question stringlengths 1 6.54k | choices listlengths 4 4 | answer stringclasses 4 values | rationale stringlengths 0 22.5k ⌀ | split stringclasses 1 value | dataset stringclasses 6 values | subject stringclasses 1 value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All of the following are true regarding the findings of peripheral smear in vitamin B12 deficiency except: March 2010 | [
"Hypercellular marrow",
"Poikilocytosis",
"Hypersegmented neutrophils",
"Microcytic red cells"
] | D | Ans. D: Microcytic red cellsA peripheral smear in megaloblastic anemia shows:The classic hypersegmented polymorphonucleated cells having more than 5 nuclear lobules instead of normal three to four.Marrow is hypercellular as a result of marked hematopoietic precursors.The presence of red cells that are macrocytic and oval is highly characteristicAnisocvtosis and poikilocytosis | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following immunohistochemical marker is positive in neuroendocrine tumor? | [
"Cytokeratin",
"Synaptophysin",
"Calretinin",
"GEAP"
] | B | Ref. Robbins Pathology. 9th edition. Page. 1099
Though Cytokeratin is also positive in neruroendocrine carcinoma. For neuroendocrine differentiation more specific marker is synaptophysin and chromogranin
WHO classification
Typical carcinoids (tcs)
Atypical carcinoids (acs)
Small cell carcinomas (sccs)
Large cell necs (LCNECs)
Carcinoid grade I – ruled out because it lacks comedo-like necrosis, has < 0.2 mitotic figures/HP
Atypical carcinoid:
Increased mitotic activity - per 2-10/10 HPF
Pleomorphism and irregular nuclei with hyperchromatism and prominent nucleoli
Areas of increased cellularity with loss of the regular, organized architecture observed in typical carcinoid
Areas of necrosis within the tumor
Small cell carcinoma – has extensive necrosis (not comedotype as shown in the picture), mitotic figure usually very high (>20/10hpf) and weak staining by neuroendocrine markers
IHC - Neuroendocrine specific – Synaptophysin, chromogranin, CD56 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Molluscum contagiosum is caused by which of the following: March 2013 | [
"Polyomavirus",
"Reovirus",
"Flavivirus",
"Poxvirus"
] | D | Ans. D i.e. Poxvirus | train | med_mcqa | null |
Indicator of moderate to severe malnutritions is - | [
"Serum transferrin 160",
"Body mass index 19",
"Albumin 2.1 g/dl",
"Transthyretin"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Albumin 2.1 g/dI | train | med_mcqa | null |
Condition where subhyloid hemorrhage is associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage is- | [
"Posner-Schlossman syndrome",
"Axenfeld- Rieger syndrome",
"Pseudoexfoliation syndrome",
"Terson's syndrome"
] | D | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Terson's syndrome * Terson syndrome is intraocular hemorrhage associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage or traumatic brain injury. Hemorrhage may be present in the vitreous, sub-hyloidy or intraretina/ sub-internal limiting membrane.* Terson syndrome usually occurs in adults, but has been reported in children as young as 7 years. It can be unilateral or bilateral.* Subarachnoid hemorrhage may be directly transmitted forward through the optic nerve sheath. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Commonest sarcoma in children is - | [
"Rhabdomyosarcoma",
"Lipoma",
"Angiosarcoma",
"Fibrosarcoma"
] | A | Rhabdomyosarcoma
Commonest sarcoma in children is rhabdomyosarcoma.
It is a tumour of Primitive mesodermal origin.
The most common site is head and neck.
The genitourinary region is the second most common site.
Other sites are extremities and retroperitoneum | train | med_mcqa | null |
Pure Aryans have which type of skull | [
"Mesaticephalic",
"Brachycephalic",
"Doliocephalic",
"Plagiocephaly"
] | C | Type of skull cephalic index race Dolicocephalic 70-75 Aryans, aborigines and Negroes Mesaticephalic 75- 80 Europeans and Indians Brachycephalic 80-85 Mongolians Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE NO 67 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Hemoglobin electrophoresis is based on | [
"molecular weight",
"charge",
"solubility",
"calorimetric properties"
] | B | Ans. is 'b' i.e. charge Each of the major hemoglobin types has an electrical charge of a different degree, so the most useful method for separating and measuring normal and abnormal hemoglobins is electrophoresis. This process involves subjecting hemoglobin components from dissolved red blood cells to an electric field. The components then move away from each other at different rates, and when separated form a series of distinctly pigmented bands. The bands are then compared with those of a normal sample. Each band can be further assessed as a percentage of the total hemoglobin, thus indicating the severity of any abnormality. | train | med_mcqa | null |
The usual voltage of alpha rhythm is | [
"5 mv",
"10 mv",
"50 mv",
"100 mv"
] | C | Alpha waves are neural oscillations in the frequency range of 8-12 Hz arising from the synchronous and coherent (in phase or constructive) electrical activity of thalamic pacemaker cells in humans. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 818,819,820 | train | med_mcqa | null |
In which of the following condition is KF ring observed? | [
"Wilson's disease",
"Cataract",
"Glaucoma",
"Hemochromatosis"
] | A | Kayser Fleischer is frequently seen in patients with Wilson's disease. KF rings occur due to excess deposition of copper sulfur complexes in the Descemet's membrane of cornea. It is of gold, brown or green in colour. Ring formation is first evident on the superior aspect of the cornea then in the inferior aspect, followed by medial and lateral aspects. KF rings can disappear with therapy. Copper deposition can occur in the lens in Wilson's disease. They assume a sunburst or sunflower appearence (sunflower cataract) with a central disc and radiating petal like spokes. Ref: Uncommon Causes of Movement Disorders by Nestor, Page 51 | train | med_mcqa | null |
HLA Complex in man is located on chromosome: | [
"5",
"6",
"7",
"8"
] | B | 6 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following drug has uricosuric action? | [
"Nifedipine",
"Amlodipine",
"Atenolol",
"Carvedilol"
] | B | Amlodipine, losaan & fenofibrate have mild uricosuric action. Benzbromarone is new uricosuric drug. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Inveed papilloma of nose arise from | [
"Nasal septum",
"Roof of the nose",
"Tip of the nose",
"Lateral wall of the nose"
] | D | Inveed papilloma of noise arises from the lateral wall of the nose in the middle meatus. It presents with nasal obstruction, nasal discharge and epistaxis. It may also extend to invade sinuses or orbit. Orbital involvement causes proptosis, diplopia and lacrimation. Ref: Textbook of diseases of ENT; PL Dhingra; 7th edition, pg no. 227 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which virus families has double stranded DNA in four different isomers? | [
"Poxviruses",
"Herpesviruses",
"Rabiesviruses",
"Orthomyxoviruses"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following is most common haemoglobinopathy | [
"Thalassemia",
"Sickle cell anemia",
"Haemoglobin C",
"Spherocytosis"
