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The 1944 St. Louis Browns season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Browns finishing first in the American League with a record of 89 wins and 65 losses. In the World Series, they lost to the team they shared a stadium with, the Cardinals, four games to two.
Offseason
February 17, 1944: Frankie Hayes was traded by the Browns to the Philadelphia Athletics for Sam Zoldak and Barney Lutz (minors).
Prior to 1944 season: Owen Friend was signed as an amateur free agent by the Browns.
Regular season
The Browns were one of the unlikeliest pennant-winners in history, failing to contend in nine of the previous 10 seasons.
However, 1944 marked the peak of wartime conditions in Major League Baseball. The shortage of available players degraded the talent level of both major leagues, benefiting the 1944 Browns who were relatively untouched by the military draft. Nine players were at least 34 years old and the all-4F infield included 23-year-old shortstop Vern Stephens, who led the league in RBI (109) and was second in home runs (20).
St. Louis started the season with nine straight wins and continued to contend in a four-team race with Detroit, Boston, and New York. It came down to the final week, when the Browns defeated the Yankees five times, winning the pennant by a game over Detroit. It was the only championship the franchise won in St. Louis. Nine years later, after the 1953 season, the Browns were sold and became the Baltimore Orioles.
Season chronology
May 26, 1944: In a game against the Boston Red Sox, Nels Potter retired the first 23 batters and was on his way to pitching a perfect game when Jim Tabor got a hit in the 8th inning.
June 15, 1944: Frank Demaree was released by the Browns.
July 20, 1944: Nels Potter took to the hill against Yankees' pitcher Hank Borowy. The Yankees third base coach Art Fletcher noticed that Potter was moistening his fingers. After Browns manager Luke Sewell consulted with Potter, Potter proceeded to make a deliberate motion with his fingers to his mouth. Umpire Cal Hubbard ejected Potter from the game. On July 22, American League President Will Harridge suspended Potter for 10 days for throwing an illegal pitch. Potter was the first pitcher to be suspended by Major League Baseball for that reason.
Every team in the league hosted a game where net proceeds went toward the National War Relief and Service Inc. On July 26, the second game versus the Philadelphia Athletics was that game. Everyone had to pay their way into the stadium including team management, umpires and players. The crowd of 24,631 was the greatest for a Browns home game since the team's first night game in 1940. Oscar Zahner, chairman of the benefit game committee, announced that $25,000 was raised.
On August 3, the Browns played the minor league Kansas City Blues. The Browns lost the game by a score of 9–8. The attendance was 5,965, which was Kansas City's best attendance all season. Despite losing, the Browns got 14 hits and Gene Moore went 4–5 with three runs batted in.
August 8 marked the Browns 70th consecutive day in first place. This broke the club's previous record of 69 days in first place, which had been set in 1922.
The Browns beat the New York Yankees on August 12. It marked the first four-game series victory over the Yankees since 1940.
Browns pitcher Nels Potter and Washington player George Case got into an altercation on August 22. The result was a bench clearing brawl and Potter, Case, and Washington player Ed Butka were ejected.
On September 4, the Browns found themselves out of first place. The Browns slipped to a half game behind the New York Yankees with 22 games left.
The final series between the Browns and the Senators had its share of tension. In the first game of the series, Senators pitcher Roger Wolff hit Vern Stephens with a pitch. Browns manager Luke Sewell waved a bat in the direction of the pitcher.
September 21 was the final game between the Browns and the Senators. Browns catcher Tom Turner engaged in a fist fight with Senators player Roberto Ortiz. The two players lined up in a boxing formation in the middle of the field. Ortiz broke his hand and this was bad for the Browns as the Senators were finishing the season against the Detroit Tigers. At the time of the Browns-Senators game, the Tigers were in first place. The conflicts strained the friendship of Washington manager Ossie Bluege and Luke Sewell. The two were teammates in Washington from 1933 to 1934.
After the Browns farm team, the Toledo Mud Hens was eliminated from the American Association, the Browns called three players to bolster their team for their stretch run. The callups were Earl Jones (10–6 for the Mudhens), infielder Len Schulte (.296 batting average, 96 RBI's), and outfielder Babe Martin, the American Association Most Valuable Player.
With six games left in the season, the Browns and Tigers had identical 84–64 records. The last six games of the season for the Browns were against the Boston Red Sox and the New York Yankees.
At the start of play on the very last day of the season (October 1), the Browns and Tigers were still tied with identical 88-65 records. The Tigers, playing Washington at home, had an earlier start time for their game, and fell to the Senators 4-1. Just moments after the Browns had pulled into a 2-2 tie in the fourth on a 2-run homer by Chet Laabs, word reached the St. Louis ball park that Detroit had lost. This meant a Browns victory could clinch the pennant. In the bottom of the fifth, Laabs hit another 2-run shot to put the Browns ahead -- as it turned out, for good. Vern Stephens hit a solo homer to lead off the eighth, and the Browns hung on to beat the Yankees 5-2, and win the 1944 AL championship.
Opening Day lineup
Season standings
Record vs. opponents
Roster
Player stats
Batting
Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Pitching
Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
1944 World Series
NL St. Louis Cardinals (4) vs. AL St. Louis Browns (2)
Awards and honors
All-Star Game
George McQuinn, starter
Vern Stephens, starter
Bob Muncrief, reserve
League leaders
Frank Mancuso, Most errors in a season by a catcher (17)
Team leaders
Home runs – Vern Stephens (20)
RBI – Vern Stephens (109)
Batting average – Mike Kreevich (.301)
Hits – Vern Stephens (164)
Stolen bases – Don Gutteridge (20)
Wins – Nels Potter (19)
Earned run average – George Caster (2.44)
Strikeouts – Jack Kramer (124)
Farm system
LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Newark
References
External links
1944 St. Louis Browns team page at Baseball Reference
1944 St. Louis Browns season at baseball-almanac.com
St. Louis Browns seasons
Saint Louis Browns season
American League champion seasons
St Louis Browns |
Acrocercops lophonota is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Java, Indonesia.
Original description
Wingspan 10–11 mm. Head and thorax rather dark fuscous, pale-speckled, face whitish. Palpi with second joint rough-scaled towards apex anteriorly, dark fuscous, apex whitish, terminal joint rather rough anteriorly, whitish with three dark fuscous rings. Basal joint of antennae with narrow but strong pecten at base. Abdomen dark grey, beneath and on sides whitish, with lateral series of oblique dark fuscous bars. Forewings very narrow, obtuse; rather dark fuscous, pale-speckled; an obscure transverse whitish line almost at base; white transverse lines converging towards costa before and beyond 1/3, accompanied above by yellowish lines, similar more oblique pairs of lines meeting on costa beyond middle; between these are two darker fuscous suboval spots resting on costa partially edged by similar lines, and a third larger subtriangular blotch on costa about 2/3, some irregular light yellowish angulated markings beyond this; an obtusely angulated transverse bluish-silvery line towards apex, followed on costa by a yellowish mark and white dot; a large projecting tuft of dark fuscous scales from dorsum before middle, a smaller one beyond middle, and a third in cilia before tornus: cilia grey, at apex a dark fuscous hook. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey. Forewings beneath in male with expansible pencil of ochreous-whitish hairs from base of costa reaching to 1/3 of wing. Java, Batavia; two specimens. Nearly allied to auricilla, which has similar dorsal tufts, but distinct; the apical area of wing in Acrocercops auricilla is pale ochreous-yellowish, and the pale lines are more obscure, not yellowish, and rather differently arranged, the costal spots blackish, the male has a subcostal hairpencil beneath, but it is much shorter.
References
lophonota
Moths of Asia
Moths described in 1921 |
Dublin City Council published a plan in 2011 to supply up to 350 million litres of water a day from Lough Derg to Dublin city and region. In January 2014, Irish Water took over management of the project which is currently in the Planning Stage. In 2016 it was proposed that over two million people will benefit from the water supplying not only Dublin but also an area including Arklow, Athlone, Athy, Carlow, Drogheda, Mullingar, Navan, Portaloise and Tullamore. In 2018 Irish Water announced plans to seek planning permission for the project.
Project now under review
The proposed pipeline has now been sent for review by the CRU, Irish Water’s economic regulator, amid questions about Irish Water’s leakage targets, whether groundwater was appropriately considered as an alternative to the pipeline, and the cost of the proposal.
Environmental and economic concerns
Various groups are opposing the pipeline on, among other things, economic and environmental grounds. The River Shannon Protection Alliance, Fight the Pipe and Kennedy Analysis have been the most vocal opponents.
One of the key arguments of those objecting to the pipeline is that if Irish Water met its own leakage reduction targets in Dublin there would be no need for the pipeline at all.
Kennedy Analysis appeared before the Joint Committee on Housing, Planning and Local Government (alongside Irish Water) in April 2018 to debate the proposed pipeline.
Ireland has extremely high levels of leakage - according to Irish Water’s 2015 business plan network leakage alone (i.e. leakage on the distribution side of the network, not including any household leakage) was 49%.
Average leakage in cities around the globe is considerably lower than this – a 2017 KPMG study of 35 studies globally found that average leakage was 10-13%.
Preferred route
In November 2016 the Parteen Basin to the south of the lough was chosen as the proposed site of extraction. Water would be pumped via Birdhill to a break pressure tank at Knockanacree near Cloughjordan, all in County Tipperary and gravity fed from there to Peamount in Dublin.
Concerns
Various groups have been formed by those challenging the pipe.
As the proposed extraction of water upstream of the ESB's hydroelectric station at Ardnacrusha may reduce the flow available for the generation of electricity, Irish Water will compensate ESB for any loss.
References
Water supply infrastructure
Freshwater pipelines
Water in Ireland
Water supply and sanitation in the Republic of Ireland
River Shannon |
Haripal is a village in Haripal CD Block in Chandannagore subdivision of Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal.
Geography
Location
Haripal is located at .
Police station
Haripal police station has jurisdiction over Haripal CD Block.
CD block HQ
The headquarters of Haripal CD block are located at Khamarchandi.
Urbanisation
In Chandannagore subdivision 58.52% of the population is rural and the urban population is 41.48%. Chandannagore subdivision has 1 municipal corporation, 3 municipalities and 7 census towns. The single municipal corporation is Chandernagore Municipal Corporation. The municipalities are Tarakeswar Municipality, Bhadreswar Municipality and Champdany Municipality. Of the three CD Blocks in Chandannagore subdivision, Tarakeswar CD Block is wholly rural, Haripal CD Block is predominantly rural with just 1 census town, and Singur CD Block is slightly less rural with 6 census towns. Polba Dadpur and Dhaniakhali CD Blocks of Chinsurah subdivision (included in the map alongside) are wholly rural. The municipal areas are industrialised. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
Demographics
As per 2011 Census of India Haripal had a total population of 3,395 of which 1,717 (51%) were males and 1,678 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 294. The total number of literates in Haripal was 2,704 (87.20% of the population over 6 years).
There are certain villages (2011 census figures in brackets) such as Chandinagar (1,601), Raghubati (1,047), Aminpur (1,454), Khamar Chandi (3,320) and Gopinagar (4,512), with independent identity in census records, adjacent to Haripal and have practically become part of Haripal.
Economy
Around a total of 32 lakh people from all around the city commute to Kolkata daily for work. In the Howrah-Goghat section via Tarakeswar, there are 48 trains that carry commuters from 21 railway stations.
Education
Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya, Haripal, a general degree college, was established by renowned freedom fighter Dharanath Bhattacharya at Haripal in 1966. It is affiliated with the University of Burdwan and offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, history, political science, philosophy, geography, education, mathematics, physics, computer science, nutrition, zoology, botany and accountancy.
Haripal Guru Dayal Institution, a higher secondary school from class 5 to 12 that teaches all the streams. Science, Arts, and Commerce are located at Haripal and Tirthabasi Girls Higher Secondary School (for girls only), while Arts is located in Borobazar, Haripal. Basudevpur Vidyamandir located in Basudevpur Haripal .These institutes cater mostly to the students of Haripal.
Culture
Dwarika Chandi temple at Dwarhatta was established in 1126. As it was damaged over the years, it was thoroughly renovated. Virtually all terracotta decorations have been vanished. Dwarhatta is in the Haripal PS area and stands on the Haripal-Jangipara Road.
David J. McCutchion describes several temples at Dwarhatta and Haripal:
Rare examples of pancharatna temples with slender turrets at Dwarhatta and Haripal
Radha-Govinda temple (1654) at Haripal is an atchala temple with a porch attached
Raj-Rajeswar temple (1728) at Dwarhatta having atchala with porch on triple archway has tight scroll work above the archways but figures along the base and round the façade
Little Shiva temple at Haripal is a pancharatna rekha deul with a tall turret
Pancharatna temples with ridged rekha turrets at Dwarhatta and Haripal have facades fully decorated with figures
Snan-mandir of Radha-Govinda has mild decorations
Transport
Bus
Private Bus
9 Haripal railway station – Udaynarayanpur
9A Haripal railway station – Bargachia
10 Haripal railway station – Udaynarayanpur
18 Haripal railway station – Chunchura Court
18A Haripal railway station – Dasghara
Bus Routes Without Numbers
Jangipara – Chunchura Court
Train
Haripal railway station of Tarakeswar – Seoraphuli section serves the locality.
References
Villages in Hooghly district |
Glinica is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żukowice, within Głogów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.
It lies approximately south of Żukowice, west of Głogów, and north-west of the regional capital Wrocław.
References
Villages in Głogów County |
Heliophanus pygmaeus is a jumping spider that lives in Senegal, Tanzania, South Africa and Zimbabwe.
References
Salticidae
Spiders of Africa
Spiders of South Africa
Fauna of Senegal
Arthropods of Tanzania
Arthropods of Zimbabwe
Spiders described in 2000 |
Founded in 2002, the Atlantic Baseball Confederation Collegiate League is a 12-team collegiate summer baseball league composed of teams located throughout New Jersey.
The league President is Mike Kolesar.
The ABCCL aims to prepare collegiate baseball players for their spring seasons and to play professionally post-graduation. Many ABCCL alums have played in the major, minor, and independent baseball leagues.
Current teams
Notable alumni
Ryan Buchter, major league pitcher
Ryan Doherty, minor league pitcher
Ryan Doolittle, major league pitcher
Ryan Kalish, outfielder
Cole Kimball, pitcher
Fernando Perez, outfielder
Gordon Graceffo, minor league pitcher
David Kubiak, minor league pitcher
Joe Serrapica, minor league pitcher
Howie Brey, minor league pitcher
AJ Candelario, minor league pitcher
Ron Marinaccio, major league pitcher
Trey Dombroski, minor league pitcher
Danny Wilkinson, minor league pitcher
Ryan Lasko, minor league hitter
Jay Harry, minor league hitter
Justin Johnson, minor league hitter
Nick Payero, minor league pitcher
Past champions
2022 - CGI Monsoons
2021 - Union County Gamers
2020 - Langan Falcons
2019 - Freehold Clippers
2018 - Ocean Giants
2017 - New Brunswick Matrix
2016 - Freehold Clippers
2015 - Monmouth Monarchs
2014 - Monmouth Monarchs
2013 - Monmouth Monarchs
2012 - Toms River Hurricanes
2011 - Monmouth Monarchs
2010 - Protocall Stars
2009 - Monmouth Monarchs
2008 - Manchester Yankees
2007 - Jersey Shore Tides
2006 - Freehold Clippers
2005 - Toms River Black Sox
2004 - Toms River Black Sox
League Awards
2022
MVP, Tyler Ruban, William Paterson (Monsoons)
Cy Young, Orin Winslow, St. Thomas Aquinas (Legends)
2021
MVP, Joe Brong, Saint Elizabeth University (Gamers)
Cy Young, Dan Merkel, Wagner College (Elite)
2020
Shore MVP, Justin Kapuscinski, Marist College (Langan)
Shore Cy Young, Oliver McCarthy, Duke University (Langan)
North MVP, Justin Johnson, Lafayette College (Gamers)
North Cy Young, Ryan Monroy, Susquehanna University (Monsoons)
References
ABCCL Website
ABCCL Instagram
Summer baseball leagues
College sports in New Jersey
Baseball leagues in New Jersey
College baseball leagues in the United States
2002 establishments in New Jersey
Sports leagues established in 2002 |
Martin Senn (born 22 March 1954, Binningen, Switzerland; † 27 May 2016, Klosters, Switzerland) was a Swiss insurance manager. He was the CEO of the Zurich Insurance Group from 2010 until December 2015.
Early life and education
He was born and raised in Binningen, in the canton of Basel-Landschaft. He completed a business apprenticeship with the Swiss Bank Corporation in Basel. During his time in the Swiss armed forces, which he left as Oberleutnant, he dreamed of becoming an Aircraft pilot.
Career
His subsequent career led the assets specialist via the Swiss Bank Corporation to Credit Suisse. He was only 26 years old when he took over the Hong Kong branch store of the Swiss Bank Corporation in 1983. When he joined Credit Suisse in 1994 he served as treasurer for Europe and chairman in Japan. In 2001 he joined the Credit Suisse board of directors and was appointed manager of the Trading- and Investment Services.
After his transition into the insurance industry he worked for the companies Swiss Life and Zurich Insurance Group. At Swiss Life Senn was appointed Chief Investment Officer (CIO) in 2003 and joined the board of directors. In April 2006 after his transition to Zurich he headed up the investments unit as Chief Investment Officer (CIO) and in 2009 he replaced James J. Schiro as CEO of the Zurich Insurance Group. In December 2015 after a year of great financial loss for Zurich Senn resigned.
Death
On 27 May 2016, Senn died by suicide. He was married to the Korean violinist Guen Soo-Senn and had a daughter and a son.
References
Swiss chief executives
1957 births
2016 deaths
Chief investment officers |
Cordovano is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Sam Cordovano (1906–1995), American football player
Steven Cordovano, American role-playing game designer |
Villa Aurore is a novel written in French by French Nobel laureate J. M. G. Le Clézio.
Publication history
Nouvelle Revue Française
Nouvelle Revue Française, 350, mars: 30–50.1982
First French Edition
Other French language Edition
References
1999 French novels
Novels by J. M. G. Le Clézio
Works by J. M. G. Le Clézio
French novellas
Éditions Gallimard books |
Frederick William Dyke (December 27, 1922 – June 28, 2012) was a Canadian curler from Nova Scotia. He played as second on the 1951 Brier Champion team, skipped by Don Oyler.
References
Brier champions
Canadian military personnel of World War II
1922 births
2012 deaths
Curlers from Nova Scotia
People from Kings County, Nova Scotia
People from Yarmouth, Nova Scotia
Canadian male curlers |
The 7th International Emmy Awards took place on November 19, 1979, at the Sheraton Hotel in New York City. The award ceremony, presented by the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (IATAS), honors all programming produced and originally aired outside the United States.
Ceremony
The 7th International Emmys ceremony took place at the Sheraton New York Times Square Hotel on November 19, 1979, in New York City. The winners were announced by the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (IATAS). In all, 79 programs from 14 countries were entered to compete in the four categories. The United Kingdom won three of the four awards it was competing for, while the Canadian network CBC was awarded an Emmy for best popular arts program. The award for best documentary went to The Secret Hospital, broadcast on Yorkshire Television, which tells the story of abuse, cruelty and torture in British psychiatric hospitals and their effects on the patient. The TV show was produced and directed by John Wills, executive produced by John Fairley and Michael Deakin. The BBC network won the Emmy for best drama for On Giant's Shoulders.
Winners
Best Drama - On Giant's Shoulders (Granada Television)
Best Documentary - The Secret Hospital, Part I (Yorkshire Television)
Best Performing Arts - Elegies for the Death of Three Spanish Poets (Sky Arts)
Best Popular Arts Program - Rich Little's Christmas Carol (CBC Television)
Directorate Award: Frank Stanton (President of CBS)
References
International Emmy Awards ceremonies
International
International |
DeWanna Bonner (born August 21, 1987) is an American-Macedonian professional basketball player for the Connecticut Sun of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). Bonner played college basketball for Auburn University. After a successful college career at Auburn, she was drafted by the Phoenix Mercury with the fifth overall pick of the 2009 WNBA draft, and was traded to the Sun 11 years later.
Personal life
Born on August 21, 1987, to LaShelle Bonner and Greg McCall. She has three siblings, sister Vin'Centia Dewberry, brother Justin McCall, and sister Erica McCall (whom she shares a birthday with). Bonner majored in Psychology at Auburn University.
In November 2014 Bonner married fellow WNBA player (and former Mercury teammate) Candice Dupree. In April 2017, it was confirmed Bonner was expecting the couple's first child and will miss the 2017 WNBA season. Bonner gave birth to twin daughters in July 2017. Bonner and Dupree have since split up. Bonner is now engaged to Sun teammate Alyssa Thomas as of July 2023.
In March 2018, Bonner has received Macedonian passport and is eligible to play for Macedonian basketball team.
High school
Bonner attended high school at Fairfield High School in Fairfield, Alabama. She was named McDonald's and WBCA All-American and participated in their All-America games. She earned USA Today Junior All-America and was the Gatorade Alabama Player of the Year while at Fairfield High School. She was featured in USA Today as one of the top 25 recruits in the nation during summer of 2005.
College career
Bonner went to Auburn University, where she earned a degree in psychology. She was named to the SEC All-Freshman Team. She scored in double figures in 22 games during the 2005–06 season and led the Tigers with a 13.5 points per game average, the first time since 1980–81 that a freshman led the team in scoring.
This led Bonner to join the youth teams of US basketball, winning the 2006 FIBA Americas Under-20 Championship for Women and the FIBA Under-21 World Championship for Women one year later.
Bonner went on to put together one of the most impressive careers ever at Auburn. The 2009 SEC Player of the Year and a National Player of the Year finalist, she broke the Auburn career scoring record during the Ole Miss game at the SEC Tournament. She finished her career with 2,162 points, nearly 100 more than the former school record.
She also finished her career as one of Auburn's top rebounders, taking second all-time with 1,047 rebounds, placing her among three Tigers to ever finish their career with more than 2,000 points and 1,000 rebounds. Listed in the top 10 in every major statistical category at Auburn, she also ranks sixth in blocks, seventh in steals, first in free throws, fourth in field goals and 10th in 3-pointers.
Bonner led the SEC in scoring that season, becoming the first Auburn player to ever earn the honor. She also ranked 10th in the country in scoring while setting the Auburn single-season scoring record with 716 points, 21.1 per game.
She went on to earn WBCA/State Farm, USBWA, AP and ESPN.com All-America honors and was voted the Alabama Sports Writers Association Amateur Athlete of the Year.
Auburn statistics
Source
WNBA career
Bonner was selected 5th overall in the 2009 WNBA draft by the Phoenix Mercury. In her first regular season game with the Mercury, Bonner played 26 minutes and scored 16 points. October 9, 2009, as a rookie, Bonner scored 13 points to contribute toward the 2009 championship.
On September 12, 2014, Bonner won her second WNBA Championship, with 12 points, 9 rebounds and 3 assists.
In 2017 Bonner sat out the whole season due to pregnancy. She would return to the team in 2018 and be voted into the 2018 WNBA All-Star Game. Later on in the season, the Mercury made the playoffs as the fifth seed and were one game away from reaching the finals as they lost in five games to the Seattle Storm in the semi-finals.
On February 11, 2020, Bonner was traded to the Connecticut Sun for three first round draft picks.
WNBA career statistics
Regular season
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| 2009†
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 34 || 0 || 21.3 || .457 || .154 || .812 || 5.8 || 0.4 || 0.6 || 0.7 || 1.0 || 11.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2010
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 32 || 4 || 25.4 || .465 || .358 || .840 || 6.1 || 1.3 || 0.6 || 1.2 || 1.2 || 12.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2011
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 34 || 5 || 25.2 || .430 || .343 || .909 || 7.0 || 0.8 || 1.0 || 1.0 || 1.0 || 10.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2012
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 32 || 32 || 35.0 || .364 || .283 || .852 || 7.2 || 2.2 || 1.7 || 0.8 || 2.3 || 20.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2013
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 34 || 33 || 32.9 || .410 || .325 || .901 || 5.8 || 2.4 || 1.1 || 0.3 || 1.6 || 14.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| 2014†
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 34 || 34 || 29.2 || .459 || .279 || .780 || 4.1 || 2.3 || 1.4 || 0.4 || 1.3 || 10.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2015
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 33 || 33 || 33.3 || .378 || .254 || .866 || 5.7 || 3.3 || 1.3 || 0.8 || 1.8 || 15.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2016
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 34 || 24 || 31.3 || .424 || .329 || .798 || 5.4 || 2.4 || 1.2 || 0.6 || 1.6 || 14.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2018
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 34 || 34 || 32.9 || .452 || .313 || .867 || 7.2 || 3.2 || 1.2 || 0.4 || 1.6 || 17.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2019
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 34 || 34 || 32.9 || .377 || .272 || .916 || 7.6 || 2.7 || 1.3 || 0.6 || 1.6 || 17.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2020
| style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
| 22 || 22 || 33.3 || .422 || .252 || .895 || 7.8 || 3.0 || 1.7 || 0.5 || 2.4 || 19.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2021
| style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
| 32 || 32 || 31.9 || .395 || .317 || .892 || 6.4 || 3.5 || 1.3 || 0.7 || 2.2 || 15.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2022
| style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
| 33 || 33 || 30.0 || .439 || .329 || .827 || 4.7 || 2.8 || 1.2 || 0.3 || 1.6 || 13.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
| style="text-align:left;"| 13 years, 2 teams
| 422 || 320 || 30.3 || .415 || .301 || .859 || 6.2 || 2.3 || 1.2 || 0.7 || 1.6 || 14.7
Postseason
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| 2009†
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 11 || 0 || 16.9 || .493 || .000 || .829 || 4.3 || 0.3 || 0.4 || 0.5 || 0.6 || 8.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2010
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 4 || 0 || 22.8 || .458 || .750 || .833 || 3.3 || 0.5 || 0.7 || 1.8 || 0.7 || 7.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2011
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 5 || 5|| 35.8 || .348 || .217 || .857 || 9.4 || 1.2 || 1.4 || 1.2 || 1.6 || 12.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2013
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 5 || 5 || 35.8 || .333|| .133 || .857 || 5.2 || 3.4 || 1.2 || 0.4 || 2.2 || 10.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| 2014†
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 8 || 8 || 35.8 || .360 || .333 || .905 || 6.0 || 2.0 || 1.3 || 0.6 || 1.7 || 11.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2015
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 4 || 4 || 31.6 || .451 || .450 || .933 || 6.0 || 2.5 || 0.2 || 0.7 || 2.7 || 17.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2016
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 5 || 0 || 24.2 || .426 || .000 || .824 || 4.2 || 1.6 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 2.8 || 10.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2018
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 7 || 7 || style="background:#D3D3D3"|38.6° || .535 || .308 || .909 || 11.1 || 2.4 || 1.6 || 0.8 || 2.1 || 24.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2019
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 1 || 1 || 33.0 || .357 || .667 || .900 || 6.0 || 2.0 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 2.0 || 21.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2020
| style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
| 7 || 7 || 35.0 || .333 || .286 || 1.000 || 10.4 || 3.9 || 1.9 || 1.1 || 2.6 || 15.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2021
| style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
| 4 || 4 || 35.0 || .404 || .400 || .909 || 7.0 || 1.3 || 1.0 || 1.8 || 2.8 || 13.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2022
| style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
| 12 || 12 || 31.5 || .341 || .294 || .886 || 5.8 || 3.6 || 1.5 || 0.7 || 1.7 || 12.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
| style="text-align:left;"| 12 years, 2 teams
| 73 || 53 || 30.6 || .403 || .290 || .893 || 6.6 || 2.1 || 1.2 || 0.8 || 1.8 || 13.0
International career
During the WNBA offseason, Bonner has played in the Czech Republic for BK Brno, Spain for Baloncesto Rivas and CB Avenida, and Russia for Nadezhda Orenburg.
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Basketball players from Alabama
Connecticut Sun players
American women's basketball players
Macedonian women's basketball players
American emigrants to North Macedonia
Naturalized citizens of North Macedonia
All-American college women's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in China
American expatriate basketball people in the Czech Republic
American expatriate basketball people in Russia
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
Auburn Tigers women's basketball players
LGBT basketball players
LGBT people from Alabama
American LGBT sportspeople
Macedonian expatriate basketball people in Russia
Macedonian expatriate basketball people in Turkey
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Parade High School All-Americans (girls' basketball)
People from Fairfield, Alabama
Sportspeople from Jefferson County, Alabama
Phoenix Mercury draft picks
Phoenix Mercury players
Shandong Six Stars players
Shooting guards
Small forwards
Women's National Basketball Association All-Stars
21st-century American LGBT people
Naturalised basketball players |
Sans Souci Press began as a reactionary underground printing house in Potsdam, Germany, in the late nineteenth century. Named for the Sanssouci Palace, the press produced pamphlets decrying the supposed liberalism of Wilhelm II's reign, and particularly his ties to the English.
The Press is not to be confused with the later Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts firm of the same name.
Authors
Its inventory was relatively obscure, limited as it was to those who knew of the press's existence and who met its rather stringent ideological qualifications for publishing. It published works by such little-known authors as soldier and politician Karl Groener, historian and sociologist Otto C. Hiss, and general Karl von Bülow. Von Bülow's anonymous pamphlet criticizing the Schlieffen Plan to invade France caused a minor stir when it garnered the attention of Kaiser Wilhelm II's inner circle. There is little evidence that it was much noticed or influential elsewhere. Several small booklets of the poetry of Ernst Moritz Arndt, dating from the early 1890s, have surfaced in recent years. Contemporary sources link the press to bawdy songs about Albert I, King of the Belgians; none of these has come to light.
For many years it relied on reprints of 18th-century polemical pamphlets produced during the reign of Frederick the Great, whose relationship to contemporary political questions was not always immediately clear. This continued through World War One.
Decline
By the time of World War I, the press had devolved into a vanity press that continued to operate, off and on, until Otto Dietrich, Hitler's Reich Chief of the Press, shut it down in 1937. Despite the political conservatism of the press, its backers—by then in their second generation—were to the end loyal if occasionally critical supporters of the Hohenzollern monarchy and could not abide the rise of the low-born Adolf Hitler. The press's location was discovered when correspondence between Hiss and the deposed Kaiser Wilhelm was intercepted by German officials, monitoring all mail destined for the Kaiser's place of exile in Doorn, the Netherlands. Hiss, for his part, escaped to the Netherlands and ultimately England; the identities of others directly involved in the press remain a mystery.
Sources
Barbara Tuchman, The Guns of August, New York, 1972
O.C. Hiss, Kleine Geschichte der geheimen Presse, Vanitas Presse: Berlin, 1946
General Erich Ludendorff, My War Memoirs, 1914-1918. 2v. ("Meine Kriegserinnerungen 1914-1918", written in Sweden, 1919).
John Lee, The Warlords: Hindenburg And Ludendorff (Great Commanders S.)
Publishing companies of Germany
Mass media in Potsdam |
The Ligue de Hockey Junior de Montréal or Montreal Junior Hockey League was a Junior "B" (Junior "AA" in Quebec) ice hockey league in Quebec, Canada, sanctioned by Hockey Canada. The league's website was deleted in March 2006.
The teams
Champions
2005 Gouverneurs de Saint-Hubert
External links
Brossard
L'Est
Rosemont
Defunct ice hockey leagues in Quebec
C
Hockey Quebec |
Tổ tôm or Tụ tam bài (聚三牌) is a draw-and-discard card game played in Vietnam, usually by men. The game is often played at festivals. It is derived from the Chinese game of Khanhoo.
The game uses a type of Chinese money-suited pack consisting of 120 cards. The head and foot of the card give the rank and suit in chữ Hán. During French colonial rule, the Marseilles firm Camoin redesigned the deck to depict people wearing traditional Japanese costumes from the Edo period. There are three suits: Cash (文, Văn), Strings of Cash (索, Sách), and Myriads of Strings (萬, Vạn). Each suit is divided into ten ranks with the highest cards being the Half Cash, Zero String, and Old Man respectively. There are four copies of each card unlike its four-suited kin, Bài bất.
There are five players who each have to draw and discard to form a hand of twenty-one cards. Like Khanhoo, melds are divided into certain types:
three or four identical cards
a run of three cards in the same suit
three cards of the same rank but each from a different suit
In addition, there are special melds:
1, 2, 3 Cash (not really special but traditionally listed as one)
9 Cash, 1 String, 1 Myriad
8 Cash, 2 Strings, 2 Myriad
7 Cash, 3 Strings, 3 Myriad
Zero String, 9 Strings, 9 Myriad
Zero String, 9 Strings, Old man
Half Cash, 8 Strings, 9 Myriad
References
Vietnamese games
Vietnamese words and phrases
Rummy |
Ronald Brown (born 2 September 1995) is a South African rugby sevens player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics. In 2022, He was part of the South African team that won their second Commonwealth Games gold medal in Birmingham.
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
Male rugby sevens players
Olympic rugby sevens players for South Africa
Rugby sevens players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
Rugby sevens players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for South Africa
Commonwealth Games medallists in rugby sevens
Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games |
Polytechnic High School, or Poly High School, is a common name given to high schools, especially high schools with a focus on technology as well as applied arts and sciences.
