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What type of chemotherapy is most often used to treat leukemia, and cancer in breasts, ovaries, and intestines?
One type of chemo drug interferes with the normal metabolism of cells, which makes them stop growing. These drugs are called antimetabolites. Doctors often use them to treat leukemia and cancer in the breasts, ovaries, and intestines. Drugs in this group include 5-fluorouracil, 6-mercaptopurine, cytarabine, gemcitabine, and methotrexate, among many others.
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How does chemotherapy work?
Chemotherapy drugs work in a few different ways. They can: Kill both cancerous and healthy cells Fight only cancer cells Keep tumors from growing blood vessels, which help them thrive Attack the cancer cells' genes so the cells die and can't grow into new tumors There are dozens of chemotherapy drugs that doctors can prescribe.
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Can steroids be used to treat cancer?
Steroids are drugs that act like your body's own hormones. They are useful in treating many types of cancer, and they can keep you from having nausea and vomiting after a round of chemo. They can also prevent allergic reactions to some of the drugs. Some of the steroids your doctor might prescribe are prednisone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone.
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What type of chemotherapy works for many types of cancers?
Anthracycline chemotherapy attacks the enzymes inside cancer cells' DNA that help them divide and grow. They work for many types of cancer. Some of these drugs are actinomycin- D, bleomycin, daunorubicin, and doxorubicin, among others. High doses of anti-tumor antibiotics can damage your heart or lungs.
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Will my doctor prescribe chemotherapy alone or with other treatments?
Your cancer doctor, called an oncologist, may prescribe one chemo drug or a mix of different ones, depending on: Your type of cancer Whether you've had cancer before If you have other health problems like diabetes or heart, kidney, or liver disease Even after surgery to remove a tumor, your body might still have cancer cells.
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Why do I need chemotherapy?
Your cancer doctor, called an oncologist, may prescribe one chemo drug or a mix of different ones, depending on: Your type of cancer Whether you've had cancer before If you have other health problems like diabetes or heart, kidney, or liver disease Even after surgery to remove a tumor, your body might still have cancer cells. These cells can grow new tumors or spread the cancer to other parts of your body. Chemotherapy drugs help destroy, shrink, or control those cells. It might also treat symptoms the cancer causes, like pain. You might also get chemo to shrink a tumor before your doctor removes it in surgery.
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How does anthracycline chemotherapy work?
Anthracycline chemotherapy attacks the enzymes inside cancer cells' DNA that help them divide and grow. They work for many types of cancer. Some of these drugs are actinomycin- D, bleomycin, daunorubicin, and doxorubicin, among others. High doses of anti-tumor antibiotics can damage your heart or lungs. So your doctor will have you take them for a short time.
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How do chemotherapy drugs work?
Chemotherapy drugs work in a few different ways. They can: Kill both cancerous and healthy cells Fight only cancer cells Keep tumors from growing blood vessels, which help them thrive Attack the cancer cells' genes so the cells die and can't grow into new tumors There are dozens of chemotherapy drugs that doctors can prescribe.
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Are there different type of chemotherapy drugs?
They can: Kill both cancerous and healthy cells Fight only cancer cells Keep tumors from growing blood vessels, which help them thrive Attack the cancer cells' genes so the cells die and can't grow into new tumors There are dozens of chemotherapy drugs that doctors can prescribe. They're often divided into groups based on how they work and what they're made of. Each group of drugs destroys or shrinks cancer cells in a different way.
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How do you know if chemotherapy is working?
Your oncologist will watch your body's response during and after treatment. She'll look for signs that your tumor is shrinking or growing. She'll use tests like physical exams, blood tests, or imaging scans like X-rays. If your treatment doesn't seem to be working, she might give you a different dose or a mix of other treatments.
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How can you receive chemotherapy?
You can take chemo as pills or shots. You might go to a clinic or hospital so you can get the drugs through an IV, what doctors call an infusion.
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What drugs exist for cancer other than chemotherapy?
Chemotherapy is a common cancer treatment, but today, doctors often prescribe other kinds of cancer medicines, such as targeted therapies, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy. Unlike chemo, these types of medicine are better at attacking only cancer cells and leaving healthy cells alone. That means they cause milder side effects. Your doctor might recommend that you take them along with chemo drugs or on their own.
