question stringlengths 1 6.54k | choices listlengths 4 4 | answer stringclasses 4
values | rationale stringlengths 0 22.5k ⌀ | split stringclasses 1
value | dataset stringclasses 6
values | subject stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mechanism of action of Silodosin: | [
"Alpha antagonist",
"Beta antagonist",
"Anticholinergic",
"PDE5 inhibitor"
] | A | MEDICAL THERAPY IN BPH * Alpha-blockers: (Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin, alfuzosin, silodosin) Relaxes smooth muscle & decreases urethral resistance. Side effects: ohostatic hypotension, dizziness, tiredness, retrograde ejaculation, rhinitis & headache. * 5-Alpha-reductase Inhibitors: (Finasteride, dutasteride, triptorelin pamoate) | train | med_mcqa | null |
What is the ideal time for staing post-exposure prophylaxis with acyclovir in a person exposed to varicella? | [
"Immediately after exposure",
"3rd day",
"7-9 th day",
"10-14 th day"
] | C | Antiviral therapy for prophylaxis against varicella should be staed 7 days after the intense exposure, using acyclovir. Ref: Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, Page: 1466 | train | med_mcqa | null |
In nutrient agar conc. of agar is - | [
"1%",
"2%",
"3%",
"4%"
] | B | Ans. is 'b' i.e., 2% Nutrient agar is made by adding 2% agar to nutrient broth. | train | med_mcqa | null |
A potent inhibitor of beta–lactamase is : | [
"Carbenicillin",
"Clavulanic acid",
"Cefamandole",
"Idoxuridine"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
All are common causes of maternal moality except | [
"Post-paum hemorrhage",
"Infection",
"Cardiac failure",
"Anaemia"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Cardiac failure | train | med_mcqa | null |
Tear drop sign" is seen on Waters view in: | [
"Blow out fracture",
"Maxillary mucocele",
"Nasolacrimal duct blockage",
"Fibrous dysplasia"
] | A | Ans. Blow out fracture | train | med_mcqa | null |
Recurrent polyps are seen in? | [
"Antrochoanal polyp",
"Ethmoidal polyp",
"Nasal polyp",
"Hyperophic turbinate"
] | B | Ethmoidal polyps are common in adults, major aetiology being an allergy. Usually, occur bilaterally and in multiple masses. Originates from the ethmoidal sinus, uncinate processes, middle turbinate and middle meatus. They mostly grow anteriorly and may present at the nares. These small and grape-like masses recur very often. Management mainly includes polypectomy, endoscopic surgery or ethmoidectomy. Ref - PL DHINGRA diseases of ear nose and throat, 6th edition, page no 175 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Kanawati index is - | [
"Height\\/ head circumference",
"Mid arm circumference\\/ Head circumference",
"Weight\\/ Height",
"Abdominal circumferece\\/ Head circumference"
] | B | KANAWATI INDEX;- Mid arm circumference divided by head circumference. 1. Normal : > 0.31 2. Mild PEM: 0.31-0.28 3. ModeratePEM: 0.28-0.25 4. Severe PEM : <0.25 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Infection with HIV is associated with atrophy in all of the following parts of the brain except: | [
"Anterior cingulate gyrus",
"Globus pallidus",
"Caudate nucleus",
"Lower white matter volume"
] | A | Ans. a. Anterior cingulate gyrus (Ref: Harrison 19/e p1264, 1265, 18/e p1559, 1560, 3427)AIDS causes subcortical dementia, involves white matter and causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and main feature is demyelination.Overall cerebral atrophy and prominent caudate region atrophy are important radiographic features of HIV dementia.HIV-associated dementiaHIV encephalopathy: 'subcortical dementia' characterized by defects in short-term memory and executive functionAIDS causes subcortical dementia, involves white matter and causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and main feature is demyelination.Overall cerebral atrophy and prominent caudate region atrophy are important radiographic features of HIV dementia. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Pro inflammatory cytokines include all of the following except | [
"IL1",
"IL 10",
"IL 6",
"TNF Alpha"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Propanolol is useful for all of the following except ? | [
"Angina",
"Familial tremor",
"Hypeension",
"Paial AV block"
] | D | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Paial AV block | train | med_mcqa | null |
The following drugs can produce ototoxicity except : | [
"Ethacrynic acid",
"Aztreonam",
"Gentamicin",
"Frusemide"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Punishment for voluntarily causing Grevious hu comes under ? | [
"S. 322 IPC",
"S. 323 IPC",
"S. 324 IPC",
"S. 325 IPC"
] | D | Ans. is 'd' i.e., S. 325 IPC | train | med_mcqa | null |
Streptococci causing dental caries : | [
"Streptococci equisimilis",
"Streptococci mutans",
"Streptococci pneumoniae",
"Streptococci bovis"
] | B | Strep. mutans:
It is member of viridans streptococci ( α hemolytic).
It assumes bacillary form in acid environment.
Can synthesize acid and large polysaccharide (adhesive dextran or levan) from sucrose. | train | med_mcqa | null |
In a-thalassemia with - | [
"Excess a-chain",
"No a-chain",
"Excess b-chain",
"No b-chain"
] | B | a -thalassemia is charecterised by the reduced or absent synthesis of a- globin chain.a-Thalassemia Unlike b-thalassemia, a-thalassemia is caused mainly by deletions involving one or more of the a-globin genes. The severity of the disease is propoional to the number of a-globin genes that are missing (Table 11-3). For example, the loss of a single a-globin gene produces a silent- carrier state, whereas the deletion of all four a-globin genes is lethal in utero because the red cells have viually no oxygen-delivering capacity. With loss of three a-globin genes there is a relative excess of b-globin or (early in life) g-globin chains. Excess b-globin and g-globin chains form relatively stable b4 and g4 tetramers known as HbH and Hb Ba, respectively, which cause less membrane damage than the free a-globin chains that are found in b-thalassemia; as a result, ineffective erythropoiesis is less pronounced in a-thalassemia. Unfounately, both HbH and Hb Ba have an abnormally high affinity for oxygen, which renders them ineffective at delivering oxygen to the tissues Referance : Exam preparatory manual for UGs by Ramdas Nayak Page no:273 Ref Robbins 9/e pg415 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following is not common to synthesis of both leading and lagging strands | [
"RNA primer is needed",
"Nucleoside monophosphates are added in 5' to 3' direction along the growing DNA chain",
"DNA polymerase III synthesizes DNA",
"DNA ligase repeatedly join the ends of DNA along the growing strands."
