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Giovanni Battista Naldini (1535–1591) was an Italian painter in a late-Mannerist style, active in Florence and Rome.
Biography
His first apprenticeship (1549–1557) was in the studio of Jacopo Pontormo. He went from Rome for a number of months following 1560, and was recruited to work for Giorgio Vasari in 1562. He painted two crowded, mannerist canvases for the Studiolo of Francesco I in the Palazzo Vecchio: the Allegory of Dreams and the Gathering of Ambergris.
He supplied altarpieces to Santa Maria Novella and Santa Croce. He painted an altarpiece of Calling of Saint Matthew for the Salviati Chapel in San Marco, where he worked alongside Francesco Morandini. Ultimately, he is described by Freedberg as displaying work distantly derivative from the style of Andrea del Sarto, as expressed by Naldini's two mentors and Sarto's two pupils: Pontormo and Vasari. Among his pupils were the Cavalieri Francesco Curradi, Cosimo Gamberucci. and Cosimo Duti.
Naldini painted the cycle of frescoes concerning St John the Baptist in Rome, in the chapel of the saint in the church of Trinità dei Monti in Rome in 1580. The chapel, which was added to the original church during works for the new facade, was built in 1570 by the architect Giovanni Antonio Dosio. In 1573 the Florentine banker Giovanni Battista Altoviti acquired the patronage and dedicated the chapel to St. John the Baptist, the Patron Saint of his city. In about 1580 Giovanni Battista Naldini created the frescoes that are still well-preserved today.
He did a side-altar at San Giovanni Battista Decollato, Rome, the showcase there for the Florentine high Maniera style.
References
1535 births
1591 deaths
16th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian Mannerist painters
Painters from Florence |
Elijah "Whippet" Wheatley (c. 1885–1951), nicknamed because of his small stature, was a British flat racing jockey who won the 1905 Jockeys' Championship.
Career
Apprentice
Wheatley was born in Ilkeston, Derbyshire around 1885. From there, he moved to become apprentice at the yard of William Elsey of Baumber, Lincolnshire.
His career progressed rapidly and in 1905, while still an apprentice, he won 125 races to earn the title of British flat racing Champion Jockey, setting a new record for wins in a year by an apprentice in the process. He was the last Northern-based jockey to win the title until Kevin Darley won in 2000 and the first apprentice ever to win it.
Professional
On completing his apprenticeship, Elijah went to work at Dobson Peacock's stable in Middleham, Yorkshire where success seemed harder to come by. His seasonal win total began to tail off. In 1908, he only had 25 winners, in 1911 only 17. He did have some success though. In 1913, the last full season before the outbreak of World War I, he won his solitary Classic on Night Hawk in the St Leger and had other big race wins including the Portland Handicap at Doncaster on Hornet's Beauty and in the same year, his win total was back up to 79. During this time he also moved into the heart of British horseracing in Newmarket.
An interesting tale about Wheatley is recounted by his fellow jockey, Steve Donoghue. In the 1917 Champion Stakes Donoghue rode Gay Crusader, a horse which needed to be given a lead. Donoghue asked Wheatley, riding Nassovian, whether he might oblige. Wheatley refused, saying he had been given orders by his trainer to wait. All the other jockeys took the same stance, with the result that all four runners stood still at the start. The starter threatened he would report the jockeys to the stewards, they started at a slow canter, then Donoghue had the idea to crack Nassovian on the rear with his whip. Nassovian set off at speed, Gay Crusader tracked him before pulling past and winning comfortably. At the finish, Wheatley was found tending to the gash across his horse's hind quarters. He asked Donoghue, "What am I going to say when the trainer sees me?". Donoghue quipped back, "Tell him you've been promoted to lance-corporal and you've been given your first stripe."
After the war, though, Wheatley's career began to falter again. In 1923, he was kept out of action for most of the season through illness and even though he fully recovered and was riding again the following season, the lean spell continued to the point where "his past exploits would seem to have been almost forgotten" Eventually, Wheatley returned North, where he was once again a big fish in a small pond.
Trainer
Wheatley's next career step took him to Egypt where he spent most of the remainder of his life. In 1933, retired from racing, he was appointed principal trainer to King Fuad. He remained in Egypt until his wife's death in 1951, whereupon he returned home to Ilkeston. He died there in October 1951.
Personal life
Wheatley married twice. His first wife died in the summer of 1912 and shortly after he married actress Maudie Wood, sister of music hall star Marie Lloyd, in Brixton, London.
Major wins
Great Britain
St. Leger – Night Hawk (1913)
Career record
1905 – 125
1906 – not known
1907 – 44
1908 – 25
1909 – 27
1910 – 41
1911 – 17
1912 – 73
1913 – 79
1914 – 45
1915 onwards – not known
References
English jockeys
1951 deaths
British Champion flat jockeys
Year of birth missing
People from Ilkeston |
```javascript
import _ from 'lodash'
export default function parseShowTagValues(response) {
// Currently only supports SHOW TAG VALUES responses that explicitly specify a measurement,
// Ceaning we can safely work with just the first result from the response.
const result = response.results[0]
if (result.error) {
return {errors: [], tags: []}
}
const tags = {}
;(result.series || []).forEach(({columns, values}) => {
values.forEach(v => {
const tagKey = v[columns.indexOf('key')]
const tagValue = v[columns.indexOf('value')]
if (!tags[tagKey]) {
tags[tagKey] = []
}
tags[tagKey].push(tagValue)
})
})
// uniqueness of tag values are no longer guaranteed see showTagValueSpec for example
_.each(tags, (v, k) => {
tags[k] = _.uniq(v).sort()
})
return {errors: [], tags}
}
``` |
```python
from ray.util.annotations import PublicAPI
@PublicAPI(stability="stable")
class RayServeException(Exception):
pass
@PublicAPI(stability="alpha")
class BackPressureError(RayServeException):
"""Raised when max_queued_requests is exceeded on a DeploymentHandle."""
def __init__(self, *, num_queued_requests: int, max_queued_requests: int):
self._message = (
f"Request dropped due to backpressure "
f"(num_queued_requests={num_queued_requests}, "
f"max_queued_requests={max_queued_requests})."
)
super().__init__(self._message)
@property
def message(self) -> str:
return self._message
``` |
The Tarabundí vole (Microtus oaxacensis) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae.
It is found only in Mexico.
References
Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Microtus
Mammals described in 1966
Endemic mammals of Mexico
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Ethan Boyes (November 14, 1978 – April 4, 2023) was an American cyclist who was the holder of a national record for the "flying start".
Early life and education
Boyes was born in Anchorage, Alaska, and had an older and a younger brother; the family later moved to North Carolina, where he studied culinary arts at Johnson & Wales University in Charlotte. He worked in the Virgin Islands, in Southern California, and in the Santa Barbara area as a sous-chef and a chef.
Cycling career
Boyes moved to the San Francisco Bay Area in the early 2000s. He worked as a bicycle courier before entering competitive cycling, initially as a distance cyclist and then as a sprinter. He trained at Hellyer Park Velodrome in San Jose. He won ten USA Cycling national championships in track cycling, in 2015 set a world performance record for the 1,000-meter time trial in the 35–39 age group, and on September 24, 2018 set a national record of 26.461 seconds for the 500-meter track time trial flying start, both current . In 2022 he became Masters' Track World Champion in time trial and sprint in the 40–44 age group and was on the winning team sprint team.
A resident of San Francisco, Boyes died there on April 4, 2023 after a driver struck him while he was riding in the Presidio. He was 44.
See also
2021–22 UCI Track Cycling season
Deaths in 2023
List of United States records in track cycling
References
1970s births
Year of birth uncertain
2023 deaths
American cyclists
Johnson & Wales University alumni
Sportspeople from Anchorage, Alaska
Road incident deaths in California |
```go
package user
import (
"testing"
"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/test"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
)
func TestUserAvatarLink(t *testing.T) {
defer test.MockVariableValue(&setting.AppURL, "path_to_url")()
defer test.MockVariableValue(&setting.AppSubURL, "")()
u := &User{ID: 1, Avatar: "avatar.png"}
link := u.AvatarLink(db.DefaultContext)
assert.Equal(t, "path_to_url", link)
setting.AppURL = "path_to_url"
setting.AppSubURL = "/sub-path"
link = u.AvatarLink(db.DefaultContext)
assert.Equal(t, "path_to_url", link)
}
``` |
These are the results for the 38th edition of the Ronde van Nederland cycling race, which was held from August 25 to August 29, 1998. The race started in Naaldwijk (South Holland) and finished in Landgraaf (Limburg).
Stages
25-08-1998: Naaldwijk-Hoorn, 178.1 km
26-08-1998: Harlingen-Leeuwarden, 197 km
27-08-1998: Leeuwarden-Groningen, 83 km
27-08-1998: Groningen-Groningen (Time Trial), 25.7 km
28-08-1998: Zwolle-Venray, 179.2 km
29-08-1998: Venray-Landgraaf, 237 km
Final classification
External links
Wielersite Results
Ronde van Nederland
1998 in road cycling
Ronde |
The Capture of St Lucia was the result of a campaign from 18–28 December 1778 by British land and naval forces to take over the island, which was a French colony. Britain's actions followed the capture of the British-controlled island of Dominica by French forces in a surprise invasion in September 1778. During the Battle of St. Lucia, the British fleet defeated a French fleet sent to reinforce the island. A few days later French troops were soundly defeated by British troops during the Battle of Morne de la Vigie. Realising that another British fleet would soon arrive with reinforcements, the French garrison surrendered. The remaining French troops were evacuated, and the French fleet returned to Martinique, another French colony. St. Lucia stayed in the hands of the British.
Composition
British Troops
British forces in the battle included:
4th (The King's Own) Regiment of Foot
5th Regiment of Foot
15th Regiment of Foot
27th Regiment of Foot
28th Regiment of Foot
35th Regiment of Foot (The Prince of Orange's Own Regiment)
40th Regiment of Foot
46th Regiment of Foot
49th Regiment of Foot
55th Regiment of Foot
French Troops
French forces in the battle included:
Régiment d'Armagnac (2 Battalions)
Régiment de la Martinique (2 Battalions)
Company from Artillerie Régiment de Metz
Background
France formally recognized the United States on February 6, 1778, with the signing of the Treaty of Alliance. Britain declared war on France on March 17, 1778 spurring France's entry into the American Revolutionary War. On September 7, 1778, the French governor of Martinique, Marquis de Bouille, launched a surprise attack on the British-held Island of Dominica, and took control of the former French colony.
On November 4, Commodore William Hotham was sent from Sandy Hook, New Jersey, to reinforce the British fleet in the West Indies. Hotham sailed with "five men of war, a bomb vessel, some frigates, and a large convoy." The convoy consisted of 59 types of transport carrying 5,000 British soldiers under Major General Grant.
Admiral Samuel Barrington, the British naval commander stationed on the Leeward Islands, joined the newly arrived Commodore Hotham on December 10 on the island of Barbados. Grant's men were not permitted to disembark and spent the next several days aboard their transports. Barrington and Hotham sailed for the French island of St. Lucia on the morning of December 12, with the idea of capturing it and using it as a base for monitoring French activity in the area.
The French Admiral Jean Baptiste Charles Henri Hector Comte d'Estaing had also sailed for the West Indies, departing from the port of Boston, Massachusetts on November 4. However the French fleet was blown off course by a violent storm, preventing it from arriving in the Caribbean ahead of the British.
Invasion
Upon the British ships' arrival on December 13, Major General James Grant ordered Brigadier General William Medows to land with a force of 1,400 at Grand Cul-de-Sac. This force consisted of the flank companies from several regiments and the 5th Foot. They quickly scaled the heights on the north side of the bay and captured an abandoned gun. Brigadier-General Prescott landed shortly afterward with the 27th, 35th, 40th, and 49th Regiments of Foot (approx. 2,000 troops) and guarded the bay.
On December 14, Medows' group took the fort at Morne Fortune and the capital, Castries, while Prescott's force remained in support. The third force of 1600 remained with the fleet under the command of Brigadier General Sir H. Calder. The French governor, Claude-Anne Guy de Micoud, had evacuated into the jungle without a fight, allowing the British to occupy the Carénage Bay, three miles north of Cul de Sac, without losses.
On 13 December Admiral Barrington received news of the imminent arrival of the French Fleet. Barrington placed his transports inside the bay, but behind his battle line which took the entire evening of 14 December. By 1100 hours the next day, most of the transports were safely behind his line
By the evening of December 14, the French fleet under d'Estaing had arrived.
Naval battle
The Battle of St. Lucia or the Battle of the Cul de Sac was fought between the British invasion fleet and French relief fleet on December 15, 1778, for control of the Island of St. Lucia.
Admiral Barrington had organised his line of battle so that Isis and his three frigates (Venus, Aurora, and Ariadne) were close to shore guarding the windward approach, and he placed his flagship, Prince of Wales, toward the leeward.[1] At 1100 hours 15 December Admiral d’Estaing approached St. Lucia with ten ships of the line, and was fired on by one of the shore batteries. D’Estaing then moved to engage Barrington from the rear, and a “warm conflict” raged between the two fleets, with the British supported by two shore batteries.[1] D’Estaing was repulsed but succeeded in reforming his line of battle. At 1600 hours d’Estaing renewed his assault by attacking Barrington’s centre with twelve ships of the line. Again heavy fire was exchanged, but the French were repulsed for a second time.[10]
On 16 December Admiral d’Estaing appeared to be preparing for a third assault against Admiral Barrington’s line, but then sailed away towards the windward.[1] On the evening of 16 December d’Estaing anchored in Gros Islet Bay with "ten frigates and twelve sail of the line, &c."[11]Admiral d’Estaing’s failure to break Barrington’s line on 15 December was a major setback for the French in their efforts to expel the British from St. Lucia.
Battle of La Vigie
On December 18, 1778 a force of 9,000 French troops was landed near Castries, St. Lucia to attack General Medows' smaller force of 1,400. Medows ordered his troops to entrench themselves on a hill located on the neck of the Vigie peninsula. The British force consisted of the grenadier and light infantry companies of the 4th, 5th, 15th, 27th, 28th, 35th, 40th, 46th, and 55th Regiments of Foot.
The French were relatively inexperienced soldiers and were unprepared to fight against experienced, entrenched British infantry who were veterans of fighting in America. They advanced in line on the British force several times. After the third French attack, the British commander, Brigadier General Medows, who had been wounded, realised that ammunition was low and fearing that they would be over-run, addressed his men "Soldiers, as long as you have a bayonet to point against an enemy's breast, defend the colours." But the French did not attack a fourth time.
Despite being heavily outnumbered, the British had inflicted a stinging defeat on the French. French losses amounted to 400 killed and 1100 wounded, whereas British casualties were 25 killed and 255 wounded. After the battle, so regimental tradition states, men of the 5th Regiment took white feathers from the hats of fallen French soldiers and put them in their own hats as battle trophies. Subsequently, white plumes did form part of the uniform of the 5th Northumberland Regiment.
The French forces were now in the unenviable position of having been defeated at sea and on land, and faced the prospect of another British fleet arriving shortly under the command of John Byron. The French garrison surrendered on 28 December.[12], and the remaining French troops embarked on their ships that same night. The French fleet had returning to Martinique by December 30.
Aftermath
St. Lucia became a crucial base for the British fleet for the rest of the war in the Lesser Antilles. It providing a critical resupply point for British ships, and was instrumental in the British success at the Battle of the Saintes in 1782, where the French suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Admiral Rodney.
During the peace negotiations in 1783 the British used the island as a bargaining chip during negotiations with the French. Eventually it was decided that most of the territory captured would be returned, which meant that Dominica was returned to Britain, and St Lucia was returned to France in January 1784,
References
The Capture of Saint Lucia, 26 February 1762
Bibliography
Appleton, D Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography. ,
Jaques, Tony Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E Greenwood 2006
Marley, F. David. Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present ABC-CLIO (1998).
Conflicts in 1778
Battles of the American Revolutionary War
Battles involving France
Battles involving Great Britain
1778 in France
Capture
no:Slaget ved St Lucia |
Yuan Ye (元曄) (509 – 532), courtesy name Huaxing (華興), nickname Penzi (盆子), often known as the Prince of Changguang (長廣王), was briefly an emperor of the Xianbei-led Northern Wei dynasty of China. He was declared emperor by members of the paramount general Erzhu Rong's clan in 530 after Emperor Xiaozhuang had killed Erzhu Rong, and he carried imperial title for several months. However, as a member of the imperial clan who was distant from the lineage of recent emperors (as a descendant of Emperor Wencheng's brother Yuan Zhen (元楨) the Prince of Nan'an, he was not a credible emperor, and in 531, after the Erzhus had prevailed over Emperor Xiaozhuang and put him to death, they forced Yuan Ye to yield the throne to Emperor Xiaozhuang's cousin Yuan Gong the Prince of Guangling, who took the throne as Emperor Jiemin. Emperor Jiemin treated Yuan Ye with respect and created him the Prince of Donghai, a higher title than his prior title of Prince of Changguang, but after Emperor Jiemin and the Erzhus were in turn overthrown by a coalition led by the general Gao Huan and replaced with Emperor Xiaowu, Emperor Xiaowu forced Yuan Ye to commit suicide.