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How many types of chemotherapy drugs do you take?
Your cancer doctor, called an oncologist, may prescribe one chemo drug or a mix of different ones, depending on: Your type of cancer Whether you've had cancer before If you have other health problems like diabetes or heart, kidney, or liver disease Even after surgery to remove a tumor, your body might still have cancer cells.
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How can you avoid burns while cooking in the kitchen?
In the Kitchen Cooking equipment is the leading cause of home fires and burn injuries. Take these steps to keep from getting hurt: Don't cook if you're holding a child. First, put them into a high chair nearby Never walk away from a hot stove Turn all your pot handles inward so they can't be knocked over If you're nursing, don't warm your baby's bottle in a microwave.
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What are some ways to prevent household hazards?
To prevent getting burned in other ways, plug all appliances into the wall, not into extension cords. Replace electrical cords if they look cracked or frayed. Protect your fireplace with a screen. If yours has a glass door, be aware that it takes a long time to cool down after your fire goes out. If you have small children, cover all unused electrical outlets.
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How common are burns and what causes them?
Where is this most likely to happen? Inside your home. Hot stoves, scalding bathwater, and space heaters are just a few household items that can cause severe burns. Here are the steps you can take to keep you and your family safe. In the Kitchen Cooking equipment is the leading cause of home fires and burn injuries.
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How can you avoid burns while in the kitchen?
First, put them into a high chair nearby Never walk away from a hot stove Turn all your pot handles inward so they can't be knocked over If you're nursing, don't warm your baby's bottle in a microwave. Microwaves don't heat evenly and can create hot spots that burn your baby's mouth. Slowly open any container that's been heated in the microwave. The steam inside it can burn you. Store lighters, matches, and flammable liquids in a high cabinet where children can't reach them.
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How can you avoid burns from outdoor grills?
Keep your grill far away from your house. Watch kids carefully and don't allow any horseplay near it. Store gasoline in your garage or a detached shed. Start your lawnmower or snow blower outside. Make sure the motor is cool before you refuel.
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Who is at risk for carbon monoxide poisoning?
If the dangerous gas is getting into your system, you might: Feel short of breath Get dizzy Become nauseous Get a headache Feel confused Carbon monoxide is especially dangerous for infants, pregnant women, and people with ailments such as emphysema (which damages the air sacs in your lungs), asthma or heart disease. Smaller amounts of the fumes can hurt them.
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What are symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?
If the dangerous gas is getting into your system, you might: Feel short of breath Get dizzy Become nauseous Get a headache Feel confused Carbon monoxide is especially dangerous for infants, pregnant women, and people with ailments such as emphysema (which damages the air sacs in your lungs), asthma or heart disease.
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What are danger signals of carbon monoxide poisoning?
A few danger signals: Soot falling from fireplaces or appliances. Rust or water streaks on vents. Loose or disconnected vent pipes. Moisture inside windows. Cracked or crumbling masonry on a chimney. If you see any of these, have a trained technician check them out and fix whatever needs it.
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What are complications of vaginal fistulas?
A vaginal fistula is an abnormal opening that connects your vagina to another organ. For example, a vaginal fistula can link your vagina to your: Bladder Ureters, the tubes that carry your pee from your kidneys to your bladder Urethra, the tube that carries your pee down from your bladder and outside your body Rectum, the lower part of your large intestine Large intestine Small intestine Vaginal fistulas can be upsetting and embarrassing because they leak and cause bad smells. But they can also cause complications, like: Vaginal or urinary tract infections that keep coming back Hygiene problems Stool or gas that leaks through the vagina Irritated or inflamed skin around your vagina or anus An abscess -- a swollen clump of infected tissue with pus that could be life-threatening if it's not treated Fistulas that come back Women who have Crohn's disease and develop a fistula have a high risk of getting complications, such as fistulas forming again later or fistulas that don't properly heal.
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What is choroiditis?
Choroiditis: A form of uveitis, or inflammation of the uvea, the eye's middle layer. It causes the layer beneath your retina to become inflamed.
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What is presbyopia?