] | D | Option d occurs in lagging strand. Not in leading strand. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Most sensitive method of non invasive monitoring of cardio-vascular ischemia in perioperative period is | [
"NIBP",
"ECG",
"Pulse oximeter",
"TEE"
] | D | Two-dimensional TEE is the most sensitive method to detect myocardial ischemia and air embolism in peri-operative periodDetection of regional wall motion abnormality a rapid and more sensitive indicator of myocardial ischemia that is the ECG.Decreased systolic wall thickening may be more reliable index for ischemia than endocardial wall motion abnormality alone.(Refer: Morgan and Mikhail's Clinical Anaesthesiology, 5th edition, pg no.1211) | train | med_mcqa | null |
Septic tank is used for: | [
"Excreta disposal",
"Storage of instruments",
"Prevent contamination of water",
"Composting"
] | A | Ans: a (Excreta disposal) Ref: Park 19ed, p. 615(A quite simple one! 1 think no explanation is needed. Let's discuss other important related points.)Methods of excreta disposalUNSEWERED AREA1) Service type( conservatory system)2) Non service type (sanitary latrines)Borehole latrineDugwell or pit latrineWater seal type, eg: RCA type. PRA1 typeSeptic tankAqua privy3) Latrine suitable for camps and temporary useShallow trench latrineDeep trench latrinePit latrineBorehole latrineSewered areasWater cairi age system and sewage treatmenta) Primary treatmentScreeningRemoval of gritPlain sedimentationb) Secondary treatmentTrickling filterActivated sludge processc) Other methodsSea outfallRiver outfallSewage fanningOxidation pond*Trickling filter- zoological layer- smaller cities* Activated sludge process - aeration tank is the heart- for larger cities | train | med_mcqa | null |
"Coffee bean" sign is seen in - | [
"Intussusception",
"Bowel ischaemia",
"Sigmoid volvulus",
"Congenital hyperophic pyloric stenosis"
] | C | Description : Intussusception: usg signs : target sign ,pseudokidney sign, crescent in a doughnut sign Bowel ischemia signs: pneumatosis intestinalis , pneumatosis poalis. Sigmoid volvulous :X- ray :coffee bean sign,frimann-dahl sign; CT scan : whirl sign and birds beak sign CHPS : on fluoroscopy caterpillar sign, string sign, double track sign | train | med_mcqa | null |
All ICUD's are changed every 4 - 5 year except : | [
"Cu 280",
"Cu 320",
"Multiload devices",
"Progestase"
] | D | Ans. is d i.e. Progestase Most of the IUCDs have an average life span of : 3 years. Nova T/ Multiload 375/Levonova CuT 380 A (also known as Paragard) Progestase CuT200 B Levonorgestrel containing IUCD can be used for : - 5 years - 10 years - 1 years - 4 years, in US and 3 years in India and in European countries. - 7-10 years, but is approved for 5 years | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following would NOT be likely to produce hypernatremia? | [
"Near drowning in salt water",
"Hyperglycemia",
"Diabetes Insipidus",
"Watery diarrhea"
] | B | Hypernatremia occurs when there is elevation of serum Na+ of > 146 mEq/L. It occurs under various circumstances which include excessive Na+ ingestion in absence of corresponding water ingestion, an inability to ingest water due to impairment in thirst mechanisms, unconsciousness or lack of water supply, and insufficient intake of water to keep up with water losses. Near drowning in salt water causes considerable intake of hypeonic salt solution either through swallowing or absorption through pulmonary membranes. Diabetes Insipidus is a result of faulty, or insufficient secretion of ADH (anti diuretic hormone). This leads to increased urinary output of dilute urine with subsequent excess water losses, leading to hyperosmolality of serum. Hyperglycemia, however, tends to decrease serum Na+ concentrations as water shifts from intracellular compaments into intravascular fluids in response to the hyperosmolar state of the serum. Watery diarrhea will produce excess water losses in excess of electrolytes, thus increasing serum Na+ concentration. Ref: Howard C., Berl T. (2009). Chapter 3. Disorders of Water Balance: Hyponatremia & Hypernatremia. In E.V. Lerma, J.S. Berns, A.R. Nissenson (Eds), CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Nephrology & Hypeension. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Bipolar cells is seen in: March 2005 | [
"Sympathetic ganglion",
"Retina",
"Cochlear ganglion",
"Parasympathetic ganglion"
] | B | Ans. B: RetinaRetina is organized in 10 layers and contains rods and cones, which are the visual receptors, plus four types of neurons:Bipolar cellsGanglion cellsHorizontal cellsAmacrine cells | train | med_mcqa | null |
True about zero order kinetics ? | [
"Most of the drugs follow zero order kinetics",
"T1/2 of drug elimination remains constant",
"Constant amount of drug eliminated per unit time",
"Rate of elimination is dependent on plasma concentration"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Constant amount of drug eliminated per unit time | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 27 year old man in noted to have blood pressure of 170/100 mmHg. He has prominent aoic ejection click and murmurs heard over the ribs on the both sides anteriorly and over the back posterioly. In addition.the pulses in the lower extremities are feeble and he complains of mild claudication with exeion. The most likely diagnosis is | [
"Aial septal defect",
"Aoic stenosis",
"Coarctation of the aoa",
"Cardiomyopathy"
] | C | Answer is C (Coarctation of aoa) Hypeension in upper extremity with absence, dimunition or delay in pulsations in lower extremity suggests the diagnosis of coarctation of aoa. Other options have been explained in the previous questions. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Polyvalent anti snake venom does not contain the venom of | [
"Naja",
"Hypernale",
"Echis carinate",
"Daboia Russel"
] | B | The Indian antisnake venom neutralise the venom of 1. Common cobra (Naja naja) 2. Common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) 3. Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) 4. Saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus) | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following is commonest primary intraocular tumour in childhood is | [
"Neurofibromatosis",
"Retinoblastoma",
"Cavernous haemangioma",
"Melanotic melanoma"
] | B | (Retinoblastoma): Ref: 280-KH, 358-K, 397-PRETINOBLASTOMA - is the most common primary intraocular malignancy of childhood.* The retinoblastoma may be heritable (40%) or non heritable (60%)* The predisposing gene (RPE1) is at 13q14* Leukocoria (white papillary reflex) is the commonest (60%) presentation* Delation involving the long arm of chromosomes 22 (22ql 1) are most common microdeletions identified to date, VCF (Velo Cardio Facial) syndrome is the most common associated syndromeTreatments1. Small tumour - no more than 4 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness without vitreous or subretinal seeds - Trans papillary thermotherapy laser or cryotherapy2. Median size tumour(I) Brachytherapy - is indicated for tumours of no more than 12 mm diameter and 6 mm thickness (60Co or I125)(II) Chemotherapy - (Carboplatin, vincristine, etoposide) may be combined with cyclosporin(III) External beam radiotherapy - should be avoided, because high risk of complications, cataract formation, radiation retinopathy and cosmetic deformity and secondary malignancy.3. Large tumours (a) Chemotherapy (b) Enucleation4. Extra ocular extension - beyond the lamina cribosa is treated with chemotherapy after enucleation* Extension to the cut end of the optic nerve or extension through the sclera - chemotherapy and irradiation of the affected orbit5. Metastatic disease: - High dose chemotherapy Enucleation is the treatment of choice when the child is brought in clinical stage II or late stage I (when tumour is more than 100 mm in size or when optic nerve is involved) (270-KH) | train | med_mcqa | null |
Occipital bellies of occipitofrontalis muscle is supplied by: | [
"Posterior auricular nerve",
"Zygomaticotemporal nerve",
"Supratrochlear berve",
"Temporal nerve"
] | A | The occipitofrontalis muscle has two bellies, occipital or occipitalis and frontal or frontalis, both of which are inserted into the epicranial aponeurosis. The occipital bellies are small and separate.
