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What can microbes cause?
Microbes can also cause: Acute infections, which are short-lived. Chronic infections, which can last for weeks, months, or a lifetime. Latent infections, which may not cause symptoms at first but can reactivate over a period of months and years. Most importantly, bacterial and viral infections, can cause mild, moderate...
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What is the historical importance of bacterial and viral infections?
Throughout history, millions of people have died of diseases such as bubonic plague or the Black Death, which is caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria, and smallpox, which is caused by the variola virus. In recent times, viral infections have been responsible for two major pandemics: the 1918-1919 “ Spanish flu” epide...
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How do viruses differ from bacteria?
Viruses are tinier: the largest of them are smaller than the smallest bacteria. All they have is a protein coat and a core of genetic material, either RNA or DNA. Unlike bacteria, viruses can't survive without a host. They can only reproduce by attaching themselves to cells. In most cases, they reprogram the cells to m...
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How are bacterial and viral infections spread?
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How are viral infections treated?
Vaccines have drastically reduced the number of new cases of viral diseases such as polio, measles, and chickenpox. In addition, vaccines can prevent such infections such as the flu, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus ( HPV), and others. But the treatment of viral infections has proved more challenging, pri...
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How can your doctor know the origin of bacterial and viral infections?
In some cases, it's difficult to determine whether an illness is viral or bacterial because many ailments -- including pneumonia, meningitis, and diarrhea -- can be caused by either. But your doctor may be able to determine the cause by listening to your medical history and doing a physical exam. If necessary, he or sh...
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How often should I see my doctor if I am postmenopausal?
Even if you are postmenopausal, getting regular check-ups and preventive screening tests such as pelvic exams, Pap smears, breast exams, and mammograms are among the most important things you can do for yourself. How often you need a check-up depends on your health history. Talk to your doctor to determine how often yo...
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Can I get pregnant after menopause?
Having your doctor measure your follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH) level is another way to see if you are near menopause. But, continue using contraception until your doctor determines that you truly are postmenopausal.
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What can I do to prevent cancer?
Tips for cancer prevention include: Avoid smoking. If you do smoke, quit. Avoid too much sun exposure and wear sunscreen outdoors. Eat a nutritious diet and exercise regularly. Maintain a healthy weight. Get proper cancer screening for your age, gender, and risk factors. Take proper precautions around carcinogens and i...
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What is radiculopathy?
A spinal nerve can become pinched or inflamed. This can cause low back pain to travel (radiate) down your legs. It can also cause numbness or tingling.
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What puts you at risk for low back pain?
Certain things make it more likely that you will have low back pain: Age.
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Can back pain be a sign of a serious underlying condition?
Possibilities include: An inflammatory disease like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis Osteoporosis (bones losing to density as you age; may lead to fractures) Scoliosis (curved spine) Endometriosis, which occurs when tissue from the uterus grows in other parts of the body Back pain can also...
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What is spondylolisthesis?
In this condition, a vertebra slips out of place and pinches spinal nerves.
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What underlying conditions can cause back pain?
You may hear the term “mechanical” low back pain. Possibilities include: An inflammatory disease like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis Osteoporosis (bones losing to density as you age; may lead to fractures) Scoliosis (curved spine) Endometriosis, which occurs when tissue from the uter...
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How are degenerated disks associated with back pain?
Disks. If your abdominal and back muscles are weak, they don't do as good a job of supporting the structure of your spine.
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When should you call the doctor about low back pain?
If your back pain is short-term -- meaning it lasts a few days or a few weeks -- doctors call it “acute.” If it has gone on for 3 months or more, it's considered chronic. But you should call the doctor if: Your pain is constant or intense, especially at night or when you lie down. Your pain spreads down one or both...
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How can finances related to psoriasis cause stress?
Psoriasis treatments can be costly. A year's supply of biologic drugs can cost more than $25,000. And even cheaper treatments add up.
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How can you relax if you have stress and psoriasis?
Learn techniques to relax. Try one of these stress-busters: Deep breathing Meditation Tai chi Yoga They can lower stress and may even help your treatment. One study found that people who listened to meditation tapes while they got light therapy did twice as well as those who only got light therapy. Long walks and long ...