] | B | On deoxygenation, HbS molecules form long polymers by means of intermolecular contacts that involve the abnormal valine residue at position 6. These polymers disto the red cell, which assumes an elongated crescentic, or sickle, shape (Fig. 11-3). The sickling of red cells initially is reversible upon reoxygenation. However, the distoion of the membrane that is produced by each sickling episode leads to an influx of calcium, which causes the loss of potassium and water and also damages the membrane skeleton. Over time, this cumu- lative damage creates irreversibly sickled cells, which are rapidly hemolyzed. Many variables influence the sickling of red cells in vivo. The three most impoant factors are * The presence of hemoglobins other than HbS. In heterozygotes approximately 40% of Hb is HbS and the remainder is HbA, which interacts only weakly with deox- ygenated HbS. Because the presence of HbA greatly retards the polymerization of HbS, the red cells of het- erozygotes have little tendency to sickle in vivo. Such persons are said to have sickle cell trait. HbC, another mutant b-globin, has a lysine residue instead of the normal glutamic acid residue at position 6. About 2.3% of Ameri- can blacks are heterozygous carriers of HbC; as a result, about 1 in 1250 newborns are compound heterozygotes for HbC and HbS. Because HbC has a greater tendency to aggregate with HbS than does HbA, HbS/HbC com- pound heterozygotes have a symptomatic sickling disorder called HbSC disease. HbF interacts weakly with HbS, so newborns with sickle cell anemia do not manifest the disease until HbF falls to adult levels, generally around the age of 5 to 6 months. * The intracellular concentration of HbS. The polyA merization of deoxygenated HbS is strongly concentration- dependent. Thus, red cell dehydration, which increases the Hb concentration, facilitates sickling. Conversely, the coexistence of a-thalassemia (described later), which decreases the Hb concentration, reduces sickling. The relatively low concentration of HbS also contributes to the absence of sickling in heterozygotes with sickle cell trait. * The transit time for red cells through the micro- vasculature. The normal transit times of red cells through capillaries are too sho for significant polymeriza- tion of deoxygenated HbS to occur. Hence, sickling in microvascular beds is confined to areas of the body in which blood flow is sluggish. This is the normal situation in the spleen and the bone marrow, two tissues promi- nently affected by sickle cell disease. Sickling also can be triggered in other microvascular beds by acquired factors that retard the passage of red cells. As described previ- ously, inflammation slows the flow of blood by increasing the adhesion of leukocytes and red cells to endothelium and by inducing the exudation of fluid through leaky vessels. In addition, sickle red cells have a greater tendency than normal red cells to adhere to endothelial cells, appar- ently because repeated bouts of sickling causes mem- brane damage that make them sticky. These factors conspire to prolong the transit times of sickle red cells, increasing the probability of clinically significant sickling. Two major consequences arise from the sickling of red cells (Fig. 11-4). First, the red cell membrane damage and dehydration caused by repeated episodes of sickling produce a chronic hemolytic anemia. The mean life span of red cells in sickle cell anemia is only 20 days (one sixth of normal). Second, red cell sickling produces widespread microvascular obstructions, which result in ischemic tissue damage and pain crises. Vaso-occlusion does not cor- relate with the number of irreversibly sickled cells and there- fore appears to result from factors such as infection, inflammation, dehydration, and acidosis that enhance the sickling of reversibly sickled cells. Ref Robbins 9/e pg 412 | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 32-year old adult male broke the jaw of another in an alleged fight. The investigating police officer : | [
"Can arrest him only after procuring warrant",
"Can arrest him without warrant",
"May declare him hostile and put him in jail",
"May declare him sociopath and send him to mental asylum"
] | B | Ans. b. Can arrest him without warrant (Ref: Parikh 6/e p1.46, 6.27: Reddy 33/e p292, 31st/e p265-273)Fracture or dislocation of mandible is a 'Grievous injury for which punishment is defined under IPC325. It is a 'cognizable offence' hence a police officer can arrest the accused without warrant."Cognisable offence: An offence for which a police officer can arrest a person without warrant from magistrate e.g. rape, robbery, murder, dowry death, ragging, death due to rash or negligent act. "Grievous Injury (Sec 320 IPC)QEmasculation.Permanent privation of either eyeQPermanent privation of either earPrivation of any member (part, organ or limb) or jointPermanent disfiguration of head or faceQFracture or dislocation of a bone or a toothQDestruction or permanent impairing of powers of any member or jointAny hurt which endangers life, or which causes the sufferer to be, during the space of 20 days, in severe body pain, or unable to follow his daily routineQ. | train | med_mcqa | null |
The immunity responsible for to control epidemic spread of a pathogen | [
"Innate immunity",
"Active acquired immunity",
"Herd immunity",
"Passive natural immunity"
] | C | Herd immunity-
Overall immunity of a community to a pathogen
If Herd immunity is good- chance of epidemic is less
Eradication of a communicable disease- depends on good Herd immunity
Provided by mass vaccination by live vaccination to all individual at same time. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Indication of Acyclovir in pregnancy : | [
"Disseminated herpes",
"Chicken-pox in first trimester",
"Prophylaxis in recurrent herpes",
"All of the above"
] | D | All of the above | train | med_mcqa | null |
Laser pulpotomy uses: | [
"Nd:YAG laser",
"Er:YAG laser.",
"Co2",
"Cr:YSGG"
] | A | Nd: YAG laser has 100% success rate. | train | med_mcqa | null |
In T.B/ a ‘case’ is” | [
"Cough",
"Mantoux positive",
"Sputum positive",
"X-ray positive"
] | C | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Osteoporosis is an ADR of which antidiabetic? | [
"Metformin",
"Glibenclamide",
"Pioglitazone",
"Acarbose"
] | C | Risk of osteoporosis is high for glitazone users when compared to people who are on other anti diabetic drugs. Ref: KD Tripathi 8th ed. | train | med_mcqa | null |
All of the following are sources of vitamin A except: | [
"Egg",
"Milk",
"Sunflower seeds",
"Tomato"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Sunflower seeds | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 75-year-old man has experienced headaches for the past 2 months. On physical examination, his vital signs are temperature, 37deg C; pulse, 68/min; respirations, 15/min; and blood pressure, 130/85 mm Hg. His right temporal artery is prominent, palpable, and painful to the touch. His heart rate is regular, and there are no murmurs. His erythrocyte sedimentation rate is 100 mm/hr. A temporal artery biopsy is performed, and the segment of the temporal artery excised is grossly thickened and shows focal microscopic granulomatous inflammation. He responds well to corticosteroid therapy. Which of the following complications of this disease is most likely to occur in untreated patients? | [
"Blindness",
"Gangrene of the toes",
"Hemoptysis",
"Malignant hypertension"
] | A | Giant cell (temporal) arteritis typically involves large to medium-sized external carotid artery branches in the head (especially temporal arteries), but also vertebral and ophthalmic arteries. The involvement of the latter can affect vision. Because the involvement of the kidney, lung, and peripheral arteries of the extremities is much less common, renal failure, hemoptysis, and gangrene of toes are unusual complications of giant cell arteritis. There is no association between hypertension and giant cell arteritis, but some patients may have polymyalgia rheumatica. | train | med_mcqa | null |
If bih rate of a sub-centre of population 5000 is 25/1000 then expected no. of pregnancies in a year will be: | [
"69",