Background
Relatively not much is known about Yuan Ye's early life. His father Yuan Yi (元怡) was a son of Tuoba Zhen (拓拔楨) the Prince of Nan'an, a brother of Emperor Wencheng and son of Tuoba Huang, Emperor Taiwu's crown prince. Tuoba Zhen's line was dishonored after Tuoba Zhen participated in a plot against Emperor Xiaowen's sinicization regime, but Yuan Yi's older brother Yuan Ying (元英) was eventually created the Prince of Zhongshan after he achieved much in the battlefield. Yuan Yi himself was said to be corrupt and violent when serving as the commanding general of the garrison at remote Shanshan (鄯善, in modern Turpan, Xinjiang), and who fled and hid after accusations of such corruption was made against him, dying while in flight sometime between 512 and 515. One of Yuan Yi's sisters married the general Erzhu Rong, and after Erzhu became the paramount general of the empire during the reign of Emperor Xiaozhuang, Yuan Yi was posthumously honored as the Prince of Fufeng.
Yuan Ye himself was not Yuan Yi's oldest son, as he had at least one older brother, Yuan Su (元肅). His mother was Lady Wei, and it is unclear whether she was Yuan Yi's wife or not. Early in Emperor Xiaozhuang's reign, probably on account of his aunt, Yuan Ye was created the Prince of Changguang and made the acting governor of Bing Province (并州, modern central Shanxi), deep in Erzhu Rong's power base. According to the Book of Wei (whose author, Wei Shou, however, might have had an incentive to defame him), he was frivolous and impatient, but physically strong, in his youth.
Becoming emperor
In fall 530, Emperor Xiaozhuang, fearful that Erzhu Rong would eventually seize the throne, ambushed him inside the palace in the capital Luoyang and killed him. Erzhu Rong's wife (Yuan Ye's aunt), along with Erzhu Rong's cousin Erzhu Shilong, fought their way out of Luoyang and headed back north, meeting up with Erzhu Rong's nephew Erzhu Zhao at Zhangzi (長子, in modern Changzhi, Shanxi). They decided to make Yuan Ye emperor, as a competing candidate for the throne against Emperor Xiaozhuang. Yuan Ye created a daughter of Erzhu Zhao empress (although it is not clear whether he had already married her previously, or only married her at that point).
Less than two months later, the Erzhu forces captured Luoyang and arrested Emperor Xiaozhuang. Emperor Xiaozhuang was subsequently delivered to Jinyang (晉陽, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) and killed. Meanwhile, Erzhu Shilong, believing that Yuan Ye's mother Lady Wei would exert political influence, had her assassinated, but staging the assassination to appear as a robbery. Meanwhile, Yuan Ye himself was escorted south toward Luoyang, apparently to take over the throne formally.
However, Erzhu Shilong and his brothers secretly believed that Yuan Ye was too distant in lineage from the recent emperors and lacked sufficient good reputation to be emperor. They made overtures to Yuan Gong the Prince of Guangling, a son of Emperor Xiaowen's brother Yuan Yu (元羽), forcing Yuan Gong to cooperate. When Yuan Ye arrived in Luoyang's vicinity, Erzhu Shilong forced him to yield the throne to Yuan Gong, who took the throne as Emperor Jiemin. (Erzhu Zhao, who was not involved in Erzhu Shilong's plot to replace Yuan Ye with Emperor Jiemin, was initially angered and considered attacking Erzhu Shilong, but calmed down after Erzhu Shilong sent his brother Erzhu Yanbo (爾朱彥伯) to explain the reasoning, and Erzhu Zhao did not carry out any further actions to try to restore Yuan Ye as emperor.)
After removal
Emperor Jiemin created Yuan Ye the Prince of Donghai, a greater title than his original title of Prince of Changguang, and generally treated him with respect. However, Emperor Jiemin lacked much actual power, and the Erzhus remained in control of most of governmental and military affairs, drawing ire from the people for their corruption. The general Gao Huan declared a rebellion against the Erzhus in 531 and declared another member of the imperial clan, Yuan Lang, emperor. By 532, Gao had defeated the Erzhus and imprisoned Emperor Jiemin. Because Yuan Lang was also distant from the lineage of recent emperors, Gao then removed him and replaced him with Yuan Xiu the Prince of Pingyang, a son of Yuan Huai (元懷), a son of Emperor Xiaowen, and Yuan Xiu took the throne as Emperor Xiaowu. In summer 532, Emperor Xiaowu first put Emperor Jiemin to death by poisoning. In winter 532, he similarly put Yuan Ye and Yuan Lang to death, probably by forcing them to commit suicide by poison. Yuan Ye died and his title of Prince of Donghai was not inherited by anyone.
Family
Consorts and Issue:
Princess consort, of the Erzhu clan ()
Unknown
Yuan Liang, Marquis Jinyang ()
Ancestry
References
509 births
532 deaths
6th-century Chinese monarchs
Northern Wei emperors
Murdered Chinese emperors
Suicides in Northern Wei |
Retifusus is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Retimohniidae, the true whelks and the like.
Species
Species within the genus Retifusus include:
Retifusus attenuatus (Golikov & Gulbin, 1977)
Retifusus buccinoides (Dall, 1913)
Retifusus daphnelloides (Okutani, 1964)
Retifusus iturupus (Golikov & Sirenko, 1998)
Retifusus jessoensis (Schrenck, 1863)
Retifusus latericeus (Möller, 1842)
Retifusus laticingulatus Golikov & Gulbin, 1977
Retifusus latiplicatus Kosyan & Kantor, 2014
Retifusus olivaceus (Bartsch, 1929)
Retifusus parvus (Tiba, 1980)
Retifusus roseus (Dall, 1877)
Retifusus similis (Golikov & Gulbin, 1977)
Retifusus toyamanus (Tiba, 1981)
Retifusus virens (Dall, 1877)
Species brought into synonymy
Retifusus brunneus (Dall, 1877): synonym of Retifusus jessoensis (Schrenck, 1863)
Retifusus incisus (Dall, 1919): synonym of Plicifusus olivaceus (Aurivillius, 1885)
Retifusus olivaceus (Aurivillius, 1885): synonym of Plicifusus olivaceus (Aurivillius, 1885)
Retifusus semiplicatus Golikov, 1985: synonym of Retifusus parvus (Tiba, 1980)
Retifusus yanamii (Yokoyama, 1926): synonym of Retifusus virens (Dall, 1877)
References
Dall W.H. (1916). Prodrome of a revision of the chrysodomoid whelks of the boreal and arctic regions. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 29: 7-8.
External links
Kosyan A.R. & Kantor Y.I. (2014). Revision of the genus Retifusus Dall, 1916 (Gastropoda: Buccinidae). Ruthenica. 24(2): 129-172
Retimohniidae |
Anthony Christian Dadzie (9 July 1962) was the Member of Parliament for Abura Asebu Kwamankese in the Central region of Ghana from 2009 to 2016.
Early life and education
Dadzie was born on 9 July 1962 in Amosima in the Central region. He attended University of Cape Coast where he obtained a diploma in Business Studies in 2006. He further went to GIMPA where he had EMPA in 2011.
Career
Dadzie is a member of National Democratic Congress. He became a member of Parliament in 2009. He was a member of the Health and Judiciary committees, Transport Committee and Communications Committee of Parliament of Ghana. He is also served as a board member for National Board for Small Scale Industries (NBSSI) He is an accountant and Financial Officer. He was the Principal Accounting Assistant for Cape Coast Quarry.
Politics
Dadzie first became a member of the Parliament of Ghana in 2009. However, in 2016, he contested in the National Democratic Congress(NDC) parliamentary elections and lost to Samuel Kweku Hayford who then represented the NDC in the 2016 general Elections but also lost to New Patriotic Party's Elvis Morris Donkoh.
Personal life
Dadzie is a Christian (Catholic) and he is married with four children.
References
1962 births
Living people
Ghanaian Roman Catholics
University of Cape Coast alumni
National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians
Ghanaian MPs 2009–2013 |
Sıçan Island () is an islet in the Gulf of Antalya. In the history the islet had a number of names. According to Prof. Mustafa Adak, the oldest name of the islet was Lyrnateia. During the Roman Empire era it was called Attelebussa (grasshopper) . Italian seamen of the Medieval Ages used the name Renathia. Evliya Çelebi the famous Ottoman Empire traveler of the 17th century called the island Güvercin (dove) and Kuş (bird). In the 19th century its name was Rasat (observation)
The islet faces a small fishing port to the west of Antalya at . Its distance to the mainland (Anatolia) to north west is less than . Its surface area is about .There is a ramp from west to east of the islet and the east side is a high cliff. The uninhabited islet is attractive for the divers. The maximum depth in the sandy west coast is . But the depth in the east coast is . There is also an underwater cave in the east.
References
Islands of Turkey
Islands of Antalya Province
Mediterranean islands |
Posthodiplostomum is a genus of flatworms belonging to the family Diplostomidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe, Australia and Northern America.
Species:
Posthodiplostomum brevicaudatum (von Nordmann, 1832)
Posthodiplostomum centrarchi
References
Platyhelminthes |
Cleopatra is a 1963 American epic historical drama film directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, with a screenplay adapted by Mankiewicz, Ranald MacDougall and Sidney Buchman from the 1957 book The Life and Times of Cleopatra by Carlo Maria Franzero, and from histories by Plutarch, Suetonius, and Appian. The film stars Elizabeth Taylor in the eponymous role. Richard Burton, Rex Harrison, Roddy McDowall, and Martin Landau are featured in supporting roles. It chronicles the struggles of Cleopatra, the young queen of Egypt, to resist the imperial ambitions of Rome.
Walter Wanger had long contemplated producing a biographical film about Cleopatra. In 1958, his production company partnered with Twentieth Century Fox to produce the film. Following an extensive casting search, Elizabeth Taylor signed on to portray the title role for a record-setting salary of $1 million. Rouben Mamoulian was hired as director, and the script underwent numerous revisions from Nigel Balchin, Dale Wasserman, Lawrence Durrell, and Nunnally Johnson. Principal photography began at Pinewood Studios on September 28, 1960, but Taylor's health problems delayed further filming. Production was suspended in November after it had gone overbudget with only ten minutes of usable footage.
Mamoulian resigned as director and was replaced by Mankiewicz, who had directed Taylor in Suddenly, Last Summer (1959). Production was re-located to Cinecittà, where filming resumed on September 25, 1961, without a finished shooting script. During filming, a personal scandal made worldwide headlines when it was reported that co-stars Taylor and Richard Burton had an adulterous affair. Filming wrapped on July 28, 1962, and further reshoots were made from February to March 1963.
With the estimated production costs totaling $31 million (not counting the $5 million spent on the aborted British shoot), the film became the most expensive film ever made up to that point and nearly bankrupted the studio. The cost of distribution, print and advertising expenses added a further $13 million to Fox's costs.
Cleopatra premiered at the Rivoli Theatre in New York City on June 12, 1963. It received a generally favorable response from film critics, and became the highest-grossing film of 1963, earning box-office receipts of $57.7 million in the United States and Canada, and one of the highest-grossing films of the decade at a worldwide level. However, the film initially lost money because of its exorbitant production and marketing costs totaling $44 million ($ in ).
It received nine nominations at the 36th Academy Awards, including for Best Picture, and won four: Best Art Direction (Color), Best Cinematography (Color), Best Visual Effects and Best Costume Design (Color).
Plot
After the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, Julius Caesar goes to Egypt, under the pretext of being named the executor of the will of the father of the young Pharaoh Ptolemy XIII and his older sister and co-ruler, Cleopatra. Ptolemy and Cleopatra are in the midst of their own civil war, and she has been driven out of the city of Alexandria. Ptolemy rules alone under the care of his three "guardians": the chief eunuch Pothinus, his tutor Theodotus and General Achillas.
Cleopatra convinces Caesar to restore her throne from Ptolemy. Caesar, in effective control of the kingdom, sentences Pothinus to death for arranging an assassination attempt on Cleopatra, and banishes Ptolemy to the eastern desert, where he and his outnumbered army would face certain death against Mithridates. Cleopatra is crowned queen of Egypt and begins to dream of ruling the world with Caesar, who in turn desires to become king of Rome. They marry, and when their son Caesarion is born, Caesar accepts him publicly, which becomes the talk of Rome and the Senate.
After being made dictator for life, Caesar sends for Cleopatra. She arrives in Rome in a lavish procession and wins the adulation of the Roman people. The Senate grows increasingly discontented amid rumors that Caesar wishes to be made king. On the Ides of March in 44 BC, a group of conspirators assassinate Caesar and flee the city, starting a rebellion. An alliance among Octavian (Caesar's adopted son), Mark Antony (Caesar's right-hand man and general) and Marcus Ameilius Lepidus puts down the rebellion and splits the republic. Cleopatra is angered after Caesar's will recognizes Octavian, rather than Caesarion, as his official heir and returns to Egypt.
While planning a campaign against Parthia in the east, Antony realizes that he needs money and supplies that only Egypt can sufficiently provide. After repeatedly refusing to leave Egypt, Cleopatra acquiesces and meets him on her royal barge in Tarsus. The two begin a love affair. Octavian's removal of Lepidus forces Antony to return to Rome, where he marries Octavian's sister Octavia to prevent political conflict. This enrages Cleopatra. Antony and Cleopatra reconcile and marry, with Antony divorcing Octavia. Octavian, incensed, reads Antony's will to the Roman senate, revealing that Antony wishes to be buried in Egypt. Rome turns against Antony, and Octavian's call for war against Egypt receives a rapturous response. The war is decided at the naval Battle of Actium on September 2, 31 BC, where Octavian's fleet, under the command of Agrippa, defeats the lead ships of the Antony-Egyptian fleet. Assuming Antony is dead, Cleopatra orders the Egyptian forces home. Antony follows her, leaving his fleet leaderless and soon defeated.
Months later, Cleopatra sends Caesarion under disguise out of Alexandria. She also convinces Antony to resume command of his troops and fight Octavian's advancing army. However, Antony's soldiers abandon him during the night. Rufio, the last man loyal to Antony, kills himself. Antony tries to goad Octavian into single combat, but is finally forced to flee into the city. When Antony returns to the palace, Apollodorus, who was in love with Cleopatra himself, tells him she is in her tomb as she had instructed, and lets Antony believe she is dead. Antony falls on his own sword. Apollodorus then confesses that he lied to Antony and assists him to the tomb where Cleopatra and two servants have taken refuge. Antony dies in Cleopatra's arms.
Octavian and his army march into Alexandria with Caesarion's dead body in a wagon. He discovers the dead body of Apollodorus, who had poisoned himself. He then receives word that Antony is dead and Cleopatra is holed up in a tomb. There he offers to allow her to rule Egypt as a Roman province if she accompanies him to Rome. Cleopatra, knowing that her son is dead, agrees to Octavian's terms, including a pledge on the life of her son not to harm herself. After Octavian departs, she orders for her servants to assist with her suicide. Discovering that she was going to kill herself, Octavian and his guards burst into Cleopatra's chamber to find her dead, dressed in gold, along with her servants and the asp that killed her.
Cast
Production
Walter Wanger had long desired to produce a biographical film about Cleopatra. As an undergraduate at Dartmouth College, he first read Théophile Gautier's fantasy novel One of Cleopatra's Nights and Other Fantastic Romances and then Thomas North's 1579 English translation of Plutarch's Lives and William Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra. Wanger had envisioned Cleopatra as "the quintessence of youthful femininity, of womanliness and strength," but it was not until he watched Elizabeth Taylor in A Place in the Sun (1951) that he found his ideal candidate for the role. Around this time, Wanger had discovered through a private detective that his wife, Joan Bennett, was having an affair with her talent agent Jennings Lang. On the afternoon of December 13, 1951, Wanger shot Lang twice after having spotted him with Bennett in a parking lot near MCA. Lang survived, and Wanger, pleading insanity, served four months in prison at the Castaic Honor Farm, north of Los Angeles.
Following his release, Wanger had achieved a career comeback, having produced Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956) and I Want to Live! (1958), in which Susan Hayward won the Academy Award for Best Actress. He would soon return to his dream project of a Cleopatra biographical film.
