan trapped in Khartoum, Agar became de facto leader of the Sudanese government, assuming responsibility for peace negotiations, international visits and the day-to-day running of the country. International attention to the conflict resulted in the United Nations Human Rights Council calling a special session to address the violence, voting to increase monitoring of human rights abuses. On 6 May, delegates from the SAF and the RSF met directly for the first time in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, for what was described by Saudi Arabia and the United States as "pre-negotiation talks". After diplomatic lobbying from the Saudis and Americans the warring sides signed the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May, vowing to ensure the safe passage of civilians, protect relief workers, and prohibit the use of civilians as human shields. The agreement did not include a ceasefire, and clashes resumed in Geneina, causing more casualties. The United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths expressed frustration at the lack of commitment from both sides to end the fighting. The situation remained volatile, with both sides trading blame for attacks on churches, hospitals, and embassies. Casualties mounted, particularly in Geneina, where Arab militias loyal to the RSF were accused of atrocities against non-Arab residents. A temporary ceasefire was signed and faced challenges as fighting persisted in Khartoum, and the agreed-upon ceasefire time saw further violence. Between 28 and 97 people were reportedly killed by the RSF and Arab militias when they attacked the predominantly Masalit town of Misterei in West Darfur on 28 May. As June began, Khartoum witnessed tank battles resulting in casualties. The RSF took control of several important cultural and government buildings, including the National Museum of Sudan and the Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex. Acute food insecurity affected a significant portion of Sudan's population. By July, al-Burhan was still trapped at the Army Headquarters and unable to leave, and to break him out the SAF elected to send a column of troops to lift the siege of the base. This force was ambushed by the RSF and defeated, with the paramilitary claiming it had killed hundreds of soldiers and captured 90 vehicles, along with the column's commander. In response to the escalating violence in Khartoum, the SAF increased the intensity of their airstrikes and artillery bombardment, leading to heightened civilian casualties often numbering in the dozens per strike. Shelling by the RSF also increased in intensity, leading to many civilian casualties in turn. Heavy fighting continued in Khartoum throughout August, with clashes breaking out across the city. The RSF laid siege to the SAF's Armoured Corps base, breaching its defences and taking control of surrounding neighbourhoods. The SAF also made offensives, with the RSF-controlled Republican Palace and Yarmouk Complex coming under SAF air bombardment. An offensive was launched against Yarmouk, but this was beaten back after the RSF shipped in reinforcements. One of the few remaining bridges between Khartoum and Khartoum North was also destroyed by the SAF, in an attempt to deny the RSF freedom of movement. On 24 August an SAF operation successfully rescued al-Burhan from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, allowing him to head to Port Sudan and hold a cabinet meeting there. Ceasefires between the warring parties were announced but often violated, leading to further clashes. The SAF and RSF engaged in mutual blame for incidents, while the Sudanese government took action against international envoys. The Saudi embassy in Khartoum was attacked and evacuations from an orphanage were carried out amid the chaos. Amidst the turmoil, Sudan faced diplomatic strains with Egypt, leading to challenges for Sudanese refugees seeking entry. With al-Burhan out of Khartoum for the first time since the start of the war, he was able to fly to Egypt and hold a meeting with the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi. Following this visit al-Burhan went on a tour of numerous countries, heading to South Sudan, Qatar, Eritrea, Turkey, and Uganda. He then proceeded to New York City as head of the Sudanese delegation to the 78th United Nations General Assembly, where he urged the international community to declare the RSF a terrorist organization. The Abdelaziz al-Hilu faction of the Sudan People's Liberation MovementโNorth (SPLMโN) broke a long-standing ceasefire agreement in June, attacking SAF units in Kadugli, Kurmuk and Dalang, the latter coinciding with an attack by the RSF. The SAF claimed to have repelled the attacks, while the rebels claimed to have attacked in retaliation for the death of one of their soldiers at the hands of the SAF and vowed to free the region from "military occupation". More than 35,000 were displaced by the fighting. Speculation arose as to whether the attacks were part of an unofficial alliance between al-Hilu and the RSF or an attempt by al-Hilu to strengthen his position in future negotiations concerning his group. Civil society organizations supporting the SPLMโN claimed its operations sought to protect civilians from possible attacks by the RSF. Al-Hilu's faction launched further offensives in July, moving into South Kordofan and gaining control of several SAF bases. In response the SAF brought in artillery and heavily bombarded SPLMโN positions. Further attacks by the group largely petered out after this, with an assault on Kadugli in September being pushed back by the SAF. In February 2025, the SPLMโN (Al-Hilu) signed the Sudan Founding Charter drafted by the RSF-led Government of Peace and Unity, officially allying itself with the RSF. In Darfur, fighting and bloodshed were particularly fierce around the city of Geneina, where hundreds died and extensive destruction occurred. RSF forces engaged in frequent acts of violence against the Masalit population of Geneina, leading to accusations of ethnic cleansing. On 4 August the RSF claimed that it had taken full control over all of Central Darfur. A United Nations investigation discovered numerous mass graves in Darfur that contained Masalit civilians. The RSF and Arab militias were additionally accused of having killed lawyers, human rights monitors, doctors and non-Arab tribal leaders. The governor of West Darfur, Khamis Abakar, was abducted and killed by armed men in June, hours after accusing the RSF of genocide and calling for international intervention in a TV interview. The SAF, for their part, conducted indiscriminate airstrikes against Darfur that killed many civilians, especially in Nyala.[citation needed] Tribal and rebel groups in Darfur began to declare allegiance to one or the other of the warring parties. A faction of the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement led by Mustafa Tambour (SLM-T) joined the conflict in support of the SAF. In contrast the controversial Tamazuj rebel group formally declared its alliance with the RSF, joined by the leaders of seven Arab tribes, including that of Hemedti's. As September arrived both sides made offensives in Darfur. The RSF took control of several towns in West Darfur and also attacked the market of El Fasher, the capital of North Darfur. SAF offensives saw success in Central Darfur, with the Sudanese Army retaking parts of Zalingei from the RSF. Fighting in Darfur also began to increasingly spill over into North Kordofan, with the SAF attacking RSF positions in the state capital of El-Obeid and clashes over the town of Um Rawaba. Both sides made withdrawals to end the month, with the RSF retreating from Um Rawaba while the SAF withdrew from Tawila. By October 2023, the SAF in Darfur was experiencing acute shortages in supplies due to RSF-imposed sieges and had failed to utilize its air superiority to stem RSF advances. On 26 October, the RSF captured Nyala, Sudan's fourth-largest city, after seizing control of the Sudanese Army's 16th Infantry Division headquarters. The fall of Nyala, a strategic city with an international airport and border connections to Central Africa, allowed the RSF to receive international supplies more easily and concentrate its forces on other Sudanese cities. After Nyala's fall, RSF fighters turned their focus to Zalingei, the capital of Central Darfur. The Sudanese Army's 21st Infantry Division, stationed in Zalingei, fled the city without a fight and allowed the RSF to take it over. In Geneina, reports emerged that tribal elders were attempting to broker the surrender of the SAF garrison in the city to prevent bloodshed. The Sudanese Army rejected the proposal, raising fears of an imminent RSF assault on the city and causing civilians to flee across the border into Chad. The RSF besieged the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 15th Infantry Division in Geneina, giving the garrison a six-hour ultimatum to surrender. The base was captured two days later when the 15th withdrew from the area before fleeing to Chad. Those left behind, numbering in the hundreds, were taken prisoner and paraded in RSF media with signs of abuse. Witnesses later reported mass atrocities perpetrated by the RSF in the city shortly after its seizure, with a local rebel group claiming up to 2,000 people were massacred in Geneina's satellite town of Ardamata. With Geneina's fall, Ed Daein and El Fasher were the last remaining capitals in Darfur under government control, with both cities under heavy RSF pressure. The RSF stormed and plundered the town of Umm Keddada, east of El Fasher, after the SAF garrison withdrew. SAF troops in El Fasher itself were reported to be running low on food, water, and medicine due to the city being under siege, and external forces noted the SAF seemed incapable of stopping the RSF advance. Ed Daein fell in the early hours of 21 November, with RSF forces taking control of the city after seizing the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 20th Infantry Division. SAF garrisons in East Darfur subsequently abandoned their positions and withdrew, allowing the RSF to occupy the area. In response to RSF gains in Darfur and subsequent abuses, the Justice and Equality Movement, Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (Minnawi), and other smaller rebel factions renounced their neutrality and declared war on the RSF. Attempts by other nations and international organisations to negotiate peace had largely been dormant since the failure of the Treaty of Jeddah, but in late October the RSF and SAF met once more in Jeddah to attempt to negotiate peace. This new round of talks was a failure, with neither side willing to commit to a ceasefire. Instead, the warring factions agreed to open channels for humanitarian aid. On 3 December 2023 negotiations were indefinitely suspended due to the failure of both the SAF and the RSF to open up aid channels. With the failure of the talks in Jeddah, the East African Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) hosted a peace summit in early December. Earlier attempts by IGAD to open negotiations had floundered after the SAF had accused Kenyan President William Ruto of supporting the RSF. IGAD's talks appeared to make more progress than the Jeddah negotiations, with Hemedti and al-Burhan agreeing to meet in person at some point in the future. The RSF attacked the town of Wad Ashana in North Kordofan on 1 October along a key commercial route. In West Kordofan, an uptick in fighting was reported, with the RSF assaulting a "vital" oil field in Baleela, south of Al-Fulah. Geolocated footage showed RSF fighters celebrating around Baleela Airport after allegedly capturing it. The Battle of Khartoum continued with the RSF seizing the town of al-Aylafoun, southeast of the capital, on 6 October. In the process, the paramilitary gained control of key oil infrastructure. By late October the RSF controlled most of Khartoum but had failed to seize key military bases, while al-Burhan's government had largely relocated to Port Sudan. The RSF sought to capitalize on its gains by stepping up attacks on SAF positions in Khartoum and Omdurman. Days of fighting culminated in the destruction of the Shambat Bridge, which connected Khartoum North to Omdurman over the Nile; the bridge's destruction severed a critical RSF supply route. This effectively cut the RSF off from its forces in Omdurman, giving the SAF a strategic advantage. In an attempt to gain a new crossing over the Nile and supply its forces in Omdurman, the RSF launched an assault on the Jebel Aulia Dam in the village of Jabal Awliya. As Jebel Aulia could not be destroyed without flooding Khartoum, its capture would give the RSF a path over the Nile the SAF could not easily remove. A week-long battle commenced over the dam and its surrounding village, which ended in an RSF victory. The force captured the dam on 20 November, and all SAF resistance ceased in the village the following day. On 5 December, local militias along with RSF soldiers attacked SPLMโN (al-Hilu) forces in the village of Tukma, southeast of Dalang in South Kordofan, resulting in the deaths of four people and the destruction of the village. The RSF leadership, not wanting hostilities with the then-neutral al-Hilu faction to escalate, issued a statement condemning this attack and denouncing it as "tribal violence". On 8 December, the RSF entered Gedaref State for the first time. Pushing south from their gains around Jebel Aulia and Khartoum, RSF forces began to move into Gezira State on 15 December, advancing toward its capital Wad Madani. Elsewhere in Gezira the RSF made major gains, taking control of the city of Rufaa in the state's east and entering the Butana region. After several days of fighting the RSF seized the Hantoob Bridge on Wad Madani's eastern outskirts, crossing the Blue Nile and entering the city. The Sudanese Army put up little resistance in Wad Madani itself, the 1st Division withdrawing from the city as the RSF took over. The fall of Wad Madani was viewed as a major blow to the SAF, as it dramatically widened the frontline and opened up large parts of the country to potential RSF offensives. The city's fall allowed the RSF to capture most of Gezira and to make inroads in White Nile State, capturing the town of El Geteina. Within a few days RSF fighters had advanced to within 25 km of Sennar, the largest city in Sennar State. Over the next few weeks RSF forces ventured into rural areas of Al Qadarif State and River Nile State, without establishing a significant presence. In Sennar State the RSF made some further minor advances but had not attacked Sennar City by the year's end. Amid the deteriorating situation, the SAF were reported to be arming civilians while government officials in the east called on the population to mobilize. Al-Burhan gave a widely promoted public speech to soldiers in Red Sea State, promising to arm civilian militias to fight the RSF and to fight against 'colonialism', which was viewed by observers as a reference to Emirati support for the RSF. By January 2024, the war's economic costs had surpassed all prior armed conflicts since Sudanese independence in 1956 due to extensive destruction of infrastructure, particularly in urban areas such as the capital city of Khartoum. Following the fall of Wad Madani, efforts by IGAD to negotiate a ceasefire made progress as the SAF's weakened position made them more eager to enter talks. Whereas previously opposition from Islamist political groups to negotiation had prevented al-Burhan from committing to a specific date, now both he and Hemedti agreed to meet on 28 December. A day before the meeting was due, it was cancelled as Hemedti recanted his desire to attend. Instead the RSF leader went on a diplomatic tour, travelling on a chartered Emirati jet and meeting with several African national leaders. One visit that was particularly promoted was his visit to Rwanda, where he met with Rwandan President Paul Kagame and visited the Kigali Genocide Memorial. On the tour Hemedti also met with former Prime Minister Hamdok and his Taqaddum organisation in Addis Ababa, with the RSF agreeing in a declaration negotiated with the Taqaddum to release political prisoners, open up humanitarian aid corridors and negotiate further with the SAF. This tour was regarded by observers as an attempt by Hemedti to portray himself as the leader of Sudan and improve his international image, as his reputation had been severely damaged since the fall of Wad Madani due to large-scale looting by RSF fighters. On 5 January, al-Burhan vowed to continue the war against the RSF and rejected the latest peace efforts, declaring that war crimes committed by the RSF precluded negotiation. On 14 January, both Hemedti and Burhan received official invitations from IGAD to attend its upcoming summit on 18 January. Hemedti accepted the invitation, but Burhan refused. On 16 January, the Sudanese government suspended its ties with IGAD, accusing the body of violating Sudan's sovereignty. This effectively marked the end of IGAD's efforts to mediate peace talks. As 2024 began, the RSF made attacks into South Kordofan, defeating SAF forces in the town of Habila in the Nuba Mountains and pushing toward Dalang. On 7 January the RSF attacked SAF positions in Dalang, meeting fierce resistance from the army and civilian militias. During the fighting the SPLMโN (al-Hilu) entered the city, taking control of several neighbourhoods. SPLMโN forces proceeded to attack the RSF, and the paramilitary retreated from the city. RSF fighters withdrawing from Dalang entered the city of Muglad in West Kordofan, easily taking control as the city had no organised SAF presence. West Kordofan had been relatively free of fighting for several months due to a local truce brokered by leaders of the Messiria tribe, but as tensions escalated rumours spread that the RSF were planning an attack on the encircled city of Babanusa and the Sudanese Army's 22nd Infantry Division garrisoning it. In January 2024, the RSF focused on consolidating its gains in Gezira State. Fighting was reported on 17 January east of El Manaqil, the last major town not under RSF control. The SAF delivered weapons to the city by helicopter, including selectively distributing them among civilians in the town, attempting to bolster its defences. Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) selectively recruited and armed civilians based on perceived loyalty. On 24 January 2024, the RSF launched an attack on Babanusa after encircling the city for months. By 25 January, the RSF gained control of the city centre and entered the headquarters of the 22nd infantry division. Until March 2024, the RSF maintained its position in Gezira State but was unable to break through. The RSF are recruiting in Gezira State to try to capture territory in El-Gadarif from the SAF. The JEM, which has allied with the SAF, helped the SAF build up its forces in El-Gadarif for a counteroffensive to try to retake Wad Madani. In April 2024, the SAF and its allies began the counteroffensive, attacking from the east and west of Wad Madani in an attempt to retake it. Clashes were reported in Al-Madina Arab on 15 April. In December 2024, the SAF launched an offensive in southern Gezira. The SAF were able to make small progress, which involved recapturing the town of Wad el-Haddad, a town on the border of Sennar State. It also was able to recapture Um al-Qura, but the RSF reoccupied the village. In January 2025, the SAF made the first major military operation of 2025. The Sudanese Army was able to make large gains in Gezira and some gains in North Kordofan. On 8 January, the SAF had recaptured Haj-Abdallah after a tense battle that inflicted losses on the RSF. The SAF stated that seven RSF vehicles were destroyed. A day later, the SAF attacked RSF positions in Al-Shabarga in the southeastern part of the state, led by field commander Bassam Abu Satour, leading to the RSF's withdrawal and the SAF recapturing the city, while in the western part of the state, the SAF took control of the villages Mahla, Tahla, and Al-Kumar Al-Jaaliyeen. On 10 January, the SAF recaptured Um al-Qura while the Sudan Shield Forces took Wad al-Abyad. These successful offensives led to the SAF retaking control of Wad Madani on 11 January from three fronts. After advancing in Gezira and Khartoum, the SAF launched a military operation in North Kordofan for the first time, after being on the defensive in Darfur and Kordofan from the start of the war. The SAF's "Sayyad Force", captured the entirety of the Umm Ruwaba district. By the start of February, the SAF had recaptured Al-Hasaheisa, Tambul, and Rufa'a. This left the RSF in control of only northwestern Gezira. The SAF then liberated the town of Er Rahad on 19 February, and by 23 February, the SAF had lifted the almost two-year siege of El Obeid. The SAF gained ground in Omdurman in February 2024, linking up their forces in the northern part of the city and relieving a 10-month siege of their forces in the city centre. The SAF also took control of the Al-Hilal Stadium. The Omdurman front was the first area in Sudan where the SAF has carried out a sustained offensive operation and represents the first breakthrough for the SAF. On 12 March, the SAF defeated an attempted RSF counteroffensive in Omdurman and took control of the headquarters of the Sudan National Broadcasting Corporation. The RSF maintained its control of Khartoum and continued to threaten Khartoum North. By April 2024, fighting in Khartoum State was still ongoing, with the RSF in control of the southern and western parts of Omdurman and the SAF in control of the northern and eastern parts of Omdurman, with the RSF controlling the majority of Khartoum and Khartoum North. The SAF continued to prepare an offensive to relieve its surrounded bases in Khartoum North. As of March 2025, SAF controls majority of the city. On 29 March, SAF forces announced the control of the Libya Market in Omdurman and seized weapons and equipment left behind by the RSF. On the same day, SAF launched new offensives into the city of Ombadda, west of Omdurman. On 15 April, during the Siege of El Fasher, at least nine civilians were killed in a renewed offensive by the RSF on the city of El Fasher in North Darfur. The Joint Darfur Force declared war on the RSF and allied with the SAF. The fighting in El Fasher diverted SAF resources from other areas, hampering planned counter-offensives to retake Khartoum and Wad Madani. In particular, the SAF has been using its limited aviation resources to carry out airstrikes in North Darfur and resupply El Fasher using airdrops. From April 2024, the conflict had been escalating in El Fasher, while the civilians remained trapped with no safety or food. In a June 2024 report, the International Crisis Group said the intensifying battle could lead to mass slaughter, and that there was a need for all sides to de-escalate. The report said the UN and the US should broker the de-escalation and must put pressure on the RSF and its main supporters, including the United Arab Emirates. Crisis Group said the UAE should push the RSF to stand down, and urged all parties to allow the civilians to flee, open the region for aid delivery and resume national peace talks. On 14 June 2024, the SAF announced that it had killed Ali Yaqoub Gibril, a top RSF commander, in El Fasher. The United States had sanctioned Yagoub in May 2024 for endangering civilians in Darfur. In June 2024, The New York Times reported that more than 40 villages had been burned in El Fasher since April 2024. As of May 2024, fighting is ongoing in Babanusa, West Kordofan. The RSF are conducting an offensive to attempt to take control of West Kordofan. Fighting was also reported in North Kordofan. On 20 June 2024, the RSF captured Al-Fulah, the capital of West Kordofan, after the SAF withdrew from the city after several hours of fighting. The SAF retreated to Babanusa, its one remaining base in Kordofan. In May 2024, the RSF launched attacks against the SAF between Khartoum State and River Nile State, as well as in White Nile State near the border with Gezira State. The SAF prepared its forces in River Nile State, ahead of a potential invasion of Khartoum Bahri. In June 2024, the RSF were still in control of Khartoum and Khartoum North, though the SAF controlled one enclave in each that it supplies by airdrop. In late June 2024, the RSF began an assault in the areas surrounding the city of Sennar. RSF forces struck out to the west of the city, causing the SAF to bring in reinforcements in anticipation of an attack on Sennar itself. Instead RSF forces avoided Sennar and attacked south towards Singa, the capital of Sennar State, capturing the lightly defended town on 29 June. This prevented the SAF from reinforcing Sennar from the south, placing the city under increased pressure. Following the fall of Singa, SAF resistance collapsed across much of southern Sennar, which led to the RSF occupying the towns of Dinder, Mazmoun and Wad an-Nail with minimal SAF resistance. A united force consisting of the Gedaref-based 2nd SAF Infantry Division and a battalion of the JEM assaulted and retook Dinder on 1 July, but were driven out again by the RSF over the next few days. On 20 July, the RSF announced the death of Brigadier General Abdel Rahman Al-Bishi, its head of operations in Sennar and Blue Nile States, with Sudanese media reporting that he had been killed in a SAF airstrike. On 3 August, the RSF launched its first attack on Blue Nile State since the beginning of the war, with the group and the SAF contesting control over Al-Tadamun. On 15 August 2024, the Galgani massacre was carried out by the RSF, which killed at least 108 people, including at least 24 women and children. As September 2024 came, for the first time since the start of the war the balance of power seemed to be tipping towards the SAF. On 26 September, the SAF launched a major offensive against RSF positions in Khartoum. The attack on the city came from three fronts striking from the south, east and west of the capital. SAF airstrikes, which killed four and wounded 14, began at dawn followed by clashes within the city. The SAF reportedly captured three key bridges connecting Khartoum to other nearby cities, including the Omdurman Bridge which had previously acted as a line of separation between government and RSF control. Faced with an elusive enemy, the SAF became bogged down in urban fighting, with RSF snipers routinely paralyzing infantry advances. October 2024 was the deadliest month for Sudanese civilians since the war began. In Khartoum, the RSF have relentlessly shelled areas controlled by the SAF, which has amounted to daily indiscriminate bombardments of civilian areas. Escalating SAF airstrikes on RSF positions have caused dozens of civilian deaths. In October 2024, the SAF also launched counteroffensives in the states of Sennar and Gezira, which were successfully recaptured from the RSF. Starting on 20 October 2024, the RSF carried out the 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres, which killed at least 300 people and wounded at least 200 more. According to a report by the French newspaper Le Monde, as of November 2024 the war in Sudan has possibly entered its most dangerous phase since it began in April 2023. Both the SAF and RSF have officially ruled out settling the civil war through negotiations, with the only option on the table being total war. During the recent rainy season which brought a lull in the fighting, each side rearmed and restructured their forces. Many ordinary Sudanese, extending to the most serious critics of the SAF, have increasingly supported the SAF in response to RSF war crimes and atrocities. The SAF has become increasingly dependent on Islamist networks, as these movements have mobilized many civilians from popular resistance brigades. The Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion in particular is presently fighting on the Khartoum front lines against the RSF and has consequently gained popularity. On 23 November, the SAF retook Singa following an offensive. The SAF retook Wad Madani, the capital of Gezira State on 11 January. On 8 February 2025, the SAF regained control of nearly all of Khartoum North as it intensified its offensive, and was preparing to retake the capital of Khartoum itself. On 24 February, the RSF claimed responsibility for downing a Russian-made Ilyushin aircraft in Nyala. Meanwhile, the RSF declared a rival government in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, which the SAF-aligned administration refused to recognize. On 20 March, the SAF announced it was within 500 metres of the Presidential Palace and captured it on the next day. On 22 March, the SAF also recaptured the headquarters of the Central Bank of Sudan and the General Intelligence Service in Khartoum. It also retook Tuti Island, situated at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile, after advancing through the Tuti Bridge. On 26 March, they retook Khartoum International Airport and Jebel Aulia, regarded as the RSF's last stronghold in the capital, with al-Burhan proclaiming the liberation of Khartoum later in the day. On 20 May, the SAF announced the clearing of Khartoum State from the RSF. Earlier in November 2024, the SAF reportedly shifted tactics: withdrawing from outer bases to lure RSF forces into trap engagements, especially in the southern axis of El Fasher. From December 2024 onwards the RSF were also mobilising additional fighters across Darfur for a concerted operation the city. Reports mentioned mobilisation of some 200 fighters from Central Darfur, the recruitment of foreign mercenaries and the RSF staging air and ground assaults on the city's hospitals and camps. In April, the RSF launched a major offensive in North Darfur, aiming to capture El Fasher, the last state capital in the region under SAF control. Beginning on 11 April, RSF ground and aerial assaults struck El Fasher and surrounding displacement camps, including Zamzam and Abu Shouk. By 13 April, the RSF claimed control of Zamzam camp after intense fighting that left over 200 civilians dead, including children and aid workers. The SAF denied RSF accusations of militarizing the camp, while rights groups documented widespread abuses by RSF fighters, including targeted killings and sexual violence. Artillery fire by RSF howitzers preceded ground attacks deep into the southern and northwestern sectors of the city. On 30 June 2025, an RSF-launched howitzer barrage targeted SAF forward positions in southern El Fasher, which the SAF responded to with artillery and drone strikes. During this exchange, civilian neighbourhoods were also caught in the fighting; one hospital source reported injuries to civilians though exact numbers were not confirmed. On 19 September, RSF combat columns pushed toward SAF positions near the "Super Camp" southwest of the city, after which SAF sources reported defensive operations in the neighbourhoods of Al-Nasrat, Al-Shorfa and Al-Qubba. The RSF had already throughout the siege of El Fasher erected earthen berms encircling the city from the north, west and east, forming a kill-box environment that severely restricted SAF resupply and civilian movement. By August and September 2025, the siege conditions had degraded SAF supply lines significantly; SAF units admitted to hunger, low morale and desertion as food, ammunition and medical logistics dwindled. RSF penetrations into the city's periphery, especially blocks 16 and 17 of Abu Shouk and Naivasha market area, indicated that the outer ring of SAF control was collapsing. In October, the RSF took complete control of the headquarters of the 6th Infantry Division, the main base of the SAF in El Fasher. On 28 October, General al-Burhan confirmed that the SAF had withdrawn from El Fasher, confirming RSF control over the city. In October 2025, humanitarian workers and local officials reported that more than 2,500 civilians were summarily executed by the RSF following the fall of the city. The WHO reported that more than 460 patients and their companions were killed inside the city's last functioning hospital. Analysis of satellite imagery suggested that the RSF disposed of tens of thousands of bodies through burial and incineration to cover up mass killings. As of December 2025, some estimates place the total deaths from the El Fasher massacre between 60,000 and 68,000+. Kholood Khair estimated that 100,000 people were killed in the "genocidal violence" but noted that there were no official figures due to the lack of governance in the region. On 1 May, the RSF announced that they had taken control of En Nahud, a strategic city in West Kordofan that was previously used by the SAF to send forces to Darfur. Despite initial setbacks, Al-Khiwai in West Kordofan was retaken by the SAF on 11 May, and on 13 May, the town of Al-Hamadi in South Kordofan, an administrative hub for the Hawazma tribe, was also retaken by the SAF, alongside some strongholds in southern Omdurman previously held by the RSF, such as the Al-Jami'a neighbourhood and all of the Al-Shaqla neighbourhood. On 1 December, the RSF announced that they had taken control of Babanusa, the last SAF-held city in West Kordofan, after a two-year siege. On 8 December, the RSF seized the Heglig oil field after the Sudanese Army withdrew across the southern border, as they feared fighting to defend the oilfield would see it destroyed. Production at Heglig was at about 20,000 barrels per day, significantly down from the pre-war level of 64,000. Upon arriving in Unity State, South Sudan, the Sudanese soldiers were disarmed by the South Sudan People's Defence Forces. Lt. Gen. Johnson Olony, South Sudan's Deputy Chief of Defence Forces for Mobilisation and Disarmament, said "We received them because they are our brothers." He also said this was coordinated between President Salva Kiir Mayardit of South Sudan and Abdel Fatah al-Burhan. Olony also said his army would take Heglig from the RSF "...to prioritize regional stability." On 5 May 2025, the RSF attacked Port Sudan for the first time using drones. On 19 May, the SAF took Wadi al-Atrun in Al-Malha, located on a strategic road linking Northern State and North Darfur. On 21 May, the SAF said it had cleared White Nile State of the RSF. On 23 May, the SAF announced the capture of the strategic city of Dibebad in South Kordofan. On 10 June, part of the border triangle linking Sudan, Libya, and Egypt at Gabal El Uweinat was attacked by the RSF and Libyan National Army (LNA), led by Khalifa Haftar, which struck directly into Sudanese territory controlled by the SAF. On 11 June, the RSF announced that they had entirely occupied the area; The SAF retreated and condemned the LNA for the strikes. By 16 June, the RSF had captured the entire Sudan-Libya border. On 22 June, after several days of fighting, the SPLMโN (al-Hilu) cut off the road connecting Kadugli and Dalang, placing them under siege. On 26 June, SAF recaptured Malken in the Blue Nile front as part of efforts to increase the pressure toward RSF. The SAF launched a massive counterattack on 28 June, reopening the road between Dalang and Kadugli. Diplomatic efforts to broker a truce were active in early 2025 but largely unsuccessful. Various proposed peace talks held in London, Washington, and Geneva failed to produce a lasting agreement. In April 2025, a British-led conference in London attempted to establish a contact group to restart negotiations, but the effort faltered when key Arab states (especially Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) refused to endorse a joint communiquรฉ. While the UK, EU, and African Union pushed for a ceasefire and political roadmap, the regional powers prioritized different outcomes. By September 2025, the United States together with Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the UAEโknown collectively as the "Quad"โpresented a formal peace plan. The roadmap proposed a three-month humanitarian truce, to be followed by a permanent ceasefire and a nine-month political transition to civilian-led governance. However, implementation remained uncertain: the SAF voiced strong reservations, particularly demanding that the RSF withdraw from civilian areas before any truce could take effect. Meanwhile, RSF leaders announced that they would accept the Quad's proposal for a "humanitarian ceasefire" to mitigate the civilian toll. Some in the SAF posited that the truce would allow the RSF to consolidate gains after the fall of El Fasher. Casualties and war crimes The fatality numbers are highly uncertain. According to a report published by Le Monde in November 2024, the war may have killed over 150,000 civilians through the combined tolls of bombardments, massacres, starvation and disease. Total deaths could be significantly more than 150,000. A November 2024 report from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine estimated more than 61,000 deaths in Khartoum State alone, for the period between April 2023 and June 2024. Early in the conflict, doctors on the ground warned that reported figures did not include all casualties as people could not reach hospitals due to difficulties in movement. Soon after the war broke out, a spokesperson for the Sudanese Red Crescent was quoted as saying that the number of casualties "was not small". The Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed on 20 June 2023 that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in fighting in West Darfur alone, while a Masalit tribal leader told the Sudanese news outlet Ayin Network on 22 July 2023 that more than 10,000 people had been killed in the state. Sudanese prosecutors recorded over 500 missing persons cases across the country, some of which were enforced disappearances, and were mostly blamed on the RSF. On 2 May 2024, a US Senate hearing on the war estimated that between 15,000 and 30,000 people had died, but considered that to be an underestimation by a factor of 10 to 15, saying the real death toll could be as high as 150,000. As of 27 May 2024, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project data reported 17,044 fatalities. On 29 March 2025, the Sudanese Group for Defending Rights and Freedoms said that it had recorded 50,000 missing persons cases since the beginning of the war. In early December, authorities reported that thousands of bodies hastily buried by residents and fighters were exhumed from Khartoum and the surrounding area. Sources reported that 15,000 bodies were recovered since April 2024. Efforts to recover corpses buried outside of cemeteries began in April 2024 and was estimated to complete recoveries in Khartoum before 2026. In Geneina, West Darfur, ethnic clashes that began in the last week of April 2023 had killed at least 1,100 people, while the Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in the city. In July 2023, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. Massacres were recorded in towns such as Tawila and Misterei, while a mass grave was discovered in Geneina containing the bodies of 87 people killed in clashes. Several intellectuals, politicians, professionals and nobility were assassinated. Most of these atrocities were blamed on the RSF and allied Arab militias. The UK government, witnesses and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing or even genocide, with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. Mujeebelrahman Yagoub, Assistant Commissioner for Refugees in West Darfur called the violence worse than the War in Darfur in 2003 and the Rwandan genocide in 1994. Civilians, including 15 Syrians, 15 Ethiopians and nine Eritreans have been killed across the country. An Indian national working in Khartoum died after being hit by a stray bullet on 15 April. Two Americans were killed, including a professor working in the University of Khartoum who was stabbed to death while evacuating. A two-year-old girl from Turkey was killed while her parents were injured after their house was struck by a rocket on 18 April. Ten students from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were killed in an SAF airstrike on the International University of Africa in Khartoum on 4 June. The SAF claimed that the Egyptian assistant military attachรฉ was killed by RSF fire while driving his car in Khartoum, which was denied by the Egyptian ambassador. Two Greek nationals trapped in a church on 15 April sustained leg injuries when caught in crossfire while trying to leave. A Filipino migrant worker and an Indonesian student at a school in Khartoum were injured by stray bullets. On 17 April, the European Union Ambassador to Sudan, Aidan O'Hara of Ireland, was assaulted by unidentified "armed men wearing military fatigues" in his home, he suffered minor injuries and was able to resume working on 19 April. On 23 April, a French evacuation convoy was shot at, injuring one person. The French government later confirmed the casualty to be a French soldier. An employee of the Egyptian embassy was shot and injured during an evacuation mission. The outbreak of violence has led foreign governments to monitor the situation in Sudan and move toward the evacuation and repatriation of their nationals. Among some countries with several expatriates in Sudan are Egypt, which has more than 10,000 citizens in the country, and the United States, which has more than 16,000 citizens, most of whom are dual nationals. Efforts at extraction were hampered by the fighting within the capital Khartoum, particularly in and around the airport. This has forced evacuations to be undertaken by road via Port Sudan on the Red Sea, which lies about 650 km (400 miles) northeast of Khartoum. from where they were airlifted or ferried directly to their home countries or third ones. Other evacuations were undertaken through overland border crossings or airlifts from diplomatic missions and other designated locations with direct involvement of the militaries of some home countries. Some transit hubs used during the evacuation include the port of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and Djibouti, which hosts military bases of the United States, China, Japan, France, and other European countries. In Geneina, West Darfur, the RSF and Arab militias killed more than 15,000 non-Arab people. On 22 July, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. Massacres against the Masalit were recorded in towns such as Tawila, Sirba, Ardamata, Kutum, and Misterei, while a mass grave was discovered around Geneina. The UK and US governments, witnesses, and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing or even genocide, with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. The RSF and Arab militias are also accused of widespread robberies, looting food meant to feed 4.4 million people, and sexual violence against Sudanese and foreign women, particularly Masalit and non-Arab women. NGOs estimate that the actual figure of sexual violence victims could be as high as 4,400. In March 2024, UNICEF reported that armed men were raping and sexually assaulting children as young as one year old. The UN was urged to start an inquiry, and governments were encouraged to allocate resources to aid survivors. The RSF and Arab militias in Sudan are also accused of targeted torture and killings of intellectuals, politicians, professionals, and tribal leaders. Notable victims include Adam Zakaria Is'haq, a physician and human rights advocate, and Khamis Abakar, the governor of West Darfur, who was kidnapped, tortured, and executed. The RSF also targeted the families of their opponents, such as Mustafa Tambour's family. The SAF and RSF are accused of threatening, attacking, and killing journalists and activists during the conflict. The Sudanese Journalists Syndicate documented over 40 violations in May 2023 alone. Several journalists were injured or killed, and 13 newspapers ceased operations. Humanitarian workers were also targeted, with 18 killed and many others detained. The International Criminal Court and Amnesty International are investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the war. The SAF accused the RSF of perpetrating these crimes. General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (SAF commander) established a committee to investigate these allegations. Several countries proposed a motion to the UN Human Rights Council for an investigation into the atrocities. The UN Human Rights Council voted to adopt a resolution creating a fact-finding committee on these crimes. Human Rights Watch and the United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan have called for measures to protect civilians. On 11 July 2025, the International Criminal Court (ICC) reported to the United Nations Security Council that war crimes and crimes against humanity are currently being committed in Sudan's Darfur region, including a severe humanitarian crisis with over 30 million people in need, amid the ongoing conflict. Foreign involvement In June 2024, a briefing by Amnesty International stated that the constant flow of foreign weapons is fueling the war and breaching the Darfur arms embargo. The organization found that the recently manufactured or transferred weapons and ammunition were being imported in large quantities into Sudan from China, Russia, Turkey, Yemen, the UAE and Serbia. The weapons supply has impacted the war by causing massive civilian displacement and a humanitarian crisis in Sudan. Both warring sides were using Chinese-manufactured advanced drone jammers, mortars and anti-material rifles. The RSF were also reported to be using recently manufactured armoured personnel carriers from the UAE. In October 2025, the SAF recovered boxes of arms, ammunitions and medicines supplied by the United Arab Emirates from an area previously held by the RSF in southeast Sudan. The UAE had been previously known for their support to the Sudanese military, and marginalised civilian rule by promoting the idea of Hemedti to helm the country's economic policy "in the interests of a stable transition". The RSF primarily funds its operations through gold exports to supporting countries, including the UAE, Kenya and Ethiopia. In 2025, after declaring