Each arises from the lateral two-thirds of the superior nuchal line.
The frontal bellies are longer, wider and partly united in the median plane. Each arises from the skin of the upper eyelid and forehead, mingling with the orbicularis oculi and the corrugator supercilii. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Most common cause of delayed pubey in males is | [
"Kallaman syndrome",
"Klienfelter syndrome",
"Constitutional",
"Prader-willi syndrome"
] | C | Constitutional delay in growth and pubey is the most common cause of delayed pubey in boys.These boys have growth retardation and delayed bone age.Family history of delayed pubey is present.Gonadotropin levels are prepubeal similar to hypgonadotropic hypogonadism. Reference : OP Ghai ,eseential paediatrics 8 th edition, page no 538 . | train | med_mcqa | null |
Collecting duct has which cells ? | [
"Principle and intercalated",
"Parietal and oxyntic",
"Lacis cells",
"Podocytes"
] | A | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Principle and intercalated Collecting duct is 20 mm long and pass through the renal coex and medulla to empty into the pelvis of the kidney at the apex of the medullary pyramids. The epithelium of the collecting ducts is made up of two types of cell i) Principal cells (P cells), which are involved in Na+ reabsorption and ADH stimulated water reabsorption. ii) Intercalated cells (I cells) which are concerned with acid (H+) secretion and HCO3- transpo. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Classical markers for Hodgkin's disease - | [
"CD15 and CD30",
"CD15 and CD22",
"CD15 and CD20",
"CD20 and CD30"
] | A | Classical markers for Hodgkin's disease are CD15 and CD30.
CD15 and CD30 are positive in all variants of Hodgkin's disease except lymphocyte predominance.
Lymphocyte predominance variant is positive for CD20. | train | med_mcqa | null |
The clinical effects of the antidepressant drugs is mainly based on ? | [
"Change in neurotransmitter receptor sensitivity",
"Decreased level of neurotransmitters",
"Change in efficacy of neurotransmitters",
"None of the above"
] | A | Ans. A. Change in neurotransmitter receptor sensitivityTemporal correlation of clinical effects with changes in receptor sensitivity has given rise to hypothesis that changes in neurotransmitter receptor sensitivity may actually mediate the clinical effects of antidepressant drugs.These clinical effects include not only antidepressant and anxiolytic actions but also the development of tolerance to the acute side effects of antidepressant drugs. | train | med_mcqa | null |
In case of unstable lie of fetus, the placenta is usually : | [
"Cornual",
"Lateral wall",
"Fundus",
"Placenta in lower segment"
] | D | Unstable lie is seen in placenta pre. Other conditions include : Multipara Hydramnios Contracted pelvis Pelvic tumor Ref: Datta Obs 9e pg 372. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Carey coombs murmur, which is false – | [
"Delayed diastolic murmur",
"Seen in rheumatic fever",
"Can be associated with A.R.",
"Low pitched murmur"
] | A | A short, mid-diastolic murmur is rarely heard during an episode of acute rheumatic fever (Carey-Coombs murmur) and probably is due to flow through an edematous mitral valve. An opening snap is not present in the acute phase, and the murmur dissipates with resolution of the acute attack. Complete heart block with dyssynchronous atrial and ventricular activation may be associated with intermittent mid- to late diastolic murmurs if atrial contraction occurs when the mitral valve is partially closed. Mid-diastolic murmurs indicative of increased tricuspid valve flow can occur with severe, isolated TR and with large ASDs and significant left-to-right shunting. Other signs of an ASD are present ( Chap. 236 ), including fixed splitting of S 2 and a mid-systolic murmur at the mid- to upper left sternal border. TTE is indicated for evaluation of a patient with a mid- to late diastolic murmur. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Aganglionic segment is encountered in which pa of colon in case of Hirschsprung disease ? | [
"Distal to dilated segment",
"In Whole colon",
"Proximal to dilated segment",
"In the dilated segment"
] | A | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Distal to dilated segment Congenital aganglionic megcolon (Hirschsprung disease) o Hirshsprung disease a congenital disorder characterized by aganglionosis of a poion of the intestinal tract. o An intestinal segment lacks both Meissner submucosal and Auerbach myenteric plexuses. This leads to functional obstruction and intestinal dilation Proximal to the affected segment. o Histological findings are :- (i) Absence of ganglion cells and ganglia in the muscle wall and submucosa of the affected segment. (ii) Thickening and hyperophy of nerve trunk. o Rectum is always affected with involvement of more proximal colon to variable extent --> most cases involve the rectum and sigmoid only. o Proximal to the aganglionic segment, the colon undergoes progressive dilation and hyperophy. o With time, the proximal innervated colon may become massively distended --> megacolon. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Feature seen in common peroneal nerve injury | [
"Inversion inability",
"Loss of sensation of sole",
"Foot drop",
"Loss of extension of great toe"
] | C | COMMON PERONEAL NERVE:- Smaller terminal branch of sciatic nerve.Root value: dorsal division of ventral rami of L4,L5,S1,S2.Beginning: begins in back of thigh as a smaller subdivision of the sciatic nerve. Course:lies in upper lateral pa of popliteal fossa. It turns around the lateral surface of the fibula. Then it lies in the substance of peroneus longus muscle.Terminates by dividing into two terminal branches- superficial and deep peroneal. Commonest nerve to be paralysed.Causes of injury:1. Fracture neck of fibula.2. Lathi injury on lateral side of knee joint.3. Due to plaster on leg.- nerve get compressed between hard plaster and neck of fibula. To prevent this cotton must be placed on the upper lateral side of the leg. Effects of injury:-1. Motor loss: dorsiflexors and eveors of foot affected. Results in foot drop. Foot is plantar flexed due to paralysis of muscle of anterior compament.2. Sensory loss: back of leg, lateral side of leg and dorsum of foot.3. Aicular loss: lateral side of knee joint. {Reference: BDC 6E pg no.176} | train | med_mcqa | null |
Salt losing nephritis is a feature of - | [
"Interstitial nephritis",
"Renal amyloidosis",
"Lupus nephritis",
"Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis"
] | A | Acute interstitial nephritis Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is an immune-mediated disorder, characterised by acute inflammation affecting the tubulo- interstitium of the kidney. It is commonly drug-induced, with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) fast becoming the most common cause, but can be caused by other toxins, and can complicate` a variety of systemic diseases and infections . Clinical features The clinical presentation is typically with renal impairment but, in some patients with drug-induced AIN, there may be signs of a generalised drug hypersensitivity reaction with fever, rash and eosinophilia. Proteinuria is generally modest (PCR < 100 mg/mmol) and tubular in type ). The urine may contain white blood cells and white cell casts but is sterile on culture. Eosinophils are present in up to 70% of patients but this is a non-specific finding. AIN should` always be considered in patients with non-oliguric AKI. There` `may be a rapid deterioration of renal function in some cases of drug-induced AIN, causing the condition to be mistaken for RPGN. Investigations Renal biopsy is usually required to confirm the diagnosis . This typically shows evidence of intense inflammation, with infiltration of the tubules and interstitium by polymorphonuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes. Eosinophils may also be observed, especially in drug-induced AIN. Often granulomas may be evident, especially in drug-induced AIN or sarcoidosis . The degree of chronic inflammation in a biopsy is a useful predictor of long-term renal function. Eosinophiluria may be present but is not a good discriminator for AIN. Management Some patients with drug-induced AIN recover following withdrawal of the drug alone, but high-dose glucocoicoids (prednisolone 1 mg/kg/day) may accelerate recovery and prevent long-term scarring. Other specific causes should be treated, if possible. Chronic interstitial nephritis Chronic interstitial nephritis (CIN) is characterised by renal dysfunction with fibrosis and infiltration of the renal parenchyma by lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages, in association with tubular damage. Ref Harrison20th edition pg 299 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Depression and Protrusion of the mandible: | [