Development
Wanger pitched the idea to various film studios, including Monogram and RKO Pictures. He also approached Taylor and her husband Michael Todd about producing the project with United Artists. Taylor expressed interest in the project but delegated the decision to Todd. Meanwhile, Twentieth Century Fox was in financial trouble following its severe box office losses of The Barbarian and the Geisha, A Certain Smile and The Roots of Heaven, all released in 1958. To reverse the studio's fortunes, studio president Spyros Skouras requested that studio executive David Brown find a viable project that would be a "big picture." Brown suggested a remake of Cleopatra (1917), which had starred Theda Bara.
In the fall of 1958, Wanger's production company entered into a coproduction agreement with Twentieth Century Fox. Wanger pitched four properties—Cleopatra, Justine, The Dud Avocado, and The Fall—for the executives to consider. They selected the first three, and Cleopatra would be the first to enter into production. On September 15, Wanger purchased the screen rights to Carlo Mario Franzero's biography The Life and Times of Cleopatra. On September 30, Skouras held his first meeting with Wanger, and asked his secretary to retrieve the screenplay for the 1917 version of Cleopatra. Skouras insisted, "All this needs is a little rewriting. Just give me this over again and we'll make a lot of money." Because the original screenplay had been written for a silent film, the script mostly contained instructions for camera setups.
In December 1958, Ludi Claire, a writer and former actress, was hired to write a rough draft of the script. That same month, art director John DeCuir was hired to produce conceptual artwork to illustrate the visual scale of the project. In March 1959, English author Nigel Balchin was hired to write another script draft. Meanwhile, Wanger had approached Alfred Hitchcock to direct the film, having worked with him on Foreign Correspondent (1940), but Hitchcock declined. Skouras then selected Rouben Mamoulian, who had worked with Wanger on Applause (1929), to direct. With Mamoulian as director, Balchin's script pleased neither him nor Taylor, who felt that the first act was forced and that Cleopatra lacked sufficient characterization. Based on his recently aired I, Don Quixote episode in the CBS anthology series DuPont Show of the Month, Dale Wasserman was selected to complete the final draft. Wanger instructed him to focus all attention on Cleopatra as the central role. Wasserman recounted that he had never met Taylor, so he watched her earlier films to better acquaint himself with her acting style. In the spring of 1960, English novelist Lawrence Durrell was hired to rewrite the script.
Casting
At a meeting, in October 1958, production head Buddy Adler favored a relatively cheap production of $2 million, with one of Fox's contract actresses, such as Joan Collins (who tested extensively for the part), Joanne Woodward or model Suzy Parker, in the title role. Wanger protested, envisioning a much more opulent epic with a voluptuous actress as Cleopatra. Wanger suggested Susan Hayward while Audrey Hepburn, Sophia Loren, and Gina Lollobrigida were also under consideration. When Mamoulian was hired to direct, he had offered the title role to Dorothy Dandridge, an African American, during a lunch meeting at the Romanoff's restaurant in Beverly Hills. Dandridge replied, "You won't have the guts to go through with this... They are going to talk you out of it."
In September 1959, Wanger contacted Taylor again on the set of Suddenly, Last Summer (1959), and Taylor asked for a record-setting contract of $1 million ($ in ) plus ten percent of the box-office gross. On October 15, a contract-signing event was staged inside Adler's office where Taylor signed blank papers because the real contract would not be ready for months. Wanger had considered Laurence Olivier and Rex Harrison for the role of Julius Caesar, and Richard Burton for Mark Antony. However, the studios refused to approve Harrison and Burton. On July 28, 1960, Taylor signed a real contract. It was also stipulated that the film would be shot in Europe and in the Todd-AO format, developed by Taylor's late husband Mike Todd, which ensured that Taylor would receive additional royalties.
In January 1960, Stephen Boyd was approached by Wanger about being cast as Mark Antony, but felt he was too young for the role. In August 1960, Boyd was cast as Mark Antony, Peter Finch as Julius Caesar and Keith Baxter as Octavian. Mamoulian had also cast Elisabeth Welch to portray one of Cleopatra's handmaidens.
Filming
Production under Rouben Mamoulian
With Mamoulian as director, construction on the Alexandria exteriors was already under way on the studio's backlot. London was also seen as a viable choice for hosting the production. The Eady Levy had offered financial incentives to American film studios as long as a certain percentage of the primary cast and production crew were English. There, the production would be supervised by Robert Goldstein, the studio's foreign head of production. A number of other countries, including Turkey and Egypt, were considered for exterior locations.
In 1960, Adler entered into a coproduction deal with Italian producer Lionello Santi, who had recently completed a foreign-language version of Cleopatra that the studio purchased to keep away from the American market. Mamoulian traveled to Italy for location scouting and reported back the difficulties upon shooting there. Furthermore, the impending Rome Summer Olympics threatened to complicate filming accommodations. On April 20, 1960, Santi issued a full-page ad in Variety announcing his forthcoming production of Cleopatra without mentioning Twentieth Century Fox's involvement. Angered, Adler shifted the entire production to Pinewood Studios (England). On July 11, Adler died from cancer, and was replaced by Goldstein. Skouras asked Wanger to assume Goldstein's former position, but months later, he was replaced by Sid Rogell. Meanwhile, Wanger cautioned about shooting in England in a July 15 memo, stating that the weather conditions could jeopardize Taylor's health and that the labor force was insufficient. However, Fox management overruled his decision.
Principal photography began at Pinewood Studios on September 28, 1960. On the same day, the British hairdressers' union threatened to leave production, as Taylor had brought Sydney Guilaroff, an American hairstylist. A settlement was reached that Guilaroff would be allowed to style Taylor's hair, but only at her Dorchester suite. Taylor shot a scene in 40-degree weather and fell sick with a sore throat, rendering her unable to work for two weeks. Mamoulian was then forced to proceed filming without Taylor, instead shooting scenes with Finch and Boyd. Taylor's cold soon progressed into a lingering fever, and for the next few weeks, she was treated by several doctors, including Lord Evans, Queen Elizabeth II's physician. On November 13, Taylor's fever reached 103 degrees and she was diagnosed with meningitis. By November 19, Wanger indefinitely postponed shooting, giving studio employees two weeks' notice until Taylor's health recovered. Taylor remained hospitalized for a week and then flew to Palm Springs, Florida, with husband Eddie Fisher to recuperate. The Lloyd's of London insurance agency paid $2 million to cover Taylor's medical expenses.
During the pause in filming, Nunnally Johnson was hired to write a new script. Johnson wrote a 75-page draft for the first half of the film, mostly involving Cleopatra and Julius Caesar, that was similar in its tone to that of Cecil B. DeMille's Cleopatra (1934) and Caesar and Cleopatra (1945). Filming resumed on January 3, 1961, but Mamoulian was dissatisfied with Johnson's script. Taylor, who expressed similar displeasure, then appealed for Paddy Chayefsky to write a new script. Chayefsky demurred, saying that a rewrite would take six months. After sixteen weeks of filming and costs of $7 million, the crew had produced just ten minutes of usable film. Skouras blamed Mamoulian for the production having exceeded its budget. On January 18, 1961, Mamoulian resigned as director.
Mankiewicz takes over
To replace Mamoulian, Taylor announced that she would approve either George Stevens, who had directed her in A Place in the Sun, or Joseph L. Mankiewicz, who had directed her in Suddenly, Last Summer (1959). At the time, Mankiewicz was developing a film adaptation of the novel Justine, which was also a Wanger production. He initially declined the offer, but after meeting with Skouras and his agent Charles K. Feldman at the Colony Restaurant, he agreed to write and direct the project.
As an additional incentive, Skouras acquired Figaro, Inc., Mankiewicz's independent production company, for $3 million. In addition to his salary as writer and director, Mankiewicz received $1.5 million from the purchase, while his partner, NBC, received the other half. Having directed Julius Caesar (1953), Mankiewicz expressed his displeasure with the shooting script, stating it was "unreadable and unshootable." Mankiewicz also described Cleopatra's depiction as a "strange, frustrating mixture of an American soap-opera virgin and an hysterical Slavic vamp of the type Nazimova used to play." Because of this, he asked to rewrite the script from scratch, and the studio allowed him two months.
By February 1961, Mankiewicz had conceived a "modern, psychiatrically rooted concept of the film," envisioning Marc Antony's self-destruction because of his "inability to match [Julius] Caesar." Within one month, Lawrence Durrell and Sidney Buchman were recruited to collaborate with Mankiewicz on the new script. Story conferences were held with the three writers, and Durrell and Buchman then separately wrote "story-step" outlines. Mankiewicz would expand their outlines into a new script. Mankiewicz consulted the relevant sources, adapting historical literature written by Plutarch and Petronius. In late April, Mankiewicz had grown displeased with Durrell's work, while Buchman was instructed to complete an outline for the film. By then, Buchman's outline only covered the first quarter of the film. Mankiewicz had petitioned for playwrights Lillian Hellman or Paul Osborn to help finish the script, but Wanger hired screenwriter Ranald MacDougall.
Filming was set to resume on April 4, 1961. However, on March 4, Taylor was hospitalized again for pneumonia, and one news agency erroneously reported that she had died. She recovered after a tracheotomy was performed on her throat. On March 14, Twentieth Century Fox suspended production at Pinewood Studios. The sets were dismantled at the cost of $600,000. Skouras then decided to relocate the production to the studio's backlot in California. Meanwhile, Mankiewicz temporarily left his writing duties and scouted for suitable filming locations in Rome and Egypt. In June, Mankiewicz returned to the studio to report some Italian locations he had found, but was not eager to shoot in Egypt. On June 30, Skouras reversed his decision and agreed to allow Mankiewicz shoot the film at Cinecittà in Rome, where the sound stages had been occupied for the studio's television series and George Stevens's The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965).
Casting and personnel changes
During the interim, Finch and Boyd had left the production for other commitments, and each was paid his remaining salary. Laurence Olivier and Trevor Howard had turned down the role of Julius Caesar. Rex Harrison, who was the studio's fourth choice, was then cast. Mankiewicz then suggested Marlon Brando as Mark Antony, but Richard Burton landed the role after Taylor had seen him as King Arthur in the Broadway musical Camelot. Twentieth Century Fox paid Burton $250,000 plus $50,000 to buy out his contract. Roddy McDowall, who was also appearing in Camelot, was cast as Octavian. Mankiewicz had also insisted on casting John Valva, McDowall's close friend, creating an original character named Valvus. By mid-September 1961, Canadian actor Hume Cronyn, several American actors, including Martin Landau and Carroll O'Connor, and several English actors, such as Kenneth Haigh, Robert Stephens and Michael Hordern, were cast in supporting roles.
Jack Hildyard had resigned as cinematographer when Mamoulian agreed to step down as director. He was replaced by Leon Shamroy. Shamroy had been the director of photography on The Robe, the first movie shot in CinemaScope, and had shot South Pacific in the Todd-AO widescreen process that was being used in Cleopatra. (Shamroy would win his fourth Oscar for the film.) In January 1962, Andrew Marton was brought in as second-unit director, replacing Ray Kellogg. Marton had worked on the first initial shoot. John DeCuir was still kept as production designer.
Filming resumes in Rome
On September 25, 1961, principal photography began on the revamped production of Cleopatra. Mankiewicz had expressed his intention of directing a two-part epic: "I had in mind two separate but closely linked Elizabeth Taylor films—Caesar and Cleopatra and Antony and Cleopatra—each to run three hours, both segments to receive simultaneous release. Moreover, I felt compelled to undertake the writing of both halves myself, a measure of my total dissatisfaction with the material that had been produced to date."
At that time, he had completed 132 pages of the shooting script, with another 195 pages that remained to be written, so Mankiewicz shot the film in sequence, leaving several actors waiting indefinitely until their scenes were ready to be shot. For the first few months of filming, he filmed scenes during the daytime and wrote the script at night, resorting to amphetamine injections and wearing protective gloves because he contracted dermatitis in both hands. Overwhelmed, in February 1962, Mankiewicz rehired MacDougall to script several battle scenes (particularly those of Moongate and Actium) and the final 50 remaining pages of the second half.
On January 22, 1962, Taylor and Burton filmed their first scene together. Wanger observed in his journal: "There comes a time during the making of a movie when the actors become the characters they play... It was quiet, and you could almost feel the electricity between Liz and Burton." By February, news of the love affair made headlines worldwide; as both were married to others, the news brought bad publicity to the already troubled production.
By late May, most of the palace scenes were finished, but the remaining sequences, including those of the Battle of Pharsalus and Actium, the arrival of Cleopatra in Tarsus, and Antony's confrontation with Octavian's legions, were not yet filmed. Some of these sequences were to be shot in Egypt. Back in California, Fox had posted an annual loss for fiscal year 1961, with blame directed at the looming production costs of Cleopatra. As a result, Skouras assured shareholders that he was preparing to take "drastic measures" to reduce expenditures, which was followed by the cancellation of the Marilyn Monroe film Something's Got to Give.
From June 1–5, Fox executives Peter Levathes, Otto Koegel and Joseph Moskowitz, whom Wanger jokingly named as the "Three Wise Men," arrived on set to cancel the scheduled shoot of the Battle of Pharsalus. The committee informally fired Wanger by discontinuing his salary and expense account, demanded that Taylor's salary be terminated on June 9, and that all filming be halted by June 30. Mankiewicz refused to commit to the new terms, and sent a memo to then-studio chairman Samuel Rosenman requesting for Taylor's availability to be extended. In response, Rosenman permitted Taylor to work until June 23. On June 12, Wanger's "firing" was first reported by columnist Earl Wilson. Mankiewicz had read Wilson's column, and asked Lewis "Doc" Merman, the studio's production manager, to assume Wanger's position and thereby reinstate the filming of several sequences that were cut. Taylor and Burton, angered over Wanger's dismissal, had planned to protest unless Wanger was reinstated. Back in Los Angeles, Merman consulted with Levathes, in which they both agreed that Wanger would remain as producer.
In haste, the filming unit re-located to Ischia, off the coast of Italy where the battle of Actium was shot. The scene of Cleopatra's arrival aboard her barge in Tarsus was completed on June 23, which was Taylor's last day on set. On June 26, 1962, Skouras announced his resignation as studio president, effective on September 30. On July 25, Darryl F. Zanuck was elected as the new president of Fox, while Skouras became the new chairman of the board. Zanuck then fired Levathes, replacing him with his son Richard D. Zanuck. Principal photography ended on July 28, with the final location scenes in Egypt.
Post-production
Post-production work on Cleopatra had left the film's editorial team with of exposed footage. In Los Angeles, Mankiewicz and his editor Dorothy Spencer prepared a rough cut that ran five hours and 20 minutes. On August 31, 1962, Zanuck wrote to Mankiewicz stating he wanted to see a completed first cut and a progress report no later than the first week of October. On October 13, Mankiewicz arranged a private screening of the film's four-and-a-half hour rough cut for Zanuck in Paris. According to Zanuck's account, he was shocked after having seen the first cut, and asked "to see the sequences that had been cut and decided some of them should be restored, but I found to my astonishment that no loops had been made for certain eliminated episodes." Another account states Zanuck felt the rough cut was "beautifully written, beautifully directed, and beautifully staged", but was dissatisfied with the battle sequences. They finished the screening on Sunday morning, October 14. After the screening was over, Zanuck rejected Mankiewicz's plea to distribute Cleopatra in two separate installments, believing audiences interested in the Taylor–Burton affair would not attend the first installment. He was further displeased with Cleopatra's dominance over Mark Antony, remarking: "If any woman behaved towards me like Cleopatra treated Antony, I would cut her balls off."
Alternately, DeCuir, who was present after the screening, stated Zanuck asked for the film to be "cut to three hours and fifteen minutes." Zanuck canceled the scheduled meeting for the next day, at which it was planned to discuss the film more in detail and departed from Paris. Meanwhile, Mankiewicz continued the dubbing sessions with Taylor and Burton. For several days, Zanuck ignored Mankiewicz's calls for another meeting, to which Mankiewicz later learned that Zanuck had hired editor and director Elmo Williams to supervise the completion and final editing of the film. Working to insert the deleted sequences, Williams had spent three consecutive 16-hour days, removing a total of 33 minutes from the original four-hour cut. Williams explained: "When he [Mankiewicz] first saw my version, he began ranting and raving and carrying on. He had finally given up the idea of releasing the picture as two separate films, but he hadn't counted on the released version being reduced in length." According to Zanuck, Mankiewicz had grown angry and demanded the sole responsibility of editing the film. Mankiewicz, however, denied there was any direct confrontation, stating their disagreements were exchanged through letters.
