question stringlengths 1 6.54k | choices listlengths 4 4 | answer stringclasses 4
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All are true regarding lupus anticoagulant except | [
"Increased PT",
"Increased aboion",
"Rashes",
"None"
] | D | Ans. is 'None' | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following is true regarding the duration of treatment of XDR-Tb? | [
"Total duration 24-30 months",
"Intensive phase - 6 to 9 months",
"Continuation phase - 15 months",
"All of the above"
] | A | Regimen for XDR-TB All XOR-TB patients should also be subject to a repeat full pre-treatment evaluation, but also including consultation by a thoracic surgeon for consideration of surgery. MDR-TB patients diagnosed as XOR-TB would be given an outcome of "Switched to regimen for XOR-TB". The decision and initiation of regimen for XOR-TB is to be taken by the concerned DR-TB centre committee. The Intensive Phase (6-12 months) consists of 7 drugs - Capreomycin (Cm), PAS, Moxifloxacin (Mfx), High dose INH, Clofazimine, Linezolid, and Amoxyclav The Continuation Phase (18 months) consists of 6 drugs - PAS, Moxifloxacin (Mfx), High dose INH, Clofazimine, Linezolid, and Amoxyclav. RNTCP regimen for XDR-TB: 6-12 Cm, PAS, Mfx, High dose-H, Cfz, Lzd, Amx/Clv/ 18 PAS, Mfx, High dose-H, Cfz, Lzd, Amx/Clv (Reserve/Substitute drugs : Clarithromycin, Thiacetazone) Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 192 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Epidemic typhus is transmitted by ? | [
"Flea",
"Mite",
"Louse",
"Tick"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Louse | train | med_mcqa | null |
Lignocaine in high dose produces | [
"Convulsion",
"Respiratory depression",
"Hypotension",
"All"
] | D | A i.e. Convulsion; B i.e. Respiratory depression; C i.e. Hypotension Xylocaine is available in concentration of 5% (for subarachnoid-spinal anesthesia), 4% (topical) and .2% (2, 1.5, 1 and 0.5%) of which 0.5% is usually used for epidural. If it is asked that what is the max dose of Xylocaine with adrenaline the answer will be same i.e. 500 mgQ and ans. will be 300 mgQ when max dose of lignocaine without adrenaline is asked. Lidocaine is an amide and can l/t convulsions, bronchospasm, respiratory failure, depress hypoxia drive, and can cause apnea, bradycardia, hypotension & cardiac failureQ. | train | med_mcqa | null |
10 year old with poor growth, poor appetite, recurrent chest infections and steatorrhea is likely to have | [
"High sodium and chloride in sweat",
"Diabetes mellitus",
"Recurrent skin allergy",
"Mental retardation"
] | A | The above given case suggestive that child with High sodium and chloride in sweat. Reference: GHAI Essential pediatrics, 8th edition | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 50-years old woman complains of intermittent bleeding from the left nipple over the past 3 months. No mass is palpable; but a bead of blood can be expressed from the nipple. The ideal procedure in this case would be- | [
"Cytological examination of discharge and if no malignant cells, to be kept under careful observation",
"Segmental excision of breast",
"Microdochotomy",
"Simple mastectomy"
] | C | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Rx of choice for 'after cataract': | [
"Repeat ECCE",
"Holmium laser",
"Argon Laser",
"Nd-YAG Laser"
] | D | Ans. d (Nd- YAG Laser). (Ref: Ophthalmology by A K Khurana 2nd ed: 209)LASERNd-YAG USER# Thin membranous after cataract and thickened posterior capsule are best treated by YAG laser capsulotomy or discission with cystotome or Ziegler's knife.# Nd-YAG produces an infrared radiation with a wavelength of 1064nm.He-Ne LASER# is used to produce the red aiming beam. Doubling its frequency makes it suitable for photocoagulation.# It is usually Q-switched when used to treat the eye.# It is used to treat posterior capsular thickening following cataract surgery and iridotomy for narrow angle glaucomaARGON LASER# can produce both blue and green light.# The new argon laser limits the emission to green light which is not absorbed by the macular xanthophylls and therefore less damaging to the macula of both the patients and the doctors.# During photocoagulation, the laser should just blanch the retina instead of heavy or white burn which increases the risk of visual field loss and reduced dark vision.# Argon laser is well-absorbed by melanin and a pigmented fundus requires less power than a light fundus. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Stain is not taken by capsule in gram negative organisms becasue the capsule consist of - | [
"Polysaccharides",
"Lipopolysaccharides",
"Lipids",
"Protein"
] | A | Slime has a little affinity for basic dyes and is not visible in Gram stained smears . Special capsule staining techniques are available usually employing copper salts as mordants . Capsules may be readily demonstrated by negative staining in wet films with India ink , when they are seen as clear halos around the bacteria aganist a black background Methods used for demonstration of Capsule: 1.Indian ink(Negative staining) 2.Serological Methods 3.special capsular staining Ref :Ananthanarayan & paniker's Textbook of microbiology 9th edition pg no 18,C.p.Baveja pg no 17 | train | med_mcqa | null |
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DRUGS IS USED AS NAIL LACQUAR FOR FUNGAL INFECTIONS? | [
"TERBINAFINE",
"ITRACONAZOLE",
"NYSTATIN",
"FLUCANAZOLE"
] | A | NAIL LACQUER IS USED FOR TREATMENT OF ONCHOMYCOSIS CONTAINS TOPIC 10% TERBINAFINE REF: KD TRIPATHI 8TH ED | train | med_mcqa | null |
Misoprostol is a? | [
"Prostaglandin E1 analogue",
"Prostaglandin E2 analogue",
"Prostaglandin antagonist",
"Antiprogestin"
] | A | Misoprostol -PGE1 analog used for aboion-200mg.BD/orally. along with mifepristone to induce aboion in 1st few wks of pregnancy. Ulcer protective agent-200mg orally QID Ref: KD Tripathi 8th ed. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Gvnaecomastia may be associated with | [
"Klinefelter's syndrome",
"Feminizing tumour of adrenal gland",
"Normal adolescent boys who are rapidly virilizing",
"All of the above"
] | D | (D) All of the above # Pathological gynecomastia may result from deficiency of testosterone (anorchia, Klinefleter's, androgen resistance orchitis & castration); Increased production of estrogens (testicular or adrenal tumours, hCG secreting tumours> Drugs (ketoconazole, spironolactone & Cemitidine inhibit testosterone); clomiphene enhances endogenous estrogen | train | med_mcqa | null |
Barr body is absent in - | [
"Kleinfelter",
"Turner",
"Super female",
"None of the above"
] | B | Ans. is 'b' i. e., Turner Barr body (Sex- chromatin)o It is a densely staining inactivated condensed 'X' chromosome that is present in each somatic cells of female,o It is found in the nucleus.o It is used as a test of genetic femaleness - it is possible to determine the genetic sex of an individual according as to whether there is a chromatin mass present on the inner surface of the nuclear membrane of cells with resting or internment nuclei. Remember following fact and the question will seem very easy.o Chromatid body (Barr body or sex chromatin) is derived from one of the two X-chromosomes which becomes inactivated.o The numer of Barr bodies is thus one less than the number of X-chromosomes.Now see each option one by oneo Kleinefelter's syndrome (XXY) - Two 'X' chromosomes - 1 Barr body (2-1).o Turner syndrome (XO) - one 'X' chromosome -No Barr body (1-1 =0).o Superfemale (XXX) - Three 'X' chromosome -2 Barr bodies (2-1).Note-o Barr body is found in female but :-Kleinefelter syndrome is male with Barr body.Turner syndrome is female without Barr body. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Main inspiratory muscle is ? | [
"Lattissimus dorsi",
"Transversus thoracis",
"Serratus anterior",
"Diaphragm"
] | D | Respiratory muscles Inspiratory muscles1. During quiet breathing : Diaphragm (most impoant), external intercostal and interchondral pa of internal intercostal.2. During forced inspiration : Sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, serratus posterior superior, pectoralis major and minor, erector spinae, scaleni and levator costarum.Expiratory muscles1. During quiet breathing : Passive process due to passive recoil of the lungs and thoracic wall.2. During forced expiration : Internal intercostal, innermost intercostal, transversus thoracic, serratus posterior inferior, subcostalis, lattissimus dorsi and abdominal muscles (rectus abdominis, internal and external oblique and transversus abdominis). | train | med_mcqa | null |