Presbyopia: When your eye can no longer change focus to see objects close up. It isn't a disease, but a part of the eye's natural aging process. It affects everyone at some point in life. It usually shows up around age 40 to 45.
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What is macular edema?
Macular edema : A swelling of the macula that makes it hard to see. It usually results from injury or disease.
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What is the retina?
Retina: The thin layer of nerves that lines the back of your eye. It senses light and signals your optic nerve and brain to create images.
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What is the iris?
Iris: The colored membrane around your pupil. It expands and contracts to control the amount of light that gets into your eye.
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What is achromatopsia?
Achromatopsia: A lack of certain receptors in your retinas. Your vision won't be sharp, and you could be nearly or completely colorblind. It's an inherited condition.
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What is a vitrectomy?
Vitrectomy: In this surgical procedure, the vitreous humor is removed from your eyeball and replaced with a clear salt solution or temporarily with a gas bubble. It can help when scars or blood in your vitreous blocks your vision.
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What is the definition of legal blindness?
Legal blindness: When your vision, in both eyes, can't be corrected to better than 20/200. Or when you have a visual field of 20 degrees or less. ( Your eye doctor may call this tunnel vision.)
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What is astigmatism?
Astigmatism : When your cornea is shaped more like a football than a basketball. It causes blurry vision. You can fix it with glasses, contact lenses, or surgery.
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What is the definition of ocular?
Ocular: Of or related to your eye.
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What is the pupil?
Pupil: The round, dark central opening in your eye. This is where light comes in.
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What is photocoagulation?
Photocoagulation: A type of laser surgery used to stop bleeding or repair damaged tissue. It's most often used to treat retinal conditions like complications from diabetes. It also helps treat eye tumors.
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What is the vitreous humor?
Vitreous humor: The clear gel-like substance in the center of your eyeball.
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What is the definition of visual acuity?
Visual acuity: How well you see as measured on an eye chart.
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What is an ophthalmoscope?
Ophthalmoscope: An instrument that examines your retina. There are two types: Direct: Examines the center of your retina Indirect: Checks your entire retina Optic nerve: It carries light signals from your retina to your brain, which turns them into images.
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What is enucleation?
Enucleation: When your eye is surgically removed.
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What is the definition of visual field?
Visual field: Your entire range of sight, including peripheral vision.
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What is legal blindness?
Legal blindness: When your vision, in both eyes, can't be corrected to better than 20/200. Or when you have a visual field of 20 degrees or less. ( Your eye doctor may call this tunnel vision.)
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What is the definition of ophthalmoscope?
Ophthalmoscope: An instrument that examines your retina. There are two types: Direct: Examines the center of your retina Indirect: Checks your entire retina Optic nerve: It carries light signals from your retina to your brain, which turns them into images.
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What is your visual field?
Visual field: Your entire range of sight, including peripheral vision.
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What are beta-blockers?
Beta-blocker s: Medicated eye drops that treat glaucoma. They cause your eye to makes less aqueous humor, and that lowers pressure inside it.
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What is strabismus?
Strabismus: When your eyes aren't aligned and can't point in the same direction at the same time. Crossed eyes is one type of strabismus.
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What is pinkeye?
Pinkeye: See conjunctivitis.
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What is the definition of intraocular?
Intraocular: Of or related to the inside of your eye.
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What is the definition of amblyopia?
Amblyopia: A condition also known as "lazy eye" that starts in childhood. Because one or the other eye is not used all the time to provide a sharp image, vision doesn't develop the way it should in that eye. If it isn't treated, one eye will always be weaker.
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What is hyperopia?
Hyperopia: When it's hard to see objects up close, but things farther away are clearer. The common name for this is farsightedness.
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How can you prevent retinal vein occlusion?
Usually, an underlying medical condition brings on a retinal vein occlusion. So it's important to keep your blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar under control. If you have diabetes, get your eyes checked every year. If you take birth control pills, talk to your doctor. Rarely, they can lead to retinal vein occlusion.
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How is focal laser therapy used for retinal vein occlusion?
A laser burns and seals off blood vessels near the macula. This keeps them from leaking. The retina does not have pain nerves, so you should not feel much discomfort.
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What tests are used to diagnose retinal vein occlusion?