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How does pain from psoriasis cause stress?
Psoriasis can cause chronic pain, which adds a constant level of stress in your life. Sometimes the pain can make day-to-day actions hard. If you have arthritis in your joints, this is more likely.
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How can trusting your doctor help with stress and psoriasis?
To ease stress, you need to have faith in your doctor to work out the best plan for your treatment. You are partners. If you don't feel like you are, or if you have doubts about your treatment plan, see another doctor.
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How can getting a massage help your stress and psoriasis?
A good massage can: Ease muscle tension Lower stress Help you relax If you can, find a massage therapist who has worked with people who have psoriasis.
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Can stress cause psoriasis?
Experts aren't sure how psoriasis and stress are linked. It may have to do with an effect on the immune system. Some people have their first flare of psoriasis during a very stressful time in their life.
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Should I get better treatment if I have psoriasis?
But it can also be the best cure for both your stress and psoriasis. If you have good control of your condition, you get rid of the core cause of your stress.
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Should I trust my doctor if I have psoriasis?
To ease stress, you need to have faith in your doctor to work out the best plan for your treatment. You are partners. If you don't feel like you are, or if you have doubts about your treatment plan, see another doctor.
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How do stress and psoriasis go together?
Stress can make psoriasis worse, and psoriasis can make you stressed. But there are ways to ease stress that may help your psoriasis, too.
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Should I get professional help if I have psoriasis?
If you find stress and psoriasis hard to handle -- or feel very anxious or depressed -- see a mental health therapist. A therapist can help you manage some of the hard emotional issues that stem from life with psoriasis. A therapist can also teach you useful ways to calm stress.
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How does life with a chronic condition cause stress related to psoriasis?
Sometimes psoriasis can wear you down. You may also sometimes find yourself anxious about the future.
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How can getting professional help from a mental health therapist treat stress and psoriasis?
If you don't feel like you are, or if you have doubts about your treatment plan, see another doctor. A therapist can help you manage some of the hard emotional issues that stem from life with psoriasis. A therapist can also teach you useful ways to calm stress.
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How does stigma of psoriasis cause stress?
Stress can make psoriasis worse, and psoriasis can make you stressed. Any aspect of being social can be stressful, from going on a date to shaking someone's hand.
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How can getting treatment help with stress and psoriasis?
But it can also be the best cure for both your stress and psoriasis. If you have good control of your condition, you get rid of the core cause of your stress. Treatment.
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Why does my baby have a fever?
A fever isn't an illness -- it's considered a symptom of one. A fever usually indicates that the body is fighting an illness and the immune system is functioning. If your baby has a fever, in most instances it means he has probably picked up a cold or other viral infection. Although they are less common in infants, pne...
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What should I do if my baby has a fever?
If your baby is under age 1 month and has a fever, contact your child's health care provider right away. For older babies, try these tips: Bathe your child with lukewarm water -- always check the temperature of the water on your wrist before washing your baby. Dress your baby in a light layer of clothes. Give your baby...
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How do I take my baby's temperature with a rectal thermometer?
To take a rectal temperature, first make sure the thermometer is clean. Wash it with soap and water or wipe it off with rubbing alcohol. Lay your baby on the belly or on the back with legs bent toward the chest. Apply a little bit of petroleum jelly around the thermometer bulb and gently insert it about 1 inch into the...
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When should I call the doctor about my baby's fever?
According to the AAP, call your doctor if your baby: Is under age 3 months and has a fever; if your baby is under 2 months and has a fever, it is considered an emergency. Seek immediate medical care. Is lethargic and not responsive Has problems breathing or eating Is very cranky, fussy or difficult to calm down Has a r...
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What can I give my baby for a fever?
If your child is older than 6 months and your doctor says it is OK, you can give your baby either children's Tylenol or ibuprofen ( Advil or Motrin). Never give babies aspirin for a fever because of the risk for a rare but potentially dangerous condition called Reye's syndrome. Also, do not give a baby under age 6 mont...
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When does my baby have a fever?
Most doctors consider a rectal temperature of 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or higher as a fever.