"Medial (INTERNAL) pterygoid muscle",
"Lateral (EXTERNAL) pterygoid muscle",
"Masseter muscle",
"Temporalis muscle"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
A woman complains of excessive vomiting and mild vaginal bleeding for two weeks at a POA of 12 weeks. The fundal height corresponds of 16 weeks. The cervical os is closed. Ultrasound scan demonstrates a snowstorm appearance in part of the uterus together with a foetus. The crown-rump length corresponds to 10 weeks. The fetal heart beat is absent. What is the best management option? | [
"Carry out medical termination with vaginal misoprostol",
"Carry out medical termination with an oxytocin infusion",
"Perform suction evacuation",
"Perform a total abdominal hysterectomy"
] | C | Ans. is c, i.e. Perform suction evacuationSuction evacuation is the method of choice, for evacuation of a partial molar pregnancy. | train | med_mcqa | null |
A chronic smoker with history of hoarseness of voice found to have fixation of vocal cords on examination. The most likely treatment he will require is? NOT RELATED - ENT | [
"Subtotal laryngectomy",
"Stripping of the vocal cord",
"Radiotherapy",
"Laser"
] | A | . | train | med_mcqa | null |
What is the mechanism of acute rheumatic lever - | [
"Cross reactivity with host antigen",
"Innocent by slender effect",
"Due to toxin secretion by streptococci",
"Release of pyrogenic cytokines"
] | A | Rheumatic fever is an acute, immunologically mediated, multisystem inflammatory disease that occurs after group A b-hemolytic streptococcal infections (usually pharyngitis, but also rarely with infections at other sites such as skin). Rheumatic hea disease is the cardiac manifestation of rheumatic fever. Acute rheumatic fever is a hypersensitivity reaction classically attributed to antibodies directed against group A streptococcal molecules that also are cross-reactive with host antigens. (Robbins basic pathology,9th edition,pg no.391) | train | med_mcqa | null |
Respiratory compromise is typically seen in? | [
"Incomplete unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy",
"Complete unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy",
"Bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy",
"Superior and Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy"
] | C | Ans. C. Bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsyPARALYSED LARYNGEAL NERVEEXTENT OF INVOLVEMENTPOSITION OF VOCAL CORDVOICERESPIRATIONSWALLOWINGUnilateralIncompleteMedianNormalNormalNormalRecurrent L N Unilateral Recurrent L NCompleteParamedianHoarse or NormalNormalNormalBilateral Recurrent L N Median or ParamedianNormalDyspnoeaNormalSuperior with Recurrent L NUnilateral or bilateralCadaveric, Slack, WavyFeeble or RoughNormalInhalation into larynx | train | med_mcqa | null |
Collagen affected in Osteogenesis imperfecta - | [
"Type I",
"Type II",
"Type III",
"Type IV"
] | A | Answer- A. Type IOsteogenesis imperfecta also known as brittle bone disease, or 'Lobstein syndrome" is a congenital bone disorder.People with OI are born with defective connective tissue, or without the ability to make it, usually because of a deficiency of Type-I collagen. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Petechiae is? | [
"Pin point hemorrhage of the skin",
"Hemorrhagic patch of the skin with size < 0.5 mm in diameter",
"Hemorrhagic patch of the skin with size 0.5 to 1 mm in diameter",
"Irregular hemorrhagic patch in the skin"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Schwalbe's line forming pa of the angle of anterior chamber is the prominent end of: | [
"Sclera",
"Descemet's membrane of cornea",
"Anterior limit of trabecular meshwork",
"Posterior limit of trabecular meshwork"
] | B | Ans. Descemet's membrane of cornea | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following drugs can be used as a transcranial patch for treatment of parkinsonism? | [
"Levodepa",
"Rotigotine",
"Apomorphine",
"Aprantine"
] | B | Ans 'b' i.e. Rotigotine o Rotigotine is intended to be delivered through transdermal patches, so as to ensure a slow and constant dosage in a 24-hour period. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Provided that one secondary oocyte is produced in each menstrual cycle. How many secondary oocytes are on an average produced during the reproductive life of a human female? | [
"4,20,000",
"42,000",
"4200",
"420"
] | D | ANSWER: (D) 420REF: This is a question of simple mathematical calculationAverage reproductive life is 35 years from puberty to menopause << There are 12 menstrual cycles every yearOne secondary oocyte is produced in each cycleSo the total number of secondary oocytes produced in female will beSec Oocyte = 35 x 12 x 1= 420 | train | med_mcqa | null |
What is the function of Micro RNA? | [
"Gene Regulation",
"Splicing of pre mRNA",
"Initiation of Translation",
"Carry message for protein synthesis"
] | A | Micro RNA is a form of small, single stranded RNA, 18-25 nucleotides long. It is transcribed from DNA and instead of being translated into a protein, it regulates the functions of other genes involved in protein synthesis. mRNA are genes that modulates other protein coding genes. Ref: MicroRNA Protocols By Shao-Yao Ying, Page 1; Molecular Biology of The Gene By Watson, Page 443; Textbook of Biochemistry By DM Vasudevan, 3rd Edition, Pages 357-9; RNA Purification and Analysis: Sample Preparation, Extraction, Chromatography By Douglas T. Gjerde, Lee Hoang, David Hornby, Page 78; Regulation of in Vitro Pre-mRNA Splicing By hnRNP A1 Cooperative Binding By Hazeem L. Okunola, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Page 2 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which is not transmitted by arthropod - | [
"Rickettsia prowazekii",
"Coxiella burnetii",
"Rickettsia akari",
"Rickettsia rickettsii"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Birbereck granules in cytoplasm are seen in? | [
"Mast cells",
"Langerhan's cells",
"Thrombocytes",
"Myelocytes"
] | B | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Langerhan's cells | train | med_mcqa | null |
Non-Anion Gap Acidosis is seen in all except | [
"Diarrhea",
"NSAIDs",
"Renal acidosis",
"Starvation"
] | D | Starvation causes ketoacidosis which in turn has positive anion gap Ref: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine; 19th edition; Chapter 66; Acidosis and Alkalosis | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following is not a glycoprotein hormone: | [
"TSH",
"FSH",
"LH",
"ACTH"