their support for the RSF, Ethiopia and Kenya published quarterly gold production figures that were double those of the previous year. In November 2025, Mark Carney visited to Abu Dhabi to meet with the UAE president. Carney said he discussed the Sudan civil war during this meeting, though the details are unclear. In addition, Canada exports weapons to the UAE; however, the UAE insists these weapons do not flow into the hands of the RSF. Despite this, Canadian weapons have been seen used by RSF soldiers. In 2016, a United Nations panel accused Canadian company STREIT Group of breaking the arms embargo against Sudan. The allegation involved a 2012 sales of 24 armoured vehicles. This is the third time the UN has condemned the company's actions, which violated the terms of the UN (Arms Trade Treaty, signed by Canada in 2019 and prohibits the export of arms to Sudan directly or through third countries. STREIT Group claimed that the exports do not violate controls because they do not have weapons attached to them. There has also been documentation of STREIT Group's armored vehicles over the years, RSF soldiers were also seen posting on social media over the years in armored vehicles manufactured by the group, along with rifles manufactured by another Canadian company, Sterling Cross Defense Systems. On 7 June 2023, Hissein Alamine Tchaw-tchaw, a Chadian dissident who belongs to the same ethnic group as Hemedti and claims to be the leader of the Movement for the Fight of the Oppressed in Chad (MFOC), which is fighting the government of President Mahamat Dรฉby, posted a video showing his participation in an RSF attack on the Yarmouk munitions factory in Khartoum. On 17 November 2023, the SLM-Minnawi and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) accused the Chadian government of supporting the RSF, and "supplying it with military equipment and mercenaries by opening its territory and airspace". A report from Africa Analyst alleged that Chadian soldiers belonging to a joint Chadian-Sudanese command under Osman Bahr intercepted a shipment of military equipment intended for the RSF on its way from N'Djamena and gave it instead to the JEM, which the latter denied. The Economist linked Chad's junta receiving financial support from the UAE in exchange for allowing it to support the RSF through Amdjarass airport. Following accusations by SAF deputy commander Yasser al-Atta of Chadian government support for the RSF, the Chadian government unsuccessfully demanded an apology from the Sudanese ambassador and expelled four Sudanese diplomats from the country on 17 December. On 5 November 2024, the government of Sudan filed a complaint with the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights demanding reparations from Chad for their support of the RSF, accusing Chad of violating international law. Amnesty International's 2024 report highlighted China as a supplier of weapons fueling the conflict, breaching the Darfur arms embargo. Recently manufactured Chinese arms have been traced to both the SAF and the RSF, although China's official stance avoids acknowledging direct support to either faction. China initially adhered to non-interference, evacuating citizens and calling for peace without taking sides. This mirrored its approach in past conflicts, prioritizing stability to protect economic interests. China's Sudan strategy ties into the Belt and Road Initiative, aiming to secure Red Sea trade routes and infrastructure links, ambitions delayed by the civil war. On 9 January 2025 China donated emergency food aid (1,250 tonnes) to be allocated to all states. On 15 April, RSF forces claimed, via Twitter, to have taken Egyptian troops prisoner near Merowe, and a military plane carrying markings of the Egyptian Air Force. Initially, no official explanation was given for the Egyptian soldiers' presence, while Egypt and Sudan have had military cooperation due to diplomatic tensions with Ethiopia. Later on, the Egyptian Armed Forces stated that around 200 of its soldiers were in Sudan to conduct exercises with the Sudanese military. Around that time, the SAF reportedly encircled RSF forces in Merowe airbase. As a result, the Egyptian Armed Forces announced that it was following the situation as a precaution for the safety of its personnel. The RSF later stated that it would cooperate in repatriating the soldiers to Egypt. On 19 April, the RSF stated that it had moved the soldiers to Khartoum and would hand them over when the "appropriate opportunity" arose. Of the captured Egyptian troops, 177 were released and flown back to Egypt aboard three Egyptian military planes that took off from Khartoum airport later in the day. The remaining 27 soldiers, who were from the Egyptian Air Force, were sheltered at the Egyptian embassy and later evacuated. On 16 April 2023, the RSF claimed that its troops in Port Sudan were attacked by foreign aircraft and issued a warning against any foreign interference. According to former CIA analyst Cameron Hudson, Egyptian fighter jets were a part of these bombing campaigns against the RSF, and Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF. The Wall Street Journal said that Egypt had sent fighter jets and pilots to support the Sudanese military. On 17 April, satellite imagery obtained by The War Zone revealed that one Egyptian Air Force MiG-29M2 fighter jet had been destroyed and two others had been damaged or destroyed while stationed at Merowe Airbase. A Sudanese Air Force Guizhou JL-9 was among the destroyed aircraft. After initial confusion, the RSF accepted the explanation that Egyptian combat and support personnel were conducting exercises with the Sudanese military before the outbreak of hostilities. Eritrea is seen as an ally of the SAF, providing military support in Sudan's eastern borders. During a state visit to Asmara in November 2024, al-Burhan thanked President Isaias Afwerki for Eritrea's support to the SAF. Eritrea's support is seen as a counterbalance to Eritrean opposition groups and their possibility of growing in influence under the advance of the RSF in Sudan's eastern border. President Afwerki has implied Eritrea's military readiness to respond in the case of an RSF advance to its borders. Ethiopia initially supported the RSF, which was seen as an ally who helped Ethiopia fight against the Tigray People's Liberation Front in the Tigray War. Ethiopia was also supportive of the RSF to counter Egyptian influence in Sudan. However, in July 2024, Primer Minister Abiy Ahmed visited Port Sudan and met with al-Burhan, signaling a shifting position on the conflict. RSF's Hemedti had previously paid a visit to Ethiopia in December 2023 to push for talks with the SAF. On 4 July 2025, senior Sudanese officials accused Ethiopia of exploiting the civil war by deploying army-backed militias into the disputed Al-Fashaga District, where they blocked farmers and cleared land under Ethiopian military protection. These forces, supported by Ethiopian regular troops, reportedly expelled Sudanese farmers amid a security vacuum created when Sudanese units were redeployed. Although Sudan reclaimed much of Al-Fashqa in 2020, recent troop withdrawals have allowed fresh incursionsโand traders in the border district of Al Galabat reported that an armed Ethiopian group crossed the border to loot a livestock market before withdrawing. In February 2026, Reuters reported that Ethiopia was hosting a secret camp to train fighters for the RSF. Reuters said the camp was built in 2025, and that "Eight sources, including a senior Ethiopian government official, said the United Arab Emirates financed the camp's construction and provided military trainers and logistical support to the site". Reuters said "The camp constitutes the first direct evidence of Ethiopia's involvement" in the war. An internal note from Ethiopia's security services said 4,300 fighters were training at the site in January 2026. In October 2023, Iran and Sudan resumed diplomatic relations, aligning Tehran with the SAF. A June 2024 BBC investigation revealed that Iran violated the UN arms embargo by supplying drones to both sides. Analysts see this move as part of Iran's strategy to counter UAE influence in Sudan and secure access to the Red Sea. Although Sudanese officials denied receiving Iranian aid, multiple sourcesโincluding Reutersโconfirmed its impact on the battlefield. The SAF rejected Kenya's mediation role in July 2023, accusing President William Ruto of having ties to RSF leader Hemedti and offering refuge to RSF members. SAF Lt. Gen. Yasir Alatta escalated tensions by calling Ruto a mercenary and challenging him to deploy troops. Sudan later threatened to quit IGAD unless Ruto was removed as head of its mediation committee. Kenya denied the accusations, calling them baseless and reaffirming its neutrality. In retaliation, Anonymous Sudan attacked Kenyan websites in late July. Tensions amplified in February 2025 when Kenya hosted a meeting in Nairobi where the RSF and its allies signed a charter to form a parallel Sudanese government without the SAF's participation. Sudan condemned the move, accusing Kenya of undermining its sovereignty. Analysts noted a shift in Kenya's stance following Ruto's January 2025 UAE visit and economic agreement, suggesting a possible Emirati influence behind Kenya's actions. The Egypt-backed Libyan National Army, under the command of Khalifa Haftar, dispatched aircraft to fly military supplies to the RSF before the outbreak of hostilities. Haftar and the LNA collaborated with the Wagner Group, a Russian private military company, to conduct these flights. Haftar's support for a different faction in Sudan than the Egyptian government was commented on by The New Arab, which viewed it as a sign of Egyptian weakness due to economic malaise and reliance on Haftar to police Eastern Libya, which constitutes a security concern for the Egyptian government. The New Arab also viewed the LNA's role in the conflict as signifying a shift in its diplomatic orientation, from being primarily backed by Egypt to being primarily backed by the United Arab Emirates. For much of the Sudanese civil war Russia has sent weapons to both the RSF and SAF. This began to shift during mid-2024, with the Russian government beginning to favour the SAF, concurrent with RussiaโSAF discussions around the construction of a Russian naval base north of Port Sudan. The same year, Russia began delivering large quantities of weapons, jet components, fuel, and drones, to the Sudanese government in its effort against the RSF, allowing the SAF to recapture parts of the capital, Khartoum, from the RSF. According to CNN, Wagner supplied surface-to-air missiles to the RSF, picking up the items from Syria and delivering some of them by plane to Haftar-controlled bases in Libya to be then delivered to the RSF, while dropping other items directly to RSF positions in northwestern Sudan. American officials said that Wagner was offering to supply additional weapons to the RSF from its existing stocks in the Central African Republic. On 6 September, Wagner reportedly deployed a convoy of more than 100 vehicles carrying weapons to the RSF garrison in al-Zurug from Chad. SAF Lieutenant General Yasser al-Atta also accused the Wagner Group of bringing in mercenaries from several African nations to fight alongside the RSF. The head of the Wagner Group, Yevgeny Prigozhin, and the RSF denied the allegations. As relations between the Russian government and the SAF improved during mid-2024, the latter publicly claimed that the Wagner Group was no longer operating in Sudan. This claim was contradicted by a diplomatic source and eyewitnesses speaking to Middle East Eye. Saudi Arabia has provided military support and financial aid (though it officially denies it) to the SAF, as it seeks to counterbalance the UAE's influence in Sudan, which supports the RSF. In response, Sudan has provided military support for the Saudi coalition in Yemen. In March 2025, al-Burhan visited Saudi Arabia in his first trip outside Sudan since the SAF retook Khartoum. There, he thanked Saudi support for Sudanese unity and the fight against the RSF. Since the outbreak of renewed violence in Sudan in 2023, South Sudan has adopted a mediatory role, urging peace and engaging with IGAD and the AU, though with limited success due to the conflict's complexity and multiple factions. South Sudan is deeply concerned about spillover effectsโsuch as refugee flows and economic instabilityโand recognizes that its own fragile stability is tied to Sudan's fate. Tensions escalated further with a February 2025 alliance between Sudan's RSF and the SPLMโN, a rebel group near the South Sudanese border. Experts warn this could pull South Sudan into the conflict, especially if the Sudanese Army supports rival South Sudanese militias in response. With shared borders, historical ties, and existing political tensions between South Sudan's leaders (President Salva Kiir Mayardit and Vice President Riek Machar), the risk of both wars merging is high. The strategic location of the RSF-SPLMโN alliance also boosts smuggling and military operations, weakening the Sudanese Army and increasing regional instability. If left unchecked, experts fear the two conflicts could become indistinguishable, worsening humanitarian crises in both countries. Turkey appears to be engaging with both sides, notably through Baykar, owned by President Recep Tayyip Erdoฤan's son-in-law, selling $120 million worth of weapons, 6 TB2 UCAV's, 3 ground control stations, 600 warheads to the SAF in 2023, violating US and EU sanctions. Meanwhile, Arca Defense, another Turkish company, had extensive contact with RSF's procurement officer, though it denies selling weapons, adding complexity to Turkey's role. Turkey's interests include expanding military and diplomatic ties in the Horn of Africa, offering to mediate between Sudan and the UAE in December 2024. In January 2025, the Somali government agreed to host SAF troops at Camp TURKSOM for training, as part of a Turkish-led effort to bolster military support to the SAF. On 19 September 2023, CNN reported that it was "likely" that Ukrainian special forces were behind a series of drone strikes and a ground operation directed against the Wagner Group-backed RSF near Khartoum on 8 September. Kyrylo Budanov, the chief of the Ukrainian Main Directorate of Intelligence, stated in an interview on 22 September that he could neither confirm or deny Ukraine's involvement in the conflict, but said that Ukraine "will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals ... sooner or later". On 6 November 2023, the Kyiv Post released drone footage of what it claimed was Ukrainian special forces attacking Wagner Group personnel in an unidentified urban area in Sudan with an explosive projectile, which was believed to have been taken about two weeks before its publication. Two months later on 30 January 2024, the Kyiv Post reported that Ukrainian special forces had launched three drone strikes targeting the Wagner Group and other Russian organisations in Sudan as well as their Sudanese partners in the preceding weeks. The Kyiv Post released a report on 5 February 2024 with a video showing the aftermath of an attack allegedly by Ukrainian special forces on a Wagner Group unit which had purportedly suffered several deaths and the capture of at least one member of the unit who was seen being interrogated on camera. The UAE has faced mounting accusations of providing military support to RSF, including covert arms transfers, drone supply, and logistics routed through Chad, Libya, CAR, and South Sudan. Reports by major outlets like the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, and BBC, along with diplomatic sources and satellite evidence, suggest Emirati cargo planes delivered weapons disguised as aid, with operations coordinated through Amdjarass airport in Chad. UAE denied the accusations. Sudan expelled Emirati diplomats, accused the UAE at the UN of aiding genocide, and submitted complaints to the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice. The residence of the UAE ambassador to Sudan in Khartoum was also attacked on 29 September 2024. The UAE was accused of using humanitarian cover such as Red Crescent hospitals for military purposes, including drone operations and weapon bunkers near the border. Sudan claimed these actions aimed to maintain Emirati influence and gold interests in Sudan, backed by historical investments and ongoing port and agriculture projects. The UAE's ties to the RSF date back to the Yemen war in 2018. Its involvement is said to include cooperation with the Wagner Group for arms deliveries and financing RSF logistics from within the Emirates. Identity documents recovered from a 2024 plane crash in Sudan included a Russian passport and an ID that linked to a UAE-based company. The US and the UK have called on the UAE to halt support, with US lawmakers introducing multiple bills to block arms sales to Abu Dhabi. The EU and Human Rights Watch also demanded accountability. Emirati diplomatic initiatives toward Sudan continued, such as hosting a humanitarian conference and pledging $200 million aidโactions seen by Sudan as attempts by UAE to improve its image. On 30 April 2025 UAE authorities said they had intercepted millions of rounds of ammunition at an airport in the UAE which was being illegally transferred to the SAF, which the latter denied. Sudan opened a case at the International Court of Justice alleging that the UAE was complicit in genocide against the Masalit. The court hearings began on 10 April 2025. On 5 May, the court dismissed the case, stating it "manifestly lacks" authority. Since the beginning of the Sudanese war, the UAE has been using the Bosaso International Airport Co (BIAC) as a key logistical hub to supply the RSF with arms and mercenaries. Due to its strategic location and the UAE's close ties with Puntland's leadership, Bosaso Airport serves as a crucial transit point for Emirati weapons and Colombian paramilitaries affiliated with Abu Dhabi's Global Security Service Group (GSSG) to Sudan. In September 2025, Sudan urged Somalia to cease the operations taking place in Bosaso. Sudan's Foreign Ministry accused the UAE of making "desperate efforts" at the Non-Aligned Movement meetings to protect the RSF from condemnation and undercut international solidarity with Sudan. The Ministry said Abu Dhabi should not be allowed to exploit global forums, citing its suggestion of an alternative government. In August 2025, the Sudanese government released a statement accusing regional and international communities of targeting Sudan and supporting the RSF's aggression. It further claimed that the presence of numerous foreign mercenaries posed a significant threat to the nation's peace and security. The government asserted that it possessed undeniable evidence showing that UAE authorities had sponsored and financed mercenaries from Colombia and other neighboring countries. The UAE is the primary purchaser of Sudanese gold from RSF-controlled areas. In 2023, it imported 17 tons directly from Sudan, and in 2024 it imported 29 tons. This is in addition to significant quantities of RSF-controlled gold purchased by the UAE through neighboring intermediary countries such as Libya, Chad and Egypt. The UK is the UN Security Council's penholder for Sudan. In early 2023, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) initiated secret talks with the RSF. In June 2024, The Guardian reported that according to multiple sources, FCDO officials "attempted to suppress criticism" of the United Arab Emirates and its alleged role in supplying arms to the RSF. In December 2024, Sudan's Deputy Chairman of the Sovereign Council, Malik Agar, criticized the British government's position on the conflict, stating that if the UK "wants to end the suffering of the Sudanese people, it must communicate with the UAE to stop the logistical support it provides to the militia". He also claimed that the Sudanese government was "ready to open a new page with the UK under the new government if it changes the way it manages its foreign files related to Sudan". In October 2025, the Sudanese government supplied the UN Security Council with documentation of military equipment made in the UK being used by the RSF. The equipment was allegedly sold by UK firms to the UAE, which then sent them to the RSF. On 20 January 2025, the Trump administration froze USAID payments for 90 days, redirecting most funds to military aid. This resulted in the closure of hundreds of soup kitchens, and increased deaths from starvation. A court ordered the freeze lifted on 13 February, but the administration cancelled nearly 10,000 aid contracts instead. The judge later demanded payments by 26 February, but Chief Justice John G. Roberts paused the order pending a Supreme Court ruling by 28 February. The US announced a diplomatic meeting of the International Quartet on Sudan, aiming to develop a unified vision to end the war, stop foreign involvement and secure a ceasefire. Scheduled for 29 July 2025 in Washington D.C., the meeting was to include the United States, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Egypt. However, it was postponed at the last minute due to a disagreement between the UAE and Egypt. Meanwhile, a coalition of Sudanese political parties rejected the UAE as a mediator, calling it "morally unqualified" due to its backing of the RSF. Humanitarian impact The war has triggered a severe humanitarian crisis. Within days into the fighting, communities faced severe shortages of food, water, medical supplies and fuel, with Khartoum and its surroundings hit hardest. In the first months of the war, about 25 million people out of a population of roughly 50 million, required humanitarian assistance. Aid delivery was hampered as supplies were looted. By September 2024, roughly 80% of healthcare facilities in Sudan were no longer functional. The conflict has forcibly displaced nearly 12 million people inside and outside Sudan, making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. By April 2025, the famine in Sudan had severely affected nearly 25 million people, including nearly 4 million acutely malnourished children under the age of five. By September 2025, the number of people requiring humanitarian aid had increased to 30.4 million. Fatality figures remained highly uncertain, with some assessments suggesting the true number may exceed 150,000. Analysis Kholood Khair, director of policy organization Confluence Advisory, analysed the conflict as unfolding simultaneously at a local, national, and regional level. Economy Sudan's economy was seriously damaged by the conflict, with a near standstill in formal economic activity, particularly in Khartoum and parts of Darfur. The economy contracted heavily in 2023 and was expected to shrink further in 2024, while state revenues declined steeply. Currency depreciation accelerated, international trade dropped, and gold production fell sharply amid allegations of large scale looting. The fighting also rendered more than 60% of Sudan's agricultural land out of service. By 2024, both warring parties were reported to be financing their operations partly through the sale of gum arabic. Disinformation Throughout the Sudan conflict, the RSF have waged disinformation campaigns, using social media to manipulate public opinion, spread narratives and deny the massacres that are still happening. The RSF ran digital propaganda teams from Khartoum and Dubai, using verified social media accounts to distribute misleading content. The RSF were verified on Twitter and has launched a disinformation campaign against the SAF, accusing them of attacking civilians. The SAF used Twitter for morale-boosting and to counter RSF claims, though some posts were proven false. Widespread disinformation included recycled footage from video games, past conflicts like Ukraine and Libya, and even archaeological props misrepresented as war crimes. For instance, SAF posted a video allegedly showing recent air operations, which was actually from the video game Arma 3. The SAF also circulated altered images, including a fabricated photo of Hemedti hospitalized in Nairobi. The RSF shared footage of an alleged SAF and Egyptian Air Force warplane reportedly shot down by the RSF found to be that of an Su-25 fighter jet that crashed in Mali, and the other of a Libyan aircraft taken outside Sudan in 2020. The RSF also sent bulletins to UK politicians with the help of Dubai-based Capital Tap Holdings, aiming to counter what it called "disproportionate" disinformation. Facebook removed RSF pages in August 2024, citing policy violations. The RSF blamed the SAF for instigating the ban and said it was negotiating with Meta to restore its accounts. After El Fasher was captured by the RSF, according to Middle East Eye, Emirati, Israeli, and far-right influencers tried to falsely frame the conflict as a sectarian one where Islamists were committing genocide against Christians. The conflict's information space has been further destabilized by false claims against organizations like the Sudanese Doctors Syndicate and by deepfake-like imagery. Disinformation experts, including Kyle Walter of Logically, warned that generative AI may be fueling the sophistication of fake content, undermining trust in all sources of information. Sanctions U.S. President Joe Biden issued an executive order on 4 May 2023 authorizing sanctions against actors destabilizing the country. The first sanctions followed in June, targeting companies linked to both the SAF and RSF, along with visa restrictions on unnamed individuals. Subsequent rounds of sanctions included RSF leaders Abdul Rahim Dagalo and Abdel Rahman Jumma (accused of killing West Darfur's governor), Islamist leader Ali Karti, firms in Sudan and Russia, and former Bashir regime officials involved in RSF support or coup plots. In May 2024, more RSF commanders were sanctioned for violence in North and Central Darfur. On 7 January 2025, the U.S. said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide in Sudan and imposed sanctions on RSF leader Hemedti and affiliated entities to hold them accountable for systematic atrocities and reaffirmed support for Sudanese civil society and a peaceful, democratic future. However, critics said the measures came too late and would have limited impact. On 22 May 2025, the US announced new sanctions on Sudan over the SAF's use of chemical weapons against the RSF. One affiliated entity that received sanctions was a UAE LLC; according to Watan, in response, the UAE began lobbying in Washington to avoid direct sanctions. The UAE launched an investigation into the entities and reported that none of these seven companies hold a valid commercial license in the UAE or conduct any business activities within the country. On 12 July 2023, the United Kingdom announced sanctions on firms linked to the SAF and the RSF for providing funds and weapons in the conflict. On 15 April 2024, Canada imposed sanctions on two individuals and four entities linked to the SAF and the RSF. On 6 March 2025, Canada imposed sanctions on al-Burhan and Hemedti, due to "an unwillingness on the part of the leaders to negotiate an end to the war". On 23 June 2024, the European Union imposed sanctions on six entities for manufacturing and procuring weapons for the SAF and the RSF. On 18 July 2025, the European Council adopted a fourth package of restrictive measures against two individuals and two entities, Alkhaleej Bank and Red Rock Mining Company. The latter is involved in facilitating the production of weapons and vehicles for the SAF, and its parent company is already under sanctions by the EU, the US, and the UK. The mining sector is considered a key element in fueling the conflict. In popular culture See also Notes References External links |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืกืืืื] | [TOKENS: 7560] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืกืืืื ืกืืืื (ืืื ืืื: ์์ธํน๋ณ์; ืืืื ืืื-ืื ื'ื: ์์ธ็นๅฅๅธ โโ IPA: โ[sส.ul]โโโพโ; ืืืืื: ืกึธืืึผื) ืืื ืืืจืช ืงืืจืืื ืืืจืืืืช. ืืขืืจ ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืจืื ืงืืจืืื ืืืฉืืฉืช ืืืจืืื ืืคืืืืื, ืืืืืื, ืืืืจืชื ืืืชืจืืืชื. ืืืืื ื-14 ืืขื 1945 ืืืืชื ืขืืจ ืืืจืชื ืฉื ืงืืจืืื ืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2025 ืืืืืืกืืืช ืืขืืจ ืื ืชื ื-10,025,800 ืชืืฉืืื, ืืกืคืจ ืืืฆืื ืืช ืืขืืจ ืืืงืื ื-12 ืืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืืื. ืืืจืืคืืืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืืืื ืืขืืื, ืืืืจืืคืืืื ืืืื ืื ื ืืฉื ืช 2020 ื-27.35 ืืืืืื ืชืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืืืืืืืกืืืช ืงืืจืืื ืืืจืืืืช. ืืขืืจ ืืืกืืืจืื ืืชืืขืืช ืืฉื ืช 18 ืืคื ื"ืก, ืืืฉืจ ื ืืกืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืช ืคืืงืฆ'ื, ืืืช ืืฉืืืฉ ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืงืืจืืื, ืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืฉืืืื ื ืฉื ืฉืืฉืืช ื'ืืกืื, ืืืืืืคืจืื ืืงืืจืืื ืืช. ืืืจืืคืืืื ืกืืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืขื ืืชืจื ืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืืืช: ืืจืืื ืฆ'ืื ืืืืืงืืื ื, ืืืฆืจ ืืืืืกืืื ื, ื'ืื ืืืื, ืืืงืืจืื ืืืืืืชืืื ืฉื ืฉืืฉืืช ื'ืืกืื. ืกืืืื ืืืงืคืช ืืจืื, ืฉืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืจ ืืืงืืื ืกืื, ืืคืืจืง ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืื. ืืกืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืื ืื ืืืืืืงืื ืืฉืืืื ืขืืืืืื ืืืื: ืขืืื ืืืื, ืคืืจืง ืืฉืขืฉืืขืื ืืืงืืจื ืืืืื ืืขืืื, ืืืืจืงืช ืื ืคื, ืืืจืงืช ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืืื. ืืืงืื ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืงืื-ืคืืค, ื ืืืจื ืกืืืื ื-2011, ืืคืขื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืคืืช, ืืืขื ืืืชืืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืขื ืืื ืชืืืจืื ืกืื ืื, ืืคื ืื, ืืชืืืื ืืื, ืขื ืืขื 10 ืืืืืื ืืืงืจืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ื-2012. ืืืื, ืกืืืื ื ืืฉืืช ืขืืจ ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืชืืฆืื ืืืืืช ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืืืช, ืื ืืฉืืช ื"ื ืก ืขื ื ืืจ ืืืื" ืืฉืจ ืขืืชื ืืชืื ืืืคืจ ืฉื ืืืืืช ืงืืจืืื, ืขื ืืืืืชื ืืืืจืืคืืืื ืืขืืช ืืืืืื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืืื, ืืืืจ ืืืงืื, ื ืื ืืืจืง ืืืื ืืื. ืขื ืชื"ื ($773,900,000,000) ืืฉื ืช 2012. ืกืืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืื, ืืืงืื ืืฉืืฉื ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืืช ืืจืฉืืืช 500 ืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืื, ืืืื ืกืืกืื ื, LG, ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ. ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืขืืืื ืืคืื ื ืกื ืืขื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืชืจ ืืขืืื, ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืคืื ื ืกืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืืื ืืื ื-ื ืื, ืืืื ื'ืื ื, ืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืจ. ืืกืืืื ืืฉ ืชืฉืชืืช ืืืื ืืชืงืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืืช. ืืฉ ืื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืคืก ืืจืื ืฉื ืกืืืื ืืืคืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืขืืื, ืืืชืืฆืื ืืื, ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืืืจืื ืืขืืื ืขื ืืืืจืืช ืฉื ืขื ืืืื-ืืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืชืื ืช ืืจืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืฉื ืกืืืื, ืืื ืืืจืืื ื ืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืืจืืืช ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืงืืจืืื ืืืจืืืืช, ืืืจืืืช ืืชืืชืืช ืฉื ืกืืืื ืืืื ืจืฉืช ืืจืืืช ืืชืืชืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืคื ืืืจื, ืืืขืืช ืืงื ืืืขืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืื. ืืจืืืช ืืชืืชืืช ืฉื ืกืืืื, ื ืืฉืืช ืืจืืืช ืืชืืชืืช ืืืืื ืืขืืื, ืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืืื ืขื ืืืชืืช ืืืืืืืืืช ืืืื, ืืื ืืกืฃ LTE, ื-Wi-Fi, ื-DMB, ืืื WiBro. ืกืืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืขืืจืช AREX ืื ืื ืืชืขืืคื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืฆ'ืื, ืฉืืืจื ืื ืื ืืชืขืืคื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืืืฉื 7 ืฉื ืื ืืจืฆืืคืืช (2005โ2012), ืขื ืืื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืื ืชืขืืคื. ืืฉื ืช 1986, ืืืจืื ืืขืืจ ืืช ืืฉืืงื ืืกืื, ืืฉื ืช 1988 ืืช ืืืืืืืคืืืื, ืืฉื ืช 2002 ืืช ืืืื ืืืื, ืืืฉื ืช 2010, ืืืจืื ืืช ืืคืืจืื ืฉื ื-G-20, ืื ืืืจื ืืขืืจ ืืืขืืฆืืช ืืขืืื. ืฉืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืขืืจ ืกืืืื ืืืขื ืฉืืืช ืจืืื ืืขืืจื, ืืืื: ืืงืืจ ืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืงืืจืืื ืืช ืกืึนืจึธืคืึนื (์๋ผ๋ฒ; ๅพ็พ
ไผ) ืฉืืฉืืขืืชื: "ืขืืจ ืืืจื", ืืฉืจ ืืืงืืจ ืืืืก ืืขืืจ ืงืืื ืื'ื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืจืช ืืืืืช ืฉืืื. ืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืฉืืืช ืืืงืืืืช ืืงืืจืืื, ืืขืืจ ืกืืืื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืชื ืืื ื'ื โ ืืืจืกื ืืงืืจืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืชื ืืกืื ื. ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืกืื ื โ ืกืืืื ื ืืชืืช ื-ๆผขๅ ืฉื ืืื "ืืื ืฆ'ื ื" ืืกืื ืืช ืื "ืืื ืกืื ื" (ํ์ฑ) ืืงืืจืืื ืืช. ืคืืจืืฉ ืืฉื โ ืืขืืจ ืืืฆืืจื ("ืกืื ื") ืขื ื ืืจ ืืืื. ื-18 ืืื ืืืจ 2005 ืืืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืงืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ, ืื ืฉืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืชื ืืกืื ื ืืืื ืืขืชื ืืืืื "ืฉืืื-ืืจ" (ืืชืขืชืืง ืคึดึผืื-ืึดืื: Shวu'ฤr, ืืกืื ืืช: ้ฆ็พ), ืื ืฉืืืืืชื ืชืืื ืืืืืื ืืงืืจืืื ืืช, ืืืฉืจ "ืฉืืื" ืืฉืืขื ืืกืื ืืช "ืจืืฉืื" ืื "ืืืจื". ืืฉื ืืืืฉ ืืืคืืข ืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืจืฉืืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉื "ืืื ืกืื ื". ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืคื ืฉืืื ื ืืื ืืขืืจืืช (ืืืจืื ืืฉืคืืช ืืืืจืืคืืืืช) ืจืืืง ืืืืืืื ืืืงืืจืืช. ืืืกืืืจืื ืกืืืื ื ืืกืื ืืฉื ืช 18 ืืคื ื ืืกืคืืจื ืืฉื ืืืจืื ืกืืื ื ืืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืืืช ืคืืงืฆ'ื. ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืืืชื ืชืงืืคื. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืงืื ืืชืจ ืฉื ืงืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืงืืจืืื. ืืืื ื-11 ืื ื ืฉืืืื ืฉืืฉืืช ืงืืจืื ืืจืืื ืืืงืื ืืงืจืื ืืขืืจ ื ืืืืืื ื, "ืืืืจื ืืืจืืืืช". ืืฉื ืช 1394 ืฉืื ื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ื"ืืื ืืื ื" (ๆผข้ฝ) ื"ืืื ืกืื ื" (ๆผขๅ), ืืืฉืจ ืืขืืจ ืืคืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืช ืฉืืฉืืช ืฆ'ืืกืื. ืืขืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืคืืืฉืืชืื ืฉื ืืืืืืฉื ืืืคื ื ืืกืืฃ ืืืื ื-16 ืื ื ืื ืชื ืืืืฉ. ืืื ื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืฆืื ืืกืืฃ ืืืื ื-19, ืกืืืื ืืคืื ืืขืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืจื ืืกืื ืฉืื ืืฉ ืงืืื ืืฉืื, ืืฉืืืืืช, ืืื ืืืจืืื, ืงืืื ืืืคืื, ืืืืืจืฃ. ืืชืงืืคืช ืืฉืืืื ืืืคื ื ืขื ืงืืจืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ื-20, ืืขืืจ ื ืงืจืื ืืืื ืืกืื ื (๊ฒฝ์ฑ, โไบฌๅ), ืืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืืคื ืื ืืฉื ืช 1945, ืืืกืืื ืฉื ืงืืจืืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืฉื ืช 1946, ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืงืจื "ืกืืืื", ืฉืคืืจืืฉื "ืขืืจ ืืืจื" ืืงืืจืืื ืืช (ืืฃ ืฉืืฉื ืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืืืช ืฉืืื โ 57 ืืคื ื ืืกืคืืจื ืืขื 935 ืืกืคืืจื). ืืฉื ืช 1949, ืืืคืจืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืึฐืืึนื ึฐืึดื, ืืงืืื ืืช ืืขืืื ื"ืขืืจ ืืืืืืช". ืืฉื ืช 1950, ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืงืืจืืื, ืกืืืื ื ืืืฉื ืคืขืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืช ืงืืจืืื ืืฆืคืื ืืช ืืคืขืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืื"ื ืืืขืืจ ื ืืจืกื ืืืขื ืืืืืืื. ื-14 ืืืจืฅ 1951, ืืขืืจ ื ืืืฉื ืืืืจืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื"ื. ืืื, ืืืืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืชืื ืขืื ืืขืื ืืืืืืช, ืืืืืืืชืื ืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืงืื ืืฉื ืช 1995. ืืืืื 2020 ืจืืฉ ืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืื 2011, ืคืืจืง ืืื-ืกืื, ืืชืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืฉื ื ืืื ืชืืื ื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืช. ืืืืื ืื ืืืข ืืืขืืจืช ืืืืจื ื-11 ืืืืืืกื 2004 ืืืจืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืงืืจืืื ืืช ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืขืืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืฆืคืื ืฆ'ืืื ืืฆ'ืืื ื. ืืืืฉืื ืืขืจืืื ืื ืืืขืืจ ืื ืืงืจื ืืคื ื ืฉื ืช 2012. ืืืืื ืื ืืฆืจื ืชืจืขืืืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ืจืื, ืื-21 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2004 ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืงืชื ืฉื ืงืืจืืื ืืืจืืืืช ืื ืืืืืื ื ืืืขืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืงืชืืช ืืืืขืืจ ืืฉืื ืขื, ืืืืื ืืืื. ืืืืืจืคืื ืกืืืื ื ืืฆืืช ืืฆืคืื-ืืขืจืื ืฉื ืงืืจืืื ืืืจืืืืช. ืืขืืจ ืืฉืชืจืขืช ืขื 605.2 ืงื"ืจ, ืืจืืืืก ืฉื ื-15 ืง"ื, ืื ืืฆืืช ืืืืฆืข ืขื ืืื ื ืืจ ืืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืงืื โ ืกืืืื ืฉืืฆืคืื ืื ืืจ, ืืกืืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืื ืืจ. ื ืืจ ืืืื, ืืกืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืง ืืจืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืืงืืจืืื ืืช. ืฉืืืฉ ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืงืืจืืื ืืชืจื ืืืฉืชืื ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืื, ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืจ ืฉืืืฉ ื ืชืื ืกืืจ ืืจืืื ืืกืื (ืืจื ืืื ืืฆืืื). ืืืื ืื ืืจ ืืืจ ืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืชืืืืจื, ืืืืืื ืฉืืฉืคื ืฉืื ืืืืงื ืขื ืืืืื ืืื ืงืืจืืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืงืืจืืื ืืฆืคืื ืืช, ืืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืื ืืกื ืืืืจืืื. ืืจืืื ืฉื ืกืืืื ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืขืชืืงื ืฉื ืื ืชื ืืชืงืืคืช ืฉืืฉืืช ืฆ'ืืกืื. ืืืืืจ ืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืืจืืื ืืช, ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืจืื ืืขืกืงืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืขืืจ, ืืื ืื ืจืื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืืกืืจืชืืื. ืืจืื ืื ื ืืฆื ืืขืืง ืฆ'ืื ื-ืื ืฆ'ืื (์ฒญ๊ณ์ฒ), ืื ืืืจื ื ืืจ ืืืืืืชื ืืชืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืจ ืืงืืื. ืืจืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืจื ื ืืจ ืืื (ํ๊ฐ). ืืขืืจื ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืื ืืจ ื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืช, ืืื ืืจืื ืืืกืืจ ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืงืืจืืื. ืขื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืจืื ืื ืืจ, ื ืืฆื ืื ืืื ืืืกืคื ืืืืืืืช, ืืืืคื ื ืืืืืืืืื, ืืื ืืื ืกืืื ืืคืจืกืืืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืืื. ืืืฆืืืืื ืืืืืืืคื ื ืืฆื ืืฃ ืืื ืืจืืืืช ืื ืืจ ืืื. ืชืฉืขื ืงืืื ืจืืืช ืชืืชืืช ืืืืจื ืฉื 1,131 ืง"ื ืืงืฉืจืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืขืืจ ืขื ืคืจืืืจืื. ืืื ืืจืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืื ืืืขืชืืงืื ืืืืชืจ ืืกืืืื ืืื ืฆ'ืื ื-ื ื (์ข