"125",
"138",
"150"
] | C | Expected no. of live bihs (Y)/year = Bih rate (per 1000 population) x population of the area /1000 As some pregnancies may not result in a live bih (i.e. aboions and stillbihs may occur), the expected number of live bihs would be an under-estimation of the total number of pregnancies. Hence, a correction factor of 10% is required, i.e. add 10% to the figure obtained above. So, the total number of expected pregnancies (Z) = Y + 10% of Y Given Bih rate is 25/1000 population Population under the sub-center 5000 Therefore, expected number of live bihs= {25 x 5000}/1000= 125 bihs Correction factor (pregnancy wastage) = 10% of 125 say 13 Therefore, total no. of expected 125 + 13 =138 pregnancies in a year | train | med_mcqa | null |
The following diseases have a defect in DNA repair mechanism except for | [
"Xeroderma pigmentosum",
"Huntington’s disease",
"Fanconi syndrome",
"Hereditary non polyposis colon cancer"
] | B | Inherited autosomal recessive syndromes of defective DNA repair
Ataxia Telangiectasia
Bloom syndrome
Fanconi anaemia
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Hereditary Nonpolyposis cancer
Huntington’s disease is an example of trinucleotide repeat disorders | train | med_mcqa | null |
In children below age of 8 years, high Level of cranio-facial disjunction of Lefort III classification is rarely seen because: | [
"Children in that age group really get affected by such traumatic incidence",
"Facial skeleton is covered with thick soft tissue",
"There is lack of poorly developed ethmoidal & sphenoidal sin us",
"The line of demarcation between medullary & cortical bone is less evident"
] | C | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
True about hyaline cailage: | [
"Hyaline cailage covers the aicular surface of Synol joints.",
"Hyaline cailage is present in all synol joints",
"Aicular cailage may undergo ossification with aging",
"Aicular cailage limits the mobility of the joint"
] | A | A i.e. Hyaline cailage covers the aicular surface of synol joint- Aicular cailage is devoid of nerves, blood vessels, perichondrium & ossification. Aicular cailage is devoid of perichondrium & there is no ossification. Aicular cailage is devoid of nerve & vessels.Aicular cailage of most (not all) synol jointsQ, costal cailage, thyroid/cricoid/ arytenoids - cailage, tracheal rings, nasal septum & lateral wall of nose and epiphyseal plate are lined by hyaline cailageAicular cailage covers the aicular surface & provide extremely smooth surface, for frictionless movement. Aicular cailage provide smooth surfaces between which there is very little friction; it also acts as shock absorber. Cells of aicular cailage divide by mitosis. Progressive loss of superficial cells is probably replaced by cells from deeper surfaces (Not confirmed). Nutrition of aicular cailage is derived from 3 Sources - hypochondrial vessels (of medullary cavity), vessels of synol membrane & synol fluid | train | med_mcqa | null |
When noting condylar guidance , the incisal pin should be: | [
"In contact with guidance table.",
"Out of contact.",
"The cuspal inclines.",
"None of the above."
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Following instruments are used in: | [
"Root apex filling",
"Perforation repair",
"Root canal filling",
"All of the above"
] | D | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Histocompatibility complex associated with narcolepsy - | [
"DR2",
"DR3",
"DR4",
"B4"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which level of prevention is applicable in a population without any risk factor | [
"Primordial prevention",
"Primary prevention",
"Secondary prevention",
"Tertiary prevention"
] | A | It is the prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Pseudo buboes are found in - | [
"Chancroid",
"LGV",
"Granuloma inguinale",
"All of the above"
] | C | Ans-C | train | med_mcqa | null |
Mc Gregor line and Trapnell lines are seen in? | [
"PNS View",
"PA View",
"SMV View",
"Lateral View"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Active and passive immunity should be given together in all except: | [
"Tetanus",
"Rabies",
"Measles",
"Hepatitis B"
] | C | - Measles vaccine efficacy is reduced by concurrent administration of measles immunoglobulin. - Measles vaccine alone gives quite good (immunity) level of protection. - Hence we avoid giving Measles Immunoglobulin alongwith measles vaccine. - For tetanus, rabies & Hep B vaccination & Ig can be given together. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Best tome for surgery of hypospadias is | [
"1 - 4 months age",
"6 - 18 months age",
"12 - 18 months age",
"2 - 4 months age"
] | B | Best time for suegery of hypospadias is 6 - 18 months > 6 - 10 months of age. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Extra calories required during pregnancy state is: March 2010 | [
"100 kcal/day",
"200 kcal/day",
"300 kcal/day",
"400 kcal/day"
] | C | Ans. C: 300 kcal/day Extra calories requirement: During pregnancy:+300 kcal During first 6 months of lactation:+550 kcal During next 6 months of lactation:+400 kcal | train | med_mcqa | null |
Genes involved in the development of colon carcinoma includes all of the following, except: | [
"APC",
"DPC4",
"K-ras",
"Mismatch Repair Genes"
] | B | DPC4 gene is on chromosome 18q, inactivation of this gene is associated with the development of pancreatic cancer. DPC4 gene encodes for a protein Smad4, which is involved in transforming growth factor beta signaling. APC gene, Beta-Catenin gene, K-ras mutation and Mismatch repair genes all are involved in the development of colorectal cancer. Ref: Pancreatic Cancer By John P. Neoptolemos, Page 125; Colon and Rectal Surgery By Marvin L. Corman, Pages 728-9; Caveolins in Cancer Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapy By Isabelle Mercier, Page 19 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which component transfers four protonsa) NADH-Q oxidoreductaseb) Cytochrome-C oxidasec) Cytochrome C - Q oxidoreductased) Isocitrate dehydrogenasee) Succinate Q reductase | [
"ac",
"bc",
"ad",
"b"
] | A | NADH-Q oxidoreductase & 'c' i.e., Cytochrome C - Q oxidoredictase
Complex I (NADH-CoQ reductase) and complex in (CoQ - cytochrome c reductase) pump 4 protons each and complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) pumps 2 protons. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which step in TCA cycle is irreversible? | [
"Succinate thiokinase",
"Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase",
"ISO citrate dehydrogenase",
"Aconitase"
] | B | Ans. (b) Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseRef: Harper's Biochemistry 28/e, ch-9, p 306 | train | med_mcqa | null |
In a village with population of 5000, 50 people have a disease and 10 of them died. What is case fatality rate? | [
"1%",
"2%",
"0.50%",
"20%"
] | D | .case fatality rate is the total number of deaths due to a paicular disease divided by total number of cases due to the same disease ,total multiplied by 100.it represents the killing power of a disease.it is simply the ratio of deaths to cases.the time interval is not specified. here it is 10 by 50 multiplied by 100 equals 20 ref:park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,22nd edition,pg no 55 | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 24-yrs-old male, who has been having fever for 15 days, starts having acute pain and distension of abdomen. Abdominal examination reveals generalized tenderness with guarding. The most likely diagnosis is: | [
"Acute appendicitis",
"Acute pancreatitis",
"Enteric perforation",
"Duodenal ulcer perforation"
] | C | The clinical picture described is classical of enteric perforation and peritonitis.