On October 20, Mankiewicz sent a letter to Zanuck requesting an "honest and unequivocal statement of where I stand in relation to Cleopatra." A day later, Zanuck issued a nine-page response, blaming him for the film's excessive production costs. He further concluded: "On completion of the dubbing, your official services will be terminated ... If you are available and willing, I will call upon you to screen the re-edited version of the film." Zanuck subsequently issued a press release stating, "In exchange for top compensation and a considerable expense account, Mr. Joseph Mankiewicz has for two years spent his time, talent, and $35,000,000 of 20th Century-Fox's shareholders' money to direct and complete the first cut of the film Cleopatra. He has earned a well-deserved rest."
Mankiewicz's dismissal from the project was harshly criticized by Taylor and Burton. Taylor responded, "What has happened to Mr. Mankiewicz is disgraceful, degrading, particularly humiliating. I am terribly upset." Burton separately telephoned, "I think Mr. Mankiewicz might have made the first really good epic film. Now Cleopatra may be in trouble."
On October 30, Mankiewicz flew back to his East Side townhouse where he held a press conference, insisting he had "never demanded control" nor disputed the studio's right to the final word on the finished cut. Instead, he stated he had "wanted to present the film to Fox and/or Zanuck as I saw it and be permitted to discuss with him my ideas for the picture."
On December 7, The New York Times reported that Mankiewicz would likely rejoin the production after having an "extremely constructive" conference with Zanuck. Both had agreed that new scenes with Harrison and Burton were needed for the film. Zanuck explained that he would "bend over backwards, artistically so that I wouldn't have to exercise [my rights as president] unless it became absolutely essential. Joe accepted that, took the scenes that I had blocked out crudely and roughly, went to work with them and wrote them." The new sequences included those meant to strengthen Antony's character so he would stand up to Cleopatra. With Mankiewicz reinstated as director, he partially restored several deleted sequences, including scenes of Sosigenes tutoring Cleopatra. In February 1963, several members of the cast, along with 1,500 extras, were called back to reshoot the Battle of Pharsalus in Almería, Spain. Mankiewicz then returned to London for eight consecutive days to reshoot new scenes with Burton at Pinewood Studios. The retakes primarily concerned Antony's scenes with his fourth wife Octavia and his companion, Rufio. On March 5, 1963, filming was finally completed.
Music
The music of Cleopatra was scored by Alex North. It was released several times, first as an original album, and later versions were extended. The most popular of these was the Deluxe Edition or 2001 Varèse Sarabande album.
Release
Cleopatra premiered at the Rivoli Theatre in New York City on June 12, 1963, with an estimated audience of 10,000 spectators congregated outside. Among those present at the premiere were Rex Harrison, Walter Wanger, Joseph L. Mankiewicz, Darryl F. Zanuck, Jacob Javits, Richard Rodgers, Joan Fontaine, Louis Nizer and Beatrice Miller. Burton and Taylor were not in attendance; Taylor was in London and Burton was filming Becket (1964). Top ticket prices at the Rivoli were a record $5.50. Soon after the film's premiere, its running time was truncated from 244 to 221 minutes. Two weeks after opening in New York, the film's release was expanded into 37 cities. For its general release in the United States, the film's running time was 184 minutes.
Home media
Cleopatra has been released on home video on several occasions. The film was released on videocassette by 20th Century-Fox Video in 1982. A three-disc DVD edition was released in 2001. The release included numerous supplemental features, including the two-hour documentary Cleopatra: The Film That Changed Hollywood.
Schawn Belston, senior vice president of library and technical services at Fox, led a two-year process that restored a four-hour, eight-minute version in 2013. The original 65-mm camera negative was located and used as a source. Fading and damage to the negative were corrected digitally but with care to preserve detail and authenticity. Belston's team also possessed the original magnetic print masters, from which they removed clicks and hisses and created a 5.1 surround sound track.
On May 21, 2013, the restored film was shown at a special screening at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival to commemorate the film's 50th anniversary. It was later released as a 50th-anniversary version available on DVD and Blu-ray. Since Fox had long ago destroyed the negatives of the outtakes and portions of scenes that were cut during editing of the film, traditional outtakes could not be included. The home-media packages did include commentary tracks and two short films: The Cleopatra Papers and a 1963 film about the elaborate sets, The Fourth Star of Cleopatra.
Reception
Critical response
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called Cleopatra "one of the great epic films of our day," crediting Mankiewicz for "his fabrication of characters of colorfulness and depth, who stand forth as thinking, throbbing people against a background of splendid spectacle, that gives vitality to this picture and is the key to its success." Vincent Canby, reviewing for Variety, wrote that Cleopatra is "not only a supercolossal eye-filler (the unprecedented budget shows in the physical opulence throughout), but it is also a remarkably literate cinematic recreation of an historic epoch." For the Los Angeles Times, Philip K. Scheuer felt Cleopatra was "a surpassingly beautiful film and a drama that need not hide its literate, intelligent face because it happens to have been written, not by Shakespeare or Shaw, but by three fellows named Joseph L. Mankiewicz, who also directed it, Ranald MacDougall and Sidney Buchman. These are, at any rate, the names on the screen credits, and they have done their job with integrity."
Time magazine harshly wrote: "As drama and as cinema, Cleopatra is riddled with flaws. It lacks style both in image and in action. Never for an instant does it whirl along on wings of epic elan; generally it just bumps from scene to ponderous scene on the square wheels of exposition." James Powers of The Hollywood Reporter wrote "Cleopatra is not a great movie. But it is primarily a vast, popular entertainment that sidesteps total greatness for broader appeal. This is not an adverse criticism, but a notation of achievement." Claudia Cassidy of the Chicago Tribune summarized Cleopatra as a "huge and disappointing film." Of the cast, she lauded "Rex Harrison's brilliantly quizzical Caesar, the best written role in Joseph Mankiewicz's erratic script, and haunted by Richard Burton's tragic Marc Antony, an actor's triumph over a writer's mediocrity. And with a prodigal gesture of futility, all of it is focused on Elizabeth Taylor, hopelessly out of her depth as a fishwife Cleopatra."
Penelope Houston, reviewing for Sight & Sound, acknowledged that Mankiewicz tried "to make this a film about people and their emotions rather than a series of sideshows. But for this ambition to hold up, over the film's great footage, he needed a visual style which would be more than merely illustrative, dialogue really worth speaking, and actors altogether more persuasive. As the sets seem to grow bigger and bigger, so progressively the actors dwindle." Judith Crist, in her review for the New York Herald Tribune, concurred: "So grand and grandiose are the sets that the characters are dwarfed, and so wide is his screen that this concentration on character results in a strangely static epic in which the overblown close-ups are interrupted at best by a pageant or dance, more often by unexciting bits and pieces of exits, entrances, marches or battles." Even Elizabeth Taylor found it wanting, saying, "They had cut out the heart, the essence, the motivations, the very core, and tacked on all those battle scenes. It should have been about three large people, but it lacked reality and passion. I found it vulgar."
The New York Times estimated that 80% of reviews in the United States were favorable but only 20% of reviews in Europe were positive. American film critic Emanuel Levy wrote retrospectively: "Much maligned for various reasons, [...] Cleopatra may be the most expensive movie ever made, but certainly not the worst, just a verbose, muddled affair that is not even entertaining as a star vehicle for Taylor and Burton." Billy Mowbray of British television channel Film4 remarked that the film is "[a] giant of a movie that is sometimes lumbering, but ever watchable thanks to its uninhibited ambition, size and glamour."
Box office
Three weeks into its theatrical release, Cleopatra became the number-one box office film in the United States, grossing $725,000 in 17 key cities. It held the top position for the next twelve weeks before being dethroned by The V.I.P.s, which also starred Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton. It recaptured the number-one spot three weeks later, and proved to be the highest-grossing film of 1963. By January 1964, the film had earned $15.7 million in distributor rentals from 55 theaters in the United States and Canada. It finished its box-office run with $26 million in rentals in the United States and Canada. The film was also a major hit in Italy, where it sold 10.9 million tickets. It sold a further 5.4 million tickets in France and Germany, and 32.9million tickets in the Soviet Union when it was released there in 1978.
By March 1966, Cleopatra had earned worldwide rentals of $38.04 million, leaving it $3 million short of breaking even. Fox eventually recouped its investment that same year when it sold the television broadcast rights to ABC for $5 million, a then-record amount paid for a single film. The film ultimately earned $40.3 million in worldwide rentals from its theatrical run.
Awards and nominations
The film won four Academy Awards and was nominated for five more. It also earned Elizabeth Taylor a Guinness World Record for the most costume changes in a film (65). This record was eclipsed in 1968 by Julie Andrews with 125 costume changes in the film Star!.
20th Century-Fox mistakenly submitted Roddy McDowall to the Motion Picture Academy for consideration as Best Actor, rather than as Best Supporting Actor, for the Academy Awards. The Academy deemed his role ineligible for a leading actor category and told the studio it was too late to submit him in the correct category because the nomination ballots had already been sent to the printers. 20th Century-Fox then published an open apology to McDowall in trade papers, stating, "We feel it is important that the industry realize that your electric performance as Octavian in Cleopatra, which was unanimously singled out by the critics as one of the best supporting performances by an actor this year, is not eligible for a nomination in that category... due to a regrettable error on the part of 20th Century Fox."
See also
List of American films of 1963
Roman Republic
Ancient Egypt
Ptolemaic dynasty
Sword-and-sandal
Lists of historical films
List of films set in ancient Rome
Asterix and Cleopatra
References
Bibliography
External links
1963 films
1960s biographical drama films
1960s historical drama films
1960s historical romance films
1963 romantic drama films
20th Century Fox films
American biographical drama films
American epic films
American historical drama films
American historical romance films
American romantic drama films
Depictions of Augustus on film
Depictions of Cleopatra on film
Depictions of Julius Caesar on film
Depictions of Mark Antony on film
Cultural depictions of Germanicus
Drama films based on actual events
1960s English-language films
Films based on Antony and Cleopatra
Films based on multiple works
Films directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Films produced by Walter Wanger
Films scored by Alex North
Films set in ancient Alexandria
Films set in ancient Egypt
Films set in ancient Rome
Films set in Egypt
Films set in the 1st century BC
Films shot at Cinecittà Studios
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films shot in Almería
Films shot in Egypt
Films shot in Los Angeles County, California
Films shot in Naples
Films shot in Rome
Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award
Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
Films with screenplays by Sidney Buchman
Films with screenplays by Ranald MacDougall
Films with screenplays by Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award
Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award
Final War of the Roman Republic films
Historical epic films
Liberators' civil war films
Romance films based on actual events
Romantic epic films
War romance films
1960s American films |
```javascript
/**
* @author Marton Csordas
* See LICENSE file in root directory for full license.
*/
'use strict'
const path = require('path')
const casing = require('../utils/casing')
const utils = require('../utils')
const RESERVED_NAMES_IN_VUE3 = new Set(
require('../utils/vue3-builtin-components')
)
module.exports = {
meta: {
type: 'suggestion',
docs: {
description: 'require component names to be always multi-word',
categories: ['vue3-essential', 'vue2-essential'],
url: 'path_to_url
},
schema: [
{
type: 'object',
properties: {
ignores: {
type: 'array',
items: { type: 'string' },
uniqueItems: true,
additionalItems: false
}
},
additionalProperties: false
}
],
messages: {
unexpected: 'Component name "{{value}}" should always be multi-word.'
}
},
/** @param {RuleContext} context */
create(context) {
/** @type {Set<string>} */
const ignores = new Set()
ignores.add('App')
ignores.add('app')
for (const ignore of (context.options[0] && context.options[0].ignores) ||
[]) {
ignores.add(ignore)
if (casing.isPascalCase(ignore)) {
// PascalCase
ignores.add(casing.kebabCase(ignore))
}
}
let hasVue = utils.isScriptSetup(context)
let hasName = false
/**
* Returns true if the given component name is valid, otherwise false.
* @param {string} name
* */
function isValidComponentName(name) {
if (ignores.has(name) || RESERVED_NAMES_IN_VUE3.has(name)) {
return true
}
const elements = casing.kebabCase(name).split('-')
return elements.length > 1
}
/**
* @param {Expression | SpreadElement} nameNode
*/
function validateName(nameNode) {
if (nameNode.type !== 'Literal') return
const componentName = `${nameNode.value}`
if (!isValidComponentName(componentName)) {
context.report({
node: nameNode,
messageId: 'unexpected',
data: {
value: componentName
}
})
}
}
return utils.compositingVisitors(
utils.executeOnCallVueComponent(context, (node) => {
hasVue = true
if (node.arguments.length !== 2) return
hasName = true
validateName(node.arguments[0])
}),
utils.executeOnVue(context, (obj) => {
hasVue = true
const node = utils.findProperty(obj, 'name')
if (!node) return
hasName = true
validateName(node.value)
}),
utils.defineScriptSetupVisitor(context, {
onDefineOptionsEnter(node) {
if (node.arguments.length === 0) return
const define = node.arguments[0]
if (define.type !== 'ObjectExpression') return
const nameNode = utils.findProperty(define, 'name')
if (!nameNode) return
hasName = true
validateName(nameNode.value)
}
}),
{
/** @param {Program} node */
'Program:exit'(node) {
if (hasName) return
if (!hasVue && node.body.length > 0) return
const fileName = context.getFilename()
const componentName = path.basename(fileName, path.extname(fileName))
if (
utils.isVueFile(fileName) &&
!isValidComponentName(componentName)
) {
context.report({
messageId: 'unexpected',
data: {
value: componentName
},
loc: { line: 1, column: 0 }
})
}
}
}
)
}
}
``` |
```python
#
#
# path_to_url
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# ==============================================================================
"""SSDFeatureExtractor for Keras MobilenetV1 features."""
import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
from object_detection.meta_architectures import ssd_meta_arch
from object_detection.models import feature_map_generators
from object_detection.models.keras_models import mobilenet_v1
from object_detection.utils import ops
from object_detection.utils import shape_utils
class SSDMobileNetV1KerasFeatureExtractor(
ssd_meta_arch.SSDKerasFeatureExtractor):
"""SSD Feature Extractor using Keras MobilenetV1 features."""
def __init__(self,
is_training,
depth_multiplier,
min_depth,
pad_to_multiple,
conv_hyperparams,
freeze_batchnorm,
inplace_batchnorm_update,
use_explicit_padding=False,
use_depthwise=False,
num_layers=6,
override_base_feature_extractor_hyperparams=False,
name=None):
"""Keras MobileNetV1 Feature Extractor for SSD Models.
Args:
is_training: whether the network is in training mode.
depth_multiplier: float depth multiplier for feature extractor.
min_depth: minimum feature extractor depth.
pad_to_multiple: the nearest multiple to zero pad the input height and
width dimensions to.
conv_hyperparams: A `hyperparams_builder.KerasLayerHyperparams` object
containing convolution hyperparameters for the layers added on top of
the base feature extractor.
freeze_batchnorm: Whether to freeze batch norm parameters during
training or not. When training with a small batch size (e.g. 1), it is
desirable to freeze batch norm update and use pretrained batch norm
params.
inplace_batchnorm_update: Whether to update batch norm moving average
values inplace. When this is false train op must add a control
dependency on tf.graphkeys.UPDATE_OPS collection in order to update
batch norm statistics.
use_explicit_padding: Use 'VALID' padding for convolutions, but prepad
inputs so that the output dimensions are the same as if 'SAME' padding
were used.
use_depthwise: Whether to use depthwise convolutions. Default is False.
num_layers: Number of SSD layers.
override_base_feature_extractor_hyperparams: Whether to override
hyperparameters of the base feature extractor with the one from
`conv_hyperparams`.
name: A string name scope to assign to the model. If 'None', Keras
will auto-generate one from the class name.