] | D | The three pituitary glycoprotein hormones, FSH, LH, and TSH, share a common a subunit that is the product of a single gene and has the same amino acid composition in each hormone, although their carbohydrate residues vary. Also, HCG is a glycoprotein that shares same a subunit. ACTH is a peptide Hormones ending with 'ine' are amides like: Serotonin Dopamine Norepinephrine Epinephrine Thyroxine (T4, T3) Steroids are: Coisol Aldosterone Testosterone Progesterone Estrogen TRH is a smallest peptide of 3 amino acids. | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 24 year old man had multiple, small hypopigmented macules on the upper chest and back for the last three months. The macules were circular, arranged around follicles and many had coalesced to form large sheets. The surface of the macules showed fine scaling. He had similar lesions one year ago which subsided with treatment. The most appropriate investigation to confirm the diagnosis is - | [
"Potassium hydroxide preparation of scales",
"Slit skin smear from discrete macules",
"Tzanck test",
"Skin biopsy of coalesced macules"
] | A | Multiple small hypopigmented macules on chest & back, fine scales, history of perifollicular arrangement and reappearance after treatment suggest the diagnosis of P. versicolor. KOH 10-20% is used on scaling skin lesions as it dissolves keratin and allows easier visualization of fungal elements. Microscopic examination of the KOH mount reveals sho hyphae and round spores - "spaghetti and meatballs"appearance | train | med_mcqa | null |
Age specific for Perthe's disease: | [
"Below 2 years",
"2-3 years",
"4 - 8 years",
"10-15 years"
] | C | Ans. c (4-8 years). (Ref. Essential Orthopedics by Maheshwari, 2nd ed., 268)Perthes disease can occur between the age of 3 to 12 years, with peak incidence between 4 & 8 years.While slipped femoral epiphysis is mostly seen after 10 years of age.PERTHES' DISEASE (CALVE-LEGG-PERTHES' DISEASE)# Usually presents with a limp or pain in the groin.# Symptoms are due to avascular necrosis of the femoral capital epiphysis.# Bilateral in 5-20% of cases.# More common in boys# Usually occurs between 4 and 8 years of age.# The diagnosis is usually made on plain radiography - The earliest sign is increase in the affected hip's joint space (a nonspecific finding).- As the condition develops, subarticular lucencies become visible within the femoral capital epiphysis, which may later become flattened with loss of the perfect round appearance, sclerotic and fragmented.- The epiphysis may also be extruded laterally (an important prognostic indicator) and 25% of children will need additional treatment to contain the femoral head.- The epiphyseal changes may excite a reaction in the adjacent metaphysis with the development of cysts and coxa magna and this too indicates a poorer prognosis.- Early in the disease, subtle changes may only be visible on a frog leg lateral view, which should be performed initially and occasionally in follow up.# Ultrasound can demonstrate irregularity of the anterior and superior surfaces of the femoral capital epiphysis consistent with Perthes' disease.# MRI is sensitive as well as more specific (Investigation of choice).SLIPPED UPPER FEMORAL CAPITAL EPIPHYSIS# More common in boys, May be bilateral ; Usually presents without a history of trauma.# Classically occurs in overweight adolescents who complain of pain or limping.# Initial investigation is with plain radiography and an AP pelvis allows the hips to be compared and a check made for early contralateral abnormality.# If epiphysis has slipped, a line drawn along superior surface of femoral neck will not pass through it.# Additionally, the proximal femoral growth plate may have an indistinct appearance.# If the frontal view is normal a true lateral or frog leg view of the symptomatic hip must also be obtained as this will reveal earlier and more subtle movement of the epiphysis downwards and inwards, and allow early fixation. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Triradiate pelvis is see in: | [
"Rickets",
"Chondrodystrophy",
"Osteoporosis",
"Hyperparathyroidism"
] | C | Ans. is c, i.e. OsteoporosisOsteomalacia or deficiency of Calcium and Vitamin D shows triradiate pelvis. Since osteomalacia is not given here we are going for osteoporosis. | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 40 years old patient came to surgery OPD with swelling in the left lateral aspect of the neck. On examination, the swelling was painless, can be moved side to side but not up and down. No history of TB. Blood workup included thyroid profile and CBC which came to be normal. Ultrasound of swelling was performed and showed a highly vascular hypoechoic mass lesion anteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Subsequently, a CT angio was performed. what is the Diagnosis ? | [
"Fibromatosis colli",
"Tubercular lymph node",
"Soft tissue sarcoma",
"Carotid body paraganglioma"
] | D | Lyre sign- refers to the splaying of the internal and external carotid by a carotid body tumor. Fibromatosis colli is a rare form of infantile fibromatosis that occurs within the sternocleidomastoid muscle. USG is IOC. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Choose the appropriate lettered site or structure in the following radiograph of the wrist and hand. If the floor of the anatomic snuffbox and origin of the abductor pollicis brevis are damaged, which of the following bones is most likely to be involved? | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D"
] | B | (b) The scaphoid forms the floor of the anatomic snuffbox and provides a site for origin of the abductor pollicis brevis. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Kumar, a 31 yrs old motorcyclist sustained injury over his Right hip joint. X-ray revealed a posterior dislocation of the Right hip joint. The clinical attitude of the affected lower limb will be - | [
"External rotation, extension & abduction",
"Internal rotation, flexion & adduction",
"Internal rotation, extension & abduction",
"External rotation, flexion & abduction"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Best prognosis is of which type of schizophrenia? | [
"Hebemated",
"Catatonic",
"Residual",
"Undifferentiated"
] | B | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Catatonic o Best prognosis-Catatonic schizophrenia.o Late onset & good prognosis-Paranoid schizophrenia (overall second best prognosis after catatonic type).o Worst prognosis and early onset-Hebephrenic (disorganized schizophrenia). | train | med_mcqa | null |
Hemiballismus is due to lesion in? | [
"Ipsilateral Caudate nucleus",
"Contralateral sub-thalamic lesion",
"Contralateral Putamen",
"Ipsilateral sub-thalamic lesion"
] | B | Ans. (b) Contralateral subthalamic lesionRef: Harrison 19th ed. / 2623LesionManifestation* Caudate nucleusContralateral chorea* Globus pallidusContralateral atheotosis* Sub-thalamic nucleusContralateral hemiballismus* CerebellumIpsilateral intentional tremors* Internal capsuleContra-lateral hemiplegia with hemi- anesthesia* Ventral ponsLocked in syndrome | train | med_mcqa | null |
Febuxostat is used for?(DNB 2012-section-1) | [
"HyperKalemia",
"Hyperuricemia",
"Hypernatremia",
"Hypercalemia"
] | B | Ans. (b) HyperuricemiaRef.-.Harrison's 18/e, ch 333 | train | med_mcqa | null |
True regarding autonomic system is | [
"High centre of integration is medulla oblongata",
"Conduction autonomic fibres is same as in somatic motor fibres",
"Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres are more lengthy",
"Ratio of preganglionic and post ganglionic fibres is 20:1"
] | C | Autonomic nervous system
- The highest centre is the hypothalamus.
- Conduction speed is slower in ANS compared to somatic nerves. ANS is non-myelinated.
- Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are lengthier because parasympathetic ganglia lie closer to the organs.