In enteric fever ulcers occur in intestine, which may perforate if not treated properly. This complication is seen in third or fourth week of fever. It is a life threatening complication and urgent medical and surgical intervention is required;
GIT haemorrhage is another life threatening complication of enteric fever that occurs in third or fourth week of fever. In acute appendicitis and acute pancreatitis abdominal pain is the main feature rather than fever of 15 days duration. In DU perforation fever is absent. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Fetal pulmonary maturity can be evaluated by phospholipids' activity in amniotic fluid. In which of the following pregnancies does the fetus have the least chance of developing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)? | [
"Normal pregnancy: amniotic fluid L/S is 1.8:1, phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) is absent",
"Diabetic pregnancy: amniotic fluid L/S is 2:1, PG is absent",
"Diabetic pregnancy: amniotic fluid L/S is 2:1, PG is present.",
"All of the above"
] | C | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
True regarding epithelial cells are: | [
"Upper respiratory tract is lined by keratinized epithelium",
"Abundant goblet cells are present in ureter epithelium",
"Sebaceous glands appear from epithelium in scalp",
"Epithelium is surrounded by single layered membrane"
] | C | Ref: The Developing Human Clinically Oriented Embryology,8th edition. Page 441 and Histology A Text and Atlas, Michael H.Ross, 6th edition. Pages 134, 666 and 725Explanation:Sebaceous glands develop as buds from the sides of developing epithelial root sheaths of hair follicles.The glandular buds grow into the surrounding connective tissue and branch to form the primordia of several alveoli and their associated ducts.The central cells of the alveoli break down, forming an oily secretion (sebum), which is released into the hair follicle and passes to the surface of the skin, where it mixes with desquamated peridermal cells to form vernix caseosa.Sebaceous glands independent of hair follicles (e.g., in the glans penis and labia minora) develop in a similar manner to buds from the epidermis.Note:Upper respiratory tract is lined with ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium.Ureter does NOT contain abundant goblet cells. Abundant goblet cells are features of large intestine.Epithelium is NOT surrounded by single layered membrane.Epithelial cells have strong adhesion molecules, membrane interdigitations and intercellular junctions.These features allow the cells to form cellular sheets that cover the surface of the body and line its cavities.Epithelial cells are separated from the connective tissue by a sheet of extracellular material called the basal lamina.Types of EpitheliumType of EpitheliumSubtypesLocations * Endothelium* Linings of Alveoli* Linings of Cavities* Lining of Serosa (Pori cardium. Pleura and Peri toneum)* Bowman s capsule* Thin segment of Loop of Henle* Vagina* Cornea* Upper aerodigestive tract* Mouth* Tonsils* Pharynx* Vocal cords* EsophagusSimpleSquamousStratified. Non- keratinizedStratified, Keratinized* Skin* Duct of sebaceous glands* Anas below Hilton's white lineSimple. Non-ciliated* Mucosa of Stomach* Intestine* Gallbladder* Cervical canal * Uterus* Fallopian tubes* Endocervix* Eustachian tubeCiliatedColumnar * Middle ear* Respiratory epithelium* Upper 1/3rd nasal cavity (Olfactory epitheliums)Pseuriost ratified. Ciliated* Respiratory epithelium (Lower 2/3rd of nasal cavity, auditory tube, trachea. bronchi, Respiratory tract upto bronchioles)* Ductus deferensPseudostratified with stercocilia* Epididymus Simple* Terminal bronchioles* Alveoli* Germinal epithelium * Ducts of Glands* Pancreas* Salivary glands* Sweat glands* Lining ot Bartholin glandsCuboidalStratifiedTransitionalepithelium * Urinary passage (from minor calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, prostatic urethra)Urothelium | train | med_mcqa | null |
Bilateral 'Spider leg sign' on IVP suggestive of : | [
"Renal stone",
"Polycystic kidney",
"Hypernephroma",
"Hydronephrosis"
] | B | - Bilateral 'Spider leg sign' indicates Polycystic Kidney(ADPKD). | train | med_mcqa | null |
Inter globular dentin results due to: | [
"Failure of coalescence of calcospherites",
"Fracture of the dentin",
"Artifact in light microscopy",
"Disturbance in dentinal tubules"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
&;Kiss cancer&; of the Urinary Bladder is: | [
"Highly malignant",
"Malignant",
"Benign",
"Pre-malignant"
] | C | Benign Papillary Tumour: &;Kiss cancer&;: Papillary tumour with daughter implantation. The papilloma consists of a single frond with a central vascular core with villi; it looks like a red sea anemone. Inveed papilloma is a condition in which the proliferative cells penetrate under normal mucosa so that the lesion is covered with smooth urothelium. It is benign Ref: Bailey 27th edition Pgno: 1445 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Drug of choice in herpes simplex encephalitis is : | [
"Acyclovir",
"Vidarabine",
"Interferon",
"Amantadine"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Vegetations on undersurface ofA. V. valves are found in - | [
"Acute Rheumatic carditis",
"Limban Sack's endocarditis",
"Non thrombotic bacterial endocarditis",
"Chronic rheumatic carditis"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Perimetry is a test to assess the: | [
"Visual acuity",
"Intraocular pressure",
"Visual field",
"Depth of the anterior chamber"
] | C | Ans. Visual field | train | med_mcqa | null |
Labour is said to be prolonged when duration of latent stage of labour crosses: | [
"12 hours",
"18 hours",
"20 hours",
"36 hours"
] | C | labour pattern nullipara multipara prolonged latent phase >20 hrs >14 hrs protracted active phase dilatation <1.2 cm/hr <1.5 cm/hr protracted descent <1 cm/hr <2 cm/hr arrest of dilatation >2 hr >2 hr arrest of descent >1 hr >1 hr | train | med_mcqa | null |
Bladder develops from | [
"Ectoderm",
"Mesoderm",
"Endoderm",
"Neural crest cell"
] | C | Ref Human embryology Inderbier singh 10 th edition Page no 292 The epithelium of urinary bladder devolep from cranial pa of vesicourethral canal (endoderm). The epithelium trigone of baldder is absorbed from absorbed mesonephric ducts(mesoderm) The muscular and serous wall of the oragab are derived fron spalnchnopleuric mesoderm | train | med_mcqa | null |
Vasodilator Nitric oxide is derived from which of the following: | [
"Proline",
"Histidine",
"Arginine",
"Lysine"
] | C | Derivatives of amino acids Proline is conveed to glutamate (by a series of steps) and then transaminated to alpha-ketoglutarate Histidine on decarboxylation, gives the corresponding amine i.e. histamine Arginine is the substrate for the production of nitric oxide (NO) | train | med_mcqa | null |
Cardiomegaly is seen in - | [
"Multivalvular disease",
"Anemia",
"Pericardial effusion",
"All"