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What are signs my baby has a fever?
Other causes of fever in babies include: Reaction to a vaccination Becoming overheated from being dressed too warmly or spending too much time outside on a hot day One common sign of fever in babies is a warm forehead, although not having a warm forehead doesn't mean that your baby doesn't have a fever. Your baby may a...
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How does the doctor know if my newborn has a virus or serious infection due to a fever?
Is lethargic and not responsive Has problems breathing or eating Is very cranky, fussy or difficult to calm down Has a rash Shows signs of dehydration, such as fewer wet diapers, dry mouth, no tears with crying, or sunken soft spot on the head Has a seizure It can be difficult for doctors to tell whether a newborn has ...
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How do I take my baby's temperature?
Other symptoms associated with fever in babies include: Poor sleeping Poor eating Lack of interest in play Less active or even lethargic Convulsions or seizures You can take a child's temperature a few different ways, such as via the rectum (rectally), mouth (orally), ear, under the arm (axillary), or at the temples. M...
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What is the conventional medicine for gallstones?
Of the various conventional treatments that are available, surgical removal of the gallbladder is the most widely used.
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How are gallstones treated?
In most cases, treatment of gallstones is considered necessary only if you are having symptoms. Of the various conventional treatments that are available, surgical removal of the gallbladder is the most widely used. Some alternative treatments have also been found to be effective in alleviating the symptoms of troubles...
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How is surgery done to treat gallstones today and how effective is it?
Patients faced a two- or three-day hospital stay plus several weeks of recovery at home. Today, however, the most commonly used surgical technique is a much simpler approach known as laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The doctor makes several small incisions in the abdomen, then uses special pencil-thin instruments to remov...
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How do I know if I have gallstones?
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How can reshaping your heart valve's leaflets help with treating heart valve disease?
Reshape leaflets: If one of the leaflets is floppy, a part of it may be cut out, and then the flap will be sewn back together. This lets the valve close more tightly. This is also called quadrangular resection.
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How does balloon valvotomy work in treating heart valve disease?
Also called balloon valvuloplasty, doctors sometimes recommend it for people who have: Mitral valve stenosis (narrowing of the mitral valve) with symptoms Aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve), but aren't able to have surgery Pulmonic stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonic valve) In this procedure, a catheter is...
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Why is minimally invasive heart valve surgery a better option than traditional surgery?
It's done through smaller cuts. This type of surgery lowers: Blood loss Trauma How much time you'll spend in the hospital Your surgeon will review your test results first to see if you're a candidate for this procedure.
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What are the disadvantages of a mechanical heart valve?
People who get these have to take blood thinner medication for the rest of their life to prevent clots from forming in it. These clots can raise your chance of having a stroke. Also, some people hear a ticking sound. It's the valve leaflets opening and closing.
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How can annulus support help with treating heart valve disease?
Annulus support: Your doctor may reshape or tighten the ring of tissue that supports your valve (called the valve annulus) if it's too wide. He'll sew a ring structure around it. The ring may be made of tissue or synthetic material.
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What happens if my heart valve cannot be repaired?
If your heart valves cannot be repaired, your doctor will replace them. During the surgery, the damaged valve is removed and a new valve is sewn to the tissue that supported the original.
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What are the types of surgery used for heart valve disease?
When treatment for heart valve disease includes surgery, it can be traditional or a minimally invasive procedure known as balloon valvuloplasty.
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How can patched leaflets help with treating heart valve disease?
Patched leaflets: Your surgeon may use tissue patches to repair any leaflets that have tears or holes.
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What is a mechanical heart valve?
The new valve can be: Mechanical: It's made totally of mechanical parts that your body will accept. Something called a bi-leaflet valve is used most often. It's two carbon leaflets in a ring covered by polyester knit fabric. Their advantage is they're designed to last many years.
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What are the advantages of heart valve repair surgery?
Your heart muscle will stay strong longer. People who get these have to take blood thinner medication for the rest of their life to prevent clots from forming in it.
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What valve is usually repaired with heart valve repair surgery?