Pink reflex through intact tympanic membrane in active otosclerosis is known as | [
"Schwabach's sign",
"Schwartz sign",
"Lyre's sign",
"Chvostek's sign"
] | B | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Schwartz sign * Schwartz sign is a pink reflex, seen through intact tympanic membrane, in the area of oval window. It indicates active otosclerosis usually during pregnancy.* Lyre's sign is splaying apart of internal and external carotid arteries on angiogram in cases of carotid body tumour of the neck.* Chvostek's sign seen in hypocalcaemia as after total thyroidectomy where parathyroids have also been removed. Tapping over the distribution of facial nerve produces a twitch. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Antifolate cancer drugs are: (PGI Nov 2009) | [
"Methotrexate",
"Azathioprine",
"Cyclosporin",
"Vincristne"
] | A | Ans:A (Methotrexate) Folate AntagonistMethotrexate'-'Trimethoprim4Pyrimethamine4PemetrexedMethotrexate (MTX) It is a folic acid antagonistQ that binds to the active catalytic site of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFRQ, interfering with the synthesis of the reduced form that accepts one-carbon units. Lack of this cofactor interrupts the de novo synthesis of thymidylate, purine nucleotides, and the amino acids serine and methionine, thereby interfering with the formation of DNA, RNA, and key cellular proteins.PemetrexedIt is a pyrrolopyrimidine antifolate analogue'Jwifh activity in the S phase of the cell cycle. As in the case of MTX, it is transported into the cell via the reduced folate carrier and requires activation by the enzyme FPGS to yield higher polyglutamate forms.While this agent targets DHFR and enzymes involved in de novo purine nucleotide synthesis, its main site of action is via inhibition of thymidylate synthase.At present, this anti folate is approved for use in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of mesothelioma - and as a single agent in the second-line therapy of non-small cell lung cancer.Cisplatin# Although the precise mechanism of action of cisplati n is still undefined, it is thought to exert its cytotoxic effects in the same manner as alkylating agents.It kills cells in all stages of the cell cycle, binds DNA through the formation of intrastrand and interstrand cross-links, and inhibits DNA synthesis and function. The primary binding site is the iY7 position of guanine1) but covalent interaction with adenine and cytosine also occursDrug Acting Directly on Cells (Cytotoxic Drugs)1. Alkylating eventsNitrogen mustardQMechlorethamine (Mustine HC])CyclophosphamideQIfosfamideQChlorambucilMelphalanQ# Ethyleninine:Thio-TEPA # Alkyl sulfonate:BusulfanQ# Nitrosoureas:Carmustine (BCNU),Lomustine (CCNU]# Triazine:Dacarbazine (DT1C)2. Antimetabolites#Folate antagonistMethotrexate (Mtx)# Purine antagonist6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP)6-Thioguanine (6-TG)AzathioprineQFludarabineQ# Pyrimidine antagonist5-FlurouracilQ (5-FU),Cytarabine (cytosine arabinoside)3. Vinca alkaloidsVincristine (Oncovin],Vinblastine4. TaxanesQPaclitaxelQDocetaxei5. Epipodophyllo toxinQEtoposideQ6. Camptothecin analoguesTopotecanQIrinotecanQ7. AntibioticsQActinomycin DQ(Dactinomycin)DoxorubicinQDaunorubicinQ (Rubidomycin)Mitoxantrone8. MiscellaneousHydroxyureaQProcarbazine,L-Asparaginase,CisplatinQCarboplatinImatinibQ | train | med_mcqa | null |
Karyotyping of a fetus is done routinely by all the following except | [
"Chorionic villus sampling",
"Cordocentesis",
"Amniocentesis",
"Fetal skin biopsy"
] | D | Karyotyping: the Visual study of chromosomes after metaphase arrest by the use of ColchicineFetal karyotyping :1)Chorionic villus sampling: Biopsy taken transcervically at 8 to 12 weeks of gestation2)Amniocentesis: 20 ml of amniotic fluid is aspirated at 14 to 20 weeks of gestation3)Cordocentesis (not preferable): Fetal blood aspirated from the umbilical cord after 18weeks of gestation(Ref: Kawthalkar's essentials of hematology 2/e p162) | train | med_mcqa | null |
Gold standard flap for breast reconstruction - | [
"TRAM flap",
"LD flap",
"DIEP flap",
"Silicone gel implant"
] | C | Ans. is 'C' i.e., DIEP flap | train | med_mcqa | null |
Percentage of tubal causes in female infertility is | [
"7%",
"19%",
"26%",
"40%"
] | C | Tubal factor infertility is most commonly caused by pelvic inflammatory diseases, sexually transmitted diseases or other diseases such as endometriosis.
The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) says that 25 to 35 percent of female infertility is due to tubal factors. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Superior orbital fissure syndrome - following nerves are affected - | [
"C.N.1,2,4,6",
"C.N. 2, 3, 4, 6",
"C.N. 3, 4, 5, 6",
"C.N. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., C.N. 3, 4, 5, 6 o The superior orbital fissure is a cleft between the lesser and greater wing of sphenoid.The structures passed through superior orbital fissure are 3rd, 4th, 6th nerve, ophthalmic division of 5th nerve, superior & inferior division of ophthalmic vein and sympathetic fibres. Therefore symptoms of superior orbital fissure syndrome are same as in cavernous sinus thrombosis, i.e., painful ophthalmoplegia :- Pain (retro-orbital pain) and sensory> disturbances in the V1 (ophthalmic division of 5th nerve)distributionIpsilateral ophthalmoplegia (3rd, 4th and 6th nerve involvement). | train | med_mcqa | null |
Underdeveloped maxilla is seen in : | [
"Treacher Collins syndrome",
"Pierre Robin syndrome",
"Craniofacial dysostosis",
"Both 1 and 2"
] | C | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Not a feature of heroin {smack} withdrawal | [
"Yawning",
"Muscle cramps",
"Hypersomnia",
"Hypeention"
] | C | Heroin or di-acetyl-morphine is about two times more potent than morphine in injectable form. Apa from the parenteral mode of administration, heroin can also be smoked or 'chased' ( chasing the dragon), often in an impure form (called ' smack' or ' brown sugar' in India). Withdrawal SyndromeThe onset of withdrawal symptoms occurs typically within 12-24 hours, peaks within 24-72 hours, and symptoms usually subside within 7-10 days of the last dose of opioid. The characteristic symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, pupillary dilation, sweating, diarrhoea, yawning, tachycardia, mild hypeension, insomnia, raised body temperature, muscle cramps, generalised body ache, severe anxiety, piloerection, nausea, vomiting and anorexia. There are marked individual differences in the presentation of withdrawal symptoms. Heroin withdrawal syndrome is far more severe than the withdrawal syndrome seen with morphine. Ref: A Sho Textbook of Psychiatry, Niraj Ahuja, 7th Edition, pg. no. 43 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Spasm of hair follicles after drowning | [
"Cutis anserina",
"Edema aquosum",
"Emphysema aquosum",
"None"
] | A | Cutis anserina or goose skin: Skin has granular and puckered appearance due to spasm of erection fibers and the muscles attached to hair follicles. It can occur in living in cold weather and in submersion of body in cold water immediately after death, while the muscles are still warm and irritable. Reff: The synopsis of forensic medicine & Toxicology 28th edition pg: 192 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Collagen ------ forms the main pa of anchoring fibrils in epithelial tissues | [
"VII",
"IV",
"VIII",
"I"
] | A | Ref: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 50; The Extracellular Matrix | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following regarding chaperones are false? | [
"Belong to heat shock proteins",
"They have a wide range of expression",
"Ubiquitin is the most important chaperon",
"Prevent aggregation of unfolded proteins"
] | C | Some Properties of Chaperone Proteins:
Present in a wide range of species from bacteria to humans.