๋ก) โ ืจืืื ืืคืขืืื, ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืงื ืืคืขืืื ืฉืฆืืฆื ืืขืช ืคืชืืืช ืืกืืืจืช ืฉืขืจื ืืขืืจ. ืืงืืื ืืชืจืื ืืืืืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืฉืืฉืืช ืฆ'ืืกืื ื ืื ื "ืืืฉืช ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื" ืฉื ืกืืืื: ืืื ืืจืืื ืงืื ื ืืกืฃ: ืืงืืฉืื ืืขืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืขืืจ: ืืืืืืื ืื: ืืื ื ืืืฉื ืชืจืืืช ืืกืืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืืขืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืื, ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืฉืขื ืขืืจืื ืืื. ืืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืงืืจืืื, ืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืืืืืื ื ืกืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ื ืงืืจืืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืื ืืงืืชื ื-1945 ืืขื ืืืื. ืืืืืืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืกืฃ ืฉื 150,000 ืืืฆืืื ืืืคืฆื ืืืื ืืช. ืืฉืืื ืืกืืืื ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืขืื ื-30 ืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช, ืฉืืืืืขื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืกืืืื. ืชืืืืจื ืืกืืืื ืชืฉืขื ืงืืื ืจืืืช ืชืืชืืช ืฉืืืจืื ืืืืื 1,131 ืง"ื, ืืื 200 ืงืืื ืืืืืืืกืื. ืจืฉืช ืืืืืืืืกืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืจืฉืช ืืชืื ืืช ืฉื ืืจืืืช ืืชืืชืืช ืื ืฉืฉืืืืฉ ืืืจืืืก ืืืงืืจืื ื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืฉืื ื ืกืืขื ืืืืืืืืกืื ืืืจืืืช. ืกืืืื ืืงืืฉืจืช ืขื ืขืจื ืงืืจืืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืจืืืืช, ืืืืืื ื-KTX โ ืจืืืช ืืชืืชื ืืืืืจื. ืืกืืืื ืฉื ื ืฉืืืช ืชืขืืคื โ ืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื ืืืืคื ืฉื ืื ื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืืืจื ืคื ืื ืืืื ืชืืช, ืื ืื ืืชืขืืคื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืฆ'ืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืกืชืืืื ืืฉื ืช 2001, ืืืฉืืฉ ืืืื ืืจืื ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืช, ืืืื ืงืืจืืื ืืืืจ. ืืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืืฆืื ืจืืื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืงืื ืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืจ, ืืฆืืืื ืืืคืืืช ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืกืืืื ืืืืชื ืจืืืช ืฉื ืืืงืื โ ืืจืืืช ืคืืืชืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื'ืื ื. ืคืืจืงืื ืืื ืื ืฆืืืืจืืื ืืกืืืื ืฉืืฉื ืคืืจืงืื, ืืืขืืจ ืืืงืคืช ืืืืืจื ืืจืืงื. ืืคืืจืงืื ืื ืืชืจืื ืคืืคืืืจืืื ืื ืืคืฉ ืฉื ืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืืงืื ืื ืืื ืืกืืคื ืฉืืืข. ืืขืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืคืืจืงื ืฉืขืฉืืขืื: ืคืืจืง ืืืื, ืืืืจืื ื, ืืกืืืื ืื ื. ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืื 2017 ื ืคืชื ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืกืืืื ืื ืชืืื ืืืืฉ ืืฉื Seoullo 7017 ืืืฉืงืขื ืฉื ืืืขืื ื-30 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ. ืื ืื ืืงืืื ืกืืืื ืืืืืงืช ื-25 ืจืืขืื โ "ืื" (๊ตฌ), ืฉืืชืืืงืื ื-15,267 ืฉืืื ืืช "ืืื ื", ืืืื ืืืืืงืื ื-112,734 "ืืื". ืขืจืื ืชืืืืืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืืขืจืืช: 1 ืืืง ืืฉืื ืืืืื ื ื ืืฆื ืืืืจืืคื. 2 ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืกืื ืืช (ืืืืืืื) ืื ืืืืจืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืจืฉืืืช. 3 ืืืง ืืฉืื ืืืืื ื ื ืืฆื ืืืืงืืื ืื. ืืฉืืงืื ืขืชืืืืื: ืืืก ืื ื'ืืก (2028) โข ืืจืืืื (2032) |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื ืืืื_ื ืชื ืืื#cite_ref-364] | [TOKENS: 76002] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืึดึผื ึฐืึธืึดืื (ืึดึผืืึดึผื) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐืึธืืึผ (ื ืืื ื-21 ืืืืงืืืืจ 1949, ื"ื ืืชืฉืจื ื'ืชืฉ"ื) ืืื ืคืืืืืืงืื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืคืืืช "ืืืืืื" ืืืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื (ืื ืคืงืื). ืืฉื ืื 1984โ1988 ืืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืื"ื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจื ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ. ื-1993 ื ืืืจ ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ืืืื ืฉืฉ ืืืื ืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืฉืืืฉ ืชืงืืคืืช ืื ืจืฆืืคืืช: ืืื 1996โ1999 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืืข; ืืื 2009โ2021 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืชืืื, ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉ, ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืจืืข ืืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ; ืืืื ืืฆืืืจ 2022 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ, ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชืคืงืืืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืืงื ืืืงืืื ืืืืื ืืชืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื, ืืืขื ืืฉื ืื 1999โ2002 ืืื ืคืจืฉ ืืืคืืืืืืงื. ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ืืชืฉืขืื ืืชื ืขื ืืกืื ืืืจืื ืืืกืื ืืืื ืขื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืืื ืืฉื ืื 2003โ2005, ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืงืืื ืืคืจืื, ืืืจืืช ืืืกืื ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืฉื ืช 2018, ืืืขืืจื ืืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉืืช, ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020, ื ืืชืื ืืกืืื ืืืจืื. ืืืื ื ืื ืืชืืจืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืคืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืจืขื ืืืฆืข ืขืืื ืขื ื, ืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื, ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช. ื-2023 ืืืจืข ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ ืฉืืืืื ืืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื, ืื-2025 ืชืงืคื ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืฆืข ืขื ืืืืื. ืืืจืืขืื ืืืืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืกืชื ื ืืช ืืืคืจืืงื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื 2005 ื-2013 ืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืโืืฆืจืื, ืืืืื ืืืืจืชืืช ืืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืช 2011, ืืชืคืจืฆืืช ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2020, ืงืืืื "ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช" ืืฉื ืช 2023 ืืืืืื ืืขืืืืช ืื ืจืืืช ืืขืงืืืชืื. ื-24 ืืืื 2020 ืืืืฉื ื ืืื ืืชืื ืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืชื ืื ื ืืื ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืฉืื ืืช: ืชืืง 1000, ืชืืง 2000 ืืชืืง 4000. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืชื. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2024 ืืืืืข ืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื (ICC) ืื ืืืฆืื ืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืืื, ืื ืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืืื ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื. ืจืืฉืืช ืืืื, ืฉืืจืืชื ืืฆืืื ืืืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืฉืช ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฆืืื (ืืืืช ืกืื; 1912โ2000) ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืื ืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื (1910โ2012) ืื ืงืจื ืขื ืฉื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืคืจืืกื ืื ืืืื ืกืื. ืืื ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื ืช ืชืืคืืืช ืื-1955 ืืงืืืื. ืืงืืจ ืืฉื "ืืืื" ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืจืื. ืืืืชื ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืื[ื] ืืืืจ ืืฉืื "ืื" ืืงืจืืืช ืืืจื ืืืืชื. ืืืื ืื ืืืง ืจืืฉืืช ืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ื-50 ืืชืืืืช ื-60 ืืืืชื ืืืฉืคืื ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื, ืขื ืฉืืฉืคืืชื ืขืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉื ืช 1963, ืืขืงืืืช ืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืื. ืืืฉืคืื ืืจื ืืฆ'ืืื ืื, ืคืจืืืจ ืฉื ืคืืืืืคืื ืฉืืคื ืกืืืื ืื, ืฉื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืื ืคืขืื ืืืืขืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืืืื, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ื-1967 ืืื ืืืชืืืืก ืืฆื"ื, ืืขืื ืฉืืฉืคืืชื ื ืฉืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉื ืฉื ืชืืื ื ืืกืคืืช. ืืื ืฉืืจืช ืืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื, ืฉืื ืฉืืจืช ืื ืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืขืื. ืืื ืขืืจ ืืกืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืื ืืืืคืงื ืืืชื ืชืืช ืคืืงืืื ืฉื ืขืืืจื ืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืืง ืงืืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืฆืข ืชืฉืืจื, ืืืืฆืข ืชืืคืช ืืืืืฆืข ืืืืืืก 4 ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืชืฉื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืข, ืืืืจ ืฉืืฆืื ืืืฆืจื ืคืชื ืืืฉ ืขื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืขื ืฉืืืืช 13, ืืขืช ืฆืืืืช ืชืขืืช ืกืืืฅ ืขื ืืื ืกืืจืืช ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช, ืฉืืืืชื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืฆืจืืื. ืืืืฉื, ืกืืื ืงืืจืก ืงืฆืื ื ืื"ืจ ืืืฆืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืืคืงื ืฆืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืคืงื ืฆืืืช ืืฉืชืชืฃ ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืืืฆืข ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืขื ืืืืก "ืกืื ื", ืฉืขืืื ืคืืงื ืืคืงื ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืง. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืคืฆืข ืืคืขืืื ืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืืืื. ืืคืขื ืืืจืช, ืืืืจื ืืคืขืืื ืกืืืืช ืืกืืจืื, ื ืชืงืข ืืฆืืืช ืฉืขืืื ืคืืงื ืืืจื ืืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืชืฉืืฉืืช ืืืงืืจ. ืืคืงื ืคืืืชื, ืขืืื ืืืื, ืืฉ ืืขืืจืชื ืืืืืฅ ืืืชื. ืืงืืฅ 1972 ืืฉืชืืจืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆื"ื ืืืจืืช ืกืจื. ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืจื ืืฆื"ื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช MIT ืฉืืืกืฆ'ืืกืืก. ืขื ืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1973, ืฉื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืงืืืฆื ืืืืืชืจืช ืฉื "ืืืืจืื" ืืืืืืื, ืฉืฉืืจื ืขื ืื ืืื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืงืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืื, ืืืฉืืืข ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืชื ืืืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืฆืคืื. ืืคื ืืืืืืื, ื ืจืื ืื ืคืืงื ืขื ืืืฆืข ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฆืคืื. ืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืฉืจืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืคืืืช ืขื 1981. ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืคืืจ, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืฉื ืงืืื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืืจืืืืืช (B.S.A.D) ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช MIT ื-1974, ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืื ืขืกืงืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืื MIT ืกืืืื ื-1976. ืขืืืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืฃ ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืฆืืจ, ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืชืืจื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืื ืึพMIT ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจืืืืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืืขื ืืืืื ื. ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืืื, ืขืื ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืขืืฅ ืขืกืงื, "ืืืกืืื ืงืื ืกืืืื ื ืืจืืค". ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืื ื ืขืฆืื "ืื ื'ืืื ื ืืชืื" ืื "ืื ื ืืชืื". ื ืืชืื ืืื ืฉื ืืขื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืขืืชืื ืขื ืืืืจืื. ื-1976 ืฉืื ืืช ืืืื, ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืื ืืืฆืข ืื ืืื, ืืขืช ืืืืชื ืืคืงื ืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื. ืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1977 ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืกืืฃ 1976 ืืขื 1980 ืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืืจ, ืฉืขืจื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืกืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืจืืจ. ื-1980 ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืขืื ืืคืจืก ื'ืืืืื ืกืงื ืืกืคืจืืช ืืืืืงืจ, ืืขืืืจ ืืืฆืืช ืืืชืื ืืื ื. ืืื 1979โ1982 ืขืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืง ืฉื ืืืจืช ืืจืืืืื "ืจืื ืชืขืฉืืืช". ืืืกืืจืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืืจ, ืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืืืืืืงืืื, ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉื ืืจื ืก, ืฉืืื ืืกืึน ืืคืืืืืืงื ืืืืืืฅ ืืื ืืชื ืืฆืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื. ืกื., ืชืคืงืื ืฉืืืื ืืื 1982โ1984. ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืจื ืก ืืฉืืจืืจ, ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืงืืื, ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืจ ืจืืื ืืชืคืงืื. ืืื 1984โ1988 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืื"ื ืืืื ืืืืคืขืืชืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืขืืืืืช. ืืืจื ืฉืืงืื ืืจืก ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืฉืฃ ืืช ืขืืจื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืื"ื, ืงืืจื ืืืืืืื, ืฉืฉืืจืช ืืงืฆืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืชืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื"ื, ืืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ืืฆืืื, ืืืฉืืฃ ืืกืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืขืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืคืืฉืขื ืืืืื ื ืืฆืื ื ืืกืคืื. ื-1988 ืืืขื ืง ืื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืจ ืืืงืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจ-ืืืื. ืงืจืืืจื ืคืืืืืืช ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจื ื-1988, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช "ืืืืืื". ืืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืชื ืืขืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืชืฉืืขื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื, ืฉืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืืืืฅ. ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ื-12, ืืืชืื ื ืืกืื ื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืฉื ืืจื ืก, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื. ืืื ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืื ื ืืฆืจ ืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืฆืฆื ื ืืฆื ื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืืชืขืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืื. ืืื ืืชืคืงืืื ืืื"ื, ืื ืืชืคืงืื ืื ืืชืืื ืืืืคืขืืชืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืชืืืช. ื-1991 ื ืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืจืืฉืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืืง ืฉืืืจ. ืืืืจ ืืืืขืืื, ืขืงื ืืืชื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื, ืขืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื, ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-1992, ืืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืืฉื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืคืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ืฉืืืจ, ืืชืืืื ื-1993 ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื. ืืืืื ืืกืข ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช, ืืชืคืจืกืื "ืคืจืฉืช ืืงืืืช ืืืืืืช". ืืืืคืขื ืืืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืจืช ืืื ืืืืฉืืช, ืืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืื "ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืืืจืช ืคืืฉืขืื" ื ืืกื ืืกืืื ืืืชื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืจืืืืช ืืืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชื. ืืจืืืื ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืื ืืคืจืฉื, ืืขืืืงื ืืช ืืงืจืข ืืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืืงืืืช ืื ืืืฆืื ืืขืืื, ืืืืืื ืืชื ืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืคื ืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื, ืื ื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืงืฆื, ืืืื ื-52.1% ืืืงืืืืช (72,705 ืืชืื 139,522 ืงืืืืช ืืฉืจืื). ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืคืืช ืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืื ื-1993 ืืืืืืจ ืฉืืืกืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืจ ืืืคื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืื ืืืงืจ ืืืืจืืช ืคืืืืขื ืืจืืจ ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืื, ืงืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช, ื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื. ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืชื ืืคืื ืช ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืฆืืื ื ืื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืืกืื ืืืกืื ื', ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1995. ืืฉืชืชืคืืชื ืืืคืื ื ืืฆืืืช ืจืขื ื ื ืฉืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืชืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืจืื ืงืืืจื ืฉืขืืื ืืืืชืื "ืจืืื ืงืืืจ ืืช ืืฆืืื ืืช", ืืืชื ืืคืจืกืื ืจื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืขื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื. ื-29 ืืืื 1996 ื ืขืจืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืจืืข-ืขืฉืจื, ืืคื ืฉืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืฉืืจื. ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก, ืฉืืืืืฃ ืืช ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืฆืื, ืืจืื ืืืืง ืฉื ื-29,000 ืงืืืืช. ื ืืฆืืื ื ืืชืงืื ืืืคืชืขื ืืงืจื ืืคืจืฉื ืื. ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืจืืฅ ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืฆื ืคืจืก ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื 1.4%, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืงื ืฉื ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืคื ืืช ืืืงืจ ืืชืืคืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืืช ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืกืืจ ืฉื ืืชื ืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืืชืืกืก ืขื ืชืืืฉืช ืืืกืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืขืงื ืืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืขืช ืคืืืืขื ืืชืืืืืช, ืืฆื ืืืืืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืื ืฉื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืื. ืื ืืืขื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืจ ืคืขื ืืจืขืช ืคืจืก, ืขืงื ืืขืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืืฉืคืขื ืืจืืฉืืช ืฉื ืจืฆื ืจืืื, ืืืชื ืืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืชืืจืื ืืช, ืืืชื ื ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืกืืขืืช ืืืชืืจืืช ื"ืืืืืื-ืืฉืจ-ืฆืืืช". ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืคืจืก ืืืคืืข ืขืืืฃ ืื ืจืื, ืื ืฉืคืืข ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืชื ืืขืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืงืจื ืืืืขืืืื ืคืขืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืขืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืขืจืืืช ื ืื ืขื ืืืชืืื ืืืืฉืื, ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฆืข "ืขื ืื ืืขื" ืืืืคืืื ืขื ืืคืจ ืงืื ื ืืืื ืื, ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืขื ืชืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืื ืงืืคืืื ืฆืขืืจื ืืืืืช ืื"ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืง: "ื ืชื ืืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื", ืืืืจืืช ืืจื ืืจื ืฉื, ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืฆืืืข ืื ืชื ืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืขืฅ ืืจืชืืจ ืคืื ืงืืฉืืืื ืืงืืคืืื ื ืืืืื ืขื ืกืืกืืืืช ืงืืืืืช ืืื "ืคืจืก ืืืืง ืืช ืืจืืฉืืื", ืฉืืื ืืคืงืืืื ืืืฆืืจืช ื ืืืืจ ืืืคื ืืฉืืื ืืงืจื ืขืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืืื. ื ืืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืชื ืืืื 47 ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืขืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืจ ืงืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืึพ18 ืืืื ื 1996 ืขื ืึพ6 ืืืืื 1999. ืืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืื-ืคืืกืืื ื. ืืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื, ืชืื ืืฆืืจื ืขื ืขืืงืจืื ืืคืื ืืงืืื ืืชืืืืืืืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ืจืง ืืืงืืื ืืงืืื ืืชืืืืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืืชืื ืืื, ืืชืขืืื ืืกืืจืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืฉืืจื ื ืืกืจื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืชืื ืืืกืืื ืืืกืื ื'. ืืชืืืืช ืกืคืืืืจ 1996 ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ืืืขืืจ ืืจื, ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืกืืืืช. ื-24 ืืกืคืืืืจ 1996 ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืคืชืืืช ืื ืืจืืช ืืืืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืจืช ืืืืชื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฆืคืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืื ื ืืจืื 17 ืืืืื ืฆื"ื ืืืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืืจืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืืืืืืช ืืชืคืชืื ืืขืงืืืช ืคืชืืืช ืืคืชื ืืฆืคืื ื ืฉื ืื ืืจืช ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืจืืืข ืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืฉืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืขื ื ืฉืืฉืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืชืืช ืืกืืื ืืจ ืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืขืจืขืจ ืืืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืง ืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืฉื ืชื ืืคืชืืืช ืคืชื ืืื ืืจื ืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืขืช ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืจืช "ื ืืืขื ืืกืืข ืงืืืื ื". ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจืืข ืืืืืื ื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืื ืืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืืื ืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืคืืกืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืคืืช ืฉื ืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืืคืจืืช ืกืืจ ืืขืจืื ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืืขืืจืืืช, ืฉื ืคืกืงื ืชืื ืืืื ืกืคืืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืงืจื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืงืืื ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืขืจืคืืช ืืคืกืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื, ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืกืืื ืืื ืืจืื. ืืคืกืื ืกืืื ืืช ืืืจื ืืืชืืืช "ืืกืื ืืืจืื" ืืื ืืืจ 1997. ืืืกืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืช ืืจืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืื, ืืืขื ืืืืจ ืืขืจืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืจืื ืกืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืื ืืืืืืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืืื. ืืื ืื ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ืฉืชื ื ืกืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืฉืืืื ืขื ืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืงืจืื "ืฉืืืฉ ืืคืขืืืืช". ืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฆืขื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ. ืืงืืฅ 1997 ืืชืจืืฉื ืฉื ื ืคืืืืขื ืืชืืืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืขืงืืืชืืื ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืชื ืงืฉืืช ืื'ืืื ืืฉืขื, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืืก ืืืจืื. ืืคืขืืื ืื ืขืืชื ืืคื ืืกืืื ื "ืืืืกื" ืฉืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ื ืชืคืกื. ืืชืืืจื ืืฉืืจืืจื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื ืชืจืืคืช ื ืื ืฉืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืขื ืืฉืืจืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืกืืจืื ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืจืืฉื ืฉืืื' ืืืื ืืืกืื. ืงืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืฉ ืืช ืืกืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืกื ืืื ืืจืืืง, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืก ืฉืืืจืฉ ืืืจืื ืื ืขืฆืจ ืื ืืืชืชื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืฉืฉ ืฉืืฉืคืื ืืขืืจืจ ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืืคืืืืขืื. ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉื ื ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืืคื ืื, ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก ืืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืจืง ืืืจืืื ืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 1999, ืฉื ืช ืืืื ืชื ืืืืจืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ื ืจืฆืื 4 ืื ืฉืื ืืคืืืืขืื, ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืชืืคืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืขื 2008. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืช ืืืืืฃ ืืื ืขืืจื. ืืงืืช ืืืืขืฆื ื ืขืฉืชื ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืืืกืืจืช ืืคืงืช ืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืขื ืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืงืืื ืื. ืืืืจ ืชืงืืคื ืืจืืื ืฉื ืงืืคืืื, ืฉืืืืืื ืืจืฉื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืชืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ื ืืืกืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืกืื ืืืจืื ืื ืกืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช, ืืื ืก ืื ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืืช ืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1998. ืืืืขืืื ืืกืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉืืชืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืคืืจ, ืื ืกืืื ื ืืกืคืช, ืฉืืืื 13% ืืฉืืื C ืฉืืืื ืฉืืืขืืจื ืืฉืืื A ื-B,โ 1% ื-12% ืืืชืืื, ืืืคืชืืืช ื ืื ืชืขืืคื ืืื-ืืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืกืขืืคื ืืืื ื ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืงืืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืื ืืชืื ืกื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืขืื ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืื, ืืืื ืื ืคืืจืกื ื ืืกื ืืืฉ ืฉื ืืืื ื ืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืกืขืืคืื ืืงืืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฆืขื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืจืง ืืืง ืงืื ืืื ืกืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืจื: โืืชื ื โ ืืงืืื, ืื ืืชื ื โ ืื ืืงืืื.โ ืชืงืืคื ืื ืืชืืคืืื ื ืืืชืืงืืืืืช ืืจืืืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ื"ืคืขืืืืช" ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืคืขื. ืืืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืงืืคืืื ืืืืขืื ืขื ืกืืจืื, ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืืื ืจืื ืืืืืจ, ื ืฉืื ืืืขืื ืืกืืจืื. ืืืขื ืช ืื ืืก ืจืืก ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืง, ืืืืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืจืื, ืืืืชื ืืืกืืืชื, ืืืื ื ืกืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืงื ืขื ืืกืืก ืืืืืืช 1967, ืชืื ืฉืชืืืื ืืงื ืืืืืืง ืืืงืืข ืืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืื. ืืืขื ืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืืชืขืงืฉ ืขื ืื ืฉืงื ืืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืงืืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืชืจ. ืฉืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืงืืจืื ืืช ืจืืื, ืืื: ืืกืื ืืืกืืงืื (4 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1997), ืืืช ืฉืืืฉื ืงืฆืื ืื ืืกืืืจืช ืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืชืงืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื (23 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1997) ืืืกืื ืืฉืืืืช (5 ืืกืคืืืืจ 1997) ืฉืื ื ืืจืื 12 ืืืืื ืฉืืืืช 13 ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืื. ืืกืื ืืืกืืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืช ืืคืงืคืืง ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืงืืช ืืจืืื ืืจืืข ืืืืืช ืฉืคืขืื ืื ืกืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื. ืืขืงืืืช ื ืคืืืช ืืงืฆืื ืื ืืืืืข ืื"ืจ ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืง, ืขื ืืชืืืืืืชื ืืฆืืช ืืืื ืื ืชืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืืจื, ืขืืืฃ ืชืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืกืืจืื. ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืช ืืืชืช ืขื ืื ืกืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืื ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ, ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืืฆืจื ืืฉืืจื ื ืืืืจืืงื ื. ืคืขืืืืช ืื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื'ืจื ืคืืืืื (ืื ') ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืฆืจื, ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืงืจื ืืืืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ื ืฉืืืฉื ืฉืจื ืืืฆืจ: ืื ืืจืืืืจ, ืืขืงื ื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช โ ืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืคืจืง ืืื ืฉื ืืฉื ื. ืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืื ืืจืืืืจ, ืื ืืฉื "ืจืฆืืขืช ืืืืืกืื" ืืืืื ืืืชืคืืจืืช ืืืืจืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื. ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืื ืืื ืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืฆืขืืื ืืืืืืืื[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืฉื ืงื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉืืช 1998, ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืฉืืื ืจืขืืขืื ืขืื. ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืกืืืืช ืฉืืง ืืืคืฉื, ืืขืื ืขื ื ืก ืืช ืขืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืคืฉืืช ืืืช ืืืคืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืฉ ืชืคืืกื ืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืืืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืืคืืชืช ืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืืื. ืืืฉืืชื ืืืฆืขื ืืคืจืื ืฉื ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืชืืืช ืืืืืจืืืืฆืื ืืืืืข ืืืืฅ, ืืืื ืืืืื "ืจืฆืืขืช ืืืืืกืื", ืืืื ืฉืืจื ืืืชืคืืจืืชื ืฉื ืื ืืจืืืืจ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจื ืจืคืืจืื ืืคื ืกืื ืฉืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืคื ืกืื ืชืงืฆืืืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืฆืืืจืช, ืืืจืืืช ืืขืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืฆืืืืจื. ืืื ืื ืืืกืคืช ืืคืขืื ืกืืืืจื ืฉืืืฉื, ืชืืืืช ืฉืืจืืชื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืช "Yes" ืืืืกืคืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉืืง ืฉืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืืช. ืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืงื ืืขืืช ืืจืืคืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืืขืื ืืจืืชื ืืคืืืืืืื ืึปืึผืึผ ืืขืืชืื ืืืจืืงืืช ืืฆืจืืืืช. ืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืืกื ืื ืืืง ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืืืืจื ืฉืืคืฉืจื ืืช ืจืฆื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื. ืืกืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืง ืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืืขืื ืฉืืคืืืืช ืืฉืืื ื ืื ืขื ืืืกืคืง ืื ืจืฉืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืกืื, ืืืขืงืืืช ืืชืงืคื ืฉืื ืขืืืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืืขืืื. ืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื ืื ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืคืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืขื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืจืืช ืืืคื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืขืงืืืช ืืชืจืกืืชืื ืืืคื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืื ื.[ื] ืขื ืืืช, ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืืจืชื. ืืืคืขืชื ืืชืงืฉืืจืชืืช ืืืืืืฉืช ืืืืื ืื ืชืืืืื, ืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืื ืขืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื. ืืืชืืจืืจืืช ืขื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืจืื ืื. ืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ื-21 ืืืฆืืืจ 1998 ืืฆืืืขื ืืื ืกืช ืืงืจืืื ืฉืืืฉืืช ืขื ืคืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืจื ืกืืื ืชืืจืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืงืืจื, ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืขืช ืื-ืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืขื ืืฃ ื ืืกืืื ืืชืื ืืื ืืข ืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืชื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืง, ืืืขืื ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื; ืืฆืืง ืืจืืื, ืฉืืืชื ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืจืืฅ ื ืืื; ืื ื ืืืื, ืฉืขืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืขืืื ืืฉืืจื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืคืจืฉื ืืจืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืจืืฅ, ืืืื ืชืื ืืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืชืืื ืืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืจืง, ืฉื ืืฆื ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืื 1999, ืืฉืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 56% ืืงืืืืช ืืืืืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืืืกืชื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืคืจืกืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืกืืคืืืช ืืืืืืข ืขื ื ืืืืช ืคืกืง ืืื ืืืคืืืืืืงื, ืืฉืืฆืืื ืขืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉืืืฆื ืืืืืืคื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืชืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ื ืืงืื ืฆืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืฉืื ืืงืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืื ืฉืืขืจ ืขื ืืื ืขืืืงืื ืืงืจืข ืืขื ืืืืื ื ืฉืจืืฉ ืื ืืฉืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืจ ืฉืืคืกืื ืืืืืจืืช 1999, ืคืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืชื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืืืืกื 1999 ืืื ื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืจืช ืืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชืงืืืช ืืืืืจืช "ืืืงืืจืืง ืคืืื". ืขื ื ืคืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืจืง ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2000, ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืคื ืืืืืจ ืืคืืืืืืงื. ืขื ืคื ืืืง, ืืชืคืืจืืช ืืจืง ืืืืจื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืฉืืชืงืืืื ืื ืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืืจืช ืื ืชืชืืคืฉืจ ืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืฆืืื. ืืคืืืช ืฉ"ืก, ืฉืื ืจืฆืชื ืืืกืชืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื, ืกืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืคืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช, ืื ืกืืืขื ืืืขืืจืช ืืืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืชืืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืขืืืืชื ืืืคืชืืขื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืืืชื ืขืช ื"ืืืชื ืืืืจ" ืืืคืืคืืืจื ืคืืืช ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืจื ืืืฆืข "ืืืืช ืืื", ืชืงืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจืื ืืื ืืคืืืืขืื ืืงืจื ืืื ืืกืช ืฆื"ื ืืขืจืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืืช. ืืื ืงืจื ืื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืคืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืขืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืคื ืฉืื ืืืขืชื ืฆืจืืื ืืืชืืฆืข ืืคืจืื ืืืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ, ืขื ืคืืจืืง ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืคืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2002 ืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืคืืืฉ ืืขืืจืืง. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืขื ืืืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืื ืืขืืช ืืคืืงืื ืืืจืคืืจืื ืฉื ืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืขืืืชื ืืขืจืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื "ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื, ืคืขืืืืชืื ืืืชืงืืืืชื ืฉื ืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืืคืืชืื ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื" ืืืืกืืฃ ืื ืชืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ื ืฉื ืกืืื, ืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืชืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืื. ืืคืืขื ืืชืืจืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืขืืจืืง ืื ืืืื ืขืืจืืง ืื ืืื ืื ื ืฉืง ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืจืืื ืืขืจืืืื ืื ืืฉืคืขืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืฉืืืืืช ืืกื ืืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2002 ืืฆืืจืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ. ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืื ืฉืจืื ืขื ืื ืืืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืืคืกืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื 24%. ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืืืช 2003, ืืืฆืข ืื ืชื ืืื ืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ. ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉืืคืฅ ืืชืืง ืืืืฅ, ืกืืจื ืชืืืื, ืื ืืืกืืฃ ืงืืื ืืช ืืชืคืงืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืคืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืงืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฆืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืก ืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืง ืืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืฆื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืฆืจ, ืขืจื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืจืืืงืืช ืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื. ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืงืคืืืืืกืืืช ืชืงืืคื, ืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืคืืชืช ืืืฆืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืงืืฆืืฆืื ื ืจืืืื ืืชืงืฆืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืคืจืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืชืืืช. ืืื ืืืืจ ืจืืืช ืขื ืืฆืืจื ืืงืฆืฅ ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืฉืง ื"ืืืฉ ืืจืื (ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืื) ืืกืืื ืขื ืืื ืืช ืืืืฉ ืืฉืื (ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื)". ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืชื, ืืืืฅ ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืฉืืื ืื ืงืืืื, ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืืคืืชืช ืฉืืขืืจื ืืก ืืืื ืกื. ืืืงืืื ืืจืืื ืืช ืืกืืก ืืืก ืืืืื ืคืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืก ืืชืืฉืื ืืชื ืืืืืืช. ืืืืฆืข 2004 ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืคืืชื ืืืจืืชืืช ืื ืื ืืก ืืืื ืกื ืืืก ืืืืจืืช (25% ืืขืืืช 36%) ืขื ืฉื ืช 2010 ืืืคืืชืช ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืืื (44% ืืขืืืช 50%). (ืืืื ืืืช ืืฉืชื ืชื ืืขืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืช 2012 โ ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืขืื ื-48% ืื-50% ืืฉื ืช 2013, ืืืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืืก ืืืื ืกื ืขื ื-40,000 ืฉ"ื ืืืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืช.) ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืื ืืคืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืฉืืจ ื ืืื, ืื ืืชืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืจืง ืขื ืืขืื ืืื ืกื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืืขืื. ืขืจืื ืฉื ื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืก ืืื ืกื ืืืงืคื ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืืืืช. ืืืกืืจืช ืชืืงืื 147 ืืคืงืืืช ืืก ืืื ืกื, ืืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืก ื-15% ื-20% ืขื ืจืืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื, ืืจืืืช ืื ืืืช ืืืืจืกื ืืจืืืืืช ืขื ืคืืงืืื ืืช, ืืืื ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืงืจืงืขืื. ืืชืืืืช 2004 ืืืืื ืงืืฆืืฅ ืืืืกืื ืขื ืงืฉืช ืจืืื ืฉื ืืืฆืจื ืฆืจืืื, ืืืงืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืืข"ื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืฉื 17%. ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืงืจืืืจืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืงืฆืืืืช ืจืืืื ("ืชืฉืืืื ืืขืืจื") ืืืืื ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืช ืื ื ืืขืื, ืืืืจืื, ืืขืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืฆืืช ืืขืืืื. ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืฃ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืฉืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืืืืคื ืืกืืจืชื ืคืขืื ืืืืืืช ืงืฆืื ืื (ืืืืืื ืืืง ืืืคืจื), ืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืงืืืืืฆืื. ืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืงืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืคืืขื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืขืจืื, ืฉืืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืกืืช. ืงืืฆืืฆืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืงืฆืืืืช ืคืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืื-ืืืจืืืช, ืืืืืืืื ืืืงืฉืืฉืื ืืขืืจืจื ืื ืฉื ืฉืืืชืืช ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืืืช, ืืืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืงื ืงื ืคื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื, ืืืขืืจื ืืืจืืช ืจืืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืคืื ืคืจืืืื. ื-2003 ืืื ืคืงื ืืืืจืกื ืื ืืืช "ืื ืขื", ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืงืืืฆืช "ืื ืคืืื" ืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืืฅ ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจื. ืืชืืืืช 2004 ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืช ืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืคื ืืช "ืฆืื" (50% ืืืืืจื) ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืขืืคืจ ืชืืืจืช ืืืฆื ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื. ืืืืื, ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืงื ืจืืื ืื "ืขืกืงืช ืืฉืงืฉืืงื", ืขืืจืจ ืืืงืืจืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ืจืื, ืื ืืชืื ืขืืื ืืขืจื ืืื"ื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื. ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืง ืืืกืงืื ื ื ืืืจ ืืงืืืฆืช ืืฉืงืืขืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืชืื ืืจืื ืคืื, ืชืืืจืช 1.3 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื, ื-80% ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืง, ืขื ืคื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืกืืจื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืืจืกื. ืืืจืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช "ืืืง" ื ืืืจื ืืงืืืฆื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืกืื ืืืืืคืงืก, ืืืืืจ ืืงืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืกืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืงืืืืื ืืืืืืคืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืง ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 2008 ืื ืืื ืืื ืง ืืืืืื ืคืจืืืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืคืืืช ื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืฆืืจ ืชืืจืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืขืื. ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืขืืืืื, ืฉืื ืชืืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืกืื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืชืืช ืขืืืจ ืื ื ืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2009, ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืื ืืืช ืืจืคืืจืื, ืืืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืคืจืืฉืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืงืืข ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืื ืืจืคืืจืื ื ืืฉืื. ืืื ืืื ืคืชืจืื ืืืฉืืจ ืงืจื ืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืช, ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืงืจื ืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืืืืืจืช ืืงืจื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืช, ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืื. ืชืืื ืืช ืืกืืืข ืืคืฉืจื ืืงืจื ืคืืขืื ืืื ืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืคืจืขืื, ืืช ืชืฉืืื ืืคื ืกืื ืืืืจืื. ืฆืขื ืื ืืืื ืืืขืืื ื ืืืจืช ืฉื ืืคืจืฉืืช ืืขืืืชืื ืืงืจื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืช ืืืขืืืืืื ืืฆืืฆืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืืชืื. ืืงืจืืช ืกืืฃ ืืืื ืชื ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช "ืืขืืช ืืืจ". ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆืืชืื, ืฉืืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ื ืืืฆื ืืื ืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืงืืคืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืงืจื ืืช ืื ืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืขืืืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืจืชืืื ืืฉื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืื ืืื-ืฉืืืืื ืืืฉืง. ืขื-ืคื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืื 2002 ื-2004 ืขืื ืื-10%, ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืขื ืืืช ืขืื ื-12%. ืืจืืื ื ืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืขืืืื ืืืจืืฉืช ืื ืืงืงืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจืืคืืช, ืื ืืงืจื ืืืจืืื ืฉืืฉืชืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืขืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืงืจื ืืืจืืื ืขืืืืื ืื ืคื ืกืืื ืจืื. ืืขืื ื ืืชืจืื ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืฆืื ืืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืชืฉืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืงืฆืืืืช. ืืฆื ืืืืงืืจืช, ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืชืคืจื ืืืืคื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืง ืืืฉืจืื: ืืกืืฃ 2002 ืืชืงืฉืชื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืก ืืกืฃ ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืช, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืืคื ื ืืืจ. ืืื"ื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืคืื ื ืกืืช ืฉื ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2003 ืฆืืื ืื ืฉืืคืืจ ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืคืื ื ืกืืื ื ืืข, ืืื ืืฉืืจ, ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืฉื, ืืฆืืื ืืืขืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืชืงืฆืื (ืืฃ ืฉืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืขืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉื ื), ืืืช ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืขืืื, ืงืืืช ืืขืจืืืืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืืช ืืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืคืจืกืื ืืืืงืช ืืืืงืจ ืฉื ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืงืจื-ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืคื, ืืจืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืืืฆืืืื ืืืฉืง ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฆืื ืืื, ืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืืืืืื ื ืืฆืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืจืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืืก ืื-ืขืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืชืงืืช. ืืื ืชืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืืข ืืขืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืงืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืืง ืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืื ืกืช. ืขื ืืืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืข ืืกืชืืืืืืืช, ืืคืจื ืื ืกืืื ืืฆืืจ ืคืืืืืคื ืืืฆืืข ืขืจืืืช ืืฉืื ืขื, ืืฃ ืื ืืฆืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืื ืืฆืืืข ืืขื ืืชืื ืืช. ืืฉืขืืชื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืืฆืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืื, ืื ืืฆืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืคืื ืืชืคืืจ ืื ืื ืืืืฆืข ืืฉืื ืขื. ืืืืฉื ื ืกืื ืื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืื ืืชืงืืื ืืฉืื ืขื. ืืช ืืชื ืขืจืืชื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืฉืืฆืื, ืืืืก ืืืืจืคืช ืืฆืื ืืจืคืืื ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช. ืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืชืืข ืงืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืขื, ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืืข ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืขืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืกืช. ื-7 ืืืืืืกื 2005, ืขืจื ืืืฆืืข ืืคืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ืคืื ืื ืฉืืืฉืช ืืืืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืชืคืืจืืชื. ืืื ื ืืืง ืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืชืคืืจ ืืืฉืฉื ืฉืืขืื ืฆืคืื ืืงืื "ืืกืืก ืืจืืจ ืฉืืกืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื" ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ืจืคืืจืืช ืืืจ" ืืื ืงืื ืืฉืืืื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืืืช ืฉืืืงืฉ ืืขืจืื ืืืกืืจืช ืชืคืงืืื. ื-30 ืืืืืืกื 2005 ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืขืืืืชื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืืจื ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืกืคืืจืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืขืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืขืืืืชื ืืชืคืงืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืชืงืืฃ ืืช ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื "ืฉืืืื ืืืจืฆ". ืืกืคืืืืจ ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืขื ืื ืืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืฉืจืื, ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืจืช ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืคืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืจืื ืืชืคืงืืื. ืืืฆืขื ื ืืืชื ืขื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืคืจืฉ ืงืืืืช ืงืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืชื ืืขื. ืืชืืืืช ืืฆืืืจ 2005, ืืขืงืืืช ืคืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื ืืืคืืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืฉื "ืงืืืื", ืืคื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืข ืขืฉืจื. ืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืฅ ืืืฉื ืคืืืืืื. ืขืืื ืื ืืื, ืฉืืชืืืื ืืชืืืื, ืืกืืจ ืืช ืืืขืืืืชื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืชืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคื, ืฉืืชืืืื ืืชืืืื ืื ืืื, ืขืืจ ืืืคืืืช "ืงืืืื". ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ื ืขืจืื ื-19 ืืืฆืืืจ 2005, ืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื ืขื 44% ืื ืืงืืืืช (ืืื 33% ืืฉืืื, 12% ืืคืืืืืื ื-9% ืืืฅ). ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2006 ืืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืขืชื ืืืืขืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ืืืคืืื ืืืืจื ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืคืชืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืืขื. ืืื ื ืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืคืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืชื ืืขื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืฉื ืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืงืืจ ืืฉืืืชืืช ืืชื ืืขื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ]. ืืชืืืืืช ืืฆืขื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืืื ืืขืืจืืืช, ืืื ืืื ืืชืฉืืืืช ืขื ืฉื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืคืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืขื ื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืชืืงืื ืงืืกืืื ืืืื, ืืืฆืืืขื ืขื ืืขืืืื ืื ืืฆืขื ื ื ืงื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจ ื ืืืจื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ื-17, ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืฆื ืืงืืืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช. ืืคืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ื"ืฆืขื ืงืืกืืื" ืืืชื ืืื ืคืจืืืืจืื ืจืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืืขื ืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-17 ืืืืื ืขืื ืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉืืื ื-12 ืื ืืืื, ืืืช ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืืขืื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืฃ ืขืืืืช ืืืืก ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืจืื, ืฉื ืจืื ืืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืคืืื. ืื ืืื ืืชืืืกื, ืงืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืืช, ืฉืคืืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืื ืงืืข ืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืืช ืืืขื ืืฆืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืข ืฉืืืฉืื ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืชื ืืขื. ืืื ืกืช ื-17 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืกืื ื ืื ืฉืงืคืช ืืืืจืื ืืืชืืืฉืช ืืคืฆืฆืช ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืช. ืืฉื ืช 2008 ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืคืจืืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืขืกืงื ืืืืกืืจ ืืฉืงืขื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืจืื. ื-14 ืืืืืืกื 2007 ื ืขืจืื ืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื. ืืจืืื ืืขืืงืจื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืืื, ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืคืจืฉ ืืืคืื ืชืืืช ืืืืจืืฅ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื, ืชืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืขืืงืจื ืืืื ืืื ืคืขืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืคืืื, ืืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 72.8% ืืืืกืก ืืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืขืื ืืืคืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืงืืจืื, ืืืคืืจ ืืงืื ืืก, ืืืืืงืชื ืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืขืืืื ืืืงืื ื-36, ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืืืงืื ื-20. ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื ื ืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืฉื ืชืคืกื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืฉืืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืืงืืช ืืขืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจื ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืขืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืกืืคื ืืชืคืืจ. ืืืืืคืชื, ืฆืืคื ืืืื ื, ืืฉืื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืคืืืจื ืืื ืกืช. ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืื ื ืขืฉืจื ืืื ืืจื ืืงืกืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืก ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืข ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืช ืขืืืชื ืฉืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืฉ ืืืคืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขื ืืชืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืฆืข. ืืงืืคืืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืคื ืืื ื ืืกืืกืืืืช ืืื "ืืืง ืืืืืืื, ืืืง ืืืืืื". ื-3 ืืคืืจืืืจ, ืืฉืืืขืืื ืืืจื ืชืื ืืืฆืข "ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื", ื ืคืื ืืืฉืงืืื ืจืงืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืงืจ ืืขืืจ, ืืืืื ืฉืืืฉืืชื ืชืคืขื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขื, ืืชืงืฃ ืืช ืืืฉืืช ืงืืืื ืขื ืื ืฉืื ืขืฉืชื ืืืช. ืืฉืจืื ืืืจ, ืฉืืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืกืืจืืื ืฉื ืืงืืคืืื, ืกืืคืจ ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืชื ื-2020 ืฉืืืืืื ืืืฆืืจื ืืืืชื ืฉืื, ืขืงื ืกืงืจืื ืคื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืขื ืืชืืืงืืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื ืืฉืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืจ ืืื, ืืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืฉืชืื ืข. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-18 ืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ื-27 ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืกืืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืจื ืงืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืฆืืคื ืืื ื ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื. ืืืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ื-ืืชื, ืฉืืืืืฅ ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืจืื ืืื ืกืช (65 ื"ืืื), ืื ืฉืื ืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืื ืงืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื, ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืฉ"ืก, ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ื-31 ืืืจืฅ 2009 ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืงืื ืืืื 30 ืฉืจืื ื-9 ืกืื ื ืฉืจืื. ืืืื ื 2009 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช "ื ืืื ืืจ-ืืืื", ืฉืืืจืืื ืืืืข ืืกืืื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืงืืช ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืชื ืืช ืืคืืจืืื, ืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืขื ืืืืืื, ืืืชืืจ ืขื ืืืืช ืืฉืืื. ืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืขืฉืจื ืืืื ืืืืจ ื ืืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืจ, ืืืื ืงืฉืืจ ืืืืขืื ืขื ืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืคื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ-ืืืื ื ืชืคืก ืืฆืืืืจ ืืชืคื ืืช ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืก ืืขืืืืชืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืืคื ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2010 ืืืืืื ืืขืืช ืฉืจืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืืืฅ ืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืฉืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืืฆืืง ืืืจืื ืืืืฅ' ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืขื ืืฆืจืื ืืขืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืืจื ืืืฆื ืฉ"ื. ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื "ืงืืืืชื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืืืืืื... ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืกืืจืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืงืจืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื". ืืขืงืืืช ืฆืขื ืื ืคืกืงื ืืืกืชื ื ืืช ืืืขื ืืืืจื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืืจืืฃ ืืืฉืืจ ืืืชืืฉื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืงืื, ืืฉืืจ ืฉืืื ืืขืช ืืืื ืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื, ืืืืจ ืืืฆืข ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื, ืืืืจืืฃ ืืชืงืืคืช ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉื ืืขืื ืืกืืฃ ืืื 2010. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2010, ืืขืงืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืืขืื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืื ืก ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืคืชืืจ ืืช ืืกืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืื-ืคืืกืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฉืชื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉื ื ืขืืื ืืชืื ืืกืชืืืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืก, ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืขื ืืืืืื. ืืืงืืื, ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืฆื ืืืฉื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืชืงืืคื ืฉื 10 ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืืืกื 2011 ืืืจืขื ืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืืื ืืคืืืืข ืงืืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืจื ืกืื ื, ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืงืคืช ืจืงืืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2011, ืื ืืื ืืื"ื, ืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืจืืฉ ืืืื"ื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืงืจื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืฆืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืงืืื, ืคืขื ืืืืืจื ืืงืืขืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืจืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืจืฃ ืคืขืืืืช ืืื, ื-29 ืื ืืืืืจ 2012 ืืืฉืจื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืจืื ืืืื (ืืืืืื 67/19 ืฉืื) ืืช ืืืืจื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืื ื ืืฉืงืืคื ืฉืืื ื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืื"ื. ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก, ืืคืืขื ืืืจ ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืง ืืืชื. ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืข ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืกืืจ ืงืืข. ื-11 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2011 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืช ืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืก - ืืืกืืจืชื ืฉืืืจืจ ืืืขื ืฉืืื ืชืืืจืช 1,027 ืืกืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2012 ืืืกื ืฆื"ื ืืช ืืืื ื'ืขืืจื, ืจืืฉ ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืก, ืืขืงืืืช ืืจื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืคืชืืืช ืืืฆืข ืขืืื ืขื ื, ืฉื ืืขื ืืื ืืข ืืจื ืจืงืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืฆืข, ืืคืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืกืชื ืฉื ื'ืืื ืืฉืขื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืืจื ืขืืื ืืจื, ืฉืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขื 2011, ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืข ืืกืืจืื, ืืชืืืื ืืืจืืงืื, ืืกืื ืืืืื ื ืกืืื ืืืงืืช ืืจืืช ืืืืื, ืชืื ืืฉืืจืช ืจืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืื ืืจืื ืืืงืืื. ืืคื ืืืฆืขื ืืจืื ืชืืกืืจ ืืกืืจืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืจืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืชืืฆืข ืืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืื ืขื ืกืขืืืื. ืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืื ื ืืืชื ืขื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืกืืจืื. ืกืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืื ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืื ืกืืืืืช ืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ืืชืงื ื ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื. ืขื ืกืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืจืืข ืืืจ ื-1993. ืืคืชืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืืจืฃ ืฉื ืืื ืกืช, ื-31 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2011, ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืื โืืืจืื ืืจืขืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืขื ืืขืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืื ืขืืื ืโ. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืจืขื ืืืืืช ืืืชืงื ืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืืื 3, ืืืงื ืืืืกื ื"ืืืกื", ืฉืืื ืขื ืืจืืื ื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืื ืื, ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืืืคื ืืฉืื ืื ืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช. ื-27 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2012 ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื. ืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืชืืืข ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืขืฉืจ ืืจืื ืฉื 90% ืชืืื ืื ื ืงืืืช ืืื-ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืงื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืืข ืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืฉ ื"ืฉืจ ืืืกืืจืืืื ืืืืืืช". ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืฆื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืกืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืชื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืขืจื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืื 2010 ืืืขืื ืื ืืืก ืขื ืกืืืจืืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืืื ืืช ืขื ืื"ืจ ืืืกืชืืจืืช, ืขืืคืจ ืขืื ื, ืขื ืขืกืงืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืง. ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืฉืืืฉืง ืฉืื ืฆืื ืืขืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื. ืืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช. ืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉืืขืืชื. ืืฉืงื ืืชืืืง ืืื ืืืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืงื ืืืช ืขืชืืืืช ืื"ื ืืฉื ืื ืืขืช ืืืกืืฃ. ืืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืจืืกืคืงืืืื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืขืช ืืืฉืืจ, ืืืืืช ืืฆืืืชื ืืื ืืขื ื ืจืืืช ืฉื ืคืืืขื ืืืฉืง ืืืืื ืืงื ืืื ืืืฉืจืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืกื ืืงืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืง ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืงื ืขื ืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืื ืืื. ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืืขืงืืืช "ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืืื ื", ืืืฉืฉืืช ืื ืืืข ืืืจื ืคืขืืืชื ืฉื ืืขืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืคืื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื. ืืืื 2010 ืืฆืืจืคื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืคืืชืื ืืืืื (OECD). ืืืืื-ืืืืืกื 2011 ืคืจืฆื ืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืช ืืจืืื ืืจื ืืืืืืฉ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืคืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืื ืฉืขืื ืืืืื, ืืืืืฅ ืืช ืจืื ืืืืฆืืชืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืฅ ืืืืืฆืืช, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืื 3, ืืืขืื ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืข"ื, ืืก ืงื ืืื ืขื ืืืง ืืืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืก ืืื ืกื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2012 ืืืืข ืืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ื-39 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื, ืืคืืืื ืืืืชืืื ื. ืืืจืขืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืขืืืืช ืืืกืื ื ืืกืคืืช. ืืืชืื ืืืกืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ื, ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืฉืจ ืืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืืชื ืืืขื ืืง ืืช ืืกืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืกืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ืขืชืืจื ืฉื ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืจืคืืืืช ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืกืืจ ืื ื ืืืชื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืคืช ืฉืคืขืช ืืืืืจืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืืฉ ืืืกืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืคืขืช ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืชืืฉืื ืืืืื ื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืชืืกื ื ืจืง ื-700,000 ืืฉืจืืืื (ื-10%) ืืืืืื ื ื ืืชืจื ืขื ืขืืืฃ ืฉื ื-4.5 ืืืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืกืื. ืืฉื ืช 2010 ืคืจืฆื ืืฉืจืคื ืืืจืื ืื ื ืกืคื 44 ืื ื ืืื, ื-17,000 ืืืฉ ืคืื ื ืืืชืืื ืืงืจืื ื-25 ืงื"ืจ (25,000 ืืื ื) ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ื ืขืฆืื ืขืื ืืืฉ. ืฉืจืคื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืฉืืชืจืืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืชื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2011 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืื ื, ืฉืขืกืงื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืงืืช ืืขืืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืืืชืืืช ืืืขืืืจ ืืช ืกืืืืืืชืื ืืืืฃ ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2012 ืืืงื ืืื ืืกืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืจื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืื ืขืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืกืืืืจ, ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืขืื ืฉืขืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืฃ ืืืื' ืืฆืืง ืื ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืชืืคืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชืื ืืื ืชืืงืฆืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืืจืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืื ืืจืืื ืื"ืค ืกืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืฉืืข. ืืกืืฃ ืื ืืืจ 2012 ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืคื ืืืืืช ืขื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืคืืืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืงืื ื-36 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช 2008, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ-ืื ืกืช. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืชืคืงืื, ืืฉืืฆืืืขื ืื ื-75% ืืืืชืคืงืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ 2012 ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืชืืืืช 2013, ืืืื ืฉืงืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืืงืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืคืืืืช "ืืืืืื" ื"ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืจืฉืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉืืื ืชื "ืืืืืื ืืืชื ื" ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืืจืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืชื ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ื-31 ืื ืืืื, ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-19 ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืฉืืืฉืืช. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืขื ืื ืืืืืจ 2013. ืืืจืฅ 2013 ืืืืกืืจืช ื ืืกืืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืฉื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืจืง ืืืืื - ืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืจืงืื, ืจื'ืค ืืืืค ืืจืืืื ืขื ืืฉืืช ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืชืืงืื ื, ืืืจื ืฉื ืงืืขื ืืืฉืืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืืืจืืขื ืืืฉื ืืขืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืชื ืฆื ืขื ืืืจืืขื ืืืฉื, ืืฉื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืกืืืืช, ืฉืืืคืจืื 2014 ื ืจืื ืืงืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืชืืื ืขื ืืกืื, ืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื, ืืืืกืื ืืืจืืจื ืฉืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืชืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืคื ืืจืืฃ ื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืืจืงืื ื ืขืจืื ืืคืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืชืงืคื ืื ืื ืืืช ืืฉืืจืืจืืช, ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืฉืคืืืช ืืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืคืจืกืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืข ืืืืจืงืื. ืืืืง ืืืืกื ืืจืื ืืโืืฉืจืื ืืืืกื ืืฉืจืืโืืฆืจืื ืืกืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืจืื ืื ืืืฆืจืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ื-ืกืืกื. ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืกืื ืืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืคืช ืืจืฆื ืฉืืืฉื ื ืขืจืื ืืืืืื ื-12 ืืืื ื 2014 ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืก, ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืคืชืื ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืชืืจ ืืืืืคืื ืืืคืืืขื ืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืก ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืฆืข ื ืขืฆืจื ืืืขืื ื-400 ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืจืืืชื ืื ืฉื ืืืืก, ืืจืืืช ื-50 ืืกืืจืื ืฉืฉืืืจืจื ืืืืื ืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื. ืืื ืื, ื ืืฉืคื ืขืฉืจืืช ืกืืืงืื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืขืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฆืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืจืืืื ืื ืืืืขื ืื. ื-8 ืืืืื 2014 ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื ืืชืืืื ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืกื ืงืจืงืขืืช ืืืจืืง ืฉื ื-3 ืงืืืืืืจืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืชืงืคืืืช ืฉืื ื ืืืืก. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืจื ืืืืก ืืืคื ืจืงืืืช ืืคืฆืฆืืช ืืจืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืฉืจืื. ื-30 ืืืืื ื ืืืคื ืืืคืืชืืื ืฉื ืกืื ืจืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืกืื ืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืงืจื ืฉื'ืืขืืื, ืื-7 ืืืืืืกื ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืงืฉ ืืื ื ืืกืืืข ืืืฉืืช ืืืคืืชืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืข ืืืชืื ืืช ืืืกืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช ืืืคืกืงืืช ืืฉ ืฉืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืฉืจ ืืืฆื ืืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ื ืชืืื ืืืืจืคืช ืืืขืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ื ืืืจื ืืชืืืืช ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืง ืืืืื. ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืจืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืืืกืืื ืืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืืืงืื ืืช ืืืจืงืื ืืงืืจ ืืืชืืืืืช ืืกืืกืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื, ืื ืืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืฆืข ืืกืชืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืขื ืฉืืืขืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ื-26 ืืืืืืกื, ืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืคืกืงืช ืืืฉ ืืกืืื ืืืืฆืข ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืฆืืขื ืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื, ืฉืื ืื ืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืฆืข, ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืขื ืื ืืฆืื ืืกืคืงืช ืืงืืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืชืงืืคื ืืคื ื ืืืืฆืข. ืืืืื 2014 ืืื ืขืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืคืืืืขื ืืจืืจ ืืฆื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืฆืขื ืืืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืคืืืืขืื ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืคืืืืข ืืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืงืืืืช ืื ื ืชืืจื ืืืื ื ืจืฆืื 6 ืืฉืจืืืื. ื-3 ืืืจืฅ 2015 ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืจืืข ืืคื ื ืืืกืื ืืืชืืืฉ ืืื ืืืขืฆืืืช ืืืืจืื, ืืืกืืจ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช. ืืขืฆื ื ืฉืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืชืืื ืื ืืื ื ืื ืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืง ืืืืื. ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืงืื ืืจืก. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืจืขืื ืฉื 40 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืฆืจ ืืฉื ืช 2012, ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืืช ืืฆืคื ืืืืจืขืื ืชืงืฆืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 4.9% ืืฉื ืช 2013, ืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืชืงืฆืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืงื ื-2013 ืืืืงื ื-2014. ืืืคืจืื 2013 ืืืฉืจื ืจืคืืจืืช ืืฉืืื ืืคืชืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืกืืช ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืขืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืฉืจ ืืืง ืืจืืืืืืืช ืืคื ืืกืงื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืืชืืจืืชืืืช ืืืฉืง. ืืืื 2014 ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืื ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืฃ ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืงืจ, ืืฉื ืืืื ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืฆืืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืื ื 2015, ืืื ืฉืงืืคืืช, ืฆืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืงืืข ืืจืคืืจืื ืืคื ืกืืืช. ืืื ื ืชืงืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืจืืคื ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืืจืืื"ื ืืื ืืืื ืงืื. ื-2 ืืืฆืืืจ 2014 ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืฆืืคื ืืื ื ืืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืจืฉื ืืืืืฉืื ืืชืจ ืฉืจื "ืืฉ ืขืชืื" ืืืื ืกืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ื-17 ืืืจืฅ 2015. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ื ืชืื ื ื "ืคืืืฉ" ืฉื ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืคืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืจ ืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืขืงืืืช ืชืืืืชื ืืืืง "ืืฉืจืื ืืืื". ืืืืื ืืกืคืจื "ืืืื: ืกืืคืืจ ืืื" ืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืื ืขื ืฉืคืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืคืื ืืืื ื "ืขื ืกืื ืฉืืืขื ืงืื ืกืคืืจืืืืืช ืฉืืกืจื ืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืคืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืื ื ืื ื ืืื ืคืืืฉ". ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืคืืืชื ืืืืืื ื-30 ืื ืืืื. ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช, ืืืจ ืฉืืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืฆืจื ืืฉื ืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืคืืกื ืฉืคืจืกื ืืืฃ ืืคืืืกืืืง ืฉืื ืืชื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืฉืืชืคืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืืฆืืง ืืจืฆืื ืืืื ื, ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืชืืจ ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืืืฆืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืืืืืชืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืืืง ืืงืืคืืื ืืืจืฆืช ืืืฆืืขื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืื, ืคืจืกื ืกืจืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืขืืื ืืื ืืืจ: โืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืกืื ื. ืืืฆืืืขืื ืืขืจืืื ื ืขืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืงืืคื. ืขืืืชืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืืืืืืกืื. ืจืืืชืื ืื ื ืืื V15, ืืฉ ืื ื "ืฆื 8", ืืฉ ืื ื ืจืง ืืชืื, ืฆืื ืืงืืคืโ. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืข ืฆืขืจ ืขื ืฉืืืจืื ืคืืขื ืืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืกืืฃ ืฉืืขืฉืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, "ืืืื ืืืฉืงืขืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืืขืืืื", ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืื ืืื. ื-14 ืืืื 2015, ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ื-34 ืืจืืฉืืชื, ืืืฉืื ืฆืจื ืฉื ืฉืขื ื ืขื 61 ื"ืืื. ืืขืืืจ ืืฉื ื, ื-26 ืืืื 2016, ืืฆืืจืคื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืขืื ื-66. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืืืฃ ืืคืืจืืืจ 2017 ืืืืคื ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฆืื ืื ืืื (ืจืื ืืืื). ืขื ืกืืฃ 2016 ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื, ืื ืืืืืฃ ืขื ืืื ืฆืื ืื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืฉืืืขืื "ืืืื" ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืขืื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 2015 ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืคืืืืขืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืขื ื ืฉืืคืื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืื ืช ืืคืืืข ืืืกืื ืื-ืืงืฆื, ืืืืืฉืื ืชืืืจื ืืช ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืืืจื ืืช ืืขื ืืฉื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืจื ืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช ืืืงืืื ืืช. ืื ืืืจืืจ ืืขื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืฉ ืืจืฅ, ืืืกืืฃ ืืืืฉ ืืื ื ืขืื ืฉืื ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื, ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืจืืืื. ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืืืขืืืช ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืฆืืื ื ืืขืืืื ื-37, ื-20 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2015, ืืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืื' ืืืื ืื-ืืืกืืื ื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืชืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืจืฉ ืืืชื, ืื ืืืืคืชื ืืืจ ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืขืฅ ืื ืืฉืจืืฃ ืืืชื. ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืขืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืฉืืชืื ืฉื ืืืืกืืืจืื, ืืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืกืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืืชื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ืื-ืืืกืืื ื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืืจ. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืืช ืชืงืืคืืช ืฉื ืฆื"ื ืืืืื ื, ืืืืจื ืืื ืืข ืืขืืจืช ื ืฉืง ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืกืืจืื. ืืืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืกืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืืื ืชืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืกืื ืืืคืจื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืจ ืฉื ืฉืชื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืฉื ืื, ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืืืช, ืืื ืืกืคืืืืจ 2015, ืขื ื ืฉืื ืจืืกืื, ืืืืืืืจ ืคืืืื. ืืืื 2016 ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื, ืฉืืชืคืืจ ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืกืช ืืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืคืื "ื ืืจืจืช ืืืชืืืืช". ืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืชืคืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื. ื-2018 ืืกืืกืื ืืืืจืื ื-ืืฉืจืืื ืืคื ืืขืืืืช ืืฉืืจ ืขื ืืืืจืช ืื"ื ืืชืืื ืืืจืื ื ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืืจืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื T-4 ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืกื ื ืืชืืืืฉืช ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืฉ ืืคืจืื, ืืชืงืคืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืจืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืกืืืืืช ืืืืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืขืืืช. ื-30 ืืืคืจืื 2018 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืืฉืฃ ืืืืข ืืืจืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืคื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืกืืืื ืืงืืฆืื ืฉืืืฆืื "ืืืืกื" ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืื ื ืืกืชื ืืืกืชืืจ ืืช ืชืืื ืืืชืื ืืคืืชืื ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื. ืืืจืชื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื. ืืืื ืืจื ืืืืืฆืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืช 20 ืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืฆืื ืฆื"ื ืืืจืืื ืืืชืืืื ืชืงืฃ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืขืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2018 ืืื ืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืก. ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืชืจ ืฆื"ื ืฉืืจืช ืื ืืจืืช ืืจืืจ. ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืจืฅ 2018 ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืคืจืืช ืกืืจ ืืืื ืืืช ืขื ืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืกืืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืก. ืืืืืืืช ื ืืจืื ื-220 ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืจืืื ืคืขืืื ืืจืืจ. ืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืขืื ืืืฉ ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืช ืืืืจืฉ ืืขืืืฃ ืขืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืช ืขืคืืคืื ื ืชืืขืจื, ืืืื ื ืชืืขืจื ืื ืคืฅ ืืจืงืืืช ืฉืฉืืืจื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืื ืืจืฆืืขื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืืืช ืคืืงืื ืืฆืคืื, ืืื ืืื ืืกื ืืงืจืืืช ืืืืฃ ืืืืืืขืื ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืฆืคืื ื ืืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืจืืจ ืืชืงืคืืืช ืฉืืคืจ "ืืืืืืื" ืืฉืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืโืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืืกื ืฆื"ื, ืืืืฆืข ืืืืจื ืฉืืืจื, ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืื-ืขืื, ืืคืงื ืืืืจื ืืฆืคืื ืืช ืฉื "ืคืืืืืช ืื-ืงืืืก", ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื "ืื'ืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ื". ืืชืืืื ืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืืช ืจืงืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืคืฆืืฅ ืืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืจื ืืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืืจ 2018 ืืืืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืขื ืืืืืก. ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืกืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืฉ ืฆืื ืืจ ืืืกืคืื ืืงืืจ ืขืืืจ ืืืืืก, ืื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืงืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืืืคื ืืฉืืจ ืืกืืื ืฉื ื-30 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืฉ, ืืืืขืื ืืคืื ืืขืืจืช ืืืกืฃ ืชืกืืืข ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืงืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืจืืงืื ืืืืฉื ืืจืืืค, ืกืืืื ืื ืืฆ'ืื, ืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืงืืจืื ืฉืืืกืคืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืก ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืจ. ืืจืืฉืืช 2019 ืืกืืืจ ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืคื ืืจืืื ืืืืก: "ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืกืื ืืงืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืืก ืืืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืืืืก. ืื ืืืง ืืืืกืืจืืืื ืฉืื ื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื". ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืชืื ืชืคืืกื ืื ืืคืืืื ืืคื ืื ืคืืกืืื ื ืืื ืข ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืกืื ืฉืืื ืืืกืืจ ืืืื ื ืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืืืื ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืงืืจ ืืืืืก ืืชืคืืจ ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืคืืืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืจืืฉืืชื ืคืจืฉื ืืืงืืืืืฆืื. ืืฉื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืื ื-18 ืื ืืืืืจ 2018 ืืึพ17 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ืืชืคืืจ ืืชืคืงืื ืื ื-10 ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2019 ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืจืขื ืืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ื ืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืืข ืืื ืฉืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืก ืืฉืชืืืช ืขื ืืืง ืืืืกืฃ ืืงืืจื. ืืฉื ืช 2020 ืื"ื ืฆืืื ืื ืืคืืืช ืืจืืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืข ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืก ืืื ืืืืฉ. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2019 ืืืื ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืื ืขืืื ืืืืื ืขืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืื ืข ืืืืจืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืขื ืคืืจืืืจ 2019. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืืืืช ืืืฉืื, ืืชืงืืื ืืืืื 2334 ืฉื ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื, ืืืืจืฉืช ืืขืืงืจ ืืคืกืงืช ืื ืืืช ืืชื ืืืืืืช "ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืืืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื". ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืื ื ื ืงืื ืฆืขืืื ื ืื ืกื ืื, ื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืงืจืืื ื ืืืืคืกืงื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืกืืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื, ืฉืืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืืืืข ืขื ืืืจื ืืืคืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืชื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืืืืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืฉืืจืืจืืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื-14 ืืืื 2018 ื ืขืจื ืืงืก ืคืชืืืช ืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืจืืืค ืคืจืฉ ืืืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืคืขืื ืขืืื ืกื ืงืฆืืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืืคืกืืง ืืืืื ืืืกืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืจ"ื, ืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืกืง"ื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืกืืจ ืืช ืืงืื ืกืืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืคืจืืฉืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ื, ืื ืืฉ ืืจืืืื ืืคืจืืฉื ืคืืืขื ืืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืขื ืฆื ืืืืจื ืืืจืืงืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช ืขื ืจืืช ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืช ืจืืืช ืืืืขื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืฆืขื ืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืฆืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉืื ("ืขืกืงืช ืืืื"). ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืช. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืชืงืจืจื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืจืืืค ืื ืชื ืืื. ื-4 ืืืืื 2017 ืืืงืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืื, ื ืจื ืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืง ืืงืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืกืืืข ืืฉืจืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ ืืืงืจ ืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืคื. ืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืืคืจืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืฆืจืคืช ืขืื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืคืฉื, ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืื ืืจืื. ืืื ืืชื ืขื ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืกืืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืื-ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืขืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฆืื ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืงืืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืงื: ืืืืื 2016 ืขืจื ืกืื ืืืงืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืจืื 40 ืฉื ื ืืืืฆืข ืื ืืื, ืืฆื ืคืกืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืงืืืืช, ืืืงืืจ ืืงื ืื ืขื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืืงืืจ ืืจืืื ืื ืืืืชืืืคืื. ืืืื ื 2017 ื ืื ืืคื ื ืืืืขืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจื ืืคืจืืงื (ืื ') ืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืืื. ืืืืงืืจื ืืงื ืื ืื ืืืืืจ 2017 ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืจืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืขืช ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืจื ืงื ืืืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2017 ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืคืืฉ ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืื ื, ืงืืืืืืื ืืืงืกืืงื. ืืฉื ืืื ืืก ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืคืืฉ ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืื ืืืข ืืืฆื ืืืืืคืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช. ืืกืืฃ 2017 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืชืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืจืื ืืจืขื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื, ืืืขื ืืจืื, ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืชืงื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืฉ ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืฉืืืช ืืช ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืจืืชืจืืื ืืืกืืืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ื ืื ืขืช ืืืืืืืจื ืืืืืืชื ืืืชื ืืขื ืง ืืืืืจืฉืื ืืืืืื ื ืืงืืืืช. ื-2 ืืืคืจืื 2018 ืืืจื ืจืืื ืื ืืืกืืืชื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืืืจืฉืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืงืจื ืืืืฉื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืคืขืืื "ืืืฅ ืืืจืืคื ืขื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื ืื" ืืกืืช ืืืืกืื, ืื ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืื ืื ืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื ืื. ืืืงืื ืืืช, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืฉ ืขื ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื, ืืจืื ืืจืขื, ืืื ื ืฆืืืืช ืืื"ื ืืคืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืื ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจื ืืืจืืคื ืืขืื ืืืืงืืื ืืคืืจ ืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืชื ืืืืช ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืชืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืืืืช ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืชืงื ืืืืืช, ืื ืืืชืงื ืื ืฉื ืืคืขืืืืช. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืคืืืืจ ืืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช.ืืืกืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืกืืขืืช ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืชืืื ืืจืคืืจืืืช ืืฉืืง ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืืืฉืื ืชืงืื ืื ืืกืจ ืขืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืงืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชื ืื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืงื ืงืฉืจืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืฅ' ืืืขืื ืืืง, ืืืืื ืืืืืืกื 2016 ืืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืื ืื ืืื ืืืคื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืง, ืืืคืืจืืืจ 2017 ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืขืงืืืช ืขืชืืจืืช ืืื"ืฅ ืื ืืฉื. ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืงืจื ืืฉืจ ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืงืืืข. ืืืืื 2015 ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืืืจ: ืืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืืืืืืื ืืืงืืช ืชืืืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืงืืื. ืืืื ืืชืืืืช 2017 ืคืขื ืืกืืืจืช ืืชืืืื ืื ืืืืงืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืกืคืื ืืืืื ืคืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืชื ืื ืืชืืงืฃ ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืฉืืจ ืืืกืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืงืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืื ืชืืงื ืืืืฃ ื ืคืจื. ืชืืงืื ืืืงืืงื ืขืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืขืจื ืืงืืช ืืชืืืื, ืื ืืืงืคื ืืืื ืื"ืฅ (ืื-2018 ืืฃ ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืกืช), ืื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืืงื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืื ืืคืืขื ืืกืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ื ืืชื ื ืืกืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ืืืืืืกื 2015, ืืขืงืืืช ืขืชืืจื ืฉืืืืฉื ืกืืขืช "ืืฉ ืขืชืื", ืงืืข ืื"ืฅ ืื ืืืฆืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืขืื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืฉืจ. ืืขืงืืืช ืื, ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืื ืืชืืจื ืฉื "ืืืืืช ืืฉืจืื" ืืชืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ืืชืืืืช 2020 ื ืืจืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื. ืชืืืื ืืืคื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืจืคืืื ืฉื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืขืช ืืชืคืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืืื ืกืืจ ืืจืฆื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืืข ืชืืืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืื ืชื ืืืืขืืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืขื ืฆืขืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืืจืฉืื. ืืืืฉื ืฆืืฆื ืืช ืืืคืขืืชืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืืื ื-29.9 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2014, ื-54 ืืืืืืจื ืืืื ื 2019, ืืจืืื ืฉื 14 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืขืืืช ืืืขื ืืชืงืฆืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืืื ืืื, ืฉื ืืขื ืืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืคื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืช ืืื ืืืืขื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืคืจื ืกืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืื ืืคืื ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืจืื, ืืืฆืื, ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืืจื. ืืืืง ืืคืขืืืืชืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืื. ื-27 ืืืจืฅ 2016, ืคืกื ืื"ืฅ ืืช ืกืขืืฃ ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืชืืื, ืื ื ืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืจืื ืฉื ืฉื ื ืืชืืงืื ื. ืืืื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืขืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื, ืขื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืกืขืืฃ ืื. ืืฉื ืช 2016, ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืกืื ืคืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2019, ืคืืจืกืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืจ ืืืงืืื ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืื ื ืืฆืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืขืจืืืช ืืชืืงืฆืืช ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืกืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ. ืืกืืฃ ืื ืืืจ 2016 ืืืฉืจ ืืืืฉืื "ืืชืืื ืืืืชื" ืืคืื ืืืืชื ืืืืจื ืืืชืจืื ืขืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืขืืช ืืชืคืืื ืืขืืจืืช, ืื ืืืื ืืืขืฆื ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ื ืฉืืช ืืืืชื. ืืืชืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืืืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืขืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืฉืช ืฉื ืืืชืืื, ืขื ืฉืืืงืคื ืืืื ื 2017. ืืชืืงืื ืืคืงืืืช ืืก ืืื ืกื ื ืงืืข ืฉืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืคืืืจ ืืืก ืืื ืกื ืืชืฉืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ื, ืฉืืื ื ืืฉืืืจืช ืื ืงืฆืื, ืืืืื ืืคืืืจ ืื ืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืจืฉืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืก ืขื ืืืืืช ืืกื 600,000 ืฉ"ื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืชืืืืงืช ืืืชื ืืคืจืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืืืืืื ืืขืืช ืืืกืคืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืชืืื ืจืืจืืืงืืืืืช ืืช ืืก ืืืื ืกื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืงืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืชืืงืื ืืงืืื. ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ 2015 ืืงืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื, ืืืงืฉืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื, ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืืขื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืจืืืง ืืืืชื ืืขืช. ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืจืฉืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจ 2016 ืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืืืืืืข ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืคืขื ื ืืกืคืช ืืชืคืงืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ื-24 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018, ืืืืจ ืคืจืืฉืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืขืงื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืืืืืคืงืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืจ ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-21. ื-26 ืืืฆืืืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืช ืคืืืืจื ืืงืืขื ืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืขืจืื ื-9 ืืืคืจืื 2019. ืืงืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืช, ืขืืื ืืช ืจืืฆืชื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืื. ืืื ืืฃ ืฉืจืืื ืืช ืืืงืื ื-28 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืขื ืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืืชืงืืืื ื-9 ืืืคืจืื 2019, "ืืืืืื" ืืื ื-35 ืื ืืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืจืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืืื ืื ืื ืกืืช ืืืืงืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื. ืกืืื ืืคืงืืขืช ืคืจืง ืืืื ืฉื ืงืฆื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืช ืคืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉื ืื, ืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืขืืจ. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืชืืื ืฆืืจืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืคืืืช "ืืืื ื". ืื ืืกืฃ, ืฉืื ืข ืืช ืืคืืืช "ืืืืช" ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืืืืจืืช, ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืงื ืืืืก ืจืคืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจืืื ืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ื-32 ืื ืืืื, ืืขืืืช 38 ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืคืืืช "ืืืื ื" ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืื ืื-ืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืืืคืืืช "ืืืืช ืืืืืื". ื-25 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2019 ืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืจืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืฉื ืชืื ืืืื 55 ืืืจื ืื ืกืช, ืืขืืืช 54 ืฉืชืืื ืืืจืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืจืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ, ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืื ืืฃ ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื. ืืฉืื ืืชืคืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืขื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2019 ื ืขืจืื ืคืจืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืช "ืืืืืื", ืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ื-72.5% ืืืงืืืืช, ืืฉืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื, ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2020 ืืืืืื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื-36 ืื ืืืื, ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืฅ ืืื ืืืืืฆืชื ืฉื 61 ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืื ืขืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืจื ืกืืฃ ืชืงืืคืช ืืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืฅ, ืืขื ืจืงืข ืืชืคืจืฆืืช ืืงืืจืื ื, ื ืืชื ืืกืื ืงืืืืืฆืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ื-7 ืืืื, ืืืืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืชืืื ืฉื 72 ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืงืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืขืงืืืช ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืช ืืื ืื. ืืคื ื ืื ื ืืืชื ืขืชืืจื ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืืืช ืืื ืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืื ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืื ืคืืจืกื ืืกืืจ ืืื ืืขืช ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืืกืจ ืขืืื ืืขืกืืง ืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืืฉืคืื. ื-17 ืืืื 2020 ืืืฉืืข ืืงืื ืฆืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ. ืืืืชื ืืขืื ืืืฉืืข ืื ื ืื ืฅ ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืคื, ืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืฆื, ื-17 ืื ืืืืืจ 2021, ืื ืืืืืคื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืชืืืฉื. ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืง ืืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืืืืชืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืงืืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืกืืืข ืืืขื ืงืื ืืืืจืืื. ืืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืชืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืกืืจืืืืืช ืืืฆืืื, ืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืฉืช ืืชืืืืื, ืฉืืืืืื ืืกืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืชืฉืจื. ืืืงืืื ืืชืงืืืื ืืืืืช ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืขื ืจืงืข ื ืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืฉื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉื. ืืขืงืืืช ืขืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืืชืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืกืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ. ืืืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืืจืื, ืื ื"ื ืคืืืืจ, ืขื ืจืืืฉืช ืืืกืื ืื. ืืจืืืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ื ืขื ื ืืงืจืืืืช ืืืชืืกื ืืืคืจืง ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืชืืกื ืื ืื ืคืฉ. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฆืขื ืฆืขืืื ืืกืืคืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืฅ ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืฉืืื ืชื "ืชืืื ืืช ืืืื". ืืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืจืื ืืืคืจืง ืขื ืืชืืืช "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื" ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืืจืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืืืื ืขื ืืจืืงื ืืกืืื, ืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืกืืื ืื ืืชืืืฉ. ื-13 ืืืืืืกื 2020 ืืฆืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค, ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืื' ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื, ืืช ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช-ืืฉืจืื ืื ืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช. ืืคื ืืคืจืกืืืื, ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืกืืคืื. ื-11 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020 ืืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืกืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื. ืืกืืืื ืืื ื ืงืจืื "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื". ืืืกืื ื ืืชื ื-15 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020 ืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช (ืืืชืืืืช) ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช, ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ื-10 ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ืืืืจื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืื ืขื ืืจืืงื ืืืฆืืจืคืืชื ืืืกืืื ืืืจืื. ื-22 ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ื ืืชื ืืจืืื ืืกืื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืงื. ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืฆืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืกืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืจื ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืจืืงื ืืจื ืกืืืื. ื-24 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2020 (ืฉืขืื ืืฉืจืื), ืืืืืข ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืจืืฉ ืืืขืฆืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืกืืืื ืขืื ืื-ืคืชืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืคื ืจืฉืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืืืื ืืืื ื ื ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ื-6 ืืื ืืืจ 2021 ืืชืื ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืขื ืืฆืืจืช "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื". ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2021 ืืืืืขื ืืชืืืขืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืขื ืืงืืจืช ืืืจืืขืื ืฉืืชืจืืฉื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืื ื-13 ืืืื ื 2014. ืืืื ื"ื ืืขืืืจ, ื"ื ืืืืืจ ื'ืชืฉืค"ื, 30 ืืืคืจืื 2021 ืืชืจืืฉ ืืกืื ืืืจืื, ืื ื ืกืคื 45 ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืคืฆืขื 102 ืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ื-6 ืืืจืฅ 2024 ืคืจืกืื ืืขืืช ืืืงืืจื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืจ ืืกืื ืืจ ืืืจืื ืืช ืืกืงื ืืชืื, ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืฉืืืข ืื ืืื ืืคืืืช ืืื ืขืืื ืืืขืช ืขื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืฆืืื ื ืืืืฆื ืืขืฉืืช ืืฉื ืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืขืงื ืืขืืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื โ ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืจืงืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจืื, ืคืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช. ืืืงืืื ืืืืฆืข ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ื-23 ืืืจืฅ 2021 ืืชืงืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืจืืข, ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื"ืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจื ืืกืคืจ ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ื-36 ื-30, ืื ืืืคืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉ ืขืชืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืจ ืืคืื, ืขื 17 ืื ืืืื. ืื ืฉืื ืจืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืขื ืืง ืชืืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืคืื, ืฉืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื, ืืื ืขื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ื-13 ืืืื ื ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืฉ, ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืคืชืื ืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืคื ืืืื ืืกืชืืืื ืืืชืจ ื-12 ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ื ืจืฆืืคืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืจ ืืฉืืฉ ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื, ืืฉืจ ืชืืช ืื ืืืชื ื ืื ืขื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ื ืืงืืคืื ืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืจืฉ ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืคืืืืืกืืจืื ืจืืื. ืืืจื ืื ืกืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืขืืจื, ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืคืืื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืื, ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืฆืืืขื ืื ื ืื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืชืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืชืงื ืืช ืฉืขืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืืคืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืื ืื ืจืืฆืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืืจื ืฉื ืืคืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืื ืกืคืฆืืคืืื ืฉืืงืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืฆืื ื ืื ืข ืืืืืืข ืืขืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฆืข ืขืืืช ืืฉืืจ, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื. ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืคื ืืขืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืชืืจืืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืกืืืืช ืืขืื ืืกืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2021 ื ืื ื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ื-2019. ืืืงืก ืืื ืืื ืืืง ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ ืฉืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืฃ ืืช ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืฆืื ืืืจ ืื "ืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืจื", ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืืจ ืืฆืื ืืืื ืจืืื. ืืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ, ืืืงืจ ืืช ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืคืจืกืืื. ืืื ืืฃ ืืฉืืืข ืืชืืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืื-ืืืืื ืืืกืื, ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืจืืื ืืช ืืชืืืืืืืชืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืช ื ืืงืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืกืืืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื. ื-29 ืืืฆืืืจ 2022, ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข. ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืืืจ ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืคืกืง ืื"ืฅ ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืจืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืงื ืืืืกืจ ืกืืืจืืช ืงืืฆืื ื, ืขื ืจืงืข ืขืืจื ืืคืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฆื ืฉืืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืคื ื ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืื ื ืืขืืืจืืช ืืก. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืจืขื ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืชืคืงืืืื ืฉืืืขื ืื: ืืืฉื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ืึพ4 ืืื ืืืจ 2023 ืืืจืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืงืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืช ืคืกืืืช ืืืงืื ืืคืกืงืช ืืชืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืื ืกืช ืืจืื ืจืืื, ืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืกืืืจืืช, ืืืืจืช ืชืคืงืื ืืืืขืืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืืขืฅ ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื ืื ืฉืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืจืื ืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืคืจืกืื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืงืืขื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื, ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืข ืืืืชืขืจื ืื ืืืื ืืืงืืงื ืืจืื ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ืขืงื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื, ืืืืืชื ื ืชืื ืืืฉืคื ืคืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืงืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืช "ืืืง ืื ืืฆืจืืช", ืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืืืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฆืจืืช ืขืงื ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืืงืืงื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืื ืคืืืื. ืืจืคืืจืื ืฉืืืฆืขื ืืฆืจื ืืชื ืืืืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ื ืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืจืืืช ืืืงืฃ. ืืืืืื ืืขื ื ืฉืืืืื ืืืงืืงื ืืืืืื ืคืืืขื ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืฉืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืกื ืืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืฉืชืืืื ืืช ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช, ืขื ืืื ืืคืืืชื ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืืื. ื ืฉืืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ืืกืชืจ ืืืืช ืืืงืืขื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืชืคืืข ืืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืคืืช. ืขื ืืฃ ืืืช, ืืืืฉืื ืื ืฆืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืงื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืชืื ืืชืขืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืคืืืื ืงืฉื ืืขื. ืืืง ืืืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืจืฅ ืืงืืืฆืช ืงืฆืื ืื ืืฆื"ื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืชืืจืื ื ืืืื "ืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืื" ืฉืืืืื ืืืคืกืืง ืืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืืื. ื-25 ืืืจืฅ ืงืจื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืขืฆืืจ ืืช ืืงืืงืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืืืืจ ืืกืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืคืืืืจืื, ืขืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืขืฆืืช ืืืืื ืืืืคืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืกืคืื ืื ืืืช ืืจืืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืื ื "ืืื ืืื ื". ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืื ืืืืืขื ืขื ืืฆืืจืคืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืง. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืื ืืกื ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืืื ืชืืื ืคืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืงืืื ืืฉืืืืช, ืงืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื "ืชืจืืื" ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืช ื ืฆืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื, ืขื ืืื ืืฆืืขื ื ืื ืื ืืืืขืืืื. ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืจืฉื ืฉืชืืืื ืืืืจืช ื ืฆืืืช ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืขืื, ืืืชืื ืื ืืื. ืืืกืืฃ ื ืืืจื ื ืฆืืืช ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืงืจืื ืืืืจืจ, ืืชืืืื ืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจื ืงืืืืืฆืื, ืื ืืืขื ืขื ืืชืจืืื ืืืื ืืืงืคืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืช ืื ืฉืื. ืืชืืืื ืืืงืงื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืกืืืจืืช, ืขืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืขืฉืจืช ืืืคืื ืืชื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืืคืกืงืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืจื ืืืจืืกื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืฉืื ื ืงืื ืืฆืขืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืื ืืืคืืขืื. ืึพ9โ13 ืืืื, ืืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืฉืืืืจื ืจืงืืืช ืืขืืจ ืขืืืฃ ืขืื, ืืื ืฆื"ื ืืช ืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืฅ ืืกืืืื ืืืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืื-ืงืืืก. ืืกืืคื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืฆืข "ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืจืชืขื". ืืืืื 2023 ืืืืจ ืขืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื ืืฆืคืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืฆื ืฆื"ื ืืืืฆืข ืืืช ืืื ืืขืืจ ื'ื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืืืื ืฉืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2023 ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืก ืืงืืืื ืื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืขื ืกืขืืืื, ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืฆื ืืืจืฉ ืืขืฆืจ ืฉื ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช, ืืืืื ืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืกืขืื. ืืช ืืืงืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืช ื ืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช. ื-26 ืืืฆืืืจ 2023 ืืืืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืืช ืฉื 60%. ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืงืื, ืืคื ืคืจืกืืืื ืืจืื, ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื. ืืชืืืืช 2024 ืคืืจืกื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืขืื ืื ืืืฉืฉื ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืจืืืืื ืื ืืจืฉืื ืืคืฆืฆื ืืจืขืื ืืช. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2023 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืื"ื, ืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ื ืืฆืืช "ืขื ืกืืคื ืฉื ืคืจืืฆืช ืืจื - ืืกืื ืืืกืืืจื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืขืืืื" - ืืกืื ืฉืืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืฆืืื. ืืืื ื 2024 ืฉืืื ืืขืืช ืืจืื ืืก ืืืงืจ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืจืืขื ืืืฉืื ื ืืกืคืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืจืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืฆืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืื. ืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืืืขืช ืืืืขืื: "ืืืชืืื ื ืืืฆืืืืจืช ืืคื ื ืืืืขืื ืืฉืื ืื ืขืืื, ืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืงืจืื ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืขืืืง ืืชืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืงืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืจื ืฉื ืกืืืืืช ืจืืืฉืืช. ืืืช, ืชืื ืืฆืืจืช ืกืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืื ืคืืืขื ืืืืกื ืืืืฅ ืืืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื". ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืคืจืกืื ืืืืขืื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืกื ืืื ืืกืชืืจื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืขื ืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืฆืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืจืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืืฆืจืื. ืื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืืฉ ืฉืืืฉ ืฆืืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืืขืืืช ืืงืืื ื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืืืชืืช. ืืืืื 2024 ืืืจืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืจืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืืช (ืืืื'ืก, ืคืืฅ' ืืกืื ืืจื ืื ื ืคืืจืก) ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื, ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืฉื ืช 1988. ืืื ืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืืฉ ืฉื S&P ืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืกืืืื ืื ืืืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืฉื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืช 2025. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2024 ืืืจืืื ืืืื'ืก ืืช ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉื ื ืืืืืคื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืชื ืืจืืืช. ืืฆืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืช ืืก ืขืจื ืืืกืฃ ื-17% ื-18%. ืขืื ืืคื ื ืืขืืืช ืืืืกืื, ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืคื ืืืขืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืงืจื ืืืชืจ ื-38% ืืขืืืช ืืืืฆืข OECD. ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืงืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืฆืขืืื ืฉืงืฉืืจืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช. ืืืฉื, ืฉืื ืื ืืืง ืืกืื: ืืฉืคืืื ืฉืื ื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืงืื ืฉื ืืคืืืืืืงืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืคืืฃ ืืืกืืจ ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืกืจ ืขืืื ืืขืกืืง ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืชืืงืื ืืคืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2025, ืืงืจืืช ืคืจืกืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉื ืืจืืืค, ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืขืงื ืืขืืืฃ ืืืกืืจื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช, ืืืืื ืืืืจืืงืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืก ืืืืื 17% ืขื ืกืืืจืืช ืืฉืจืืืืืช. ื-25 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืงืืขื ืืขืืช ืืจืื ืืก ืื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืจืืฉื ืฉื"ื ืืคืขืื ืืืืคื "ืฉืืื ื ืจืืื ืืืืืงืจืืื". ืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืฆืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืื ื-2018 ืงืืื ืืขืืจื ืืจื ืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืื ืงืื, ืืงืืจ ืืืื ืืืืก. ืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืงืืจ ืืงืื ืืช ืืขืืจืช ืืืกืคืื ืืืืคื ืกืืืจ, ืืชืื ืืืื ื ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืกืืื. ืืืฉืืืช ืกืืขืช ืืืืื ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืขื: "ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืกืื ืืงืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืก ืืืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืืืืก." ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจืจ ืฉืืชืคืืกื ืืฉืื. ืืชืื ืืืืฆืข, ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืจืื ืฉืืชืงืืื ืฉืงื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืจืช ืขืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืฆืขืช ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื, ื ืื ืืจืืื, ืืืกื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืก ืืขืื. ืืืฉืจ ื ืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจื ืืืกืคืืช ืืืกืืจืช "ืืืืขืื ืืงืืจืืช".[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืื 2023 ืชืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืขืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืขืื ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืงื ืืฉื ืช 2004, ืืืช ืืชืืฆืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืชื ืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืื ืคืงืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืืืชืจื ืขืืืื. ืืืืชื ืืืืืฉ ืฉืื ืืฉื"ื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืกืื ืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉืืงืื ืืืจืชืขื ื ืื ืืืืก ืืืืฆืขืืช โืกืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืก, ืืจืืืช ืืกืืืืืื ืืืืืงืืื, ืืืฉื ืืืชืจืขื, ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืืฉืืื ืืกืคืจ 1". ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืฆืืช ืืืืืฉืื ืื ืงืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืกืื. ืืืื ืชืฉืจื 2023 ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืืื ืืืืก. ื-1 ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืืืฅ ืื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ืจืื ื ืืจ ืืืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืืช ืชืืื ืืช "ืืขืจืืคื" ืืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืืก, ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื ืืื ืื ืืงืื ืืกืืจื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืก. ืืืืงืจ 7 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2023, ืืื ืฉืืช, ืฉืืืช ืชืืจื, ื"ื ืืชืฉืจื ื'ืชืฉืค"ื, ืคืชืื ืืจืืื ื ืืืจืืจ ืืคืืกืืื ืื "ืืืืก" ื"ืื'ืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ื" ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ. ืืืกืืช ืฉืืืืจ ื-4,300 ืจืงืืืช, ืืืจื ื-6,000 ืืืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืขืฉืจืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉืจืืืืื, ืืืขืจ ืืืจื ืืืืชืงื ืื ืฆืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืขืืืฃ ืขืื ืืืกืืืืชื, ื-119 ืคืจืฆืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืจ, ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืื, ืชืื ื ืืืื ืงืจืืืช ืืจื ื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืืื. ืืืืืืื ืืืฆืขื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืก, ืจืฆืื ืืืจืื 1,173 ืื ื ืืื, ืืชืืื ืืืื ื-779 ืืืจืืื, ืืืืคื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ื-251 ืื ืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืจืื, ื ืฉืื, ืงืฉืืฉืื ืืชืื ืืงืืช. ืืฉืขืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืชืืช ืืืื ื ืืช, ืฉืืืจื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืืืื ืฆื"ื, ืฉืืื ืื ืืืชืืช ืืกืคืจืืช. ืืงืจืืืช ื ืืจืื ื-1,609 ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืฆื ืืืฉืจืืื ื ืืจืื 329 ืืืืืื, 58 ืฉืืืจืื ื-10 ืื ืฉื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื. ืืฉืจืื ืคืื ืชื ืืืืฉืืืื 29 ืืืฉืืืื ืืขืืืฃ ืขืื ื-22 ืืืฉืืืื ืืฆืคืื ื. ืืืืืื ื ืืจืื ืจืืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืืื, ื ืืจื ืืจืก ื ืจืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืชืืฉืื ืืจืฆืืขื ื ืืืฆื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืชืืืจืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืขืื, ื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืฆืืจ ืืืชื ืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืืช'ืื ืืืืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืื ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืืชืขืฆืืืช ืืืืืก, ืืจืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืกืืจื ืืงืืช ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืืก, ืืื ืขืฉื ืฉืืืฉ ืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืืช ืืืืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืกื ืืืง ืืืืืจืื. ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืฆืืืืจื ื"ืฉืืืช ืืืืจืืืช" ืืคืจืืฆืชื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืจืืืช, ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืชืช ืชืฉืืืืช ืขื ืื. ืขื ืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ, ืืฉืื ืืจืืืื ืืจืฉืช NBC ืืืืจืืงื ืืช ืืืืจ: "ืืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืจืืืช [...] ืืืืจืืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืื ืงืจื". ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืคืจืกื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืื"ื ืืฉื "ืืืขืืจ ืชืคืืกืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืคืขื ืขื ืชืืืืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืืฆื"ื", ืืืกืืจืช ืกืืจืช ืื"ืืืช ืขื ืืฉืื 7 ืืืืงืืืืจ, ืืื ืงืืข ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉ ืืืจืืืชื ืืืื ืช ืชืคืืกืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืื "ืืืชืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืืจืช ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืื ืืืคื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืกื"ื ืื ืืจืฉ ืืืืคื ืืคืขืืชื, ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืื ืขืื ื-7.10.23". ืืืืื 2024 ืืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืืืื ื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืืืืงืืจ ื ืื ืืคืขื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืคื ื ืฉื ื ืืชื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื, ืืงืืื ืคืืืฉืืช ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื'ื ืืืืื, ืกืื ืืช ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืงืืื ืืืจืืก ืืืืืขืื ืื ืฉืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค. ื-19 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2024, ืืฉืขืืช ืืืืงืจ, ืฉืืืจ ืืจืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืืืื"ื ืคืืข ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ื. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืคืืืขื ืืื ืืื ื ืคืืขืื ืืืืจืืข. ื-4 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2025 ืืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืฆื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค. ืืืืงืืจ ืืชืืงื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืกืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช, ืืจืืืค ืืฆืืข ืืฆืขื ืืคืชืืขื ืืคืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืชืืงื ืฉืืืื ืขื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืชืคื ื ืืช ืืชืืฉืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืชืฉืงื ืืช ืืืืืจ ื"ืจืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื" ืชืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืจืืงืืืช. ืืฆืขื ืื ืขืืจืจื ืชืืืืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืืชืื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื-21 ืืืื 2025 ืืื ืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื, ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืฆื ืฉื ื. ืืืกืืืช ืืขืืชืื ืืื ืืชืืืืก ืืคืกืืงืช ืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืคืืืืจื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ืจืื ื ืืจ, ืืกืืืืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ื, ืืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืืืืจืขื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ื"ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ". ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉื "ื ืืื ืืืคืืคืื" ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืื: โืขืืฉืื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืชืื, ืขื ืื ืชืงืคื ืืืชื ื ื-7 ืืืืงืืืืจ? [...] ืขื ืืืืกื F-35? ืขื ืื? ืขื ืื ืงืื? ืขื ืื? ืื ืชืงืคื ืืืชื ื ืขื ืืคืืคืื, ืงืืฆ'ื ืืงืืืื ืืื ืืจืื. ืื ืขืืื ืคืจืืืืช.โ ื-12 ืืืคืจืื, ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืกืื ืืจืขืื ืืืฉ ืืืงืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืคืืืืื 60 ืืื. ื-2015 ืขื ืคืจืืฉืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื-2018 ืืืืกืื ืืงืืื ืืคืฉืจื ืืืจืื ืืืคืงืืื ืืกืื"ื ืืคืงื ืขื ืืชืงื ืื, ืจืืช ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืชื ืขื 3.67%, ืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืขืฉืจ ืืืืชื ืขื 300 ืง"ื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืค ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืืกืื ื-2018 ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืกื ืงืฆืืืช, ืืืืฆื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืช ืฉืื. ื-31 ืืืื ืคืจืกืื ืกืื"ื ืฉืืจืฉืืช ืืืจืื 408.6 ืง"ื ืืจืืช ืืขืฉืจื ืฉื 60%. ืืคื ืืขืจืืืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ืื ืขืฉืจ ืคืฆืฆืืช ืืจืขืื. ืืฉื ืืจืืืช ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื ืฉืืืฉ, ื ืืชืจ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืจ ืืจืืื ืฉืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืจืขืื ืืช ืืคืืฆืืฅ. ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ 2025 ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืค ืืืืืืชื ืืคืืืจืืื ืฉื ืื ื ืขื ืืืขืืจ ืืฉืื ื' ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืก, ืกืืืืืช ืืืจืื, ืืื ืื ืืคืืจืืง ืืืืืืื ืื ืฉืงื, ืืืืกืืจ ืืืคืฉืจื ืืื ืกืืจืื. ืื ืืืืชื ืคืืืฉืชื ืืฉืืฉืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืค ืืฉื ืช 2025. ืื ืืืืืจ 2025, ืืกืขืืืื ืืืืืจืืงืืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืกื F-35 ืืงืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืจืขืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืืฉื ืช 2023. ืืืื 13 ืืืื ื 2025 ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื ืขื ืืืฆืข ืขื ืืืืื, ืฉืืืจืชื ืืื ืกืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืื ืชืงืฃ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืขืจืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืงื ื ืืจืขืื ืืืชืจื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืื ืืื ืืชื ืงืฉ ืืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืช, ืืื ืืคืงื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืกืืื ืกืืืื, ืจืืื"ื ืฆืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืงืจื, ืืืืขื ื ืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืกืืืืืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื 30 ืืืจืืื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืืจืกื ืื ืืื ืื ืืชืฉืชืืืช. ืืืื 22 ืืืื ื ืืฆืืจืคื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืชืงืืคืืช ื ืื ืืืจืื, ืืชืงืคื ืืชืงื ื ืืืจืขืื. ื-24 ืืืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืืืช ืคืกืงื. ื-5 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2026 ืคืจืกื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืชืฉืืืืชืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืงืช ืืืืงืจ ืืช ืืืจืืขื ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ. ืืืกืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืืืขืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืช ืืกืืืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืืื ืืืืก ืื ืกืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 2000 ืืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืฉื ืช 2005. ืืชืืืื ืืืกืื ืคืจืกืื ืืกืคืจ ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืขื ืืช ืฉืืืกืื ืืืื ืกืืืืคืื ืืฉืงืจืื. ืืจืืื"ื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืงืื ืืขื ืฉืืืกืื "ืฉืงืจื ืืื ืืคืืืืืื", ืืื ืืขื ืื ื"ื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืื"ืจ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืคืจืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืกืื. ืคืจืฉืืืช ืคืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืืคืืืืืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืขืืื ืืขื ืืช ืืคืืืืื: ืฉืฉ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื, ืืชืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืชืืงืื ื ืกืืจื ืืืฉืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืืข ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืคืจืฉืช ืืจ-ืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืจ 1997, ืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืช ืื ืืื ืืขืืจื ืืงื ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ื ืคืชืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืขืงืืืชืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื. ืืืกืืฃ, ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืงืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืื, ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืคืจืฉื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืง ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืจืืืืช, ืื ืฆืืื ืื "ืืืชื ืืืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืขืื ืชืืืืืช". ืืคืจืฉืช ืขืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืกืคืืืืจ 1999, ืืืขืื ืืฉื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืงืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืจ ืขืืื, ืืืืืช ืขืืืืืช ืฉืืืฆืข. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2000 ืืืืืฆื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืขืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื, ืืจืื ืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืงืืจื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืงืืจืช ืคืจืฉืช ืขืืื, ืขืื ืืฉื ืฉืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืจื ืืืืงืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืืชื ืืช ืฉืืืชื ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืขืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืจืืืฉ ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืงืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืฉ ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉืชื ืืคืจืฉืืช, ืื ืืืืง ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืจืืืืช, ืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืจืฅ 2011, ืคืจืกื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืจืืื ืืจืืงืจ, ืชืืงืืจ ืืชืืื ืืช "ืืืงืืจ", ืฉืื ืืขื ืื ืืฉื ืื 1999โ2008 ื ืกืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืคืืชื ืืืืฅ ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืคืื ืคืจืืืื, ืื ืืืจื ืืืจืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคืืืืืืงื ื-2002. ืืชืืงืืจ, ืฉื ืืืข ื"ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืืืืจืก", ืืืื ืืืืืงื ืฉื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืงื ืืฉืืจืชืืช. ืืื ืืืจ 2017 ืงืืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืกืืืจืช ืืืืืงื. ืืื ืืื ืืืจ 2017 ื ืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ื ื ืืฉืืื: "ืชืืง 1000", ืืืืื ืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืจื ืื ืืืืฆ'ื ืื'ืืืืก ืคืืงืจ ื"ืชืืง 2000" ืืขืืกืง ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืื ืื"ื "ืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช", ื ืื ื ืืืืก, ืฉืืื โ ืขื ืคื ืืืฉื โ ืืฆืืข ืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืงื ืืกืืงืืจ ืืืืกืคืช ืืชืืื ืืืขืื ืืชืืืจื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืชืืื ืช ืืคืฆืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืื". ืขื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืคืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช "ืื ืืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืืื". ืืืืื ืืืงืืจืืช, ืืขืื ืืืจื ืื ืกืช ื"ืืืืืื" ืืฆืขืืช ืืืง ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืงืืจืืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืื ืืฆืขื, ืฉื ืืืขื ืืฉื "ืืืง ืืืืืฆืืช", ืฉืืคืื ืชืืฆืืืชืื ืฉื ืืงืืจืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืขืืจื ืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืฉืืจื ืชืฆืืื ืขืืืชื ืืขื ืืื ืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื. ืืืฆืขืืช ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืื ืืขื ืืืคืืื ืื ืื ื ืืขืื ืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2017, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืช ืื"ืจ ืืขืืช ืืคื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืื ืืืกืื, ืืืืืืื "ืืืง ืืืืืฆืืช", ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฆืขืช ืืืืง ืื ืชืืื ืขื ืืงืืจืืชืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2018, ืืืืจ ืืฉื ื ืืืฆื ืฉื ืืงืืจืืช, ืืืืขื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืกืงื ื ืื ื ืืฆืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืจืืืืชืืช ืืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืืงืื. ื"ืชืืง 1000" ืืืืกื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ื"ืชืืง 2000" ืืืืกื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืงืฉืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืขืช ืืืฉืืจื, ืืกืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขื ืืคืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืชืคืืจ. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืขื ืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืืืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืงืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืืืืจืื "ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉืชืืจืจ ืืืจืืฉื ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืขื ืืชืืืฉืืช ืืกืจืืช ืืกืืก ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืงืืจื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืคืขืืชื ื ืืื" ืจืื ืืืจื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืคืจื ืจืืฉื ืืืคืืืืช ืื, ืืชืืืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืงืช ืืืคืืช ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืืคืช ืืืืง "ืชืืง 4000", ืืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื 433 ืฉื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืขื ืจืฉืืช ื ืืืจืืช ืขืจื, ืืื ืืืื ื 2017. ืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืื: ืืขื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืช "ืืืง" ืฉืืื ืืืืืืฅ', ืื ื"ืืืช "ืืืง" ืกืืื ืื ืืืจ, ืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืคืืืืจ ืืืืขืฅ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ื ืืจ ืืคืฅ. ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2018 ืืจืืฉืื ื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืืจื ืืืงืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื. ืฉื ืืื ืืืืฉืืืื, ืคืืืืจ ืืืคืฅ, ืืชืื ืขื ืืกืื ืขื ืืืื ื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืขื ืฉืืกืืืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืจื. ื-2 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018, ืคืจืกืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืื ื ืืฆืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืจืืืืชืืช ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื, ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืกืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืขื ืฉืืืืืืชืื ืืชืงืืื ืืืืืฆืช ืืืจืื ืืืงืฆืืข ืืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืืฃ ืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืกืื ืืคืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืฅ' ืืืืื ืืชืจ 'ืืืืื' ืกืืงืจ ืืืชื ืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืชืงืืคื ืืืืืืจืช. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืขื ืฉืืืงืืจื ืื ืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืื ืช, ืขืงื ืกืืจืื ืืืืงืจืื ืืขืืช ืืืชื ืคื ืื ืืื ืคื ืื ืขื ืขืื ืืืืื ื. ืขื ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืชืืงืื 1000, 2000 ื-4000 ืืฆื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืคืืฃ ืืฉืืืืข ืื ืชืคืืจืกื ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืฉืื ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืข ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืขืื ืืืชื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื, ืืืชื ืืช ืืงืฉืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืืืืงืืืกืงื ืืืืืฉ ืืขืกืงืื ืกืคื ืกืจ ืคืจืืจืืื'. ืืืืขืื ืงืืขื ืื ืื ืขืืื ืืืืืืจ 300 ืืืฃ ืืืืจ ืฉืงืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืชืจ ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืคืกืง ืฉืืืืขืื ืชืงืืื ืืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืคื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืคืจืืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืฉื ืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืขื ืืื ื. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2019 ืืืืืข ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืงืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืคืืฃ ืืฉืืืืข, ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืชืืงืื: ืืชืืง 1000 ื-2000 ืืืฉืืช ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื, ืืืชืืง 4000 ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืกืข ืฆืื ื ืืื ืืืืคืขืืช ืืืฅ ืคืกืื ืขื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืคืจืงืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืคืจืงืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืจื, ืฉืืืืจืื ืชืืื ืืขืืื ืงืืฆืื ืืช ืืขื ืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืื. ืืฉืืืืข ืืชืงืืื ืืืฉื ืืจืืขื ืืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืชื ืืฉื ื. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืืืืข ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืชื ืืืฉืื ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืชืืง 4000 ืืืขืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืชืืงื 1000 ื-2000. ืืชืืืื ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืฉืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืืจืืคื ืขื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืคืช ืืืืง (ืืืฉืืจื, ืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื). ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืืืืืืกืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืฉืคื ืชืื ืืื ืืืื ืชื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืฉื ืขืชืืจื ืืื"ืฅ ืฉืืจืฉื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ, ืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืจืขื-ืคื ืืกื. ื-2 ืืื ืืืจ 2020, ืืชืคืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืืงื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืง โ ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ื-1 ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืฉื ืืื"ืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืงืืืช ืืกืื ืืช ืืืขืืืชื ืืืื ืคืืืื. ื-28 ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืืืจ ืฉืจืฉืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืจืื ืืืืขืื ื ืื ืืชื ืืืกืื ืืช, ืืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืงืฉื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืขืืช ืืืืฉ ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื-24 ืืืื 2020 ืืื ืืฉืคืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืชื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืื. ื-30 ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืืืืฉ ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืฉืช ืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื, ืืฆืืง ืืจืฆืื. ืืช ืืงืฉืชื ื ืืืง: ืืืื 2024 ืืืืฉ ืืชืืืข ืืจืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืืื ืืงืฉื ืืฆื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืฉืืจืช ืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืจืขืืช ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืฆืขื ืืืืื, ืืจืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืจืฆื, ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืื ืืช ื ืื ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืจืืืช ืืืงืฉืจ ืฉื ืืจืขืื. ืืืงืฉื ืืืืฉื ืื ืืืคื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืืืงืืื ืืืืฉื ืืงืฉื ืืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืืก - ืืืื ืกื ืืืืจ, ืืกืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฃ. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2024 ืืืืืข ืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืื ืืืฆืื ืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืขื ืคื ืืืช ืืืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืจืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ืฉื ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืื, ืจืฆื, ืจืืืคื ืืืืืื ืช ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื ื ืชืืืื. ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืฆืืช ืฆืืื ืืืขืฆืจ ืืื ืฉ-124 ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืฆืืจ ืืืืกืืืจ ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืกื ืืชืืืื. ืืฆืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืืฆืช ืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืชืคืกืืช ืืืคืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืืง ืืืื-ืืืืื. ืชืคืงืืืื ืืขืืงืจืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืฉื ื ืฉื ืฆืืื ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืืืกืืืจืื ืื ืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ื, ืืื ืืคืงื ืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืฆืข ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฆืขืืจ ืขืื, ืืื ืจืืคื ืืกืืคืจ. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืฉืข, ืืื ืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืืชืืืืงื, ืืขืื ืฉื ืฉืืคืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื, ืฉืืฉื ื ื ืชื ืืื. ื ืืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื (ืืืงื) ืืืืกืื (ืืืืจ ืืื, ืืจื) ืืฉื ืช 1972. ืืฉื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืช, ื ืืขื, ืฉืืืืื ืืืจื ืืชืฉืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืจืื, ืืืฉ ืขืกืงืื ืืกืื ืืจืกืื; ืืืชื ื ืืขื ืืฉ ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉื ื ืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1979 ืืชืืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืกืื. ื-1981 ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืจ ืงืืืืก, ื ืืฆืจืื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืขืืจื ืืืืจ ืงืื ืกืจืืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืื ืืฉืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืื"ื, ืขืืจื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืชืืืืงืกื. ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืจืฉื ื-1989. ืืืจืฅ 1991 ื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจื ืื ืืจืฆื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ื"ืื ืขื". ืฉืจื ืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืืกืืคืจ, ืืืฉืืจืจ ืืืืื ื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืจืฆื, ืฉืืืฉื ืืคืกืืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืื ืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืจ. ื-2002 ืจืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืืกืจืื ืืกืืื ืฉื 1.8 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ. ื-2007 ืจืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื 1.7% ืืื ืืืช ืืืจืช NMDM, ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืชื ืืืืืงืืืกืงื, ืชืืืจืช 600 ืืืฃ ืืืืจ. ื-2010 ืืืจ ืืืชื ืชืืืจืช 4.3 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืืฉืงืคืื ืจืืื ืฉื 13.2 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืขื ืคื "ืคืืจืืก ืืฉืจืื", ืืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืื ื-50 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืช ืฉืชื ืงืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืจื ืขืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืฉืขืจืื ื-25 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืืขืฉืืจ ืืฉืืื ื ืืืืื, ืืฉื ืื 2023โ2024, ืขืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืชืืช ืงืืฆื ืื, ื ืืชืื ืืชืืงืื ืืงืข ืืคืฉืขืชื ืื ืืชืื ืืืกืจืช ืืืืืช ืืขืจืืื ืืช. ื-17 ืืืืื 2024 ื ืืฉืฃ ืื ืขืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืคืืชื, ืืื ืืฉื ืื 2018โ2023, ืขืืื ืขื 30 ืืืืืื ืฉืงืืื. ืืืจืฅ 2016 ืคืจืกื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืกืจื ื ืกืืืืก ืืคืืืกืืืง ืฉืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืืืจืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืขืฆืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ 1 ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืืง ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืืจืืช ืืฉืชื ืฉืจื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืขื ืกื 279 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื. ื-11 ืืืื ื 2017, ืงืืข ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืจืข ืฉืคืืจืกื ืืืืจื ืืคืืืข ืืืืื ืืช ืกืจื ื ืืฉืื ืืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืคืืฆืืืื ืืขืื 15 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคื. ืืขืงืืืช ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืคืืืจ ืกืจื ื ืืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช. ืขืจืขืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืกืจื ื ืขื ืคืกืง ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื. ืืงืฉืช ืจืฉืืช ืขืจืขืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืกืจื ื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืฃ ืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืขื ืกื 200 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืื ืืกืคืืช, ืฉืคืจืกื ืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืื ืื ืื ืงืืื ืืืืืช ืืกืคืืืช ืืคื ืกืื, ืืชืืืจื ืืื ืฉืืช ืืืื ืขืืืช ืืจืจื, ืืืฉื ื ืืืืขื"ืฉ ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืื, ืชืคืขื ืืืืืชื ืืชืืงืื. ืืืื 2023, ืืืฉืื ืคืฉืจื, ืฉืืืกืืจืชื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืชืืืขืชื ืืืกืคืืช ืืคืจืกื ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืืชื ืื ืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืช ืืจืจื ืื ืืช ืื ืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2022 ืืืื ืืืชืืจืจ ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืจ ื ืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืจื, ืขื ืฉืืขื ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืฉืื "ืืืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืงืืงืื ืืืืคืื ืคืกืืืืืืจื". ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2022 ื ืคืกืง ืฉืืืืืจื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืจืข ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืช ื ืชื ืืื 62,500 ืฉ"ื ืคืืฆืืืื ืืชืืกืคืช 35,000 ืฉ"ื ืฉืืจ ืืจืื ืืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคื. ื-16 ืื ืืืืืจ 2023 ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืจืฆื ืืชืฉืืื ืคืืฆืืืื ืืกื ืืืขืื ืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืืื ืฉืืจืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืฆื ืืขื ืื ืืฉ ืืกืื ืกืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืคืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืชืคื ืืื ืืืืื. ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืคืกืง ืื ืืกืฃ 50 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื. ืืจืฆื ืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืคืกืง ืืืื, ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืคืกืง ืืืื ืื ืงืืข ืฉืืจืฆื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืจืื 290 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื, ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืชืฉืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2025 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืืช ืืฉืื ืืจืข ืืืืืช, ืืื ืชืืืขืืช ื ืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื, ืืืืขื ืฉืจืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2025 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืฉืื ืืจืข ื ืื ืคืขืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืงืื ืืจืกืืจ, ืขื ืกื ืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืืชืืืขื ืขืืกืงืช ืืฉืืืฉื ืคืจืกืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืขื ืืืืืจื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืฉืืื ืืงืืจ, ืื ืืขื ืื ืื "ืืคืจืกืื ืืืืืจ ืคืืืข ืืืกืืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืงืื ืืืขืจืื ืืืืืงืจืืื". ืืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืคืชืื ืืจืกืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืื, ืฉืชืื ืคืืืช ืืฉืขื ืืืืก 500 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื, ืืืืืฉื ืฆืื ืืืืชืจ ื-750 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืฉืชืจืื ื-4,800 ืืืฉ. ืกืคืจืื ืกืคืจืื ืืขืจืืืชื: ืืขืงืืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืืืช ืกืคืจ ื ืืกืฃ, ืฉื ืงืจื ืชืืืื "ืืฉืื ืืืจืื" ืืืืืฉื ื ืงืจื "ืื ืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื", ืืืฃ ืงืืื ืืงืืื ืขื ืคืจืกืืื ืืืื"ื, ืืืฆืืช ืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช, ืื ืขื ืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืืช, ืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ. ืคืจืกืื ืืืืงืจื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืื ืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืืืงืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืืกืื โข ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื ื ืืจ ืืจืงืช โข ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืชื ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจืช ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืืกืจืืืืฃ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืืืงื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืื ืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืฅ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืฅ โข ืกืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื, ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืคืืจ ืกืืคืจ โข ืฉืจืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืกืืจืืง โข ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืขืืืืช ืกืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืงืืฉ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืงืจืขื โข ืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจื ืจืื โข ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืง ืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืขืืืื ืฉืืงืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื: ืืืืื ืืืืื โข ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ: ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช โข ืืฉืืื ื ืืจื โข ืืฆืืง ืืื โข ืืื ืขืืืจ โข ืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื: ืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื: ืืืื ืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea_attacks] | [TOKENS: 4252] |
Contents Crimea attacks Northern front Eastern front Southern front Other regions Naval operations Spillover & related incidents Eastern front Southern front Ukrainian incursion Other regions Naval operations Spillover & related incidents Beginning in July 2022, a series of explosions and fires occurred on the Russian-occupied Crimean Peninsula, from where the Russian Army had launched its offensive on Southern Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian war. Occupied since 2014, Crimea was a base for the subsequent Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast and Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Vladimir Putin has called Crimea a "sacred place" and a "holy land". Deputy Chairman of the Security Council of Russia Dmitry Medvedev said in July 2022 that the consequence of an attack on Crimea will be that, "the Day of Judgment will come for all of them there at once. Very fast and heavy. It will be very difficult to hide". Weaponry On 3 February 2023, the United States government announced an aid package for Ukraine that would include the Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb (GLSDB), which can be launched out of existing Ukraine-operated HIMARS or MLRS launchers (or out of its own launcher) to hit Russian targets that had been moved out of GMLRS range. The GLSDB almost doubles the range that Ukraine could previously target with these launchers (150 km (93 mi) vs 85 km (53 mi) with GMLRS). This "will put all of Russia's supply lines in the east of [Ukraine] within reach, as well as part of Russian-occupied Crimea", according to Reuters. "Russia is using Crimea as a big military base from which it sends reinforcements for its troops on the southern front," said Ukrainian military analyst Oleksandr Musiyenko. "If we had a 150km (munition), we could reach that and disrupt the logistical connection with Crimea." It has been speculated that the GLSDB might allow Ukraine to target the Dzhankoi airfield in northern Crimea, described as the logistics hub of the Russian army. Dzhankoi is a critical rail and road hub in the supply network Russia has been using in its attack on Ukraine and, along with its surrounding areas, has been described as the largest Russian military base in Crimea. Ukraine holds the territory across the Dnieper River from Nova Kakhovka (close to where the North Crimean Canal begins). The distance between Nova Kakhovka and Dzhankoi is 141 km (88 mi). It has also been estimated that if Ukraine were able to advance to Prymorsk on their southern coast, this would put the Crimean Bridge over the Kerch Strait within range of the GLSDB. This bridge constitutes the main supply route for Russian military bases in Crimea and for Russian forces in southern Ukraine. On 11 May 2023 it was announced that the U.K. was sending "a number" of Storm Shadow air-launched cruise missiles to Ukraine. This weapon has an official range "exceeding" 250 km (160 mi). While this falls short of the 300 km (190 mi) range of the U.S. made ATACMS, it would allow a Storm Shadow missile fired by Ukraine from an aircraft flying above the city of Kherson to reach Russia's Sevastopol Naval Base in southern Crimea, home of Russia's Black Sea Fleet (distance 245 km (152 mi)). Targets of attack On 24 August, 2023, the 32nd anniversary of Ukraine's Independence Day, the HUR announced that Air Force and Navy intelligence were involved in a special operation near the towns of Mayak and Olenivka on the Tarkhankut Peninsula, which saw a seaborne landing and airborne deployment of Ukrainian personnel on Crimea. The HUR announced that all objectives of the operation were completed, Russian forces suffered casualties, and that the Ukrainian state flag was once again flown over the Crimean peninsula. On 1 October, there were explosions at the Belbek military airport near Sevastopol, the air defense system allegedly shot down a drone in the area. On 8 October at around 6:00 am, an explosion occurred on the Crimean bridge. It caused two lanes of the roadway to collapse and tanks on a train on the rail bridge to catch fire. Later in the day a single lane for motor vehicles was opened with alternating directions and a ferry provided for heavy goods vehicles. Rail traffic also recommenced. The attack on the bridge was claimed by Putin to be the reason for the October 2022 missile strikes on Ukraine. On 27 October, a power plant in Balaklava, Sevastopol region, reportedly attacked, causing minor damage, no casualties were reported. On 17 July 2023, the Crimean Bridge linking Crimea with mainland Russia was again attacked, this time by two exploding drone boats. At least one of the road sections collapsed. Two people were reportedly killed. Ukraine later acknowledged it carried out the attack. On 3 June 2025, the Crimean Bridge was temporarily closed and subsequently reopened by Russian authorities after several underwater C-4 explosives planted under the bridge detonated. The Security Service of Ukraine claimed responsibility, saying its agents planted 1,100 kg (1.1 t) of TNT equivalent at a support section of the bridge. On the morning of 31 July, 2022, a drone with an explosive device attacked the headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol. Six people were injured. Due to the attack on the city, all festivities on the occasion of the Navy Day were cancelled. Ukrainian officials denied involvement in the attack, but pointed out the weakness of Russia's air defense system in Crimea. On the morning of 21 August, explosions were heard in Sevastopol, Crimean authorities claimed that it was the work of air defense. On the next day, explosions rang out again in the city, the occupation authorities announced that a drone had been shot down. On 23 August, several explosions were heard, the anti-aircraft missile system also went off near the city, the governor of Sevastopol, Mikhail Razvozhayev, said that a drone was shot down over the sea. On 26 August, the anti-aircraft defense system was activated in the village Novoozerne near Yevpatoria. On 21 September, a maritime drone was discovered on Soldatsky Beach in Kozacha Bay, Sevastopol. It was examined, then towed out to sea and blown up. On 29 October, the Russian-occupied Sevastopol Naval Base was attacked by unmanned surface vehicles and aerial drones. According to the Russian TASS, at 4:20 am on 29 October, a strong explosion sounded, after which several more "claps" were heard. Videos began to circulate in Telegram channels showing black smoke over Sevastopol and explosions could be heard. Nine UAVs and seven USVs took part in the attack, according to Russian officials. GeoConfirmed analysts believe that between six and eight drones participated in the attack on Russian ships and that they hit at least three ships; two naval drones were most likely destroyed. One of the ships that appeared to be damaged in videos was the Admiral Makarov, Russia's Black Sea Fleet new flagship, following the sinking of the Moskva. Following the attacks the Russian authorities shut down broadcast from the city's surveillance cameras, saying that they "give the enemy an opportunity to detect the city's defense systems", and prohibited entry of boats into the Sevastopol Bay. Russia accused Ukraine and the United Kingdom of being involved in the preparation of the attacks, with Russian representatives saying that the attack was "carried out under the leadership of British specialists who are in the city of Ochakiv (Mykolaiv region) of Ukraine", Russian authorities also claimed that the same unit of "British specialists" was involved in the "terrorist act in the Baltic Sea", when the gas pipelines "Nord Stream" and "Nord Stream โ 2" were blown up. The UK Ministry of Defence responded, saying Russia was "peddling lies on an epic scale". After the attack, Russia suspended its participation in the Black Sea Grain Initiative for four days. Grain ships continued to sail from Ukraine despite the Russian announcement. Before these events, Ukraine had warned about possible Russian plans to withdraw from the agreement. On 22 November, several explosions were reported on Sevastopol, witnesses reported that anti-air systems activated, maritime traffic had to be stopped as a result. local officials later reported that two drones had been destroyed during the alleged attack, and that another attack had been repelled over the Black Sea, no casualties or significant damage were reported. On 10 December, explosions were reported in Sevastopol, and anti-air systems reportedly activated. On 30 December, explosions were reported yet again in Sevastopol, anti-air systems and Russian planes reportedly intercepted a rocket over the sea. On 2 January, 2023, explosions were reported in Sevastopol, anti-air systems activated and two drone were reportedly destroyed over the sea, according to Russian authorities. On 15 January, more explosions were reported in Sevastopol, anti-air systems activated and allegedly destroyed one drone above the Sevastopol Bay, according to local authorities. On 22 March, explosions were reported overnight in Sevastopol Bay, electricity allegedly went down as a result of these explosions, civilians reported hearing several "shots" and explosions over the bay during the night and morning, it was alleged that these loud sounds were the result of a drone attack, local telegram channels reported possible attack by UAVs and USVs, with one UAV allegedly downed; maritime traffic was interrupted after the alleged attack. On 25 August, the Ukrainian military and the SBU launched a joint drone strike on the 126th Coastal Defence Brigade of the Russian Black Sea Fleet in Perevalne, reportedly inflicting "dozens" of casualties. On 13 September, a Ukrainian strike on Russia's Sevastopol Naval Base damaged two Russian warships. According to a number of sources, the strike was carried out using Storm Shadow cruise missiles, which are designed to penetrate deeply into their targets and inflict maximum damage in a two-phase process. Experts have concluded from photographs that the Minsk, a large Ropucha-class landing ship, was damaged beyond repair. Also damaged was the Rostov-on-Don, a $300M Kilo-class submarine. On 22 September, Ukraine launched a missile strike on the headquarters of the Russian Black Sea Fleet at Sevastopol Naval Base. The building was reportedly struck by Storm Shadow cruise missiles. Ukraine's intelligence agencies reported that the strike, which it codenamed "Operation Crab Trap", killed 34 officers and wounded at least 100 other Russian servicemen. Three days later, Russian authorities announced that they would demolish the damaged headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet. On 29 December, a Russian Tarantul-class corvette was struck by a Ukrainian drone whilst in harbour at Sevastopol. On 20 January 2024, satellite images confirmed its sinking. On 23 March, 2024, the Ukrainian military launched a "massive" missile attack on Sevastopol Naval Base. A Black Sea Fleet communications center was struck by three Storm Shadow missiles. Ukraine's military said the strikes damaged three Russian landing ships: the Yamal, the Azov, and the Konstantin Olshansky. The spy ship Ivan Khurs was also reportedly damaged. On 23 June, Ukraine launched an ATACMS missile bombardment towards Sevastopol. Missile fragments hit a beach, killing four people and injuring 151 others. Russia held the United States responsible and vowed that there will be a response. On 20 February 2026, one person was killed and several buildings were damaged by Ukrainian drone strikes in Sevastopol, Crimea. On 9 August, 2022, a series of large explosions occurred at the Saky airbase in the city of Novofedorivka, Crimea. Reportedly, one person was killed and 13 were injured. Seven planes were destroyed and three were damaged, according to satellite imagery. The military base had been seized by Russian forces during the 2014 annexation of Crimea. At first Ukraine denied any responsibility with presidential aide, Mykhailo Podolyak saying "Of course not. What do we have to do with this?" Later, the commander of Ukrainian forces, Valeriy Zaluzhnyi claimed that it had been a Ukrainian rocket attack. On 6 January, 2024, the Ukrainian Air Force said it had destroyed a Russian command center at Saky airbase. On 31 January, 2024, 31 the Ukrainian Air Force said it launched a missile strike on Belbek airbase, damaging three Russian military aircraft. On April 17, Ukrainian missiles struck Dzhankoi airbase in Crimea causing at least six explosions and multiple secondary explosions to be reported by locals while NASA FIRMS imagery showed six fires there. Subsequent satellite pictures showed the destruction of three to five S-300/S-400 components and other areas marked with "scorch marks" that suggested equipment that had been damaged but removed. Ukraine subsequently released footage of multiple missiles being launched at the air base. In the early hours of the 15 May, Ukraine launched a missile strike against Belbek airbase reportedly destroying two MiG-31 fighter jets on the ground, igniting a fire at a fuel and lubricant depot serving the airbase and wounding 11 soldiers. A subsequent strike then destroyed the launcher component of an S-400 air defence system near the village of Vyshneve (about 70km from Belbek) killing two Russian soldiers. The Russian-appointed Governor of Sevastopol Mikhail Razvozhayev stated that American-made ATACMS missiles were used in the strike but said that all missiles were successfully intercepted by Russian air defences. On 16โ17 August, 2022, the Armed Forces of Ukraine allegedly carried out a series of acts of sabotage in the Dzhankoi district at an ammunition depot near the village of Majskoye and at an electricity substation in Dzhankoi itself. Two people were injured. According to the mayor of Melitopol, Ivan Fedorov, following the explosions, the occupying authorities of Crimea began an evacuation. with around 2,000 people being reportedly evacuated. Sergey Aksyonov, one of the heads of the Russian authorities in crimea, announced the containment of a zone with a radius of 5 km from the epicenter of the explosion and the evacuation of the population from this zone. On 20 March, 2023, Ukraine's Ministry of Defense stated that Russian "Kalibr-KN" cruise missiles being transported by train in Dzhankoi were destroyed in a missile strike in Russian-occupied Crimea, the attack also severely damaged the railway system in the region. The Russian-installed head of Crimea, Sergei Aksyonov, confirmed there was a strike and the region's air defense system was activated. Oleg Kryuchkov, an adviser to Aksyonov, claimed that the drone attack was aimed at civilian targets. Local authorities declared a state of emergency after the attack. On 22 June, a Ukrainian missile damaged the Chonhar bridge, an important road bridge linking Crimea to the Ukrainian mainland. On 19 July, there was a fire and numerous explosions at a Russian ammunition depot near Staryi Krym, forcing the evacuation of four villages and the closure of the nearby Tavrida Highway. There were unconfirmed reports that it was caused by Ukrainian strikes. Three days later, another Russian ammunition depot was struck by drones in Krasnohvardiiske Raion, forcing the evacuation of a five-kilometer radius. On 28 July, Ukraine's intelligence agency said that saboteurs blew up an ammunition warehouse at Kozacha Bay, the headquarters of the Russian 810th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade. On 23 August, the Ukrainian military destroyed a Russian S-400 missile system on Cape Tarkhankut, Crimea. A modified R-360 Neptune missile was used in the strike. It is reported that several Russian military personnel were killed. On 30 October, Ukraine claimed to have destroyed Russian air defense systems in a missile attack on Crimea. Russian milbloggers said that two missiles fell near Olenivka. The attack was believed to have targeted an S-300 missile battery, and injured about 17 Russian soldiers. Ukrainian forces likely attacked an oil storage facility in Kozacha Bay, Sevastopol on 29 April, 2023. The resulting fire was said by occupation governor of Sevastopol Mikhail Razvozhaev to have extended over 1,000 square meters. Footage showed a large fire at the storage facility. The Ukraine military warned that this was a prelude to a much-anticipated spring offensive. A Ukrainian exploding drone boat severely damaged the Russian tanker Sig in the Kerch Strait on 5 August. On 5 August 2023, the tanker was reported to have been the target of a naval drone attack by Ukrainian forces in the Black Sea 17 kilometres (11 mi) south of the Crimean Bridge which damaged the engine room on the starboard side.[citation needed] On 11 September, 2023, Ukrainian military intelligence said that Ukrainian special forces had captured several oil and gas drilling platforms off the western Crimean coast, which had been occupied and fortified by Russia since 2015. Among the facilities retaken were the Boyko Towers and the 'Tavryda' and 'Syvash' mobile rigs. According to Ukrainian sources, a Russian Su-30 fighter jet tried to sink the Ukrainian assault boats, but was struck by a Ukrainian MANPAD, forcing it to withdraw. Ukrainian forces also seized ammunition and a radar system from the platforms. Russia claimed to have shot down 35 Ukrainian drones over Crimea on 5 December. Ukrainian media reported that an oil terminal in Feodosia, a Nebo-M radar system near Baherove, as well as a Russian military helicopter yard, a radar complex, and an anti-aircraft missile control system were damaged in the attacks. On 7 October, Ukraine launched a drone attack against a fuel depot in Feodosia causing explosions and fire detected by NASA's FIRMS. On 7 September, 2022, several explosions rang out in Yevpatoria. The occupation authorities of the Russian Federation in the region announced the activation of air defense and the destruction of several drones. On 26 September, a series of explosions occurred in Yalta, Gurzuf and Simferopol, anti-air systems allegedly went off during the explosions. On 3 January, 2023, explosions were reported again in Dzhankoi, anti-air systems reportedly activated, witnesses also reported the destruction of some type of "target". On 4 March, explosions were heard in the occupied Simferopol district. A drone was reportedly downed over the village of Hvardiiske, there was no official confirmation of the reports by local authorities. On 7 October, missile strikes were reported in Dzhankoi, Yevpatoriya and Krasnoperekopsk. On 4 January 2024, Ukraine said it had hit two Russian military targets in Crimea. Satellite images taken on 25 April 2023 of a Russian military base in Medvedivka, Dzhankoi District, showed that armoured vehicles and artillery present in this area in October 2022 and in January 2023 were no longer present. Experts have surmised that this may be related to defensive operations ahead of an expected Ukrainian counteroffensive. On 4 November, Ukraine launched a missile strike on the Zalyv Shipbuilding yard in Kerch, Crimea, hitting a dry dock and reportedly damaging the Russian cruise missile carrier Askold. On 10 November, Ukrainian military intelligence said one Russian Serna-class landing craft and one Ondatra-class craft were sunk by drone boats in Vuzka Bay, Crimea. On 1 February 2024, Ukrainian sea drones sunk the Russian missile corvette Ivanovets in Donuzlav Bay, on the west coast of Crimea. On 5 March, the Russian patrol ship Sergey Kotov, along with an on-board helicopter, was sunk by Ukrainian naval drones near the Kerch Strait. The HUR said that seven Russian crewmen were killed. The Crimean bridge was closed to traffic due to Ukrainian air drones and sea drones attacking Kerch. See also References |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources] | [TOKENS: 5179] |
Contents Wikipedia:Reliable sources Wikipedia articles should be based on reliable, published sources, making sure that all majority and significant minority views that have appeared in those sources are covered (see Wikipedia:Neutral point of view). If no reliable sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article on it. This guideline discusses the reliability of various types of sources. The policy on sourcing is Wikipedia:Verifiability, which requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations. The verifiability policy is strictly applied to all material in the mainspaceโarticles, lists, and sections of articlesโwithout exception, and in particular to biographies of living persons, which states: Contentious material about living persons (or, in some cases, recently deceased) that is unsourced or poorly sourcedโwhether the material is negative, positive, neutral, or just questionableโmust be removed immediately and without waiting for discussion. In the event of a contradiction between this guideline and our policies regarding sourcing and attribution, the policies take priority and editors should seek to resolve the discrepancy. Other policies relevant to sourcing are Wikipedia:No original research and Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons. For questions about the reliability of particular sources, see Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard. Overview Articles should be based on reliable, independent, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. This means that we publish only the analysis, views, and opinions of reliable authors, and not those of Wikipedians, who have read and interpreted primary source material for themselves. The following examples cover only some of the possible types of reliable sources and source reliability issues, and are not intended to be exhaustive. Proper sourcing always depends on context; common sense and editorial judgment are an indispensable part of the process. A source is where the material comes from. For example, a source could be a book or a webpage. A source can be reliable or unreliable for the material it is meant to support. Some sources, such as unpublished texts and an editor's own personal experience, are prohibited. When editors talk about sources that are being cited on Wikipedia, they might be referring to any one of these three concepts: Any of the three can affect reliability. Reliable sources may be published materials with a reliable publication process, authors who are regarded as authoritative in relation to the subject, or both. These qualifications should be demonstrable to other people. Published means, for Wikipedia's purposes, any source that was made available to the public in some form. The term is most commonly associated with text materials, either in traditional printed format or online; however, audio, video, and multimedia materials that have been recorded then broadcast, distributed, or archived by a reputable party may also meet the necessary criteria to be considered reliable sources. Like text, media must be produced by a reliable source and be properly cited. Additionally, an accessible copy of the media must exist. It is convenient, but by no means necessary, for the copy to be accessible via the Internet. The reliability of a source depends on context. Each source must be carefully weighed to judge whether it is reliable for the statement being made in the Wikipedia article and is an appropriate source for that content. In general, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Sources should directly support the information as it is presented in the Wikipedia article. Information provided in passing by an otherwise reliable source or information that is not related to the principal topics of the publication may not be reliable; editors should cite sources focused on the topic at hand where possible. For example, a publisher's web site is likely to be reliable for an author's identity, date of publication, etc., but not necessarily for a critical, artistic, or commercial evaluation of the work (see ยง Reliability in specific contexts, below). Especially in scientific and academic fields, older sources may be inaccurate because new information has been brought to light, new theories proposed, or vocabulary changed. In areas like politics or fashion, laws or trends may make older claims incorrect. Be sure to check that older sources have not been superseded, especially if it is likely that new discoveries or developments have occurred in the last few years. In particular, newer sources are generally preferred in medicine. Sometimes sources are too new to use, such as with breaking news (where later reports might be more accurate), and primary sources which purport to debunk a long-standing consensus or introduce a new discovery (in which case awaiting studies that attempt to replicate the discovery might be a good idea, or reviews that validate the methods used to make the discovery). Sources of any age may be prone to recentism, and this needs to be balanced out by careful editing. How accepted and high-quality reliable sources use a given source provides evidence, positive or negative, for its reliability and reputation. The more widespread and consistent this use is, the stronger the evidence. For example, widespread citation without comment for facts is evidence of a source's reputation and reliability for similar facts, whereas widespread doubts about reliability weigh against it. If outside citation is the main indicator of reliability, particular care should be taken to adhere to other guidelines and policies, and to not unduly represent contentious or minority claims. The goal is to reflect established views of a topic as far as we can determine them. Some types of sources Many Wikipedia articles rely on scholarly material. When available, academic and peer-reviewed publications, scholarly monographs, and textbooks are usually the most reliable sources. However, some scholarly material may be outdated, in competition with alternative theories, controversial within the relevant field, or largely ignored by the mainstream academic discourse. Try to cite current scholarly consensus when available, recognizing that this is often absent. Reliable non-academic sources may also be used in articles about scholarly issues, particularly material from high-quality mainstream publications. Deciding which sources are appropriate depends on context. Material should be attributed in-text where sources disagree. News sources often contain both factual content and opinion content. News reporting from well-established news outlets is generally considered to be reliable for statements of fact (though even the most reputable reporting sometimes contains errors). News reporting from less-established outlets is generally considered less reliable for statements of fact. Most newspapers also reprint items from news agencies (a.k.a. wire services) such as Reuters, Interfax, Agence France-Presse, United Press International or the Associated Press, which are responsible for accuracy. The agency should be cited in addition to the newspaper that reprinted it. Editorial commentary, analysis and opinion pieces, whether written by the editors of the publication (editorials) or outside authors (invited op-eds and letters to the editor from notable figures) are reliable primary sources for statements attributed to that editor or author, but are rarely reliable for statements of fact (see also ยง Statements of opinion, below). When taking information from opinion content, the identity of the author may help determine reliability. The opinions of specialists and recognized experts are more likely to be reliable and to reflect a significant viewpoint.[note 4] If the statement is not authoritative, attribute the opinion to the author in the text of the article but do not represent it as fact. Reviews for books, movies, art, etc. can be opinion, summary, or scholarly pieces. Some news organizations do not publish their editorial policies. Some websites function partly or entirely as aggregators, reprinting items from websites of news agencies, blogs, websites, or even Wikipedia itself. These may constitute a curated feed or an AI-generated feed. Examples include the main pages of MSN and Yahoo News. As with newspaper reprints, the original content creator is responsible for accuracy and reliability should be judged based on the original source. Direct links to the original source should be preferred over the aggregator's link. Although the content guidelines for external links prohibit linking to "Individual web pages that primarily exist to sell products or services", inline citations may be allowed to e-commerce pages such as that of a book on a bookseller's page or an album on its streaming-music page, in order to verify such things as titles and running times. Journalistic and academic sources are preferable, however, and e-commerce links should be replaced with reliable non-commercial sources if available. Rankings proposed by vendors (such as bestseller lists at Amazon) usually have at least one of the following problems: For such reasons, such rankings are usually avoided as Wikipedia content. Wikipedia articles are required to present a neutral point of view. However, reliable sources are not required to be neutral, unbiased, or objective. Sometimes non-neutral sources are the best possible sources for supporting information about the different viewpoints held on a subject. Common sources of bias include political, financial, religious, philosophical, or other beliefs. Although a source may be biased, it may be reliable in the specific context. When dealing with a potentially biased source, editors should consider whether the source meets the normal requirements for reliable sources, such as editorial control, a reputation for fact-checking, and the level of independence from the topic the source is covering. Bias may make in-text attribution appropriate, as in "The feminist Betty Friedan wrote that..."; "According to the Marxist economist Harry Magdoff..."; or "The conservative Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater believed that...". Questionable and self-published sources Questionable sources are those that have a poor reputation for checking the facts, lack meaningful editorial oversight, or have an apparent conflict of interest. Such sources include content farms, websites and publications expressing views that are widely acknowledged as extremist, that are promotional in nature, or that rely heavily on rumors and personal opinions. Questionable sources are generally unsuitable for citing contentious claims about third parties, which includes claims against institutions, persons living or dead, as well as more ill-defined entities. The proper uses of a questionable source are very limited. Beware of sources that sound reliable but do not have the reputation for fact-checking and accuracy that this guideline requires. The Journal of 100% Reliable Factual Information might have a reputation for "predatory" behavior, which includes questionable business practices and/or peer-review processes that raise concerns about the reliability of their journal articles. Sponsored content is a paid advertisement that is formatted to look like an article or other piece of typical content for that outlet. The content may be directly controlled by the sponsor, or the advertiser may pay an author to create the content (e.g., influencer marketing). Advertisements can be cited, but they are non-independent and should be treated as self-published and primary sources in articles. Reliable publications clearly indicate sponsored articles in the byline or with a disclaimer at the top of the article. Sources that do not clearly distinguish staff-written articles from sponsored content are also questionable. Symposia and supplements to academic journals are often (but far from always) unacceptable sources. They are commonly sponsored by industry groups with a financial interest in the outcome of the research reported. They may lack independent editorial oversight and peer review, with no supervision of content by the parent journal. Such articles do not share the reliability of their parent journal, being essentially paid ads disguised as academic articles. Such supplements, and those that do not clearly declare their editorial policy and conflicts of interest, should not be cited. Indications that an article was published in a supplement may be fairly subtle; for instance, a letter "S" added to a page number, or "Suppl." in a reference. However, merely being published in a supplement is not prima facie evidence of being published in a sponsored supplement. Many, if not most, supplements are perfectly legitimate sources, such as the Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series, Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements, Supplement to the London Gazette, or The Times Higher Education Supplement. A sponsored supplement also does not necessarily involve a COI; for instance, public health agencies may also sponsor supplements. However, groups that do have a COI may hide behind layers of front organizations with innocuous names, so the ultimate funding sources should always be ascertained. Anyone can create a personal web page or publish their own book and claim to be an expert in a certain field. For that reason, self-published sources are largely not acceptable. Self-published books and newsletters, personal pages on social networking sites, tweets, and posts on Internet forums are all examples of self-published media. Self-published expert sources may be considered reliable when produced by an established expert on the subject matter, whose work in the relevant field has previously been published by reliable, independent publications. Never use self-published sources as third-party sources about living people, even if the author is an expert, well-known professional researcher, or writer. Websites whose content is largely user-generated are generally unacceptable as sources. Sites with user-generated content include personal websites, personal and group blogs (excluding newspaper and magazine blogs), Internet forums, social media sites, fansites, video and image hosting services, most wikis, and other collaboratively created websites. Examples of unacceptable user-generated sources include Ancestry.com, Discogs, Facebook, Famous Birthdays, Fandom, Find a Grave, Goodreads, IMDb, Instagram, Know Your Meme, Reddit, Snapchat, TikTok, Tumblr, TV Tropes, X (Twitter), WhoSampled, WordPress, and Wikipedia, or any other Wikimedia project (self referencing). For information from verified official accounts on social media from celebrities and organizations, please refer to the section on self-published sources below. Although review aggregators (such as Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic) may be reliable when summarizing experts, the ratings and opinions of their users (including the reported rating averages) are not. In particular, a wikilink is not a reliable source. Self-published or questionable sources may be used as sources of information about themselves, especially in articles about themselves, without the requirement that they be published experts in the field, so long as the following criteria are met: These requirements also apply to pages from social networking websites such as X, Tumblr, and Facebook. Use of self-sourced material should be minimal; the great majority of any article must be drawn from independent sources. Since the AI boom in the early 2020s, generative artificial intelligence ("generative AI" or "GenAI"), specifically large language models (LLMs), have become a common tool to generate and publish material using machine learning (ML). It may not be known or detectable that ML was used to produce a given piece of text. Content produced by LLMs such as AI chatbots (eg. ChatGPT) and Grokipedia, is generally unreliable. LLMs are trained using text scraped from the internet (including Wikipedia) and suffer from many of the same problems as self-published and user-generated content (see ยง User-generated content, above). LLMs also have a tendency to "hallucinate" false information, including source citations that look as if they are from reputable publications but do not actually exist.[note 5] Such spurious material may be reproduced unintentionally by writers, reporters, scientists, medical researchers, and lawyers using chatbots to help produce reports, or maliciously by individuals and companies publishing "fake news". Reliability in specific contexts Editors must take particular care when writing biographical material about living persons. Contentious material about a living person that is unsourced or poorly sourced should be removed immediately; do not move it to the talk page. This applies to any material related to living persons on any page in any namespace, not just article space. Wikipedia articles should be based mainly on reliable secondary sources, i.e., a document or recording that relates to or discusses information originally presented elsewhere. Reputable tertiary sources, such as introductory-level university textbooks, almanacs, and encyclopedias, may be cited. However, although Wikipedia articles are tertiary sources, Wikipedia employs no systematic mechanism for fact-checking or accuracy. Thus, Wikipedia articles (and Wikipedia mirrors) in themselves are not reliable sources for any purpose (except as sources on themselves per WP:SELFSOURCE). Primary sources are often difficult to use appropriately. Although they can be both reliable and useful in certain situations, they must be used with caution in order to avoid original research. Although specific facts may be taken from primary sources, secondary sources that present the same material are preferred. Large blocks of material based purely on primary sources should be avoided. All interpretive claims, analyses, or synthetic claims about primary sources must be referenced to a secondary source, rather than original analysis of the primary-source material by Wikipedia editors. When editing articles in which the use of primary sources is a concern, in-line templates, such as {{primary source-inline}} and {{better source}}, or article templates, such as {{primary sources}} and {{refimprove science}}, may be used to mark areas of concern. Ideal sources for biomedical information include general or systematic reviews in reliable, independent, published sources, such as reputable medical journals, widely recognised standard textbooks written by experts in a field, or medical guidelines and position statements from nationally or internationally reputable expert bodies. It is vital that the biomedical information in all types of articles be based on reliable, independent, published sources and accurately reflect current medical knowledge. Inclusion and exclusion of content related to fringe theories and criticism of fringe theories may be done by means of a rough parity of sources. If an article is written about a well-known topic about which many peer-reviewed articles are written, it should not include fringe theories that may seem relevant but are only sourced to obscure texts that lack peer review. Parity of sources may mean that certain fringe theories are only reliably and verifiably reported on, or criticized, in alternative venues from those that are typically considered reliable sources for scientific topics on Wikipedia. In an article on a fringe topic, if a notable fringe theory is primarily described by amateurs and self-published texts, verifiable and reliable criticism of the fringe theory need not be published in a peer-reviewed journal. For example, the Moon landing conspiracy theories article may include material from reliable websites, movies, television specials, and books that are not peer-reviewed. By parity of sources, critiques of that material can likewise be gleaned from reliable websites and books that are not peer-reviewed. Of course, for any viewpoint described in an article, only reliable sources should be used; Wikipedia's verifiability and biographies of living persons policies are not suspended simply because the topic is a fringe theory. The accuracy of quoted material is paramount and the accuracy of quotations from living persons is especially sensitive. To ensure accuracy, the text of quoted material is best taken from (and cited to) the original source being quoted. If this is not possible, then the text may be taken from a reliable secondary source (ideally one that includes a citation to the original). No matter where you take the quoted text from, it is important to make clear the actual source of the text, as it appears in the article. Partisan secondary sources should be viewed with suspicion as they may misquote or quote out of context. 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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine] | [TOKENS: 9791] |