- Ratios of preganglionic to post ganglionic fibers are 1:20 to 1:100 in sympathetic system. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Asteroid bodies and cigar-shaped globi may be produced by | [
"Sporothrix",
"Histoplasma",
"Phialophora",
"Aspergillus"
] | A | Sporothrix schenckii: 1. Microscopy: a direct microscopic examination of KOH mounts of specimen stained by methenamine silver stain shows asteroid body: a rounded or oval, basophilic, yeast like body with rays of an eosinophilic substance radiating from a yeast cell. 2. In culture S. schenckii - yeast phase appears as cigar-shaped cells and mould form contains hyphae carrying flower-like clusters of small conidia borne on delicate sterigmata. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition | train | med_mcqa | null |
Most difficult site to remove cholesteatoma in sinus tympani is related with - | [
"Anterior facial ridge",
"Posterior facial ridge",
"Epitympanum",
"Hypotymparum"
] | B | The sinus tympani (Posterior facial ridge) is the posterior extension of the mesotympanum and lies deep to both the promontory and facial nerve.
The medial wall of sinus tympani becomes continuous with the posterior portion of the medial wall of the tympanic cavity. This is the worst region for access because it is above pyramid, posterior to intact stapes and medial to facial nerve.
A retro facial approach via mastoid is not possible because the posterior semi circular canal blocks the access. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Pernicious anemia occur due to | [
"Failure of secretion of Vit B12",
"Failure of secretion of intrinsic factor",
"Failure of absorption of intrinsic factor",
"Folate deficiency"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Two normal, healthy subjects volunteer for a study on insulin secretion. In Patient 1, blood glucose is increased to 150 mg/dL by direct intravenous infusion. In Patient 2, blood glucose is increased to 150 mg/dL by ingestion of oral glucose. The peak plasma insulin concentration produced in Patient 1 is 70 uU/mL while in Patient 2, it is 95 uU/mL. Which of the following best explains the higher insulin concentration in Patient 2? | [
"Ingested glucose activates a sympathetic reflex that increases b cell release of insulin",
"Ingested glucose increases duodenal secretion of gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), increasing b cell release of insulin",
"Intravenous glucose increases islet cell secretion of somatostatin, inhibiting b cell release of... | B | Ingestion of glucose results in secretion of a "gut factor" into the blood that subsequently increases insulin secretion by b cells. The most likely candidate for this action is the intestinal peptide known as gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), which obviously was named for its effects on the stomach. GIP secretion is increased during ingestion of glucose and the blood level produced is sufficient to stimulate insulin secretion. Because of this effect on insulin secretion, GIP is sometimes referred to as glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide. Activation of the sympathetic innervation to the pancreas inhibits insulin secretion an a2-adrenergic mechanism. Hence, any sympathetic reflexes activated during ingestion of glucose would decrease insulin secretion. While paracrine release of somatostatin by D cells in the islets does inhibit insulin secretion by b cells, there is no reason to suspect that intravenous versus ingested glucose would have a differential effect on somatostatin release. The same holds true for glucagon secretion by a cells. Fuhermore, glucagon has a paracrine effect to increase insulin secretion. | train | med_mcqa | null |
The most common site of Myocardiai infarction is - | [
"Anterolateral",
"Interventricular septum",
"Posterior wall",
"Inferior wall"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
CO acts by inhibiting which component of respiratory chain ? | [
"Cytochrome b",
"cytochrome C oxidase",
"NADH CoQ reductase",
"Oxidative phosphorylation"
] | B | Inhibitors of Electron transpo chain (Respiratory chain)Complex I :- Barbiturates (amobarbital), piercidin A, rotenone, chlorpromazine, guanithidine.Complex II :- Carboxin, TTFA, malonate.Complex III :- Dimercaprol, BAL, actinomycin A, Naphthyloquinone.Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) :- Carbon monoxide (CO), cyanide (CN), H2S, azide (N3-) | train | med_mcqa | null |
As per IPHS norms, the proposed number of Female health worker at Sub-center: | [
"1",
"2",
"3",
"None"
] | B | Subcentre norms (IPHS) Manpower Existing Proposed Health worker (female) 1 2 Health worker (male) 1 1 Voluntary worker 1 (Optional) 1 (Optional) Total 2/3 3/4 | train | med_mcqa | null |
The granules discharged in mycetoma contains | [
"bone specules",
"Fungal colonies",
"Pus cells",
"Inflammatory cells"
] | B | Granules composed of broader filaments and often shows septa and chlamydospores in mycotic mycetoma. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition | train | med_mcqa | null |
Gastric glands contains following cells EXCEPT | [
"Parietal cells",
"Paneth- cells",
"Mucous neck cells",
"Endocrinal cells."
] | B | B. i.e. (Paneth cells) (97-MK3rd) (241 -IBS. Histology 5th)* PANETH-CELLS - founds only in the deeper parts of intestinal crypts **Risch in zinc and have eosinophilic granule, secreting lysozyme and antibacterial substance (AI-09)GASTRIC-CELLS1. Chief or Zymogenic or peptic cells - secretes pepsin and lipase I located in body**2. Oxyntic or parietal cells - secretion of hydrochloric acid** and Intrinsic factor (glucoprotein)3. Mucous neck cells - secretes mucus4. Endocrine cells (Argentaffin cells) - secretes Gastrin hormone, serotonin (5HT)5. Undifferentiated cells (stem cells) - role in healing | train | med_mcqa | null |
Dot and blot hemorrhages and flame shaped hemorrhages can be seen characateristically in which of the following conditions | [
"Hypertensive retinopathy",
"Diabetic retinopathy",
"Retinitis pigmentosa",
"Central retinal artery occlusion"
] | B | Ans. (b) Diabetic retinopathyRef: Kanki 7/e, p. 536Hemorrhages can be seen in a number of vascular disorders or retina, but, dot and blot haemorrhages are characteristic for DR, even though they may be seen in other conditions also. | train | med_mcqa | null |
There is mutation of gene coding for the ryanodine receptors in malignant hyperthermia. Which of the following statements best explains the increased heat production in malignant hyperthemia? | [
"Increased muscle metabolism by excess of calcium ions",
"Thermic effect of food",
"Increased sympathetic discharge",
"Mitochondrial thermogenesis"
] | A | Ans. is 'a' ie increased muscle metabolism by excess of calcium ions (Ref: Harrison, 16/e, p105, p390; Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacology, 10/e, p204)Malignant hyperthermia is a life threatening event triggered by the administration of certain anesthetics and neuromuscular blocking agents.Clinical featuresSevere hyperthymia due to heat production from the skeletal muscles Contracture, rigidity Metabolic acidosis.Tachycardia.Drugs which trigger malignant hyperthermia.Halogenated hydrocarbons anesthetics (halothane, isoflurane and sevoflurane)Succinyl chlorine.MechanismThe event is triggered by uncontrolled release of Ca++ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.Association is seen with mutation in the gene Ry- R1 encoding for the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptors.Treatment.Malignant. hyprthermia should be treated immediately with cessation of anesthesia and intravenous administration of dantrolene. Procainamide should also be administered because of the possibility of ventricular fibrillation.Rapid cooling, inhalation of 100% oxygen and control of acidosis should be considered adjunct therapy. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Oral contraceptive failure may be seen with ? | [
"Rifampicin",
"Cimetidine",
"Propranolol",
"Ethambutol"
] | A | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Rifampicin o Contraceptive failure may occur if the following drugs are given concurrently : (a) Enzyme inducer --> Enhances the metabolism of estrogen & progesterone. Phenytoin 3. Carbamazepine 5. Primidone Phenobarbitone 4. Rifampicin 6. Griseofulvin (b) Suppression of intestinal microflora enterohepatic circulation. 1. Tetracyclines 2. Ampicillin | train | med_mcqa | null |
Discharging sinus is seen in | [
"Sporotrichosis",