In the United States Polytechnic High School may refer to (by state);
International Polytechnic High School, in Pomona, California
John H. Francis Polytechnic High School, in Los Angeles, California
Long Beach Polytechnic High School, in Long Beach, California
Polytechnic High School (Arizona), in Mesa, Arizona
Polytechnic School, a private college preparatory school in Pasadena, California
Riverside Polytechnic High School, in Riverside, California
San Francisco Polytechnic High School, in San Francisco, California
Purdue Polytechnic High Schools, in Indiana (Indianapolis, Broad Ripple, and South Bend)
Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, in Baltimore, Maryland
Benson Polytechnic High School, in Portland, Oregon
Polytechnic High School (Fort Worth, Texas)
See also
Polytechnic (disambiguation)
Polytechnic Secondary School |
Pseudoteyl is a genus of spiders in the family Nemesiidae. It was first described in 1985 by Main. , it contains only one species, Pseudoteyl vancouveri, found in Australia.
References
Nemesiidae
Monotypic Mygalomorphae genera
Spiders of Australia |
Posht-e Pian (, also Romanized as Posht-e Pīān; also known as Posht Peyūn and Posht Peyvan) is a village in Pian Rural District of the Central District of Izeh County, Khuzestan province, Iran.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 2,372 in 458 households. The following census in 2011 counted 2,488 people in 541 households. The census in 2016 showed a population of 2,325 people in 563 households. It was the largest village in its rural district.
References
Izeh County
Populated places in Khuzestan Province
Populated places in Izeh County |
The following is an alphabetical list of topics related to the nation of Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland).
0–9
.gl – Internet country code top-level domain for Greenland
A
Administrative divisions of Greenland
Air Force of Greenland
Air Greenland
Airports in Greenland
Americas
North America
Northern America
Islands of Greenland
Arctic Ocean
Baffin Bay
Davis Strait
Kane Basin
Labrador Sea
North Atlantic Ocean
Denmark Strait
Greenland Sea
Arctic and North Temperate Zone
Arctic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Atlas of Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat)
Augusta Salling
B
Baffin Bay
Birds of Greenland
C
Capital of Greenland: Nuuk
Categories:
:Category:Greenland
:Category:Buildings and structures in Greenland
:Category:Communications in Greenland
:Category:Economy of Greenland
:Category:Education in Greenland
:Category:Environment of Greenland
:Category:Geography of Greenland
:Category:Government of Greenland
:Category:Greenland stubs
:Category:Greenlandic culture
:Category:Greenlandic people
:Category:Greenland-related lists
:Category:History of Greenland
:Category:Military of Greenland
:Category:Municipalities of Greenland
:Category:Politics of Greenland
:Category:Society of Greenland
:Category:Sport in Greenland
:Category:Transport in Greenland
commons:Category:Greenland
Cities in Greenland
Climate of Greenland
Coat of arms of Greenland
Communications in Greenland
Constitution of Greenland
Cuisine of Greenland
Culture of Greenland
D
Danish colonization of the Americas
Davis Strait
Demographics of Greenland
Denmark
Denmark Strait
E
Economy of Greenland
Education in Greenland
Elections in Greenland
Extreme points of Greenland
F
Flag of Greenland
Flora of Greenland
Football in Greenland
Foreign relations of Greenland
G
Geography of Greenland
Geology of Greenland
Glaciers of Greenland
Government of Greenland
Governors of Greenland
Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat, literally "Land of the Greenlanders")
Greenland Plate
Greenland Sea
Greenlander, citizen of Greenland
Greenlandic (disambiguation), adjective for Greenland
Greenlandic language
Gunnbjørn Fjeld – Highest point in Greenland and the entire Arctic
H
Health care in Greenland
Highest major mountain peaks of Greenland
History of Greenland
I
Inspectors of Greenland
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code for Greenland: GL
ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code for Greenland: GRL
ISO 3166-2:GL region codes for Greenland
Internet in Greenland
Islands of Greenland
J
K
Kalaallisut
Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland)
Kane Basin (waterway)
Kingdom of Denmark (Kongeriget Danmark)
L
Labrador Sea
Languages of Greenland
Law enforcement in Greenland
LGBT rights in Greenland
Lists related to Greenland:
List of airports in Greenland
List of birds of Greenland
List of cities in Greenland
List of countries by GDP (nominal)
List of governors of Greenland
List of Greenland-related topics
List of Inspectors of Greenland
List of islands of Greenland
List of mountains in Greenland
List of national parks of Greenland
List of political parties in Greenland
List of postal codes in Greenland
List of prime ministers of Greenland
List of rivers of Greenland
List of the highest major mountain peaks of Greenland
List of the most isolated major mountain peaks of Greenland
List of the most prominent mountain peaks of Greenland
List of towns in Greenland
List of ultra prominent peaks of Greenland
List of World Heritage Sites in Greenland
Lists of mountain peaks of Greenland
Topic outline of Greenland
M
Military of Greenland
Mountain peaks of Greenland
List of the highest major mountain peaks of Greenland
List of the most isolated major mountain peaks of Greenland
List of the most prominent mountain peaks of Greenland
Municipalities of Greenland
Music of Greenland
N
National parks of Greenland
North America
North Atlantic Ocean
North Temperate Zone and Arctic
Northern America
Northern Hemisphere
Nuuk – Capital of Greenland
O
P
Parliament of Greenland
Politics of Greenland
List of political parties in Greenland
Postal codes of Greenland
Prime Minister of Greenland
List of Prime Ministers of Greenland
Q
R
Rigsfællesskabet
Rivers of Greenland
S
T
Topic outline of Greenland
Tourism in Greenland
Towns of Greenland
Transportation in Greenland
U
Ultra prominent peaks of Greenland
University of Greenland
V
W
Western Hemisphere
Wikipedia:WikiProject Topic outline/Drafts/Topic outline of Greenland
World Heritage Sites in Greenland
X
Y
Z
See also
List of international rankings
Lists of country-related topics
Topic outline of geography
Topic outline of Greenland
Topic outline of North America
References
External links
Greenland |
```html+erb
<% add_decidim_page_title(t("info", scope: "decidim.admin.menu.initiatives_submenu")) %>
<% add_decidim_page_title(translated_attribute(current_participatory_space.title)) %>
<div class="item_show__header">
<h1 class="item_show__header-title">
<%= t("info", scope: "decidim.admin.menu.initiatives_submenu") %>
</h1>
</div>
<div class="item__edit item__edit-1col">
<div class="item__edit-form">
<%= decidim_form_for @form, html: { class: "form-defaults form edit_initiative" } do |f| %>
<%= render partial: "form", object: f %>
<div class="item__edit-sticky">
<div class="item__edit-sticky-container">
<%= f.submit t(".update"), class: "button button__sm button__secondary" if allowed_to? :update, :initiative, initiative: current_initiative %>
<% if allowed_to? :send_to_technical_validation, :initiative, initiative: current_initiative %>
<%= link_to t(".send_to_technical_validation"),
send_to_technical_validation_initiative_path(current_initiative),
class: "button button__sm button__secondary",
data: { confirm: t(".confirm_send_to_technical_validation") } %>
<% elsif current_initiative.created? %>
<%= link_to t(".send_to_technical_validation"), "#", class: "button button__sm button__secondary" %>
<% end %>
<% if allowed_to? :publish, :initiative, initiative: current_initiative %>
<%= link_to t("actions.publish", scope: "decidim.admin"),
publish_initiative_path(current_initiative),
method: :post,
class: "button button__sm button__secondary",
data: { confirm: t(".confirm") } %>
<% end %>
<% if allowed_to? :unpublish, :initiative, initiative: current_initiative %>
<%= link_to t("actions.unpublish", scope: "decidim.admin"),
unpublish_initiative_path(current_initiative),
method: :delete,
class: "button button__sm button__secondary",
data: { confirm: t(".confirm") } %>
<% end %>
<% if allowed_to? :accept, :initiative, initiative: current_initiative %>
<%= link_to t(".accept"),
accept_initiative_path(current_initiative),
method: :post,
class: "button button__sm button__secondary",
data: { confirm: t(".confirm") } %>
<% end %>
<% if allowed_to? :reject, :initiative, initiative: current_initiative %>
<%= link_to t(".reject"),
reject_initiative_path(current_initiative),
method: :delete,
class: "button button__sm button__secondary",
data: { confirm: t(".confirm") } %>
<% end %>
<% if allowed_to? :discard, :initiative, initiative: current_initiative %>
<%= link_to t(".discard"),
discard_initiative_path(current_initiative),
method: :delete,
class: "button button__sm button__secondary",
data: { confirm: t(".confirm") } %>
<% end %>
<% if allowed_to? :export_votes, :initiative, initiative: current_initiative %>
<%= link_to t(".export_votes"),
export_votes_initiative_path(current_initiative, format: :csv),
class: "button button__sm button__secondary",
data: { confirm: t(".confirm") } %>
<% end %>
<% if allowed_to? :export_pdf_signatures, :initiative, initiative: current_initiative %>
<%= link_to t(".export_pdf_signatures"),
export_pdf_signatures_initiative_path(current_initiative, format: :pdf),
class: "button button__sm button__secondary",
data: { confirm: t(".confirm") } %>
<% end %>
</div>
</div>
<% end %>
</div>
</div>
``` |
Monumental Island () is a Baffin Island offshore island located in the Arctic Archipelago in the territory of Nunavut. The island lies in Davis Strait, almost halfway between Lady Franklin Island and Little Hall Island.
Monumental Island was named by Charles Francis Hall, an Arctic explorer, as a tribute to the memory of Sir John Franklin.
References
External links
Photos
Islands of Davis Strait
Uninhabited islands of Qikiqtaaluk Region
Islands of Baffin Island |
James Smith (born 27 April 1999) is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays for the Crosserlough club and the Cavan county team.
Playing career
Club
Smith has played with the Crosserlough at all age levels, and later joined the Crosserlough senior team. In 2018, and they reached the final of the Cavan Senior Football Championship. On 21 October 2018, Smith lined out at midfield in his first county final, where Crosserlough faced Castlerahan. Smith scored a goal to put Crosserlough six ahead in the second half, before Castlerahan came back to win by a point.
Crosserlough reached the county final again in 2020, facing Kingscourt Stars on 26 September. Smith scored a point as the game ended in a draw. The replay took place on 3 October, with Smith scoring three points from midfield and being named man of the match as Crosserlough secured their first senior championship since 1972.
Inter-county
Minor and under-20
On 16 July 2017, Smith was in midfield as the Cavan minor team faced Derry in the Ulster final. Smith scored a first half goal but Derry came out seven-point winners. Cavan then beat Connacht champions Galway to set up an All-Ireland semi-final against Kerry. On 20 August 2017, Smith started in midfield and scored 1-2 as Cavan lost to a David Clifford-inspired Kerry.
Smith also represented Cavan at under-20 level, but didn't have any success at this grade.
Senior
Smith joined the senior squad in 2019, and made his National League debut in a loss to Monaghan on 16 March.
On 31 October 2020, Smith made his championship debut against Monaghan in the Ulster preliminary round, scoring a point as Cavan came out on top after extra-time. On 22 November, Smith started his first Ulster final, with Cavan coming up against Donegal. Smith scored two points as Cavan won their first Ulster title since 1997. On 5 December, Smith scored 2 points in the All-Ireland semi-final loss to Dublin.
On 2 April 2022, Smith started the National League Division 4 final against Tipperary, scoring a point in the 2–10 to 0–15 victory.
On 9 July, Smith started the inaugural Tailteann Cup Final against Westmeath. Smith scored a point but Westmeath went home with the cup after a four-point win.
Honours
Cavan
Ulster Senior Football Championship (1): 2020
National Football League Division 4 (1): 2022
Crosserlough
Cavan Senior Football Championship (1): 2020
References
1999 births
Living people
Cavan inter-county Gaelic footballers
Crosserlough Gaelic footballers |
Nelly Daldovo is an Argentine politician who is a member of the Chamber of Deputies of Argentina.
Biography
She worked as a teacher before she was elected in 2019.
References
1949 births
Living people
Members of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies elected in Formosa
21st-century Argentine politicians |
EDS or Eds may refer to:
Organisations
Electronic Data Systems, a defunct American technology company
Education
Episcopal Divinity School, an Episcopal Seminary in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US
Evansville Day School, an independent college-prep school in Evansville, Indiana, US
University of Ottawa English Debating Society, Canada
Politics
Environmental Defence Society, a New Zealand environmental organisation
European Democrat Students, a centre-right political students union
European Democratic Party (Czech Republic) (), a Czech political party
Science and technology
Electrodynamic suspension
Elliptic divisibility sequence
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
Effluent decontamination system
Chemistry
Estradiol distearate
Ethane dimethanesulfonate
Computing
Electronic Document System, an early hypertext system
Evolution Data Server, data management server in GNOME
Extended Data Services, a data transmission standard
Electronic Data Sheet, a file format, part of the CANopen protocol
Medicine
Egg drop syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos Society, a medical charity
Ehlers–Danlos syndromes
Episodic dyscontrol syndrome
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Exhalation delivery system
Military and space
Electronic Data System, a command, control, and coordination system of the US Navy
Earth Departure Stage, of the Ares V and Block II rockets
Emergency Detection System, used on crewed rocket missions
Plant immunity
The EDS1 family of plant immunity mediating proteins, the best studied examples of which are discussed at Arabidopsis thaliana § EDS1 family
Other uses
Educational specialist (Ed.S.), an academic degree in the US
Eds FF, a Swedish football club
See also
ED (disambiguation) |
Jung District (Jung-gu, Korean:중구, 中區) is a gu in southern central Daejeon, South Korea. The population is 227,108 as of 2022. It consists of 17 branches including Sunhwa-dong, Mokdong, Jungchon-dong, Daeheung-dong, Munchang-dong, Seokgyodong, Daesa-dong, Bussa-dong, Sanseong-dong, Yongdu-dong, Yudong-dong, Taepyeong 1 ~ 2 dong, Yucheon 1 ~ 2 dong and Culture 1 ~ 2 dong. The location of the ward office is in Daeheung-dong, Jung-gu.
Cultural Heritage
There is the Bomunsan Mountain, Bomunsanji, and Bomunsan Mae Aeae.
References
External links
Jung-gu homepage
Sister Cities
Malabon, Philippines |
Leedom is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Boyd Leedom (1906–1969), American judge
Edna Leedom (1896–1937), American actress
Joanne Leedom-Ackerman, American novelist
John P. Leedom (1847–1895), American politician
See also
Leedom Estates, Pennsylvania
David Leedom Farm |
Huning Highlands, also known as EDo or East Downtown, is an inner-city neighborhood in Albuquerque, New Mexico, directly east of Downtown. It is a mostly residential area known for its high concentration of Victorian and early 20th-century houses and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Huning Highlands Historic District. There is also a commercial district along the main thoroughfares, Central Avenue (former U.S. Route 66) and Broadway Boulevard. Huning Highlands was developed starting in 1880 and is named for Franz Huning, a prominent businessman at the time.
Geography
The generally accepted boundaries of the neighborhood are Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue to the north, Locust Street to the east, Coal Avenue to the south, and the Burlington Northern Santa Fe railroad tracks to the west. The historic district boundaries extend an additional block south to Iron Avenue. Adjacent neighborhoods include Downtown to the west, Martineztown-Santa Barbara to the north, Sycamore to the east, and South Broadway to the south. The terrain consists of rising sand hills which increase in elevation from west to east.
Demographics
The 2010 United States Census recorded a population in Huning Highlands of approximately 1,047 residents. The racial breakdown of the neighborhood was 51% non-Hispanic white, 37% Hispanic, 4% American Indian, 3% Asian, 2% Black, and 3% other races or mixed-race.
History
The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway reached Albuquerque in 1880, fueling land speculation as investors hoped to profit from its arrival. The New Mexico Town Company, formed by local businessmen Franz Huning, Elias S. Stover, and William Hazeldine, succeeded in attracting the railroad facilities to their chosen site about from the existing community at Old Town. The parcel they assembled quickly developed into the booming community of New Town—today's Downtown. Huning also owned land in the rolling sandhills further to the east, which was known as the Highlands due to its elevation. In 1880, the land was platted as the first subdivision to be added to the original townsite. This new neighborhood was named Huning's Highland Addition, which later shifted to Huning Highlands.
The neighborhood was laid out by civil engineer Walter G. Marmon, who named the main north-south streets Arno, after Franz Huning's son, Walter and Edith after his own son and daughter, and Broadway, because "every town should have a Broadway". The uppermost street of the gently sloping neighborhood was named High Street. The Highlands quickly became one of Albuquerque's most popular residential areas and was home to many of the city's prominent early residents. Unlike the old Hispanic neighborhoods like Old Town, Barelas, and Atrisco, Huning Highlands was primarily built by recently arrived Anglo-Americans and European immigrants. As such, the houses in the neighborhood reflected styles and materials popular in the eastern and Midwestern United States—Queen Anne, Italianate, and other Victorian styles—rather than traditional regional forms. Most of the houses were built using prefabricated trim and architectural elements in a mix-and-match approach not adhering to any particular style, though some are more cohesive.
The neighborhood continued to fill in between the 1880s and 1920s, by which time it was almost completely built up. Residents enjoyed amenities like Highland Park, one of the city's oldest public parks, the Old Main Library, and an electric streetcar line which went into service in 1911. However, as the city continued to grow, many wealthy residents abandoned the older inner-city neighborhoods in favor of the more suburban developments further to the east. By the 1970s, Huning Highlands had become a relatively poor neighborhood consisting largely of absentee-owned rental housing.
The Huning Highlands Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 and in 1980, the Albuquerque City Council approved the city's first Historic Overlay Zone for the neighborhood. The city designation requires approval from the Landmarks and Urban Conservation Commission for any alterations to contributing properties in the district and provides tax incentives for home restoration projects. These actions had a positive effect on the neighborhood and led to many of the historic houses being restored. According to the Huning Highlands Historic District Association, the percentage of properties that were considered "blighted or substandard" decreased from 52% in 1976 to 17% in 1986 and was estimated at less than 5% by 2005. Development in the neighborhood's commercial district has also increased since the early 2000s, with large projects including the Albuquerque High Lofts and Innovate ABQ, a mixed-use tech campus.
Education
Huning Highlands is served by Albuquerque Public Schools. Public school students from the neighborhood attend Longfellow or Eugene Field Elementary School, Jefferson Middle School, and Albuquerque High School.
Transportation
The main east-west streets in Huning Highlands are Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, Central Avenue, and Lead and Coal Avenues, a pair of one-way arterials. The major north-south street is Broadway Boulevard. The neighborhood also has access to Interstate 25 immediately to the east.
Huning Highlands is served by the Albuquerque Rapid Transit Red and Green rapid bus lines via the EDo station. Local (non-express) bus service also operates on the following routes: 12 Constitution Commuter, 50 Airport-Downtown, and 92 Taylor Ranch Express on Martin Luther King; 66 Central on Central; 97 Zuni and 217 Downtown-KAFB Limited on Lead/Coal; and 16 Broadway-University-Gibson on Broadway. The major transit hub at Alvarado Transportation Center is just outside the neighborhood to the west.
Places of interest
In addition to the National Register historic district, the neighborhood also includes one individually-listed NRHP property:
Huning Highlands Conoco Service Station
There are also five properties that have been designated Albuquerque Historic Landmarks:
AT&SF Memorial Hospital
Highland Hotel
Old Albuquerque High School
Old Main Library (Albuquerque, New Mexico)
Whittlesey House
References
Neighborhoods in Albuquerque, New Mexico |
The 2014–15 Maine Black Bears women's basketball team will represent the University of Maine in the America East Conference. The Black Bears were led by fourth year head coach Richard Barron and will once again play most of their home games at the Cross Insurance Center with select games being in the Memorial Gym. They finished the season 23–9, 14–2 in America East play to share the America East regular season title with Albany. They advanced to the semifinals of the America East women's tournament where they lost to Hartford. As champs of the American East Conference who failed to win their conference tournament, they received an automatic bid to the Women's National Invitation Tournament where they lost to Villanova in the first round.
Media
All home games and conference road games will stream on either ESPN3 or AmericaEast.tv. Most road games will stream on the opponents website. All games will be broadcast on the radio on WGUY and online on the Maine Portal.
Roster
Schedule
|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#00244D; color:#78B3E0;"| Exhibition
|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#00244D; color:#78B3E0;"| Regular season
|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#78B3E0; color:#00244D;"| 2015 America East tournament
|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#78B3E0; color:#00244D;"| WNIT
See also
2014–15 Maine Black Bears men's basketball team
References
Maine
Maine Black Bears women's basketball seasons
2015 Women's National Invitation Tournament participants
Maine
Maine |
Wanseko, is a settlement in Western Uganda.
Location
Wanseko is located on the eastern shores of Lake Albert, in Buliisa District. It lies approximately , by road, north of the district headquarters at Buliisa. This is about , by road, north of Hoima, the nearest large city. Wanseko is approximately , by road, northwest of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The settlement lies at the mouth of the Victoria Nile, at it enters Lake Albert. The coordinates of Wanseko are:2°10'40.0"N, 31°22'50.0"E (Latitude:2.177778; Longitude:31.380556).
Overview
Wanseko lies within Bugungu Wildlife Reserve. It offers opportunity to view various species of exotic bird species. It also supports a small fishing community. The settlement is the northern end of the Hoima–Butiaba–Wanseko Road. A government-funded transportation ferry crosses the mouth of the river from Wanseko in Buliisa District to Panyimur in Nebbi District, twice daily, six days a week, Mondays through Saturdays.
See also
Uganda Refinery
Crude Oil Pipeline
References
Populated places in Uganda
Cities in the Great Rift Valley
Buliisa District
Bunyoro sub-region
Western Region, Uganda |
The Diocese of Macau (; ) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church, in contrast with the Diocese of Hong Kong, which is, de jure, part of the Ecclesiastical Province of Guangdong.
The territory of the Diocese of Macau encompasses Macau, a special administrative region of China. In theory, a part of Guangdong province also belongs to the diocese, but in practice, the diocese is limited to Macau.
Its cathedral is the Cathedral of the Nativity of Our Lady.
Its patron saints are Francis Xavier and Catherine of Siena, and its motto is Scientia et Virtus (Knowledge and Virtue).
Stephen Lee Bun-sang is the current bishop and the third Chinese bishop of the diocese.
History
It was established on January 23, 1576, by the edict of Pope Gregory XIII, on vast territory split off from Roman Catholic Diocese of Malacca. It originally covered China, Japan, Vietnam and the Malay archipelago, with the exception of the Philippines. From its founding, the diocese was a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese (soon Patriarchate) of Goa, in Portuguese India.
It gradually lost most of its territory, in and around continental China:
on February 19, 1588, to establish the Diocese of Funai (Japan)
on September 9, 1659, Pope Alexander VII issued the papal bull Super cathedram principis apostolorum to establish and define the jurisdiction of the Apostolic Vicariate of Tonkin (Northern Vietnam, Laos and five adjacent provinces of southern China: Yunnan, Guizhou, Huguang, Sichuan, Guangxi), the Apostolic Vicariate of Cochinchina (Central Vietnam and five provinces of southeastern China: Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hainan), and Apostolic Vicariate of Nanjing (including five adjacent provinces: Beijing, Shanxi, Shandong, Korea and Tartary).
In 1696, Pope Innocent XII returned the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi, and the island of Hainan to its authority.
on April 22, 1841, to establish the then-Apostolic Prefecture of Hong Kong
on May 10, 1848, to establish the then-Apostolic Vicariate of Guangdong-Guangxi including Hainan
on April 9, 1940, to establish the Diocese of Díli (on Timor)
It was made exempt in 1975, following Portugal's loss of sovereignty over Goa, its former metropolitan.
It now only administers Macau alone, the last regions outside Macau under its administration were the parishes of Saint Joseph in Singapore (re-united with the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Singapore c. 1972) and St. Peter's Church in Malacca (now as part of Roman Catholic Diocese of Malacca-Johor), which separated from the Diocese of Macau in 1981.
Bishops
Bishops of Macau
Diego Núñez de Figueroa (1576–1578); rejected appointment, never consecrated
Melchior Carneiro (1576–1581), administrator
Leonardo Fernandes de Sá, O.Cist. (1578–1597), arrived at Macau in 1581
Father Manuel de Aguiar (1597–1599), administrator
Father Miguel dos Santos, O.S.A. (1599–1607), administrator
João de Abrantes a Pietate, O.P. (1604–1623), resigned and returned to Europe in 1615, resignation accepted in 1623
Father Antonio de Rosario (1615–1623), de facto administrator
Diogo Correia Valente (1623–1633), administrator
from 1641 to 1668, no bishops were named due to the Portuguese Restoration War between Spain and Portugal
Father Bento de Christo (1640–1642), administrator
Father Francisco de S. Thomaz, named by Peter II of Portugal in 1669 but not confirmed by the Pope
Father Giovanni Filippo de Marini (also Filippe de Marino) (1671–1677), administrator
João de Casal (1690–1735)
Eugénio de Trigueiros, O.E.S.A. (1735–1740), appointed Archbishop of Goa
Hilário de Santa Rosa, O.F.M. (1740–1752)
Bartolomeu Manoel Mendes dos Reis (1753–1773), appointed Bishop of Mariana
Alexandre da Silva Pedrosa Guimarães (1773–1789)
Marcelino José da Silva (1789–1802)
Manuel de Santo Galdino, O.F.M. (1802–1804), appointed Coadjutor Archbishop and later Archbishop of Goa
Francisco Chachim, O.F.M. Disc. (1804–1828)
Nicolaus Rodrigues Pereira de Borja, C.M. (1843–1845)
Jerónimo José de Mata, C.M. (1845–1862)
Pereira Botelho do Amaral e Pimentel (1866–1871), appointed Bishop of Angra
Manuel Bernardo de Sousa Enes (1874–1883), appointed Bishop of Bragança e Miranda and later Bishop of Portalegre
António Joaquim de Medeiros (1884–1897)
José Manuel de Carvalho (1897–1902), appointed Bishop of Angra
(鮑理諾) (1902–1918)
José da Costa Nunes (1920–1940), appointed Archbishop of Goa and Daman (elevated to Cardinal in 1962)
João de Deus Ramalho, S.J. (1942–1953)
Policarpo da Costa Vaz (1954–1960), appointed Bishop of Guarda
Paulo José Tavares (1961–1973)
Arquimínio Rodrigues da Costa (1976–1988)
Domingos Lam Ka-tseung (1988–2003)
José Lai Hung-seng (2003–2016)
Stephen Lee Bun-sang (2016–present)
Coadjutor bishops
José Lai Hung-seng (2001–2003)
Domingos Lam Ka Tseung (1987–1988)
Jerónimo José de Mata, C.M. (1844–1845)
Eugénio Trigueiros, O.S.A. (1725–1735)
Parishes
The diocese is divided in:
six parishes (five in Macau Peninsula and one on Taipa island):
Cathedral Parish
St. Lazarus
St. Anthony
St. Lawrence
Our Lady of Fátima
Church of Our Lady of Carmel, Taipa
two quasi-parishes, both on Macau Peninsula:
St. Francis Xavier, Mong Há
St. Joseph, Iao Hon
one mission (on Coloane island):
St. Francis Xavier, Coloane
Schools
The following schools are directly operated by the diocese:
Preschool through secondary school
Colégio Diocesano de São José - Sé (not in Macau's tuition-free school network)
Colégio Diocesano de São José 5 - Nossa Senhora de Fátima (not in Macau's tuition-free school network)
Escola de São Paulo - Nossa Senhora de Fátima
Preschool through junior high school
Escola do Santíssimo Rosário - Santo António (Closed)
Preschool and primary school
Escola Dom João Paulino - Taipa
Escola Madalena de Canossa - Nossa Senhora de Fátima
Escola de Santa Teresa do Menino Jesus - Nossa Senhora de Fátima
There are other Catholic schools in Macau which are operated by Catholic orders.
See also
List of bishops of Macau
list of Macao-related topics
Catholic religious institutions, associations, and communities in Macau
References
External links
Diocese de Macau
GCatholic.org with incumbent biography links
UCAN Diocese profile
Macau
1576 establishments in China
1576 establishments in the Portuguese Empire
16th-century establishments in Macau
Religious organizations established in the 1570s
Macau |
Lefkeli Mustafa Pasha (died 1648) was an Ottoman statesman. He was Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire in 1622 and governor of Egypt in 1618.
See also
List of Ottoman grand viziers
List of Ottoman governors of Egypt
References
1648 deaths
17th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
17th-century Ottoman governors of Egypt
Ottoman governors of Egypt
Year of birth unknown |
Rozuiyeh (, also Romanized as Rozū’īyeh) is a village in Sarcheshmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Rafsanjan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 14, in 4 families.
References
Populated places in Rafsanjan County |
Remo Fischer (born 13 August 1981 in Bäretswil) is a Swiss cross-country skier who has competed since 2000. He competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, finishing 21st in the 50 km and 36th in the 15 km + 15 km double pursuit events.
At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, Fischer's best finish was seventh in the 4 × 10 km relay at Liberec in 2009 while he best individual finish was 16th in the 15 km event at Oberstdorf in 2005.
His best World Cup finish was third in the 50 km event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 2008. Fischer has ten career victories from 10 km to 50 km at lesser events since 2004.
Fischer finished tenth in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
World Championships
World Cup
Season standings
Individual podiums
1 podium
Team podiums
1 victory – (1 )
1 podium – (1 )
References
External links
1981 births
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Living people
Olympic cross-country skiers for Switzerland
Swiss male cross-country skiers
Tour de Ski skiers |
The Melodi Grand Prix Junior 2012 was Norway's eleventh national Melodi Grand Prix Junior for young singers aged 8 to 15. It was held in Oslo Spektrum, Oslo, Norway and broadcast live Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK). It was hosted by Margrethe Røed and Tooji, the winner of Norwegian Melodi Grand Prix 2012.
The winner was the duo Marcus & Martinus with the song "To dråper vann" (Norwegian for Two drops of water). The song proved to be a hit and was included on their debut album Hei
The album Melodi Grand Prix Junior 2012 containing the songs of the finals reached No. 2 on the VG-lista Norwegian Albums Chart on weeks 36 of 2012 staying at No. 2 for just one week.
Results
First round
Super Final
The exact number of public votes was unknown. Only the winner was announced.
References
External links
Official website
Melodi Grand Prix Junior
Music festivals in Norway |
Altaposten is a Norwegian daily newspaper, published in Alta, Norway.
History and profile
Altaposten was founded in 1969, and its first editor was Øystein Dalland. From 1988 Ulf Jørgensen edited the newspaper, and since 2001 the editor-in-chief has been Rolf Edmund Lund. Altaposten was the owner of the Sami newspaper Áššu until its merge with Min Áigi to form Ávvir, which is owned by Altaposten together with Finnmark Dagblad.
Altaposten had a circulation of 4,793 copies in 2012. The 2013 circulation of the paper was 4,535 copies.
References
External links
Official website
Newspapers established in 1969
1969 establishments in Norway
Daily newspapers published in Norway
Norwegian-language newspapers
Polaris Media |
```java
/*
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package org.apache.shardingsphere.test.it.sql.parser.internal.cases.parser.jaxb.statement.ral.cdc;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.Setter;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.test.it.sql.parser.internal.cases.parser.jaxb.SQLParserTestCase;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlElement;
/**
* Show streaming status statement test case.
*/
@Getter
@Setter
public final class ShowStreamingStatusStatementTestCase extends SQLParserTestCase {
@XmlElement(name = "job-id")
private String jobId;
}
``` |
Richard Wyche may refer to:
Richard of Chichester (1197–1253), or Richard Wyche, saint and Bishop of Chichester
Richard Wyche (merchant) (1554–1621), London shipowner and merchant |
Ecocho was a search engine with the aim of offsetting carbon emissions by donating 70% of revenues to 'carbon offset credits'. The site launched on 14 April 2008.
It is owned by the Found Agency, a search engine optimisation company.
The Ecocho search was powered by Yahoo! after a termination of their account with Google.
For every 1,000 searches, Ecocho claimed that 1 ton of greenhouse gases are offset through the planting of trees. However, the precise amount was not given, nor were the number of searches performed on the site. Rather, the website maintained a tally of trees planted and of kilograms of offset.
Google violations
On 22 April 2008, Ecocho was informed by Google that they would be denied the use of Google's search technologies for multiple past violations of Google's policies. The issue has been discussed on the Ecocho blog. The mixed reactions from users can be seen in the blog comments, some taking further action by complaining to Google, and others agreeing with Google. The registration of the domain name "ecocho.co.uk" expired on March 10, 2009, and it was activated again for a short period of time with few variations in graphics from June 2009, until it was finally closed between 2011 and 2012.
See also
Carbon offset
Global warming
Ecosia
Forestle
List of search engines
References
External links
Carbon finance
Defunct internet search engines |
John Joseph Swartzwelder Jr. (born February 8, 1949) is an American comedy writer and novelist, best known for his work on the animated television series The Simpsons. Born in Seattle, Washington, Swartzwelder began his career working in advertising. He was later hired to work on comedy series Saturday Night Live in the mid-1980s as a writer. He later contributed to fellow writer George Meyer's short-lived Army Man magazine, which led him to join the original writing team of The Simpsons, beginning in 1989.