Something called a bi-leaflet valve is used most often. Also called balloon valvuloplasty, doctors sometimes recommend it for people who have: Mitral valve stenosis (narrowing of the mitral valve) with symptoms Aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve), but aren't able to have surgery Pulmonic stenosis (narrowing...
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What are some symptoms of toenail fungus?
It can make your nails look yellow, thick, and cracked. They might hurt when you try to wear shoes. Toenail fungus can be hard to treat. And if you don't take care of it, there's a chance it can lead to a more serious infection.
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Can changing your socks and shoes often help prevent toenail fungus?
Put on a clean pair of socks every day. Give your shoes a rest and wear different pairs often, too. If your feet get sweaty when you walk or work out, change your socks and shoes as soon as you get a chance.
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Can using foot powder help prevent toenail fungus?
Sprinkle some on after you shower and dry your feet. Some people like cornstarch. But medicated powder is a better choice. It will help protect you against fungus, including athlete's foot.
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Can choosing a clean nail salon help prevent toenail fungus?
Look for a salon that's licensed by your state and looks well-kept. Make sure they sterilize all their tools after each use and before each new customer. Or you can bring your own sterilized tools.
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How can wearing shoes in public help prevent toenail fungus?
Don't go barefoot in public. Fungus loves to grow in warm, wet places. It also spreads easily from person to person. That's why it's key to wear shower shoes or flip flops around public pools, locker rooms, and showers.
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Can trimming your toenails help prevent toenail fungus?
Make sure yours aren't too snug and that they give your feet room to breathe. Don't pick at your nails or the skin next to them.
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How can checking your feet and toes regularly help prevent toenail fungus?
Skip the nail polish if you can. Fungus can live in them. If you think you have another infection or fungus, like athlete's foot, talk to your doctor or pharmacist about what to do. It can turn into a toenail fungus, too, if you don't treat it.
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How can throwing away old shoes and slippers help prevent toenail fungus?
You're more likely to dodge toenail fungus if you can live without polish. Use an anti-fungal cream. Never share shoes or socks with other people.
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Can keeping your nail tools clean help prevent toenail fungus?
Rubbing alcohol should work. Don't share them with anyone else. Choose a clean nail salon.
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How can using the right footwear help prevent toenail fungus?
Clean and dry feet and nails are less likely to pick up a fungus. Make sure yours aren't too snug and that they give your feet room to breathe. Choose materials like leather for shoes. Look for socks made of a synthetic fiber that pulls moisture away from your feet better than cotton or wool. You'll see this called wic...
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What kind of pollen mask do I need when I garden if I have allergies?
Suggest that your partner use a pollen mask, or a mask that has an “ M95 filter,” when he or she works in the yard. The ones you get from a medical supplier place will filter pollen better that those from the hardware store.
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How can cutting down on the amount of items in your home help to allergy-proof your home?
Cut down on knick-knacks (where dust can gather). Check on whether your furniture might be a problem: Overstuffed items often have down feathers in it, and antiques may be stuffed with horsehair or covered in fabric made from it. Curtains, too, could be a place where dust and pollen (if your windows are open) gather. A...
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How can using a microfiber cloths or an electrostatic duster help allergy-proof your home?
They pick up dust and pollen instead of swirling it around the air.
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How can cleaning the air help allergy-proof your home?
Install a fan-based HEPA air purifier in your most-used living areas to collect dust before it settles. When you look for furnace and air-conditioning filters, chose a MERV (minimum efficiency value rating) of 8-12. Change or wash permanent filters every month.
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Can reducing the use of scented items help to allergy-proof your home?
Skip the scented products. People with allergies can react to the cologne, cleaning supplies, potpourri, and beauty products. If perfume or cologne makes your main squeeze sneeze, don't wear it -- at least at home.
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Why is carpet a problem if you have allergies?
It's easier to keep linoleum, hardwood, or tile dust-free than it is to remove all the dust from carpets.
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How can you split up chores to help your partners' allergies?
If you don't have allergies, split up the chores based on whether they can cause an allergy flare-up. You can dust and rake while he cooks and washes ups, for instance. If he feels like he wants do some heavy cleaning or yard work, suggest that he do it on a low pollen-count day and take an antihistamine first to help ...