"Cryptococcosis",
"Histoplasmosis",
"Mycetoma"
] | D | Mycetoma begins as a subcutaneous swelling usually of the foot which enlarges and borrows into the deeper tissues producing abscess. It burst with the formation of chronic multiple sinuses discharging viscous seropurulent fluid containing granules. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition | train | med_mcqa | null |
Bromocriptine can be used in following conditions except | [
"Hyperprolactinoma",
"Acromegaly",
"Parkinsonism",
"Diabetes insipudus"
] | D | Refer KDT 7th/e Pg 239. Bromocripine is approved in diabetes mellitus not diabetes insipudus Bromocriptine is an ergoline derivative and dopamine agonist that is used in the treatment of pituitary tumors, Parkinson's disease, hyperprolactinaemia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following is not a symptom of menetrier disease | [
"Weight gain",
"Edema",
"Diarrhea",
"Vomiting"
] | A | Menetrier disease associated with loss of proteins and diarrhoea so there will be weight loss | train | med_mcqa | null |
Keloid scars is made up of- | [
"Dense collagen",
"Loose fibrous tissue",
"Granulamatous tissue",
"Loose areolar tissue"
] | A | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Dense Collagen | train | med_mcqa | null |
Chi-square test is used for | [
"Comparing percentage, propoions & fractions in paired data",
"Comparing percentage, propoions & fractions in two or more different group of individuals",
"Comparing percentage, propoions & fractions in matched paired data",
"Comparing percentage, propoions & fractions in two unpaired samples"
] | B | - Chi-square test is used for comparing percentage, propoions & fractions in two or more different group of individuals. - Degree of freedom = - more accurate | train | med_mcqa | null |
Process of deflouridation of water is - | [
"Nalgonda technique",
"NINH",
"Sand filter",
"Parboiling"
] | A | The National Environmental Engineering Research Institute,Nagpur developed a technique for removing flouride by chemical treatment.It is called Nalgonda technique for deflourination of water.REF.PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE.Editon-21.Page no.-596 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Superior oblique muscle performs action of -a) Intortionb) Extortion c) Elevationd) Medial rotation | [
"b",
"ad",
"ac",
"ab"
] | B | The primary action of superior oblique muscle is intorsion.The subsidiary actions are depression and abduction.
Dont get confuse by option d. Intorsion is also called medial rotation or internal rotation and extorsion is also called lateral rotation or external rotation.
Note:-
Khurana has mentioned medial rotation as adduction and lateral rotation as abduction. This is incorrect. I have checked it from various standard textbook of ophthalmology and also from internet. If you dont believe, read following statments:-
"Superior rectus causes elevation (upward movement), adduction and intorsion (medial rotation) of the eye".— Clinical ophthalmology
"Contraction of superior oblique muscle causes depression, medial rotation and abduction". — Oswald steward
"The rolling movement of eye towards the nose is called intorsion or medial rotation while rolling movement away from nose is called extorsion or lateral rotation". — Textbook of practical physiology | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following Antiepileptic acts by opening Potassium channel? | [
"Ezogabine",
"Felbamate",
"Lacosamide",
"Gabapentin"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Tm for glucose is: | [
"500",
"440",
"350",
"150"
] | C | Ans. C. 350a. The renal active transport systems have a maximum rate at which they can transport a particular solute.b. This is known as TRANSPORT MAXIMUM OR TM for that solute.c. The Tm of glucose is know as TmG and is 375 mg/min in men and 300 mg/mm in women. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Tocilizumab is antibody against ? | [
"IL 2",
"IL 4",
"IL 6",
"IL 8"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., IL 6 Tocilizumab It is the antibody directed against IL 6 receptor It is approved for use in : Rheumatoid ahritis Neuromyelitisoptica Castleman's disease Systemic juvenile idiopathic ahritis | train | med_mcqa | null |
Study of multiplication of proteins in disease process is called - | [
"Proteomics",
"Genomics",
"Glycomics",
"Nucleomics"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Anteversion of uterus is maintained by | [
"Cardinal ligaments",
"Uterosacral ligaments",
"Pubocervical ligaments",
"Round ligaments"
] | D | (D) Round ligaments[?]POSITIONS OF UTERUS:Anteversion of uterus: Long axis of uterus is bent forward on long axis of vagina, In most women.Also, long axis of body of uterus is bent forward at level of internal as with long axis of cervix (anteflexion of uterus). Thus, in erect position and with bladder empty, uterus lies in an almost horizontal plane.Fundus and body of uterus are bent backward on vagina so that they lie in rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas). Uterus is therefore retroverted. If body of the uterus is, in addition, bent backward on cervix, it is also retroflexed.Angle of Anteflexion is 125degStructures assist in keeping the uterus in position:Sustainer structures: Urogenital diaphragm, Levator ani muscle, Perineal bodySuspensory Structures:Pubocervical ligament, Cardinal ligament (parametrium)Uterosacral ligamentRound ligament of UterusStructures assist in keeping the uterus in Antever- s ion-anteflexion:Cardinal ligament (parametrium):Supports Anteversion, the uterine angle between cervix & body.-Between Vagina & CervixRound Ligament of Uterus:Maintains Anteflexion of the uterus (a position where the fundus of the uterus leans ventrally).-During Pregnancy it gives support to the anteversion as well.Angle of Anteversion 90deg: Maintained by Round & uterosacral ligaments.It has even more significant role during pregnancy. When the uterus grows during pregnancy, the round ligaments can stretch causing pain.#. Position:!. Non pregnant uterus is within the pelvis.!. It is anteverted & anteflexed in position.!. Long axis of cervix is bent on long axis of vagina this is called Anteversion.!. Body of uterus is bent forwards over cervix at the isthmus and is known as Anteflexion.#. Pubocervical ligament:!. Attached Anteriorly to posterior aspect of body of pubis!. Passes to neck of bladder.!. Anterior fornix of vagina.!. Pubocervical ligaments help to maintain normal angle of 45deg between the vagina & horizontal.!. Decrease may cause a cystocoele. | train | med_mcqa | null |
On electron microscopy amyloid characteristically exhibits: | [
"B-plated sheets",
"Hyaline globules",
"7.5-10 nm fibrils",
"20-25 nm fibrils"
] | C | Propeies of Amyloid Proteins: -Physical Nature of Amyloid: Electron microscopy-- Continuous, non-branching fibrils with a diameter of approximately 7.5 to 10 nm. X-ray crystallography and infrared spectroscopy-- Cross-b-pleated sheet conformation. This conformation is responsible for the distinctive Congo red staining and birefringence of amyloid. -Chemical Nature of Amyloid The AL (amyloid light chain)-excess of the light chains will deposit outside the cell in the form of Amyloid protein.It is seen in Multiple Myeloma patients. The AA (amyloid-associated) type of amyloid fibril protein is derived from unique non-Ig protein made by the liver. b-amyloid protein (Ab)-Seen in Alzheimer disease.(deposition of Ab plaque in the brain,causing damage to the coical neurons lowering the acetylcholine levels ,leading to |Memory. | train | med_mcqa | null |
All of the following drugs are effective for cervical ripening during pregnancy except : | [
"Prostaglandin E2",
"Oxytocin",
"Progesterone",
"Misoprostol"
] | C | Ripening of cervix is changing the cervical matrix from sol to gel state by dissolving the collagen bundles making cervix soft. Drugs used for cervical ripening are: Prostaglandin - Dinoprostal gel and Misoprostal tablet Steroid receptor antagonist - Mifepristone, Onapristone Relaxin Glyceryl trinitrite, isosorbide mononitrate Oxytocin Ref: Williams Obs 24e pg 525,Datta Obs 9e pg 486. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Primary increase in CO2 in body is seen in - | [
"Respiratory acidosis",
"Respiratory alkalosis",
"Metabolic acidosis",
"Metabolic alkalosis"
] | A | Primary increase in CO2 in body is seen in Respiratory Acidosis
Primary decrease or increase in bicarbonate cause metabolic acidosis or alkalosis.