] | D | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Multivavular disease, 'b' i.e., Anemia, 'c' i.e., Pericardial effusion Causes of Cardiomegaly Myocardial disease o Endocardial fibroelastosis o Glycogen storage disease o Myocarditis (viral or idiopathic) Coronary aery diseases resulting in myocardial insufficiency o Anomalous origin of the left coronary aery from the pulmonary aery o Collagen disease (periaaeritis nodosa) o Kawasaki disease Congenital hea defect with severe hea failure Miscellaneous conditions o Congestive hea failure (CHF) secondary to respiraoty disease (upper airway obstruction, bronchopulmonary dysplasia) Supraventricular tachycardia with CHF o Pericardial effusion o Tumors of the hea o Severe anemia o Endocrine disorders (thyrotoxicosis, pheochromocytoma) o Malnutrition (beriberi, kwashiorkor, carnitine deficiency) Sensitivity/toxic reactions (sulmonamides, doxorubicin) o Muscular dystrophies Familial dilated cardiomyopathies | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 45-year-old male presented with features of hypehermia, bronchodilatation, constipation and palpitations. he is likely to be suffering from the poisoning of | [
"OP compound",
"Oximes",
"Atropine",
"Mushroom"
] | C | Atropine produce dry skin, tachycardia or palpitations, bronchodilatation Ref: Goodman Gillman 11th ed pg 234-235 | train | med_mcqa | null |
HIV affects which of the following most commonly | [
"Helper cells",
"Suppressor cell",
"RBC's",
"Platelets"
] | A | Ref Robbins 9/e p246 The entry of HIV into cells requires the CD4 molecule, which acts as a high-affinity receptor for the virus (Fig. 4-27). This requirement explains the tropism of the virus for CD4+ T cells and its ability to infect other CD4+ cells, paicularly macrophages and DCs. However, binding to CD4 is not sufficient for infection; the HIV envelope gp120 must also bind to other cell surface molecules (coreceptors) to facilitate cell entry. Two cell surface chemokine receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, serve this role. HIV envelope gp120 (noncovalently attached to transmembrane gp41) binds initially to CD4 molecules (Fig. 4-27). This binding leads to a conformational change that exposes a new recognition site on gp120 for the core- ceptors CXCR4 (mostly on T cells) or CCR5 (mostly on macrophages). The gp41 then undergoes a conformational change that allows it to inse into the target membrane, and this process facilitates fusion of the virus with the cell. After fusion, the virus core containing the HIV genome enters the cytoplasm of the cell. | train | med_mcqa | null |
What is epiphora: September 2010 | [
"Eveed upper eyelid following surgery",
"CSF running through nose after injury",
"Abnormal flow of tears due to obstructed lacrimal duct",
"CSF running through ears after injury"
] | C | Ans. C: Abnormal flow of tears due to obstructed lacrimal duct Epiphora is overflow of tears onto the face. A clinical sign or condition that constitutes insufficient tear film drainage from the eyes in that tears will drain down the face rather than through the nasolacrimal system | train | med_mcqa | null |
A patient presents with symptoms of cough, hemoptysis, and glomerulonephritis. His C-ANCA levels in serum were found to be raised. The most likely diagnosis is | [
"Goodpasteur's syndrome",
"Classic polyaeritis nodosa",
"Wegener's granulomatosis",
"Kawasaki syndrome"
] | C | Renal and pulmonary symptoms with positive c-ANCA suggest the diagnosis of Wegener&;s glomerulonephritis.The clinical syndrome of Wegner granulomatosis may be very similar to classical PAN or microscopic polyangiitis. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Investigation of choice for assessing a child with vesicoureteric reflux is: | [
"Antegrade IVP",
"Retrograde IVP",
"Micturating cystourethrogram",
"Cystoscopy"
] | C | Ans. Micturating cystourethrogram | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following is an anti apoptotic gene | [
"C_myc",
"P53",
"Bcl_2",
"Bax"
] | C | Ref : Harrison 17/e p506 ; Robbins 9/e p19 synthesize anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family, the two main ones of which are Bcl-2 itself and Bcl-xL. These proteins antagonize Bax and Bak, and thus limit the escape of the mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins. Cells deprived of growth factors not only activate the pro-apoptotic Bax and Bak but also show reduced levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, thus fuher tilting the balance toward death. The mitochondrial pathway seems to be the pathway that is responsible for apoptosis in most situa- tions | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which one of the following is NOT a feature of Kaagener&;s syndrome - | [
"Bronchiectasis",
"Ciliary dyskinesia",
"Pancreatic insufficiency",
"situs inversus"
] | C | Ref:Harsh Mohan - Textbook of Pathology, 6th Edition.page no.484 Immotile cilia syndrome that includes Kaagener's syndrome (bronchiectasis, situs inversus and sinusitis) is characterised by ultrastructural changes in the microtubules causing immotility of cilia(Ciliary dyskinesia) of the respiratory tract epithelium, sperms and other cells. Males in this syndrome are often infeile | train | med_mcqa | null |
In each freshwater drowning the death occurs within 4-5 minutes of submersion due to ventricular fibrillation. Which of the following reasons is responsible for this? | [
"Total asphyxia is produced due to fresh water",
"Laryngospasm causing vagal inhibition",
"Haemoconcentration of blood caused by the osmotic pressure effect",
"Haemodilution, overloading of hea and haemolysis resulting in release of Potassium"
] | D | D i.e. Hemodilution, overloading of hea and hemolysis resulting in release of potassium | train | med_mcqa | null |
Giardiasis is associated with - | [
"Common variable immunodeficiency",
"C1 esterase deficiency",
"C8 deficiency",
"Anaemia"
] | A | G. lamblia is seen typically within the crypts in the duodenum. It does not invade tissues lead to mucus diarrhoea, dull epigastric pain and flatulence. The diarrhoea in some cases may be steatorrhoeic with excess mucus and fat, but no blood. The incubation period is variable, but is usually about 2 weeks. Enhanced susceptibility to giardiasis is associated with blood group A, achlorhydria, use of cannabis, chronic pancreatitis, malnutrition and immune defects such as 19A deficiency and hypogammaglobulinaemia. HIV infection has not apparently been associated with increased risk of giardiasis. TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY,CKJ PANIKER,6TH EDITION,PAGE NO 39 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Chain initiation in protein synthesis is by | [
"AUG",
"GLA",
"UGA",
"UAG"
] | A | Initiation codon AUG codes for methionine. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Kaposi sarcoma is commonly seen in - | [
"Upper limbs",
"Lower limbs",
"Head and Neck",
"Trunk"
] | B | • DFSP is a low-grade sarcoma because it may recur locally but rarely metastasizes.
• Monomorphous, mononuclear, spindle cell lesion involving both dermis and subcutis.
• MC site: Trunk (50%) >Extremities (30%) >Head and neck (20%)
Pathology
• Large lesions often are associated with satellite nodules; Positive for CD34
• Have unpredictable radial extensions of tumor permeating through the subcutaneous tissue large distances from the primary nodule.
• More than 75% of DFSP have a ring chromosome, composed of translocated portions of chromosomes 17 and 22
Clinical Features
• Typically presents in early or mid-adult life, beginning as a nodular cutaneous mass.
• Pattern of growth: Slow and persistent
• Lesion enlarges over many years, it becomes protuberant
Treatment
• Aggressive resection with special attention to radial margins (local recurrence rate <5%)
• Up to 50% recur after simple excision.