Many are so-called heat shock proteins (Hsp).
Some are inducible by conditions that cause unfolding of newly synthesized proteins (eg, elevated temperature and various chemicals).
They bind to predominantly hydrophobic regions of unfolded proteins and prevent their aggregation.
They act in part as a quality control or editing mechanism for detecting misfolded or otherwise defective proteins.
Most chaperones show associated ATPase activity, with ATP or ADP being involved in the protein-chaperone interaction.
Found in various cellular compartments such as cytosol, mitochondria, and the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Ref: Harper’s illustrated biochemistry. 30th edition page no: 609 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Normal platelet count is found in: | [
"Wiskott Aldrich syndrome",
"Henoch Schonlein purpura",
"Immune thrombocytopenia",
"Dengue fever"
] | B | All other options have decreased platelet count except Henoch Schonlein purpura. Henoch-Schonlein purpura is a systemic syndrome involving the skin (purpuric rash), gastrointestinal tract (abdominal pain), and joints (ahritis). skin manifestations in HSP are due to small vessel vasculitis and platelet count is normal. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is an X-linked disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, eczema, and a marked vulnerability to recurrent infection that results in early death. The platelets are small and are reduced in number . | train | med_mcqa | null |
Amount of previously unrecognized disease which is diagnosed by screening effort, is - | [
"Yield",
"Sensitivity",
"Specificity",
"PPV"
] | A | Yield of the screening test: Is the amount of previously unrecognized disease that is diagnosed as a result of screening effort.
Yield of the screening test depends on:
Sensitivity of screening test.
Specificity of screening test.
Prevalence of the disease in population.
Participation of individuals in the detection programme.
Yield of a screening test increases by: selecting high risk population for screening. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following statements about squamous cell carcinoma of cervix is false: | [
"Common at squamocolumnar junction",
"CT scan is mandatory for staging",
"Post coital bleeding is a common symptom",
"HPV 16 and 18 are associated with high risk of carcinogenesis"
] | B | Let’s see each option separately—
Option ‘a’ is Squamous cell carcinoma is common at squamous columnar junction.
Histologically Ca cervix is of 2 types. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Sclerodema like disorder is/are caused by - | [
"Vinyl chloride",
"Bleomycin",
"Pentazocin",
"All of the above"
] | D | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
A child is brought by her mother complaining foreign body sensation in both eyes since few days. On examination 'cobblestone appearance' of tarsal conjunctiva is seen which is characteristic of: | [
"Blepharoconjunctivitis",
"Vernal conjunctivitis",
"Phlyctenular conjunctivitis",
"Herpetic keratitis"
] | B | Vernal conjunctivitis characteristically affects children and adolescents. Vernal conjunctivitis occurs only in the warm months of the year. The disease characteristically produces giant ("cobblestone") papillae of the tarsal conjunctiva. The keratinized epithelium from these papillae may abrade the underlying cornea, giving rise to complaints of foreign body sensation or even producing frank epithelial loss ("shield ulcer"). This disease affects the limbal region, producing a characteristic gelatinous thickening of the limbal conjunctiva, often associated with white accumulations of eosinophils and desquamated epithelial cells ("Horner-Trantas dots"). Ref: Chan T.Y., Hodge W.G. (2011). Chapter 16. Immunologic Diseases of the Eye. In P. Riordan-Eva, E.T. Cunningham, Jr. (Eds), Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 18e. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Placement of a This tube for lung surgery is best confirmed by | [
"EtCO2",
"Airway pressure measurement",
"Clinically by auscultation",
"Bronchoscopy"
] | D | . | train | med_mcqa | null |
Right Gastric Aery is a branch of : | [
"Coelic Trunk",
"Hepatic aery",
"Gastroduodenal aery",
"Splenic aery"
] | B | Right gastric aery originates from the hepatic aery just distal to the origin of gastroduodenal aery. It turns to the left and runs upwards along the the lesser curvature of the stomach and ends by anastomosing with the left gastric aery which is a branch of the coeliac trunk. Coeliac trunk: Arises at the level of interveebral disc between T12 and L1 veebrae. It is an unpaired branch of the abdominal aoa that arises from its ventral/anterior aspect (front) just below the aoic opening of diagphragm. Branches: Left Gastric aery (Smallest branch) Common Hepatic aery Splenic Aery (Largest branch of trunk) Ends by anastomosing with right gastric aery (Right Gastric aery is a branch of the hepatic aery) Common hepatic aery is a direct branch of the celiac trunk till the origin of gastroduodenal aery. The pa distal to this origin is termed proper hepatic aery Sho gastric aeries (5-7) Left gastroepiploic aery Numerous pancreatic branches Aeria pancreaticamagna Aeria cauda pancreatic Splenic hila branches Common Hepatic aery gives off a branch called Gastroduodenal aery and continues as the Hepatic aery proper. Right gastric aery originates from the hepatic aery just distal to the origin of gastroduodenal aery. Thus the right gastric aery may be termed as a branch of the hepatic aery proper rather than the common hepatic aery. Hepatic aery Branches: Gastro-duodenal aery Right gastric Aery Hepatic Aery proper Right gastroepiploic aery Superior pancreaticoduodenal aery Right gastric aery (ends by anastomosing with the left gastric aery) Hepatic aery proper ends by dividing into left and right hepatic aeries Right hepatic aery Left hepatic aery (cystic aery) is a branch of the right hepatic aery Ref: Vishram Singh 2nd edition Pgno: 120 | train | med_mcqa | null |
The highest E.S.R. is seen in following conditions except: | [
"Polymyositis rheumatica",
"Multiple myeloma",
"Temporal activities",
"Polycythemia rubra"
] | D | Polycythemia rubra | train | med_mcqa | null |
Following are spontaneous resolution tumours except - | [
"Malignant melanoma",
"Osteogenic sarcoma",
"Cholangio carcinoma",
"Retinoblastoma"
] | B | A cancer that stas in the bone. In the ends of bone where new bone forms as the person grows. Thigh, upper arm, shin are the common sites. | train | med_mcqa | null |
All are true about coeliac trunk except - | [
"Ventral branch of aorta",
"Surrounded by a plexus of nerves",
"Lies at lower border of pancreas",