He worked on The Simpsons as a writer and producer until 2003, and later contributed to The Simpsons Movie. He wrote the largest number of Simpsons episodes (59 full episodes, with contributions to several others) by a large margin. After his retirement from the show, he began a career as a writer of self-published absurdist novels. He has written more than a dozen novels, the most recent of which, The Spy with No Pants, was published in December 2020.
Swartzwelder is revered among comedy fans; his colleagues have called him among the best comedy writers. He is known for his reclusiveness, and gave his first-ever media interview in 2021, 18 years after his final Simpsons episode.
Early life
Swartzwelder was born in Seattle, Washington in 1949, the son of Gloria Mae (Matthews) and John Joseph Swartzwelder, Sr. He attended high school in Renton, Washington.
Career
Saturday Night Live
In 1983, Swartzwelder sent a joke submission to the writers of Late Night with David Letterman, in which he signed but left no address. Writer Jim Downey traced Swartzwelder based on the Chicago postmark on the card via phone books at the New York Public Library. After he contacted Swartzwelder's mother in Seattle, she redirected him to her son, who was then working at an advertising agency in Chicago. Downey described Swartzwelder's interview as "one of the most spectacularly awful in history"; it consisted of him entering David Letterman's office without permission, and discussing the state of television (that it was "all shit") while smoking and drinking. He was not hired for Letterman, but Downey hired him for Saturday Night Live (SNL) beginning in 1985.
At SNL, Swartzwelder shared an office with Robert Smigel, and met George Meyer, who later proved instrumental in hiring him for The Simpsons. During his time on SNL, Swartzwelder became known for writing odder material. He was fired in mid-1986, which Smigel attributed to the network's pressure on show creator Lorne Michaels to make personnel changes. Meyer quit SNL and created the magazine Army Man, recruiting Swartzwelder to help write it. Meyer said of Army Man:
1988—2004: The Simpsons
In 1988, Sam Simon, a reader of Army Man, recruited Swartzwelder and Meyer to write for the animated sitcom The Simpsons. By 1994, with the show's sixth season, Swartzwelder was granted a special dispensation and allowed not to attend rewrite sessions with the rest of the staff, instead being allowed to send drafts of his scripts in from home so other writers could revise them as they saw fit. This was reportedly a result of Swartzwelder's heavy smoking coming into conflict with a newly implemented policy banning smoking in the writers' room. Swartzwelder's scripts typically needed less rewriting than those of other writers, with about 50% being used.
According to Simpsons creator Matt Groening, Swartzwelder wrote Simpsons episodes sitting in a booth at a coffee shop "drinking copious amounts of coffee and smoking endless cigarettes". When California passed an anti-smoking law, Swartzwelder bought the booth and installed it in his house, allowing him to continue his process in peace. In his only interview, given to The New Yorker in 2021, Swartzwelder said he had negotiated his contract to allow him to work from home, but that this had nothing to do with smoking; he also said he bought a new booth, rather than one from the diner.
In 1996, Swartzwelder created and produced his own pilot presentation for Fox, Pistol Pete, a spoof of western films. Starring Stephen Kearney, Mark Derwin, Lisa Robin Kelly, and Brian Doyle Murray, the pilot was shot using crew from the television series Gunsmoke at Swartzwelder's insistence. John Rich, veteran television director known for The Dick Van Dyke Show, All in the Family, and Gunsmoke, directed the pilot, which was shot at Veluzat Motion Picture Ranch. Fox passed on the pilot. It eventually surfaced online in 2014.
Swartzwelder left The Simpsons after the fifteenth season (2003–04). His last airing episode ("The Regina Monologues") was a "holdover" written for the fourteenth (2002–03) season. At 59 episodes, Swartzwelder has written more episodes than anybody else. Swartzwelder returned to contribute to The Simpsons Movie, released in 2007.
2004—present: Novels
Since leaving The Simpsons, Swartzwelder has taken up writing absurdist novels, beginning in 2004 with the publication of science fiction detective story The Time Machine Did It starring private investigator Frank Burly. The next year he published Double Wonderful, a Western, before returning to the Burly character for How I Conquered Your Planet in 2006, The Exploding Detective in 2007, Dead Men Scare Me Stupid in 2008, Earth vs. Everybody in 2009, The Last Detective Alive in 2010, The Fifty Foot Detective in 2011, and The Million Dollar Policeman in 2012. In 2014, a children's book written in the late 1970s by Swartzwelder and illustrated by David Schutten was published by Green House Books. Swartzwelder self-publishes his books.
Political views
Swartzwelder has been referred to as a libertarian and a "hardcore conservative". He is a gun rights advocate, and despite having written many of the environmentally themed Simpsons episodes, he has been described as an "anti-environmentalist". Simpsons writer David Cohen related a story of Swartzwelder going on an extended diatribe about how there is more rainforest on Earth now than there was 100 years ago.
Reclusiveness
Swartzwelder is reclusive, and rarely makes media appearances. At one point, fans of The Simpsons debated his existence online; some theorized that "John Swartzwelder" was actually a pseudonym for when writers did not want to take credit for an episode, or for episodes that were penned by several writers in concert. Comedy writer Mike Sacks described Swartzwelder as the "Thomas Pynchon of the comedy world".
Swartzwelder declined several requests to participate in the audio commentaries on The Simpsons DVD sets. Executive producer David Mirkin once invited Swartzwelder to make a brief appearance in a prerecorded bit in which he would be asked if he wanted to take part, to which he would respond with "No" as an ironic punchline, but he refused. During the recording of the 2006 commentary for the ninth-season episode "The Cartridge Family", show runner Mike Scully called Swartzwelder's home. After presumably speaking with him for a minute, the man on the other end of the phone said, "It's too bad this really isn't John Swartzwelder." Scully and the others laughed, replied "Bye, John". After he had hung up, Scully said, "I know he's gonna sue us."
In 2016, Swartzwelder created a Twitter account. It was confirmed official by several of his former Simpsons colleagues. The account only tweets excerpts from Swartzwelder's books.
In 2021, Swartzwelder gave his only media interview to date, with Mike Sacks of The New Yorker. Swartzwelder said he agreed to the interview out of his fondness for The New Yorker and the writers whose work it has published. Swartzwelder said he was humbled by the praise he has received from colleagues and Simpsons fans, and that he was proud that The Simpsons encouraged fans to keep track of the writers of their favorite television shows.
Legacy
Swartzwelder is revered among comedy fans. Fellow Simpsons writers have spoken highly of his writing and impact on the show. Matt Selman wrote an article for Time about Swartzwelder, extolling him as "one of the greatest comedy minds of all time. He is the comedy writer whose words makes [sic] the best comedy writers in the world laugh out loud." George Meyer said: "Even among comedy weirdos, he stands out. He's irreplaceable." Fellow writer Dan Greaney described Swartzwelder as "the best writer in the world today in any medium".
References on The Simpsons
Swartzwelder has been animated in the background of several episodes of The Simpsons. His animated likeness closely resembles musician David Crosby, which prompted Groening to state that anytime that David Crosby appears in a scene for no apparent reason, it is really Swartzwelder. Groening said that the appearance of the character Herman was based on Swartzwelder, with the exception of his one arm.
Filmography
Television
Film
Simpsons episodes
The Simpsons episodes written by Swartzwelder
"Bart the General"
"The Call of the Simpsons"
"Life on the Fast Lane"
"The Crepes of Wrath"
"Treehouse of Horror"
"Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish"
"Itchy & Scratchy & Marge"
"Bart Gets Hit by a Car"
"The War of the Simpsons"
"Bart the Murderer"
"Treehouse of Horror II"
"Homer at the Bat"
"Dog of Death"
"Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?"
"Itchy & Scratchy: The Movie"
"Whacking Day"
"Krusty Gets Kancelled"
"Rosebud"
"Homer the Vigilante"
"Bart Gets Famous"
"Bart Gets an Elephant"
"The Boy Who Knew Too Much"
"Itchy & Scratchy Land"
"Homer the Great"
"Bart's Comet"
"Homie the Clown"
"Radioactive Man"
"Treehouse of Horror VI" (as Scary John Swartzwelder)
"Bart the Fink"
"Homer the Smithers"
"The Day the Violence Died"
"You Only Move Twice"
"Mountain of Madness"
"Homer vs. the Eighteenth Amendment"
"The Old Man and the Lisa"
"Homer's Enemy"
"The Cartridge Family"
"Bart Carny"
"King of the Hill"
"The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace"
"Homer Simpson in: 'Kidney Trouble'
"Homer to the Max"
"Maximum Homerdrive"
"Monty Can't Buy Me Love"
"Take My Wife, Sleaze"
"The Mansion Family"
"Kill the Alligator and Run"
"A Tale of Two Springfields"
"The Computer Wore Menace Shoes"
"Hungry, Hungry Homer"
"Simpson Safari"
"A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love"
"The Lastest Gun in the West"
"I Am Furious (Yellow)"
"The Sweetest Apu"
"The Frying Game"
"Mr. Spritz Goes to Washington"
"Treehouse of Horror XIV" (as Triple Admiral John Swartzwelder)
"The Regina Monologues"
Bibliography
Frank Burly
Novels
The Time Machine Did It (2004):
How I Conquered Your Planet (2006):
The Exploding Detective (2007):
Dead Men Scare Me Stupid (2008):
Earth vs. Everybody (2009):
The Last Detective Alive (2010):
The Fifty Foot Detective (2011):
The Million Dollar Policeman (2012):
Detective Made Easy (2013):
Burly Go Home (2017):
The Spy with No Pants (2020):
Short stories
"The Monster That Wouldn't Sink" (2015)
"Earth's Biggest Fan" (2015)
Standalones
Double Wonderful (2005):
The Animal Report (2014; illustrated by David Schutten):
The Squirrel Who Saved Practically Everybody (2019):
Notes
References
Sources
External links
JohnSwartzwelder.com
Frank Burly website
1949 births
Living people
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American screenwriters
American comedy writers
American humorists
American libertarians
American male novelists
American male screenwriters
American male television writers
American television writers
People from Renton, Washington
Novelists from Washington (state)
Screenwriters from Washington (state)
Surreal comedy |
The 2016–17 FA Youth Cup was the 65th edition of the FA Youth Cup. The defending champions were Chelsea and they retained the trophy for the fourth year in a row after a 6–2 aggregate victory over Manchester City in the final.
Calendar
Qualifying rounds
Preliminary round
First round qualifying
Second round qualifying
Third round qualifying
First round
Second round
Third round
Fourth round
Fifth round
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
|}
First leg
Second leg
Chelsea won 9–2 on Aggregate.
Manchester City won 9–2 on Aggregate.
Final
|}
First leg
Second leg
See also
2016–17 Premier League Cup
2016–17 FA Cup
2016–17 Professional U18 Development League
References
External links
The FA Youth Cup at The Football Association official website
FA Youth Cup seasons
Fa Cup
England |
The name single carrick bend has been used and even recommended by many different people to refer to different knots with a similar general form to the carrick bend. All of these knots are weaker and less secure for the purpose of a bend which is the connection of two rope ends. Several have other properties which make them desirable for specific uses.
Knots carrying the name single carrick bend can be characterised as being able to be arranged flat so that they look the same as the carrick bend except for variations in which ropes go under which at the intersections.
Knots which have been called single carrick bend in various knotting books include the reef knot, the sheet bend, the granny knot, the thief knot, and even several arrangements that fail to form a knot at all, and simply fall apart.
See also
List of bend knots
List of knots
References |
```javascript
/*! jQuery Validation Plugin - v1.13.1 - 10/14/2014
* path_to_url
!function(a){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(["jquery","../jquery.validate.min"],a):a(jQuery)}(function(a){a.extend(a.validator.messages,{required:"Acest cmp este obligatoriu.",remote:"Te rugm s completezi acest cmp.",email:"Te rugm s introduci o adres de email valid",url:"Te rugm sa introduci o adres URL valid.",date:"Te rugm s introduci o dat corect.",dateISO:"Te rugm s introduci o dat (ISO) corect.",number:"Te rugm s introduci un numr ntreg valid.",digits:"Te rugm s introduci doar cifre.",creditcard:"Te rugm s introduci un numar de carte de credit valid.",equalTo:"Te rugm s reintroduci valoarea.",extension:"Te rugm s introduci o valoare cu o extensie valid.",maxlength:a.validator.format("Te rugm s nu introduci mai mult de {0} caractere."),minlength:a.validator.format("Te rugm s introduci cel puin {0} caractere."),rangelength:a.validator.format("Te rugm s introduci o valoare ntre {0} i {1} caractere."),range:a.validator.format("Te rugm s introduci o valoare ntre {0} i {1}."),max:a.validator.format("Te rugm s introduci o valoare egal sau mai mic dect {0}."),min:a.validator.format("Te rugm s introduci o valoare egal sau mai mare dect {0}.")})});
``` |
Ancistrus bufonius is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Apurímac River basin in Peru. The species reaches 11.5 cm (4.5 inches) SL.
References
bufonius
Fish described in 1840
Fauna of Peru
Taxa named by Achille Valenciennes
Catfish of South America |
Damian Alexander Nathaniel Batt (born 16 September 1984) is an English footballer who most recently played for Dagenham & Redbridge.
Career
Batt was born in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire. He started his career in the youth system at Norwich City, even though his signature was sought by many London clubs. He scored Norwich's first goal in the 2-1 FA Youth Cup victory over the previous season's champions Aston Villa in December 2002. He accompanied the first team during the 2003 pre-season tour to the Netherlands and prior to the signing of Marc Edworthy, was acting as second choice right back behind Keith Briggs. In January 2004, it was announced that he would not be offered a new professional deal by the Canaries after 8 years at the club. In September 2004, he signed for Barnet, making his debut in a 3–1 win over Stevenage Borough in the EFL Trophy. Barnet won the Conference title in his first season with the club, gaining promotion to EFL League Two. In May 2005, he signed a new one-year contract with the club after making nineteen appearances in the previous campaign, scoring once in the 7–1 rout against Farnborough Town. He failed to secure a regular starting place for the club in the Football League and Barnet announced in May 2006 that he would not be retained.
He subsequently signed for newly promoted Conference National side St Albans City on a non-contract basis in August 2006. His debut came in September, a 2–1 win over Oxford United. He impressed for St Albans and was signed by Stevenage Borough on a free transfer in January 2007. In September 2007, after a couple of bad injuries including a broken ankle he re-joined his former club St Albans on loan for three months. In February 2008 upon his return to Stevenage, he was loaned out again to fellow Conference National side Woking, where he stayed until the end of the season.
In the summer of 2008, Batt decided to leave the club. His stay at the south London club was only brief and he signed for Conference Premier side Grays Athletic on a non-contract basis in October 2008. He impressed during his short spell with the club and despite the offer of a new contract, he signed for fellow Conference Premier side Oxford United in January 2009. He played a major part in the club's success featuring in the 2010 Conference National play-off final win over York City at Wembley Stadium, gaining promotion to League Two. In the summer of 2010, he signed a two-year contract extension on a deal until 2013. The following season, he was included in the League Two PFA Team of the Year after making thirty appearances.
In May 2013, he decided to leave Oxford United, making 180 appearances and scoring three times.
In July 2013, he joined Major League Soccer side Vancouver Whitecaps FC. However, after a 6-month stay and longer contracts talks a long term move failed to materialise and in September 2013 he announced that he retired from professional football, which he described as "the hardest decision of my life", in order to pursue his business interests. Later on in the month he signed for part-time Conference South side Eastleigh, despite several offers from other clubs. He found his opportunities limited at the club making only twelve starts and departed Eastleigh in January 2014.
In June 2014, he came out of retirement and returned to full-time football with League Two side Dagenham & Redbridge penning a two-year contract.
Dagenham released Batt from his contract on 20 April 2015.
Personal life
His younger brother Shaun is also a professional footballer who has played in the Football League most notably for Peterborough United, Millwall and Leyton Orient.
Career statistics
Honours
Barnet
Conference National: 2004–05
Oxford United
Conference Premier play-offs: 2009–10
Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 2010–11 Football League Two
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Welwyn Garden City
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Redbridge F.C. players
Barnet F.C. players
St Albans City F.C. players
Stevenage F.C. players
Woking F.C. players
Fisher Athletic F.C. players
Grays Athletic F.C. players
Oxford United F.C. players
Eastleigh F.C. players
Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Norwich City F.C. players
Footballers from Hertfordshire |
Cabaret Red Light was a theater group based in Philadelphia that performed vaudeville, burlesque, spoken word and puppet theater, set to original music by The Blazing Cherries. In their first season, between November 2008 and July 2009, Cabaret Red Light staged the series "The Seven Deadly Sins". Their second and third series ("The Experiment", about a cabaret that builds a time machine, and "The Seven Deadly Seas", a pirate and gypsy-jazz show aboard the barquentine Gazela) began in 2010, and they recently performed the premiere of their ballet-and-burlesque version of The Nutcracker based on E. T. A. Hoffmann's original Gothic short story "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King."
Cabaret Red Light's shows have been described as a blend of Agitprop and burlesque, an unlikely combination that earned them the title “The Best Marxist Girlie Show in Hell.” In their third show in the Seven Sins series, WRATH!, the group handed out pamphlets announcing the emergence worldwide of “pornographic socialism.” In the finale of their fifth show, GLUTTONY!, they immersed a showgirl (Annie A-Bomb) in liquid chocolate and invited members of the audience to lick it off. When Holly Otterbein of Philadelphia City Paper asked co-director Peter Gaffney about the politics of the show, he responded, "The common ways in which we entertain ourselves — TV, movies, the Internet — involve sitting in a room by yourself. Compare that to the licking scene. It's the opposite. It's real people in a room experimenting with themselves and testing out their own limits." In other interviews, however, Gaffney has denied that Cabaret Red Light has any overtly political agenda. "We think that theater has no business being in politics," he stated in an interview with Emily Orrson of The Daily Pennsylvanian, "and neither does the government."
Cast members
Regular members of the Cabaret Red Light cast include co-directors Anna Frangiosa and Peter Gaffney, Annie A-Bomb, Chris Aschman, Jim Boyle, Mike Corso, Kimberlie Cruse, Jay Davidson, Christine Fisler, Melissa Forgione (a.k.a. Melissa Bang-Bang), Rolf Lakaemper, Andrew Morris, Shoshanna Hill, Angela Schleinkofer (a.k.a. Satangela) and Evan Smoker. Previous members, technical engineers and guest performers include Josh Anderson, Ryan Berg, Jess Conda, Andy Cowles, Alexandra Cutler-Fetkewicz, Nick Gilette, Biz Goldhammer, Toni Guinyard, Mike Harkness, Heather Henderson, Brian Hopely, Nicki Jaine, Julie-Françoise Kruidenier, Lindsay Ouellette, Gina Pickton, Kaveh Saidi, Timaree Schmit, Michael Schupp, Benjamin Shwartz (as The Ringer), Jeff Smith (a.k.a. Calvin the Jester), James Stapleford, Monsieur Thujone, Owen Timoney, Nick Troy, Koofreh Umoren, Marina Vishnyakova, Randi Warhol, and Kim Zelnicker (a.k.a. Svedka von Schotz).
History
Peter Gaffney and Anna Frangiosa created Cabaret Red Light in 2008 in order to challenge the common perception that burlesque is not serious theater, and that politically engaged theater, on the other hand, is serious to a fault. Their influences include Anita Berber, NSK (the Neue Slowenische Kunst political art collective), Georges Brassens, Kurt Weill, Bulat Okudzawa, Bertolt Brecht, Aristophanes and Wilhelm Reich, as well as more contemporary artists and performance groups such as Julie Atlas Muz, Les Yeux Noirs, Frank Zappa, Bread and Puppet Theater, Tom Waits, the Yes Men and The Yard Dogs Road Show.
In November 2008 they performed their first show, "Vanity" as part of " The Seven Deadly Sins" series at L'Etage Cabaret in Philadelphia.
Beginning in November, 2009, Plays and Players Theatre began presenting Cabaret Red Light's shows derived from their cabaret material. These shows were called "The Takeover", "The Occupation", and "Lust".
These elaborately staged productions have included such things as an army of showgirls armed with feathers and weapon props, and a 20-foot octopus puppet.
In the summers of 2010 and 2011 the company produced four shows in the series, "The Seven Deadly Seas". The shows were about pirates as corporate/capitalist figures and featured swordplay and burlesque. They premiered on the Gazela, a historic three masted tall ship. Shows were performed in Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore.
Their original production of Nutcracker premiered in December 2010 at Painted Bride Art Center in Philadelphia. The show featured an original adaptation of the original E. T. A. Hoffmann story by Peter Gaffney and Anna Frangiosa. Music by Rolf Lakamper. Choreography by Christine Fisler.
The adaptation was for adults and featured ballet, shadow puppetry, burlesque, and a seven piece orchestra.
The production was re-mounted in December 2011 and sold out all performances.
In October 2011 Cabaret Red Light produced an original musical play inspired by Mae West titled, "Looking Pretty and Saying Cute Things". Written by Anna Frangiosa and Peter Gaffney. Music direction by Chris Ashman.
Inspired by Mae West's early brushes with the law over obscenity, her imprisonment for eight days after an "obscenity conviction", and her censuring by the Hays Code.
Cabaret Red Light produced no shows in 2012. The company's website had not been updated since 2011.
See also
Anna Frangiosa
The Cabaret Administration
Jubilee!
Peepshow
Sirens of TI
Absinthe
Moulin Rouge
Le Lido
Folies Bergère
Casino de Paris
Paradis Latin
Tropicana Club
References
External links
Marty Moss Coane of WHYY's Radio Times interviews the co-founders and directors of Cabaret Red Light on their new production of NUTCRACKER
New York Times article on Cabaret Red Light's The Seven Deadly Seas aboard the Tall Ship Gazela
"Cabaret Red Light stages burlesque NUTCRACKER at the Painted Bride in Philadelphia" by Molly Eichel of Philadelphia Daily News
Article on Cabaret Red Light's series The Experiment in Philadelphia City Paper
Article on Cabaret Red Light's series The Seven Deadly Sins in Philadelphia City Paper
Article on Anna Frangiosa in Philadelphia City Paper
CBS News on Annie A-Bomb's Burlesque class with Cabaret Red Light footage
Culture of Philadelphia
Theatres in Pennsylvania |
Marian Velicu (born July 4, 1977 in Comana, Giurgiu) is a boxer from Romania, who won the bronze medal in the Men's Light Flyweight (– 48 kg) division at the 2000 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Tampere, Finland. A year later he captured the silver medal in the same weight division at the World Amateur Boxing Championships in Belfast.
Velicu represented his native country at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. There he was stopped in the second round of the Men's Light Flyweight division by Cuba's eventual bronze medalist Maikro Romero.
References
sports-reference
1977 births
Living people
Flyweight boxers
Boxers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Romania
Romanian male boxers
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Memphis Pom is a collegiate dance team from the University of Memphis. The team has won 15 national titles.
History
Cheri Ganong-Robinson, who began her career in 1975, is the first known coach of the Memphis Pom Squad. [1] Ganong was a member of the squad while a student at the University of Memphis and coached for 29 years until her retirement in 2004. She is known as the coach that started the dynasty and led the squad to its first 10 National Titles. On April 26, 2004, Ganong-Robinson resigned and Carol Lloyd-Cross accepted responsibilities and position as head coach of the squad. Lloyd-Cross had also been a member of the squad while a student. As of October 2021, Lloyd-Cross remains the current coach. She also serves as the University of Memphis Spirit Squads Coordinator, playing a key role in the DI reigning National Champion Small Coed Cheer Team.
From 1989 to 1998, the team competed in the Universal Dance Association (UDA) National College Championship. In 1999 the team switched to competing in the National Cheerleaders Association (NCA) National College Championship. The team returned to the UDA in 2007.
The team has also participated in touring productions worldwide, and once appeared in an NFL Monday Night Football commercial with Hank Williams Jr. in 1992.
Sporting events
In addition to dance competitions, the team also performs and University of Memphis sporting events. The team has performed at football, men's and women's basketball, soccer, volleyball, and Baseball games, sometimes performing alone, and sometimes performing with the All-Girl and Co-Ed cheerleading squads.
Championships & Honors
Championships
The University of Memphis Pom Squad holds 15 national titles, including 9 consecutive titles from 1986-1994.
UDA National College Champions: 14 (1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2021)
NCA National College Champions: 1 (2000)
Honors
The 1992 Memphis State University Pom Pom Squad was inducted into the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame in 1993. The team had been featured on ABC's Monday Night Football and made tour stops in New York City's Madison Square Garden, Spain, and Japan.
References
External links
Tennessee Sport Hall of Fame
University of Memphis Athletic Website
Spirit Magazine
University of Memphis
American college cheerleading squads |
The War of Liberation (Arabic: حرب التحرير) was a sub-conflict within the final phase of the Lebanese Civil War between 1989 and 1990, in which the Lebanese Army loyal to General and Prime Minister Michel Aoun, appointed by previous President Amine Gemayel and headquartered in eastern Beirut, fought against the western Beirut-based Syrian Armed Forces and the Lebanese Army loyal to President Elias Hrawi and Prime Minister Selim Hoss, appointed by the Taif Agreement. Aoun launched several offensives against the Lebanese Forces in an attempt to establish his authority over East Beirut. The conflict culminated on 13 October 1990, when the Syrian Army stormed Baabda Palace and other strongholds of Aoun, killing hundreds of Lebanese soldiers and civilians and ousting Aoun, marking the end of the Lebanese Civil War. Aoun survived and moved to France to live in exile.
Background
The Lebanese Civil War began in 1975, and in 1976 Syria began an occupation of parts of Lebanon. In 1989, various Lebanese Factions signed the Taif Agreement in an attempt to end the Civil War, but Michel Aoun opposed the agreement, since it did not provide a deadline for the withdrawal of Syrian troops.
Leaders involved
In East Beirut, Aoun's provisional government consisted of himself (prime minister), Colonel Issam Abu Jamra (Greek Orthodox), and Brigadier General Edgar Maalouf (Greek Catholic). President Gemayel's decree, signed 15 minutes before his term expired, on 22 September 1988, also included three Muslim ministers (Sunni, Shiite, Druze), but all three rejected the posts and immediately resigned. Despite this, Aoun insisted he was the legal Prime Minister.
In West Beirut, Hrawi's government consisted of a cabinet equally divided between Christians and Muslims, with Selim Hoss as Prime Minister. The Commander-in-chief of the LAF, General Emile Lahoud, had been appointed on 28 November 1989. In March 1990, the cabinet selected General Elie Hayek as commander of the Mount Lebanon region.
The Lebanese Forces (LF) - headed by Samir Geagea - were headquartered in La Quarantaine (directly bordering Achrafieh from the East), and were in control of East Beirut, the coastal Metn and Baabda. They held the entire districts (cazas) of Keserwan, Jbeil, Batroun, Koura, Bcharri, and parts of Zgharta.
Events
War begins
On 15 February 1989 General Aoun launched an offensive, with those Lebanese Army Brigades loyal to him (30% of whom were Sunni), against Geagea’s Lebanese Forces (LF) positions around Christian East Beirut. At the time it was estimated that Aoun’s portion of the army amounted to 16,000 men, while the LF had 10,000; both sides were equipped with tanks and heavy artillery. Nine days later, 24 February, with seventy people killed and the intervention of the Maronite Patriarchate, the LF agreed to hand over to Aoun control of Beirut’s port’s fifth basin with its estimated $300,000 per month tax revenue. Suleiman Frangieh, in the north, also returned control of Ras Salaata port in Batroun District The following month Aoun launched a blockade against the unregulated seaports south of Beirut at Jieh and Khalde. On 8 March 1989 Aoun’s patrol boats intercepted a boat heading for PSP controlled port at Jieh. This percipitated a series of indiscriminate artillery barrages, with Amal shelling East Beirut harbour and Jouneh port, and Aoun’s army brigades shelling Souq El Gharb. On the 12 March Aoun ordered the closure of Beirut International Airport and two days later launched an hour long bombardment of West Beirut which killed 40 civilians.
At the end of the month Aoun announced a ceasefire with the issue of the militia-run ports unresolved. The area had seen the worst violence for three years with over 90 people killed and several hundred wounded.
Aoun under siege
In April 1989, as General Aoun continued to blockade the militia sea-ports South of Beirut, the Syrian Army and their proxy militia, the Druze PSP, began intermittent shelling of Beirut harbour and the ports at Jounieh and Byblos.
Simultaneously the Arab League was making intense efforts to establish a truce between Aoun and Syria. On the 4 April Kuwait’s Foreign Minister flew to Damascus for talks. On 19 April twenty-three Christian Members of Parliament called for a cease fire. Ignoring this appeal the Lebanese Forces (LF) in East Beirut joined in the exchanges of fire.
At the start of the month there was a massive fire at a fuel depot in Dora, close to Beirut harbour. The sound of one of the liquid gas containers exploding was heard 40km away in Sidon. Civilians had begun to leave both sides of Beirut. It was reported that 10,000 Beirut residents had arrived in Limasol in the six weeks to the end of April.
The Arab League called for a three month truce and an end of the ports blockade but continued shelling of East Beirut by the PSP ensured that the truce did not hold and the exchanges of fire grew in intensity. On 16 May 1989 Grand Mufti Hassan Khaled, spiritual leader of Lebanon’s Sunni Muslims, was assassinated while being driven through Beirut by a car bomb which killed at least 20 other people.
By late June Aoun’s gunners were launching barrages against Syrian positions which lasted for 5-7 hours. The area under his control was blockaded by land and sea. In June an oil tanker was destroyed off Jouneh. The Arab League peace initiative, led by Algeria, Saudi Arabia and Morocco, managed to get Iraq to stop selling weapons to Aoun and the following month a shipment of 50 Frog missiles was intercepted in Aqaba. On 4 July a truce allowed the opening of the crossings between East and West Beirut for the first time in three months. The airport remained closed because of the threat of Aoun’s guns and two Syrian frigates were maintaining the blockade. Daily shelling continued, mostly from Syrian positions. The electricity supply in the city was reduced to one hour a day and there was an acute shortage of fuel.
On 17 July the LF joined forces with Aoun to launch a blitz on West Beirut in which ‘scores’ were killed. With nightly artillery exchanges continuing the Arab League announced on 31 July that they had ended their efforts to end the conflict. On 10 August the Syrians launched a massive artillery offensive on targets in the Christian enclave, culminating three days later in a PSP ground offensive against Aoun’s positions in Souq El Gharb overlooking the palace at Baabda and the Ministry of Defence at Yarze. The attack failed with 20-30 PSP men killed. Aoun’s forces retaliated by bombarding Syrian positions in the Beqaa Valley. Two weeks later, 29 August, the Sun Shield, a Danish registered fuel tanker was hit by shellfire, caught fire and sank in Jouneh bay. Nine crew members were killed.
It was estimated that by this time only between 10% and 15% of the civilian population remained in Beirut. There had been no water or electricity for two weeks.
On 6 September 1989, without prior announcement American Ambassador John Thomas McCarthy and 29 staff were airlifted out of the US embassy in Aoun’s enclave. Police counts for the previous six months gave 828 people killed and 2,455 wounded.
In September 1989 Saudi Arabia presented a seven-point peace plan which Aoun accepted and on 22 September a cease fire was announced and Beirut airport was re-opened having been closed for six months. People began returning to the city and schools re-opened on 10 October. The Syrian blockade of fuel for the city’s power station in the Christian enclave meant there was only electricity for two hours a day. Meanwhile sixty-two members of parliament, half Christian and half Muslim, were meeting in Taif. After three weeks of negotiations they came to an agreement which Aoun rejected on 22 October. Dany Chamoun, one of Aoun’s loyal supporters was in favour of the deal. George Saadeh, leader of the Kataeb Party (the political wing of the LF), had been one of the key Christian negotiators in Taif. In an attempt to derail the Taif timetable, on 3 November, Aoun announced that he was dissolving parliament and tens of thousands of his supporters took to the streets. Thousands gathered around the Presidential palace in Baabda and a large group invaded the Maronite headquarters in Bkerké where they abused the Patriarch, Nasrallah Sfeir. Geagea sent two hundred LF militiamen to protect the Kataeb radio station, Voice of Lebanon. On 5 November an assembly of members of Parliament, including thirty arriving from exile in Paris, met in Qoleiat air base North Lebanon, and elected Rene Muawad as President. He was recognised by the International Community as the legitimate President of Lebanon but was killed by a car bomb seventeen days later. Twenty-three other people were killed in the explosion. During December thousands remained encamped in Baabda acting as a human shield around Aoun.