Contents Armed Forces of Ukraine Territorial Defense Forces Unmanned Systems Forces Medical Forces The Armed Forces of Ukraine[c] (AFU)[d] are the military forces of Ukraine. All military and security forces, including the Armed Forces, are under the command of the president of Ukraine and subject to oversight by a permanent Verkhovna Rada parliamentary commission. They trace their lineage to 1917, while the modern armed forces were formed again in 1991. The Armed Forces of Ukraine are the fifth largest armed force in the world in terms of both active personnel as well as total number of personnel with the eighth largest[e] (14th largest[f]) defence budget in the world, and it also operates one of the largest and most diverse drone fleets in the world. Due to the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War, the Ukrainian Armed Forces has been described as "the most battle-hardened in Europe," but has suffered many casualties. Ukraine's armed forces are composed of the Ground Forces, the Air Force, the Navy, the Air Assault Forces, the Marine Corps, the Special Operations Forces, the Unmanned Systems Forces, and the Territorial Defense Forces. Ukraine's navy includes its own Naval Aviation. The Sea Guard is the coast guard service of Ukraine, and it is organized as part of the Border Guard Service, not subordinate to the navy. The National Guard serves as a paramilitary reserve component of the Armed Forces. Military units of other countries have participated regularly in multinational military exercises in Ukraine. Many of these exercises have been held under the NATO cooperation program Partnership for Peace. As of 2024, with over $120 billion in foreign military aid in addition to being one of the best-funded armed forces in the world, the Soviet era military equipment of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is quickly being replaced with vast amounts of NATO standard military equipment. History The formation of the national armed forces in the modern sense dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century and coincides with the formation of the modern Ukrainian nation. In official history, this period is referred to as the "Ukrainian War of Independence" or the "First Liberation Struggle." This process coincided with the end of the First World War and the subsequent collapse of great European empires from previous centuries. The forerunner event was the creation of national military formations in the Imperial and Royal Armies of Austria-Hungary, namely the Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, on which Ukrainian paramilitary organizations in Galicia were based: Sich Sports and Fire Brigade, "Sokil" and the national scout organization "Plast".[citation needed] After the upheavals of World War I and on the verge of the collapse of empires, the Ukrainians tried again to return to sovereign statehood. As part of the growing disintegration in the ranks of the Russian Imperial Army, national units began to form. After the Bolshevik coup, hybrid warfare broke with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the White Guard. During the undeclared war, the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic had already formed, but its formation was interrupted by the German administration. It continued in a limited form after the establishment of Hetman of Ukraine Pavlo Skoropadskyi's Ukrainian State, known as the [Second] Hetmanate. The national armed forces continued to develop. The Armed Forces of the Ukrainian state were planned in a more systematic way than in previous versions, although previous development was used in this process, and many mistakes were also made. Uprisings against the Hetmanate's rule eventually resulted, and the reorientation of the Central Powers who lost in World War I against the Entente, which in turn supported the White Guard movement and the Russian Empire as its original ally.[citation needed] Simultaneously with these events, after the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917, numerous military formations were formed on Ukrainian lands, including detachments of the Free Cossacks, Makhno's Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine, and the Bolshevik Red Cossacks. The latter became the basis of the puppet armed forces of the UkrSSR, and after the occupation of the Ukrainian People's Republic were included in the Red Army. After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, the Ukrainian Galician Army came to the defense of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic, based on the formation of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen of the former Austro-Hungarian Army. During World War II, Ukrainians tried to regain independence and organized armed units and formations, including the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, but all of them were destroyed by Soviet authorities within a few years after the war, and Ukrainians were again forced to serve in the Soviet Armed Forces.[citation needed] By 1992, the Ukrainian Armed Forces had been completely inherited from the Soviet Union, in which Ukraine had been a member state (a union republic). Like other Soviet republics, it did not possess its own separate military command, as all military formations were uniformly subordinated to the central command of the Soviet Armed Forces. Administratively, the Ukrainian SSR was divided into three Soviet military districts (the Carpathian Military District, Kyiv Military District, and Odesa Military District). Three Soviet air commands and most of the Black Sea Fleet naval bases were located on the coast of Ukraine. Majority of the officers were educated in Soviet educational institutions, many of them which came under the AFU, what is now the Ivan Bohun High School was actually a Soviet-established institution. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, the newly independent state of Ukraine inherited one of the most powerful force groupings in Europe. According to an associate of the Conflict Studies Research Centre, James Sherr: "This grouping, its inventory of equipment and its officer corps was designed for one purpose: to wage combined arms, coalition, offensive (and nuclear) warfare against NATO on an external front". At that time, the former Soviet armed forces in the Ukrainian SSR included the 43rd Rocket Army, the 5th, 14th 17th and 24th Air Armies of the Soviet Air Forces, an air-defense army (8th Air Defence Army), three regular armies, two tank armies, the 32nd Army Corps, and the Black Sea Fleet. Altogether the Armed Forces of Ukraine included about 780,000 personnel, 6,500 battle tanks,[citation needed] about 7,000 armored vehicles, 1,500 combat aircraft, and more than 350 ships of the former Soviet Navy. Along with their equipment and personnel, Ukraine's armed forces inherited the battle honors and lineage of the Soviet military forces stationed in Ukraine, as well as Guards unit titles for many formations. However, due to the deterioration of Russian-Ukrainian relations and the continued stigma of being associated with the Soviet Union, in 2015 President Poroshenko ordered the removal of most of the citations awarded during the Soviet era to formations of the Armed Forces and other uniformed organizations. In February 1991, a parliamentary Standing Commission for Questions of Security and Defense was established. On 24 August 1991, the Ukrainian parliament (the Verkhovna Rada), in adopting the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine, also enacted a short resolution "About military formations in Ukraine". This took jurisdiction over all formations of the armed forces of the Soviet Union stationed on Ukrainian soil and established one of the key agencies, the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. On 3 September 1991, the Ministry of Defence commenced its duties. On 22 October 1991 units and formations of the Soviet Armed Forces on Ukrainian soil were nationalized. Subsequently, the Supreme Council of Ukraine adopted two Laws of Ukraine on 6 December 1991 regarding the creation of the Armed Forces (this is marked as Armed Forces Day), and Presidential Decree #4 "About Armed Forces of Ukraine" on 12 December 1991. The government of Ukraine surrendered any rights of succession to the Soviet Strategic Deterrence Forces (see Strategic Missile Troops) that were staged on the territory of Ukraine. Recognizing the complications of a smooth transition and seeking a consensus with other former members of the Soviet Union in dividing up their Soviet military inheritance, Ukraine joined ongoing talks that started in December 1991 regarding a joint military command of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Inherent in the process of creating a domestic military were political decisions by the Ukrainian leadership regarding the country's non-nuclear and international status. Among these were the definition, agreement, and ratification of the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), which not only established the maximum level of armament for each republic of the former USSR, but also a special ceiling for the so-called CFE "Flank Region" โ included in this region were Ukraine's Mykolaiv, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts, and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Another key event in the development of the Ukrainian military was the 1992 Tashkent Treaty, which laid out aspirations for a Commonwealth of Independent States military. However, this collective military proved impossible to develop because the former republics of the USSR all wished to go their own way, ripping the intricate Soviet military machine into pieces. Ukraine had observer status with the Non-Aligned Movement of nation-states from 1996. However, due to the 2014 Russian aggression against Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada repealed this status in December 2014. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, Ukraine inherited two divisions of the Strategic Rocket Forces' 43rd Rocket Army (HQ Vinnytsia): While Ukraine had physical control of these systems, it did not have operational control. The use of the weapons depended on Russian-controlled electronic Permissive Action Links and the Russian command and control system. Ukraine voluntarily gave up these and all other nuclear weapons during the early 1990s. This was the first time in history that a country voluntarily gave up the use of strategic nuclear weapons, although South Africa was dismantling its small tactical nuclear weapons program at about the same time. Ukraine had plentiful amounts of highly enriched uranium, which the United States wanted to buy from the Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology. Ukraine also had two uranium mining and processing factories, a heavy water plant and technology for determining the isotopic composition of fissionable materials. Ukraine possessed deposits of uranium that were among the world's richest. In May 1992, Ukraine signed the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I), in which the country agreed to give up all nuclear weapons and to join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear weapon state. Ukraine ratified the treaty in 1994, and as of 1 January 1996, no military nuclear equipment or materials remained on Ukrainian territory nor even were operated by the AFU. On 13 May 1994, the United States and Ukraine signed a Memorandum of Understanding on the Transfer of Missile Equipment and Technology. This agreement committed Ukraine to the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) by controlling exports of missile-related equipment and technology according to the MTCR Guidelines. Ukraine and NATO estimate that 2.5 million tons of conventional ammunition were left in Ukraine as the Soviet military withdrew, as well as more than 7 million rifles, pistols, mortars, and machine guns. The surplus weapons and ammunition were stored in over 180 military bases, including in bunkers, salt mines and in the open. As of 2014, much of this surplus had not been scrapped. Ukraine's first military reforms began in December 1996, with the adoption of a new "State Program for the Building and Development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine". One aspect of it was to shrink the standard combat unit from division size to brigade size, which would then fall under the command of one of the three newly created military districts: The cancellation of the modernization program left a question of how to provide jobs in the military industrial complex which then comprised a double-digit percentage of the GDP. Export of new and modernized weapons on the world's arms markets was settled on as the best option, where Ukraine both tried to undercut the contracts of the Russian arms industry โ offering the same service for a cheaper price, and was willing to sell equipment to whoever was willing to pay (more than once to politically unstable or even aggressive regimes), causing negative reactions from both Western Europe and the United States federal government. During this time 320 T-80 tanks were sold to Pakistan and an unfinished Soviet aircraft carrier the Varyag, today known as the Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning. Though the military was well-equipped, it still experienced lack of funds particularly for training and exercises, which led to a number of incidents. In one. the Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 of 2001 and the Sknyliv airshow disaster of 2002, but the military's effectiveness was demonstrated in the Tuzla Island Conflict.[citation needed] Ukrainian military tactics and organization heavily depended on Cold War tactics and former Soviet Armed Forces organization.[citation needed] Under former President Yushchenko, Ukraine pursued a policy of independence from Russian dominance, and thus tried to fully integrate with the West, specifically NATO. Until the Euromaidan crisis of 2014, Ukraine retained tight military relations with Russia, inherited from their common Soviet history. Common uses for naval bases in the Crimea and joint air defense efforts were the most intense cooperative efforts. This cooperation was a permanent irritant in bilateral relations, but Ukraine appeared economically dependent on Moscow, and thus unable to break such ties quickly. After the election of President Viktor Yanukovych, ties between Moscow and Kyiv warmed, and those between Kyiv and NATO cooled, relative to the Yushchenko years. In March 2014, following the Revolution of Dignity and the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, the government of Ukraine announced a new military service, the National Guard of Ukraine. Previously, a National Guard had existed up to 2000, so the 2014 NG was a reformation of the one raised in 1991, but this time formed part of the Internal Troops of Ukraine. In May 2014, when Russian aggression started in the eastern regions, a helicopter with 14 soldiers on board, including General Serhiy Kulchytskiy, who headed combat and special training for the country's National Guard, was brought down by militants near Sloviansk in East Ukraine. Outgoing president Oleksandr Turchynov described the downing as a "terrorist attack," and blamed pro-Russian militants. In the early months of the RussoโUkrainian War, the Armed Forces were widely criticised for their poor equipment and inept leadership, forcing Internal Affairs Ministry forces like the National Guard and the territorial defence battalions to take on the brunt of the fighting in the first months of the war. In late July 2015, the Ukrainian Defense Ministry revealed the new Ukrainian Armed Forces uniform designs, and later a revised rank insignia system was created. These made their national debut on 24 August 2016, at the National Independence Day Silver Jubilee parade in Independence Square, Kyiv. From the early 1990s, the Armed Forces had numerous units and formations with Soviet Armed Forces decorations dating back to the Second World War or earlier. Due to the decommunization process in Ukraine, all these decorations were removed from unit titles and regimental colours by 15 November 2015 to cease promotion and glorification of the Soviet symbols. Ukraine had retained a number of Guards units, also following a Soviet tradition. A list can be seen at List of guards units of Ukraine. On 22 August 2016, the "Guards" titles were removed from all unit and formation names. Only one brigade, the 51st, a former Guards unit, had been dissolved the year before. By February 2018, the Ukrainian armed forces were larger and better equipped than ever before, numbering 200,000 active-service military personnel and most of the volunteer soldiers of the territorial defence battalions had been integrated into the official Ukrainian army. In late 2017-early 2018 the United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine reported that human rights abuses allegedly committed by Ukrainian security forces and armed groups remained an ongoing issue of the war in Donbas that erupted in 2014. The nature of the alleged crimes ranged from unlawful or arbitrary detention to torture, ill-treatment, and sexual violence. Within the reporting period of 16 November 2017 to 15 February 2018 the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) monitoring mission documented 115 cases of credible allegations of human rights violations committed by both sides of the conflict since 2014. On 1 February 2022, the Territorial Defense Forces (TDF) were formed as the new branch of the Armed Forces. The TDF serves as a military reserve force which is formed by volunteers who are mobilized for local defense. The branch is an expansion of the old territorial defence battalions system established in 2014. Ukraine's stated national policy is Euro-Atlantic integration, with the European Union. Ukraine has a "Distinctive Partnership" with NATO (see Enlargement of NATO) and has been an active participant in Partnership for Peace exercises and in peacekeeping in the Balkans. This close relationship with NATO has been most apparent in Ukrainian cooperation and combined peacekeeping operations with its neighbor Poland in Kosovo. Ukrainian servicemen also served under NATO command in Iraq, Afghanistan and in Operation Active Endeavour. Former president of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko had asked for Ukrainian membership by early 2008. During the 2008 Bucharest summit, NATO declared that Ukraine could become a member of NATO at Ukraine's discretion and when it met the criteria for accession. His successor, Viktor Yanukovych, considered the level of co-operation between Ukraine and NATO sufficient. Yanukovych, however, opted to keep Ukraine a non-aligned state. This was formalised on 3 June 2010, when the Verkhovna Rada excluded, with 226 votes, the goal of "integration into Euro-Atlantic security and NATO membership" from the country's national security strategy. Amid the Euromaidan unrest, Yanukovych fled Ukraine in February 2014. The interim Yatsenyuk Government which came to power, initially said, with reference to the country's non-aligned status, that it had no plans to join NATO. However, following the RussoโUkrainian War and parliamentary elections in October 2014, the new government made joining NATO a priority. On 23 December 2014, the Verkhovna Rada renounced Ukraine's non-aligned status that "proved to be ineffective in guaranteeing Ukraine's security and protecting the country from external aggression and pressure". The Ukrainian military is since transforming to NATO standards. Prime Minister of Ukraine Arseniy Yatsenyuk stated early February 2016 that de facto the Armed Forces must, soon as possible, begin its transition for Ukrainian entry into NATO and towards NATO-capable armed forces. During the Russian buildup on the border in 2021, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy made a renewed call to Western powers for NATO membership, but was ultimately unsuccessful. However, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, NATO military logistical support, including a wide array of arms and ammunition, was rapidly provided by NATO countries, and continued to the present (mid-2024) -- with commitments for its indefinite continuanceโand NATO officials and member states' leaders began to declare that Ukraine's eventual membership in NATO was expected following conclusion of the war. In 2023, Ukraine's defense minister, Oleksii Reznikov, described Ukraine as, essentially, a "de facto" member of NATO, with the expectation that "in the near future" Ukraine would become an actual "de jure" member of NATO. On Thursday, 24 February 2022, the Russian Armed Forces invaded Ukraine. The Ukrainian Armed Forces and its auxiliary and wartime-affiliated organizations, have participated in many of the combat actions of the current conflict. Alongside the combat actions, the influx of Western weapons and materiel to the Armed Forces from NATO member armed forces, ex-Soviet stock from many Eastern European nations as well as captured Russian tanks, armed vehicles and other weapons have also resulted in an ongoing modernization and expansion of the forces at large. As of 2010[update] the total personnel was 200,000 (including 41,000 civilian workers). Conscription was stopped in October 2013; at that time the Ukrainian armed forces were made up of 40% conscripts and 60% contract soldiers. Acting president Oleksandr Turchynov reinstated conscription in May 2014. In early 2014, Ukraine had 130,000 personnel in its armed forces, which could be boosted to about one million with reservists.[needs update] There were a reported total of 250,800 personnel in the Armed Forces in 2015. In July 2022, Defense Minister Oleksii Reznikov stated that the Armed Forces had an active strength of 700,000; Reznikov also mentioned that with the Border Guard, National Guard, and police added, the total comes to around one million. Following the Revolution of Dignity, Ukraine adopted a military doctrine focusing on defense against Russia and announced Ukraine's intentions for closer relations with NATO armed services, most especially if it joins the organization in the future. In June 2022, Davyd Arakhamia, Ukraine's chief negotiator with Russia, told Axios that between 200 and 500 Ukrainian soldiers were killed every day during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In August 2023, The New York Times quoted unnamed U.S. officials as saying that up to 70,000 Ukrainian troops had been killed and 100,000 to 120,000 wounded. In April 2024, President Zelenskyy signed a new mobilization law to increase the number of troops. From 2023, desertion is punishable by up to 12 years in prison. According to the Prosecutor General's Office, more than 100,000 criminal cases for desertion were initiated by the end of November 2024. In August 2022, Amnesty International noted "a pattern of Ukrainian forces putting civilians at risk and violating the laws of war when they operate in populated areas," citing numerous instances of the Ukrainian military placing equipment nearby or inside buildings occupied by civilians, and then firing at Russian forces. Amnesty also noted the use of hospitals and schools near populated residential neighborhoods as Ukrainian military facilities. Since the beginning of the invasion, several new branches to the Armed Forces have been established or proposed to match or outmatch the capabilities of the Russian Armed Forces, including Unmanned Systems Forces (the first-ever drone branch of any military), Assault Forces, Space Forces, and Cyber Forces. Structure The law 'On the Foundations of National Resistance' establishes the following structure of the Ukrainian Armed Forces: The following establishments and institutions fall directly under MoD subordination: Structures directly subordinated to the Ukrainian Ministry of Defence Ukrainian Ministry of Defence Apparatus, Kyiv The Chief of the General Staff oversees the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The following units fall under the direct supervision of the General Staff: Apparatus [Office] of the Commander of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Kyiv Office of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Kyiv Units directly subordinated to the General Staff of the AFU: Military Educational Establishments and Units (directly under the MoD) As of 2016, there were a reported 169,000 personnel in the Ukrainian Ground Forces. The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine resulted in massive increases in personnel numbers; Defence Minister Reznikov stated the armed forces had a strength of 700,000 in July 2022, not counting the border guard, national guard, or police. The Ukrainian Ground Forces are divided into Armoured Forces and Mechanized Forces, Army Aviation, Army Air Defence and Rocket and Artillery Troops. There are 13 mechanized brigades and two mountain warfare brigades in the Mechanized Forces. Ukraine also has two armoured brigades. There are also seven rocket and artillery brigades. Until 2013, the Ground Forces were divided into three army corps. These were disbanded in 2013 and reorganized as Operation Command West, Operation Command North and Operation Command South. Operation Command East was formed in 2015 to coordinate forces in the war in Donbas. Operational commands mainly have an administrative role, and do not have a corps-level battle staff. Brigades are the main unit and the backbone of the Ground Forces, with organic combat, combat support, and combat service support units. Command and control above the level of brigades is provided by ad hoc operational groups. Since 2022 Ukraine has been transitioning to a corps-based system. Several corps have been established since 2023, which in the Ground Forces include the 3rd, 11th, 12th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, and 21st Army Corps as of mid-2025. This organizational pattern follows a Russian structure, in which a corps has control over brigades (instead of divisions) and brigades are fully mobile and have more artillery than their NATO counterparts. The corps are built up around capable brigades. The Ukrainian Air Force (Ukrainian: ะะพะฒััััะฝั ัะธะปะธ ะะฑัะพะนะฝะธั
ัะธะป ะฃะบัะฐัะฝะธ, romanized: Povitryani syly Zbroynykh syl Ukrayiny, lit. 'Air Forces of the Armed Forces [of] Ukraine', PS ZSU) is the air force of Ukraine and one of the eight branches of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (ZSU). Its current form was created in 2004 by merging the Ukrainian Air Defence Forces into the Air Force. When the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, many aircraft were left in Ukrainian territory. After Ukrainian independence in 1991, the air force suffered from chronic under-investment, leading to the bulk of its inventory becoming mothballed or otherwise inoperable. However its domestic defense industry Ukroboronprom and its Antonov subsidiary are able to maintain its older aircraft. The Ukrainian Air Force participated in the war in Donbas. Following the 2014 ceasefire, the air force was suspended from carrying out missions in the areas of Donbas. Since February 2022, the Air Force has been engaged in constant combat operations in the face of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The air force flies F-16, Mirage 2000, and Soviet-made aircraft. However in the long term manned aircraft are expected to be Gripen and Rafale combat aircraft, supported by Saab 340 AEW&C. According to a 2015 Kyiv Post report, the Ukrainian Navy consisted of 6,500 servicemen, Marine Corps included at that time. In 2023, the president of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, officially announced the separation of the Ukrainian Marine Corps from the Navy and thus declared its independence as a service branch of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The Air Assault Forces of Ukraine (abbr. AAFU; Ukrainian: ะะตัะฐะฝัะฝะพ-ััััะผะพะฒั ะฒัะนััะบะฐ ะฃะบัะฐัะฝะธ, romanized: Desantno-shturmovi viiska Ukrainy, pronounced [deหsษntnoสtสrmoหwi wijหsสฒkษ สkrษหjinษช], abbr. ะะจะ, DShV), known until 2017 as the Ukrainian Airmobile Forces,[g] are the air assault infantry and airborne forces with armoured cavalry capabilities of Armed Forces of Ukraine. After the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, several Ukraine-based units from the Soviet Airborne Forces (VDV) were absorbed into the newly created Ukrainian Ground Forces (SVZSU), where they remained until 2016, when they separated to become one of five military branches of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The Air Assault Forces are in constant combat readiness. They are the high-mobility branch of the military, responsible for air assault and airborne operations, combined arms, counterinsurgency in the terrains they are trained on, drone warfare, maneuver warfare, military education and training related to air assault and airborne warfare, and peacekeeping. Before the Russo-Ukrainian War they were also the main forces sent by Ukraine to peacekeeping missions around the world. They are considered the elite of Ukraine's armed forces. The Special Operations Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (Ukrainian: ะกะธะปะธ ัะฟะตััะฐะปัะฝะธั
ะพะฟะตัะฐััะน ะะฑัะพะนะฝะธั
ัะธะป ะฃะบัะฐัะฝะธ,, romanized: Syly spetsialnykh operatsii Zbroinykh syl Ukrainy, abbreviated ะกะกะ, SSO) are the special forces of Ukraine and one of the eight branches of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, with headquarters in Kyiv. The SSO has the roles including various special forces-related duties such as direct action, special reconnaissance, intelligence gathering, sabotage and psychological warfare. They are not the only special forces units in Ukraine. The SSO was created in 2016, after various reforms of the Ukrainian Armed Forces due to failures in the war in Donbas. The Ukrainian special forces groups were trained on the model of NATO reaction forces. Reorganizing by concentrating the special forces command into a single unified branch. Previously, military Spetsnaz were under the command of the Chief Directorate of Intelligence (HUR), Ukraine's military intelligence service. The Communications and Cybernetic Security Troops of the Ukrainian Armed Forces is the Signals intelligence branch, acquiring its status as a separate joint branch of the Armed Forces since 1 January 2022. The Communications and Cybernetic Security Troops Command (ะะพะผะฐะฝะดัะฒะฐะฝะฝั ะัะนััะบ ะทะฒ'ัะทะบั ัะฐ ะบัะฑะตัะฝะตัะธัะฝะพั ะฑะตะทะฟะตะบะธ ะะฑัะพะนะฝะธั
ะกะธะป ะฃะบัะฐัะฝะธ) was established as a separate joint forces command under the General Staff since 5 February 2020. Signals and Cybernetic Security Troops Command (MU ะ0106), Kyiv training establishments and units under other services and troops The Unmanned Systems Forces (abbr. USF, Ukrainian: ะกะธะปะธ ะฑะตะทะฟัะปะพัะฝะธั
ัะธััะตะผ, ะกะะก, romanized: Syly bezpilotnykh system, SBS) is a branch of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Ukraine is the first country to have a separate branch of its military dedicated to Unmanned Systems. The USF was formally established on 11 June 2024, in the midst of the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine. The USF conducts drone warfare using unmanned military robots on land, sea, and air. The USF does not command or control all Ukrainian drones. The Navy (including the Marines) and the Air Force control their own drone units, as do most of the brigades and units in the various land-based forces (Ground Forces, Air Assault Forces, National Guard, Special Forces, Intelligence Forces, etc) of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Since 1 January 2022, the support forces have the status of a separate joint branch under the General Staff. Support Forces Command (Military Unit Number ะ2330), Kyiv Since 1 January 2022, support forces have the status of a separate joint branch under the General Staff. The logistical forces are mainly organised in two arms โ Armaments and Rear Services. Logistical Forces Command of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (MU ะ0307), Kyiv Since 1 January 2022 the support forces have the status of a separate joint branch under the General Staff. Medical Forces Command (MU ะ0928), Kyiv Training establishments and units Medical forces under other services and arms Administrative structure: Personnel A number of universities have specialized military institutes, such as the Faculty of Military Legal Studies at Kharkiv's Yaroslav Mudryi National Law Academy of Ukraine. The primary Ukrainian military academies are: In addition the National Defense University of Ukraine is in Kyiv. The Central Hospital of the Armed Forces is located in Kyiv. The armed forces' military high school is located in Kyiv โ the Ivan Bohun Military High School. In 2017 more than 14 thousand people signed up for contract service with the Armed Forces. For participating in the war in Donbas, (in May 2017 7.5 thousand) soldiers on the front line receive an average salary of โด16,000. The minimum maintenance for a contract soldier is โด7,000. West Ukraine supplies the fewest military contractors. Conscription of man into the Armed forces of Ukraine starts at the age of 25. Conscription became a part of ongoing mobilization that is enforced by press-ganging and rounding up eligible men into the army. The freshly conscripted men are sent to the training centers to prepare for war with Russia. Women are exempt from conscription. After serving out the term of service, Ukraine's conscripts become part of the inactive reserve and are eligible to be recalled for mobilization in Ukraine until they reach age 55, age 60 for officers. During the war in Donbas, Ukraine instated a partial mobilization to fill needed positions in its armed forces, recalling conscripts who have served before, because of the war many conscripts have also been forced to serve longer than their original 18-month term of service. It was planned that in 2015 Ukraine would undergo three waves of partial mobilization, this would have allowed new troops to replace those serving longer than their original term of service. All medical workers in Ukraine, regardless of gender, are subject to be called up for service in case of a national emergency.[citation needed] Draft dodging is present in Ukraine, as with most nations using the draft. It was reported that between April and August 2014, over 1,000 criminal inquires into draft evasion were opened in Ukraine. Draft evasion can be problematic because, unless a male citizen was unable to serve for medical reasons, an application to receive an international passport of Ukraine may be denied due to a lack of military service, thus preventing the individual from traveling abroad. In April 2024, President Zelensky signed new conscription laws, passed by the national legislature, that lowered the conscription age by two years, from 27 to 25, and made other provisions that would make it easier for the government to conscript eligible persons, and harder for draft dodgers to evade conscription. The laws were controversial, and largely unpopular. Objections included complaints from families of active service personnel who resented that the laws did not ultimately include an initially considered provision to allow soldiers who had served for 36 months in combat to be relieved and returned home. However, the battle conditionsโwith Russia advancing with overwhelming forceโmade it impractical, in the view of Ukraine's leaders, to remove any experienced, active troops from service. Officials pledged the relief provision would be considered in future legislation, without stating when. According to Ukraine's Prosecutor General's Office, as of September 2025 there have been over 250,000 desertion and AWOL cases opened since the start of Russia's full-scale invasion in 2022, contributing to Ukraine's conscription crisis. Women have been allowed to serve in combat units since 2016. According to Defense Ministry figures early June 2016 some 49,500 women served in and worked in the Ukrainian military; more than 17,000 were military servicewomen, of which more than 2,000 officers. In 2020, 58,000 women served in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. By 2024, that number has increased to 62,000, with at least 5,000 of those in combat roles. Women have also joined the various volunteer territorial defense battalions before the order for women's integration in the armed forces was enacted. Women are eligible to be drafted into the military as officers. In 2009 women comprised almost 13% of the armed forces (18,000 personnel) but with few females holding high rank (2.9% or 1,202 women). Contractual military service accounted for almost 44% of women. However, this being closely linked to the low salary of such positions: men refuse to serve in these conditions while women accept them. For the first time in 27 years, a battalion of 120 female military personnel, comprising cadets from the Taras Shevchenko National University Military Institute and the Military Institute of Telecommunications and Information Technologies, participated in the Kyiv Independence Day Parade in August 2018. Their appearance as they marched along Khreshchatyk was greeted with loud applause from the spectators. In September 2018, legislation was passed to make both women and men equal in the military and law enforcement agencies. The following month Liudmyla Shuhalei, the head of the Military Medical Directorate of the Security Service of Ukraine, became Ukraine's first female general. Since 2019, the Ivan Bohun Military High School accepts both male and female cadets. Nadiya Savchenko is perhaps one of the most well-known female Ukrainian soldiers, and was held as a prisoner in Russia from July 2014 until May 2016. In 2023, women comprised 4% of officers. By 2026 women officers made up 21% of all officers in the military. Paramilitary forces Although not components of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, these militarized institutions are supposed to come under the Armed Forces' command during wartime. Such was the case in the 2022 Russian invasion, as these organizations, as stated below, were thus affiliated under Armed Forces command. Recent operations Ukraine has been playing an increasingly larger role in peacekeeping operations. Since 1992, over 30,000 soldiers have taken part in missions in the former Yugoslavia (IFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina, UNPROFOR and UNTAES in Croatia, KFor in Kosovo), the Middle East (Southern Lebanon, Kuwait, Iraq), and Africa (Angola, Sierra Leone, Liberia). Ukrainian troopsโas part of the former Soviet Armed Forces contingentโparticipated in UNPROFOR in 1992, and in the summer of that year were involved into the civil war in Yugoslavia. On 3 July 1992, the Verkhovna Rada adopted a resolution committing the Ukrainian Armed Forces to UN peacekeeping missions. The Minister of Defense, Kostyantyn Morozov, ordered the creation of the 240th Separate Special Battalion (UKRBAT-1) which was based on the 93rd Guards Motor Rifle Division (now the 93rd Mechanized Brigade). Soon after arrival in Sarajevo on 31 July 1992, the battalion's artillery ended up in the middle of a mutual mortar fight between the Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Muslims. One of the Serbian shells hit the Ukrainian position, seriously wounding seven soldiers, one of whom died after hospitalization in Germany. Since 1997, Ukraine has been working closely with NATO and especially with Poland. A Ukrainian unit was deployed as part of the multinational force in Iraq under Polish command. Ukrainian troops are also deployed as part of the Ukrainian-Polish Battalion (UKRPOLBAT) in Kosovo. The total Ukrainian military deployment around the world as of 1 August 2009 was 540 servicemen participating in 8 peacekeeping missions. In the 2003 Iraq War, from 2003 to 2006, Ukraine supplied one of the largest contingents of troops to the Multinational Force, sending over 1,600 troops to Iraq and neighboring Kuwait. Thereafter, Ukraine kept around 40 personnel in Iraq until 2008. In all, over 5,000 Ukrainians served in Iraq, with 18 killed in action, and more injured. The first battle of a regular formation of the Ukrainian Armed Forces happened on 6 April 2004, in Kut, Iraq, when the Ukrainian peacekeeping contingent was attacked by militants of the Mahdi Army. The Ukrainians took fire, and over several hours held the objectives they had been assigned to secure before surrendering the city to insurgents. Since gaining independence, Ukraine has deployed troops to Iraq, Afghanistan, Kosovo, as well as dedicating peacekeepers to UN missions to Africa (including helicopter units). Ukrainian naval units also participated in anti piracy operations off the coast of Somalia prior to being recalled due to the 2014 Russian intervention in Ukraine. On 19 January 2015, Ukraine's 18th separate helicopter detachment along with other MONUSCO troops carried out a successful operation eliminating 2 camps belonging to illegal armed groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. On 2 March 2014, the Ukrainian Armed Forces were placed on full alert following a Russian military invasion of Crimea. On 19 March 2014, Ukraine drew plans to withdraw all its troops and their families to the mainland "quickly and efficiently". Traditions Budget In 2017, Ukraine's National Security Strategy foresaw that its National Security and Defense budget should be at least 5% of Ukraine's GDP. On 21 December 2016, the Verkhovna Rada adopted its 2017 National Security and Defense budget worth $5.172 billion; that being 5% of Ukraine's GDP. In 2016 defense expenditures amounted to $4.4 billion, or 5% of the GDP. This (2016 figure) was a 23% increase from 2013 and a 65% increase from 2005. From the total, 60% was budgeted to be spent on defence and 40% on security and policing. 