• Imatinib: First line of treatment for advanced disease. | train | med_mcqa | null |
20 years old female with complaints of nausea, vomiting, dizziness and pain in the legs. Her physical examination and all lab investigations and radiological investigations are normal. What would be the most probable diagnosis? | [
"Generalized anxiety disorder",
"Conversion disorder",
"Somatoform pain disorder",
"Somatisation disorder"
] | D | Here the patient presents with multiple, medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). This is an example of Somatisation Disorder. In somatoform pain disorder the major symptom will be unexplained chronic pain, which is usually isolated. Patients have a long history of complaints of severe pain out of propoion to any biomedical findings that are present. Exacerbations and remission of complaints correlate with psychogenic factorsThe term somatization refers to the experience and repoing of physical symptoms that cause distress but lack a corresponding level of tissue damage or pathology and are linked to psychosocial stress. In contrast to this broad and inclusive view of the process, psychiatrists have developed strict diagnostic criteria that define several distinct disorders, which are collectively referred to as the somatoform disorders. As such, clinicians should be careful to distinguish between somatization, as defined above, and somatization disorder, which is one type of somatoform disorder. In general, these conditions are chronic and reflect an enduring way for the affected individuals to cope with psychosocial stressors. Ref: Shim J., Eisendrath S.J. (2008). Chapter 25. Somatization. In M.D. Feldman, J.F. Christensen (Eds), Behavioral Medicine: A Guide for Clinical Practice, 3e. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which is used for calculation of ejection fraction? | [
"MUGA",
"SPECT using thallium 201",
"PET myocardial perfusion imaging",
"Sestamibi scan with pharmacological stress"
] | A | Nuclear Imaging of hea: MUGA scan (Multi-gated acquisition scan): Tc 99m labeled RBC is used Evaluate ventricular function / ejection fraction- Cardiac ventriculography (but most accurate investigation for ventricular function is -MRI) Tc99m labeled RBC is very sensitive investigation for detecting minimal lower GIT bleeding (as low as 0.1 ml per minute) PET scanning in hea: - N-13 ammonia PET = very sensitive for myocardial perfusion -18 FDG-PET = Myocardial bility If N-13 ammonia PET (-) & 18 FDG PET (-) - Suggestive of scar tissue If N-13 ammonia PET (-) & 18 FDG PET (+) - Hibernating myocardium Note: C-11 methionine PET is better than 18 FDG PET - for brain tumors | train | med_mcqa | null |
GE junction tumor is: | [
"Siewe type I",
"Siewe type II",
"Siewe type III",
"Siewe type IV"
] | B | Siewe Classification Type Adenocarcinoma of Location Type I Distal esophagus 1-5 cm above cardia Type II Real Cardia 1 cm above and 2 cm below cardia Types III Sub-Cardial Stomach 2-5 cm below cardia Type III generally have a worse prognosis. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Lepromin test is strongly positive in | [
"LT (Lepromatous leprosy)",
"TB (Tuberculoid type)",
"BL (Borderline lepromatous)",
"BB (Borderline tuberculoid)"
] | B | Ans. b (TB (Tuberculoid type)) (Ref. Park PSM 20th/158, 258; Ananthanarayan Microbiology 4th ed., 365))Rook's textbook of dermatology 29.1-29.19:Lepromin test is strongly positive in patient with good CMI, i.e., tuberculoid type, and gets weaker as one passes through the spectrum of lepromatous end, the typical lepromatous case is lepromin negative indicating a failure of CMI.LEPROMIN TEST# Nonspecific test# Positive in majority of adults in regions where leprosy is endemic.# Cannot be used as diagnostic test.# Great value in classifying a case of leprosy.# Useful tool in evaluating the immune status of leprosy patient.# Great value in estimating the prognosis in case of leprosy of all types.# Strongly positive in typical tuberculoid case0 and positivity getting weaker as one passes through the spectrum to lepromatous end.# Typical lepromatous case is Lepromin negative. Q# Mitsuda first described Lepromin test.- Intradermal injection in Lepromin antigen is typically biphasic in reaction, early Fernandez reaction characterized by erythema and induration in 24-48 hours and lasting for 3-5 days, analogous to tuberculin test, but of no significance: late is Mitsuda reaction in 4 weeks (peak) and subsides with ulceration, it is the measure of CMI.# Principle of the test: Delayed hypersensitivity reaction# Lepromin used:- Human type- Armadillo type- Dharmendra antigen# Purpose of the test:- For classification of leprosy- For assessment of prognosis and response to treatment (not used for diagnosis).0- To assess resistance of the individual- To verify the identity of candidate Lepra bacillus | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 34-year-old man complains of sudden attacks of dizziness, blurred vision, and excruciating headaches of 4 months in duration. During one of these attacks, his blood pressure was 180/120 mm Hg. The patient's father had been treated for thyroid cancer about 15 years ago. Laboratory studies show normal serum levels of aldosterone, renin, and angiotensin. A 24-hour urinalysis reveals increased metanephrines. Episodic hypeension in this patient is most likely caused by a tumor in which of the following endocrine organs? | [
"Adrenal",
"Kidney",
"Parathyroid",
"Pituitary"
] | A | - Given clinical features suggests the diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma - Pheochromocytoma Arising from chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla that secretes catecholamines. Can originate in extra-adrenal sites - Paragangliomas. Clinical features are caused d/t release of catecholamines. - The other choices do not include tumors that lead to episodic hypeension. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Organelle which plays a pivotal role in apoptosis is: | [
"Cytoplasm",
"Golgi complex",
"Mitochondria",
"Nucleus"
] | C | Programmed cell death is a central feature of normal tissue development and turnover and can be triggered by extrinsic signals (including cytotoxic T cells and inflammatory cytokines),or intrinsic pathways (including DNA damage and intracellular stress). Mitochondria play a central role in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Most common site of salivary gland stone | [
"Submandibular gland",
"Parotid gland",
"Sublingual gland",
"Minor salivary glands"
] | A | Stones are common in submandibular gland due to thick secretions. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Early stage of trauma is characterized by: | [
"Catabolism",
"Anabolism",
"Glycogenesis",
"Lipogenesis"
] | A | Ans. (a) Catabolism* Initial phase of trauma is Phase of catabolism"# Begins at the time of injury and lasts 2-5 days# Stress hormones are released. | train | med_mcqa | null |
BIRAD-4 means the breast lump is | [
"Benign",
"Probably benign",
"Suspicious of malignancy",
"Malignant"
] | C | Answer-C. Suspicious of malignancyTo assist in risk stratification, the American College of Radiology has developed a Breast Imaging Repoing and Data System (BIRADS) to standardize the criteria by which mamographic abnormalities are graded.The BIRADS score is provided to guide the surgeon toward the likelihood of malignancy. Scores of 4 or 5 warrant biopsy. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Risk factor for Ca Cervix | [
"HPV",
"Smoking",
"Late Menarche",
"Nulliparity"
] | A | Ans. is a i.e. HPV; Smoking; and Early sexual intercourse | train | med_mcqa | null |