War of Elimination (حرب الإلغاء)
On 31 January 1990, General Aoun launched an offensive against the Lebanese Forces (LF), led by Samir Geagea, in East Beirut. The two week offensive brought destruction and casualties, 500 killed and 2,000 wounded, that East Beirut had not seen during the Civil War or the Israeli invasion. Aoun could only depend on battalions from 3 loyal Brigades, the 5th, 8th and 10th. It had been anticipated that the LF would be defeated in 48 hours but Aoun’s troops were only able to capture Dbayeh on 6 February. On 15 February Aoun’s forces resumed their attack, capturing Ain al-Rummana and Furn al-Shibbak. Once again there was massive destruction of property. The LF forces escaped via Syrian controlled West Beirut. Two days later, 17/18 February, a truce was agreed to allow 200 of Aoun’s elite commands to leave their base at Adma airfield where they had been trapped since the start of the fighting. The battles left Geagea’s fighters in control of East Beirut and the harbour, as well as Kisrawan and Jbeil provinces. On 24 February an unidentified naval patrol boat attacked the Larnaca-Jounieh ferry ordering it to turn back to Cyprus. One passenger was killed and 17 wounded. Another unsuccessful attack was launched against the East Beirut suburb Sin el Fil, 1 March, and a week later, despite continued sniping and occasional clashes and with the frontline running along the Dog River and around East Beirut, Aoun announced a unilateral ceasefire and his willingness to enter negotiations.
The war became known as the war of elimination (حرب الإلغاء), a term used by the LF denoting the act of war launched by General Aoun to try to "eliminate" it, but Aoun used another term; Weapon Unification Battle (معركة توحيد البندقية), meaning to unify and submit all the arms in Lebanon into the hand of the Lebanese Army.
LF hands over territory to Hrawi Government
On 1 April 1990, Hrawi’s government mandated Fleet Admiral Elie Hayek (who had been appointed commander of the Mount Lebanon region by the cabinet on 11 March) to take over LF barracks in the governorate. This was part of an agreement between Geagea and Hrawi whereby the army would militarily and politically take over 2/3 of the Christian canton (the remaining 1/3 being the Northern governorate and Achrafieh in East Beirut), but the militia’s 10,000 strong force would remain intact for the time being.
Aoun, however, had publicly stated that he would not accept the handoff or any alliance between the LF and the Hrawi government. As the Elimination War was ravaging East Beirut and its suburbs (up to the Metn), the handoff actually began in Keserwan district – at the level of Nahr el-Kalb – up to Barbara.
By May, however, the LF had taken over the entire coastline from Jounieh to Beirut from Aoun’s troops, completely cutting off naval supply routes. In addition, Geagea placed Hayek in an LF barrack in Jounieh as a symbol of his willingness to integrate with the government, defying Aoun’s refusal of any Hrawi-LF alliance. These developments, combined with the Syrian army’s support, dramatically shifted the odds in favour of the Taef agreement and its government.
Defeat - October 1990
On the evening of 1 October 1990 several hundred people gathered for a candlelit vigil on the edge of the enclave around the Presidential Palace at Ba’abda. General Aoun had been besieged in the Palace for two years and the demonstration was a response to a new blockade imposed by the Hrawi government on the Aounist areas. Gunmen opened fire on the crowd with automatic weapons. Twenty-five people were killed and up to a hundred injured, some in the stampede that followed. The US State Department and Western diplomats were of the opinion that Geagea’s Lebanese Forces were responsible for the shooting.
Eleven days later, 12 October, a lone gunman fired two shots at General Aoun whilst he was addressing a crowd outside the palace. Aoun was not hit but one of his bodyguards was killed.
Early on the morning of Saturday 13 October the general took refuge in the nearby French Embassy. At 7.00am a pair of Syrian Sukhoi Su-7s made two bombing runs over the palace. At 8.30am General Aoun made a broadcast from the French Embassy calling on his troops to surrender. At the same time he telephoned his officers in the palace asking them to keep resisting for another four or five hours.
There followed a series of atrocities. Soldiers in the Palace displayed white flags but then opened fire on Syrian soldiers approaching, killing 150. Once they had overcome the defenders the Syrians executed perhaps as many as 80 them. With Aoun gone all resistance collapsed. On the Metn the Syrian army used breakaway Lebanese Forces fighters commanded by the Elie Hobeika as well as members of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party to take over Aounist positions. The fighting was accompanied by murders, looting and rape. An estimated 800 combatants and civilians were killed. A week later, 21 October, Dany Chamoun, another militia leader and major Aoun supporter, was murdered along with his wife and two of their children.
When the Syrian army took over the Ministry of Defence building they removed all the Deuxiceme Bureau (Military Intelligence) files.
Aoun’s wife and three daughters were allowed to leave the country. On arrival in Paris $200,000 cash was found in their entourage’s luggage.
Aftermath
The attack on the Aoun government marked the end of the Lebanese Civil War. Syria would dominate the political life of the country for the following 15 years, under the auspices of the Taif Agreement.
On 16 October 1990, militias in Beirut began dismantling the Green Line, and on 13 November they completed their withdrawal from Beirut, before the 19 November deadline provided by the Taif agreement.
References
Literature
William Harris, Faces of Lebanon. Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions (Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton, USA 1996)
Mass murder in 1990
Conflicts in 1990
Battles of the Lebanese Civil War
Battles involving Syria
Massacres of the Lebanese Civil War
Prisoner of war massacres
1990 in Lebanon
1990 in Syria
October 1990 events in Asia
Syrian war crimes
1989 murders in Lebanon
1990 murders in Lebanon
Lebanon–Syria relations
Michel Aoun |
Maccabi Kishronot Hadera () is an Israeli women's football club from Hadera competing in the Israeli First Division and the Israeli Women's Cup.
History
The club was established in 2004, and played ever since in the Israeli first division, never finishing below 3rd in the league, twice finishing as runners-up. In 2009–10 the club finished as runners-up and level on points with league leaders, ASA Tel Aviv University and competed in a play-off match for the championship, losing 0–6.
In the cup, the club appeared in two finals, in 2011–12 and 2013–14, losing both finals to ASA Tel Aviv University. In 2014–15 the two teams met again in the final, with the club winning 1–0 to earn its first trophy.
In 2010–11, the club operated a B team, who played in the 2nd division. The B team finished as runners-up in the league, losing to Maccabi Tzur Shalom Bialik in a promotion/relegation play-off match 0–2, and lost to Hapoel Be'er Sheva 1–7 in the 2nd Division League Cup final.
Titles
Maccabi Kishronot Hadera
Winners:
Israeli Cup (1)
2014–15,
Runners-up:
Israeli 1st Division (2)
2009–10, 2013–14
Israeli Cup (2)
2011–12, 2013–14
Maccabi Kishronot Hadera B
Runners-up:
Israeli 2nd Division (1)
2010–11
Ligat Nashim Shniya Cup (1)
2010–11 (as Maccabi Kishronot Hadera B)
Current squad
References
External links
Maccabi Kishronot Hadera
Maccabi Kishronot Hadera Israeli Football Association
Maccabi Kishronot Hadera B Israeli Football Association
Women's football clubs in Israel
Association football clubs established in 2004 |
Carlo Sonego (born 20 February 1972) is a retired javelin thrower from Italy.
Biography
He won two national titles (1994 and 1999) during his career. He set his personal best (84.60 metres) on 8 May 1999 in Osaka, Japan. Born in Sacile, he is son of Gianfranco Sonego and is the nephew of Renato Sonego owner of Sonego Sport cycling team.
National records
Javelin throw: 84.60 m ( Osaka, 8 May 1999) – current holder
Progression
He finished the season 1999 in world top 25 (at 16th).
Achievements
National titles
Carlo Sonego has won 3 times for the individual national championships.
2 wins in javelin throw (1994, 1999)
1 win in javelin throw (1999) at the Italian Winter Throwing Championships
See also
Italian records in athletics
Italian all-time lists – Javelin throw
Men's javelin throw Italian record progression
References
External links
Carlo Sonego interview 4 October 2013
1972 births
Living people
Italian male javelin throwers
Athletics competitors of Fiamme Gialle
People from Sacile |
```c++
/****************************************************************************
** All rights reserved.
** See license at path_to_url
****************************************************************************/
#include "gui_document_list_model.h"
#include "../base/application.h"
#include "../base/document.h"
#include "../gui/gui_application.h"
#include "../gui/gui_document.h"
#include "../qtcommon/filepath_conv.h"
#include "../qtcommon/qstring_conv.h"
namespace Mayo {
GuiDocumentListModel::GuiDocumentListModel(const GuiApplication* guiApp, QObject* parent)
: QAbstractListModel(parent)
{
for (const GuiDocument* doc : guiApp->guiDocuments())
this->appendGuiDocument(doc);
auto app = guiApp->application();
app->signalDocumentNameChanged.connectSlot(&GuiDocumentListModel::onDocumentNameChanged, this);
guiApp->signalGuiDocumentAdded.connectSlot(&GuiDocumentListModel::appendGuiDocument, this);
guiApp->signalGuiDocumentErased.connectSlot(&GuiDocumentListModel::removeGuiDocument, this);
}
QVariant GuiDocumentListModel::data(const QModelIndex& index, int role) const
{
if (!index.isValid() || index.row() >= this->rowCount())
return {};
const DocumentPtr& doc = m_vecGuiDocument.at(index.row())->document();
switch (role) {
case Qt::ToolTipRole:
return filepathTo<QString>(filepathCanonical(doc->filePath()));
case Qt::DisplayRole:
case Qt::EditRole:
return to_QString(doc->name());
}
return {};
}
int GuiDocumentListModel::rowCount(const QModelIndex& /*parent*/) const
{
return int(m_vecGuiDocument.size());
}
void GuiDocumentListModel::appendGuiDocument(const GuiDocument* guiDoc)
{
// NOTE: don't use rowCount() as it's virtual and appendGuiDocument() is called in constructor
// of this class(virtual dispatch would be bypassed)
const auto row = int(m_vecGuiDocument.size());
this->beginInsertRows(QModelIndex(), row, row);
m_vecGuiDocument.emplace_back(guiDoc);
this->endInsertRows();
}
void GuiDocumentListModel::removeGuiDocument(const GuiDocument* guiDoc)
{
auto itFound = std::find(m_vecGuiDocument.begin(), m_vecGuiDocument.end(), guiDoc);
if (itFound != m_vecGuiDocument.end()) {
const int row = itFound - m_vecGuiDocument.begin();
this->beginRemoveRows(QModelIndex(), row, row);
m_vecGuiDocument.erase(itFound);
this->endRemoveRows();
}
}
void GuiDocumentListModel::onDocumentNameChanged(const DocumentPtr& doc, const std::string& /*name*/)
{
auto itFound = std::find_if(
m_vecGuiDocument.cbegin(),
m_vecGuiDocument.cend(),
[&](const GuiDocument* guiDoc) { return guiDoc->document() == doc; }
);
if (itFound != m_vecGuiDocument.cend()) {
const int row = itFound - m_vecGuiDocument.begin();
const QModelIndex itemIndex = this->index(row);
emit this->dataChanged(itemIndex, itemIndex, { Qt::DisplayRole, Qt::EditRole });
}
}
} // namespace Mayo
``` |
Miyabenol C is a stilbenoid. It is a resveratrol trimer. It is found in Vitis vinifera (grape), in Foeniculi fructus (fruit of Foeniculum vulgare), in Caragana sinica.
It shows protein kinase C inhibitor activity.
Foeniculoside I is a glucoside of cis-miyabenol C.
References
External links
Miyabenol C at www.plant-expert.com
Resveratrol oligomers
Natural phenol trimers
Protein kinase inhibitors
Grape |
The Utah Transit Authority Police Public Safety Department is the law enforcement arm of the Utah Transit Authority (UTA) transit district in northern Utah, United States, with headquarters in Murray. UTA is a public transit district government agency made up of the participating municipalities, counties, and the State of Utah. The UTA Police Department is responsible for law enforcement services, crime investigations, crime prevention, and public safety throughout the light rail, commuter rail and bus transit systems, within the UTA transit district.
UTA governance
In 1969, the Utah State Legislature passed the Utah Public Transit District Act, which allows individual communities to address transportation needs by forming local transit districts.
UTA was founded in March 1970 when the cities of Murray, Salt Lake City, and Sandy voted to form a transit district. Today, UTA's service area is over and covers seven counties: Box Elder, Davis, Salt Lake, Summit, Tooele, Utah, and Weber.
Until 2018 UTA was governed by a 15-member part-time Board of Trustees. These Trustees Trustees were appointed by the city and county governments that fund UTA with a local option sales tax.
Local-elected officials may have also served on the UTA Board, and one seat was reserved for a member of the State Transportation Commission, which is part of the Utah Department of Transportation. The President of the Senate, Speaker of the House and Governor of the State of Utah each appointed one seat as well.
In 2018 due to alleged corruption issues the Utah State Legislature passed a bill organizing UTA with a full-time 3-member board appointed by the Utah State Governor. The Board continually directs agency staff to improve public transit along the Wasatch Front. Board members work with their appointing local representatives to direct UTA so the agency can best meet the needs of individual communities.
History
UTA originally contracted with a private company for security services. In 2003, after several attempts, UTA took control of security services and created the UTA Public Safety Department. The UTA security officers were given the title of Transit Public Safety Officers and they were primarily tasked with conducting fare enforcement and observing and reporting crime to local, county, and state law enforcement agencies. Local municipalities, counties, and state police agencies within the transit district were originally responsible for responding to calls for police services throughout the transit system. In 2006, the Utah State Legislature passed a bill, which granted multi-county transit districts the authority to hire and employ police officers to provide law enforcement services. As of June 2021 UTA is the only multi-county transit district in Utah. In 2006, UTA created the UTA Police Department and the Transit Police Officers were granted state certification as law enforcement officers.
Training
UTA Transit Police Officers are certified as law enforcement officers by the Utah Department of Public Safety Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST), and they are required to attend state certified police academies. In addition to completing state police academies, the UTA Transit Police Officers (like all other law enforcement officers in the State of Utah) must receive a minimum of 40 hours of continuous in service training annually, which usually includes legal and policy training, medical and first responder training, firearms and weapons training, defensive tactics, and use of force training.
Jurisdiction
The UTA Police Department's jurisdiction is UTA transit district property and resources, which includes UTA buildings, maintenance and service centers, train stations, bus stops, Park and Ride lots, and any UTA equipment or vehicle. The UTA transit police jurisdiction is also extended onto the right of way of train tracks and twenty feet in and around any UTA property or vehicle. The UTA transit district has a large jurisdiction, from Utah County on the south to Box Elder County on the north and from Tooele County on the west to Summit County on the east, with Salt Lake, Davis, and Weber counties in the middle. Although neither Summit County, nor any municipality therein, is a participant in the UTA transit district, UTA transit vehicles do provide service to Park City through a special arrangement with Park City and Summit County.
Laws and procedures
The UTA transit district is governed by the UTA Board of Trustees, who are appointed to the board by the cities, counties, and the state. The Board of Trustees enact ordinances, just as municipal and county councils enact municipal or county codes. UTA ordinances are primarily enforced by Transit Police Officers, although they can also be enforced by other law enforcement agencies. Violators of UTA ordinances, can be issued civil or criminal citations depending on the violation. UTA civil citations, such as fare evasion, are not criminal and are reviewed and administered by a UTA civil administrator. Criminal charges filed by the UTA Police Department are reviewed and administered by the justice court, district court, or federal court in which the offense occurred. Transit Police Officers have the legal authority as law enforcement officers of the State of Utah, to enforce municipal, county, state, and federal laws outside of their jurisdiction.
Department command
The Utah Transit Authority Police Department is managed by the Public Safety Manager who is appointed to the position by the UTA General Manager and the board of trustees. The command structure is made up of the Public Safety Manager, captains, lieutenants, sergeants and officers. The UTA Police Department has sworn law enforcement officers and non-sworn support personnel, which includes dispatchers, office personnel, and security officers.
In 2011 UTA considered the possibility of combining its Public Safety Department with the Unified Police Department of Greater Salt Lake (which is headed by the Salt Lake County Sheriff).
Police services
The UTA Transit Police Officers are assigned patrol vehicles, and the department mandates a beat system for them. UTA Transit Police Officers routinely patrol trains, buses, all UTA stations, and UTA rail right-of-ways, as well as conduct fare enforcement. Transit police officers also respond to calls for police services throughout the transit system.
Contact information
The UTA Police Department's main headquarters is near the Murray Central Station, which is located at 127 West Vine Street in Murray City. There are several UTA police sub-stations throughout the transit system. The UTA Police Dispatch Center can be contacted by dialing 801-287-EYES (3937) or 911. The UTA Police Department administration, investigations and civil administrator's offices can be contacted at 801-287-2601.
See also
list of law enforcement agencies in Utah
References
External links
Utah Transit Authority
Transit police departments of the United States
Specialist police departments of Utah |
```python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import pytest
from skidl import Part, Net, generate_svg, TEMPLATE, KICAD, KICAD6, lib_search_paths, SubCircuit, Bus, POWER, ERC, set_default_tool
from .setup_teardown import setup_function, teardown_function
def test_svg_1():
l1 = Part("Device", "L")
r1, r2 = Part("Device", "R", dest=TEMPLATE, value="200.0") * 2
q1 = Part("Device", "Q_NPN_CBE")
c1 = Part("Device", "C", value="10pF")
r3 = r2(value="1K")
vcc, vin, vout, gnd = Net("VCC"), Net("VIN"), Net("VOUT"), Net("GND")
vcc & r1 & vin & r2 & gnd
vcc & r3 & vout & q1["C,E"] & gnd
q1["B"] += vin
vout & (l1 | c1) & gnd
rly = Part("Relay", "TE_PCH-1xxx2M")
rly[1, 2, 3, 5] += gnd
led = Part("Device", "LED_ARGB", symtx="RH")
r, g, b = Net("R"), Net("G"), Net("B")
led["A,RK,GK,BK"] += vcc, r, g, b
Part(lib="MCU_STC", name="STC15W204S-35x-SOP16")
generate_svg(file_="test1")
def test_svg_2():
# TODO: Figure out why loading a part fully parses every part in the library.
opamp = Part(lib="Amplifier_Operational", name="AD8676xR", symtx="H")
opamp.uA.p2 += Net("IN1")
opamp.uA.p3 += Net("IN2")
opamp.uA.p1 += Net("OUT")
opamp.uB.symtx = 'L'
generate_svg(file_="test2")
def test_svg_3():
gnd = Part("power", "GND")
vcc = Part("power", "VCC")
opamp = Part(lib="Amplifier_Operational", name="AD8676xR", symtx="V")
for part in default_circuit.parts:
part.validate()
vcc[1] += opamp[8]
gnd[1] += opamp[4]
r = Part("Device", "R_US", dest=TEMPLATE, tx_ops="L")
(
Net("IN")
& r(value="4K7", symtx="L")
& opamp.uA[2]
& r(value="4K7", symtx="L")
& opamp.uA[1]
)
gnd[1] += opamp.uA[3]
opamp.uA[1] & r(value="10K") & gnd[1]
for part in default_circuit.parts:
part.validate()
generate_svg()
def test_svg_4():
q = Part(lib="Device", name="Q_PNP_CBE", dest=TEMPLATE, symtx="V")
r = Part("Device", "R", dest=TEMPLATE)
gndt = Part("power", "GND")
vcct = Part("power", "VCC")
gnd = Net("GND")
vcc = Net("VCC")
gnd & gndt
vcc & vcct
a = Net("A", netio="i")
b = Net("B", netio="i")
a_and_b = Net("A_AND_B", netio="o")
q1 = q()
q1.E.symio = "i"
q1.B.symio = "i"
q1.C.symio = "o"
q2 = q()
q2.E.symio = "i"
q2.B.symio = "i"
q2.C.symio = "NC"
# q2.C.symio = "o"
r1, r2, r3, r4, r5 = r(5, value="10K")
a & r1 & q1["B", "C"] & r4 & q2["B", "C"] & a_and_b & r5 & gnd
b & r2 & q1["B"]
q1["C"] & r3 & gnd
vcc & q1["E"]
vcc & q2["E"]
# q1.xy = (1,1)
# q2.xy = (2,1)
# r1.xy = (0,0)
# r2.xy = (0,1)
# r3.xy = (1,2)
# r4.xy = (2,1)
# r5.xy = (2,2)
# vcct.xy = (2,0)
# gndt.xy = (1,2)
# gndt.fix = True
generate_svg()
def test_svg_5():
uc = Part(lib="MCU_STC", name="STC15W204S-35x-SOP16")
uc.split_pin_names("/")
uc.TxD_2.aliases += "UDM"
uc.RxD_2.aliases += "UDP"
usb = Part(lib="Connector", name="USB_B_Micro", symtx="H")
uc1 = uc()
uc1["UDM, UDP"] += usb["D-, D+"]
uc_spare = uc()
uc_spare["UDP"] & uc_spare["UDM"]
stubs = uc1["UDM"].get_nets()
stubs.extend(uc1["UDP"].get_nets())
for s in stubs:
s.stub = True
generate_svg()
def test_svg_6():
# q = Part(lib='Device.lib', name='Q_PNP_CBE', dest=TEMPLATE, symtx='V')
r = Part("Device", "R", dest=TEMPLATE)
gndt = Part("power", "GND")
vcct = Part("power", "VCC")
gnd = Net("GND")
vcc = Net("VCC")
(
gnd
& gndt
& r()
& r()
& (r(symtx="l") | r(symtx="R"))
& r()
& r()
& r()
& r()
& r()
& r()
& r()
& vcct
& vcc
)
generate_svg()
def test_svg_7():
u1 = Part("4xxx", "4001")
gnd = Net("GND")
u1.uA.VSS += gnd
u1.uA.VDD += gnd
gnd.stub = True
generate_svg(file_="test7")
def test_svg_8():
# Create nets.
e, b, c = Net("ENET"), Net("BNET"), Net("CNET")
e.stub, b.stub, c.stub = True, True, True
# Create part templates.
qt = Part(lib="Device", name="Q_PNP_CBE", dest=TEMPLATE)
# Instantiate parts.
for q, tx in zip(qt(8), ["", "H", "V", "R", "L", "VL", "HR", "LV"]):
q["E B C"] += e, b, c
q.ref = "Q_" + tx
q.symtx = tx
generate_svg()
def test_svg_9():
# Create part templates.
q = Part(lib="Device", name="Q_PNP_CBE", dest=TEMPLATE, symtx="V")
r = Part("Device", "R", dest=TEMPLATE)
# Create nets.
gnd, vcc = Net("GND"), Net("VCC")
# a, b, a_and_b = Net("A", netio="i"), Net("B", netio="i"), Net("A_AND_B", netio="o")
a, b, a_and_b = Net("A"), Net("B"), Net("A_AND_B")
# Instantiate parts.
gndt = Part("power", "GND") # Ground terminal.
vcct = Part("power", "VCC") # Power terminal.
q1, q2 = q(2)
r1, r2, r3, r4, r5 = r(5, value="10K")
# Make connections between parts.
a & r1 & q1["B", "C"] & r4 & q2["B", "C"] & a_and_b & r5 & gnd
b & r2 & q1["B"]
q1["C"] & r3 & gnd
vcc += q1["E"], q2["E"], vcct
gnd += gndt
a.netio = "i" # Input terminal.
b.netio = "i" # Input terminal.
a_and_b.netio = "o" # Output terminal.
q1.E.symio = "i" # Signal enters Q1 on E and B terminals.
q1.B.symio = "i"
q1.C.symio = "o" # Signal exits Q1 on C terminal.
q2.E.symio = "i" # Signal enters Q2 on E and B terminals.
q2.B.symio = "i"
q2.C.symio = "o" # Signal exits Q2 on C terminal.
q1.symtx = "L"
q2.symtx = "L"
vcc.stub = True
generate_svg()
def test_svg_10():
mosfet = Part("Device", "Q_PMOS_GSD")
mosfet.symtx = "HR"
mosfet.symtx = "HL"
pmos = Part("Device", "Q_PMOS_GSD")
n01 = Net("n01")
mosfet[1] += mosfet[2]
n01 += mosfet[3]
pmos[3] += mosfet[3]
generate_svg()
def test_svg_11():
return # This test is not working properly.
# vcc = Part("Device", "Battery", value=5 @ u_V)
# r1 = Part("Device", "R", value=1 @ u_kOhm)
# r2 = Part("Device", "R", value=2 @ u_kOhm)
vcc.convert_for_spice(V, {1: "p", 2: "n"})
r1.convert_for_spice(R, {1: "p", 2: "n"})
r2.convert_for_spice(R, {1: "p", 2: "n"})
vin, vout, gnd = Net("Vin"), Net("Vout"), Net("GND")
vin.netio = "i"
vout.netio = "o"
gnd.netio = "o"
gnd & vcc["n p"] & vin & r1 & vout & r2 & gnd
generate_svg()
def test_svg_12():
return # This test is not working properly.
@SubCircuit
def vga_port(red, grn, blu, hsync, vsync, gnd, logic_lvl=3.3):
"""Generate analog RGB VGA port driven by red, grn, blu digital color buses."""
# Determine the color depth by finding the max width of the digital color buses.
# (Note that the color buses don't have to be the same width.)
depth = max(len(red), len(grn), len(blu))
# Add extra bus lines to any bus that's smaller than the depth and
# connect these extra lines to the original LSB bit of the bus.
for bus in [red, grn, blu]:
add_width = depth - len(bus) # Number of lines to add to the bus.
if add_width > 0:
bus.insert(0, add_width) # Add lines to the beginning of the bus.
bus[add_width] += bus[
0:add_width
] # Connect the added bus lines to original LSB.
# Calculate the resistor weights to support the given color depth.
vga_input_impedance = 75.0 # Impedance of VGA analog inputs.
vga_analog_max = 0.7 # Maximum brightness color voltage.
# Compute the resistance of the upper leg of the voltage divider that will
# drop the logic_lvl to the vga_analog_max level if the lower leg has
# a resistance of vga_input_impedance.
R = (logic_lvl - vga_analog_max) * vga_input_impedance / vga_analog_max
# The basic weight is R * (1 + 1/2 + 1/4 + ... + 1/2**(width-1))
r = R * sum([1.0 / 2**n for n in range(depth)])
# The most significant color bit has a weight of r. The next bit has a weight
# of 2r. The next bit has a weight of 4r, and so on. The weights are arranged
# in decreasing order so the least significant weight is at the start of the list.
weights = [str(int(r * 2**n)) for n in reversed(range(depth))]
# Quad resistor packs are used to create weighted sums of the digital
# signals on the red, green and blue buses. (One resistor in each pack
# will not be used since there are only three colors.)
res_network = Part(
xess_lib, "RN4", footprint="xesscorp/xess.pretty:CTS_742C083", dest=TEMPLATE
)
# Create a list of resistor packs, one for each weight.
res = res_network(value=weights)
# Create the nets that will accept the weighted sums.
analog_red = Net("R")
analog_grn = Net("G")
analog_blu = Net("B")
# Match each resistor pack (least significant to most significant) with
# the the associated lines of each color bus (least significant to
# most significant) as follows:
# res[0], red[0], grn[0], blu[0]
# res[1], red[1], grn[1], blu[1]
# ...
# Then attach the individual resistors in each pack between
# a color bus line and the associated analog color net:
# red[0] --- (1)res[0](8) --- analog_red
# grn[0] --- (2)res[0](7) --- analog_grn
# blu[0] --- (3)res[0](6) --- analog_blu
# red[1] --- (1)res[1](8) --- analog_red
# grn[1] --- (2)res[1](7) --- analog_grn
# blu[1] --- (3)res[1](6) --- analog_blu
# ...
for w, r, g, b in zip(res, red, grn, blu):
w[1, 8] += r, analog_red # Red uses the 1st resistor in each pack.
w[2, 7] += g, analog_grn # Green uses the 2nd resistor in each pack.
w[3, 6] += b, analog_blu # Blue uses the 3rd resistor in each pack.
w[4, 5] += (
NC,
NC,
) # Attach the unused resistor in each pack to no-connect nets to suppress ERC warnings.
w[1].symio = "input"
w[8].symio = "output"
w[2].symio = "input"
w[7].symio = "output"
w[3].symio = "input"
w[6].symio = "output"
w[4].symio = "input"
w[5].symio = "output"
# VGA connector outputs the analog red, green and blue signals and the syncs.
vga_conn = Part(
"Connector",
"DB15_FEMALE_HighDensity_MountingHoles",
footprint="xesscorp/xess.pretty:DB15-3.08mm-HD-FEMALE",
)
vga_conn[5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] += gnd # Ground pins.
vga_conn[4, 11, 12, 15] += NC # Unconnected pins.
vga_conn[0] += gnd # Ground connector shield.
vga_conn[1] += analog_red # Analog red signal.
vga_conn[2] += analog_grn # Analog green signal.
vga_conn[3] += analog_blu # Analog blue signal.
vga_conn[13] += hsync # Horizontal sync.
vga_conn[14] += vsync # Vertical sync.
vga_conn[1].symio = "input"
vga_conn[2].symio = "input"
vga_conn[3].symio = "input"
vga_conn[13].symio = "input"
vga_conn[14].symio = "input"
# Define some nets and buses.
gnd = Net("GND") # Ground reference.
gnd.drive = POWER
# Five-bit digital buses carrying red, green, blue color values.
red = Bus("RED", 5)
grn = Bus("GRN", 5)
blu = Bus("BLU", 5)
# VGA horizontal and vertical sync signals.
hsync = Net("HSYNC")
vsync = Net("VSYNC")
xess_lib = r"/home/devb/tech_stuff/KiCad/libraries/xess.lib"
# Two PMOD headers and a breadboard header bring in the digital red, green,
# and blue buses along with the horizontal and vertical sync.
# (The PMOD and breadboard headers bring in the same signals. PMOD connectors
# are used when the VGA interface connects to a StickIt! motherboard, and the
# breadboard header is for attaching it to a breadboard.
pm = 2 * Part(
xess_lib, "PMOD-12", footprint="xesscorp/xess.pretty:PMOD-12-MALE", dest=TEMPLATE
)
pm[0].symtx = "H"
pm[1].symtx = "H"
bread_board_conn = Part(
"Connector",
"Conn_01x18_Male",
footprint="KiCad_V5/Connector_PinHeader_2.54mm.pretty:Pin_Header_1x18_P2.54mm_Vertical",
)
# Connect the digital red, green and blue buses and the sync signals to
# the pins of the PMOD and breadboard headers.
hsync += bread_board_conn[1], pm[0]["D0"]
vsync += bread_board_conn[2], pm[0]["D1"]
red[4] += bread_board_conn[3], pm[0]["D2"]
grn[4] += bread_board_conn[4], pm[0]["D3"]
blu[4] += bread_board_conn[5], pm[0]["D4"]
red[3] += bread_board_conn[6], pm[0]["D5"]
grn[3] += bread_board_conn[7], pm[0]["D6"]
blu[3] += bread_board_conn[8], pm[0]["D7"]
red[2] += bread_board_conn[9], pm[1]["D0"]
grn[2] += bread_board_conn[10], pm[1]["D1"]
blu[2] += bread_board_conn[11], pm[1]["D2"]
red[1] += bread_board_conn[12], pm[1]["D3"]
grn[1] += bread_board_conn[13], pm[1]["D4"]
blu[1] += bread_board_conn[14], pm[1]["D5"]
red[0] += bread_board_conn[15], pm[1]["D6"]
grn[0] += bread_board_conn[16], pm[1]["D7"]
blu[0] += bread_board_conn[17]
# The VGA interface has no active components, so don't connect the PMOD's VCC pins.
NC += pm[0]["VCC"], pm[1]["VCC"]
# Connect the ground reference pins on all the connectors.
gnd += bread_board_conn[18], pm[0]["GND"], pm[1]["GND"]
# The PMOD ground pins are defined as power outputs so there will be an error
# if they're connected together. Therefore, turn off the error checking on one
# of them to swallow the error.
pm[1]["GND"].do_erc = False
# Send the RGB buses and syncs to the VGA port circuit.
vga_port(red, grn, blu, hsync, vsync, gnd)
# Stub these nets.
gnd.stub = True
red.stub = True
grn.stub = True
blu.stub = True
hsync.stub = True
vsync.stub = True
ERC() # Run error checks.
generate_svg()
``` |
R v Mataung is an important case in South African law, heard and decided in the Orange Free State Provincial Division on 13 August 1953. Brink J wrote the judgment; Van Blerk J concurred.
Facts
The accused had pleaded guilty to and been convicted of arson, in that he had set alight a grass hut.
Judgment
On review, the Orange Free State Provincial Division held that, in the absence of evidence that the hut was of an immovable nature, the conviction and the sentence should be set aside. The court referred to and applied the decision of Innes CJ in R v Mabula, which held that the property affected had to have been immovable property for the definition of arson to be met.
See also
R v Soqokomashe
Arson
Crime in South Africa
Law of South Africa
References
Case law
R v Mabula 1927 AD 161.
R v Mataung 1953 (4) SA 35 (O).
Notes
1953 in South African law
1953 in case law
Arson in Africa |
The Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO) is a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) which operates a wide variety of specialized ships and aircraft to carry out the environmental and scientific missions of NOAA.
Administration
NOAA′s Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO) operates NOAA′s aircraft and ships. OMAO also manages the NOAA Small Boat Program and the NOAA Diving Program, the latter having as part of its mission the job of ensuring a level of diving skill conducive to safe and efficient operations in NOAA-sponsored underwater activities.