"""
super(SSDMobileNetV1KerasFeatureExtractor, self).__init__(
is_training=is_training,
depth_multiplier=depth_multiplier,
min_depth=min_depth,
pad_to_multiple=pad_to_multiple,
conv_hyperparams=conv_hyperparams,
freeze_batchnorm=freeze_batchnorm,
inplace_batchnorm_update=inplace_batchnorm_update,
use_explicit_padding=use_explicit_padding,
use_depthwise=use_depthwise,
num_layers=num_layers,
override_base_feature_extractor_hyperparams=
override_base_feature_extractor_hyperparams,
name=name)
self._feature_map_layout = {
'from_layer': ['Conv2d_11_pointwise', 'Conv2d_13_pointwise', '', '',
'', ''][:self._num_layers],
'layer_depth': [-1, -1, 512, 256, 256, 128][:self._num_layers],
'use_explicit_padding': self._use_explicit_padding,
'use_depthwise': self._use_depthwise,
}
self.classification_backbone = None
self._feature_map_generator = None
def build(self, input_shape):
full_mobilenet_v1 = mobilenet_v1.mobilenet_v1(
batchnorm_training=(self._is_training and not self._freeze_batchnorm),
conv_hyperparams=(self._conv_hyperparams
if self._override_base_feature_extractor_hyperparams
else None),
weights=None,
use_explicit_padding=self._use_explicit_padding,
alpha=self._depth_multiplier,
min_depth=self._min_depth,
include_top=False)
conv2d_11_pointwise = full_mobilenet_v1.get_layer(
name='conv_pw_11_relu').output
conv2d_13_pointwise = full_mobilenet_v1.get_layer(
name='conv_pw_13_relu').output
self.classification_backbone = tf.keras.Model(
inputs=full_mobilenet_v1.inputs,
outputs=[conv2d_11_pointwise, conv2d_13_pointwise])
self._feature_map_generator = (
feature_map_generators.KerasMultiResolutionFeatureMaps(
feature_map_layout=self._feature_map_layout,
depth_multiplier=self._depth_multiplier,
min_depth=self._min_depth,
insert_1x1_conv=True,
is_training=self._is_training,
conv_hyperparams=self._conv_hyperparams,
freeze_batchnorm=self._freeze_batchnorm,
name='FeatureMaps'))
self.built = True
def preprocess(self, resized_inputs):
"""SSD preprocessing.
Maps pixel values to the range [-1, 1].
Args:
resized_inputs: a [batch, height, width, channels] float tensor
representing a batch of images.
Returns:
preprocessed_inputs: a [batch, height, width, channels] float tensor
representing a batch of images.
"""
return (2.0 / 255.0) * resized_inputs - 1.0
def _extract_features(self, preprocessed_inputs):
"""Extract features from preprocessed inputs.
Args:
preprocessed_inputs: a [batch, height, width, channels] float tensor
representing a batch of images.
Returns:
feature_maps: a list of tensors where the ith tensor has shape
[batch, height_i, width_i, depth_i]
"""
preprocessed_inputs = shape_utils.check_min_image_dim(
33, preprocessed_inputs)
image_features = self.classification_backbone(
ops.pad_to_multiple(preprocessed_inputs, self._pad_to_multiple))
feature_maps = self._feature_map_generator({
'Conv2d_11_pointwise': image_features[0],
'Conv2d_13_pointwise': image_features[1]})
return list(feature_maps.values())
``` |
Indian Airlines Flight 503 was a scheduled flight operated by Indian Airlines between Agatti and Thiruvananthapuram, with a stopover in Kochi. On 30 July 1998, the Dornier 228 aircraft crashed shortly after takeoff from Kochi killing all six people onboard and three people on the ground.
Aircraft
The aircraft involved was a 13-year-old Dornier 228, manufactured in 1986 by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited on licence from Dornier, registered as VT-EJW. The aircraft had previously operated for Vayudoot, however was transferred to Indian Airlines in 1993 to operate the Agatti-Kochi-Thiruvananthapuram route. It had an airworthiness certificate valid until 1999.
Flight information
The flight originated in Agatti, Lakshadweep and was headed for Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala after a stopover at Kochi as Indian Airlines flight 503. Kochi had a naval airport where the Airports Authority of India operated a civil enclave.
The flight was commanded by Captain Shiv Raj Singh with Captain Manish Sharma as co-pilot. The captain had 5,000 hours of flight time on the Dornier while the co-pilot had over 2,000 hours. The only other crew member on board the aircraft was the flight purser, Sajid. There were only three passengers on board the sixteen-seater aircraft, none of whom survived. Three people on the ground were also killed, while six others suffered injuries. The passengers, crew and victims on the ground were all admitted to INHS Sanjivani for treatment.
The aircraft took off from runway 17 of the airport at 11:04am local time. After reaching about 400 feet (122 metres) in its initial climb, it pitched up steeply and entered a stall before banking right, entering an uncontrolled descent and crashing into a workshop building near the naval hangar. The aircraft burst into flames on impact and was destroyed. Crash tenders responded swiftly and four of the victims, alive but critically injured, were moved to a hospital within 15 minutes of the crash.
Investigation
The Directorate General of Civil Aviation ordered an investigation into the accident and a three-member Committee of Inquiry headed by Air Marshal P. Raj Kumar was constituted under the Aircraft Rules, 1937. The Committee in its report made 49 findings and 7 recommendations and stated that "poor aircraft maintenance practices at Short Haul Operations Department had contributed to the accident". It found that the aircraft had pitched up uncontrollably after takeoff and that this was the result of a "sudden uncommanded downward movement of the Trimmable Horizontal Stabilizer leading edge. This was due to partial detachment of its actuator forward bearing support fitting due to non-installation of required hi-lok fasteners." Consequently, the aircraft "stalled, fell to its right and crashed."
Indian Airlines paid 76.87 lakh (, roughly US$195,000) as compensation to the victims and received 5 crore (, US$1.27 million) from its insurers towards loss of the aircraft.
References
Aviation accidents and incidents in India
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1998
1998 in India
Indian (airline) accidents and incidents
July 1998 events in Asia
History of Kochi |
"Khonani" is the eighteenth episode of the fourth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 76th overall episode of the series. It was written by co-producer Vali Chandrasekaran and directed by Beth McCarthy Miller. It originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 22, 2010, following shortly after the episode "Lee Marvin vs. Derek Jeter" on the same night. Guest stars in this episode include Kapil Bawa and Subhas Ramsaywack.
In the episode, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) distracts himself from his romantic problems by attempting to resolve a dispute between two janitors (Bawa and Ramsaywack). Meanwhile, Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) is offended when she learns that her employees hang out outside of work but do not invite her. This episode of 30 Rock closely mirrored the feud between television hosts Jay Leno and Conan O'Brien.
"Khonani" received generally mixed reviews from television critics. According to the Nielsen ratings system, the episode was watched by 5.182 million households during its original broadcast, and received a 2.5 rating/7 share among viewers in the 18–49 demographic.
Plot
Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) distracts himself from his romantic problems involving the choice between CNBC host Avery Jessup (Elizabeth Banks) and his high school sweetheart Nancy Donovan (Julianne Moore) by attempting to resolve a dispute between two janitors, Subhas (Subhas Ramsaywack) and Khonani (Kapil Bawa). Five years ago, Khonani signed a contract to take the 11:30 p.m. janitorial shift from Subhas and informs Jack that he is ready to start at the new time. Jack grants him permission, and calls a meeting with Subhas informing him that Khonani will take over the 11:30 shift. Subhas is not happy with this, so Jack decides to move him to 10:00 p.m., which Subhas has no problem with. As he begins his scheduled shift, Khonani is unhappy with it as there is no trash to pick up because Subhas has already collected it. Khonani complains to Jack about this, resulting in Jack returning Subhas to 11:30, and Khonani leaving NBC to work at Foxwoods Resort Casino.
Meanwhile, Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) is distraught to learn that although her writing staff sometimes hang out after work, they never invite her. She tells Jack—her boss—about this, however, Jack explains that it is best for her to keep her distance from them. Later, Liz's assistant Cerie Xerox (Katrina Bowden) announces that her wedding is back on and that Liz and Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) need to plan a bachelorette party for her. Liz decides to have the party at her apartment and prove to her employees—who are invited—that she can be fun to be with. At the bachelorette party, staff members Pete Hornberger (Scott Adsit), Frank Rossitano (Judah Friedlander), James "Toofer" Spurlock (Keith Powell) and J. D. Lutz (John Lutz) show up, but want to leave as they are not having a good time. Liz gets upset about this, calls them out for not inviting her to hang out with them and demands that they apologize to her.
At the same time, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) is torn between his commitments to his pregnant wife Angie Jordan (Sherri Shepherd) and his desire to party. He asks NBC page Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) to assist with any of Angie's needs, however, it becomes too much for Kenneth to deal with and he tells Tracy that he needs to be with her instead. Tracy realizes he needs to be with Angie, but changes his mind and goes to a strip club. After returning home and in order to stay there, Tracy decides to wear his dog's shock collar on himself. Tracy then sends Kenneth to take his place at Liz's party. Unbeknownst to Kenneth, Tracy's dog has followed him to the bachelorette party. Kenneth bursts in Liz's home with Tracy's dog right behind him, resulting in the staff hiding from the dog after it attacks them. They all turn to Liz to get rid of the dog, which she at first refuses. She eventually agrees to help them, after they tell her she is a mother figure to them and that nobody wants to go drinking with their mom. Liz finds comfort in this, so she distracts the dog, and the staff exits her apartment unharmed.
Production
"Khonani" was written by 30 Rock co-producer Vali Chandrasekaran and directed by Beth McCarthy-Miller, a long-time television director who worked with series creator Tina Fey on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live. This episode was Chandrasekaran's second writing credit, having co-written the "Winter Madness" episode that aired on January 21, 2010. This was McCarthy-Miller's eleventh directed episode. "Khonani" originally aired in the United States on April 22, 2010, on NBC as the eighteenth episode of the show's fourth season and the 76th overall episode of the series.
The main plot regarding the two janitors—Subhas and Khonani—battling for the late-night shift at 11:30 p.m. closely mirrored the feud between television hosts Jay Leno and Conan O'Brien over the hosting job of The Tonight Show. Similar to the feud, in this 30 Rock episode, Khonani signed a contract five years ago to take over the 11:30 p.m. from Subhas and asked Jack Donaghy to make it happen, which Jack does. In September 2004, it was announced by the NBC network that Jay Leno would be succeeded by Conan O'Brien in 2009 as host of The Tonight Show. Five years later, Leno would host his final episode of The Tonight Show in May 2009; similarly, Jack informs Subhas that Khonani will take over that shift. Subhas is not thrilled with this, resulting in Jack moving Subhas to the 10:00 shift; O'Brien took over as host of The Tonight Show in June 2009. NBC, afraid of losing Leno to another network, gave him a new nightly prime time series, The Jay Leno Show, which premiered in September 2009 at 10:00 p.m. In "Khonani", as he begins his shift, Khonani is unhappy as there is no trash to pick up as it already has been collected by Subhas. As a result, Subhas goes back to the 11:30 shift, and Khonani leaves NBC to continue his janitorial duties at Foxwoods Resort Casino. The Jay Leno Show debuted to good ratings, however, as the show continued it would garner low ratings, resulting in NBC proposing that the show air at 11:35 p.m. and that The Tonight Show be moved to 12:05. O'Brien, however, rejected the timeslot. In January 2010, O'Brien reached a deal with the network that would see him leave The Tonight Show on January 22, 2010, and two months later Leno returned as host of The Tonight Show on March 1, 2010. In April 2010, O'Brien signed a deal with the cable network TBS to host a new late-night talk show.
Lorne Michaels, who is the executive producer of 30 Rock and who used to produce Late Night with Conan O'Brien, was O'Brien's mentor. Michaels told The Hollywood Reporter in March 2010 that O'Brien would "prevail" from his departure of The Tonight Show. In addition, O'Brien appeared as himself on 30 Rocks first season episode "Tracy Does Conan" that was broadcast on December 6, 2006.
Despite not appearing in the episode, the show made reference of Jack's love triangle storyline with Avery Jessup and Nancy Donovan, played by actresses Elizabeth Banks and Julianne Moore, respectively. This plot was first introduced in the previous episode, "Lee Marvin vs. Derek Jeter". The Jack character's love dilemma would continue throughout the season. Moore was announced as a love interest for Alec Baldwin's television character in November 2009, while Banks' guest spot as a love interest for the Jack character was confirmed in December 2009.
30 Rock executive producer and co-showrunner Robert Carlock was asked in a 2009 interview if Frank Rossitano (Judah Friedlander), Toofer Spurlock (Keith Powell), and J.D. Lutz (John Lutz)—the staff writers of the fictitious show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS)—were going to be seen more in the upcoming season, to which he replied, "One of the great things about this show and the blessing and the curse is that we have so many characters and so many different interactions between characters that work so well. [...] And so, yeah, absolutely because we love those guys". In this episode, Liz Lemon, the head writer for TGS, discovers that Frank, Toofer, and Lutz, along with Pete, do not invite her to hang out with them as they consider her a mother figure.
Cultural references
Jack tells Khonani that every April 22 he honors former United States President Richard Nixon's death by getting drunk and making some unpopular decisions, after Khonani demands to start working at the 11:30 shift as he signed a contract with Jack on April 22, 2005. Cerie says that her wedding is back on after learning that her fiancé was rescued by the A-Team—a fictional group of ex-United States Army Special Forces who work as soldiers of fortune while being on the run from the military—from pirates. Khonani tells Jack that Subhas will want to leave NBC so he can attend to his hobbies of "[collecting] classic car...", Khonani coughs, "cardboard. Classic cardboard." This is a satirical reference to Jay Leno who collects classic cars. Later, after Jack gives back Subhas his original time shift, Khonani says he has a "great job lined up at Fox", Khonani coughs, "...woods. Foxwoods Casino." Following his departure from NBC, reports circulated that the Fox network wanted to hire Conan O'Brien. At the bachelorette party, Jenna sings the 1840s song "Jimmy Crack Corn".
Reception
In its original American broadcast, "Khonani" was watched by 5.182 million households, according to the Nielsen ratings system. It achieved a 2.5 rating/7 share in the key 18- to 49-year-old demographic. This means that it was seen by 2.5 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 7 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. This was an increase from the previous episode, "Lee Marvin vs. Derek Jeter", that aired the same day of the week, which was watched by 4.216 million American viewers.
The episode received generally mixed critical reception. The A.V. Clubs Nathan Rabin found the episode less enjoyable than "Lee Marvin vs. Derek Jeter". He explained that when he first learned that the show would tackle the Jay Leno and Conan O'Brien situation "I felt a surge of excitement and optimism. I thought the writers would come up with a smart new angle to attack the imbroglio", but after the airing he noted the janitor plot only hampered the episode. Rabin, however, enjoyed Tracy's actions in the episode, commenting that it "provided a showcase for some great Tracy Morgan non-sequiturs". Emily Exton of Entertainment Weekly also found "Khonani" the weaker of the two episodes, and also believed that the "late-night jokes felt tired". Television columnist Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger disliked the episode, and as a result he noted in his recap that he would remove 30 Rock from the rotation of shows for which he always did detailed reviews. Willa Paskin of New York magazine wrote had the show make reference to the Leno and O'Brien debacle a few months ago "this would have been a cutting-edge satire ... Now, not so much." Jason Hughes of TV Squad remarked that the writing in "Khonani" was sharp, though added that "for some reason" the episode "didn't ring nearly as sharp or funny as many others. I think it was a lot of unfulfilled potential." Sean Gandert of Paste magazine deemed this episode disappointing, but proclaimed "it was still entertaining enough."
James Poniewozik of Time observed, "NBC's public troubles have been 30 Rocks greatest blessing this season, providing it with satiric fodder from The Jay Leno Show to the Comcast acquisition. The show may not be the best sitcom on TV now, but it's definitely the best work of NBC-criticism." In regards to the main plot, he said it "could have done even more with the premise of the Jaypocalypse re-enacted with janitors, but it gets a lot of credit for the inspired idea." IGN contributor Robert Canning gave the episode an 8.3 out of 10 rating, writing that the janitor plot "came at a perfect time" in regards to the Leno and O'Brien controversy. He, however, did not like the other two plots, noting they were "less impressive". Meredith Blake from the Los Angeles Times said that the Khonani and Subhas plot was "supremely clever and self-referential", and that the show's take on it was "decidedly neutral, albeit very funny".
References
External links
30 Rock (season 4) episodes
2010 American television episodes
2010 Tonight Show conflict
Television shows directed by Beth McCarthy-Miller |
Overload is a studio album by American musician Georgia Anne Muldrow. It was released on October 26, 2018, by Brainfeeder. Overload received a nomination for Best Urban Contemporary Album at the 62nd Grammy Awards.
Release
On September 13, 2018, Muldrow announced the release of her new studio album, along with the single "Aerosol".
Critical reception
Overload was met with "generally favorable" reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 80 based on 10 reviews. Aggregator Album of the Year gave the release a 77 out of 100 based on a critical consensus of 9 reviews.
Accolades
Track listing
Personnel
Technical personnel
Georgia Anne Muldrow – producer
Mike & Keys – producer
Moods – producer
Lustbass – producer
Flying Lotus – executive producer
Aloe Blacc – executive producer
Dudley Perkins – executive producer
Daddy Kev – mastering
Artwork
Martin Norwood – cover art
Adam Stover – layout, design
References
2018 albums
Brainfeeder albums |
To "trip the light fantastic" is to dance nimbly or lightly to music. The origin of the phrase is attributed to John Milton.