Consider this equation | train | med_mcqa | null |
Hormone for breast milk feeding is: | [
"Oxytocin",
"Prolactin",
"Galactogen",
"GH"
] | A | Oxytocin | train | med_mcqa | null |
A child having perianal pruritus with following eggs is due to - | [
"E. vermicularis",
"Ascaris",
"Ancylostoma duodenale",
"Strongyloides stercoralis"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Systemic Millary TB spreads | [
"Aery",
"Vein",
"Bronchus",
"Lymphatic"
] | A | . Ans. is 'a' i.e., Aery | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following viruses is capable of replication in enucleated cells? | [
"Adenovirus",
"Cytomegalovirus",
"Poliovirus",
"Influenza virus"
] | C | Most RNA viruses (eg, poliovirus) replicate in the cytoplasm and therefore can replicate in enucleated cells. Poliovirus belongs to the family Picornaviridae. These viruses are nonenveloped and have an icosahedral nucleocapsid that contains positive-sense RNA. The exception to the rule regarding RNA viruses is the family Ohomyxoviridae, the influenza viruses. Ohomyxoviruses undergo transcription and RNA replication in the nucleus of the host cell because they need to cannibalize the capped 5' termini of cellular RNAs for use as primers for viral mRNA transcription. For most DNA viruses, transcription and DNA replication occur in the nucleus of the host cell. The exception to this observation is the family Poxviridae, which carries out its replication in the cytoplasm. Poxviridae includes variola virus, vaccinia virus, molluscum contagiosum, and orf virus. Adenoviruses are non enveloped and have an icosahedral nucleocapsid that contains a double-stranded linear DNA genome. Cytomegalovirus is a member of family Herpesviridae. It is an enveloped virus with an icosahedral nucleocapsid that contains a double-stranded linear DNA genome. Ref: Ray C.G., Ryan K.J. (2010). Chapter 12. Enteroviruses. In C.G. Ray, K.J. Ryan (Eds), Sherris Medical Microbiology, 5e. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Nerve passing from greater sciatic foramen to lesser sciatic foramen | [
"Pudendal nerve",
"Superior rectal nerve",
"Inferior rectal nerve",
"Sciatic nerve"
] | A | The greater sciatic foramen is an opening (foramen) at the back of the human pelvis. It is formed by the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments. The piriformis muscle passes through the foramen and occupies most of its volume. ref - BDC 6e vol2 pg363 | train | med_mcqa | null |
What is a floating knee - | [
"Damage to both anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments",
"Condition of knee due to tear in medial and lateral collateral ligaments",
"Femoral shaft fracture with proximal tibia metaphyseal fracture",
"Advanced tuberculosis of knee joint"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Femoral shaft fracture with proximal tibia metaphyseal fracture Floating Kneeo Floating knee is a flail knee joint resulting from fractures of the shafts or adjacent metaphyses of the femur and ipsilateral tibia. Floating knee injuries may include a combination of diaphyseal, metaphyseal, and intra-articular fracturesPresentationo Floating knee injuries must be included in assessment and treatment protocols for patients with polytraumao Damage to the vessels (mainly the popliteal and posterior tibial arteries) and lesions of the nerves (eg, peroneal nerve) are common. Vascular injury is common and may be limb threatening if not recognized and addressedo The incidence of open fractures is high, approaching 50-70%, at one or both fracture sites. The most common combination is a closed femoral fracture with an open tibial fracture,o A well-documented finding is injury to the knee ligaments that occur in association with ipsilateral femoral and tibial fractures. Anterolateral rotatory instability is the most common pattern of instability. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Most common cause of dysentery is - | [
"Shigella dysentrie",
"E. Histolytica",
"Salmonella",
"Compylobacter"
] | A | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Shigella dysentrie Shigella accounts for majority of cases of dysentry. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Ridge of Passavant is found in: | [
"Tensor palati",
"Levator palati",
"Superior constrictor",
"Inferior constrictor"
] | C | Superior constrictor | train | med_mcqa | null |
All of the following are functions of CD 4 helper cells, except- | [
"Immunogenic memory",
"Produce immnoglobulins",
"Activate macrophages",
"Activate cytotoxic cells"
] | B | CD4 T cells are helper T cells. They stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, release of cytokines and are responsible for memory. They do not directly produce any antibody by their own. Basic Pathology, Robbins. Page no.:101 | train | med_mcqa | null |
What is the result of increasing preload on cardiac muscle? | [
"Shoening of muscle fibre",
"Lengthening of muscle fibre",
"No effect",
"Variable effect"
] | B | Preload is the degree to which the myocardium is stretched before it contracts. Increasing the preload therefore increases the length of muscle fiber. The force of contraction of cardiac muscle depends on its preload and afterload. According to Frank Starling's law: Energy of contraction is propoional to the initial length of cardiac muscle fiber. When cardiac output is regulated by changes in cardiac muscle fiber length, this is referred to as heterometric regulation. Regulation of cardiac output due to changes in contractility independent of the length is sometimes called homometric regulation. Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 24e, chapter 30 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Supination and Pronation occurs at ? | [
"Wrist joint",
"Radio-ulnar joints",
"Elbow joint",
"Midcarpal jont"
] | B | Forearm rotation (supination & proration) occurs at radio-ulnar joint complexe i.e.Superior (proximal) radioulnar jointInferior (distal) radioulnar jointMiddle radioulnar joint | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following is a bactericidal drug for Mycobacterium leprae? | [
"Ofloxacin",
"Ciprofloxacin",
"Amoxicillin",
"Erythromycin"
] | A | Ans. (A) Ofloxacin(Ref: KDT 7th/e p782)Ofloxacin, pefloxacin, moxifloxacin and sparfloxacin are fluoroquinolones effective against leprosy and fluoroquinolone are bactericidal drugs. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.