A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps (NOAA Corps) rear admiral serves as both the director of the NOAA Corps and of OMAO. A NOAA Corps rear admiral (lower half) serves as the director of the Marine and Aviation Operations Centers.
Manning and resource management
NOAA's aircraft and ships are operated and managed by a combination of NOAA Corps officers, NOAA civilians, and wage marine employees. NOAA Corps officers and OMAO civilians frequently serve as chief scientists on program missions. Aboard NOAA ships, NOAA Corps officers perform administrative duties and are responsible for the navigation of the vessels, while NOAA civilians and wage marine employees serve as licensed engineers, mechanics, navigators, technicians, and members of the engine, steward, and deck departments. Aboard both aircraft and ships, NOAA Corps officers and civilian crew members provide mission support and assistance to embarked scientists from various NOAA laboratories and the academic community.
To complement NOAA's aircraft and ship fleets, OMAO contracts for ship and aircraft time with other sources, such as the private sector and universities.
Aircraft
Aircraft operations
NOAA's Aircraft Operations Center (AOC) is home to NOAA's fleet of aircraft. It has been located at Lakeland Linder International Airport in Lakeland, Florida, since June 2017. Prior to its move to Lakeland, the AOC resided at MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa, Florida, from January 1993 to June 2017.
NOAA aircraft often operate over open ocean, mountains, coastal wetlands, Arctic pack ice, and in and around hurricanes and other severe weather. The aircraft collect environmental and geographic data for NOAA hurricane and other weather and atmospheric research (including as part of the NOAA Hurricane Hunters program; provide aerial support for coastal and aeronautical charting and remote sensing projects; conduct aerial surveys for hydrologic research; support NOAA's fishery research and marine mammal assessment programs; and provide support to emergency response managers during and after natural disasters.
NOAA research aircraft types operated
Present
NOAA also operates unmanned aerial vehicles.
Past
Ships
Fleet origins
NOAAs ship fleet traces it ancestry to the fleets of the Survey of the Coast and of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, widely referred to as the United States Fish Commission. The Survey of the Coast, established in 1807, became the United States Coast Survey in 1836 and then the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1878, and it operated a fleet of survey ships that conducted hydrographic surveys along the coasts of the United States and its territories. The Fish Commission, which became the United States Bureau of Fisheries in 1903, operated a fleet that included fisheries research ships until 1940, when the Bureau of Fisheries was abolished and its fleet was transferred to the Department of the Interior′s new Fish and Wildlife Service. In a major reorganization in 1956, the Fish and Wildlife Service became the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, and its new Bureau of Commercial Fisheries took control of the seagoing fisheries research fleet.
The NOAA fleet was created when various United States Government scientific agencies merged to form NOAA on 3 October 1970. At that time, the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services Bureau of Commercial Fisheries were abolished, and the ships that had constituted their fleets combined to form the new NOAA fleet. At first, the major ships that were to constitute the new fleet reported to separate entities, with former Coast and Geodetic Survey ships subordinate to the National Ocean Survey (renamed the National Ocean Service in 1983, the Coast and Geodetic Survey's successor organization within NOAA), while former Bureau of Commercial Fisheries ships reported to the National Marine Fisheries Service (the successor agency within NOAA of the Fish Commission, Bureau of Fisheries, and Bureau of Commercial Fisheries). Via a phased process during 1972 and 1973, however, the ships of the National Ocean Survey and National Marine Fisheries Service, as well as those of the Environmental Research Laboratories, integrated to form a consolidated and unified NOAA fleet, operated by the National Ocean Survey's Office of Fleet Operations.
Ship operations
The NOAA fleet provides hydrographic survey, oceanographic and atmospheric research, and fisheries research vessels to support the elements of NOAA's strategic plan and mission. NOAA's Fleet Allocation Council manages and allocates the time each ship spends on various missions and projects based on user requests. Some ships of the fleet are vessels retired from the United States Navy or other maritime services. The vessels are located in various locations around the United States. The ships are managed by the Marine Operations Center, which has offices in Norfolk, Virginia, and Newport, Oregon. Logistic support for these vessels is provided by the Marine Operations Center offices or, for vessels with home ports at Woods Hole, Massachusetts; Charleston, South Carolina; Pascagoula, Mississippi; San Diego, California; or Honolulu, Hawaii, by port captains located in those ports.
NOAA research and survey vessels
Upon its creation on 3 October 1970, NOAA took control of all ships previously operated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. NOAA has since decommissioned many of these ships and replaced them with ships acquired from the U.S. Navy or new ships built specifically for NOAA.
The names of NOAA ships are preceded by the prefix "NOAAS" (for "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Ship") and followed by a unique hull classification symbol, or "hull number," made up of a letter indicating whether the vessel is a research ship (R) or survey ship (S), followed by a three-digit number. Each hull classification symbol is unique among NOAA ships currently in commission, although in some cases NOAA uses a hull classification symbol identical to one it used previously for a ship that it has since decommissioned.
Present Fleet
Fisheries research ships
(in service 2010–present)
RV Gloria Michelle (in noncommissioned service 1980–present)
(in service 1998–present; previously with U.S. Navy as 1990–1993)
(in service 2007–present)
(in service 1977–present)
(in service 2005–present)
(in service 2003–present; previously with U.S. Navy as 1988–1992)
(in service 2009–present)
(in service 2014–present)
(in service 1997–present)
Gallery - fisheries research ships
Hydrographic/oceanographic/atmospheric research ships
(in noncommissioned service 2009–present)
RV Manta (in noncommissioned service 2008–present)
(in service 1970–1989 and 2004–present; previously with U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 1968–1970)
(in service 2012–present)
(in service 2004–present; previously with U.S. Navy as 1984–1993 and with U.S. Coast Guard as USCGC Vindicator (WMEC-3) 1994–2001)
(in service 2004–present; previously with U.S. Navy as 1991–1999)
(in service 2008–present; previously with U.S. Navy as 1989–2004)
(in service 1970–present; previously with U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 1968–1970)
(in service 1997–present)
(in service 2003–present; previously with U.S. Navy as 1992–2003)
Gallery - hydrographic/oceanographic/atmospheric research ships ships
Past Fleet
(in service 1970–2008; previously with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 1963–1970)
(in service 1980–1998)
(in service 1970–2010; previously with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 1966–1970)
(in service 1970–1989; previously with U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 1967–1970)
(in service 1970–2012; previously with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 1968-1970)
(in service 1970–1996; previously with U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 1967–1970)
(in service 1970–2002; previously with U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 1968–1970)
(in service 1970–1980; previously with U.S. Army 1944–1950, U.S. Navy 1950–1961, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 1962–1970)
(in service 1970–1995; previously with U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 1967–1970)
(in service 1970–2008; previously with Fish and Wildlife Service 1950–1956 and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 1956–1970)
NOAAS Ka'imimoana (R 333) (in service 1996–2014; previously with U.S. Navy as 1988–1993)
NOAAS Malcolm Baldrige (R 103), see
(in service 1970–2003; previously with U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 1966–1970)
(in service 2003–2014; previously with U.S. Navy as 1985–2002)
(in service 1975-2013; previously with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 1967-1970)
(in service 1970-1995; previously with U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 1968-1970)
(in service 1970-1989; previously with U.S. Army 1943–1949 and Fish and Wildlife Service 1949–1970)
(in service 1970–1981, 1986–1989, and ?–1996; previously with U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 1966–1970)
(in service 1970–1980; previously with Fish and Wildlife Service 1950–1956 and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 1956–1970)
(in service 1970–1992; previously with U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 1963–1970)
(in service with NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service 1970–1975; previously with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 1963–1970)
, renamed NOAAS Malcolm Baldrige (R 103) in 1988 (in service 1970–1996; previously with U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1970)
(in service 1970–2008; previously with U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 1967–1970)
(in service 1970–1995 or 1996; previously with U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 1960–1970)
(in service 1975–2002; previously with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 1964–1975)
(in service 1970–2003; previously with U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 1963–1970)
Maritime flags and pennants
NOAA ships fly the flag of the United States as their ensign. To distinguish them from ships of other United States Government agencies and services that also fly the U.S. flag as their ensign, NOAA ships also fly the NOAA flag as a distinctive mark. This practice carries on the tradition of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, whose ships flew the Coast and Geodetic Survey flag as a distinctive mark from 1899 until 1970, when the Coast and Geodetic Survey was abolished and its ships were incorporated into the NOAA fleet. The Coast and Geodetic Survey flag included a red triangle to represent the discipline of triangulation used in hydrographic surveys, and the flag of NOAA, in use since 1970, includes a similar red triangle.
NOAA ships also fly a "commission pennant" in a similar manner to U.S. Navy and United States Coast Guard ships. The NOAA fleet has three commission pennants, one for its largest ships (which it deems "Class I" vessels), and two for smaller ships NOAA defines as "Class II," "Class III," or "Class IV" vessels. The pennant for Class I vessels is long and has 13 red triangles on a white background at the hoist, with the remainder of the pennant blue, while the pennants for Class II, III, and IV vessels are long and have seven red triangles but otherwise are identical in design to the Class I pennant. The pennants also carry forward a tradition of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey fleet, which flew commission pennants identical to those of the NOAA fleet.
References
This article incorporates material taken from the public domain website of the .
External links
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NOAA Marine and Aviation Operations
NOAA Marine Operations
NOAA Aircraft Operations
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
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The Big Bang event is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. Various cosmological models of the Big Bang explain the evolution of the observable universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale form. These models offer a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of observed phenomena, including the abundance of light elements, the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, and large-scale structure. The overall uniformity of the Universe, known as the flatness problem, is explained through cosmic inflation: a sudden and very rapid expansion of space during the earliest moments. However, physics currently lacks a widely accepted theory of quantum gravity that can successfully model the earliest conditions of the Big Bang.
Crucially, these models are compatible with the Hubble–Lemaître law—the observation that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from Earth. Extrapolating this cosmic expansion backwards in time using the known laws of physics, the models describe an increasingly concentrated cosmos preceded by a singularity in which space and time lose meaning (typically named "the Big Bang singularity"). In 1964 the CMB was discovered, which convinced many cosmologists that the competing steady-state model of cosmic evolution was falsified, since the Big Bang models predict a uniform background radiation caused by high temperatures and densities in the distant past. A wide range of empirical evidence strongly favors the Big Bang event, which is now essentially universally accepted. Detailed measurements of the expansion rate of the universe place the Big Bang singularity at an estimated billion years ago, which is considered the age of the universe.
There remain aspects of the observed universe that are not yet adequately explained by the Big Bang models. After its initial expansion, the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles, and later atoms. The unequal abundances of matter and antimatter that allowed this to occur is an unexplained effect known as baryon asymmetry. These primordial elements—mostly hydrogen, with some helium and lithium—later coalesced through gravity, forming early stars and galaxies. Astronomers observe the gravitational effects of an unknown dark matter surrounding galaxies. Most of the gravitational potential in the universe seems to be in this form, and the Big Bang models and various observations indicate that this excess gravitational potential is not created by baryonic matter, such as normal atoms. Measurements of the redshifts of supernovae indicate that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, an observation attributed to an unexplained phenomenon known as dark energy.
Features of the models
The Big Bang models offer a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of observed phenomena, including the abundances of the light elements, the CMB, large-scale structure, and Hubble's law. The models depend on two major assumptions: the universality of physical laws and the cosmological principle. The universality of physical laws is one of the underlying principles of the theory of relativity. The cosmological principle states that on large scales the universe is homogeneous and isotropic—appearing the same in all directions regardless of location.
These ideas were initially taken as postulates, but later efforts were made to test each of them. For example, the first assumption has been tested by observations showing that the largest possible deviation of the fine-structure constant over much of the age of the universe is of order 10−5. Also, general relativity has passed stringent tests on the scale of the Solar System and binary stars.
The large-scale universe appears isotropic as viewed from Earth. If it is indeed isotropic, the cosmological principle can be derived from the simpler Copernican principle, which states that there is no preferred (or special) observer or vantage point. To this end, the cosmological principle has been confirmed to a level of 10−5 via observations of the temperature of the CMB. At the scale of the CMB horizon, the universe has been measured to be homogeneous with an upper bound on the order of 10% inhomogeneity, as of 1995.
Horizons
An important feature of the Big Bang spacetime is the presence of particle horizons. Since the universe has a finite age, and light travels at a finite speed, there may be events in the past whose light has not yet had time to reach earth. This places a limit or a past horizon on the most distant objects that can be observed. Conversely, because space is expanding, and more distant objects are receding ever more quickly, light emitted by us today may never "catch up" to very distant objects. This defines a future horizon, which limits the events in the future that we will be able to influence. The presence of either type of horizon depends on the details of the FLRW model that describes our universe.
Our understanding of the universe back to very early times suggests that there is a past horizon, though in practice our view is also limited by the opacity of the universe at early times. So our view cannot extend further backward in time, though the horizon recedes in space. If the expansion of the universe continues to accelerate, there is a future horizon as well.
Thermalization
Some processes in the early universe occurred too slowly, compared to the expansion rate of the universe, to reach approximate thermodynamic equilibrium. Others were fast enough to reach thermalization. The parameter usually used to find out whether a process in the very early universe has reached thermal equilibrium is the ratio between the rate of the process (usually rate of collisions between particles) and the Hubble parameter. The larger the ratio, the more time particles had to thermalize before they were too far away from each other.
Timeline
According to the Big Bang models, the universe at the beginning was very hot and very compact, and since then it has been expanding and cooling.
Singularity
Extrapolation of the expansion of the universe backwards in time using general relativity yields an infinite density and temperature at a finite time in the past. This irregular behavior, known as the gravitational singularity, indicates that general relativity is not an adequate description of the laws of physics in this regime. Models based on general relativity alone cannot fully extrapolate toward the singularity. In some proposals, such as the emergent Universe models, the singularity is replaced by another cosmological epoch. A different approach identifies the initial singularity as a singularity predicted by some models of the Big Bang theory to have existed before the Big Bang.
This primordial singularity is itself sometimes called "the Big Bang", but the term can also refer to a more generic early hot, dense phase of the universe. In either case, "the Big Bang" as an event is also colloquially referred to as the "birth" of our universe since it represents the point in history where the universe can be verified to have entered into a regime where the laws of physics as we understand them (specifically general relativity and the Standard Model of particle physics) work. Based on measurements of the expansion using Type Ia supernovae and measurements of temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background, the time that has passed since that event—known as the "age of the universe"—is 13.8 billion years.
Despite being extremely dense at this time—far denser than is usually required to form a black hole—the universe did not re-collapse into a singularity. Commonly used calculations and limits for explaining gravitational collapse are usually based upon objects of relatively constant size, such as stars, and do not apply to rapidly expanding space such as the Big Bang. Since the early universe did not immediately collapse into a multitude of black holes, matter at that time must have been very evenly distributed with a negligible density gradient.
Inflation and baryogenesis
The earliest phases of the Big Bang are subject to much speculation, since astronomical data about them are not available. In the most common models the universe was filled homogeneously and isotropically with a very high energy density and huge temperatures and pressures, and was very rapidly expanding and cooling. The period up to 10−43 seconds into the expansion, the Planck epoch, was a phase in which the four fundamental forces—the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, and the gravitational force, were unified as one. In this stage, the characteristic scale length of the universe was the Planck length, , and consequently had a temperature of approximately 1032 degrees Celsius. Even the very concept of a particle breaks down in these conditions. A proper understanding of this period awaits the development of a theory of quantum gravity. The Planck epoch was succeeded by the grand unification epoch beginning at 10−43 seconds, where gravitation separated from the other forces as the universe's temperature fell.
At approximately 10−37 seconds into the expansion, a phase transition caused a cosmic inflation, during which the universe grew exponentially, unconstrained by the light speed invariance, and temperatures dropped by a factor of 100,000. This concept is motivated by the flatness problem, where the density of matter and energy is very close to the critical density needed to produce a flat universe. That is, the shape of the universe has no overall geometric curvature due to gravitational influence. Microscopic quantum fluctuations that occurred because of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle were "frozen in" by inflation, becoming amplified into the seeds that would later form the large-scale structure of the universe. At a time around 10−36 seconds, the electroweak epoch begins when the strong nuclear force separates from the other forces, with only the electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force remaining unified.
Inflation stopped locally at around 10−33 to 10−32 seconds, with the observable universe's volume having increased by a factor of at least 1078. Reheating occurred until the universe obtained the temperatures required for the production of a quark–gluon plasma as well as all other elementary particles. Temperatures were so high that the random motions of particles were at relativistic speeds, and particle–antiparticle pairs of all kinds were being continuously created and destroyed in collisions. At some point, an unknown reaction called baryogenesis violated the conservation of baryon number, leading to a very small excess of quarks and leptons over antiquarks and antileptons—of the order of one part in 30 million. This resulted in the predominance of matter over antimatter in the present universe.
Cooling
The universe continued to decrease in density and fall in temperature, hence the typical energy of each particle was decreasing. Symmetry-breaking phase transitions put the fundamental forces of physics and the parameters of elementary particles into their present form, with the electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force separating at about 10−12 seconds.
After about 10−11 seconds, the picture becomes less speculative, since particle energies drop to values that can be attained in particle accelerators. At about 10−6 seconds, quarks and gluons combined to form baryons such as protons and neutrons. The small excess of quarks over antiquarks led to a small excess of baryons over antibaryons. The temperature was no longer high enough to create either new proton–antiproton or neutron–antineutron pairs. A mass annihilation immediately followed, leaving just one in 108 of the original matter particles and none of their antiparticles. A similar process happened at about 1 second for electrons and positrons. After these annihilations, the remaining protons, neutrons and electrons were no longer moving relativistically and the energy density of the universe was dominated by photons (with a minor contribution from neutrinos).
A few minutes into the expansion, when the temperature was about a billion kelvin and the density of matter in the universe was comparable to the current density of Earth's atmosphere, neutrons combined with protons to form the universe's deuterium and helium nuclei in a process called Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). Most protons remained uncombined as hydrogen nuclei.
As the universe cooled, the rest energy density of matter came to gravitationally dominate that of the photon radiation. After about 379,000 years, the electrons and nuclei combined into atoms (mostly hydrogen), which were able to emit radiation. This relic radiation, which continued through space largely unimpeded, is known as the cosmic microwave background.
Structure formation
Over a long period of time, the slightly denser regions of the uniformly distributed matter gravitationally attracted nearby matter and thus grew even denser, forming gas clouds, stars, galaxies, and the other astronomical structures observable today. The details of this process depend on the amount and type of matter in the universe. The four possible types of matter are known as cold dark matter (CDM), warm dark matter, hot dark matter, and baryonic matter. The best measurements available, from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), show that the data is well-fit by a Lambda-CDM model in which dark matter is assumed to be cold. (Warm dark matter is ruled out by early reionization.) This CDM is estimated to make up about 23% of the matter/energy of the universe, while baryonic matter makes up about 4.6%.
In an "extended model" which includes hot dark matter in the form of neutrinos, then the "physical baryon density" is estimated at 0.023. (This is different from the 'baryon density' expressed as a fraction of the total matter/energy density, which is about 0.046.) The corresponding cold dark matter density is about 0.11, and the corresponding neutrino density is estimated to be less than 0.0062.
Cosmic acceleration
Independent lines of evidence from Type Ia supernovae and the CMB imply that the universe today is dominated by a mysterious form of energy known as dark energy, which appears to homogeneously permeate all of space. Observations suggest that 73% of the total energy density of the present day universe is in this form. When the universe was very young it was likely infused with dark energy, but with everything closer together, gravity predominated, braking the expansion. Eventually, after billions of years of expansion, the declining density of matter relative to the density of dark energy allowed the expansion of the universe to begin to accelerate.
Dark energy in its simplest formulation is modeled by a cosmological constant term in Einstein field equations of general relativity, but its composition and mechanism are unknown. More generally, the details of its equation of state and relationship with the Standard Model of particle physics continue to be investigated both through observation and theory.
All of this cosmic evolution after the inflationary epoch can be rigorously described and modeled by the lambda-CDM model of cosmology, which uses the independent frameworks of quantum mechanics and general relativity. There are no easily testable models that would describe the situation prior to approximately 10−15 seconds. Understanding this earliest of eras in the history of the universe is one of the greatest unsolved problems in physics.
Concept history
Etymology
English astronomer Fred Hoyle is credited with coining the term "Big Bang" during a talk for a March 1949 BBC Radio broadcast, saying: "These theories were based on the hypothesis that all the matter in the universe was created in one big bang at a particular time in the remote past." However, it did not catch on until the 1970s.
It is popularly reported that Hoyle, who favored an alternative "steady-state" cosmological model, intended this to be pejorative, but Hoyle explicitly denied this and said it was just a striking image meant to highlight the difference between the two models. Helge Kragh writes that the evidence for the claim that it was meant as a pejorative is "unconvincing", and mentions a number of indications that it was not a pejorative.
The term itself has been argued to be a misnomer because it evokes an explosion. The argument is that whereas an explosion suggests expansion into a surrounding space, the Big Bang only describes the intrinsic expansion of the contents of the universe. Another issue pointed out by Santhosh Mathew is that bang implies sound, which is not an important feature of the model. An attempt to find a more suitable alternative was not successful.
Development
The Big Bang models developed from observations of the structure of the universe and from theoretical considerations. In 1912, Vesto Slipher measured the first Doppler shift of a "spiral nebula" (spiral nebula is the obsolete term for spiral galaxies), and soon discovered that almost all such nebulae were receding from Earth. He did not grasp the cosmological implications of this fact, and indeed at the time it was highly controversial whether or not these nebulae were "island universes" outside our Milky Way. Ten years later, Alexander Friedmann, a Russian cosmologist and mathematician, derived the Friedmann equations from the Einstein field equations, showing that the universe might be expanding in contrast to the static universe model advocated by Albert Einstein at that time.
In 1924, American astronomer Edwin Hubble's measurement of the great distance to the nearest spiral nebulae showed that these systems were indeed other galaxies. Starting that same year, Hubble painstakingly developed a series of distance indicators, the forerunner of the cosmic distance ladder, using the Hooker telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory. This allowed him to estimate distances to galaxies whose redshifts had already been measured, mostly by Slipher. In 1929, Hubble discovered a correlation between distance and recessional velocity—now known as Hubble's law.
Independently deriving Friedmann's equations in 1927, Georges Lemaître, a Belgian physicist and Roman Catholic priest, proposed that the recession of the nebulae was due to the expansion of the universe. He inferred the relation that Hubble would later observe, given the cosmological principle. In 1931, Lemaître went further and suggested that the evident expansion of the universe, if projected back in time, meant that the further in the past the smaller the universe was, until at some finite time in the past all the mass of the universe was concentrated into a single point, a "primeval atom" where and when the fabric of time and space came into existence.
In the 1920s and 1930s, almost every major cosmologist preferred an eternal steady-state universe, and several complained that the beginning of time implied by the Big Bang imported religious concepts into physics; this objection was later repeated by supporters of the steady-state theory. This perception was enhanced by the fact that the originator of the Big Bang concept, Lemaître, was a Roman Catholic priest. Arthur Eddington agreed with Aristotle that the universe did not have a beginning in time, viz., that matter is eternal. A beginning in time was "repugnant" to him. Lemaître, however, disagreed:
During the 1930s, other ideas were proposed as non-standard cosmologies to explain Hubble's observations, including the Milne model, the oscillatory universe (originally suggested by Friedmann, but advocated by Albert Einstein and Richard C. Tolman) and Fritz Zwicky's tired light hypothesis.
After World War II, two distinct possibilities emerged. One was Fred Hoyle's steady-state model, whereby new matter would be created as the universe seemed to expand. In this model the universe is roughly the same at any point in time. The other was Lemaître's Big Bang theory, advocated and developed by George Gamow, who introduced BBN and whose associates, Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, predicted the CMB. Ironically, it was Hoyle who coined the phrase that came to be applied to Lemaître's theory, referring to it as "this big bang idea" during a BBC Radio broadcast in March 1949. For a while, support was split between these two theories. Eventually, the observational evidence, most notably from radio source counts, began to favor Big Bang over steady state. The discovery and confirmation of the CMB in 1964 secured the Big Bang as the best theory of the origin and evolution of the universe.
In 1968 and 1970, Roger Penrose, Stephen Hawking, and George F. R. Ellis published papers where they showed that mathematical singularities were an inevitable initial condition of relativistic models of the Big Bang. Then, from the 1970s to the 1990s, cosmologists worked on characterizing the features of the Big Bang universe and resolving outstanding problems. In 1981, Alan Guth made a breakthrough in theoretical work on resolving certain outstanding theoretical problems in the Big Bang models with the introduction of an epoch of rapid expansion in the early universe he called "inflation". Meanwhile, during these decades, two questions in observational cosmology that generated much discussion and disagreement were over the precise values of the Hubble Constant and the matter-density of the universe (before the discovery of dark energy, thought to be the key predictor for the eventual fate of the universe).
In the mid-1990s, observations of certain globular clusters appeared to indicate that they were about 15 billion years old, which conflicted with most then-current estimates of the age of the universe (and indeed with the age measured today). This issue was later resolved when new computer simulations, which included the effects of mass loss due to stellar winds, indicated a much younger age for globular clusters.
Significant progress in Big Bang cosmology has been made since the late 1990s as a result of advances in telescope technology as well as the analysis of data from satellites such as the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), the Hubble Space Telescope and WMAP. Cosmologists now have fairly precise and accurate measurements of many of the parameters of the Big Bang model, and have made the unexpected discovery that the expansion of the universe appears to be accelerating.
Observational evidence
The earliest and most direct observational evidence of the validity of the theory are the expansion of the universe according to Hubble's law (as indicated by the redshifts of galaxies), discovery and measurement of the cosmic microwave background and the relative abundances of light elements produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). More recent evidence includes observations of galaxy formation and evolution, and the distribution of large-scale cosmic structures, These are sometimes called the "four pillars" of the Big Bang models.
Precise modern models of the Big Bang appeal to various exotic physical phenomena that have not been observed in terrestrial laboratory experiments or incorporated into the Standard Model of particle physics. Of these features, dark matter is currently the subject of most active laboratory investigations. Remaining issues include the cuspy halo problem and the dwarf galaxy problem of cold dark matter. Dark energy is also an area of intense interest for scientists, but it is not clear whether direct detection of dark energy will be possible. Inflation and baryogenesis remain more speculative features of current Big Bang models. Viable, quantitative explanations for such phenomena are still being sought. These are unsolved problems in physics.
Hubble's law and the expansion of the universe
Observations of distant galaxies and quasars show that these objects are redshifted: the light emitted from them has been shifted to longer wavelengths. This can be seen by taking a frequency spectrum of an object and matching the spectroscopic pattern of emission or absorption lines corresponding to atoms of the chemical elements interacting with the light. These redshifts are uniformly isotropic, distributed evenly among the observed objects in all directions. If the redshift is interpreted as a Doppler shift, the recessional velocity of the object can be calculated. For some galaxies, it is possible to estimate distances via the cosmic distance ladder. When the recessional velocities are plotted against these distances, a linear relationship known as Hubble's law is observed:
where
is the recessional velocity of the galaxy or other distant object,
is the proper distance to the object, and
is Hubble's constant, measured to be km/s/Mpc by the WMAP.
Hubble's law implies that the universe is uniformly expanding everywhere. This cosmic expansion was predicted from general relativity by Friedmann in 1922 and Lemaître in 1927, well before Hubble made his 1929 analysis and observations, and it remains the cornerstone of the Big Bang model as developed by Friedmann, Lemaître, Robertson, and Walker.
The theory requires the relation to hold at all times, where is the proper distance, v is the recessional velocity, and , , and vary as the universe expands (hence we write to denote the present-day Hubble "constant"). For distances much smaller than the size of the observable universe, the Hubble redshift can be thought of as the Doppler shift corresponding to the recession velocity . For distances comparable to the size of the observable universe, the attribution of the cosmological redshift becomes more ambiguous, although its interpretation as a kinematic Doppler shift remains the most natural one.
An unexplained discrepancy with the determination of the Hubble constant is known as Hubble tension. Techniques based on observation of the CMB suggest a lower value of this constant compared to the quantity derived from measurements based on the cosmic distance ladder.
Cosmic microwave background radiation
In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson serendipitously discovered the cosmic background radiation, an omnidirectional signal in the microwave band. Their discovery provided substantial confirmation of the big-bang predictions by Alpher, Herman and Gamow around 1950. Through the 1970s, the radiation was found to be approximately consistent with a blackbody spectrum in all directions; this spectrum has been redshifted by the expansion of the universe, and today corresponds to approximately 2.725 K. This tipped the balance of evidence in favor of the Big Bang model, and Penzias and Wilson were awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics.
The surface of last scattering corresponding to emission of the CMB occurs shortly after recombination, the epoch when neutral hydrogen becomes stable. Prior to this, the universe comprised a hot dense photon-baryon plasma sea where photons were quickly scattered from free charged particles. Peaking at around , the mean free path for a photon becomes long enough to reach the present day and the universe becomes transparent.
In 1989, NASA launched COBE, which made two major advances: in 1990, high-precision spectrum measurements showed that the CMB frequency spectrum is an almost perfect blackbody with no deviations at a level of 1 part in 104, and measured a residual temperature of 2.726 K (more recent measurements have revised this figure down slightly to 2.7255 K); then in 1992, further COBE measurements discovered tiny fluctuations (anisotropies) in the CMB temperature across the sky, at a level of about one part in 105. John C. Mather and George Smoot were awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics for their leadership in these results.
During the following decade, CMB anisotropies were further investigated by a large number of ground-based and balloon experiments. In 2000–2001, several experiments, most notably BOOMERanG, found the shape of the universe to be spatially almost flat by measuring the typical angular size (the size on the sky) of the anisotropies.
In early 2003, the first results of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe were released, yielding what were at the time the most accurate values for some of the cosmological parameters. The results disproved several specific cosmic inflation models, but are consistent with the inflation theory in general. The Planck space probe was launched in May 2009. Other ground and balloon-based cosmic microwave background experiments are ongoing.
Abundance of primordial elements
Using Big Bang models, it is possible to calculate the expected concentration of the isotopes helium-4 (4He), helium-3 (3He), deuterium (2H), and lithium-7 (7Li) in the universe as ratios to the amount of ordinary hydrogen. The relative abundances depend on a single parameter, the ratio of photons to baryons. This value can be calculated independently from the detailed structure of CMB fluctuations. The ratios predicted (by mass, not by abundance) are about 0.25 for 4He:H, about 10−3 for 2H:H, about 10−4 for 3He:H, and about 10−9 for 7Li:H.
The measured abundances all agree at least roughly with those predicted from a single value of the baryon-to-photon ratio. The agreement is excellent for deuterium, close but formally discrepant for 4He, and off by a factor of two for 7Li (this anomaly is known as the cosmological lithium problem); in the latter two cases, there are substantial systematic uncertainties. Nonetheless, the general consistency with abundances predicted by BBN is strong evidence for the Big Bang, as the theory is the only known explanation for the relative abundances of light elements, and it is virtually impossible to "tune" the Big Bang to produce much more or less than 20–30% helium. Indeed, there is no obvious reason outside of the Big Bang that, for example, the young universe before star formation, as determined by studying matter supposedly free of stellar nucleosynthesis products, should have more helium than deuterium or more deuterium than 3He, and in constant ratios, too.
Galactic evolution and distribution
Detailed observations of the morphology and distribution of galaxies and quasars are in agreement with the current Big Bang models. A combination of observations and theory suggest that the first quasars and galaxies formed within a billion years after the Big Bang, and since then, larger structures have been forming, such as galaxy clusters and superclusters.
Populations of stars have been aging and evolving, so that distant galaxies (which are observed as they were in the early universe) appear very different from nearby galaxies (observed in a more recent state). Moreover, galaxies that formed relatively recently, appear markedly different from galaxies formed at similar distances but shortly after the Big Bang. These observations are strong arguments against the steady-state model. Observations of star formation, galaxy and quasar distributions and larger structures, agree well with Big Bang simulations of the formation of structure in the universe, and are helping to complete details of the theory.
Primordial gas clouds
In 2011, astronomers found what they believe to be pristine clouds of primordial gas by analyzing absorption lines in the spectra of distant quasars. Before this discovery, all other astronomical objects have been observed to contain heavy elements that are formed in stars. Despite being sensitive to carbon, oxygen, and silicon, these three elements were not detected in these two clouds. Since the clouds of gas have no detectable levels of heavy elements, they likely formed in the first few minutes after the Big Bang, during BBN.
Other lines of evidence
The age of the universe as estimated from the Hubble expansion and the CMB is now in agreement with other estimates using the ages of the oldest stars, both as measured by applying the theory of stellar evolution to globular clusters and through radiometric dating of individual Population II stars. It is also in agreement with age estimates based on measurements of the expansion using Type Ia supernovae and measurements of temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background. The agreement of independent measurements of this age supports the Lambda-CDM (ΛCDM) model, since the model is used to relate some of the measurements to an age estimate, and all estimates turn agree. Still, some observations of objects from the relatively early universe (in particular quasar APM 08279+5255) raise concern as to whether these objects had enough time to form so early in the ΛCDM model.