"Left gastric artery is a branch"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Lies at lower border of pancreas o Celiac trunk is related to upper border (not lower border) of body of pancreas.Coeliac Trunko Coeliack trunk is the artery ofthe foregut, therefore it supplies all derivatives of foregutLower end of esophapgus,stomach and proximal part of duodenum up to the opening of common bile ductLiverSpleenGreater part of pancreaso It arises from front (ventral surface) of the abdominal aorta at the level of Tp-L, disc space, just below the aortic opening of diaphragm.Realtions of coeliac trunk1. It is surrounded by the coeliac plexus of nerves .2. Anteriorly, it is related to the lesser sac and to the lesser omentum .3. To its right, there are the right crus of the diaphragm, the right coeliac ganglion and the caudate process of the liver.4. To its left, there are the left crus of the diaphragm, the left coeliac ganglion and the cardiac end of the stomach.5. Inferiorly, it is related to the body of the pancreas and to the splenic vein (fig. 21.2).Branches of coeliac trunko The coeliac trunk is only about 1.25cm long and it ends by dividing into its three terminal branches :1. Left gastric artery- Smallest of three branches- It gives of:Two or three esophageal branchesNumber of gastric branches2. Common hepatic artery- It gives of:Gastroduodenal arteryRight gastric artetyCystic artery3. Splenic artery-This is the largest branch.lt gives of:Numerous pancreatic branchesShort gastric arteriesLeft gastroepiploic arteries. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Aqueous flare seen in anterior chamber is due to: | [
"Leakage of protein paicles into the aqueous humour following breakdown of blood aqueous barrier",
"Leakage of leukocytes into anterior chamber",
"Both of the above",
"None of the above"
] | A | Ans. Leakage of protein paicles into the aqueous humour following breakdown of blood aqueous barrier | train | med_mcqa | null |
Initial amino acid in prokaryotic protein synthesis | [
"Arginine",
"Methionine",
"Formyl-methionine",
"Alanine"
] | C | Activation of amino acid is the first phase of translation, among which initiation of protein synthesis is the first step. It is divided into 4steps .1st one is recognition steps. In eukaryotes, the first amino acid incorporated is methionine(AUG codon). But in prokaryotes, the same codon stands for N-formyl methionine, which is the first amino acid.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 7th edition, page no: 600 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Main support of the uterus is formed by: | [
"Mackendrot's ligament",
"Broad ligament",
"Fallopian tubes",
"Round ligament"
] | A | Ref: Slum 's Textbook of Gynaecology 15th Edition Pg 18.Explanation:Supports of uterus are triradiate condensation of endo pelvic fascia:Anterior spoke - Pubocervical ligamentEateral spoke - Mackenrodt ligamentPosterior spoke - Uterosacral ligamentSUPPORTS OF THE GENITAL TRACTDeLancey's three level systems of support* Level 1- Uterosacral and cardinal ligaments support the uterus and vaginal vault.* Level II- Pelvic fascias and paracolpos which connects the vagina to the white line on the lateral pelvic wall through arcus tendmous.* Level III- Levator ani muscle supports the lower one- third of vagina | train | med_mcqa | null |
A biopsy taken from a granulomatous lesion of nose revealed Mikulicz's cells and eosinophilic structures in the cytoplasm of the plasma cells, the likely diagnosis is: | [
"Mucormycosis",
"Rhinosporidiosis",
"Rhinoscleroma",
"Nasal leprosy"
] | C | Mikulicz's cells are foamy histiocytes teaming with gram-negative coccobacilli in the cytoplasm.Eosinophilic structures seen in the cytoplasm of plasma cells are called Russell bodies. Both these structures are characteristics of rhinoscleroma. Diagnosis of rhinoscleroma is made on biopsy and culture of tissues for causative bacilli. | train | med_mcqa | null |
What is the name of this test to be done before drawing an arterial blood gas sample: | [
"Virchow test",
"Water hammer test",
"Allen test",
"Trendelenburg test"
] | C | c. Allen testA - Both radial & ulnar artery are occluded;B - Ulnar artery kept occluded, Radial artery released; These are steps of Allen's test | train | med_mcqa | null |
Multiple myeloma-all are true except? | [
"Proteinuria",
"Visual disturbance",
"Bleeding",
"Dystrophic calcification"
] | D | Ans. (d) Dystrophic calcification(Ref: R 9th/pg 598-602)Calcification in multiple myeloma is due to hypercalcemia (metastatic calcification) and not dystrophic calcification. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Male & female differentiation of fetus occurs at - | [
"10-12 weeks",
"16-18 weeks",
"2-4 weeks",
"24-26 weeks"
] | A | Ans. is 'a' i.e., 10-12 weeks o Gonadogenesis refers formation of gonads, i.e. testes in males and ovaries in females. Genital ridge (urogenital ridge) is the site where gonads develop.o 'Primordial germ cells' are developed in the 4th week by proliferation of endodermal cells of the dorsal wall of hindgut (part of yolk sac). The primordium germ cells migrate into genital ridge, where proliferation of both germinal and nongerminal cells leads to formation of gonads.o Differentiation of genital ridge into lineage of female or male gonads (ovary or testes) occurs at 6-10 weeks.o By 12 weeks this differentiation has occured in all fetuses. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Dacrocystorhinostomy, where the duct is opened- | [
"Superior meatus",
"Inferior meatus",
"Middle meatus",
"Sphenoethmoidal recess"
] | B | Incision is made 8mm medial to medial canthus which is near to inferior meatus, Ref: khurana pg no 396 | train | med_mcqa | null |
What is not seen in middle 3rd fracture in face - | [
"Face lengthening",
"Face shoening",
"Teeth malocclusion",
"CSF rhinorrhea"
] | B | Face shoening is not seen in the fracture of the middle third of the face. Clinical features Malocclusion of teeth with anterior open bite Elongation of the midface Mobility in the maxilla CSF rhinorrhoea The cribriform plate is injured in Le Fo II and Le Fo III fractures. ( Ref: Textbook of diseases of ENT, PL Dhingra, 7th edition, pg no. 207) | train | med_mcqa | null |
Cori's cycle is a term used for which of the follwoing pathway? | [
"Lactic acid cycle",
"Citric acid cycle",
"Pentose phosphate pathway",
"None of the above"
] | A | Glucose is formed from two groups of compounds that undergo gluconeogenesis: (1) those which involve a direct net conversion to glucose, including most amino acids and propionate; and (2) those which are the products of the metabolism of glucose in tissues. Thus lactate, formed by glycolysis in skeletal muscle and erythrocytes, is transpoed to the liver and kidney where it reforms glucose, which again becomes available the circulation for oxidation in the tissues. This process is known as the Cori cycle, or the lactic acid cycle Ref: Harper 28th edition, chapter 20. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Bivalent oral polio vaccine contains which strains of polio virus- | [
"1 8c 2",
"2 & 3",
"1 & 3",
"3 & 4"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., 1 & 3 * Bivalent oral polio vaccine (BOPV) contains suspension of type 1 and type 3 attenuated Polio viruses (Sabin strains), prepared in primary monkey kidney cell.* Trivalent OPV contains type 1, 2 & 3 attenuated polioviruses. It contains:-i) Over 300,000 TCID 50 of type 1 poliovirusii) Over 100,000 TCID 50 of type 2 poliovirusiii) Over 300,000 TCID 50 of type 3 poliovirus | train | med_mcqa | null |
Commonest cause of uniocular diplopia | [
"Cataract",
"Subluxated lens",
"Third nerve palsy",
"Astigmatism"