History
This phrase evolved over time. Its origin is attributed to Milton's 1645 poem L'Allegro,
which includes lines addressed to Euphrosyne—one of the Three Graces of Greek mythology:
Com, and trip it as ye go
On the light fantastick toe,
In Milton's use the word "trip" is to "dance nimbly" and "fantastic" suggests "extremely fancy". "Light fantastic" refers to the word toe, and "toe" refers to a dancer's "footwork". "Toe" has since disappeared from the idiom, which then becomes: "trip the light fantastic".
A few years before, in 1637, Milton had used the expression "light fantastic" in reference to dancing in his masque Comus: "Come, knit hands, and beat the ground,/In a light fantastic round."
Prior to Milton, the expression "tripping on his toe" appears in Shakespeare's The Tempest (1610–1611):
Before you can say come, and goe,
And breathe twice; and cry, so, so:
Each one tripping on his Toe,
Will be here with mop, and mowe.
The phrase "He did trip it / On the toe" appears in the Jacobean song "Since Robin Hood", set to music by Thomas Weelkes in 1608.
This expression was popularized in the American song "The Sidewalks of New York" (melody and lyrics by Charles B. Lawlor and James W. Blake) in 1894. Part of the chorus:
Boys and girls together, me and Mamie O'Rourke
Tripped the light fantastic
On the sidewalks of New York.
The phrase occurs in Nella Larsen's 1929 novel, Passing, when the character Hugh Wentworth, while watching black and white men and women dancing together, chats with Irene and says, "Not having tripped the light fantastic with any males, I'm not in a position to argue the point."
Milton, Blake and Michelangelo
John Milton's poem L'Allegro (1631) encourages the goddess Mirth/Euphrosyne to "trip it as ye go/On the light fantastick toe", and that poem inspired William Blake to create a watercolor, "Mirth" (1820), which illustrates that moment in Milton's poem. It is thought that Milton's poem may have been inspired by Michelangelo's sculpture of Giuliano de' Medici, which represents vita activa (active life).
Syntactical critique
In a discussion of anomalous idiomacies in a paradigm attributed to Noam Chomsky in his book Syntactic Structures, it is suggested that some idioms are not "syntactically well-formed", and which "could not not be generated by a base component designed to produce well-formed deep structures". Examples are given, including the idioms "by and large", "kingdom come", and "trip the light fantastic". The phrase, and other examples, are considered "opaque because it is impossible to construct a meaningful literal-scene from the formal structure. Nevertheless, these idioms can be recognized as complex constructions rather than as holophrastic sequences. One can therefore claim that for these expressions, the literal-scene only exists as a highly schematic mental representation."
Variations and occurrences in popular culture
A song titled "The Ballet Girl; or She danced on the light fantastic toe", contains the verse "While she danced on her light fantastic toe,/ Round the stage she used to go." It was sung by Tony Pastor at his Bowery opera house, and was then published in 1867.
In the opening monologue of Tennessee Williams' 1944 play, The Glass Menagerie, the character Tom addresses the audience, indicates a photograph, and says:
The phrase "to trip the light fandango" is used as a phrase for carefree dancing in a Spanish or Latin American fandango style in the 1945 recording of the song "South America", Vitaphone Release 1460A.
Chester Himes in 1960 used a variation on the phrase: "Colored boys and girls in ski ensembles and ballet skirts were skating the light fantastic at two o'clock ... "
In 1967, the English rock band Procol Harum released its song, "A Whiter Shade of Pale" with lyrics by Keith Reid, which includes the phrase
we skipped the light fandango,
turned cartwheels 'cross the floor.
I was feeling kinda seasick,
but the crowd called out for more…
In 1973, Stephen Sondheim employed two variations of the phrase ("trip the light fandango" and "pitch the quick fantastic") in the song "The Miller's Son", from his musical A Little Night Music.
In 1978, the Australian New Wave project Flash and the Pan released "Walking in the Rain", which later became a minor hit in the cover version by Grace Jones and included the phrase:
<blockquote><poem>Trip the light fantastic
Dance the swivel hips
Coming to conclusion
Button up your lips.</poem></blockquote>
Trip the Light Fantastic is the name of an afternoon show on the Australian radio station 2EARfm.
In 1985, rock band Marillion released its song "Heart of Lothian" which included the line "and the trippers of the light fantastic, bow down, hoe-down." In 1997, American Rock Band Lit named their first studio album “Tripping the Light Fantastic”. American rock band Greta Van Fleet recorded a song titled "Trip the Light Fantastic" for their 2021 album The Battle at Garden's Gate.
The song Underground, in the 1995 eponymous debut album Ben Folds Five by alternative rock trio Ben Folds Five, is largely about moshing, and includes the lyric, "Slamming the pit fantastic."
References
External links
"Trip the light fantastic" at The Phrase Finder'' website
English-language idioms |
Canadian singer Michael Bublé has released eleven studio albums, three live albums, nine EPs, eighteen singles, and fourteen music videos. He has recorded for Warner Bros. Records, Reprise Records, and 143 Records. Bublé has sold over 75 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling Canadian artists in history. Billboard listed him as the 3rd Top Canadian Artist of all time (behind only Céline Dion and Shania Twain). He has scored 4 No. 1 albums on Billboard 200. He was listed by Billboard as the 47th Top Artist of 2010s decade. He also placed three albums on Billboard 200 Albums of the Decade which includes: Christmas (No. 24), To Be Loved (No. 179) and Crazy Love (No. 193).
Bublé debuted independently in 1995 with his first EP, First Dance. In 2001 and 2002 he released the albums BaBalu and Dream respectively, without any record company support. In 2003, he signed a record deal with 143 Records and released his first studio album Michael Bublé, which was very successful. On May 23 of that year, he released his first live album, Come Fly with Me and later his second and third EPs, Totally Bublé and Let It Snow. On February 8, 2005, Bublé released his second album, entitled It's Time, which ended up with several certifications for its high sales. In the same year he issued his second live album Caught in the Act, launched a special Christmas edition of his self-titled studio album which obtained a silver certification in the UK and also his fourth EP, entitled More. His fifth EP, With Love, followed the next year and achieved a gold certification in the US.
In 2007, he released his third studio album, Call Me Irresponsible and the next year released his sixth EP, A Taste of Bublé. Bublé's third live album, Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden, was released on July 16, 2009, and his fourth studio album, Crazy Love, saw release in October of the same year. In 2011, he released his fifth studio album, Christmas, which contained carols and collaborations with The Puppini Sisters, Thalía and Shania Twain. This album is considered the most prestigious of Bublé's because of its many certifications and is one of the best-selling albums of 2011. The same year he released the EP A Holiday Gift for You, which contains extra songs that were not included on the Christmas album. Bublé's seventh album, Nobody But Me was released on October 21, 2016. His eighth and latest album, Love, was released on November 16, 2018.
Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Extended plays
Singles
Notes
A Released as a limited edition single for Record Store Day 2012, therefore ineligible to chart
B Released to promote Michael Bublé: Home for the Holidays, which features a performance of the song with Bing. Shania Twain appears on the album version
Other charted and certified songs
Holiday 100 chart entries
Since many radio stations in the US adopt a format change to Christmas music each December, many holiday hits have an annual spike in popularity during the last few weeks of the year and are retired once the season is over. In December 2011, Billboard began a Holiday Songs chart with 50 positions that monitors the last five weeks of each year to "rank the top holiday hits of all eras using the same methodology as the Hot 100, blending streaming, airplay, and sales data", and in 2013 the number of positions on the chart was doubled, resulting in the Holiday 100. Many Bublé recordings have made appearances on the Holiday 100 and are noted below according to the holiday season in which they charted there.
Other appearances
Music videos
Notes
References
Discographies of Canadian artists
Discography
Pop music discographies |
The Portland Farmers Market is a farmers market in Portland, Maine, U.S., which has been in continuous operation since 1768. Since 1990, the market has been held place year-round. From May to November, it is held on Wednesdays in Monument Square and on Saturdays in Deering Oaks Park. From December to April, the winter market is held on Saturdays in the former Catherine McAuley High School building.
Products
It is known for organic agricultural products as well as its community atmosphere, with artists selling wares and musicians playing music. Farmers only sell items they grow or make. The market features mostly vegetarian goods, with many fresh vegetables, fruits, fresh flowers, and seedlings, and some canned goods, maple syrup, honey, raw milk, eggs, and meat.
History
The Portland Farmers Market began in 1768, when Portland established a public market in the Town Hall that "served 136 families on the peninsula."
In 1805, the market moved to Hay Market Square, now Monument Square. In 1917, the market moved to Federal Street next to Lincoln Park. In 1976, the market moved across from Federal Street, and then in 1990 it moved to its current locations at Monument Square and Deering Oaks Park.
In 2012, the market began to accept food stamp benefit cards as part of a $300,000 USDA grant to local organization Cultivating Community. The grant allows food stamp recipients to get tokens to pay for purchases. It allows debit card holders to do the same.
The market was named one of the ten best farmers markets in the United States by Travel + Leisure magazine in May 2010.
Winter market
The Winter Market began in 2009 inside a privately owned building on Free Street across from the Cumberland County Civic Center. The Portland Press Herald reported in 2010 that "the winter market has struggled to conform with the city’s ordinances and regulations, which are much more strict than the state law governing farmers markets." The paper reported that in 2009 "the market experienced delays as the vendors scrambled to comply with the city’s inspections and fees."
In 2010, the winter market moved to the Irish Heritage Center in the West End. In 2017, it moved to the Maine Girls Academy on Stevens Avenue in Deering Center.
External links
Official site
References
Economy of Portland, Maine
Portland, Maine
Agriculture in Maine
Tourist attractions in Portland, Maine
1768 establishments in the Province of Massachusetts Bay
Food and drink in Maine |
Earl of Salisbury is a title that has been created several times in English and British history. It has a complex history, and is now a subsidiary title to the marquessate of Salisbury.
Background
The title was first created for Patrick de Salisbury in the middle twelfth century. In 1196 the title passed to Patrick’s granddaughter, Ela, who married
William Longespée, an illegitimate son of Henry II the same year. Ela was predeceased by husband, son and grandson, and was succeeded by her great-granddaughter, Margaret Longespée. Margaret married Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln, and their daughter Alice eventually became Countess of Salisbury, in 1310, and of Lincoln, in 1311. Alice had married Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, in 1294. When the Earl of Lancaster lost his titles and was executed for treason in 1322, the Countess surrendered all of her titles to the King, and the titles lapsed.
The title was created for a second time in 1337 for William Montacute of the noble House of Montagu. This line ended in the sole heiress, Alice Montacute, and her husband Richard Neville took up the earldom 'by right of his wife'.
After Richard's death at the Battle of Barnet, in 1471 , the title was granted in 1472 to George, Duke of Clarence, who was married to Richard's eldest daughter. When the Duke of Clarence was executed in 1478 for treason (supposedly by being drowned in a vat of Malmsey wine), the title was forfeit. It was then granted to Edward of Middleham (who was his nephew via the Duke's brother Richard), who died in 1484 at the age of 10.
It was restored to two of George of Clarence's children: to his son Edward in 1485 until his execution for treason in 1499, and to Edward's sister, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, in 1513 until she was also executed, and the title again forfeited, in 1539.
In 1605 the title was given to Robert Cecil, a close advisor to James I. Cecil was a son of Queen Elizabeth I's chief advisor, William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, and half-brother to Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter. In 1789 James Cecil, the 7th Earl, was created the Marquess of Salisbury by George III.
Titleholders
First creation (1145)
Patrick of Salisbury, 1st Earl of Salisbury (c. 1122-1168)
William of Salisbury, 2nd Earl of Salisbury (d. 1196)
Ela of Salisbury, 3rd Countess of Salisbury (1187–1261)
William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury jure uxoris (c. 1176–1226)
Margaret Longespée, 4th Countess of Salisbury (d. 1310)
Henry de Lacy, Earl of Salisbury jure uxoris (d. 1311)
Alice de Lacy, 5th Countess of Salisbury (1281–1348) (forfeit 1322)
Second creation (1337)
William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1301–1344)
William Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury (1328–1397)
John Montagu, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (1350–1400) (forfeit 1400)
Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury (1388–1428) (restored 1421, although styled and summoned to parliament as such from at least 1409)
Alice Montacute, 5th Countess of Salisbury (1407–1462)
Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury jure uxoris
Richard Neville, 6th Earl of Salisbury (1428–1471) and jure uxoris 16th Earl of Warwick ("Warwick the Kingmaker") by his wife Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick (reverted to the crown 1471; by modern law it might, with his other titles, be abeyant).
Third creation (1472)
George Plantagenet, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1449–1478) (forfeit 1478); son-in-law of the last Neville earl
Fourth creation (1478)
Edward of Middleham, later Prince of Wales (1473–1484); nephew to George Plantagenet and grandson of the last Neville earl (extinct 1484)
Restoration of second or third creation (1512)
Some sources call Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick (1475–1499) also Earl of Salisbury, but "there is no reason to suppose that he ever enjoyed that dignity".
Margaret Plantagenet, Countess of Salisbury (1474–1541) (restored or created 1512; forfeit 1539), only sister of the above; sources differ on whether the Earldom of Salisbury restored to her was her father's (the third creation) or her grandfather's (second).
Fifth creation (1605)
Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1563–1612)
William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury (1591–1668)
James Cecil, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (1648–1683)
James Cecil, 4th Earl of Salisbury (1666–1694)
James Cecil, 5th Earl of Salisbury (1691–1728)
James Cecil, 6th Earl of Salisbury (1713–1780)
James Cecil, 7th Earl of Salisbury (1748–1823) (created Marquess of Salisbury in 1789)
see Marquess of Salisbury for further history
Family tree
Notes
References
Earldoms in the Peerage of England
Neville family
Forfeited earldoms in the Peerage of England
Noble titles created in 1145
Noble titles created in 1337
Noble titles created in 1472
Noble titles created in 1478
Noble titles created in 1605 |
John Clement (by 1502 – 1551/56), of Bath, Somerset, was an English politician.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Bath in 1539. He was Mayor of Bath in 1550–51.
References
1550s deaths
Mayors of Bath, Somerset
English MPs 1539–1540
Year of birth uncertain |
This article lists the characters and related details for the CBBC children's television series Young Dracula.
Main cast
Extended family
The Branaghs
The Van Helsings
Ramanga Clan
At Garside Grange
References
Young dracula |
Lee Lozowick (aka Lee Khepa Baul or Lee Kṣepā Baul, November 18, 1943 – November 16, 2010) was an American spiritual teacher, author, poet, lyricist and singer from Prescott, Arizona. He wrote over forty books on spiritual practice and parenting, many of which have been translated into French, German, Spanish, Portuguese and other languages. Some of the titles include: In the Fire, Conscious Parenting, The Alchemy of Transformation, The Alchemy of Love and Sex, The Only Grace is Loving God, and Enlightened Duality (with M Young). He presented himself as a representative of the "Western Baul" tradition.
Biography
Lee Lozowick was born on November 18, 1943, to Ukrainian-American artist Louis Lozowick and Adele Turner, who had married in 1933 and lived in South Orange, New Jersey.
Interest in spiritualism
Lozowick became a student of Silva Mind Control in 1970 and became interested in the Human Potential Movement around the same time. He had an awakening experience in 1975. During this period he operated a small center in Mount Tabor, New Jersey, where Silva Mind Control was taught, along with occasional guest lectures and acoustic guitar lessons for younger attendees. In his early phase "some people accused Lee of plagiarizing the work of Da Free John. Lozowick reports that his speaking style and writing were the articulation of his own experience and denies the charge." With several of his students, he made a pilgrimage to India in 1977, where he met Yogi Ramsuratkumar. Lozowick became Ramsuratkumar's disciple and attributed his earlier awakening, or what he refers to as a "shift in context," retroactively to the mystic, although he did not feel much connection to him until the 1980s. Lozowick subsequently became known to many people the world over as the "Heart-Son" of Yogi Ramsuratkumar after he wrote several volumes of devotional poetry containing over a thousand poems dedicated to his spiritual master.
Hohm community
Lozowick then formed a spiritual community called Hohm in New Jersey and began to gather disciples. In 1980, he moved the community to Arizona, where it comprised a "Hohm Sahaj Mandir" (Hohm Innate Divinity Temple) and the "Hohm Community." Lozowick founded three ashrams: Triveni Ashram in Arizona; the Ramji Association's Ashram at Ferme de Jutreau in Saint-Pierre-de-Maillé, France, and the Triveni II Ashram in Tiruvannamalai, India. The Community also established Hohm Press, which has published a number of books on topics such as natural health, Eastern religion, poetry, and parenting, including those written by Lozowick. According to scholar Helen Crovetto, who has studied the community, "Lee said the word 'Hohm' has no translation and chose not to elaborate on its significance."