The prediction that the CMB temperature was higher in the past has been experimentally supported by observations of very low temperature absorption lines in gas clouds at high redshift. This prediction also implies that the amplitude of the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect in clusters of galaxies does not depend directly on redshift. Observations have found this to be roughly true, but this effect depends on cluster properties that do change with cosmic time, making precise measurements difficult.
Future observations
Future gravitational-wave observatories might be able to detect primordial gravitational waves, relics of the early universe, up to less than a second after the Big Bang.
Problems and related issues in physics
As with any theory, a number of mysteries and problems have arisen as a result of the development of the Big Bang models. Some of these mysteries and problems have been resolved while others are still outstanding. Proposed solutions to some of the problems in the Big Bang model have revealed new mysteries of their own. For example, the horizon problem, the magnetic monopole problem, and the flatness problem are most commonly resolved with inflation theory, but the details of the inflationary universe are still left unresolved and many, including some founders of the theory, say it has been disproven. What follows are a list of the mysterious aspects of the Big Bang concept still under intense investigation by cosmologists and astrophysicists.
Baryon asymmetry
It is not yet understood why the universe has more matter than antimatter. It is generally assumed that when the universe was young and very hot it was in statistical equilibrium and contained equal numbers of baryons and antibaryons. However, observations suggest that the universe, including its most distant parts, is made almost entirely of normal matter, rather than antimatter. A process called baryogenesis was hypothesized to account for the asymmetry. For baryogenesis to occur, the Sakharov conditions must be satisfied. These require that baryon number is not conserved, that C-symmetry and CP-symmetry are violated and that the universe depart from thermodynamic equilibrium. All these conditions occur in the Standard Model, but the effects are not strong enough to explain the present baryon asymmetry.
Dark energy
Measurements of the redshift–magnitude relation for type Ia supernovae indicate that the expansion of the universe has been accelerating since the universe was about half its present age. To explain this acceleration, general relativity requires that much of the energy in the universe consists of a component with large negative pressure, dubbed "dark energy".
Dark energy, though speculative, solves numerous problems. Measurements of the cosmic microwave background indicate that the universe is very nearly spatially flat, and therefore according to general relativity the universe must have almost exactly the critical density of mass/energy. But the mass density of the universe can be measured from its gravitational clustering, and is found to have only about 30% of the critical density. Since theory suggests that dark energy does not cluster in the usual way it is the best explanation for the "missing" energy density. Dark energy also helps to explain two geometrical measures of the overall curvature of the universe, one using the frequency of gravitational lenses, and the other using the characteristic pattern of the large-scale structure as a cosmic ruler.
Negative pressure is believed to be a property of vacuum energy, but the exact nature and existence of dark energy remains one of the great mysteries of the Big Bang. Results from the WMAP team in 2008 are in accordance with a universe that consists of 73% dark energy, 23% dark matter, 4.6% regular matter and less than 1% neutrinos. According to theory, the energy density in matter decreases with the expansion of the universe, but the dark energy density remains constant (or nearly so) as the universe expands. Therefore, matter made up a larger fraction of the total energy of the universe in the past than it does today, but its fractional contribution will fall in the far future as dark energy becomes even more dominant.
The dark energy component of the universe has been explained by theorists using a variety of competing theories including Einstein's cosmological constant but also extending to more exotic forms of quintessence or other modified gravity schemes. A cosmological constant problem, sometimes called the "most embarrassing problem in physics", results from the apparent discrepancy between the measured energy density of dark energy, and the one naively predicted from Planck units.
Dark matter
During the 1970s and the 1980s, various observations showed that there is not sufficient visible matter in the universe to account for the apparent strength of gravitational forces within and between galaxies. This led to the idea that up to 90% of the matter in the universe is dark matter that does not emit light or interact with normal baryonic matter. In addition, the assumption that the universe is mostly normal matter led to predictions that were strongly inconsistent with observations. In particular, the universe today is far more lumpy and contains far less deuterium than can be accounted for without dark matter. While dark matter has always been controversial, it is inferred by various observations: the anisotropies in the CMB, galaxy cluster velocity dispersions, large-scale structure distributions, gravitational lensing studies, and X-ray measurements of galaxy clusters.
Indirect evidence for dark matter comes from its gravitational influence on other matter, as no dark matter particles have been observed in laboratories. Many particle physics candidates for dark matter have been proposed, and several projects to detect them directly are underway.
Additionally, there are outstanding problems associated with the currently favored cold dark matter model which include the dwarf galaxy problem and the cuspy halo problem. Alternative theories have been proposed that do not require a large amount of undetected matter, but instead modify the laws of gravity established by Newton and Einstein; yet no alternative theory has been as successful as the cold dark matter proposal in explaining all extant observations.
Horizon problem
The horizon problem results from the premise that information cannot travel faster than light. In a universe of finite age this sets a limit—the particle horizon—on the separation of any two regions of space that are in causal contact. The observed isotropy of the CMB is problematic in this regard: if the universe had been dominated by radiation or matter at all times up to the epoch of last scattering, the particle horizon at that time would correspond to about 2 degrees on the sky. There would then be no mechanism to cause wider regions to have the same temperature.
A resolution to this apparent inconsistency is offered by inflation theory in which a homogeneous and isotropic scalar energy field dominates the universe at some very early period (before baryogenesis). During inflation, the universe undergoes exponential expansion, and the particle horizon expands much more rapidly than previously assumed, so that regions presently on opposite sides of the observable universe are well inside each other's particle horizon. The observed isotropy of the CMB then follows from the fact that this larger region was in causal contact before the beginning of inflation.
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle predicts that during the inflationary phase there would be quantum thermal fluctuations, which would be magnified to a cosmic scale. These fluctuations served as the seeds for all the current structures in the universe. Inflation predicts that the primordial fluctuations are nearly scale invariant and Gaussian, which has been confirmed by measurements of the CMB.
A related issue to the classic horizon problem arises because in most standard cosmological inflation models, inflation ceases well before electroweak symmetry breaking occurs, so inflation should not be able to prevent large-scale discontinuities in the electroweak vacuum since distant parts of the observable universe were causally separate when the electroweak epoch ended.
Magnetic monopoles
The magnetic monopole objection was raised in the late 1970s. Grand unified theories (GUTs) predicted topological defects in space that would manifest as magnetic monopoles. These objects would be produced efficiently in the hot early universe, resulting in a density much higher than is consistent with observations, given that no monopoles have been found. This problem is resolved by cosmic inflation, which removes all point defects from the observable universe, in the same way that it drives the geometry to flatness.
Flatness problem
The flatness problem (also known as the oldness problem) is an observational problem associated with a FLRW. The universe may have positive, negative, or zero spatial curvature depending on its total energy density. Curvature is negative if its density is less than the critical density; positive if greater; and zero at the critical density, in which case space is said to be flat. Observations indicate the universe is consistent with being flat.
The problem is that any small departure from the critical density grows with time, and yet the universe today remains very close to flat. Given that a natural timescale for departure from flatness might be the Planck time, 10−43 seconds, the fact that the universe has reached neither a heat death nor a Big Crunch after billions of years requires an explanation. For instance, even at the relatively late age of a few minutes (the time of nucleosynthesis), the density of the universe must have been within one part in 1014 of its critical value, or it would not exist as it does today.
Misconceptions
One of the common misconceptions about the Big Bang model is that it fully explains the origin of the universe. However, the Big Bang model does not describe how energy, time, and space were caused, but rather it describes the emergence of the present universe from an ultra-dense and high-temperature initial state. It is misleading to visualize the Big Bang by comparing its size to everyday objects. When the size of the universe at Big Bang is described, it refers to the size of the observable universe, and not the entire universe.
Another common misconception is that the Big Bang must be understood as the expansion of space and not in terms of the contents of space exploding apart. In fact, either description can be accurate. The expansion of space (implied by the FLRW metric) is only a mathematical convention, corresponding to a choice of coordinates on spacetime. There is no generally covariant sense in which space expands.
The recession speeds associated with Hubble's law are not velocities in a relativistic sense (for example, they are not related to the spatial components of 4-velocities). Therefore, it is not remarkable that according to Hubble's law, galaxies farther than the Hubble distance recede faster than the speed of light. Such recession speeds do not correspond to faster-than-light travel.
Many popular accounts attribute the cosmological redshift to the expansion of space. This can be misleading because the expansion of space is only a coordinate choice. The most natural interpretation of the cosmological redshift is that it is a Doppler shift.
Implications
Given current understanding, scientific extrapolations about the future of the universe are only possible for finite durations, albeit for much longer periods than the current age of the universe. Anything beyond that becomes increasingly speculative. Likewise, at present, a proper understanding of the origin of the universe can only be subject to conjecture.
Pre–Big Bang cosmology
The Big Bang explains the evolution of the universe from a starting density and temperature that is well beyond humanity's capability to replicate, so extrapolations to the most extreme conditions and earliest times are necessarily more speculative. Lemaître called this initial state the "primeval atom" while Gamow called the material "ylem". How the initial state of the universe originated is still an open question, but the Big Bang model does constrain some of its characteristics. For example, specific laws of nature most likely came to existence in a random way, but as inflation models show, some combinations of these are far more probable. A flat universe implies a balance between gravitational potential energy and other energy forms, requiring no additional energy to be created.
The Big Bang theory, built upon the equations of classical general relativity, indicates a singularity at the origin of cosmic time, and such an infinite energy density may be a physical impossibility. However, the physical theories of general relativity and quantum mechanics as currently realized are not applicable before the Planck epoch, and correcting this will require the development of a correct treatment of quantum gravity. Certain quantum gravity treatments, such as the Wheeler–DeWitt equation, imply that time itself could be an emergent property. As such, physics may conclude that time did not exist before the Big Bang.
While it is not known what could have preceded the hot dense state of the early universe or how and why it originated, or even whether such questions are sensible, speculation abounds on the subject of "cosmogony".
Some speculative proposals in this regard, each of which entails untested hypotheses, are:
The simplest models, in which the Big Bang was caused by quantum fluctuations. That scenario had very little chance of happening, but, according to the totalitarian principle, even the most improbable event will eventually happen. It took place instantly, in our perspective, due to the absence of perceived time before the Big Bang.
Emergent Universe models, which feature a low-activity past-eternal era before the Big Bang, resembling ancient ideas of a cosmic egg and birth of the world out of primordial chaos.
Models in which the whole of spacetime is finite, including the Hartle–Hawking no-boundary condition. For these cases, the Big Bang does represent the limit of time but without a singularity. In such a case, the universe is self-sufficient.
Brane cosmology models, in which inflation is due to the movement of branes in string theory; the pre-Big Bang model; the ekpyrotic model, in which the Big Bang is the result of a collision between branes; and the cyclic model, a variant of the ekpyrotic model in which collisions occur periodically. In the latter model the Big Bang was preceded by a Big Crunch and the universe cycles from one process to the other.
Eternal inflation, in which universal inflation ends locally here and there in a random fashion, each end-point leading to a bubble universe, expanding from its own big bang.
Proposals in the last two categories see the Big Bang as an event in either a much larger and older universe or in a multiverse.
Ultimate fate of the universe
Before observations of dark energy, cosmologists considered two scenarios for the future of the universe. If the mass density of the universe were greater than the critical density, then the universe would reach a maximum size and then begin to collapse. It would become denser and hotter again, ending with a state similar to that in which it started—a Big Crunch.
Alternatively, if the density in the universe were equal to or below the critical density, the expansion would slow down but never stop. Star formation would cease with the consumption of interstellar gas in each galaxy; stars would burn out, leaving white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. Collisions between these would result in mass accumulating into larger and larger black holes. The average temperature of the universe would very gradually asymptotically approach absolute zero—a Big Freeze. Moreover, if protons are unstable, then baryonic matter would disappear, leaving only radiation and black holes. Eventually, black holes would evaporate by emitting Hawking radiation. The entropy of the universe would increase to the point where no organized form of energy could be extracted from it, a scenario known as heat death.
Modern observations of accelerating expansion imply that more and more of the currently visible universe will pass beyond our event horizon and out of contact with us. The eventual result is not known. The ΛCDM model of the universe contains dark energy in the form of a cosmological constant. This theory suggests that only gravitationally bound systems, such as galaxies, will remain together, and they too will be subject to heat death as the universe expands and cools. Other explanations of dark energy, called phantom energy theories, suggest that ultimately galaxy clusters, stars, planets, atoms, nuclei, and matter itself will be torn apart by the ever-increasing expansion in a so-called Big Rip.
Religious and philosophical interpretations
As a description of the origin of the universe, the Big Bang has significant bearing on religion and philosophy. As a result, it has become one of the liveliest areas in the discourse between science and religion. Some believe the Big Bang implies a creator, while others argue that Big Bang cosmology makes the notion of a creator superfluous.
See also
, a Big Bang speculation
. Also known as the Big Chill and the Big Freeze
, a discredited theory that denied the Big Bang and posited that the universe always existed
Notes
References
Bibliography
"Reprinted from Astrophysics and Space Science Volumes 269–270, Nos. 1–4, 1999".
"Lectures presented at the XX Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics, held in Tenerife, Spain, November 17–18, 2008."
"Symposium held in Dallas, Tex., Dec. 11-16, 1988."
The 2004 edition of the book is available from the Internet Archive. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
Further reading
1st edition is available from the Internet Archive. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
External links
Once Upon a Universe – STFC funded project explaining the history of the universe in easy-to-understand language
"Big Bang Cosmology" – NASA/WMAP Science Team
"The Big Bang" – NASA Science
"Big Bang, Big Bewilderment" – Big bang model with animated graphics by Johannes Koelman
"The Trouble With "The Big Bang"" – A rash of recent articles illustrates a longstanding confusion over the famous term. by Sabine Hossenfelde
Physical cosmology
Concepts in astronomy
Astronomical events
Scientific models
Origins
Beginnings |
Jordi Mareñá Gumbau (born 17 May 1991 in Villarreal, Castellón, Valencian Community) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for UP Langreo as a midfielder.
External links
1991 births
Living people
People from Villarreal
Footballers from the Province of Castellón
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
CD Castellón footballers
CD Olímpic de Xàtiva footballers
Écija Balompié players
Atlético Saguntino players
UP Langreo footballers |
Perpetual Motion is an album of classical music released in 2001. The album is unusual in that none of the pieces featured on it are played on the instruments for which they were written. Arrangers Béla Fleck and Edgar Meyer won a Grammy in 2002 for their arrangement of Claude Debussy's "Doctor Gradus Ad Parnassum". The album also won a Grammy as Best Classical Crossover Album.
Fleck assembled a group of musicians well known on their own instruments: violinist Joshua Bell, cellist Gary Hoffman, percussionist Evelyn Glennie, double-bassist Edgar Meyer, mandolin player Chris Thile, and guitarists John Williams and Bryan Sutton.
Track listing
All songs arranged by Edgar Meyer and Béla Fleck with additional arranger specified:
"Keyboard Sonata In C Major" (K 159, L 104) (Domenico Scarlatti) – 2:19
"Two Part Invention No. 13 In A Minor" (BWV 784) (Johann Sebastian Bach) – 1:45
"Doctor Gradus Ad Parnassum" from Children's Corner Suite (L 113) (Claude Debussy) – 2:25
Mazurka In F Sharp Minor, Op. 59 No. 3 (Frédéric Chopin) – 3:43
"Prelude" from Partitia No. 3 for Solo Violin (BWV 1006) (Bach) – 3:47
Etude In C Sharp Minor, Op. 10 No. 4 (Chopin) – 2:13
Mazurka In F Sharp Minor, Op. 6 No. 1 (Chopin) – 2:24
Three-Part Invention (Sinfonia) No. 10 (BWV 796) (Bach) – 1:01
Melody In E-flat (Peter Tchaikovsky) – 3:15
"Presto No. 1 In G Minor After Bach" from Five Studies for Piano (Johannes Brahms) – 1:49
"Prelude" from Suite for Unaccompanied Cello No. 1 (BWV 1007) (Bach) – 2:17
Three-Part Invention (Sinfonia) No. 15 (BWV 801) (Bach) – 1:14
Moto Perpetuo Op. 11 No. 2 (Nicolò Paganini) – 3:40
Keyboard Sonata In D Minor (K 213, L 108) (Scarlatti) – 4:51
Two Part Invention No. 6 (BWV 777) (Bach) – 2:29
"Adagio Sostenuto" from Piano Sonata No. 14 In C Sharp Minor, Op. 27 No. 2 "Moonlight" (Ludwig van Beethoven) – 5:07
Two Part Invention No. 11 (BWV 782) (Bach) – 0:55
Seven Variations In C On "God Save The King" (Beethoven) – 9:06
Three-Part Invention (Sinfonia) No. 7 (BWV 793) (Bach) – 2:01
Moto Perpetuo Op. 11 No. 2 (Bluegrass Version) (Paganini - arr: Bryan Sutton) – 2:38
Personnel
Béla Fleck - Gibson 1937 TB-75 banjo, Gold Star banjo with thick gut (1-20) strings (2)
Joshua Bell - Tom Taylor Stradivarius violin of 1732 (3,7,12,19)
Gary Hoffman - 1662 Nicolò Amati cello made in Cremona, Italy (3,6,16)
Evelyn Glennie - Malletech marimba (2,10,12,17)
Edgar Meyer - Customized 1769 Gabrielli double bass (8,15,16,19), piano (9,13)
Chris Thile - 2000 Lynn Dudenbostel F5 mandolin (1,8,14)
Bryan Sutton - 1996 Bourgeois D150 steel string guitar (20)
John Williams - 2000 Greg Smallman and Sons guitar (4,18)
Awards
Grammy Awards of 2002
Winner- Best Instrumental Arrangement - Béla Fleck and Edgar Meyer (arrangers) for Debussy: Doctor Gradus Ad Parnassum performed by Béla Fleck with Joshua Bell and Gary Hoffman
Winner- Best Classical Crossover Album
References
Béla Fleck albums
2001 albums
Grammy Award for Best Classical Crossover Album |
Mike Herbert (born September 30, 1960) is an American sprint canoer who competed from the late 1980s to the late 1990s. He won three medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with two silvers (K-1 500 m and K-2 500 m: both 1990) and a bronze (K-1 500 m: 1989).
Herbert also competed in three Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of fourth in the K-1 500 m event at Seoul in 1988.
References
Sports-reference.com profile
1960 births
American male canoeists
Canoeists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Living people
Olympic canoeists for the United States
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
Pan American Games medalists in canoeing
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Canoeists at the 1991 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games |
Elisha Litchfield (July 12, 1785 Canterbury, Connecticut – August 4, 1859 Cazenovia, New York) was an American merchant and politician from New York.
Life
He attended the common schools, and learned the carpenter's trade. In November 1808, he married Percy Tiffany (d. 1827), and they had five children, among them Edwin Clark Litchfield (1815–1885). In 1812, he removed to Delphi. He fought in the War of 1812 and was promoted to Major. He was a Justice of the Peace and Supervisor of Onondaga County. He abandoned carpentry, and became a merchant. He was appointed Postmaster of Delphi on November 28, 1817, and served until June 25, 1821.
He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1819. Litchfield was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the 17th, and as a Crawford Democratic-Republican to the 18th United States Congress, holding office from December 3, 1821, to March 3, 1825. In 1828, he married Lucy Bacon, widow of Dr. Enos Bacon, and they had four children.
He was again a member of the State Assembly in 1831, 1832, 1833 and 1844, and was Speaker in 1844. Afterwards he removed to Cazenovia and died there on August 4, 1859. He was buried at the City Cemetery in Delphi Falls.
His son Edwin C. Litchfield ran for Congress as a Democrat in 1858 in the 2nd District, but was defeated by Republican James Humphrey.
References
Sources
The New England Historical and Genealogical Register published by the New England Historic Genealogical Society (1855; Vol. IX; pages 215f)
The Nominee of the Second Congressional District in NYT on October 6, 1858
EDWIN C. LITCHFIELD obit in NYT on July 23, 1885
1785 births
1859 deaths
People from Canterbury, Connecticut
Speakers of the New York State Assembly
People from Pompey, New York
New York (state) postmasters
American military personnel of the War of 1812
People from Cazenovia, New York
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
19th-century American legislators
American carpenters |
```xml
import * as angular from 'angular';
import adal = require('adal-angular');
import { IWebAPIServce } from '../webApiService';
import { IGraphApi } from '../../models/IGraphApi';
export class ElevatedPrivilegesController {
public static $inject: string[] = ['$scope', '$log', 'WebAPIService', 'adalAuthenticationService'];
// public variables
public displayName: string;
public signedIn: boolean = false;
public user: IGraphApi;
// private variables
private _hasGraphToken: boolean = false;
private _hasAPIToken: boolean = false;
constructor(private $scope: angular.IScope, private $log: angular.ILogService,
private $api: IWebAPIServce, private $adalProvider: adal.AdalAuthenticationService) {
if (this.hasGraphToken()) {
this.callGraph();
}
}
public signOn(): void {
this.$adalProvider.login();
}
public signOut(): void {
this.$adalProvider.logOut();
}
public isAuthenticated(): boolean {
return this.$adalProvider.userInfo.isAuthenticated;
}
public getGraphToken(): void {
this.$adalProvider.acquireToken("path_to_url");
}
public getAPIToken(): void {
this.$adalProvider.acquireToken('path_to_url
}
public hasGraphToken(): boolean {
this._hasGraphToken = this.$adalProvider.getCachedToken("path_to_url") !== null;
return this._hasGraphToken;
}
public hasAPIToken(): boolean {
this._hasAPIToken = this.$adalProvider.getCachedToken('path_to_url !== null;
return this._hasAPIToken;
}
public callGraph(): void {
this.$api.getMe()
.then((result: any): void => {
this.$log.debug("success call to graph api");
this.user = result.data;
});
}
public callApi(): void {
this.$api.getItem()
.then((result: any): void => {
this.$log.debug("success call to web api");
this.$log.debug(result);
alert('success call to custom web api');
});
}
}
``` |
The Meridian 25 is a Dutch and American built trailerable sailboat that was designed by American Philip Rhodes as a cruiser and first built in 1960.
Production
The design was initially built in 1960 by the Amsterdam, Netherlands shipyard De Vries Lentsch, with some of these boats imported into the United States. The de Vries Lentsch Meridian 25 was available in three models: the Bermuda, Macinac and the Vinyard. Later, Seafarer Yachts in Huntington, New York, United States introduced a new version of the design, although it is now out of production. Due to the preponderance of models built, the boats finished vary in layout, equipment and details considerably.
Design
The Meridian 25 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig; a spooned, raked stem, a raised counter, angled transom; a keel-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed, modified long keel, with a cutaway forefoot. It displaces and carries of lead ballast.
The boat is normally fitted with a small well-mounted outboard motor for docking and maneuvering. All models also had an inboard motor as a factory option.
The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin and two straight settee berths in the main cabin. The galley is located on both sides of the companionway ladder with a single-burner stove to starboard that slides after when not in use, an icebox under the steps and above the inboard engine, and a sink to port. The head is located in the bow cabin under the "V"-berth. Cabin headroom is and the fresh water tank has a capacity of .
The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 252 and a hull speed of .
Operational history
In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote, "the first Meridians were imported from De Vries Lentsch, a well established Dutch yard. Later they were built at the Seafarer plant in Huntington, NY, on Long Island. Like many boats from the board of Philip Rhodes, she is pretty to look at, but because of her relatively narrow beam, slack bilges, and shallow ballast location, she is also relatively tender in a breeze, has a tendency to hobbyhorse in a chop, and has little elbow room below. Best features: The large windows in her doghouse help to allay any crew claustrophobia despite the narrow confines of the cabin. Worst features: The optional Kermath 10 hp Sea Twin inboard was mounted so low in the bilge that servicing (especially oil change) was extra difficult, and any casual bilge water that collects can corrode the crankcase and engine block. Also, the icebox sits immediately above the engine. As a consequence, despite three inches of insulation, the icebox's efficiency is badly compromised."
See also
List of sailing boat types
References
External links
Photo of a Meridian 25 at anchor
Keelboats
1960s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by Philip Rhodes
Sailboat types built by Seafarer Yachts
Sailboat types built by De Vries Lentsch |
The Alameda is a historic apartment building located at Indianapolis, Indiana. It was built about 1925, and is a three-story, rough cast buff brick building. It has commercial storefronts on the first floor. It features distinctive spandrels with basketweave pattern brickwork.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
References
Apartment buildings in Indiana
Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Residential buildings completed in 1925
Residential buildings in Indianapolis
National Register of Historic Places in Indianapolis |
Millennium Monument () is a national monument in Putrajaya, Malaysia which is analogous to the Washington Monument in Washington DC, United States. It was the second national monument to be built in Putrajaya after Putrajaya Landmark. It is shaped like an obelisk with etchings denoting important periods and milestones in the nation's history. The monument is 68m tall. It stands in a 25-hectare park in Precinct 2. The monument is constructed of solid metal structures. At night, the monument serves as a beacon with strong light projected at 360 degrees and sweeping lights visible from various locations in Putrajaya. The lights also guide the cruise boats.
See also
List of tourist attractions in Putrajaya
External links
Attraction in Putrajaya
Monuments and memorials in Malaysia
Buildings and structures in Putrajaya
Obelisks
Tourist attractions in Putrajaya |
The 1999–2000 Japan Ice Hockey League season was the 34th season of the Japan Ice Hockey League. Six teams participated in the league, and the Seibu Tetsudo won the championship.
Regular season
Playoffs
External links
Japan Ice Hockey Federation
Japan
Japan
Japan Ice Hockey League seasons
Japan |
The Great Led Zeppelin Wine Pairing is a series of “wine and music pairings,” created by noted restaurateur and viticulturist Joe Bastianich and writer-musician Mike Edison, along with writer and wine expert David Lynch. Bastianich and Lynch are both recipients of the James Beard Award.
The idea was formed when Bastianich and Edison were pondering how to pair the songs of Led Zeppelin with various wines.
"Our passion for wine is only rivaled by our passion for Zeppelin,” said Bastianich, and encouraged attendees to "taste with their ears and listen with their mouths."
Edison, in an interview with publishing blog Galley Cat, said, "Either you see this as a hyper-intellectual exercise in promoting the lexicon of oenology as a valid critical system while simultaneously subverting it and subjecting it to ridicule—or you think it is just some dudes who want to drink some really good wine and listen to Led Zeppelin. No matter what, it is still going be the best salon since Dorothy Parker made that crack about horticulture.”
Reasoning for the Led Zeppelin name
Edison has explained that “Zep is the perfect band to pair with wine—maybe the only band. They have all the right qualities: They can be earthy and intense, or dark and mellow, or just insanely huge. They've got some very real, edgy twang, and some rich, complex textures. They embrace both the Old World and the New. I can't think of any other band that shows so much depth and development, both within individual songs and across entire records,” adding, that the wine pairings were both “freakishly sophisticated and patently absurd.”
History
The first Great Led Zeppelin Wine Pairing was held at Becco restaurant in New York City on March 17, 2009, and received excellent reviews and widespread media attention. The New York Post reported, “Guests at Tuesday night's first-ever Great Led Zeppelin Wine Tasting were an odd combo of wine fans and Zep heads but it didn't take many samplings for everyone to start feeling a whole lotta love.”
The menu, created by chef Billy Gallagher, featured six courses, each paired with wine and select Led Zeppelin songs, as follows:
~Antipasto~
“The Song Remains the Same”
Grilled Calamari & Dandelion Salad with Hard-Boiled Egg
Champagne 1er Cru Vertus NV, Guy Larmandier (France)
Gruner Veltliner Smaragd Terrassen 2007,
Domane Wachan (Austria)
~Primi~
“Going to California”
Pappardelle with Wild Mushroom Ragu
Pinot Noir Knox Alexander 2006, Au Bon Climat (California)
“Black Dog”
Black Spaghetti Arribiata with Sautéed Shrimp
Malbec 2005, Tritono (Argentina)
~Secondi~
“Kashmir”, “Whole Lotta Love”
Bistecca alla Becco
Black Angus Rib-Eye Steak grilled Medium-Rare with Garlic Mashed Potatoes & Sauteed Broccoli Rabe
Barolo Vigne Rionda 2000, Oddero (Italy)
~Dolci~
“Tangerine”
Farm Fresh Tangerines
Moscato d’Asti 2008, Vietti (Italy)
“Custard Pie”
Vanilla Custard Pie & Led Zeppolini
The second Great Led Zeppelin Wine Tasting was held at City Winery in New York City and featured the Led Zeppelin Tribute band Six Foot Nurse performing live with special guest Scott Ian from the band Anthrax. More events are expected, including one in Las Vegas in May 2010. <-- did this take place? -->
Quotes
Joe Bastianich: “I think because of the sheer complexity and the deep roots of the music—where the music comes from, and how profound it is— Led Zeppelin's music can only really be paralleled with the kind of evolution, importance and complexity of wine, as both a cultural thing as well as a beverage.”
Mike Edison: “Back when I was in seminary school, attempting to pair Boones Farm apple wine with "Stairway to Heaven" and having disastrous results, I stumbled upon this little theory: "Led Zeppelin IV" is the record that when you're stoned and listening to it really loud you think the phone is ringing when it's really not. ’Black Dog’ is like a fully fucking awesome motherfucker—this is when they got really heavy.”
David Lynch (referring to the “Black Dog” pairing): We're bringing the thunder. We're bringing the tannin. We're bringing the viscosity. We're coming at you with guns blazing, with a Malbec from Argentina.
References
External links
Full report and photographs of the Great Led Zeppelin Wine Tasting on New York Metromix
Joe Bastianich official website
Wine tasting
Wine-related events
Music events |
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// CodeMirror, copyright (c) by Marijn Haverbeke and others
// Distributed under an MIT license: path_to_url
(function(mod) {
if (typeof exports == "object" && typeof module == "object") // CommonJS
mod(require("../../lib/codemirror"));
else if (typeof define == "function" && define.amd) // AMD
define(["../../lib/codemirror"], mod);
else // Plain browser env
mod(CodeMirror);
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// Depends on js-yaml.js from path_to_url
// declare global: jsyaml
CodeMirror.registerHelper("lint", "yaml", function(text) {
var found = [];
try { jsyaml.load(text); }
catch(e) {
var loc = e.mark;
found.push({ from: CodeMirror.Pos(loc.line, loc.column), to: CodeMirror.Pos(loc.line, loc.column), message: e.message });
}
return found;
});
});
``` |
Vatnebu is a village in Arendal municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located on the mainland near the Skaggerak coast, about southwest of the village of Kilsund on the nearby island of Tverrdalsøya and about northeast of the village of Eydehavn.
References
Villages in Agder
Arendal |
The church of Padri Filippini, also known as the Church of the Filippini, is a Neoclassical style, Roman Catholic church in Verona, which like the older and neighboring church of San Fermo Maggiore is dedicated to the saints Fermo and Rustico.
History
Finding the older church of San Fermo Minore too narrow and cramped, the Oratorians in 1746 decided to replace it with this larger structure using plans by Andrea Camerata. The adjacent oratory was designed by Adriano Cristofali. Construction of the church was completed in 1791. The neoclassical church was decorated with works transferred from the San Fermo Minore, when that church was destroyed.
The present Filippini church was heavily damaged during the Second World War, and subsequently rebuilt. The belltower contains a ring of 6 bells in G, cast in 1931 and rung with the Veronese bellringing art.
References
Filippini, Padri
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1791
Neoclassical architecture in Verona
18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Neoclassical church buildings in Italy |
The Mauritian Wildlife Foundation (MWF) is an independent, non-governmental, non-profit conservation agency working in Mauritius to save threatened endemic local flora and fauna.
History
The Mauritian Wildlife Appeal Fund was established in 1984 under the initiative of naturalist Gerald Durrell and the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust principally to raise funds for the conservation of endemic Mauritius wildlife. The conservation work in Mauritius began as a species orientated program concentrating on a few critically endangered species, including the Mauritius kestrel and the pink pigeon. The initiation of the conservation program in 1976 was popularized by Gerald Durrell in his book Golden Bats and Pink Pigeons.
In 1996, the organization expanded its operations to habitat restoration, including the management of native forests and small islands. The evolution of MWF from a funding and administration organization to that of a hands-on conservation agency was reflected in the new name adopted that year, the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation.
The Foundation is now perfecting whole ecosystem management and restoration, which includes predator and pest (weed) control. It also has captive breeding programs for animals, and endemic plant nurseries. This work is being done at Brise Fer in the Black River Gorges National Park, and on the islands of Ile aux Aigrettes, Round Island, and Rodrigues Island.
In 1998, MWF expanded its activities into two new fields: ecotourism on Ile aux Aigrettes and an Environmental Education programme in Rodrigues.