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Do some pillow cases help if you have allergies?
They act as a barrier between dust mites and your partner. Remember, a feather pillow that isn't covered can trigger your partner's allergies. It's bad for your whole body and could make your allergies worse.
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How can using your air conditioner or fans help allergy-proof your home?
Cut down on knick-knacks (where dust can gather). Clean the air. They pick up dust and pollen instead of swirling it around the air.
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What are drawbacks of using salicylic acid to treat psoriasis?
Shampoos with salicylic acid can make your scalp dry, and that can lead to more flaking. They also can irritate your skin, make you nauseous, or cause other problems if you use it too long and over too big of an area of your head. Talk to your doctor before trying one of these.
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How are steroid shampoos used to treat psoriasis?
You'll need a prescription from your doctor for these. They're usually used for only a few weeks to help with swelling and redness. After that, your doctor may suggest you switch to a coal tar shampoo. Don't wet your hair before using this shampoo -- you put it on your scalp when your hair is dry and leave it for 15 mi...
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How does salicylic acid help treat psoriasis?
Salicylic acid works well for a lot of skin problems because it helps you shed dead skin. With psoriasis, it helps lift, soften, and get rid of scales on your scalp. To use one of these shampoos, wet your hair and work the shampoo into a lather. Rinse and repeat. Use it at least twice a week or follow your doctor's adv...
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What are drawbacks of using coal tar?
Be aware, though, that shampoo with coal tar might make your scalp more sensitive to the sun. Tar can stay on your skin for 24 hours or longer, and your chances of sun damage go up during that time. Protect your head with a hat or stay in the shade if you're outside. If you have blond or other light-colored hair, shamp...
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How does coal tar help with psoriasis?
It's also important to follow your doctor's instructions Coal tar has been used to treat psoriasis for more than 100 years. You can find it in shampoos as well as creams, oils, and lotions. Shampoos with coal tar help with scaling, hardening, and thickening of the skin on your scalp by slowing down the growth of skin c...
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What is psoriasis shampoo made out of?
These shampoos have some of the same ingredients as the medicines and lotions your doctor might recommend for psoriasis on other parts of your body. You can get ones that treat mild to moderate psoriasis off the shelf at your local pharmacy. The two main ingredients in those are coal tar and salicylic acid. If you need...
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What other uses do shampoos with salicylic acid have?
Some salicylic acid shampoos have sulphur, which can stop fungus. If you also have a yeast infection on your scalp, this kind of shampoo may be right for you. You may need to use it once or twice a week after the infection has gone away to keep your scalp healthy.
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How long should psoriasis shampoo be used for?
Whether prescription or over-the-counter, these shampoos should only be used for short periods of time. And you'll need to be gentle with them. Your psoriasis can get worse if you scrub too hard. It's also important to follow your doctor's instructions Coal tar has been used to treat psoriasis for more than 100 years.
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How can I easily treat psoriasis on my scalp?
And you'll need to be gentle with them. Shampoos with salicylic acid can make your scalp dry, and that can lead to more flaking.
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At what age should I stop having mammogram screenings?
Most experts recommend you continue to have these screenings as long as you are in good health and are expected to live at least another 10 years.
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At what age should I have a mammogram?
The American Cancer Society recommends women ages 40 to 44 should have a choice to start yearly screening mammograms if they would like. Women ages 45 to 54 should have a mammogram each year, and those 55 years and over should continue getting mammograms every one to two years. But not all groups agree. The U. S. Preve...
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If I am high risk for breast cancer, should I have a mammogram screening?
When to start having mammograms is a decision between you and your doctor. If this happens to you, you may need more tests.
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Is it normal to feel worried if my doctor found something questionable on my mammogram?
It can be a follow-up test after a screening mammogram that spotted something unusual. Other women may need an ultrasound, or a biopsy. These imaging tests help doctors diagnose about 75% to 85% of breast cancers.
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What is involved in a mammogram screening?
A technician will position your breast between two plates. It can be uncomfortable, but the entire process takes about 20 minutes. Then the images get checked for possible signs of cancer. Women ages 45 to 54 should have a mammogram each year, and those 55 years and over should continue getting mammograms every one to ...