Lozowick came to identify with the Baul tradition of Bengal, speculating that Yogi Ramsuratkumar may have had some connection to that community as well during years of his early life that he no longer remembered or refused to disclose, although Ramsuratkumar was not a Baul by lineage. Subsequently, however, the Hohm community did establish relationships with a number of Bengali Bauls, such as Sanatan Das and Purna Das. The focus of spiritual practice in Lozowick's teaching is guru yoga, and some have considered him a proponent of "crazy wisdom." (divine madness, according to Georg Feuerstein). He was an ardent admirer of Chogyam Trungpa. Lozowick was known to discourage potential students in his public lectures with the "sexual content of much of" his talk, or by "loud obnoxiousness." "His public demeanor seems to be a technique for scaring away those who are only superficially interested in the spiritual path."
Members of the Hohm community are lacto-vegetarian and must not consume alcohol or tobacco. The Hohm community also incorporates elements of the work of George I. Gurdjieff into their philosophy, particularly "in the Western Bauls' speculations about the existence of soul and especially in their adoption of his chakra system."
As of 2006, total membership in the Hohm community was "not much more than a hundred," in part due to the desire of Lozowick to keep the number of disciples down to a number where he could remain on a first name basis with all of them. Hohm community members incorporate music into their spiritual practice, and a few are in blues and rock bands, first started by Lozowick, principally (at present) Shri, and The Denise Allen Band.
During the last twenty years of his life, Lozowick had an enduring friendship and collaboration with the late spiritual teacher, Arnaud Desjardins, as well as with Robert Svoboda, and Llewellyn Vaughan-Lee.
Lozowick died of cancer on November 16, 2010, in Prescott, Arizona, after a long illness. His work is carried on by his disciples, including Purna Steinitz, who has his own "Trimurti Community" begun in 1998 in Bozeman, Montana, and Lalitha, in Lumby, Canada. They are the only two who have "received permission to teach in his lineage."
Notes
1943 births
2010 deaths
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
American spiritual writers
Founders of new religious movements
Intentional communities in the United States
Monmouth University alumni
Spiritual teachers |
Peter Hugh Brown, C.Ss.R. (born ) is a New Zealand-born prelate who served as the second bishop of the Diocese of Samoa-Pago Pago in American Samoa from 2013 until 2023.
Biography
Early life
Peter Brown was born on November 11, 1947, in Greymouth, New Zealand, the youngest child of William and Mary (Sweeney) Brown. He attended Marist Brothers primary and secondary schools, then worked in secular jobs. On February 16, 1969, Brown professed his first vows as a member of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer. After several years in seminary, he professed his perpetual vows to the Redemptorists on October 26, 1975.
For seven years Brown worked as a religious brother in different communities, then traveled to Samoa to help out at the Redemptorist mission there. He then studied for the priesthood at Yarra Theological Union in Melbourne, Australia.
Priesthood
Brown was ordained to the priesthood for the Redemptorists by Bishop Brian Ashby on December 19, 1981. He served as a missionary on Savaii Island, Safotu, then later as a chaplain for migrants in Auckland, New Zealand. Brown served as a parish priest in Clover Park, South Auckland, before being elected as the Redemptorist's regional superior. Brown is fluent in the Samoan language.
Bishop of Samoa-Pago Pago
Pope Francis named Brown the bishop of the Diocese of Samoa-Pago Pago on May 31, 2013. On August 22, 2013, Brown was installed and consecrated by Archbishop Martin Krebs The principal co-consecrators were Bishops John Weitzel and Denis Browne. On April 29, 2023, Pope Francis accepted his resignation and Kolio Etuale succeeded him as bishop.
See also
Catholic Church hierarchy
Catholic Church in the United States
Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
List of Catholic bishops of the United States
Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops
References
External links
Diocese of Samoa–Pago Pago Website
1947 births
Living people
People from Greymouth
Redemptorist bishops
New Zealand Roman Catholic missionaries
Roman Catholic bishops of Samoa–Pago Pago
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in Oceania
Roman Catholic missionaries in American Samoa
Expatriates in American Samoa |
Atmospheric-pressure plasma (or AP plasma or normal pressure plasma) is a plasma in which the pressure approximately matches that of the surrounding atmosphere – the so-called normal pressure.
Technical significance
Atmospheric-pressure plasmas matter because in contrast with low-pressure plasma or high-pressure plasma, no reaction vessel is needed to maintain pressure. Depending on the generation principle, these plasmas can be employed directly in the production line. This eliminates the need for cost-intensive chambers for producing a partial vacuum as used in low-pressure plasma technology.
Generation
Various forms of excitation are distinguished:
AC (alternating current) excitation
DC (direct current) and low-frequency excitation
Excitation by means of radio waves
Microwave excitation
Atmospheric-pressure plasmas that have attained any noteworthy industrial significance are those generated by DC excitation (electric arc), AC excitation (corona discharge, dielectric barrier discharge, piezoelectric direct discharge and plasma jets as well as 2.45 GHz microwave microplasma).
DC plasma jet
By means of a high-voltage discharge (5–15 kV, 10–100 kHz) a pulsed electric arc is generated. A process gas, usually oil-free compressed air flowing past this discharge section, is excited and converted to the plasma state. This plasma passes through a jet head to the surface of the material to be treated. The jet head determines the geometry of the beam, and is at earth potential to hold back potential-carrying parts of the plasma stream.
Microwave plasma jet
A microwave system uses amplifiers that output up to 200 watts of power radio frequency (RF) power to produce the arc that generates plasma. Most solutions work at 2.45 GHz. A new technology provides ignition and highly efficient operation with the same electronic and couple network. This kind of atmospheric-pressure plasmas is different. The plasma is only top of the electrode. That is the reason the construction of a cannula jet was possible.
Applications
Manufacturers use plasma jets for, among other things, activating and cleaning plastic and metal surfaces to prepare them for adhesive bonding and painting. Sheet materials up to several meters wide can be treated today by aligning a number of jets in a row. Surface modification achieved by plasma jets is comparable to the effects obtained with low-pressure plasma.
Depending on the power of the jet, the plasma beam can be up to 40 mm long and attain a treatment width of 15 mm. Special rotary systems allow a treatment width per jet tool of up to 13 cm.
Depending on the required treatment performance, the plasma source is moved at a spacing of 10–40 mm and at a speed of 5–400 m/min relative to the surface of the material being treated.
A key advantage of this system is it can be integrated in-line in existing production systems. In addition the activation achievable is distinctly higher than in potential-based pretreatment methods (corona discharge).
It is possible to coat varied surfaces with this technique. Anticorrosive layers and adhesion promoter layers can be applied to many metals without solvents, providing a much more environmentally friendly solution.
See also
Laser Schlieren Deflectometry
List of plasma (physics) articles
Dielectric barrier discharge
Plasma pencil
References
Citations
Bibliography
Tendero C., Tixier C., Tristant P., Desmaison J., Leprince P.: Atmospheric pressure plasmas: A review; Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy; Volume 61, Issue 1, January 2006, pp 2–30.
Förnsel P.: Vorrichtung zur Oberflächen-Vorbehandlung von Werkstücken (Device for surface pretreatment of workpieces); DE 195 32 412
EU-IP4Plasma e-learning portal: Basic facts on the fourth state of matter and its technical use
Fraunhofer-Institut für Fertigungstechnik und Angewandte Materialforschung (IFAM): Plasmatechnik und Oberflächen (Plasma technology and surfaces) – PLATO
Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald e.V.)
Generation of atmospheric plasma and effect on surfaces - Flash animations
Pulsed Atmospheric Arc Technology
Atmospheric Plasma Treatment Explained in Simple Terms from the UK manufacturer Henniker Plasma
Plasmatreat US LP: Atmospheric Plasma Treatment
Basics of microwave driven atmospheric plasma
Plasma types |
1 Combat Engineer Regiment (1 CER, ) is a Regular Force regiment of the Royal Canadian Engineers (RCE) commanded by a lieutenant-colonel. Its headquarters is in the Patton Building at CFB Edmonton (Steele Barracks), Alberta, and it is assigned to 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group.
History
1 CER was continually involved with rotations to Afghanistan as part of the ongoing War on Terror. Due to the regiment's special armoured engineer capability, every Canadian rotation since 2006 had a minimum of an armoured troop from 1 CER attached. As of the start of 2011, 1 CER had six soldiers killed in Afghanistan.
Organization
Armoured engineers
1 CER is different from other CERs as it holds the Canadian Army's armoured engineer capability. Formerly this was provided by the Badger Armoured Engineer Vehicle (AEV) Since 2018 the Badger AEV has been replaced by a Leopard 2–based AEV that is known in Canadian service as the AEV2 (still commonly called the Badger, or Badger 2).
Order of precedence
References
Citations
Notes
External links
Engineer regiments of Canada
Military units and formations established in 1977
1977 establishments in Canada |
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// Design system version: v0.132
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The National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO) is the Washington, DC based organization representing 2,800 local public health departments in the U.S. These city, county, metropolitan, district, and tribal departments work to protect and promote health and well-being for all people in their communities by coordinating programs and services that make it easier for people to be healthy and safe from public health emergencies.
Purpose
NACCHO provides leadership, up-to-date information, subject matter expertise, and other resources to strengthen local health departments’ program work in a wide array of public health and safety areas including the following:
Community Health topics such as chronic disease prevention, tobacco control, health and disability, infectious disease prevention and control, immunization, injury prevention, maternal and child health, adolescent health, and health equity.
Environmental Health topics such as the public health effects of climate change, food safety, environmental health tracking and assessment, and environmental justice.
Public Health Infrastructure and Systems topics such as: accreditation and quality improvement, community health status indicators, public health informatics, performance standards, public health law, and regionalization of public health services.
Public Health Preparedness topics such as local readiness for pandemic influenza, Medical Reserve Corps, Project Public Health Ready, and Strategic National Stockpile.
Local health departments look to NACCHO for the following:
Grant assistance for emergency preparedness, food safety, HIV/AIDS prevention, and other programmatic work taking place at the local level. Resources and easy-to-use tools in many subject areas, including accreditation, epidemiology, healthy community design, influenza, emergency preparedness, and quality improvement.
Regional and national training courses, meetings and conferences that help local health department staff connect to and learn from one another.
Access to marketing and branding materials, such as the public health logo, that can help them raise the visibility and perceived value of governmental public health. Local health departments are encouraged to use the public health logo in their own communities to link their work to other health departments across the country.
Advocacy with federal policymakers about the importance of allocating adequate resources for local public health; passage of sound public health legislation, and support of sensible policies to address the myriad of health challenges facing communities.
History
The history of NACCHO dates back to the 1960s, with the formation of the National Association of County Health Officials (NACHO), an independent affiliate of the National Association of Counties. As the U.S. federal, state, and local public health systems continued to expand, NACHO combined with the U.S. Conference of Local Health Officers, an organization affiliated with the United States Conference of Mayors, to form the National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO) in 1994. This unified organization more closely represents all
governmental local health departments, including counties, cities, city/counties, districts, and townships. In 2001, NACCHO expanded its scope to include tribal public health agencies serving tribal communities on reservation lands and in 2012 to include counties and cities in the U.S. territories. Today, active membership in NACCHO continues to grow with about 2,800 local health departments.
Governance
NACCHO is governed by a 27-member Board of Directors composed of health officials from around the country elected by their peers, a representative for Tribal health departments, and ex officio members representing the National Association of Counties, of which NACCHO is an affiliate, and the U.S. Conference of Mayors. The Board of Directors meets four times a year. The NACCHO Executive Committee includes four NACCHO officers and three Board members representing different geographic regions and population size. Approximately 380 NACCHO members serve on 40 committees and workgroups. Most committees meet by conference call and have one face-to-face meeting each year
References
Public health organizations
Medical and health organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Health care-related professional associations based in the United States |
Pasco County Schools (also known as District School Board of Pasco County) is a school district that serves Pasco County in the U.S. state of Florida. It is headquartered in Land O' Lakes.
The district includes the entire county.
History
Schools
As of the 2017-18 school year, there were 84 schools in Pasco County Schools: 49 elementary schools, 15 middle schools, 14 high schools, 3 educational centers, 1 eSchool and 6 charter schools.
Elementary schools
Anclote Elementary School (Sailor)
Bexley Elementary School (Bulldog)
Calusa Elementary School (Hawk)
Centennial Elementary School (Cyclone)
Chasco Elementary School (Cub)
Chester W. Taylor Elementary School (Astronaut)
Connerton Elementary School (Champ)
Cotee River Elementary School (Lightning Bolt)
Cypress Elementary School (Cub)
Deer Park Elementary School (Deer)
Denham Oaks Elementary School (Dragon)
Double Branch Elementary School (Rancher) (August 20, 2007 – present)
Dr. Mary Giella Elementary School (Dolphin)
Fox Hollow Elementary School (Owl)
Gulf Highlands Elementary School (Gator) (August 8, 2006 – present)
Gulf Trace Elementary School (Sea Star) (August 20, 2007 – present)
Gulfside Elementary School (Pelicans)
James M. Marlowe Elementary School (Wolf)
Lacoochee Elementary School (Eagle)
Lake Myrtle Elementary School (Turtle)
Longleaf Elementary School (Bear)
Mittye P. Locke Elementary School (Eagle)
Moon Lake Elementary School (Manatee)
New River Elementary School (Gator) (August 20, 2007 – present)
Northwest Elementary School (Mustang)
Oakstead Elementary School (Otter) (August 8, 2006 – present)
Odessa Elementary School (Wildcat)
Pasco Elementary School (Pirate)
Pine View Elementary School (Patriot)
Quail Hollow Elementary School (Quail)
Richey Elementary School (Tigers)
Rodney B. Cox Elementary School (Wildcat)
San Antonio Elementary School (Gopher)
Sand Pine Elementary School (Crane)
Sanders Memorial Elementary School (Stallion)
Schrader Elementary School (Raider)
Seven Oaks Elementary School (Eagle)
Seven Springs Elementary School (Shark)
Shady Hills Elementary School (Lion)
Sunray Elementary School (Explorer)
Trinity Elementary School (Trailblazer)
Trinity Oaks Elementary School (Mighty Oak) (August 8, 2006 – present)
Veterans Elementary School (Super Hero)
Watergrass Elementary School (Owl)
Wesley Chapel Elementary School (Wildcat)
West Zephyrhills Elementary (Bulldog)
Wiregrass Elementary School (Bull)
Woodland Elementary School (Wrangler)
Middle schools
Angeline Academy of Innovation (Archers)
Bayonet Point Middle School (Patriot)
Centennial Middle School (Cyclone)
Charles S. Rushe Middle School (Raven) (August 20, 2007 – present)
Chasco Middle School (Charger)
Crews Lake Middle School (Raider)
Cypress Creek Middle School (Coyote)
Dr. John Long Middle School (Longhorn) (August 8, 2006 – present)
Gulf Middle School (Buccaneer)
Hudson Middle School (Cougar)
Pasco Middle School (Pirate)
Paul R. Smith Middle School (Eagle) (August 8, 2006 – present)
Pine View Middle School (Panther)
Raymond B. Stewart Middle School (Bulldog)
River Ridge Middle School (Royal Knight)
Seven Springs Middle School (Jaguar)
Thomas E. Weightman Middle School (Wildcat)
High schools
Anclote High School (Shark) (August 24, 2009 – present)
Angeline Academy of Innovation (Archers)
Cypress Creek High School (Coyote) (August 14, 2017 – present)
Fivay High School (Falcon) (August 16, 2010 – present)
Gulf High School (Buccaneer) (September 18, 1922 – present)
Hudson High School (Cobra) (August 1973 – present)
James W. Mitchell High School (Mustang) (August 14, 2000 – present)
Land O' Lakes High School (Gator) (August 1975 – present)
Pasco High School (Pirate) (August 1889 – present)
Ridgewood High School (Ram) (August 22, 1978 – May 25, 2018)
River Ridge High School (Royal Knight) (August 1991 – present)
Sunlake High School (Seahawk) (August 20, 2007 – present)
Wendell Krinn Technical High School (Kraken) (August 13, 2018 – present)
Wesley Chapel High School (Wildcat) (August 16, 1999 – present)
Wiregrass Ranch High School (Bull) (August 8, 2006 – present)
Zephyrhills High School (Bulldog) (August 1910 – present)
Education centers
Harry Schwettman Ed. Center
James Irvin Education Center
Marchman Technical Ed. Center
Charter schools
Academy at the Farm (K-8)
Athenian Academy of Pasco (K-8)
Countryside Montessori Academy (1-6)
Dayspring Academy (K-12)
Imagine School at Land O Lakes (K-8)
Pepin Academies
Union Park Charter Academy (K-8)
School Board
The School Board members are elected on a non-partisan basis.