2016 also saw a 30% increase in weapons development spending. By 2014, corruption, historically widespread in Ukraine, combined with small budgets left the military in such a depleted condition that their ability to confront the crisis in Crimea and the Donbas was minimal. All Ukrainian defence sectors were heavily affected by systemic corruption which is hindering its capacity to ensure national security. In addition, it undermined popular trust in the military as an institution. Despite great effort to resolve the issue there were signs that enough is not being done. The Ukrainian government launched major structural reforms of the army to meet NATO standards by 2020, but few believed that it could successfully meet the deadline. Some of the problems remained intact, for example: lack of civilian and parliamentary control of the armed forces, lack of internal coordination between different departments, poor integration of volunteers into the regular army, impunity and abusive behavior of military personnel in conflict zones and systemic corruption and opacity of financial resources, especially in the Ukroboronprom defense-industry monopoly. In 2018, the military budget grew dramatically, to nearly 5% of GDP. Corruption remained a serious problem operating at all levels of Ukrainian society, and the lack of modern military organizational structure confounded efforts at reform. By 2022, some reforms had been made. (Defense budget only, not "Security and Defense" combined) "Security and Defense" combined budget apart from Department of Defense (Defense Ministry) for Armed Forces of Ukraine, also includes expenses for Police, Customs, and Border Control. Military holidays These are the military holidays observed by all service personnel in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Veterans Ukraine provides combat veterans with a range of benefits. Ukrainians who served in World War II, the SovietโAfghan War, or as liquidators at the Chernobyl disaster are eligible for benefits such as monthly allowances, discounts on medical and pharmacy services, free use of public transportation, additional vacation days from work, retention priority in work layoffs, easier access to loans and associated approval processes, preference when applying for security related positions, priority when applying to vocational schools or trade schools, and electricity, gas, and housing subsidies. Veterans are also eligible to stay at military sanatoriums, space permitting. Since gaining independence, Ukraine has deployed troops to Kosovo, Iraq, and Afghanistan, gaining a new generation of veterans separate from those who have served in the Soviet forces. Most recently, the government passed a law extending veteran benefits to Ukrainian troops responding to the war in Donbas. Moreover, veterans from other nations who move to or reside in Ukraine may be eligible for some of the listed benefits, this provision was likely made to ensure World War II, Chernobyl, and Afghanistan veterans from other Soviet states who moved to Ukraine received similar benefits, however as Ukraine has participated in numerous NATO-led conflicts since its independence, it is unclear if NATO veterans would be extended these benefits. Veteran groups are not as developed as in the United States, which has numerous well known national organizations such as the Veterans of Foreign Wars. World War II veterans, and even persons who have lived through the war are generally treated with the highest respect. Other veterans are not as well known. Ukrainian veterans from the SovietโAfghan War are strikingly similar to the Vietnam War veterans of the United States. The Soviet Union generally kept the public in the dark through the war, and it has often been labeled as a mistake by the Soviet Union and its successor states. The lack of media coverage and censorship through the war also ensured that many still remain unaware of their nation's involvement in the conflict. Despite Ukraine having the third-largest contingent of troops in Iraq in 2004, few also realize that their nation has many veterans of the Iraq War. Due to the ongoing conflict with Russia, another generation of veterans has appeared in Ukraine. These veterans would be eligible for the same benefits as all others. However, as there was no official declaration of war, it was difficult to determine the cut-off date for veteran benefits, leaving many that participated at the beginning of the conflict without benefits. At first, Ukraine only gave benefits posthumously to family members, as there was no legal framework to account for the veterans, moreover, members of territorial defense battalions were not eligible for benefits at all. In August,[specify] a law was passed granting all service members participating in the war in Donbas the status of veterans, five months after first hostilities broke out in Crimea, the territorial defense battalions were integrated into the National Guard making them part of Ukraine's forces, thus allowing their volunteers to receive veteran status. Veterans of the war in Donbas are eligible for receiving apartments (if staying in active duty) or a land plot for building purposes of 1,000 sq. metres in the district of their registration. On 22 November 2018, the Ministry for Veterans Affairs of Ukraine was officially established. Defense industry Ukraine received about 30% of the Soviet military industry, which included between 50 and 60 percent of all Ukrainian enterprises, employing 40% of its working population. Ukraine was a leader in missile-related technology, navigation electronics for combat vessels and submarines, guidance systems, and radar for military jets, heavy armoured vehicles. The military-technical policy in the field of development and modernization of weapons and military equipment provides the Central Scientific Research Institute of Armament and Military Equipment of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Original_research] | [TOKENS: 2237] |
Contents Wikipedia:No original research Wikipedia articles must not contain original research. On Wikipedia, original research means materialโsuch as facts, allegations, and ideasโfor which no reliable, published source exists. By "exists", the community means that the reliable source must have been published and still existโsomewhere in the world, in any language, whether or not it is reachable onlineโeven if no source is currently named in the article. Articles that currently name zero references of any type may be fully compliant with this policyโso long as there is a reasonable expectation that editors could find a published, reliable source to support every bit of material. This includes any analysis or synthesis of published material that reaches or implies a conclusion not stated by the sources. To demonstrate that one is not adding original research, one must be able to cite reliable, published sources that are directly related to the topic of the article and directly support[a] the material being presented. The prohibition against original research means that it must be possible for editors to find a reliable, published source that directly supports any given bit of material. Uncited material does not automatically violate this policy because it can be verifiable even though it is not cited. For example, the statement "the capital of France is Paris" does not require a source to be cited, nor is it original research, because editors could find a reliable source that directly supports this sentence if they tried to. Despite the need for reliable sources, one must not plagiarize them or violate their copyrights. Rewriting source material in one's own words while retaining the substance is not considered original research. "No original research" (NOR) is one of three core content policies that, along with Neutral point of view and Verifiability, determines the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the No original research noticeboard. This policy does not apply to talk pages and other pages which evaluate article content and sources, such as deletion discussions or policy noticeboards. Using sources Wikipedia is fundamentally built on research that has been collected and organized from reliable sources, as described in content policies such as this one. If no reliable independent sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If a user discovers something new, Wikipedia is not the place to announce such a discovery. The best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in one's own words, with each statement in the article being verifiable in a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication, going beyond what the sources express, or using them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, one must stick to the sources. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way one can show that an edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if one uses it out of context, or to state or imply a conclusion not directly and explicitly supported by the source, one is engaging in original research, which see below. Information in an article must be verifiable in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages or on passing comments. Any passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. References must be cited in context and on topic. Wikipedia articles should be based on reliable, published secondary sources, and to a lesser extent, on tertiary sources and primary sources. Secondary or tertiary sources are needed to establish the topic's notability and avoid novel interpretations of primary sources. All analyses and interpretive or synthetic claims about primary sources must be referenced to a secondary or tertiary source and must not be an original analysis of the primary-source material by Wikipedia editors. Appropriate sourcing can be a complicated issue, and these are general rules. Deciding whether primary, secondary, or tertiary sources are appropriate in any given instance is a matter of good editorial judgment and common sense, and should be discussed on article talk pages. A source may be considered primary for one statement but secondary for a different one. Even a given source can contain both primary and secondary source material for one particular statement. For the purposes of this policy, primary, secondary and tertiary sources are defined as follows:[b] Synthesis of published material Do not synthesize meaning from multiple sources to state or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any of the sources. Similarly, do not combine different parts of one source to state or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by the source. If one reliable source says A and another reliable source says B, do not join A and B together to imply a conclusion C not mentioned by either of the sources. This would be improper editorial synthesis of published material to imply a new conclusion, which is original research.[i] "A and B, therefore, C" is acceptable only if a reliable source has published the same argument concerning the topic of the article. If a single source says "A" in one context, and "B" in another, without connecting them, and does not provide an argument of "therefore C", then "therefore C" cannot be used in any article. Here are two sentences showing simple examples of improper editorial synthesis. Both halves of the first sentence may be reliably sourced but are combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research. N The United Nations' stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world. In this second sentence, the opposite is implied using the same material, illustrating how easily such material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to: N The United Nations' stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world. Here are two paragraphs showing more complex examples of editorial synthesis. They are based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. This first paragraph is fine because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to the same dispute: Y Smith stated that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references. This second paragraph demonstrates improper editorial synthesis: N If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard Writing with Sources manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule "plagiarism". Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them. The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. Making the second paragraph policy-compliant would require a reliable source specifically commenting on the Smith and Jones dispute and making the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source concerning the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia. What is not original research Because of copyright laws in several countries, there may be relatively few images available for use on Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under appropriate Creative Commons licenses or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikimedian are not considered original research, so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments, the core reason behind the "No original research" policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article. It is not acceptable for an editor to use photo manipulation to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to Wikipedia:Files for discussion. Images of living persons must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light; see WP:Biographies of living persons ยง Images. Most images wholly generated by AI should not be used in mainspace; see WP:Image use policy ยง AI-generated images. Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see WP:Verifiability ยง Non-English sources. Source information does not need to be in prose form: Any form of information, such as maps, charts, graphs, and tables may be used to provide source information. Any straightforward reading of such media is not original research provided that there is consensus among editors that the techniques used are correctly applied and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the results of the calculations are correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Basic arithmetic, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, is almost always permissible. See also Category:Conversion templates. Numeracy may be necessary to follow a "routine" calculation, particularly for articles on mathematics or in the hard sciences. In some cases, editors may show their work in a footnote. Comparisons of statistics present particular difficulties. Editors should not compare statistics from sources that use different methodologies. Related policies Wikipedia's content is determined by previously published information rather than by the personal beliefs or experiences of its editors. Even if you're sure something is true, it must be verifiable before you can add it. The policy says that all challenged or likely to be challenged material and all quotations need a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described at WP:Verifiability ยง Reliable sources. The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any individual editor to research all points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, editors must provide context for this point of view by indicating how prevalent the position is and whether it is held by a majority or minority. The inclusion of a view that is held by only a tiny minority may constitute original research. Jimbo Wales has said of this: See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืงืืืืืื] | [TOKENS: 6761] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืงืืืืืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืจื ืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืงืืืืืื (ืืงืืจืืช: แแแแแแถแแถแแถแ
แแแแแแแแปแแถ, ืืืืืื (ืื '): Preah Reacheanachak Kampuchea, ืืืืื ืืงืืจืืช: [prฤษh riษ.ciษ.naห.caส kam.puส.ciษ] ืืืงืืฆืืจ ืงืืืืืื (ืืงืืจืืช: แแแแแปแแถ, ืืืืืื: Kampuchea, ืืืืื ืืงืืจืืช: [kam.puส.ciษ], ืงืืคืืืฆ'ืืื) ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืจืื-ืืืจื ืืกืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืขื ืืคืจืฅ ืชืืืื ื, ืืืขืจื ืขื ืชืืืื ื, ืืฆืคืื ืขื ืืืืก ืืืืืจื ืขื ืืืืื ืื. ืืืกืืืจืื ืงืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืขื ืืงืืจื. ืืืืื ื-1 ืขื ืืืฆืืช ืืืื ื-6 ืืืืชื ืงืืืืืื ืืืง ืืืืืืช ืคืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืจื ืืกืื ืฉืืืงืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืงืื ื. ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉืคืขื ืืืืืช ืืืงื (ืืคื ืืจืกืืืช ืืกืืืืืช ืืื ืืฃ ื ืืกืื ืืืื ืืืืื) ืืฉืคืชื ืืืืชื ืกื ืกืงืจืื. ืคืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืจืื-ืืืจื ืืกืื. ืืืืืชื ืืชืืกืกื ืขื ื ืืจ ืืืงืื ื ืืืชืงืืื ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืื. ืืงืจืืชื ืืชืงืืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืฆ'ื ืื. ืืื ืืืื ื-9 ืืืืื ื-13 ืืืืืชื ืืืืจื ืื ืืงืืจ ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืฆืืจืืช ืชืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืจืืืช. ืืื ืืืื ื-15 ืืืืื ื-19 ืืืืชื ืงืืืืืื ืชืงืืคื ืฉื ืฉืงืืขื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืจืืืืจืื ืืืจืืชื, ืื ืืคืื ืืืืื ืช ืืกืืช ืฉื ืชืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืื. ืงืืืืืื ื ืื ืชื ืืชืงืืคื ืงืฆืจื ืฉื ืคืจืืื ืืืื ื-16, ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื, ืืฉืจ ืื ื ืืช ืืืจืืชืืื ืืืืืจ ืืจืื ืืืจื ืืืืืื, ืฉืื ืืืจื ื ืืจ ืืืงืื ื, ืงืืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืกืื. ืืฉื ืช 1533 ืืืืขื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืกืืื ืจืื ืคืืจืืืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืงืืื ืื ืืืกืืื, ืืืื ืืืชื ืงืืืืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืคืืจืืืืืืช ืืกืคืจืืืช ืงืืืขื ืขื ืืืืชื. ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ื-50 ืฉื ืืืื ื-19 ืืืื ื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืช ืฉื ืฆืจืคืช ืืงืืืืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืคืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืฆืจืคืชืืช. ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื ื ืืืฉื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืคืจืื ืืืคื ืืช. ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืืกื, ืฉืื ืงืืืืืื ืืืืืชื ืืืืฉืื ืฆืจืคืชืืช, ืขื ืฉืงืืืื ืืช ืขืฆืืืืชื ืืฉื ืช 1954. ืืฆืจืคืชืื ืืืงืืืืืื ืืืคื ืืช ื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื. ืืฉื ืืช ืืฉืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืกืืกืื ืืฆืื ืฆืคืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืืืืงืื ื, ืืฉืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืคืขืืื ืื ืื ืฆืื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืงื ืื. ืืชืืืื ืืคืฆืืฆื ืืืืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืจืขืจืืช ืืฆืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืชื. ื-1970 ืืชืงืืืื ืืืคืืื ืืงืืืืืืช, ืฉืืคืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ื ืฉื ืื ืกืื ื ืืจืืืื ืกืืืื ืืง ืืืงืืื ืืช ืจืคืืืืืงืช ืงืืืจ. ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืฉ ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืื ื, ืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืฉื ืกืืืื ืืง, ืฉืืชืืคืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืฉืื ืขื ืืืฉืืจ ืืฆืคืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืืืงืื ื. ืืจืคืืืืืงื ื ืคืื ื-1975, ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืช ืืงืืจ ืจืื' ืืืฉื ืืช ืคื ืื ืคื. ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืขืงืืื ืืื, ืฉืืกืืคื ืืชืืฆืข ืจืฆื ืขื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืงืืืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืฉืืจื ืฉื ืคืื ืคืื ืืื ืฉื ืืงืืจ ืจืื' ืืงืืืื ืืกืืื. ืื ืจืฆืื ืืื 1.2 ืืืืืื ื-2 ืืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืจืขื ืืืจืฆื ืกืืงืืืื โ ืืืืืฉืืช ืื ืืืืืืืกืืื. ืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืคืขืื ื-2006 ืืขืืื 9 ืืื ืืืื ืืงืืจ ืจืื' ืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื, ืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืจืฆื ืขื. ืขืืืืืช ืืชืงืืคืช ืฉืืืื ืืงืืจ ืจืื' ื ืืชืจื ืืืืืื ืกืื ื, ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืืืืืื. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 1978 ืคืืฉื ืืืืื ืื ืืงืืืืืื, ืืื ื ืกืืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ื. ืจืง ืืกืคืืืืจ 1989 ืขืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืงืืืืืื. ืืืื 1993 ืืชืงืืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืงืจืืืืช, ืืืื ื ืืืจ ื ืืจืืืื ืกืืืื ืืง, ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ื ืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืืืืฆื ืืืืฉ ืืื ืงืืืืืื ืืกืื ืงืืืืืื ืืืืืืชืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ 2004 ืคืจืฉ ืกืืืื ืืง ืืชืคืงืืื ืืืื ืืชืืชืื ืืืืื ืื ื ื ืืจืืืื ืกืืืืืื ื. ืคืืืืืืงื ืงืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืงืชืืช, ืฉืืจืืฉื ืขืืื ืืืื ื ืืจืืืื ืกืืืืืื ื. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืืคืืืช ืืขื ืืงืืืืืืช ('CPP') ืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืื ืขืฆืืืืช ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืคืฉืืช. ืืืืืช ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืืื ืกืคืง ืื ืืืืชืื ืืืืืงืจืืืืช ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืกื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืื ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2023 ืืคืืืชื ืืืชื ื-120 ืืงืืืืช ืืคืจืืื ื ืืชืื 125. ืืืืฉื ืืฉื ื ืืื ืืืืืข ืขื ืคืจืืฉืชื ืืืชืคืงืื ืืืขืืจืช ืืฉืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืจ, ืืื ืืื ื. ืกืืจ ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืืงื ืืงืืืืืื. ืืคืืขื, ืงืืืืืื ืืื ืืจืฅ ืืงืืจ, ืฆืื ืืจ ืืขืืจ ืืืขื ืืกืืจ ืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืจืืื ื ืคืฉืข ืืืืจืื. ืงืืืืช ืืงืืืืืื ืชืืคืขื ืฉื ืชืืืจืืช ืืื ืขื ืงืืื ืืช. ืืืง ืืืืืืืช ื ืืืจืืช ืื ื ืืืคืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืจืื, ืงืจืืืื, ืืืจืื ืืฉืื ืื. ืืืจืืช ืืคืืชืืช ืืขืืืืืช ืืืฆืจืืช ืืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืช ืืืคืืื. ืขื ืคื ืืขืจืืืช UNICEF ื-35% ืืืขืืืืืช ืืื ืืช ืืงืืืืืื ืืชืืช ืืืื 16. ืืฉื ื ืชืืคืขื ืฉื ืืชื ืืืฉืช ืฉืื ืืืขืฉื ืืชื ืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืืืช ืื ืืงืืืืช ืืกืฃ ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืงืื ืืืืืง ืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืขืื ืืื ืืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืกืชืืืื ืกืืคืืช ืืืืืงืื ืืืืืืื ืืงืืืืืื ื-1999, ืืืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืฉืืขืืจื ืฆืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืขื 5% ืืฉื ื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืืื ืกื ืื ืคืฉ ืขืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืก ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืจ. ืืกืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืืช ืืขืืืื ื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืง ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืงืืืืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืืงื ืืืืจื, ืคื ืื ืคื. ืืืืืช ืงืืืืืื ื ืฉืขื ืช ืืจืืื ืืืืจืืข ืขื ืืงืืืืช. ืขื ืคื ืืืงืืืืช ืืขืืงืจืืื ืื ืืืจื, ืื ืืืื (ืงืกืืืื) ืืืื. ืชืขืฉืืืช ืงืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืคืืชืืช ืืชืขืฉืืืช ืฉืื ืืชืื, ืืขืืงืจ ืขืงื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืืกืืืื ืฉืืคืฉืจื ืืช ืคืืชืื ืืชืขืฉืืื ืจืง ืืืืจ 1989, ืืฉื ื ืื ืฉืืจืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืืื ื. ืืชืขืฉืืื ืืชืืงืืช ืืขื ืฃ ืืืืื (ืืื ืขืืืื). ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืชืคืชื ืขื ืฃ ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืฉืงื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืชืืฆืจ ืืืืืื. ื-2 ืืืืืื ืชืืืจืื ืืืงืจืื ืืงืืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ื. ืืืืืจืคืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืงืืืืืื ืืขื 180 ืืืฃ ืงืืืืืืจ ืืจืืืข. ืจืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืฉืคืข ืืฉื ื ืืืคืืื ืื ืืืืืจืคืืื ืขืืงืจืืื: ื ืืจ ืืืงืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืกืืค (ืืงืืจืืช: ืืืื ืืืืืจ). ืืฆืืจืืฃ ืงื ืืืืฃ ืืืจืืื, ืืืืฉื ืื ืืจืืช ืืืงืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืชืคืชืืืชื ืืืืกืืืจืืช ืืืชืจืืืชืืช ืฉื ืืืจืฅ. ืืงืืืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืจืื ืืจืจืืื ืขืืงืจืืื: ืืจืื ืืขืจื ืืืืื ื (ืืจื ืืคืืืื ืืืจื ืงืืจืืืืื), ืืืืื ืืฆืคืื ื ืขื ืชืืืื ื (ืืจื ืืื ืืงืจืง) ืืฆืคืื-ืืืจื ืืืืื ื. ืืื ืืื ืื ืกืืค ืืชืืืจ ืื ืืจ ืืืงืื ื ืืคื ืื ืคื, ืืชืขืื ืฉืืืจืื 100 ืง"ื, ืฉืฉืื ื ืืจ ืืืื ืื ืกืืค. ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืขื ืืืงืืืืจ (ืืขืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ื) ืขืืื ืืคืืก ืืืงืื ื ืืืืืื, ืืืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืกืืค, ื ืฉืคืืื ืื ืืจ ืืืืจืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฆืคืื-ืืขืจื, ืืชืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืกืืค. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืื ื-250%, ื-7,500 ืงื"ืจ. ืืืฉืจ ืืืจื ืืคืืก ืืืงืื ื ืืขืื ืืช ืืืืืฉ ืืชืืคื ืืืืื ืืจืืืช ื ืืจ ืืืื ืื ืกืืค, ืืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืื ื. ืืืื ืืืฆื ืืืคื ืื ืืืคื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืื ืกืืค ืืืื ืืืงืืจืืช ืืขืฉืืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืชืืงืื. ืืืืืจืคืื ืืืืืืกืืืช ืงืืืืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืื-15.5 ืืืืืื ื ืคืฉ (2019). ืืืคืงื ืืืืืืืกืื ืืืืจืื, ืฉื ืขืจื ื-1998, ื ืื ื 11.43 ืืืืืื ืชืืฉืืื. ื-90% ืื ืืชืืฉืืื ืืฉืชืืืืื ืืงืืืฆื ืืืชื ืืช ืงืืจืื. 5% ืื ืืืืฆื ืืืืื ืืื, ื-1% ืื ืกืื ืื, ืืืืชืจ ืืฉืชืืืืื ืืงืืืฆืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ืืื ืชืืฉืืื ืืืืฆื ืืืื, ืื ื ืืื (ืืขื ืฉืืจืืื ืืืืืก) ืืื ืงืืืฆืืช ืืชื ืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืงืื ืืช: ืื ื ืงืืจ ืืืื (ืืื ื ืืืชืืืืก ืืืืืื ืฉื ืงืืืฆืืช ืืชื ืืืช ืฉื ืงืืืืืื ืชืืฉืื ืืืืจืื ืืจืจืืื), ืฆ'ืื(ืื ') ืืงืืืฆืืช ืงืื ืืช ื ืืกืคืืช. ื-97.9% ืืืืืืืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืกืืืืช ืืืจืืืืื. ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืืช, ืฉื ืจืืคื ืืืื ืืงืืจ ืจืื', ื ืืฆื ืืืืืช ืืชืืืงืืช. ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืื-ืืืืืืกืืืช ืืชืืืงืช ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ืืขืืงืจ ืืกืืื (1.1%) ืื ืฆืจืืช (0.5%). ืชืืืืช ืืืืื ืืื 70.1 ืฉื ืื. ืฉืืขืืจ ืืจืืืื ืืืืขื ืืื ื-1.36%. ืืืืฆืข ืืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืื 2.5 ืฆืืฆืืื. ืืืื ืืืฆืืื ื ืฆืขืืจ, ื-25.6 ืฉื ืื, ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืชืืฆืื ืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืจืคืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื. ืืืืชื ืกืืื, ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืก ืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืฉืื ืืื 0.95 ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉื. ืืฉืคื ืืขืืงืจืืช ืืงืืืืืื ืืื ืงืืจืืช. ืฆืจืคืชืืช, ืฉืคืช ืืฉืืืื ืืงืืืื ืืืื, ื ืืฆืืช ืขืืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืกืืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืคื ืืชืืืืช ืืื ืืืืจื ืฉืคืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ืื ืืื ื ืืืงืช ืืืืจืื ืืคื ื ืืื ืืืืช ืืฉืคื ืฉื ืืื. ืืืืกืืืช ืืืืฉื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืขืืชืื ืืืืืืงื ืืงืืื ืฉื ืฆืจืคืชืืช. ืชืจืืืช ืืืืืจ ืื ืืงืืจ, ืืื ืืขืืจ ืกืืื ืจืืค ืฉืืืขืจื ืงืืืืืื, ืืฆืืืื ืฉืจืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืช ืืืืืคืจืื ืืงืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ื-9 ืืืื ื-15, ืืืื ืฉืจืืืื ืฉื ืืขื ืืืฃ ืืงืืฉืื. ืืื ืืื ื ืื ื ืืงืืฉ ืื ืืงืืจ ืืื ืืืคืืืจ, ืฉืืฉ ืืืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืคืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืขืืื. ืงืจืื ืืฉื ื ืืืืืื ืชืืืจืื ืืืงืจืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืืืชืจ, ืฉืืืืจื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืกืง"ื ืืืชืจ ืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืืืช. ืืชืจ ื ืืกืฃ ืืฉืจ ืืืืจื ืืืชืจ ืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืืืช ืืื ืืงืืฉ ืคึผืจึถืึทืึผ ืึดืืึถืึทืจ ืฉืืฆืคืื ืงืืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืขื ืชืืืื ื. ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื 1ืืืง ืืฉืื ืืืืื ื ื ืืฆื ืืืืจืืคื. 2ืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืจืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืจืฉืืืช. 3ืืืง ืืฉืื ืืืืื ื ื ืืฆื ืืืืงืืื ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Southern_Command] | [TOKENS: 3265] |
Contents United States Southern Command The United States Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM), located in Doral in Greater Miami, Florida, is one of the eleven unified combatant commands in the United States Department of Defense. It is responsible for providing contingency planning, operations, and security cooperation for Central and South America, the Caribbean (except in territories of the United States), their territorial waters, and for the force protection of U.S. military resources at these locations. USSOUTHCOM is also responsible for ensuring the defense of the Panama Canal and the canal area. Under the leadership of a four-star Commander, USSOUTHCOM is organized into a headquarters with six main directorates, component commands and military groups that represent SOUTHCOM in the region. USSOUTHCOM is a joint command of more than 1,201 military and civilian personnel representing the United States Army, Navy, Air Force, Space Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, and several other federal agencies. Civilians working at USSOUTHCOM are, for the most part, civilian employees of the Army, as the Army is USSOUTHCOM's Combatant Command Support Agent. The Services provide USSOUTHCOM with component commands which, along with their Joint Special Operations component, two Joint Task Forces, one Joint Interagency Task Force, and Security Cooperation Offices, perform USSOUTHCOM missions and security cooperation activities. USSOUTHCOM exercises its authority through the commanders of its components, Joint Task Forces/Joint Interagency Task Force, and Security Cooperation Organizations. Area of responsibility The USSOUTHCOM Area of Responsibility (AOR) encompasses 32 nations (19 in Central and South America and 13 in the Caribbean), of which 31 are democracies, and 14 U.S. and European territories. As of October 2002, the area of focus covered 14.5 million square miles (23.2 million square kilometers.) The United States Southern Command area of interest includes: Components USSOUTHCOM accomplishes much of its mission through its service components, four representing each service, one specializing in Special Operations missions, and three additional joint task forces: United States Army South (ARSOUTH) forces include aviation, intelligence, communication, and logistics units. Located at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, it supports regional disaster relief and counter-drug efforts. ARSOUTH also exercises oversight, planning, and logistical support for humanitarian and civic assistance projects throughout the region in support of the USSOUTHCOM Theater Security Cooperation Strategy. ARSOUTH provides Title 10 and Executive Agent responsibilities throughout the Latin American and Caribbean region. In 2013, around four thousand troops were deployed in Latin America. Located at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, AFSOUTH consists of a staff; a Falconer Combined Air and Space Operations Center for command and control of air activity in the USSOUTHCOM area, and an Air Force operations group responsible for Air Force forces in the area. AFSOUTH serves as the executive agent for forward operating locations; provides joint/combined radar surveillance architecture oversight; provides intra-theater airlift; and supports USSOUTHCOM's Theater Security Cooperation Strategy through regional disaster relief exercises and counter-drug operations. AFSOUTH also provides oversight, planning, execution, and logistical support for humanitarians and civic assistance projects and hosts a number of Airmen-to-Airmen conferences. Twelfth Air Force also brought the Chief of Staff of the Air Force's Warfighting Headquarters (WFHQ) concept to life. The WFHQ was composed of a command and control element, an Air Force forces staff and an Air Operations Center. Operating as a WFHQ since June 2004, Twelfth Air Force has served as the Air Force model for the future of Combined Air and Space Operations Centers and WFHQ Air Force forces. In September 2024 Twelfth Air Force was disestablished, and a new Air Forces Southern, technically an organisation with no previous history, established to continue the SOUTHCOM task. Located at Naval Station Mayport, Florida, USNAVSO exercises command and control over all U.S. naval operations in the USSOUTHCOM area including naval exercises, maritime operations, and port visits. USNAVSO is also the executive agent for the operation of the cooperative security location at Comalapa, El Salvador, which provides basing in support of aerial counter-narcoterrorism operations. On 24 April 2008, Admiral Gary Roughead, the chief of naval operations, announced that the United States Fourth Fleet would be re-established, effective 1 July, responsible for U.S. Navy ships, aircraft and submarines operating in the Caribbean Sea, as well as Central and South America. Rear Admiral Joseph D. Kernan was named as the fleet commander and Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command. Up to four ships are deployed in the waters in and around Latin America, at any given time. Located in Doral, Florida, USMARFORSOUTH commands all United States Marine Corps Forces (MARFORs) assigned to USSOUTHCOM; advises USSOUTHCOM on the proper employment and support of MARFORs; conducts deployment/redeployment planning and execution of assigned/attached MARFORs; and accomplishes other operational missions as assigned. Located at Homestead Air Reserve Base near Miami, Florida, Special Operations Command South (SOCSOUTH) provides the primary theater contingency response force and plans, prepares for, and conducts special operations in support of USSOUTHCOM. USSOCSOUTH controls all Special Operations Forces in the region and also establishes and operates a Joint Special Operations Task Force when required. As a Theater Special Operations Command (TSOC), USSOCSOUTH is a sub-unified command of USSOUTHCOM. SOCSOUTH has five assigned or attached subordinate commands including "Charlie" Company, 3rd Battalion, 7th Special Forces Group (Airborne) (7th SFG(A)); "Charlie" Company, 3rd Battalion, 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne); Naval Special Warfare Unit FOUR; 112th Signal Detachment SOCSOUTH; and Joint Special Operations Air Component-South. There are also three task forces with specific missions in the region that report to U.S. Southern Command: Located at Soto Cano Air Base, Honduras, Joint Task Force (JTF) -Bravo operates a forward, all-weather day/night C-5-capable airbase. JTF โ Bravo organizes multilateral exercises and supports, in cooperation with partner nations, humanitarian and civic assistance, counter-drug, contingency and disaster relief operations in Central America. Located at U.S. Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, JTF โ Guantanamo conducts detention and interrogation operations in support of the war on terrorism, coordinates and implements detainee screening operations, and supports law enforcement and war crimes investigations as well as Military Commissions for Detained Enemy Combatants. JTF โ Guantanamo is also prepared to support mass migration operations at Naval Station GTMO. Located in Key West, Florida, JIATF South is an interagency task force that serves as the catalyst for integrated and synchronized interagency counter-drug operations and is responsible for the detection and monitoring of suspect air and maritime drug activity in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and the eastern Pacific. JIATF- South also collects, processes, and disseminates counter-drug information for interagency operations. Manta Air Base was one of JIATF-South's bases, in Ecuador until 19 September 2009. History The first U.S. troops that arrived in Panama were Marines, in 1903. The 10th Infantry Regiment arrived in 1911 to form the core of the Panama Canal Guard. The first overall headquarters for forces at both ends of the Canal was HQ U.S. Troops, Panama Canal Zone, established in 1915. It was superseded by the Panama Canal Department on 1 July 1917, almost three months after the American entry into World War I. The Panama Canal Department remained as the senior Army headquarters in the region until activation of the Caribbean Defense Command (CDC) on 10 February 1941. The CDC, co-located at Quarry Heights, was commanded by Lieutenant General Daniel Van Voorhis, who continued to command the Panama Canal Department. The new command eventually assumed operational responsibility over air and naval forces throughout its area of operations. During World War II, the CDC included all U.S. forces and bases in the Caribbean basin outside the Contiguous United States. General Orders No. 8, issued 29 May 1941, set the boundaries of the command as, "islands in or bordering the Caribbean Sea, the Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and the countries of Central America (except Mexico)." The same General Order created three sectors: the Trinidad, the Puerto Rican and the Panama Sectors. The core of the new command was from the Panama Canal Department. On June 1, 1943, the Puerto Rican Department was renamed the Antilles Department, and its territorial limits were extended to include the bases in the British West Indies and British Guiana leased by the United States from the United Kingdom in September 1940. The area of these bases was collectively called, for tactical purposes, the Trinidad Sector, and in January 1944 it was extended to include the Aruba-Curaรงao subsector and territory in Venezuela west of Caracas. The Headquarters of the two successive Departments was at San Juan, P.R." During this time the Sixth Air Force was a part of the CDC. By early 1942, a Joint Operations Center had been established at Quarry Heights. Meanwhile, 960 jungle-trained officers and enlisted men from the CDC deployed to New Caledonia in the southwest Pacific to help form the 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional), codenamed 'Galahad' and later nicknamed Merrill's Marauders for its famous exploits in Burma. In the meantime, military strength in the area was gradually rising and reached its peak in January 1943, when 68,000 personnel were defending the Panama Canal. The Antilles Air Command was established in a CDC reorganisation - its Puerto Rico and Panama Sectors became the Antilles Air Task Force in February, 1943. It was redesignated the Antilles Air Command June 1943. Military strength was sharply reduced with the termination of World War II. Between 1946 and 1974, total military strength in Panama fluctuated between 6,600 and 20,300 (with the lowest force strength in 1959). In December 1946, President Harry S. Truman approved recommendations of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for a comprehensive system of military commands to put responsibility for conducting military operations of all military forces in various geographical areas, in the hands of a single commander. Although the Caribbean Command was designated by the Defense Department on 1 November 1947, it did not become fully operational until 10 March 1948, when the old Caribbean Defense Command was inactivated. On 6 June 1963, reflecting the fact that the command had a responsibility for U.S. military operations primarily in Central and South America, rather than in the Caribbean, President John F. Kennedy and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara formally redesignated it as the United States Southern Command. The command's mission began to shift with the expansion of the Cold War to Latin America. Kennedy and his successor Lyndon B. Johnson expanded the division in the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis and reoriented it towards irregular warfare against the establishment of another Communist state in the Western Hemisphere. From 1975 until late 1994 total military strength in Panama remained at about 10,000 personnel. In January 1996 and June 1997, two phases of changes to the Department of Defense Unified Command Plan (UCP) were completed. Each phase of the UCP change added territory to SOUTHCOM's area of responsibility. The impact of the changes is significant. The new AOR includes the Caribbean, its 13 island nations and several U.S. and European territories, the Gulf of Mexico, as well as significant portions of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The 1999 update to the UCP also transferred responsibility of an additional portion of the Atlantic Ocean to SOUTHCOM. On 1 October 2000, Southern Command assumed responsibility of the adjacent waters in the upper quadrant above Brazil, which was presently under the responsibility of U.S. Joint Forces Command. The new AOR encompasses 32 nations (19 in Central and South America and 13 in the Caribbean), of which 31 are democracies, and 14 U.S. and European territories covering more than 15,600,000 square miles (40,000,000 km2). With the implementation of the Panama Canal treaties (the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977 and the treaty concerning the Permanent Neutrality and Operations of the Panama Canal), the U.S. Southern Command was relocated in Miami, Florida, on 26 September 1997. In October 2002 a number of changes were made to the Unified Command Plan, including the creation of U.S. Northern Command. As part of these changes, Southern Command's Area of Responsibility changed decreasing its total boundary by 1.1 square miles. (14.5 million square miles (23.2 million square kilometers.)[citation needed] A new headquarters building was constructed and opened in 2010 adjacent to the old rented building in the Doral area of Miami-Dade County. The complex has state-of-the-art planning and conference facilities. The 45,000-square-foot Conference Center of the Americas can support meetings of differing classification levels and multiple translations, information sources and video conferencing. In 2012, as many as a dozen SouthCom service members, together with a number of Secret Service officers, were disciplined after they were found to have brought prostitutes to their rooms shortly before President Obama arrived for a summit in Cartagena, Colombia. According to the Associated Press seven Army soldiers and two Marines received administrative punishments for what an official report cited by the wire service said was misconduct consisting "almost exclusively of patronizing prostitutes and adultery." Hiring prostitutes, the report indicated, is a violation of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. In 2014, SouthCom commander Kelly testified that while border security was an 'Existential' threat to the country, due to Budget sequestration in 2013 his forces were unable to respond to 75% of illicit trafficking events. USSOUTHCOM's 2017-2027 Theater Strategy states that potential challenges in the future include transregional and transnational threat networks (T3Ns) which include traditional criminal organizations, as well as the expanding potential of extremist organizations such as ISIL and Hezbollah operating in the region by taking advantage of weak Caribbean and Latin American institutions. USSOUTHCOM also notes that the region is "extremely vulnerable to natural disasters and the outbreak of infectious diseases" due to issues with governance and inequality. Finally, the report recognizes the growing presence of China, Iran and Russia in the region, and that the intentions of these nations bring "a challenge to every nation that values nonaggression, rule of law, and respect for human rights". These challenges have been used to promote relationships between the United States and other governments in the region. State Partnership Program US SOUTHCOM currently has 22 state partnerships under the state partnership program (SPP). SPP creates a partnership between a state of the U.S. and a foreign nation by linking the host nation military or security forces with the National Guard. SOUTHCOM is equaled only by EUCOM in its number of partnerships. Commanders The U.S. Southern Command was activated in 1963, emerging from the U.S. Caribbean Command, established in 1947. Last commander of the U.S. Caribbean Command from January 1961 to June 1963 and first commander of the U.S. Southern Command since June 1963 was Lieutenant Generalโlater GeneralโAndrew P. O'Meara. See also References Further reading External links |
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