] | B | In Unilocular diplopia an object appears double from the affected eye even when the normal eye is closed. CAUSES Subluxated clear lens. Subluxated intraocular lens. Keratoconus (irregular refraction from corneal surface) Double pupil (congenital / large iridectomy / iridodialysis) Incipient cataract (this usually causes polyopia - due to irregular refraction due to multiple water clefts within the lens) Ref;A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:344 | train | med_mcqa | null |
In glomerulus subendothelial deposits are seen in? | [
"Good pasture syndrome",
"IgA nephropathy",
"MPGN type I",
"MPGN type II"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., MPGN type I | train | med_mcqa | null |
Increased LDH is an impoant marker for: | [
"Bulky Disease",
"Lymphoma",
"Liver metastasis",
"Lung metastasis"
] | A | Answer is A (Bulky Disease): The most impoant role of serum LDH is to estimate the tumor bulk (volume of tumor). 'LDH levels are elevated in large volume bulky tumors of any histology. LDH levels when elevated correlate well with the volume of tumor' -- The Essential of clinical oncology. LDH elevation provides a useful guide to bulk of disease; Bulky Disease (In Hodgkin's Lymphoma) is a node mass more than 10 cm in diameter' - 'Essential Revision notes jiff MRCP' by Katra (PasTest)2004/288 Serum LDH is a non specific marker elevated in a variety of tumors. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Treatment of choice for prinzmetal's angina | [
"Nitroglycerine",
"CCBs",
"P-blockers",
"Prazosin"
] | A | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Nitroglycerine Treatment of variant angina Prinzmetal's variant angina is due to spasm of coronary vessels. The drugs which dilate the coronary vessels, are the main treatment of Prinzmental's angina. Drugs are : Nitrates Calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem) Nitroglycerin is considered the drug of choice for the patient with variant angina. Prazosin a selective a-blocker may also be used because it prevents a mediated vasospasm. ii-blocker's are contraindicated because they cause constriction of coronary aery due to unopposed a mediated vasoconstriction. Prevention of variant angina In contrast Nitrates are not used for the prevention of variant angina because of delevelopment of tolerance. CCBs are the DOC for prevention. | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 40 year old female patient complains of painless anterior neck mass. She has a history of hypothyroidism. Her blood work suggests increased TSH levels and decreased T3 and T4 levels. Circulating thyroid autoantibodies are also confirmed. The patient is suffering from | [
"De Quervain's thyroiditis",
"Riedel's thyroiditis",
"Hashimoto’s thyroiditis",
"None of the above"
] | C | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
A child with decreased levels of LH, FSH and Testosterone presents with delayed pubey. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis: | [
"Klinfelter's syndrome",
"Kallman's syndrome",
"Androgen Insensitivity syndrome",
"Testicular Infection"
] | B | - Among the given options, only Kallman syndrome is a cause of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, where LH, FSH, as well as testosterone levels will be low. - Associated with impaired sensation of smell - Remaining all options given, presents with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism | train | med_mcqa | null |
NOT true regarding Iron metabolism | [
"Ascorbic acid promotes absorption",
"Absorption takes place in the terminal ileum",
"Phytates inhibit absorption",
"Most of iron is incorporated into red blood cells"
] | B | (Absorption takes place in the terminal ileum): ( /edition)* Iron is mainly absorbed in the stomach and duodenum* In normal people about 10% of dietary iron is usually absorbed* Ferrous form is soluble and readily absorbedFactors affecting Fe absorption (414-15. U. Satycmarayan 4th)1. Acidity, ascorbic acid, alcohol fructose and cysteine promotes iron absorption2. In iron deficiency anemia, Fe absorption is increased to 2-10 tims that of normal3. Small peptides and amino acids favour iron uptake4. Phytate (found in cereals) and oxalate (found in leafy vegetables) interfere with Fe absorption5. A diet with high phosphate content decreases Fe absorption while low phosphate promotes6. Impaired absorption of iron is absorbed in malabsorption of stomach and/or intestine, iron absorption is severely impaired* Normally the loss of iron from the body of a man is limited to 1 mg per day | train | med_mcqa | null |
The standard normal distribution- | [
"It skewed to the left",
"Has mean - 1.0",
"Has standard detion = 0.0",
"Has mean = 0"
] | D | Ref:Parks 23rd edition pg 849 Stadardised normal curve : Smooth, bell-shaped, perfectly symmetrical curve based on an infinitely large number of observations . Total area of the curve= 1 Mean= 0 Standard detion = 1 Mean, median and mode all coincide. | train | med_mcqa | null |
In tuberculosis in an AIDS patient the chest X-ray looks like- | [
"Miliary shadow",
"Cavity",
"Consolidation",
"Collapse"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Peripheral neuropathy in chronic kidney disease starts at : | [
"Stage - 1",
"Stage - 2",
"Stage - 3",
"Stage - 4"
] | D | Anaemia starts at stage - 3.
P.neuropathy at stage - 4. | train | med_mcqa | null |
All of the following are impoant causes of hyponatremia, EXCEPT: | [
"Gastric fistula",
"Excessive vomiting",
"Excessive sweating",
"Hypothyroidism"
] | C | Excess sweating is associated with the development of hypernatremia. Hypernatremia is defined as a sodium concentration > 145 mEq/L. All patients with hypernatremia have hyperosmolality. The hypernatremic patient is typically hypovolemic due to free water losses. Hyponatremia is defined as serum sodium concentration < 135 mEq/L. Cause of hyponatremia depends on patient's volume status and serum osmolality. It is classified into hypervolumeic, euvolemic and hypovolemic hyponatremia. Hyponatremia reflects excess water retention relative to sodium rather than sodium deficiency. Causes of hyponatremia are indicated in the table given below. Ref: Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment, 2012, Chapter 21 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following statements regarding aceinhibitors is true ? | [
"These conve angiotensinogen to angiotensinaEUR'",
"Omission of prior diuretic dose decreases the risk of postural hypotension",
"Lisinopril is shoer acting the enalapril",
"These are contra-indicated in diabetic patients"
] | B | Omission of prior diuretic dose decreases the risk of postural hypotension | train | med_mcqa | null |
In a child presenting with obstructive jaundice all are seen except | [
"Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase",
"Alkaline phosphatase",
"Glutamate dehydrogenase",
"5' Nucleotidase"
] | C | .lab investigations in obstructive jaundice gamma glutamyl transpeptidase:>50IU/L Serum bilirubin:>1mg%direct is increased serum albumin globulin ratio prothrombin time serum alkaline phosphatase,SGOT,SGPT,5&;nucleotidase ERCP TLC BAILEY AND LOVE&;S SHO PRACTICE OF SURGERY,24 th edition, PG NO:696 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Least common cause of clubbing | [
"Adenocarcionma",
"Squamous cell carcinoma",
"Small cell carcinoma",