The MWF is currently working to conserve the following species:
Pink pigeon
Mauritius kestrel
Echo parakeet
Rodrigues fruit bat
Mauritius fody
Mauritius cuckoo-shrike
Mauritius bulbul
Mauritius paradise flycatcher
Mauritius olive white-eye
Day gecko species of the genus Phelsuma
Night geckos species of the genus Nactus
Round Island boa
Telfair's skink
Bojer's skink Gongylomorphus bojerii
Macchabe skink
Bouton skink Cryptoblepharus boutonii
In 2020, in the aftermath of the MV Wakashio oil spill reaching Ile aux Aigrettes which occurred during the Corona Virus Pandemic lockdown, an important rescue was coordinated, engineered and financed by the Jean Boulle Group (owned by Mauritian Jean-Raymond Boulle) working closely with Mauritian Wildlife Foundation, (MWF)Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, BirdLife International, National Parks and Conservation Service of Mauritius (NPCS), and the Forestry Service. The Jean Boulle Group provided its corporate executive jet to enable the emergency rescue of three species of rare reptiles (Gongylomorphus bojerii Cryptoblepharus boutonii),*lesser night gecko) which might otherwise be facing extinction, following the Wakashio oil spill in Mauritius. Small numbers of lesser night geckos, Bojer’s skinks (Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)), and Bouton’s skinks were captured by MWF from the southeast islands of Mauritius and held in a temporary bio-secure holding facility on the mainland. The reptiles were safely transported to Jersey Zoo by the Jean Boulle Group plane where they have received expert care from leading herpetologists and this safety net population forms part of a breeding programme from which the animals, their offspring or future generations can eventually be released back into the wild. Moving the reptiles to Jersey is a lifeline in establishing assurance populations of these animals and their unique genes away from the disaster zone until the long-term impacts of the MV Wakashio oil spill are fully understood. These offshore islands offer a unique diversity in plant and animal life and are home to some of the world’s rarest species, which are found nowhere else on Earth.
See also
Gerald Durrell
Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust
Wildlife Trust (US)
Wildlife Preservation Canada
References
External links
Mauritian Wildlife Foundation
An article in The Independent, London.
Environmental organisations based in Mauritius
Conservation and environmental foundations |
Ghartichhap is a village development committee in Kabhrepalanchok District in Bagmati Province of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,095 and had 308 houses in it.
References
External links
UN map of the municipalities of Kavrepalanchok District
Populated places in Kavrepalanchok District |
Henry Farmer (13 May 1819 – 25 June 1891) was a British organist and composer based in Nottingham.
Life
He was born in Nottingham, the third son of Mr. John Farmer. He was self-taught as a musician, but undertook some study in harmony with Sir Henry Bishop.
He played violin in the orchestra when Felix Mendelssohn conducted his oratorio Elijah was premiered in Birmingham at the Triennial Music Festival on 26 August 1846.
He was organist of High Pavement Chapel in Nottingham from 1839 to 1879, and he was conductor of the Nottingham Harmonic Society from 1866 to 1880.
He published a violin tutor early in his life. His Mass in B flat was sketched by him in 1843 and published in 1847.
In later life he composed Six Short and Easy Trios for Violin, and an anthem, "I will Sing of the Mercies of the Lord".
He was a member of the Robin Hood Battalion from 7 April 1860 to 30 March 1878, ending up as captain.
He married Jane Walker Thompson (1820-1846) on 7 July 1842 in St Mary's Church, Nottingham. There were three children:
Henry Purcell Farmer (1843-1850)
Kate Neville Farmer (1845-1918)
Arthur Thompson Farmer (1846-1847)
He married secondly Anne Bardsley (1825-1871). From this second marriage there were three children:
Kate Neville Farmer (1845-1918)
Annie Mary Bradley Farmer (1850-1904) who married Thomas Bayley (1846-1906)
Emily B Farmer (b.1854)
References
1819 births
1891 deaths
19th-century British composers
19th-century British musicians
19th-century British male musicians
British male organists
British composers
British organists
Musicians from Nottingham
19th-century organists |
A clinical pathway, also known as care pathway, integrated care pathway, critical pathway, or care map, is one of the main tools used to manage the quality in healthcare concerning the standardisation of care processes. It has been shown that their implementation reduces the variability in clinical practice and improves outcomes. Clinical pathways aim to promote organised and efficient patient care based on evidence-based medicine, and aim to optimise outcomes in settings such as acute care and home care. A single clinical pathway may refer to multiple clinical guidelines on several topics in a well specified context.
Definition
A clinical pathway is a multidisciplinary management tool based on evidence-based practice for a specific group of patients with a predictable clinical course, in which the different tasks (interventions) by the professionals involved in the patient care are defined, optimized and sequenced either by hour (ED), day (acute care) or visit (homecare). Outcomes are tied to specific interventions.
The concept of clinical pathways may have different meanings to different stakeholders. Managed care organizations often view clinical pathways in a similar way as they view care plans, in which the care provided to a patient is definitive and deliberate. Clinical pathways can range in scope from simple medication utilization to a comprehensive treatment plan. Clinical pathways aim for greater standardization of treatment regimens and sequencing as well as improved outcomes, from both a quality of life and a clinical outcomes perspective.
History
The clinical pathway concept appeared for the first time at the New England Medical Center (Boston, United States) in 1985, inspired by Karen Zander and Kathleen Bower. Clinical pathways appeared as a result of the adaptation of the documents used in industrial quality management, the standard operating procedures (SOPs), whose goals are:
Improve efficiency in the use of resources.
Finish work in a set time.
Characteristics
Clinical pathways (integrated care pathways) can be seen as an application of process management thinking to the improvement of patient healthcare. An aim is to re-center the focus on the patient's overall journey, rather than the contribution of each specialty or caring function independently. Instead, all are emphasised to be working together, in the same way as a cross-functional team.
More than just a guideline or a protocol, a care pathway is typically recorded in a single all-encompassing bedside document that will stand as an indicator of the care a patient is likely to be provided in the course of the pathway going forward; and ultimately as a single unified legal record of the care the patient has received, and the progress of their condition, as the pathway has been undertaken.
The pathway design tries to capture the foreseeable actions which will most commonly represent best practice for most patients most of the time, and include prompts for them at the appropriate time in the pathway document to ascertain whether they have been carried out, and whether results have been as expected. In this way results are recorded, and important questions and actions are not overlooked. However, pathways are typically not prescriptive; the patient's journey is an individual one, and an important part of the purpose of the pathway documents is to capture information on "variances", where due to circumstances or clinical judgment different actions have been taken, or different results unfolded. The combined variances for a sufficiently large population of patients are then analysed to identify important or systematic features, which can be used to improve the next iteration of the pathway.
Selection criteria
The following signals may indicate that it may be useful to commit resources to establish and implement a clinical pathway for a particular condition:
Prevalent pathology within the care setting
Pathology with a significant risk for patients
Pathology with a high cost for the hospital
Predictable clinical course
Pathology well defined and that permits homogeneous care
Existence of recommendations of good practices or experts opinions
Unexplained variability of care
Possibility of obtaining professional agreement
Multidisciplinary implementation
Motivation by professionals to work on a specific condition
Examples
Liverpool Care Pathway for the Dying Patient
See also
Clinical formulation
European Pathway Association
Health economics
Medical case management
Nursing care plan
References
Further reading
External links
Health care management
Health care quality
Medical terminology |
Masamang Ugat is a 2003 Philippine action film co-written and directed by Willy Milan. The film stars Eddie Garcia, Ace Vergel, Victor Neri and Mikey Arroyo. This marks Ace Vergel's final theatrical appearance.
Cast
Eddie Garcia as Apo Roman
Ace Vergel as David
Victor Neri as Darwin
Mikey Arroyo as Angelo
Maui Taylor as Lara
Al Tantay as Ismael Valdez
Levi Ignacio as Satur
Susan Africa as Mercedes
Gwen Garci as Gina
Alicia Lane as Isabel
Vanna Garcia as Liezel
Eddie Arenas as Tata Simon
Gamaliel Viray as Artemio
Ama Quiambao as Alicia
Bon Vibar as Col. Sanchez
Kathy Mori as Cathy
Manjo del Mundo as Ben Real
Vic Belaro as De Castro
References
External links
2003 films
2003 action films
Filipino-language films
Philippine action films
Viva Films films
Films directed by Willy Milan |
The Gallery of Modern Art (GoMA) is the main gallery of contemporary art in Glasgow, Scotland.
GoMA offers a programme of temporary exhibitions and workshops. GoMA displays work by local and international artists as well as addressing contemporary social issues through its major biannual projects.
History
Opened in 1996, the Gallery of Modern Art is housed in a neoclassical building in Royal Exchange Square in the heart of Glasgow city centre. Built in 1778 as the townhouse of William Cunninghame of Lainshaw, a wealthy Glasgow Tobacco Lord who made his fortune through the triangular slave trade, the building has undergone a series of different uses. It was bought in 1817 by the Royal Bank of Scotland who later moved onto Buchanan Street; it then became the Royal Exchange. Reconstruction for this use was undertaken by David Hamilton between 1827 and 1832 and resulted in many additions to the building, namely the Corinthian pillars to the Queen Street facade, the cupola above and the large hall to the rear of the old house.
In 1954, after purchasing the building for £105,000 in 1949, Glasgow District Libraries moved the Stirling's Library into the building. It also housed the Library of Patents and the Commercial Library. It was described as:"A magnificent hall, 110 ft. by 60 ft.,... divided in to three parts by a double row of monolithic Corinthian columns and spanned by a 30ft high richly ornamented arched ceiling." Special book-cases were aligned with the columns, lit by fluorescent lighting to illuminate the books. There was a collection of over 100 books on the pictorial arts, 300 volumes of music books and scores, and 800 books for parents. Seven-feet high display units were used to display items. There was a magazine room with seating for fifty readers.
When the library returned to Miller Street, the building was refurbished to house the city's contemporary art collection.
Today
Since its opening in 1996, the gallery has hosted several million visitors. It has a dedicated Education and Access studio, facilitating workshops and artists talks and in the basement a Learning Library. The building also contains a café, free Internet access terminals, multimedia, art, and general book-lending facilities. Exhibits include works by David Hockney, Sebastião Salgado, and Andy Warhol as well as Scottish artists such as John Bellany and Ken Currie.
The mirrored pediment on the exterior of the building is by artist Niki de Saint Phalle, entitled Tympanum (1996). Saint Phalle also installed the mirrored vestibule to the gallery.
In front of the gallery, on the Queen Street pavement, stands an equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellington sculpted by Carlo Marochetti in 1844. The statue usually has a traffic cone on its head; for many years the authorities regularly removed cones, only for them to be replaced. The jauntily placed cone has come to represent, particularly in tourist guidebooks, the city's light-hearted attitude to authority. Two exceptions were on the occasion of Glasgow hosting the 2002 UEFA Champions League final, when the cone was replaced by a football-patterned hat bearing the logo of one of the tournament sponsors, Amstel, and in June 2010, on the run-up to the opening of hotel chain citizenM in Glasgow, when the cone was replaced with a 'feel free' branded glitter cone. Around the time of the Independence Referendum, a saltire was attached to the cone.
The cone was painted gold during the 2012 Olympics as a celebration of Scotland's contribution to the record haul of gold medals won by Team GB. A gold cone was again placed on the statue for the 2014 Commonwealth Games.
On 'Brexit Day' (31 January 2020), pro-European supporters placed a cone painted to represent the EU flag on the statue's head.
See also
Culture in Glasgow
Glasgow art
References
External links
Museum website
Historic Glasgow Architecture
Photographs of the Gallery of Modern Art in Glasgow
Houses completed in 1778
Modern art museums
Category A listed buildings in Glasgow
Art museums and galleries in Glasgow
1770s establishments in Scotland
Contemporary art galleries in Scotland
Art museums established in 1996
1996 establishments in Scotland
Neoclassical architecture in Scotland |
Los Perros del Mal (English: The Dogs of Evil) was a Mexican Lucha libre wrestling group stable, originally competed in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre and in Lucha Libre AAA World Wide (AAA). The name (meaning "The Dogs of Evil") is a play on the name of the founder of the group, Perro Aguayo Jr. It was one of the main rudo (heel) stables in CMLL until October 2008, when Aguayo along with Mr. Águila and Damián 666 left the company to form Perros del Mal Producciones. The stable is a part of the new promotion, despite its namesake. Their motto is "Dios perdona, los Perros no" ("God forgives, the Dogs don't."). The group originally started under the name La Furia del Norte but evolved into Los Perros del Mal as wrestlers not from northern Mexico joined the group.
History
La Furia del Norte
For the summer of 2004, the main storyline feud in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) was the heel trio of Pierroth Jr., Vampiro Canadiense and Tarzan Boy feuding with the técnico or face trio of Negro Casas, Shocker and Perro Aguayo Jr. The two factions finally faced off in a six-man cage match on July 18, 2004 where the last man in the cage got his head shaved. The rudos quickly escaped and Shocker tricked Casas and made his own escape, leaving Casas and Perro Aguayo Jr. Aguayo was victorious and Negro Casas, who had acted like a mentor for a time before this, had his head shaved leading to hostility.
The feud continued but soon Vampiro was injured in a match against the original Máscara Sagrada and was replaced by Héctor Garza, who had just jumped from Lucha Libre AAA World Wide (AAA), in a trios match at Arena México. Over the next few weeks, Perro turned on Casas and joined Garza. Soon Tarzan Boy from Los Guerreros del Infierno joined with Perro explaining that he and Garza could only trust other northerners. From that comment the name La Furia del Norte (Spanish for "The Northern Fury") was born as they all hailed from northern Mexico. Tarzan Boy and Héctor Garza hailed from Monterrey, Nuevo León and Perro Aguayo Jr. claims his father's Zacatecas as his home state, although he was born in Mexico City. A few weeks later one last Northerner joined the group, El Terrible, who had just turned on Shocker. The group's cowardly and suave antics made them an entertaining combination and they quickly rivaled Los Guerreros as the top heel group in CMLL.
After losing a match for the CMLL 71st Anniversary Show trophy to Negro Casas, Perro moved onto a short but heated feud with El Hijo del Santo with La Furia playing back-up. Shortly afterwards, Garza, Terrible and Tarzan began chasing the CMLL World Trios Championship, eventually defeating Black Warrior, Rayo de Jalisco Jr. and El Canek in November. Perrito joined forces with his former rivals Pierroth and Vampiro in their feud against Los Capos, ending at the year-end show when Pierroth and Vampiro lost their hair to Cien Caras and Máscara Año 2000 and Perro lost to Universo 2000 via disqualification in a singles match. The group's future was put in question when Garza was arrested in the United States with illegal steroids.
Los Perros del Mal
Perro still continued to feud with Los Capos and he used La Furia against them up until the big Perro Aguayo and Perro Aguayo Jr. versus Cien Caras and Máscara Año 2000 double hair match in March of that year. After Aguayo and his father were successful, Aguayo decided to start a new group consisting of La Furia del Norte, La Familia de Tijuana and other rudos called Los Perros del Mal. After the formation of Los Perros, the name "La Furia del Norte" referred only to the trio of Tarzan Boy, Terrible and Garza.
Latin Lover appeared as a member at Arena Mexico with Garza and Perro Jr. He wore the Perros del Mal shirt, and though it was only an appearance, was considered a member of the stable.
AAA Invasion
On June 6, 2010, at AAA's biggest event of the year, Triplemanía XVIII, Los Perros del Mal started an invasion storyline with the promotion. While many Perros del Mal Producciones workers have since made appearances in AAA, Perro Aguayo Jr., Damián 666, Halloween and L.A. Park are the four main members representing the stable in the company. Los Perros del Mal quickly aligned themselves with other rudo stables La Legión Extranjera, La Milicia and Los Maniacos to form La Sociedad, under the leadership of Dorian Roldan. On December 5, 2010, in the main event of Guerra de Titanes Dámian 666, Halloween and X-Fly achieved a major feat by ending Los Psycho Circus's three-year-long undefeated streak in a steel cage weapons match, albeit after an interference from Perro Aguayo Jr. The feud between Los Perros del Mal and Los Psycho Circus continued on May 29 at Perros del Mal Producciones third anniversary show, where Los Psycho Circus was victorious in a six man tag team steel cage Masks vs. Hairs match and, as a result, Super Crazy, the last man left in the cage, was forced to have his head shaved bald. On June 18 at Triplemanía XIX, Damián 666, Halloween and X-Fly defeated Los Psycho Circus in a tournament final to become the first ever AAA World Trios Champions. On July 31 at Verano de Escándalo, Los Perros del Mal faced Los Psycho Circus in a steel cage match, where the last person left in the cage would lose either his hair or mask. The match ended with Psycho Clown escaping the cage, leaving X-Fly inside and forcing him to have his hair shaved off. Los Perros del Mal and Los Psycho Circus ended their year long rivalry on October 9 at Héroes Inmortales, where Damián 666, Halloween and Nicho el Millonario were defeated in a Masks vs. Hairs steel cage match and were all shaved bald. On November 11, 2011, former member and reigning CMLL World Heavyweight Champion Héctor Garza jumped from CMLL to Perros del Mal Producciones to re-join the group. Shortly afterwards, El Texano Jr. also left CMLL and joined Los Perros del Mal, along with his brother Super Nova, though this partnership was short-lived as El Texano Jr. went on to form rival group, El Consejo. On March 11, 2012, Los Perros del Mal lost the AAA World Trios Championship to Los Psycho Circus. The following day, Damián 666, his son Bestia 666, Halloween and X-Fly announced that they had quit Los Perros del Mal. Halloween ended up returning to the group the following month, while the other vacant spots were filled by Taya Valkyrie, Teddy Hart, Trauma I and Trauma II. In mid-2013, El Hijo del Perro Aguayo began showing signs of a técnico turn by forming a new partnership with former rival Cibernético, which eventually led to Los Perros del Mal members Daga and Psicosis turning on their leader on November 22. Aguayo quickly announced that Daga and Psicosis' betrayal would not mark the end of Los Perros del Mal and that he would soon introduce a new incarnation of the stable. However, on December 8 at Guerra de Titanes, Aguayo, Daga and Psicosis revealed they had played Cibernético, when Aguayo turned on him and brought Los Perros del Mal back under the umbrella of the reformed La Sociedad. On February 21, 2014, longtime CMLL wrestler Black Warrior made a surprise return to AAA as the newest member of Los Perros del Mal. Daga left Los Perros del Mal on April 19 to lead the Anarquía stable.
On March 21, 2015, Aguayo died following a freak accident during a wrestling match, throwing the stable's future into question. While Pentagón Jr. and Taya continued representing Los Perros del Mal in AAA events following Aguayo's death, Joe Líder stated that the group's future was still uncertain. In January 2017, Daga, Garza Jr. and Pentagón Jr. all quit AAA and made an appearance for The Crash promotion, wearing Los Perros del Mal gear. The current status of the group is uncertain. Daga and Pentagón Jr. had hopes they would be able to continue using the name Los Perros del Mal on the independent circuit with Garza Jr. as a new member, but on January 24 they instead announced they were leaving the group.
Members
Former Members
El Hijo del Perro Aguayo (leader)
Joe Líder
Halloween
Mr. Águila
Averno
Bestia 666
Black Warrior
Blue Demon Jr.
Cibernético
Damián 666
Daga
Eita
Ek Balam
Héctor Garza
Ivelisse Vélez
L.A. Park
Latin Lover
Mephisto
Pentagón Jr.
Pequeño Damián 666
Pequeño Halloween
Pete Powers
Pierroth Jr.
Psicosis
Ricky Marvin
Shocker
Super Nova
Tarzan Boy
Taya
Teddy Hart
El Terrible
El Texano Jr.
X-Fly
Championships and accomplishmentsConsejo Mundial de Lucha LibreCMLL World Trios Championship (2 times) – Héctor Garza, El Terrible and Tarzan Boy (1), Perro Aguayo Jr., Mr. Águila, Héctor Garza (1)
Mexican National Trios Championship (1 time) – Damián 666, Halloween and Mr. Águila
Occidente Tag Team Championship (1 time) – El Texano Jr. and El TerribleIndependent/International Wrestling LeagueIWL Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Bestia 666 and X-FlyInternational Wrestling Revolution GroupIWRG Intercontinental Trios Championship (1 time) – Bestia 666, Damián 666 and X-FlyLucha Libre AAA WorldwideAAA Cruiserweight Championship (1 time) – Daga
AAA Reina de Reinas Championship (1 time) – Taya
AAA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Líder and Pentagón Jr.
AAA World Trios Championship (1 time) – Damián 666, Halloween and X-Fly
Copa Triplemanía XXII (2014) – El Hijo del Perro Aguayo
Rey de Reyes (2012) – El Hijo del Perro Aguayo
Rey de Reyes (2016) – Pentagón Jr.Perros del Mal ProduccionesPerros del Mal Extremo Championship (1 time) – X-Fly
Mexican National Heavyweight Championship (2 times) – X-Fly (1) and Héctor Garza (1)
Copa Perros del Mal Extremo (2011) – HalloweenProducciones Sánchez'
Trofeo Arena Neza (2016) - Joe Líder, Kahn del Mal & Pentagon Jr.
Luchas de Apuestas record
Notes
References
Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide teams and stables
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre teams and stables |
|}
The Duke of Edinburgh Stakes is a flat Handicap horse race in Great Britain open to horses of three-year-old and up. It is run at Ascot over a distance of 1 mile 3 furlongs and 211 yards (2,406 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in June.
The race was previously known as the Bessborough Stakes and was named after John Ponsonby, 5th Earl of Bessborough who was Master of the Buckhounds on three occasions in the 19th century. The first race under the original name was a five furlong race for two-year-olds run at Royal Ascot in 1914. The title was later bestowed on a mile and a half handicap race at the same meeting. In 1999, the race was renamed in honour of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. The name Duke of Edinburgh Stakes had previously been used for a two-year-old race run at Ascot in autumn whose winners included the future Champion Hurdler Sea Pigeon.
The race has been won by horses who have gone on to win at Group level, including Blueprint (Jockey Club Stakes), Young Mick (Cumberland Lodge Stakes) and Fox Hunt (Deutsches St Leger).
Winners since 1982
Weights given in stones and pounds.
See also
Horse racing in Great Britain
List of British flat horse races
References
Paris-Turf:
, , ,
Racing Post
, , , , , ,, , ,
, , , , , ,, , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , ,
Flat races in Great Britain
Ascot Racecourse
Open middle distance horse races
Recurring sporting events established in 1914
1914 establishments in England |
There are at least nine members of the buckthorn and grape order, Rhamnales, found in Montana. Some of these species are exotics (not native to Montana) and some species have been designated as Species of Concern.
Buckthorns
Family: Rhamnaceae
Ceanothus herbaceus, New Jersey tea
Ceanothus sanguineus, redstem ceanothus
Ceanothus velutinus, snowbrush ceanothus
Frangula purshiana, Cascara false buckthorn
Rhamnus alnifolia, alderleaf buckthorn
Rhamnus cathartica, common buckthorn
Grapes
Family: Vitaceae
Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Virginia creeper
Parthenocissus vitacea, woodbine
Vitis riparia, riverbank grape
Further reading
See also
List of dicotyledons of Montana
Notes
Montana
Montana |
The Iraq Area Command or Iraq Regional Command of the Ottoman Empire () was one of the military formation of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in Iraq in the initial stage of World War I.
Formations
Order of Battle, November 1914
In November 1914, the corps was structured as follows:
Iraq Area Command (Commander: Cavit Pasha)
38th Division
Order of Battle, January 1915
In January 1918, the corps was structured as follows:
Iraq Area Command (Commander: Kaymakam Süleyman Askerî Bey)
38th Division
Sahrıca Detachment (Provisional Dicle Division since January 25, 1915)
Kerha Group
Fırat Group
Because Süleyman Askerî Bey committed suicide on April 14, 1915, Nureddin Bey was appointed the commander on April 20. Nureddin Bey arrived in June to take command of the Iraq Area Command and he was appointed the Governor of Basra Province and Baghdad Province at the same time. On December 21, 1915, German Generalfeldmarschall Colmar von der Goltz arrived at Baghdad and changed the name of the Command as the Iraq Army (Irak Ordusu).
Order of Battle, Late 1915
In late 1915, the corps was structured as follows:
Iraq Area Command (Commander: Miralay Nureddin Bey)
XIII Corps
35th Division, 38th Division
XVIII Corps (Commander: Miralay Halil Bey)
45th Division, 51st Division
Sources
Field armies of the Ottoman Empire
Corps of the Ottoman Empire
Military units and formations of the Ottoman Empire in World War I
Baghdad vilayet
Commands (military formations)
1914 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
1914 in Ottoman Iraq
1915 in Ottoman Iraq
1916 in Ottoman Iraq |
Chris Martin (born 27 January 1981 in Chertsey, Surrey, England) is a British rower.
Early rowing career
Martin started rowing at 14 at Hampton School. At the end of his third year of rowing he raced as part of the British team and remained part of the British rowing team at six World Rowing Championships returning with a medal from each.
1997 Hazewinkel, Belgium : World Junior Championships JM8+ 3rd
1998 Ottensheim, Austria : World Junior Championships JM4+ 3rd
1999 Plovdiv, Bulgaria : World Junior Championships JM4- 2nd
2000 Copenhagen, Denmark : Nations Cup M4+ 1st
2001 Ottensheim, Austria : U23 World Championships M4- 2nd
2001 Lucerne, Switzerland : World Rowing Championships M4+ 3rd
Martin also competed in the World Cup races in 2002 but without repeating his earlier medal winning form.
2002 Nottingham, United Kingdom : Commonwealth Regatta M2- 3rd
Ocean rowing
Having been dropped from the GB squad, Martin turned his attention to ocean rowing and in 2005/06 he rowed across the Atlantic Ocean solo, as part of the Woodvale Atlantic Rowing Race in 68 days, 15 hours and 19 minutes to become the 31st solo ocean rower to cross the Atlantic Ocean on the East to West route. During his row he also conducted observations on the ocean currents affecting his boat Pacific Pete for Earth & Space Research as part of Ocean Surface Current Analyses Real-time (OSCAR).
Martin remained an active member within the ocean rowing community and was one of the co-founders of the Association of Ocean Rowers.
In 2006, Martin joined a team of Royal Marines Reserves in a row from London to Paris as part of their preparations for breaking the record for the Atlantic east to west route.
After this Martin spent three years preparing for a double handed row with Mick Dawson. On 8 May 2009, Martin and Dawson set off from Choshi, Japan into the north Pacific Ocean. After an eventful journey where the crew sighted the US Naval research vessel SBX-1. and ran out of food requiring a helicopter resupply from Wayne Lackey
189 Days, 10 Hours, 55 Minutes after the pair set out from Japan they rowed their boat Bojangles underneath the Golden Gate Bridge on Friday 13 November 2009.
In 2010, Martin and Dawson were awarded a Guinness World Record for being the first team to row across the North Pacific Ocean. The footage they filmed on their trip was turned into a documentary presented by James Cracknell for Discovery Channel and was aired for the first time on 10 May 2012.
In 2011, Martin founded the New Ocean Wave, to manage the Great Pacific Race from Monterey, California to Honolulu, Hawaii, to be run in 2014. Accomplished ocean rower Roz Savage is also part of the New Ocean Wave organising team as a race consultant.
In 2013, Martin organized the biennial NOMAN Barcelona to Ibiza race, on behalf of the HPV and Anal Cancer Foundation. This was the first ocean rowing race to take place on the waters of the Mediterranean Sea and saw two identical boats of five rowers race. Future editions of the event saw up to 6 boats participating and races occur both from Barcelona to Ibiza and a return leg of the race from Ibiza back to Barcelona.
In 2014, Martin was the Race Director for the first ever Great Pacific Race and oversaw the organisation of the event heading up the race management team. The Great Pacific Race made history with 14 Guinness World Records being applied for following this successful event.
In 2015, Martin became part of the steering committee for the Ocean Rowing Society.
In 2016 and 2018 Martin returned as the Race Director for the Great Pacific Race overseeing 11 crews attempt at completing the route.
References
External links
New Ocean Wave
Living people
1981 births
People educated at Hampton School
Ocean rowers
English male rowers
World Rowing Championships medalists for Great Britain
Sportspeople from Chertsey |
The Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust was an NHS Trust in Liverpool. It managed the Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Broadgreen Hospital and Liverpool University Dental Hospital.
History
The trust was formed in April 1995 from the merger of Broadgreen Hospital NHS Trust and Royal Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Trust.
The trust was the first UK organisation to adopt the Medworxx clinical utilisation management system in November 2011. By January 2012 the proportion of elective patients ready to leave had reduced from 5.4% to 4.6%, while non-electives had reduced from more than 7% to 5.8%. The trust won the National EHealth Insider Award in the category of “Outstanding work in IT-enabled change in healthcare” for their project titled “First UK IT Enabled Hospital Case Management System” in October 2012.
Between 2010 and 2014 the number of doctors employed at the trust has gone up from 633 to 788 (24.5%), while the number of managers is down from 248 to 237 (4.4%).
The trust is engaged in a major building project to replace the present hospital building with a new hospital with 18 theatres, 23 wards and 646 single bedrooms which is now largely built and was due to open in 2017. It is financed partly by a £100 million capital contribution from the government and partly by lonas and equity raised by a private finance initiative private sector company selected in a public sector run tender process. The PFI project company, The Hospital Company (Liverpool) Ltd will pay interest, from when the hospital is opened, at a rate of 4.9% on two long-term loans (c 32 years maturity) of £90 million each from the European Investment Bank and Legal & General. This project company is owned and controlled by Aberdeen Asset Management and Carillion and its obligations are set in a long-term contract with the trust. Carillion was also paid a fee of £10.6 million for arranging the finance and developing the plans for the hospital. Negotiations started in 2018 to agree a basis to complete the fitting out of the new hospital, and any necessary rectification work, following the collapse of Carillion in early 2018. On 26 October 2018 Laing O'Rourke was confirmed as the contractor to complete the project.
The trust paid an extra £20,000 in June 2012 to former chair Judith Greensmith and an extra £5,000 each to its non-executive directors to reflect work they did in relation to a foundation trust bid and the major redevelopment. the trust had obtained legal advice from law firm Hill Dickinson, which said the payments would exceed the levels permitted by the National Health Service Act 2006. In May 2015 The trust accepted that it did not have the authority to make these additional payments.
In September 2016, the trust was selected by NHS England as one of twelve Global Digital Exemplars.
It merged with the Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust to form the Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust on 1 October 2019.
Performance
In March 2018 it was the nineteenth worst performer in A&E in England, with only 60.2% of patients in the main A&E seen within 4 hours.
See also
Healthcare in Liverpool
List of NHS trusts
External links
Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital Trust
Radio Broadgreen
References
Defunct NHS trusts |
(stylized as New Super Luigi Bros. U) is a 2013 platform game developed by Nintendo for the Wii U. It is an expansion pack for New Super Mario Bros. U (2012), part of the Super Mario series. The plot and game mechanics remain identical to New Super Mario Bros. U, but Luigi replaces Mario as the protagonist. Luigi jumps higher and has less ground friction than Mario, and every level is redesigned to increase the difficulty level. The expansion adds Nabbit, a non-player character from New Super Mario Bros. U, as an invincible playable character.
Nintendo's goal was to challenge preconceived notions of downloadable content (DLC) and make New Super Luigi U large enough to stand on its own. The developers sought to differentiate it from New Super Mario Bros. 2 (2012) DLC. The increased difficulty served to challenge series veterans, but levels were shortened to encourage less experienced players. Luigi was made the primary focus due to the Year of Luigi marketing campaign; New Super Luigi U was branded to coincide with it. It was purchasable as DLC for New Super Mario Bros. U, as standalone game, and as bundle with the main game. It was also included with the Nintendo Switch port, New Super Mario Bros. U Deluxe, in 2019.
New Super Luigi U was announced in a February 2013 Nintendo Direct; digital and retail versions were released between June and August. Nintendo took multiple routes to promote the expansion and Year of Luigi, including a partnership with the Chicago Transit Authority and a parkour-themed mockumentary. New Super Luigi U received positive reviews; critics praised the difficulty and level design, but criticized Luigi's control scheme as unbalanced with the difficulty change. The multiplayer and addition of Nabbit received mixed opinions. Debut sales were overshadowed by Pikmin 3, but the expansion sold 3.07 million copies by 2020, making it the eighth-best-selling Wii U game.
Gameplay
Once purchased, New Super Luigi U is selectable from the New Super Mario Bros. U (NSMBU) main menu. The main storyline is nearly identical to that of NSMBU, with the omission of Mario as a playable character. The player controls Luigi with the goal of traversing each level from left to right to reach the end, identified with a flag pole. Throughout the levels are various enemies and hazards to hinder progression. Levels also contain power-ups that give Luigi new abilities when collected; for example, the Fire Flower allows Luigi to throw fireballs and the Flying Squirrel Suit allows Luigi to glide midair. Each level contains three "Star Coins" that serve as collectible items, similar to all the past games in the series. Levels are split up into eight "worlds", and encounters with one of eight Koopalings occur within them. The levels are selected on an overworld map with branching paths. Compared to NSMBU, levels are redesigned to be more difficult and do not contain checkpoints, but are considerably shorter in length. The player has one hundred seconds to complete each level. Using the Wii U GamePad, the player can use its touchscreen to place down temporary platforms to stand on at their discretion.