In a village of 5000 population, 50 persons suffered from cholera and 10 persons died. What will be the case fatality ratio? | [
"0.20%",
"1.00%",
"5.00%",
"20.00%"
] | D | .case fatality ratio is calculated as the total number of deaths due to a paicular disease divided by total number of cases due to the same disease ,whol;e multiplied by 100 that is 10/50 *100 equals 20% . | train | med_mcqa | null |
Normal cerebral blood flow is | [
"45 ml/min for every 100gm of brain tissue",
"55 ml/min for every 100gm of brain tissue",
"65 ml/min for every 100gm of brain tissue",
"75 ml/min for every 100gm of brain tissue"
] | B | Normal cerebral bloodflow (CBF) is about 55 mL per minute for every 100 gramsof brain tissue. Ischaemia results when this rate drops below20 mL per minute, and even lower levels will result in infarctionunless promptly corrected.Flow depends on cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), the difference between mean aerial pressure (MAP) and intracranial pressure (ICP).CPP (75-105 mmHg) = MAP (90-110 mmHg) - ICP(5-15 mmHg)Bailey and love 27e 328 | train | med_mcqa | null |
McArdle's disease causes muscle cramps and muscle fatigue with increased muscle glycogen. Which of the following enzymes is deficient? | [
"Hepatic hexokinase",
"Muscle glycogen synthetase",
"Muscle phosphorylase",
"Muscle hexokinase"
] | C | Muscle Phosphorylase deficiency leads to a glycogen storage disease and , in young adults, an inability to do strenuous physical work because of muscular cramps resulting from ischemia. The compromised phosphorylation of muscle glycogen characteristic of McArdle's disease compels the muscles to rely on auxiliary energy sources such as free fatty acid and ambient glucose. regarding glycogen storage disease (GSD) GSD type Disease name Enzyme defeciency GSD 1 Von gierke's Glucose 6 phosphatase GSD 2 Pompe's Acid Maltase GSD 3 Cori's / Forbe's Glycogen debrancher GSD 4 Anderson's Glycogen branching enzyme GSD 5 Mc Ardle Muscle glycogen phosphorylase GSD 6 Her's Liver glycogen phosphorylase GSD 7 Tauri's Muscle phosphofructokinase | train | med_mcqa | null |
True About ostium premium ASD | [
"Results in right axis detion(RAD) on the ECG",
"Is seen in Holt-Oram syndrome",
"Less common form than secundum ASD",
"May be left to close spontaneously"
] | C | Ostium secondum defects are the most common type of ASD, and they are seen in Holt-Oram syndrome. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Typhoid perforation is diagnosed by- | [
"Plain X-ray of abdomen in erect posture",
"Rectal examination",
"Gastric aspiration",
"Barium enema"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
"Creola Bodies" in sputum are pathognomonic of - | [
"Bronchial Asthma",
"Chronic Bronchitis",
"Bronchogenic Carcinoma",
"Pulmonary Tuberculosis"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Area under normal curve within +- 1SD (standard detion)- | [
"0.68",
"0.17",
"0.12",
"0.34"
] | A | Ref:Parks 23rd edition pg 849. +/-1sd includes 68% i.e . 0.68 1SD : confidence limit = 68% 2SD : confidence limit = 95% 3SD : confidence limit = 99.7% | train | med_mcqa | null |
About test of significance between two large population, one of the following statements is true - | [
"Null hypothesis states that 2 means are equal",
"Standard error of difference is the sum of the standard error of 2 means",
"Standard error of means are equal",
"Standard error of difference between populations calculated"
] | D | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
The characteristic lesion of atherosclerosis is | [
"Fibrinoid necrosis of the media",
"Giant cell reaction in the retina and internal elastic lamina",
"Organised thrombus in the affected segment",
"'Fibro-fatty' lesion in the intima of the blood vessels"
] | D | Atherosclerosis is a intima based lesion composed of a fibrous cap and an atheromatous core: the constituents of the plaque include smooth muscle cells, ECMs, inflammatory cells, lipids and necrotic debris Robbins 9th edition page no 343 | train | med_mcqa | null |
True about Bence-Jones protein: | [
"Made of light chain",
"Reappears at 100degC",
"Dissolve at 100degC",
"Amyloid light chain in urine"
] | A | Bence Jones proteins are made up of light chain consisting of either kappa or lambda light chains and also para proteins in the serum Reference textbook of Pathology 6th edition Author Harsha Mohan page number 383 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Hepatic adaptation is caused by which antituberculous drug? | [
"INH",
"Rifambin",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Ethambutol"
] | A | Isoniazid sometimes cause asymptomatic transient elevation of aminotransferase levels termed hepatic adaptation. Ref: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th Edition, Page 1374. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Reye's syndrome is diagnosed by using with stain - | [
"Reticulin stain",
"Oil-red-0 stain",
"PAS stain",
"Mustein stain"
] | B | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Oil red 0 Staino Read following 2 facts :?1. "Oil red 0 stain is used to stain fat".2. "Characteristic histopathologic change in the cells in Rey's syndrome is fat accumulation. Glycogen is completely absent from the cells ".These changes are seen in the cells of liver, brain & kidneys.o So after combining these 2 facts you can easily get the answer.o Now something more about stains | train | med_mcqa | null |
Ergot alkaloids are used in all except - | [
"Migraine",
"Acromegaly",
"Hypertension",
"Parkinsonism"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Hypertension Uses of ergot alkaloids1. Migraineo In migraine, throbbing headache is due to dilatation of pain sensitive arteries outside the brain, i.e. extracerebral vessels.o Ergot alkaloids are vasoconstrictor (due to a agonistic action) and oppose these effects,o Ergot alkaloids used in migraine -Prophylaxis-MethysergideAcute attack-Ergotamine & dihydroergotamine2. Parkinsonismo In parkinsonism, there is degeneration of dopaminergic neurons.o Bromocriptine; an ergot alkaloid, is dopamine agonist at D2 receptor - can be used in parkinsonism.3. Hyperprolactinemiao Prolactin is under predominant inhibitory control of hypothalamus through dopamine that act on receptor of pituitary lactotroph.o Bromocriptine by D2 agonistic activity, decreases prolactin secretion.4. Acromegalyo Dopamine increases GH release in normal subjects but decreases it in acromegalics,o Bromocriptine also acts in same way due to its dopamine agonistic action.5. Dementiao Dihydroergotoxin increases cerebral blood flow and act by protecting altered brain metabolism. | train | med_mcqa | null |
A male child of 15 years with a mental age of 9 years has an IQ of – | [
"50",
"60",
"70",
"80"
] | B | The Intelligence Quotient a.Q.) is calculated according to the formula : | train | med_mcqa | null |
All of the following are cofactors for Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase, EXCEPT | [
"FAD",
"Lipoamide",
"NADP",
"Thiamin pyrophosphate"
] | C | Thiamin pyrophosphate (Vit B1), Lipoic Acid, Coenzyme A (B5), FAD (Vitamin B2) and NAD+ (Vitamin B3) are required as cofactors for the following 3 enzymes, Pyruvate dehydrogenase a-keto glutarate dehydrogenase Branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase All these 3 enzymes are multienzyme complexes of three different enzymes. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following is true about oral therapy for iron deficiency anemia? | [
"In 300 mg elemental iron given, 100 mg gets absorbed",
"Reticulocytosis appears in one to 2 weeks and then peaks in 3-4 weeks",
"Response to treatment stas appearing in 4 weeks",
"Decrease in absorption occurs with improvement of symptoms"