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How can someone be allergic to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
They can cause allergies. Some people with asthma are sensitive to some NSAIDs. The drugs may worsen breathing, and many specialists recommend that people who have asthma not take certain NSAIDs. The risk may be greater in people with sinus problems or nasal polyps. If you have asthma, make sure your arthritis doctor k...
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What are some precautions for using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
Use NSAIDs with caution if you have kidney or liver disease, heart failure, high blood pressure, diabetes, lupus, asthma, or ulcers. Tell your doctor about all drugs and supplements you take. NSAIDs may interact with blood thinners, cyclosporine, lithium, or methotrexate. Let your doctor know if you're sensitive to asp...
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Which non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) raise the risk for heart attack and stroke?
All prescription NSAIDs are linked to a higher risk of heart attack and stroke. They carry a warning about that. While the actual risk of a heart attack and stroke with NSAIDs is unknown, medical studies are in progress to help find that answer. The risk is likely greatest for people who have heart disease risk factors...
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What is vimovo?
Vimovo is a combination of naproxen and the acid blocker Nexium.
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What are the most common side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
The most common ones include: Stomach problems, including pain, constipation, diarrhea, gas, nausea, and stomach ulcers Kidney problems Anemia Dizziness Swelling in the legs Abnormal liver tests (blood tests) Headaches Easy bruising Ringing in the ears Rash NSAIDs may also raise blood pressure. If you have high BP, kee...
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Do all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs raise the risk of having a stroke?
All prescription NSAIDs are linked to a higher risk of heart attack and stroke. They carry a warning about that. While the actual risk of a heart attack and stroke with NSAIDs is unknown, medical studies are in progress to help find that answer. The risk is likely greatest for people who have heart disease risk factors...
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Can I take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs if I have high blood pressure?
NSAIDs can reduce blood flow to the kidneys, which may cause these organs not to work as well. This makes fluid build up in your body, which can raise your blood pressure. So, if you take these meds, you will probably get a blood test from time to time to check how well your kidneys work.
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How serious is the risk for stomach ulcers from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
The chance of getting an ulcer or stomach bleeding rises even more if you also take corticosteroids (often called "steroids") for RA or blood thinners, or anticoagulants. Also, the longer you use NSAIDs, the greater the risk of stomach bleeding and ulcers. Older adults, especially over 65, are more likely to get stomac...
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Is there a serious risk of stomach ulcers if I take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
The chance of getting an ulcer or stomach bleeding rises even more if you also take corticosteroids (often called "steroids") for RA or blood thinners, or anticoagulants. Also, the longer you use NSAIDs, the greater the risk of stomach bleeding and ulcers. Older adults, especially over 65, are more likely to get stomac...
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What are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
NSAIDs -- or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -- are commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. They help manage the chronic pain, inflammation, and swelling tied to RA. They do not slow down the disease. Most people with RA also take other types of medications, such as methotrexate or biologics, to help prevent ...
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What are some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
These include: Aspirin ( Bufferin, Bayer) Celecoxib ( Celebrex) Diclofenac ( Cataflam, Voltaren) Diflunisal ( Dolobid) Etodolac ( Lodine) Fenoprofen ( Nalfon) Flurbiprofen ( Ansaid) Ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin) Indomethacin ( Indocin) Ketoprofen ( Oruvail, Orudis) Ketorolac ( Toradol) Meloxicam ( Mobic) Nabumetone ( Rela...
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How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work?
They block your body's “ Cox” enzymes. This cuts down on inflammation and reduces pain and stiffness.
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What nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
These include: Aspirin ( Bufferin, Bayer) Celecoxib ( Celebrex) Diclofenac ( Cataflam, Voltaren) Diflunisal ( Dolobid) Etodolac ( Lodine) Fenoprofen ( Nalfon) Flurbiprofen ( Ansaid) Ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin) Indomethacin ( Indocin) Ketoprofen ( Oruvail, Orudis) Ketorolac ( Toradol) Meloxicam ( Mobic) Nabumetone ( Rela...