Although New Super Luigi U retains the same functions models and graphics as NSMBU, other notable changes to gameplay were made. Although retaining the same control scheme as Mario, Luigi himself has less friction and slides more easily, and also flutter jumps if the A button is held down and is actually slower than Mario. Once the game is completed the player has the option to turn these physics changes off. Replacing Mario is Nabbit, originally a non-player character who appeared in NSMBU as a thief, although he can still steal items if no one is playing as Nabbit. Nabbit is invulnerable to enemy damage and steadily gains extra lives over time, but in return cannot use power-ups. Two other characters are also playable, yellow and blue-colored Toads (Yellow Toad and Toadette in the Deluxe version), who retain the same physics from NSMBU. Each character can be played by an individual player in up to four-person multiplayer. In New Super Mario Bros. U Deluxe, New Super Luigi U returns and is now available from the start. The game plays similarly to the Wii U version, although Toadette replaces Blue Toad and Nabbit is no longer exclusive to Luigi U.
Development
New Super Luigi U was developed by Nintendo EAD, the developers of New Super Mario Bros. U. The downloadable content (DLC) was made to emphasize the character Luigi due to the Year of Luigi, a marketing campaign commemorating the 30th anniversary of his introduction in Mario Bros. (1983). The concept for a Luigi-oriented DLC was conceived by producer Takashi Tezuka. Tezuka stated that the game's primary goal was to "change what people think of DLC." To help make the DLC distinct from that of NSMBU, various developers were brought in from the New Super Mario Bros. 2 team to design new gimmicks that didn't overlap with the base game.
Concept
According to Tezuka, the developers originally considered ideas for DLC that were much smaller than the final product, and settled on making more playable courses for the Boost Rush game mode, similar to the DLC found in New Super Mario Bros. 2. Ideas for gimmicks found within the new levels were conceptualized fairly quickly; the similarity between the new DLC and New Super Mario Bros. 2 "began to bother" Tezuka. When he requested game director Masataka Takemoto to start over from scratch with a new concept, he accepted the offer because he believed that fans would query why the DLC was not included in the base game. Takemoto's new goal was to create a DLC larger than New Super Mario Bros. 2, and waited for its DLC to release to test how it would be received by its audience. When the DLC for New Super Mario Bros. 2 was released, to their expectations, fans were disappointed that the content was too basic to be held behind a paid barrier.
When development for New Super Mario Bros. U DLC recommenced, they experimented with the concept of levels that "had extremely short courses but increased difficulty." They did this because they considered that players who completed the game would be looking for a more difficult challenge, but making each level the same length as the base game would make the experience "exhausting". Takemoto viewed the length change from a different angle; he noticed how each subsequent release in the Super Mario series had levels that were longer than the last. He aimed to make a game that was similar in playtime to Super Mario Bros. 3 for easier accessibility. To get players to post about New Super Luigi U on the social platform Miiverse, they emphasized adding at least one "landmark" in each level, such as Luigi pixel art, stickers, and Luigi-shaped objects in the background, to encourage the player to post their findings. From there, other players could spend time trying to look for them. Tezuka was originally opposed to a physical release because the game was designed to appeal to players who had already completed New Super Mario Bros. U. He changed his mind after considering an audience that had never played the game and could use the DLC as a starting point.
Characters
When Tezuka first suggested Luigi to be the centralized character, Takemoto first replied, "What are you talking about?!" When Tezuka persisted and requested the idea again a few days later, Takemoto took the idea into consideration; he found that making Luigi the main character would further solidify the game as a separate experience. With the change came the additions of a new control set for Luigi, and certain level concepts where standard controls made completion difficult became easier.
After Tezuka convinced Takemoto to omit Mario from the game entirely, other options for a replacement were considered. The original idea was to include a third Toad but was later decided against because it made multiplayer too disorienting. Princess Peach was never considered because she "is off somewhere far away in need of saving." After considering enemy options Takemoto settled on Nabbit, a character who first appeared in New Super Mario Bros. U as a non-player character. He asked a specific programmer to create a prototype; he was originally skeptical about the idea but was shocked to find it worked well, calling Takemoto about his discoveries before he even viewed it in person. They also considered and incorporated the ability for him to dodge enemies altogether as he does in New Super Mario Bros. U, which ended up being included in the final version; they found the idea to be a good feature for beginners or less experienced players. This fell in line with one of Shigeru Miyamoto's philosophies for game design: "An idea is a single solution that solves multiple issues at once."
Marketing and release
The game was announced in a February 2013 Nintendo Direct, coinciding with the announcements of Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon and Mario & Luigi: Dream Team. It was presented by Nintendo CEO Satoru Iwata; no release date and price were mentioned as it was a long way from completion. More details were revealed at E3 2013; Nintendo announced that Mario would be omitted from the DLC entirely and would be replaced with Nabbit. They also announced that the DLC would release not only for the Wii U Nintendo eShop but as a standalone physical copy as well, with a green box instead of blue. The eShop variant released June 19 in Japan and the following day worldwide, and the retail version released July 13 and 26 in Europe and Japan respectively, and August 25 in North America. The following November saw the release of a Wii U bundle that contained NSMBU and New Super Luigi U. New Super Luigi U, alongside the original base game, were bundled together and re-released for the Nintendo Switch with other changes to gameplay as New Super Mario Bros. U Deluxe in 2019.
On July 27, Takemoto made an post on Miiverse that Nintendo would be holding a challenge for its players; the goal was to complete the main story mode while collecting the least amount of coins possible. In the month after release, Nintendo partnered with the Chicago Transit Authority to rebrand one of their Chicago "L" Brown Line systems into the "Luigi Line"; the train was redesigned with a green color scheme and contained Year of Luigi artwork and other New Super Luigi U promotional material. Kiosk booths were placed on the second floor of the Clark/Lake station so passersby could demo the game, and a Luigi costumed character was a frequent rider. The promotion remained from August 12 to September 8, after which it returned to normal. Throughout the promotion the official Nintendo of America Twitter account was changed to appear as if it were Luigi's, and was used to take pictures of Luigi visiting different places in Chicago, Illinois. The same month also saw the release of the mockumentary Finding Luigi – Legend of Parkour, which released for Nintendo's official YouTube channel. The video depicts Luigi as a "legend of parkour" who has mysteriously vanished from the industry, and the film crew attempts to meet with an on-the-run Nabbit to learn of his current whereabouts.
Reception
New Super Luigi U received "generally favorable reviews" according to review aggregator website Metacritic, receiving a 77/100 based on 59 critical reviews.
Most critics praised the game's difficulty, with Jan Wobbeking of 4Players comparing the game's difficulty to that of the Japanese-exclusive release Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels. Nintendo Lifes Thomas Whitehead appreciated the spike in difficulty and lauded the use of limited time and more intense platforming to do so. They originally found the jumps flutter to be unnecessary but the change ultimately became "second nature". Polygon reviewer Phillip Kollar considered the game "the most difficult Mario content that Nintendo has created in decades." Some praised it as a new challenge for players after completing NSMBU, but only with Super Mario series veterans in mind; IGNs Vince Ingenito called the game a "CliffsNotes version of a great fast-paced 2D platformer", and found the game overall to be a unique twist on the standard Super Mario formula. In opposition, Kollar noted a lack of attention to new players, and although the game was balanced towards the player, it was too "relentless" to encourage more attempts. Writing for Eurogamer, Chris Schilling increasingly found frustration in the time spent between dying and opening a level, and negatively compared the experience to Super Meat Boy, which resets the player immediately after failure. 4Players highlighted a handful of posts made to Miiverse, where users verbalized their frustrations with the game's difficulty. Despite the changes, GameSpot felt the experience was too similar to NSMBU.
The level design was lauded, but some criticized other small annoyances that hurt the overall experience. Ingenito noted that the 100-second time limit gave a strong "psychological effect" and credited the decreasing timer to many of his mistakes. Kollar enjoyed the limited time but was ultimately frustrated that it left little room to play at their own pace or to view the game's graphics; VentureBeats Jeff Grubb shared similar opinions. Schilling considered the level design challenging but uninteresting, due to the fact that most had only one direct path to completion and did not give the player much freedom to explore. Henry Gilbert of GamesRadar called the shorter levels "impressively compact", and considered the shortened concept to be a positive with Super Mario series veterans in mind. Whitehead applauded the gimmicks found within levels and named memorable events that they considered were Nintendo holding back their creativity. USGamers Jeremy Parish considered the game to be frustrating, not because of the intentional difficulty, but other various changes to Luigi's control did not add up well to the precise and quick-paced level design. They considered the concept to go against the standard Super Mario formula of being able to explore each level as they please. They found the game overall to be too demanding and preferred the DLC found in New Super Mario Bros. 2.
Luigi's control scheme was mostly criticized for its impreciseness. Schilling criticized Luigi's controls, not due to their function, but because they did not pair well with the level design, which focused on precision and therefore did not emphasize Luigi's slippery movement. He appreciated the ability to revert controls post-completion but called the overall concept "a green peg in a red hole." Game Informer reviewer Dan Ryckert struggled to get used to the dynamic shift in gameplay from the base game, but overall enjoyed the experience. 4Players noted difficulty in navigating Luigi through tight platforming sessions, but the higher jump helped to avoid failure. Ingenito derided the level design for its failure to justify Luigi's movement, and although it did increase difficulty it was not in a fair sense. They appreciated the higher jumps, however, and often exploited them to a maximum. In contrast, Kollar felt the levels matched Luigi's moveset well and merely took time to get used to.
Critics were also opposed to the multiplayer, with mixed opinions directed towards Nabbit. Ryckert considered Nabbit a helpful addition geared towards new players who would not be comfortable with the increased difficulty. Gilbert criticized the multiplayer; they felt the game focused primarily on single-player and most levels were unmanageable with four players participating simultaneously. They also believed Nabbit caused "unexpected problems" by being unbalanced in comparison to the other characters. Whitehead appreciated the use of Nabbit as a more approachable selection but was overall "misguided", and due to the addition of unmanageable multiplayer, suggested using NSMBUs multiplayer instead.
Sales
New Super Luigi U debuted the same week as Pikmin 3, another highly anticipated title by Nintendo that was also released exclusively for the Wii U, overshadowing New Super Luigi U in comparison. Japanese sales for the retail copy totaled 24,881, about 1,000 copies behind Tomodachi Collection: New Life and a roughly third the number of Pikmin 3. By the end of August, North American sales reached 120,000. By May 2014, New Super Luigi U reached 1.76 million sales, although 2014 was a financial failure for Nintendo and the Wii due to the poor sales of the Wii U console; Nintendo had a net loss of $457 million. As of 2020 the game has sold 3.07 million copies and is the eighth-best-selling game on the Wii U.
Notes
References
External links
2013 video games
Asymmetrical multiplayer video games
Cooperative video games
Luigi video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo Network games
Nintendo Switch games
Pack-in video games
Platformers
Side-scrolling video games
Super Mario
Video game expansion packs
Video game sequels
Video games about size change
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Mahito Yokota
Video games with 2.5D graphics
Wii U eShop games
Wii U games
Year of Luigi |
Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel (22 October 1903 - 3 June 1994) was an Indian independence activist, lawyer, and politician. A follower of Mahatma Gandhi, he is regarded as the father of the cooperative movement in India, most notably in the Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers' Union in 1946, and the Anand Co-operative movement.
Early life and activism
Born on 22 October 1903, in Anand, Gujarat, to Kishibhai Patel, Tribhuvandas became a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel during the Indian independence movement, and especially the civil disobedience movements, which led to his repeated imprisonment in 1930, 1935 and 1942.
Cooperative movement
By the late 1940s, he started working with farmers in Kheda district, under the guidance of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and after setting up the Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producer's Union in 1946 under his chairmanship, he hired Verghese Kurien in 1950, who was instrumental in developing the technical and marketing strategies of the Union which was eventually called Amul. Verghese Kurien remained the general manager of Amul till 2005. Under Tribhuvandas Patel's leadership and guidance and together with Verghese Kurien, many organizations were started in Anand including the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation, National Dairy Development Board and Institute of Rural Management Anand.
Tribhuvandas Patel was awarded the 1963 Ramon Magsaysay Award for 'Community Leadership', together with Dara Nusserwanji Khurody, and Verghese Kurien., and the Padma Bhushan from the Govt. of India in 1964.
He remained Secretary/President of the Pradesh Congress Committee (PCC), Indian National Congress (Congress I), and also a member of Rajya Sabha twice, 1967–1968 and 1968 -1974 from the party.
Under the leadership of Tribhuvandas Patel, in August 1973, Amul celebrated its 25th anniversary with Morarji Desai, Maniben Patel and Verghese Kurien. When he voluntarily retired from the Chairmanship of AMUL, in the early 1970s, he was presented with a purse of six hundred thousand rupees, by the grateful members of the village cooperatives — one rupee per member being the contribution. He used this fund to start a charitable trust and NGO, named the Tribhuvandas Foundation, to work on women and child health in the Kheda district of Gujarat. He was the first Chairman of Tribhuvandas Foundation. He handed over the chairmanship to Verghese Kurien, when the organization started to grow quickly, after receiving funds from foreign grant s.
The former chairperson of the National Dairy Development Board, Amrita Patel remarked in her opening address at an event at the Institute of Rural Management Anand about the Tribhuvandas Foundation saying "[Tribhuvandas Foundation] works in over 600 villages in the state of Gujarat in the field of maternal and infant care. What is unique about the programme of the Foundation is that it rides on the back of milk. It is the village milk co-operative that appoints a village health worker and pays an honorarium to the village health worker to undertake the work. So it is milk paying for health."
Patel was active until his death, working to set up cooperative organizations for farming commodities such as oil. In the days leading to his passing on June 3, 1994, thousands of farmers from all over Kaira visited him, assuring him that the movement started in 1946 will be continued. In these last days, he frequently asked about Kurien who, despite the urgency conveyed to him, never visited him before his passing. More incidents and details about Patel's life remain unheard, partly due to the lack of translation from the native Gujarati language.
On finding out about the financial struggle and shelving faced by the production of a film on his mentor Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel titled Sardar, Patel made the financial contributions necessary to have the film completed and released. It is unknown if he watched the film.
Awards and honours
1963: Ramon Magsaysay Award for 'Community Leadership'
1964: Padma Bhushan
Personal life
He was married to Shrimati Mani Laxmi, and had one daughter and six sons. He had several grandchildren, great-grandchildren, and great-great-grandchildren.
References
Further reading
Profile of Tribhuvandas K. Patel on 'Ramon Magsaysay Award Site'
Magsaysay Award Profile
AMUL's 25th Anniversary Celebrations
External links
Ramon Magsaysay Award Citation
The Making of Amul, Dr. Verghese Kurien
Mention of Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel's death
The-Indian-Milkman-Tribhuvandas-Patel
1903 births
1994 deaths
Gujarati people
Indian cooperative organizers
Indian independence activists from Gujarat
Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work
Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat
Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat
People from Anand district
Social workers from Gujarat
20th-century Indian educators
Trade unionists from Gujarat |
Christopher Joseph Burke (born August 26, 1965) is an American actor. He has become best known for his character Charles "Corky" Thatcher on the television series Life Goes On.
Early years
Burke is the youngest of four children of Marian Burke, a retired trade-show manager, and Frank Burke, a retired NYPD inspector. Burke was born with Down syndrome at a time when little was known about the disorder, and his parents were told to institutionalize him. Instead, they decided to raise him at home and nurture his talents with the help of his siblings. From a young age, Burke enjoyed watching TV and movies and wanted to be on television. He was encouraged by his supportive family to follow his career objectives no matter how unconventional they seemed, especially for a young man with Down syndrome.
In the early 1970s, American public schools were not yet mainstreaming students with disabilities into general education classes. Burke attended the Kennedy Child Study Center in New York City, from age five until graduating shortly before his eighth birthday. At that time there were no suitable private education programs for students with disabilities in the area, so, in the fall of 1973, Burke was sent to board at the Cardinal Cushing School and Training Center in Hanover, Massachusetts. In 1978, Burke transferred to the Don Guanella School in Springfield, Pennsylvania, to be closer to his brother, J.R., who lived close by. Burke graduated from Don Guanella in 1986. After graduation, he worked as an elevator operator and did volunteer work for programs for students with disabilities at New York City's Public School 138.
Burke's first acting performance was in a production of "The Emperor's New Clothes" at the Cardinal Cushing School. His dramatic reading made quite an impression on the audience as well as Hollywood producer Robert Evans, who happened to be in the theatre at the time. This role inspired him to participate in a talent show after he transferred to Don Guanella, in which he acted as a zombie in a reenactment of Michael Jackson's "Thriller" video. He continued to hone his talent by attending night classes, going to auditions, writing scripts, and voraciously reading books about his favorite actors.
Acting
Early acting roles and Life Goes On
Burke got his first professional acting job in 1987 in the ABC TV movie Desperate. Network executives at ABC were impressed by his performance in Desperate and created Life Goes On with Burke's character, Charles "Corky" Thatcher, as the main role. Corky was the first character in a network television series with Down syndrome. Burke's revolutionary role conveyed a realistic portrayal of people with Down syndrome and changed the way audiences viewed people with disabilities. Life Goes On propelled Burke into fame and wide recognition. The series ran from 1989 to 1993.
Later acting roles
Since Life Goes On, Burke has made appearances on numerous TV shows and movies, most notably co-starring with JoBeth Williams in the NBC Movie of the Week Jonathan: The Boy Nobody Wanted.
Some of his TV show and movie appearances include:
Jonathan: The Boy Nobody Wanted, TV movie, 1992
North and South, Book III: Heaven & Hell, miniseries, 1994
The Commish TV series, 1994
Promised Land TV series, 1997
Touched by an Angel recurring as Taylor, an angel who has Down syndrome, 1997
The Division, 2002
ER, 2002
Awards
Golden Globe Award Nominee, Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV, 1990
Golden Apple Awards Nominee, 1990
Ten Outstanding Young Americans, 1991
National Rehabilitation Hospital Honoree, 1993
Just One Break (JOB) Ability First Award, 1995
Hall of Honor, AHRC, 1999
Down syndrome advocacy
Burke has been the Goodwill Ambassador for the National Down Syndrome Society since 1994. He has starred in the organization's acclaimed public service announcements, including Tracey Ullman in 1999 and, more recently, for the My Great Story public awareness campaign with actor John C. McGinley and TV Hosts Meredith Vieira and Nancy O'Dell. As a Goodwill Ambassador, he travels the country attending Buddy Walks, making public appearances, speaking with the press and greeting fans. When he is not on the road, Burke is a valued member of the National Down Syndrome Society's staff, working in their New York City office.
Burke has delivered inspirational speeches around the world and continues to speak at schools, seminars, conferences and non-profit organizations. From 1994 to 2014 he also toured the U.S. with his three piece musical group, "Chris Burke with Joe and John DeMasi", for which he was the singer. Burke met his bandmates, twin brothers Joe and John DeMasi, when they were music counselors at the town of Hempstead, New York's ANCHOR program for individuals with disabilities, when Burke was a teenager. The group released four albums. Lollipops and Love Songs was released in 1993. In 1994, they signed a record deal with BMGKidz and released Singer with the Band. This was followed up by the release of Forever Friends, which won a Parents Choice Gold Seal for Excellence Award, and A World of Kindness in 1998. They also produced a two-episode DVD for children called The Forever Friends Show and have appeared on television performing their signature song, "Celebrate."
In 1991, Burke co-wrote his autobiography, A Special Kind of Hero, with Jo Beth McDaniel. From 1994 to 2005, he was the editor-in-chief of "News 'n Views" and "UpBeat", publications written by and for people with Down syndrome, and in 2009, he contributed to the National Down Syndrome Society's My Great Story campaign by writing his story, "Great Expectations".
References
External links
Chris Burke Official Site
National Down Syndrome Society
Buddy Walk
My Great Story
The Ambassadors
Skiff News
1965 births
Living people
Actors with Down syndrome
American actors with disabilities
American male television actors
People from Point Lookout, New York
Male actors from New York (state) |
El Gato Negro, Spanish for The Black Cat, may refer to:
In comics
El Gato Negro, the name of two fictional superheroes created by Richard Dominguez
Agustin Guerrero, the first character to become El Gato Negro
Francisco Guerrero, the second and current El Gato Negro
El Gato Negro (comic book), the original comic book series to feature the characters
El Gato Negro: Nocturnal Warrior, the second comic book series, featuring the current El Gato Negro
In music
"El Gato Negro" (song), a song by Ruben Ramos and The Mexican Revolution
Ruben Ramos, nicknamed "El Gato Negro" because of the song
Gato Negro, an album by 7 Year Bitch
People
René Velázquez Valenzuela (died 2016), Mexican suspected assassin nicknamed El Gato Negro.
Other
Gato Negro station, metro station in Caracas
See also
Gato (disambiguation) |
Laila Youssifou (born 2 January 1996) is a Dutch rower. She competed in the women's quadruple sculls event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
Dutch female rowers
Olympic rowers for the Netherlands
Rowers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Dutch women
World Rowing Championships medalists for the Netherlands |
Queen of Apostles Boarding School (formerly OLA Boarding) is a public Catholic primary boarding school for girls, located in Elmina, in the Central Region of Ghana. The school is sited on a hill just beside St. Joseph's Minor Basilica, the first Catholic church in Ghana.
The school was established in March 1884 by the Congregation of the Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Apostles and was the first Catholic school for girls in Elmina.
See also
Education in Ghana
List of boarding schools
List of schools in Ghana
References
External links
Facebook page
19th-century establishments in Gold Coast (British colony)
1884 establishments in Gold Coast (British colony)
Boarding schools in Ghana
Co-educational boarding schools
Educational institutions established in 1884
Elmina
Girls' schools in Ghana
Public schools in Ghana
Catholic elementary and primary schools in Ghana
Catholic boarding schools |
Casillas is a municipality of Spain in Ávila, autonomous community Castile and León.
Area and Population
It has a surface area of 11.96 km² with a population of 815 inhabitants and a density of 68.14 inhabitants per km².
References
Municipalities in the Province of Ávila |
Chiara Moretti (8 August 1955 – 16 May 2023) was an Italian actress.
Biography
Born in Siena, Moretti started her acting career in the second half of the 1970s, appearing alongside Roberto Benigni in a series of projects, including the films Berlinguer, I Love You by Giuseppe Bertolucci and in Seeking Asylum by Marco Ferreri, where she played the main female character Irma. Later she had other significant roles in the films and ; she made her last appearance in Bertolucci's The Strangeness of Life (1987).
Leaving acting, she devoted herself to politics as a member of the National Alliance and later of Brothers of Italy. She was the councillor of District 5 of the Municipality of Florence, from 2004 to 2014.
Moretti died in May 2023, in Florence, at the age of 67.
References
External links
1955 births
2023 deaths
Italian film actresses
20th-century Italian actresses
People from Siena |
Hypotrix basistriga is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is known only from the White Mountains and Pinaleño Mountains in eastern Arizona.
The habitat consists of open ponderosa pine forests.
The length of the forewings is 12–13 mm. Adults are on wing from mid-June to late July.
Etymology
Basistriga is Latin and refers to the black dash or streak at the base of the forewing.
External links
A revision of the genus Hypotrix Guenée in North America with descriptions of four new species and a new genus (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Eriopygini)
mothphotographersgroup
Hypotrix
Endemic fauna of Arizona
Endemic insects of the United States
Moths of North America
~
~
Moths described in 2010 |
Leptosciarella subspinulosa is a species of fly in the family Sciaridae. It is found in the Palearctic.
References
External links
Species id
Sciaridae
Insects described in 1925 |
Auritz stands for:
Burguete – Auritz ("Burguete" in Castilian, "Auritz" in Basque), a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain
Auritz (Bautzen) ("Auritz" in German, "Wuricy" in Upper Sorbian), a village located in southeastern Bautzen, Germany |
The Albany County Helderberg-Hudson Rail Trail is a 9.8 mile rail trail in Albany County, New York. Starting in the South End of the city of Albany, it connects to the communities of Delmar and Slingerlands before ending in the village of Voorheesville. In Albany, the trail directly connects to the South End Bikeway, which connects to Downtown Albany and the Mohawk-Hudson Bike-Hike Trail - a part of both the Erie Canalway Trail and Empire State Trail systems.
The trail was first announced in 2010, with the section from Delmar to Slingerlands built using stone dust the following year. The section from Albany to Slingerlands was paved in 2016, and the paving was extended to Voorheesville in 2018. By the end of 2018, the trail was complete.
The Albany County Rail Trail has become a popular trail in the Capital Region. In 2016, approximately 164,000 people used the trail in Delmar - this was right after that segment was paved but before being completed out to Voorheesville. In the Capital Region, this number is only bested by the Mohawk-Hudson Bike-Hike Trail.
The trail is owned, operated, and maintained by the Albany County government.
References
Bike paths in New York (state)
Protected areas of Albany County, New York
Hiking trails in New York (state)
Parks in Albany County, New York
Capital District (New York) |
Hranush Tovmasyan (, born March 29, 1982) is an Armenian linguist and translator.
Education
Hranush Tovmasyan was born and raised in Yerevan, Armenian SSR. Tovmasyan received a qualification of specialist of English and Spanish languages, teacher from Brusov State University which she entered in 1999 and graduated with honor in 2004. Right after that in 2005 Hranush was enrolled in a postgraduate study program at the same university which she accomplished in 2007 defending her PhD dissertation and earning the degree of Doctor of Linguistics (General and Applied Linguistics). In June–July 2008 Tovmasyan was a post-doc fellow at Cambridge University in UK, funded jointly by Open Society Institute Assistance Foundation and Cambridge University. Hosted by Darwin College, her fellowship passed at the Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics of Cambridge University. She carried out her research in Pragmatics, Presupposition being her spotlight. In 2009 Hranush Tovmasyan was granted the academic title of Associate Professor in Linguistics from Yerevan Brusov State Linguistic University. In August 2010, 2011 and 2012 Tovmasyan studied at University for Foreigners of Perugia, attending the course of Italian language and culture. In 2011 she launched her doctoral research which resulted in her dissertation “Lingvo-Cognitive Aspect of Presupposition as a Text Cohesion Means.” In 2018 she defended her Doctoral dissertation at the Institute of Language of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, earning the academic degree of Doctor of Philological Sciences (General and Comparative Linguistics). In 2022 Hranush Tovmasyan was granted the academic title of Professor in Linguistics.
Career
Hranush Tovmasyan started her academic career at Yerevan Brusov State Linguistic University as a lecturer in 2004, followed by her step by step career progression to associate professor in 2009. In 2006 she launched her translation career getting a contract with the National Gallery of Armenia, which was then followed by a contract with OSCE/ODIHR as an interpreter for 2008 Presidential Elections Observation Mission. This contract served as a step for another contract with OSCE/ODIHR as an interpreter for the series of trials on “1 March Events.” In 2006, as a freshman in research, she was bestowed the Council of Young Scientists at Yerevan Brusov State Linguistic University as a Chairperson. She chaired the Council till 2010 upon taking up the position of the head of the Chair of English Phonetics and Grammar at the same university. She quit the position in February 2013. In November–December 2010 Tovmasyan was contracted by the Government of Armenia to translate the official website of the National Gallery of Armenia in English and Russian. In 2012 Hranush Tovmasyan was contracted by the Ministry of Justice of Armenia as an expert translator in English to license notary public translators for a two-year term. Between 2010 and 2015 she was member of Yerevan Brusov State Linguistic University Governing Board. In 2011 she was bestowed membership in the Armenian Association for the Study of English at Yerevan State University which she gave up in 2019. Since 2019 Dr Tovmasyan has been an expert of academic degrees issuing program at Supreme Certifying Committee of Armenia and a standing member of 009 “Foreign Languages” specialized academic council based in Yerevan State University. In November–December 2019 Dr Tovmasyan jointly with the Supreme Certifying Committee initiated and authored "Research Literacy and Integrity" program for PhD students all over Armenia and read a lecture in its scope. Since 2020 Hranush has been an ANQA (National Center for Professional Education Quality Assurance Foundation) expert of higher education accreditation. She has teaching contracts with some local universities.
Throughout her career Hranush has participated in range of conferences and workshops both in Armenia and abroad.
Dr Tovmasyan has authored numerous research publications and a university handbook.
Hranush Tovmasyan has had an active voluntary experience volunteering in Armenia, France and Germany.
Dr Tovmasyan speaks Armenian, English, Russian, Spanish and Italian languages.
Publications
English Studies in Albania. Volume 9, Issue 1, Page 73-84. Anaphoric deixis as presupposition triggerHranush TOVMASYAN, Yerevan Brusov State University of Languages and Social Sciences, Armenia.
Товмасян Г.Ж.Прагмасемантический анализ активаторов пресуппозиций
On Text Coherence via Frame-Based Presuppositions
The Speaking Individual’s Presupposition Base as a Reflection of the Picture of the World and the Linguistic Picture of the World Hranush Tovmasyan Yerevan Bryusov State University of Languages and Social Sciences
Text cohesion via the presupposition base realized through antonymy of language units
Text cohesion via the presupposition base realized through antonymy of language units
Text cohesion via the presupposition base realized through antonymy of language units
EXT COHESION VIA THE PRESUPPOSITION BASE REALIZED THROUGH SYNONYMY OF LEXICAL UNITS TOVMASYAN HRANUSH ZH.
Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
Text cohesion via the presupposition base realized through antonymy of language units
Developing listening skills and pronunciation / by Tovmasyan, H; Kocharyan, M.
ԹովմասյանՀ.Ժ. Տեքստի ներկապակցումը եւ ամբողջականությունը կանխենթադրութային հենքի լեզվական ճանաչողական կառույցների միջոցով
References
1982 births
Living people
Armenian women scientists
Writers from Yerevan
Linguists from Armenia
Armenian translators
Yerevan Brusov State University of Languages and Social Sciences alumni |
Delias salvini is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1882. It is endemic to New Britain (Australasian realm). The name honours Osbert Salvin.
References
External links
Delias at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
salvini
Butterflies described in 1882 |
The World Banana Forum (WBF) is a permanent space of assembly for participants representing the global banana supply-chain to promote an open dialogue on the challenges faced by the banana industry. The secretariat of the WBF is provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
History
The World Banana Forum (WBF) was launched at a conference organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in Rome in 2009 with the participation of some 150 stakeholders from the whole banana sector worldwide. They have formed 3 specialized working groups (WG) to implement practical activities which address the most urgent environmental, social and economic challenges: WG01 on Sustainable Production Systems and Environmental Impact, WG02 on Distribution of Value and WG03 on Labour Rights.
External links
Portal of WBF on Musapedia
Agricultural organisations based in Italy
Banana
Bananas
Food and Agriculture Organization |
The Fort of Santo António (), also known as the Redoubt of Santo António (), is located on the peninsula of Monte Brasil, in the civil parish Sé, in the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo, along the southern coast of Terceira, Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. It is part of the complex of defensive structures of the Fort of São João Baptista, that crossed-fire with the Fort of São Sebastião in the defense of the Bay of Angra.
History
The redoubt was constructed following the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 by the Corregedor of the Açores, Ciprião de Figueiredo e Vasconcelos, from the defensive plans of Tommaso Benedetto (in 1567), after attacks by French corsair Pierre Bertrand de Montluc in Funchal(October 1566), and the 1566 attack and defense of Angra.
"There did not exist at that time [of the Succession Crisis of 1580] anywhere along the coast of the island of Terceira any fortress, except that of São Sebastião, on every southern curtain that had been made some redoubts and stations, in the places susceptible to enemy disembark, under the indication and plan of engineer Tomás Benedito [Tommaso Benedetto], who in his diligence had since the year 1567, after, following the events of 1566, the French, commanded by the terrible pirate Caldeira, barbarously sacked the island of Madeira, and intended to the same on this island, where it appears they were repelled by force of our arms.".
Francisco Ferreira Drummond, registered that:
"One of the fortresses that experience showed of great necessity, was that that Ciprião de Figueiredo ordered built at the point of Monte Brasil, to the east, because near it passed the salvos of the carracks of the armies, without being damaged; because the castle of São Sebastião was distant and closer to land, and in the evening they could come around the mountain to attack, and rob the ships anchored in the port. This fort was given the name Santo Antóino, in the name of new King who was named [António I of Portugal], making its captain Baltasar Gonçalves de Antona, noble citizen of Angra, whom we discussed in the year 1576 was alderman in the council. At the other point in the southern part, erected a fort called Zimbreiro."
In the 1595 engraving "A Cidade de Angra na Ilha Iesu Xpo da Terceira que esta em 30 Graos", by Jan Huygen van Linschoten, the fort was depicted.
In the context of the installation of the Captaincy-General of the Azores, its state was reported in the 1767 dispatch::"17 — Redoubt of Santo António. This redoubt has seven batteries, of which there are found 21 pieces, 18 in bronze...and three of iron, of the same condition: it requires another 12 pieces with its repairs. This is the principal defence, which is at the entrance to the port. In the lower battery the lower wall angle is ruined, requiring repair."
Sousa (1995), in 1822, while writing of the port of Angra referred: "...and [the point of] Santo António in the west, [where there is a castle] of the same force [40 pieces]..."
Architecture
By the 20th century, little of the fort survived; segments of the walls and bunker are the only elements of this redoubt that remain on Monte Brasil.
References
Notes
Sources
*
Fort Santo Antonio Monte Brasil
Santo Antonio Monte Brasil |
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