"Mesothelioma"
] | C | Clubbing is most common with adenocarcinomaand is least common with small lung cell cancer... Ref:Ptinciples and practice of lung cancer Pg 348 | train | med_mcqa | null |
When osteoblast lay new bone from outside to inside in a osteon, the active formation area is called: | [
"Haversion cone",
"Filling cone",
"Cutting cone",
"Howships cone"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Drug of choice in alcohol withdrawl is: | [
"Disulfiram",
"Benzodia zepines",
"Acamprosate",
"Naltrexone"
] | B | (Benzodiazepines): Ref: 2565 - H,953-955-CMDT-09 (955-H17th)Alcohol withdraw!* Benzodiazepines have the highest margin of safety and lowest cost and are, therefore the preferred class of drugs(Diazepam or chlordiazepoxide)Rehabilitation of Alcoholics: - counseling education, and cognitive approaches, several medications (Naltrexone, Acamprosate, ALDH inhibitor disulfiram) | train | med_mcqa | null |
All of the following antibiotics act by interfering with cell wall formation EXCEPT: | [
"Ceftriaxone",
"Vancomycin",
"Cycloserine",
"Clindamycin"
] | D | * Clindamycin acts by inhibiting the protein synthesis. * Drugs inhibiting cell wall synthesis are: - Fosfomycin - Beta lactams o Penicillins (e..g amoxicillin) o Cephalosporins (e.g. ceftriaxone) o Carbapenems (e.g. imipenem) o Monobactams (e.g. aztreonam) - Bacitracin - Cycloserine - Glycopeptides (like vancomycin) | train | med_mcqa | null |
Risk of congenital heart disease in first degree relative is | [
"0.5 to 0.6%",
"2 to 6%",
"5 to 6%",
"20 to 25%"
] | B | Ans. b (2 to 6%). (Ref. Nelson, Textbook of Paediatrics, 18th/pg. 1878)Congenital heart disease occurs in# 0.5 to 0.8% of live births.# 3 to 4 % of stillboms.# 10 to 25% of abortuses.# 2% of premature infants (except PDA)# 0.8% of normal population.# 2-6% after birth of a child with CHD or if parent affected.# 20-30% when 2 first-degree relatives have congenital heart disease.NOTE: Most congenital defects are well tolerated in the fetus because of the parallel nature of the fetal circulation. Even the most severe cardiac defects (hypoplastic left heart syndrome) can usually be well compensated for by the fetal circulation. It is only after birth when the fetal pathways (ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale) are closed that the full hemodynamic impact of an anatomic abnormality becomes apparent. One notable exception is the case of severe regurgitant lesions, most commonly of the tricuspid valve. In these lesions (Ebstein anomaly), the parallel fetal circulation cannot compensate for the volume load imposed on the right side of the heart. In utero heart failure, often with fetal pleural and pericardial effusions, and generalized ascites (nonimmune hydrops fetalis) may occur. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Murphy's Sign is seen in? | [
"Acute appendicitis",
"Acute cholecystitis",
"Acute Pancreatitis",
"Ectopic pregnancy"
] | B | Ans. (b) Acute cholecystitisRef: Bailey and love 25th edition page 967 & 1140, Schwartz's 8th edition chapter 34, Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, 18thed chapter 55 | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 40 weeks old infant can do all the following except? | [
"Waves bye bye",
"Transfer object from one hand to another",
"Sits without suppo",
"Makes a tower of 3 - 4 cubes"
] | D | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Makes a tower of 3-4 cubes | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which one of the following insecticides is not used as a larvicide? | [
"Abate",
"Paris green",
"Fenthion",
"Dichloros"
] | D | Larvicides are Mineral oils, Paris Green and synthetic insecticides such as Abate, Malathion, Fenthion, and chlorpyrifos. These organophosphorus compounds hydrolyze quickly in water. Paris green is a stomach poison used as chemical control against mosquito larva. To be effective it must be ingested by the larva. Paris green kill surface feeding larva easily. Bottom feeding larvae are killed when applied as special granular formation. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th Edition, Pg 832 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Class I judicial magistrate has power to give punishment of - | [
"5 yr, Rs 3000",
"3 yr, Rs.10000",
"5 yr Rs 5000",
"3 yr, Rs 3000"
] | B | CLASS OF MAGISTRATE IMPRISONMENT FINE Chief Judicial Magistrate up to 7 years unlimited First Class Magistrate up to 3 years 10000 rupees Second Class Magistrate up to 1 year 5000 rupees Ref: K. s. Narayan Reddys Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 29 th edition, Page 4. | train | med_mcqa | null |
In which one of the following conditions the sialography is contraindicated | [
"Ductal calculus",
"Chronic parotitis",
"Acute parotitis",
"Recurrent sialoadenitis"
] | C | Sialography is contraindicated in acute sialadenitis (includes parotitis) for fear of exacerbating the condition." Sialography Is the contrast x-ray examination of the salivary ducts and glands Also k/a ptyalography | train | med_mcqa | null |
Common childhood tumors are – a) Acute lymphoblastic leukemiab) Chronic lymphoblastic leukemiac) Chronic myeloid leukemiad) Brain tumore) Wilm's tumor | [
"ade",
"bde",
"abd",
"ad"
] | A | Childhood malignancies are : -
Leukaemia (AML, ALL)
Brain tumors
Soft tissue sarcoma → Rhabdomyosarcoma
Lymphoma
Bone tumor
Neuroblastoma
Retinoblastoma
Wilm's tumor | train | med_mcqa | null |
Study the following table of population in a district and the average population served per doctor. Calculate the harmonic mean:\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAREA\r\n\r\n\r\nPOPULATION SERVED PER DOCTOR\r\n\r\n\r\nPOPULATION\r\n\r\n\r\nNUMBER OF DOCTORS\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRURAL\r\n\r\n\r\n1000\r\n\r\n\r\n50000\r\n\r\n\r\n50\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nURBAN\r\n\r\n\r\n500\r\n\r\n\r\n50000\r\n\r\n\r\n100\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTOTAL\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n100000\r\n\r\n\r\n150\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n | [
"500",
"567",
"667",
"750"
] | C | Calculation of harmonic mean is as follows: (50000+50000)/(50000/100+50000/50)=667 Ref : Medical biostatistics, 1st edition pg: 118 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Most common cause of death in Klinefelter's syndrome is? | [
"Infections",
"Cardiovascular",
"Respiratory",
"suicide"
] | A | ANSWER: (A) InfectionsREF: www.ncbi.nlm.nih .gov/pubmed/15292313 None of the text books mention it directly.On searching various studies, it was found that only two studies by far have been conducted to find increased mortality in klienfelter's syndrome, there for a larger cohort study was done where patients were followed for a long time.The results of study are complicated with statastical tools and stuff; therefore i took help of stasticians and simplified it.The most common cause of death was found to be infections > neurological diseases > lung and circulatory diseases > suicide | train | med_mcqa | null |
The heights of contour of the distal surfaces of permanent mandibular central incisors are located in which coronal third? | [
"Middle.",
"Cervical.",
"Occlusal.",
"Incisal."