Your doctor may also order a test called a fluorescein angiography. You'll get a harmless dye injected into your arm. When it travels through your bloodstream and reaches the retina, a special camera takes pictures of your eye. Your doctor will be able see any fluid leaks in your blood vessels. Sometimes, you may also need a test called optical coherence tomography. You may get drops to dilate your pupils and then a machine scans your eyes with rays of light to make a detailed image of your retina.
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How are injections used to treat retinal vein occlusion?
A drug called anti-vascular endothelial growth factor targets substances that cause fluid buildup in a part of your retina called the macula, which provides your central vision and helps you see details like fine print. This helps to ease swelling. Or your doctor may give you steroid injections in your eye instead. Your doctor will apply a pain-numbing drug first and use a very thin needle, so you shouldn't feel much discomfort.
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What are the symptoms of retinal vein occlusion?
Other things also can raise your odds for the condition: Smoking Being overweight Older age Hardened arteries, called atherosclerosis Glaucoma Lymphoma Leukemia Multiple myeloma Trauma to the eye You may not always know that you're going to have retinal vein occlusion. Almost always, it happens in only one eye. Some people -- especially those with blockage in smaller blood vessels -- have no symptoms.
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What is the outlook for retinal vein occlusion?
These treatments may help you get your vision back. Most people's eyesight will get better after a few months.
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When do I need laser surgery for retinal vein occlusion?
Laser surgery: You may need this if you grow new blood vessels in your eye. Your doctor will use a laser to make tiny burns on the retina. It stops the vessels from leaking and growing.
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What can happen if I have retinal vein occlusion?
The damage happens when a blocked vein keeps blood from draining from the retina. That raises pressure inside your eye, which can cause bleeding, swelling, and fluid leaks. Retinal vein occlusions can harm your eye in minutes. Usually, a blood clot blocks the vein. Sometimes, a nearby artery can be a problem. In the retina, arteries and veins cross over each other. When an artery hardens, it can press against a vein and narrow the opening. This causes choppy blood flow, which may lead to clotting. So if you have diabetes, high blood pressure, and other conditions that affect the blood vessels, you're more likely to have retinal vein occlusion.
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What are noticeable symptoms of retinal vein occlusion?
Usually, though, you may notice: Blurry or missing vision in part or all of an eye Dark spots or lines floating in your vision Pain and pressure in the eye If you have any of these symptoms, see a doctor right away.
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What other things can also raise your odds for retinal vein occlusion?
Other things also can raise your odds for the condition: Smoking Being overweight Older age Hardened arteries, called atherosclerosis Glaucoma Lymphoma Leukemia Multiple myeloma Trauma to the eye You may not always know that you're going to have retinal vein occlusion.
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Should you bank your baby's umbilical cord blood?
The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Academy of Pediatrics don't recommend routine cord blood storage. The groups say private banks should only be used when there's a sibling with a medical condition who could benefit from the stem cells. Families are encouraged to donate stem cells to a public bank to help others.
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What can a baby's umbilical cord blood be used for?
They can treat cancer, blood diseases like anemia, and some immune system disorders, which disrupt your body's ability to defend itself. The fluid is easy to collect and has 10 times more stem cells than those collected from bone marrow.
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When are biopsies recommended?
A biopsy might be recommended whenever there is an important medical question the biopsy could help answer. Here are just a few examples: A mammogram shows a lump or mass, indicating the possibility of breast cancer. A mole on the skin has changed shape recently and melanoma is possible. A person has chronic hepatitis and it's important to know if cirrhosis is present. In some cases, a biopsy of normal-appearing tissue may be done. This can help check for cancer spread or rejection of a transplanted organ. In most cases, a biopsy is done to diagnose a problem or to help determine the best therapy option.
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What is a needle biopsy?
Most biopsies are needle biopsies, meaning a needle is used to access the suspicious tissue.
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Why are biopsies done?
Biopsies are most often done to look for cancer. But biopsies can help identify many other conditions.
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What is a kidney biopsy?
Similar to a liver biopsy, a needle is injected through the skin on the back, into the kidney.
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What is a skin biopsy?
A punch biopsy is the main biopsy method. It uses a circular blade to get a cylindrical sample of skin tissue.