] | D | Discussing about the options one by one, a. Only 10% of the iron given by oral route gets absorbed.- so option 1 is wrong b. Reticulocytosis appears in 48-72 hours, peaking at 5-7 days - so option 2 is wrong c. Clinical response to treatment appears within 24 hours - so option 3 is wrong d. The normalization of body iron store relatively decreases the iron absorption - option 4 is true TREATMENT OF IDA: - 3-6 mg/kg/ day of elemental iron in 2-3 divided closes - Maximum dose: 150-200mg of elemental Iron daily - Iron is continued for 8 weeks after blood values normalized - For IV correction, total amount of Iron needed = body weight (in kg) x (15-patient's Hb) x 2.3 | train | med_mcqa | null |
The following anticancer drug is naturally obtained from plants? | [
"Cisplatin",
"Tretinoin",
"Vincristine",
"Omalizumab"
] | C | Naturally obtained anticancer drugs are vinca alkaloids, taxanes, L-Asparginase, and camptothecins.Ref: Sharma and Sharma 3rd ed /Pg: 866 | train | med_mcqa | null |
The diagnostic criteria as proposed by FLINTER for Alpo syndrome has all the features, EXCEPT: | [
"Positive family history",
"Typical changes in renal biopsy specimen",
"High tone sensorineural deafness",
"Cardiovascular changes"
] | D | Diagnostic criteria for classical X-linked Alpo syndrome. At least three of the following four criteria must be fulfilled for a diagnosis of Alpo syndrome to be made clinically: In a patient with microscopic hematuria A positive family history of hematuria with or without chronic renal failure. Typical ultrastructural GBM changes in a renal biopsy specimen. High-tone sensorineural deafness. Characteristic ophthalmological signs (lenticonus and/or macular flecks) Ref: Dan Med Bull 2009; 56:105-52 | train | med_mcqa | null |
which one of the following congenital malformation of the fetus can be diagnosed in first trimester by ultrasound : | [
"Anencephaly",
"lnencephaly",
"Microcephaly",
"Holoprosencephaly"
] | A | Anencephaly is defined as absence of the cranial vault and is incompatible with life.This was the first anomaly to be detected on USG and pregnancy to be terminated.It is usually diagnosed by 12 weeks (first trimester)of pregnancy on USG.There is a typical frog's eye apperanace on USG. Refer page no 487 of Text book of obstetrics,sheila balakrishnan 2nd edition. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Unloading of oxygen to tissues cells by oxy-Hb is assisted by | [
"Bohr-affect",
"2-3 diphosphoglycerate",
"Low PO2 and high PCO2 in tissues",
"All of the above"
] | D | Bohr effect: A shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right in response to increases in blood carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions enhances the release of oxygen from blood in the tissues and enhances oxygenation of the blood in the lungs. This is called the Bohr effect. 2,3 - DPG: In hypoxic conditions that last longer than a few hours, the quantity of 2,3-BPG in the blood increases considerably, shifting the oxygen-hemoglobin curve to the right. This causes oxygen to be released to tissues. Low PO2 and high PCO2 in tissues: As blood passes through tissues, CO2 diffuses from the cells to blood. This increases blood PCO2 and decreases blood PO2. This, in turn, increases blood carbonic acid and hydrogen ion concentration. These effects shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the right, forcing oxygen away from hemoglobin, delivering oxygen to the tissues.Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology, 12th edition(South Asia), page 356 | train | med_mcqa | null |
All predispose to thrombosis except - | [
"Homocystinuria",
"PNH",
"Polycythemia",
"Hypomagnesemia"
] | D | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Hypomagnesemia | train | med_mcqa | null |
Socrates was killed by which poisoning - | [
"Cyanide",
"Conium",
"Strychnine",
"Dhatura"
] | B | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Conium o Conium (Hemlock) was used to kill socrates.Important facts about poisoningo Poison retarding putrefaction : Strychnine (nox vomica), carbolic acid, heavy metals (like arsenic), and zinc chloride.o Poison causing proximal tubular necrosis: Lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, bismuth, phenol (carbolic acid),oxalic acid (oxalate), and ethylene glycol,o Angel dust refers to common name for drug phencyclidine,o Conium (Hemlock) was used to kill socrates.o Oleander (kaner) has two varitiesi) White (Nerium odorum) : Active principle is nerin consisting of three glycosides : neriodorin, neriodorein,and keratin.ii) Yellow (cerbera thevetia) : Active principles are three glycosides : Thevetin, thevotoxin and cerberin.o Conjunctivae are yellow in picric acid poisoningo Corneal ulceration and conjunctival inflammation occurs in copper duct exposure,o Conjunctiva and cornea are grey-blue or blue black in chronic silver poisoning,o Marqui's test is used in morphine poisoning.o A normal GIT rules out poisoning by corrosives (acids and alkalies),o Liver necrosis occurs in phosphorus, CCL, chloroform and trinitrotoluene poisonings,o Poisons produced due to putrefaction - ethyl alcohol and cyanide.o Hot-shot: A dose of narcotic with a poison (like strychnine) used to kill a fellow narcotic addict,o Neurotic poisons can be subdivided into following categories :-1. Somniferous poisons : Produce narcotic analgesia by acting on brain, e.g. opium and its deriivatives.2. Inebriant poisons : Produce generalized CNS depression, e.g. ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, barbiturates, chloral hydrate.3. Deliriant poisons : Produce delirium as their major symptom e.g. dhatura, balladonna, hyoscyamus, and cannabis indica. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Highest amount of iron is seen in - | [
"Milk",
"Meat",
"Spinach",
"Jagger"
] | B | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Meat"Red meat is the richest source of iron" - Acle | train | med_mcqa | null |
Incidence rate of lung cancer among smokers is 8 per 1000 and among non-smokers is 1 per 1000. Population attributable risk is - | [
"89%",
"95%",
"10%",
"100%"
] | A | Ans. is 'a' i.e., 89% Population attributable risk (PAR) o It is the incidence of disease (or death) in the total population minus the incidence of disease (or death) among those who are not exposed. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Disease spreading through water is: | [
"Hepatitis B",
"Hepatitis C",
"HIV",
"Typhoid"
] | D | Ans: d (Typhoid) Ref: Park, 19 ed, p. 571This is a direct pick from park.Water related disease are:BiologicalChemicalBiological1) Presence of infectious agent:Viral-Bacteria-Protozoa-Helminth-Leptospiral-Hep ATyphoidAmoebiasisRoundwormWeils diseaseHepEParatyphoidGiardiasisthreadworm Polio,Cholera hydatid disease RotaE. coli diarrhoea 2) Presensce of aquatic hostSnail:Cyclops:SchistosomiasisGuinea wormFish tape wormChemical: Pollutants like detergents, solvents, heavy metals, dyes, ammonia, sulphides, toxic and biocidal compounds etc. | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 20 yr old male presents with anterior shoulder dislocation. The injury is usually caused as a combination of which of the following ? | [
"Abduction and external rotation",
"Adduction and external rotation",
"Abduction and internal rotation",
"Adduction and internal rotation"
] | A | Anterior shoulder dislocation Indirect force -abduction, external rotation, extebtion Direct force -blow from posterior aspect of shoulder Most common mechanism for injury of anterior dislocation of shoulder is fall on outstretched hand Refer Maheshwari 6th/e p 89 | train | med_mcqa | null |
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