] | D | Height of contour on distal surface of permanent mandibular central incisors is at the incisal third). | train | med_mcqa | null |
Drug of choice for central diabetes insipidus | [
"Vasopressin",
"Desmopressin",
"Lypressin",
"Presselin"
] | B | Ans. is'b'i.e., DesmopressinDesmopressin (intranasal) is the DbC for central DI. | train | med_mcqa | null |
In the small intestine, cholera toxin acts by- | [
"ADP ribosylation of the G regulatory protein",
"Inhibition of adenyl cyclase",
"Activation of GTP ase",
"Active absorption of NaCl"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Transcytosis occurs in: | [
"Epithelial cells of intestine",
"Neuroglia",
"Neuron",
"Axolemma"
] | A | Ans. (a) Epithelial cells of intestineTrans means throughIn transcytosis, the substance enters the cell through its apical side and transported out of the cell through its basolateral sideTranscytosis is commonly seen in epithelial cells of intestine and kidney | train | med_mcqa | null |
Oral medication used in the treatment of scabies – | [
"Albendazole",
"Metronidazole",
"Ketoconazole",
"Ivermectin"
] | D | Ivermectin is the only oral drug, available for scabies treatment. | train | med_mcqa | null |
The primary etiologic factor in the development of furcation defect is | [
"Calculus",
"Plaque",
"Cemental caries",
"Root infection"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
All of the following is true about Abruptio placentae except: | [
"Premature separation of normal attached placentae",
"Bright red blood",
"Risk of recurrence is about 15% with previous abruption",
"More common in multigravida"
] | B | Ans: B (Bright) "Character of blood in abruption placentae- dark coloured(c.f bright red in placenta praevia)"- Dutta's Obstetrics 7th/246"Prevalence of Abruptio placentae is more with high birth order (pregnancies wrt/i gravida 5 or more) Dutta's Obstetrics 7th/ 252"Hypertension in pregnancy is the most important predisposing factor. Pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension & essential hypertension, all are associated with placental abruption"- Dutta's Obstetrics 7th/252RECURRENT ABRUPTION William's Obstetrics23rd/764-65Pritchard and co-workers (1970) identified a recurrence rate of severe abruption in 1 in 8 pregnancies.Furuhashi and colleagues (2002) analyzed subsequent pregnancy outcomes from 27 women who had a prior placental abruption. Of the six (22 percent) recurrences, four were at a gestational age 1 to 3 weeks earlier than the first abruption.ABRUPTIO PLACENTAE (AP) Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecologyr and Obstetrics, 3rdAbruptio placentae (AP) is the premature separation of the normally implanted placenta from the uterine wall due to uterine vessel hemorrhage into the decidua basalis.Placenta] abruption accounts for one-third of all antepartum bleeding.AP has a recurrence rate of 5% to 17% after an episode in one previous pregnancy and 25% after an episode in two previous pregnancies.When the abruption results in a stillbirth, there is a 7% incidence of a stillbirth in future pregnanciesAlthough many cases continue to be idiopathic, AP is associated with maternal hypertension, advanced maternal age, multiparity, cocaine use, tobacco use, chorioamnionitis, and trauma.Patients with chronic hypertension, superimposed pre-eclampsia, or severe pre-eclampsia have a fivefold increased risk of severe abruption compared to normotensive counterparts.Table (William Obs.}: Risk Factors for Placental AbruptionRisk FactorRelative RiskIncreased age and parity13-13Preeclampsia2.1-4.0Chronic hypertension1.8-3.0Preterm ruptured membranes2.4-4.9Multifetai gestation2.1Hydramnios2.0Cigarette smoking1.4-1.9Thrombophilias3-7Cocaine useNAPrior abruption10-25Uterine leiomyomaNA | train | med_mcqa | null |
Commonest cause of enlarged cardiac shadow in X–ray of a child is – | [
"PDA",
"Coarctation of Aorta",
"Pericarditis",
"Rheumatic carditis"
] | D | Cardiac failure causes cardiomegaly
MC cause of cardiac failure in children (elder than infants) is rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. | train | med_mcqa | null |
In negative staining- | [
"The structure to be demonstrated is stained",
"The structure to be demonstrated is not stained",
"The background is not stained",
"The background and structure are stained"
] | B | Negative staining : India ink or Nigrosin are emulsified with the simple or organism to provide a uniformly colored background against which the unstained bacteria stand out in contrast. this is paicularly useful in the demonstration of bacteria capsules which do not take simple stains. Very slender bacteria such as spirochetes that are not demonstrable by simple staining methods can be viewed by negative staining Ref :Ananthanarayan & paniker's Textbook of Microbiology9th edition pg no 12 | train | med_mcqa | null |
MC complication of IUD: March 2013 | [
"Uterine Perforation",
"Expulsion of IUCD",
"Cervical carcinoma",
"Bleeding"
] | D | Ans. D i.e. Bleeding The removal rate at the end of one year, because of pain, discomfo, continuous or heavy bleeding, or vaginal discharge is repoed to be about 15 to 20%. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Crowe-Beck test is positive in | [
"Stage of 'localization of brain abscess'",
"Stage of 'termination of brain abscess'",
"Lateral sinus thrombophlebitis",
"Otitic hydrocephalus"
] | C | Ans. c (Lateral sinus thrombophlebitis) (Ref. PL Dhingra ENT 2nd ed., 89)LATERAL SINUS THROMBOPHLEBITIS (SIGMOID SINUS THROMBOSIS)# A lateral sinus thrombosis may occur with an infected cholesteatoma.Clinical Features# Characteristic high spiking fever with rigors and a "picket-fence" pattern; Headache; anaemia and emaciation# Signs and test:- Pappilloedema- Griesinger's sign: Pain, redness, and swelling of tip of mastoid due to involvement of the mastoid emissary veins.- Tobey-Ayer test- Lillie-Crowe-Beck test: is used to diagnose unilateral lateral sinus occlusion (Digital compression of the opposite internal jugular vein causes retinal veins to dilate, as the major venous outflow tracts on both sides now blocked).- Tendreness along jugular vein# CECT: Empty delta sign: CT sign of dural venous sinus thrombosis / superior sagittal sinus, where contrast outlines a triangular filling defect (clot).# MR venogram is the best investigation (IOC) for diagnosis# Rx: It is treated like a lateral sinus thrombosis in association with acute coalescent mastoiditis. If the cholesteatoma is extensive, a CWD mastoidectomy should be performed.OTITIC HYDROCEPHALUS# It is defined as T intracranial pressure secondary to acute or chronic middle ear infection without evidence of meningitis or subdural or brain abscess.# It characteristicallx presents as headache and lethargy in a patient with an ear infection.# MRI easily identifies sigmoid sinus thrombosis with total occlusion.# Papilledema is almost always present; however, papilledema is not always an adequate predictor of - intracranial pressure.# Treatment of otitic hydrocephalus requires:- mastoidectomy appropriate for the disease,- exposure of all diseased dura to normal dura, and- removal of excess extradural granulation tissue.Also Know:ABLE test of fowlerTo test + recruitment as in meneier's diseaseBing test and Chamini moss testTuning fork test to detect hearing lossCrowe Beck testLateral sinus thrombosisTobey Ayer (Queckenstedt's) testLateral sinus thrombosisDoerfier Stewart test, Erhard's test, Gault's testTo detect malingering. | train | med_mcqa | null |
After blunt trauma to eye a patient develops circumcorneal congestion. The further test done is | [
"Indirect Ophthalmoscopy",
"Perimetry",
"Intraocular pressure measurement",
"Slit lamp"
] | C | Blunt or penetrating ocular trauma leads to vision loss through glaucoma.