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What is a aspiration biopsy?
Aspiration biopsy. A needle withdraws material out of a mass. This simple procedure is also called fine-needle aspiration.
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What is a ultrasound-guided biopsy?
An ultrasound scanner helps a doctor direct the needle into the lesion.
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What is a CT-guided biopsy?
A person rests in a CT-scanner; the scanner's images help doctors determine the exact position of the needle in the targeted tissue.
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How long does it take to get results from a biopsy?
The time it takes to get results from a biopsy can vary. During a surgery, a pathologist may read a biopsy and report back to a surgeon in a few minutes. Final, highly accurate conclusions on biopsies often take a week or longer. You will probably follow up with your regular doctor to discuss the biopsy results.
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What is a liver biopsy?
A needle is injected into the liver through the skin on the belly, capturing liver tissue.
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What is a surgical biopsy?
Either a piece of tissue or the whole lump of tissue may be removed.
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How can large meals or eating while you do something stressful lead to irritable bowel syndrome?
Again, these activities don't cause irritable bowel syndrome, but for those with a very sensitive colon, they can spell trouble.
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Do other digestive problems affect on individual's susceptibility to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
Some scientists think these illnesses may trigger a person's first IBS symptoms. Talk to your doctor if you think you might have irritable bowel syndrome. She can discuss your symptoms with you and do some tests to find out what's going on.
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Do medications affect on individual's susceptibility to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
Studies have shown a link between IBS symptoms and antibiotics, antidepressants, and drugs made with sorbitol.
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Do food sensitives affect an individual's susceptibility to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
Some people may have digestive systems that rumble angrily when they eat dairy, wheat, a sugar in fruits called fructose, or the sugar substitute sorbitol. Fatty foods, carbonated drinks, and alcohol can also upset digestion. There's no proof any of these foods cause IBS, but they may trigger symptoms.
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How can medications lead to irritable bowel syndrome?
Studies have shown a link between IBS symptoms and antibiotics, antidepressants, and drugs made with sorbitol.
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How does age play a role in irritable bowel syndrome?
IBS can affect people of all ages, but it's more likely for people in their teens through their 40s.
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Are women at a higher risk for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
About twice as many women as men have the condition. It's not clear why, but some researchers think the changing hormones in the menstrual cycle may have something to do with it.
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How can emotional trouble lead to irritable bowel syndrome?
Some people with IBS seem to have trouble with stress, have a mental disorder, or have been through a traumatic event in their lives, such as sexual abuse or domestic violence. It's not clear what comes first -- the stress or the IBS. But there's evidence that stress management and behavioral therapy can help relieve symptoms in some people with the condition.
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Does family history affect an individual's susceptibility to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
The condition seems to run in families. Some studies have shown that your genes may play a role.
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How can food sensitivities lead to irritable bowel syndrome?
Some people may have digestive systems that rumble angrily when they eat dairy, wheat, a sugar in fruits called fructose, or the sugar substitute sorbitol. Fatty foods, carbonated drinks, and alcohol can also upset digestion. There's no proof any of these foods cause IBS, but they may trigger symptoms.
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When should I have surgery for my tonsils?
Typically, you'd get your tonsils taken out only if tonsillitis: Keeps coming back Causes other problems, such as sleep apnea, a common disorder in which you briefly stop breathing many times a night If the area around your tonsils gets infected and forms a pocket of pus, it's called an abscess.
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What is the Gillet test to help diagnose sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?
Gillet test (one-leg stork test): You stand with your feet about 12 inches apart, one leg raised and bent. The doctor stands behind you and pushes on each side of your tailbone with his thumbs, checking for correct movement.
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Can an injection help diagnose sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?
Injection Test The surest way for a doctor to know if you have SI joint dysfunction is through an injection of numbing medicine into your joint. An X-ray or ultrasound guides the doctor to where to put the needle in. If the pain goes away after the shot, you know the joint is the problem. It's slightly riskier than other tests, so doctors usually do it only if the cause still isn't clear after other tests.
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What is the sacroiliac shear test to help diagnose sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?
Sacroiliac shear test: While you lie face down, the doctor puts one hand on top of the other over your tailbone and pushes down, looking for motion in your joint.
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What imaging tests can help diagnose sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?
X-rays can help him look for changes in the SI joint. Computed tomography ( CT), a powerful X-ray scan, can give him even more details. Sometimes doctors use magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI), which uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make pictures of organs and structures inside your body. It can help to rule out other problems that can cause similar symptoms.
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What is the cranial shear test to help diagnose sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?
Some of the more common tests include: Cranial shear test: While you lie on your stomach on an exam table, the doctor puts pressure on your tailbone to check for pain.
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What is the pelvic compression test to help diagnose sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?
Pelvic compression test: While you lie on your side, the doctor presses down on your upper hip.
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What is the pelvic distraction test help diagnose sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?
Pelvic distraction test: While you lie face up on the table, the doctor presses down on both sides of your pelvis at the same time.
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Can corticosteroids help with hair loss?
Most cases of alopecia areata, an autoimmune disorder that causes hair to fall out in clumps, resolve spontaneously. Some doctors try to speed recovery with topical corticosteroid drops or steroid shots directly into the areas of hair loss on the scalp. The treatment may be somewhat painful and may cause skin thinning in the injected sites. Prednisone, an oral steroid, may be an effective treatment for alopecia areata, but its potential side effects include weight gain, metabolic abnormalities, acne, and menstrual problems. Its positive effects are often only temporary.
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What is hair transplantation?
Hair transplantation involves the relocation of plugs of skin from parts of the scalp containing active hair follicles to bald areas. A person may need several hundred plugs -- implanted 10 to 60 per session. The transplanted hair may drop out, but new hair usually begins to grow from the transplanted follicles within several months.
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What is diphencyprone, and how can it help with hair loss?
This is a topical sensitizing agent used occasionally to stimulate hair regrowth in alopecia areata.
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How can cromolyn (Crolom) help with treating hay fever?
Cromolyn ( Crolom): This OTC nasal spray blocks the release of histamines, chemicals that cause your nose to run and make you sneeze. You'll take it three to six times a day, and it may take up to 4 weeks to feel relief from symptoms. Start to take it before allergy season and your symptoms begin.
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How many Americans have hay fever?
If you have hay fever, you're better off with a steroid spray.
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How is hay fever treated?
Start with prevention. If you have seasonal allergies, limit outdoor activities when pollen counts are high. Nasal irrigation and saline sprays can help remove allergen particles from your nose. Saline sprays are available over-the-counter, or you can make your own. Use salt and boiled, sterile, or distilled water, but not tap water. Pour or spray into your nose with a neti pot, nasal syringe, or squeeze bottle. If your symptoms don't go away, certain over-the-counter ( OTC) and prescription medications work well. If you have a severe allergy you might try immunotherapy, a long-term process that lowers your response.
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How can decongestants help with treating hay fever?
Decongestants: They'll open up your stuffy nose. You can find products like pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine as tablets or pills. You can get decongestant sprays like oxymetazoline and phenylephrine, but these can make your congestion worse if you take them longer than 3 days. If you have hay fever, you're better off with a steroid spray. Decongestant eye drops are also on the market. Like nasal spray, you should only use them for 3 days.
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How can antihistamines help with treating hay fever?
Antihistamines: They can help ease your itches, stop your sneezes, and clear up your runny nose. Doctors recommend the ones that come in pills like cetirizine, fexofenadine, and loratadine. You can get each without a prescription, and they shouldn't make you drowsy. You can also get drops for your runny, itchy eyes.
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How can ipratropium (Atrovent) help with treating hay fever?
Ipratropium ( Atrovent), another asthma medication, can help with an ongoing runny nose.
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How can nasal corticosteroids help with treating hay fever?
Nasal corticosteroids: These are considered the safest and most effective treatment. They have few side effects and will greatly ease your symptoms. It may take a few days for them to work, so start to take them a week or two before pollen season begins. In the U. S., several OTC brands are available including budesonide, fluticasone, and triamcinolone.
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How can leukotriene modifiers help with treating hay fever?
Leukotriene modifiers: The prescription drugs montelukast ( Singulair), often used to treat asthma, stops your body from making the chemicals that cause an allergic reaction. It doesn't work as well as nasal steroids, but it's an option if you can't handle the spray.