Thus, next step is to measure IOP | train | med_mcqa | null |
No sub - clinical infection exists in - | [
"Polio",
"Mumps",
"Chicken pox",
"Hepatitis A"
] | C | .disease in which subclinical infections occurs includes,measles,rubella,mumps,poliomyelitis,hepatitis A and B ,japanese encephalitis,inflenza and diphtheria. ref:park&;s textbook,ed 22,pg no 91 | train | med_mcqa | null |
FADH2 enters at which complex in ETC ? | [
"I",
"II",
"III",
"IV"
] | B | Ans. is 'b' i.e., II FADH, enters at complex II, therefore, generates only 1-5 molecules of ATP (1 ATP production is bypassed at complex I). | train | med_mcqa | null |
Plasmapharesis is used in all of the following, EXCEPT: | [
"Myaesthenic crisis",
"Cholinergic crisis",
"Gullian Barre syndrome",
"Polymyositis"
] | B | Cholinergic crisis usually occur during treatment of patients with myasthenia gravis, from the excess dose of anticholinesterase drugs. Symptoms of cholinergic excess such as salivation, sweating, GI distress, bradycardia and constricted pupil occur occur at the time of peak effect of the drug. Diagnosis can be confirmed by giving edrophonium, which temporarily worsen the muscle weakness. Treatment includes endotracheal intubation, stoppage of anticholine esterase medication, which is then gradually restaed. Plasmajavascript: void ('11') pheresis is not indicated in cholinergic crisis. Ref: Uncommon Problems In Intensive Care By J. F. Cade page 1925; The Central Nervous System in Pediatric Critical Illness and Injury By Derek S page 139; Therapeutic Plasmapheresis, Volume 12 By World Apheresis Association, T. Agishi page 554; Harrison's principles of internal medicine 18th edition/chapter 388 | train | med_mcqa | null |
A test that can be used for typing of class I histocompatibility antigens is | [
"Cell mediated Iympholysis (CML)",
"Donor-recipient mixed lymphocyte response",
"Primed lymphocyte typing",
"Antibody and complement mediated cytotoxicity"
] | D | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Least propensity for lymphatic spread would be | [
"Basal cell cancer",
"Squomous cell cancer",
"Malignant melanoma",
"Merkel cell cancer"
] | A | Lymphatic spread & metastasis is extremely rare in Basal cell cancer. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Half life of I 131 is: (Repeat) | [
"13 days",
"8 days",
"2 days",
"12 hours"
] | B | Ans: B (8 days) Ref: Internet SourceExplanation:Refer JIPMER 2012 Radiology. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Sexual ambiguity may be seen in which of the following conditions ? | [
"Androgen insensitivity",
"Pure gonadal dysgenesis",
"Sawyer syndrome",
"Mixed gonadal dysgenesis"
] | D | Genital assymetry is mostly due to mixed gonadal dysgenesis,ovotesticular disorders of sexual differentiation. Figure : Phenotypic characteristics of external and internal genitalia at bih. (A) Eighty-five percent of the patients had a hemiscrotum containing a gonad on one side and hemi-labia on the other side. All patients had a unique orifice (arrow). (B) Vaginal pocket (arrow): 92% of the patients had a hemiuterus (asterisk). Reference: OP Ghai ,essential paediatrics ,8th edition. page no 539 ,table 17.33 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following is more prone to Carcinoma? | [
"Barret esophagus",
"Boerhaave syndrome",
"Mallory Weiss tear",
"Esophageal varices"
] | A | Ans. (a) Barrett esophagusRef: Bailey & Love 26th ed. ch 62! 1000* Barrett's metaplasia, endoscopically recognized by tongues of reddish mucosa extending proximally from the gastroesophageal junction or histopathologically by the finding of specialized columnar metaplasia (intestinal type with goblet cells), is associated with at least a 20- fold increased risk for development of esophageal development of adenocarcinoma. | train | med_mcqa | null |
The kinetic energy of the body is least in one of the following phases of the walking cycle | [
"Heel strike",
"Mid-stance",
"Double suppo",
"Toe-off"
] | B | B. i.e. Mid stance phaseSpeed & so the kinetic energy is maximum in double suppo phase (i.e. heel strike, foot flat, toe flat) & minimum in single suppo phase (i.e. midstance, mid swing, heel off). | train | med_mcqa | null |
Right axis detion is seen in: | [
"Lying down position",
"Thin and tall",
"Obese person",
"At the end of peak expiration"
] | B | Ans. b. Thin and tall Axis d.etion in ECG Left Axis Detion Physiological: Obesitydeg Pregnancydeg Lying down position Pathological: Inferior wall MP Left anterior hemiblockdeg Pacing from the apex of the right or left ventricle Ventricular tachycardia from focus in the apex of the left ventricle Emphysemadeg Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome (when pre-excitation is due to a right lateral or right posterolateral bypass tract)deg Right Axis Detion Physiological: Lean and thindeg Pathological: Anterolateral MIdeg Left posterior hemiblockdeg Right ventricular dominancedeg Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome (When pre-excitation is due to a left lateral or left posterolateral bypass tract)deg | train | med_mcqa | null |
A leukemia patient who has undergone multiple courses of chemotherapy develops herpes simplex encephalitis. Which of the following would you expect a CT scan of the patient's brain to show? | [
"Generalized volume loss",
"Volume loss selectively in the basal ganglia",
"Volume loss selectively in the brainstem",
"Volume loss selectively in the temporal and frontal lobes"
] | D | Herpes simplex can cause a necrotizing, hemorrhagic acute encephalitis that may rapidly produce death. The encephalitis characteristically involves the lower poions of the cerebral coex, notably the temporal lobes and the base of the frontal lobes, possibly because the infection spreads from the oropharynx. Ref: Ropper A.H., Samuels M.A. (2009). Chapter 33. Viral Infections of the Nervous System, Chronic Meningitis, and Prion Diseases. In A.H. Ropper, M.A. Samuels (Eds), Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology, 9e. | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 40 year old man was admitted to the hospital emergency with sudden onset of the symptoms and signs of severe left ventricular failure. Calculate the atrial rate of the patient. | [
"100/min",
"150/min",
"200/min",
"300/min"
] | D | Ventricular rate : 1500/10 = 150 ECG shows HR of 150/min with normal axis. Saw tooth waves are noted with 2:1 AV block. Ventricular rate is 150/min therefore the atrial rate would be 300/min. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Enterobacteriaceae includes all except | [
"Pseudomonas",
"Klebsiella",
"salmonella",
"Proteus"
] | A | Enterobacteriaceae includes- proteus, salmonella, and klebsiella Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th Edition; Pg:277 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Patent foramen ovate is due to? | [
"Failure of closure of sinoatrial orifice",
"Failure of fusion of septum primum and endocardial cushion",
"Failure of fusion of septum primum and septum intermedium",
"Failure of fusion of septum primum and septum secundum"
] | D | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Failure of fusion of septum primum and septum secundumAfter bih, the foramanovale closes by fusion of septum primum with septum secundum.Failure of fusion of these two septa results in patent pramenovale. | train | med_mcqa | null |
What is seen in acromegaly: | [
"Large tongue",
"Hypoglycemia",
"Crowding of teeth",
"Micrognathia"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following is most characteristic of congenital hyperophic pyloric stenosis? | [
"Affects the first born female child",
"The pyloric tumour is best felt during feeding",
"The patient is commonly marasmic",
"Loss of appetite occurs early"
] | B | Congenital hyperophic pyloric stenosis is more common in first born males.Symptoms usually sta after 3 weeks of age.Nonbilious vomiting is the initial symptom. After vomiting, the infant becomes hungry and wants to feed again.The metabolic disturbance is hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis.Clinical diagnosis is by palpation of hyperophic mass, confirmed by USG.The surgical procedure of choice is Ramstedt pylorotomy.Ref: Nelson 17th/e p1229 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Autosomal dominant familial nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia occurs in all except - | [
"Crigler-Najjar syndrome",
"Dubin - Johnson syndrome",
"Gilbe syndrome",
"Cryoglobulinemia"
] | B | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Dubin-Johnson syndromeDubin-Johnson syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder.o Note sure about option d. | train | med_mcqa | null |
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