Superintendents
References
External links
History of Education in Pasco County, Florida
MY Pasco Parent Portal
My Pasco Connect
School districts in Florida
Schools in Pasco County, Florida
1887 establishments in Florida
School districts established in 1887 |
The Matrix Comics is a set of comics and short stories based on The Matrix film series and written and illustrated by figures from the comics industry. One of the comics was written by the Wachowskis and illustrated by the films' concept artist Geof Darrow. The comics and stories were originally presented for free on the Matrix series' website between 1999 and 2003. One of them was printed in 1999 to be given away at theaters as a promotional item for The Matrix, but Warner Bros. recalled it due to its mature content. Most of them were later republished by the Wachowskis' Burlyman Entertainment, along with some new stories and updates with color to some of the existing ones, in two printed trade paperback volumes in 2003 and 2004 and a deluxe hardcover twentieth anniversary edition in 2019.
By September 2004, the first printed volume had sold over 60,000 copies.
Contents
Based on the 20th anniversary edition, the following comics were published:
Bits and Pieces of Information by Lana & Lilly Wachowski and Geof Darrow
Sweating the Small Stuff by Bill Sienkiewicz
A Life Less Empty by Ted McKeever
Goliath by Neil Gaiman, Bill Sienkiewicz, Gregory Ruth
Burning Hope by John Van Fleet
Butterfly by Dave Gibbons
A Sword of a Different Color by Troy Nixey
Get It? by Peter Bagge
There Are No Flowers in the Real World by David Lapham
The Miller's Tale by Paul Chadwick
Artistic Freedom by Ryder Windham and Kilian Plunkett
Hunters and Collectors by Gregory Ruth
An Easy One by Tommy Lee Edwards
Farewell Performance by Jim Krueger, Tim Sale
Déjà Vu by Paul Chadwick
System Freeze by Poppy Z. Brite, Dave Dorman, Michael Kaluta
The King of Never Return by Ted McKeever
An Asset to the System by Troy Nixey
A Path Among Stones by Gregory Ruth
Run, Saga, Run by Keron Grant, Rob Stull
Wrong Number by Vince Evans
Broadcast Depth by Bill Sienkiewicz
Who Says You Can't Get Good Help These Days? by Peter Bagge
Saviors by Spencer Lamm, Michael Oeming
I Kant by Kaare Andrews
Day In... Day Out by Ted McKeever, Keron Grant
Return of the Prodigal Son by Gregory Ruth
Let It All Fall Down by Paul Chadwick
Collected editions
The Matrix Comics, Vol. 1 by various (Burlyman Entertainment, 2003)
The Matrix Comics, Vol. 2 by various (Burlyman Entertainment, 2004)
The Matrix Comics: 20th Anniversary Edition by various (Burlyman Entertainment, 2019)
References
The Matrix (franchise) mass media
American comics titles
Comics based on films |
The London Oratory School Schola is a choir for Catholic boys of the London Oratory School established in 1996 by John McIntosh CBE. The current director of the Schola is Charles Cole. The choir's patrons are Princess Michael of Kent, barrister Cherie Blair, actor Simon Callow and composer James MacMillan.
Musical Directors
The choir's founding director was Michael McCarthy. After seven years with the Schola, McCarthy moved to the US to become the Director of Music at Washington National Cathedral. He was succeeded by Steven Grahl, who is now Organist of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford. He was followed by Lee Ward, who combined work as Director of the Schola with his duties as Director of Music at the London Oratory School. Lee Ward left the school in July 2012 to take up a new post in São Paulo, Brazil before returning to the UK as Director of Music at Liverpool Cathedral. Since September 2012 the Director of the Schola has been Charles Cole, formerly director of the Schola Cantorum at the Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School in London.
Performances
An annual performance is the Schola Foundation Concert. This concert featured the world premiere of Roxanna Panufnik's "Schola Missa de Angelis" - a work written for the choir. The London Oratory Schola Foundation is a charity set up to help finance the Schola and its work. Past concerts have included Panufnik's Westminster Mass, Britten's St Nicholas, Jenkins' Armed Man, Haydn's Missa in tempore belli and many sacred choral works.
Other recent Schola concerts include the 2009 and 2010 performances at the Royal Albert Hall of The Lord of the Rings Fellowship of the Ring and The Two Towers soundtracks. The Schola has also performed with 'The Priests' in Dublin's St Peter's Cathedral and in London's Cadogan Hall, the former being broadcast on BBC Radio Ulster. In November 2008 the choir performed in a concert for Save the Children at St Paul's Cathedral. On 7 July 2007 the Schola performed a concert in Rome, backed by the Vatican, with the Orchestra Philarmonia Di Roma. The concert, written by Michael D’Alessandra, aimed to recall the glory of Rome.
The choir's concert for World AIDS Day took place at the Cadogan Hall in London on 1 December 2007. . All proceeds from the concert went to the SURF Fund (a campaign which works in Rwanda campaigning for free anti-retroviral treatment for survivors of the genocide, and provides medical support to reduce the effect of opportunistic infections) and SOS Children's Villages (a charity working in Swaziland to provide resources for those living with AIDS and to help prevent family abandonment).
Controversy
The schola was involved in some controversy in November 2007. For its performance for a World AIDS Day concert, the beneficiary, the Terrence Higgins Trust, was abruptly dropped one month before the concert was to take place.
David McFadden, the Headmaster of The London Oratory School, claimed that the nominated charity did not support Christian values so the school could not support the charity from the proceeds of the concert.
In response, Actor Simon Callow threatened to resign as patron of a choir at the school in protest. He was also a patron of the Terrence Higgins Trust.
Recordings
Film soundtracks
The choir has also featured on many film soundtracks including Fantastic Mr. Fox, The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, The Phantom of the Opera, The Golden Compass, The Brothers Grimm and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.
Audio recordings
The Schola released a recording of Ave Maria's on the Regent record label in 2008, with a recording of the music of contemporary British composer Roxanna Panufnik due in November 2009. The choir recorded an album of Christmas Carols, 'Songs of a Shepherd' in 2001, released on the Herald AV record label.
In 2007 the Schola worked with the choir of an orphanage in Harare, Zimbabwe, to record a version of the popular Christmas carol Silent Night. The orphanage cares for children who were abandoned or whose parents died, largely due to AIDS. This recording supported, and was launched on, the World AIDS Day. Over 50% of the purchase price goes directly to the orphanage in order to assist it with its work. In 2008 The London Oratory School Schola recorded with Icelandic band Sigur Rós on their song Ára Bátur for their new album Með suð í eyrum við spilum endalaust, recorded on the Christmas album of Faith Hill and Andrew Johnston, runner-up from Britain's Got Talent, in 2009 the choir featured on albums of 'The Priests' and Camilla Kerslake.
Gallery
References
External links
Official site
Choir brochure
Siena music festival
HAVPCD269 - Songs of a Shepherd
Choirs of children
Boys' and men's choirs
London choirs
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups from the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham |
In Hawaiian mythology, Hauwahine was a moʻo and the guardian spirit of Kawainui Fishpond as well as Pā'eo and Kaʻelepulu fishponds.
Name
In the Hawaiian language, the name Hauwahine literally means "female ruler".
Characteristics
It was believed that Hauwahine ensured there was enough food available for the people, but removed the fish from the pond if the people living in the area were oppressed by the aliʻi. She was additionally believed to prevent sickness. Pollution and overgrowth were thought to be insults to Hauwahine, which was one motivation for the Hawaiians to keep the fishpond clean. The Hawaiian goddess Hiʻiaka was believed to have fought all the moʻo except for Hauwahine, for whom she chanted a mele.
Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine, a basalt outcropping on the west side of Kawainui, was thought to be a favored location of Hauwahine. Yellow grass and rushes were believed to mark her location.
References
Bibliography
Hawaiian mythology |
Bumblebee (Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack to the 2018 film of the same name directed by Travis Knight. The film, which is the sixth installment in the Transformers live-action film series, serves as a spin-off and prequel to the 2007 film. The soundtrack to the film consisted of several popular songs from the 1980s, which were released by Republic Records on the same day, as the film's release on December 21, 2018. Bumblebee (Motion Picture Score), an album consisting of the film's original score composed by Dario Marianelli was released by Paramount Music on the same date.
Bumblebee (Motion Picture Soundtrack)
Singles
Hailee Steinfeld performed the lead single "Back to Life" released on November 2, 2018. Two days later, she then performed the song live at 2018 MTV Europe Music Awards.
Track listing
Chart performance
Bumblebee (Motion Picture Score)
Dario Marianelli composed the film's score thereby being the first film in the Transformers film series, not to be composed by Steve Jablonsky. He previously collaborated with the film's director, Travis Knight on the stop-motion animated film Kubo and the Two Strings (2016).
La-La Land Records released the limited edition of the soundtrack pressed to 2,000 copies on May 18, 2021.
Track listing
Reception
Zanobard Reviews gave 5/10 to the album, saying "the score to Bumblebee is fine. It's not ridiculously great or horrendously awful, it’s just…nothing special" and criticised the decision for not featuring Jablonsky's themes. Anton Smit of Soundtrack World commented "This score is a good example of a well-implemented underscore for a movie. It helps with enhancing the emotions that evoked in each scene, but it is just not that interesting to listen to as a stand-alone album- with the exception of the “Charlie” theme. The theme itself is beautiful but is not able to carry the rest of the album."
Filmtracks.com wrote "the score holds its own despite all the song placements, though the acoustic guitar theme for the woman sounds a bit out of tune at times given its broken progressions in comparison to all the tonal songs surrounding its usage. And the absence of a cameo for the Jablonsky theme or the original television show's theme at the reunion scene on the Golden Gate Bridge (Optimus Prime in Freightliner truck mode has never looked so good) is a missed opportunity. But Marianelli's thoughtful entry into this franchise is very well handled and certainly merits his continued involvement." James Southall of Movie Wave wrote "it’s all fine, and shows that Marianelli could do more films like this if he wanted to – he’s demonstrated a side to himself that we didn’t really know was there – but while it’s obviously better than another generic Remote Control score, and while it is proper music, with at times ferociously complex orchestration, it’s not really the most memorable – it’s really in films like Kubo that he can really shine."
Credits
Credits adapted from Paramount Music.
Music composed and produced by – Dario Marianelli
Additional music and programming – Jody Jenkins
Musical assistance – Jessica Jones, Tim Morrish
Recordist – Tim Lauber
Pro-tools recordist – Larry Mah, Vinnie Cirilli
Music consultant and mixing – Nick Wollage
Additional mixing – Fiona Cruickshank
Mastering – Mark Willsher
Score editor – Kevin McKeever, Mark Willsher
Production manager – Frank K. DeWald, Neil S. Bulk
Music supervision – Maggie Rodford
Booth score reader – James T. Sale
Assistant engineer – Jack Mills
Music preparation – Colin Rae, Mark Graham, Victor Pesavento
Executive producer – Lorenzo Di Bonaventura, Michael Bay
Liner notes – Daniel Schweiger
Art direction – Dan Goldwasser
Executive in charge of music – Randy Spendlove
Instruments
Bassoon – Kenneth Munday, Patricia Kindel, William May, Rose Corrigan
Cello – Armen Ksajikian, Ben Lash, Cecilia Tsan, Dennis Karmazyn, Eric Byers, Erika Duke-Kirkpatrick, Evgeny Tonkha, Jacob Braun, Michael Kaufman, Paula Hochhalter, Ross Gasworth, Simone Vitucci, Timothy Loo, Vanessa Freebairn-Smith, Helen Altenbach, Andrew Shulman
Clarinet – Donald Foster, Joshua Ranz, Ralph Williams, Stuart Clark
Contrabass – Brianna Goldberg, David Parmeter, Drew Dembowski, Edward Meares, Geoffrey Osika, Michael Valerio, Stephen Dress, Thomas Harte, Nico Abondolo
Flute – Heather Clark, Jennifer Olson, Geri Rotella
French horn – Amy Rhine, Benjamin Jaber, Dylan Hart, Kaylet Torrez, Laura Brenes, Mark Adams, Mike McCoy, Steven Becknell, David Everson
Harp – Gayle Levant
Oboe – Clair Brazeau-Bratt, Jennifer Cullinan, Lara Wickes, Jessica Pearlman
Percussion – Edward Atkatz, Kenneth McGrath, Wade Culbreath
Trombone – Andrew Martin, William Reichenbach, Phillip Keen, Steven Suminski, Alexander Iles
Trumpet – Mike Stever, Robert Schaer, Thomas Hooten, Jon Lewis
Tuba – Doug Tornquist
Viola – Aaron Oltman, Alma Fernandez, Andrew Duckles, Carolyn Riley, Corinne Sobolewski, David Walther, Erik Rynearson, Zach Dellinger, Jonathan Moerschel, Karoline Menezes-Smith, Laura Pearson, Luke Maurer, Michael Larco, Michael Whitson, Shawn Mann, Victoria Miskolczy, Robert Brophy
Violin – Akiko Tarumoto, Alyssa Park, Amy Hershberger, Ana Landauer, Benjamin Jacobson, Charlie Bisharat, Darius Campo, Dimitrie Leivici, Eun-Mee Ahn, Grace Oh, Heather Powell, Helen Nightengale, Ina Veli, Irina Voloshina, Jacqueline Brand, Jessica Guideri, Joel Pargman, Josefina Vergara, Julie Gigante, Ken Aiso, Kevin Connolly, Kevin Kumar, Lisa Liu, Lorand Lokuszta, Luanne Homzy, Maia Jasper-White, Maya Magub, Natalie Leggett, Nathan Cole, Neil Samples, Phillip Levy, Rafael Rishik, Roberto Cani, Sara Parkins, Sarah Thornblade, Shalini Vijayan, Songa Lee, Tamara Hatwan, Tereza Stanislav, Roger Wilkie
Orchestra
Orchestration – Dario Marianelli, Geoff Alexander
Orchestra conductor – Dario Marianelli
Orchestra contractor – Peter Rotter
Concertmaster – Belinda Broughton
Stage engineer – Erin Rettig
Stage manager – Damon Tedesco, Peter Nelson
Vocals
Alto – Aleta Braxton, Jennifer Haydn-Jones, Jessica Rotter, Jessie Shulman, Kasondra Kazanjian, Laura Smith Roethe, Lesley Leighton, Sara Mann
Bass – Abdiel Gonzalez, Daniel J. O'Brien, David Loucks, Dylan Gentile, Mark Edward Smith, Michael Bannett, Michael Miersma, William Kenneth Goldman
Soprano – Ayana Haviv, Carrah Stamatakis, Elyse Willis, Holly Sedillos, Kelci Hahn, Meredith Pyle, Suzanne Waters, Tamara Bevard
Tenor – Bradley Chapman, Gerald White, Greg Whipple, Jasper Randall, Joshua D. McGowan, Matthew Tresler, Steven Harms, Todd Strange
Vocal contractor – Jasper Randall
References
2018 soundtrack albums
Rock soundtracks
Pop soundtracks
Rhythm and blues soundtracks
Electronic dance music albums
Republic Records soundtracks
Paramount Music soundtracks
Film scores
Transformers (film series) soundtracks
Dario Marianelli soundtracks |
Ngô Quyền () (April 17, 898 – February 14, 944), often referred to as Tiền Ngô Vương (前吳王; "First King of Ngô"), was a warlord who later became the founding king of the Ngô dynasty of Vietnam. He reigned from 939 to 944. In 938, he defeated the Southern Han dynasty at the Battle of Bạch Đằng River north of modern Haiphong. The battle is celebrated in Vietnamese national history as it ended 1,000 years of Chinese rule over Vietnam dating back to 111 BC under the Western Han dynasty. A central district in modern Haiphong is named after him.
Early life and career
Ngô Quyền was born in 898 AD in Đường Lâm (modern-day Sơn Tây District, Hanoi of northern Vietnam) during the Tang dynasty. He was the son of Ngô Mân, an influential official in Phong, Annan (today Phu Tho province). Ngô Mân's ancestor was Wu Ridai (Ngô Nhật Đại), a local tribal chief from Fuluzhou, Annan (Modern-day Ha Tinh Province). In 722, Wu Ridai and his family migrated to Aizhou (Modern-day Thanh Hoa Province) after the defeat of Mai Thúc Loan. According to the family's stele erected in 1631, the family claimed to has dated back to Hung kings period. Ngô Quyền's birth, according to Vietnamese tradition, that he was bathed with strange luminosity and three strangle black moles were seen on the baby's back, which were signs of his future greatness, and the mother named him "Quyền", meaning authority and power.
Since 905, the Tang dynasty lost control of Jinghai to locals and native chieftains. The Khúc family ruled Annam autonomy until in 930 the Chinese kingdom of Southern Han invaded Jinghai and removed the Khúc family from power. A formal vassal of the Khúc family, Dương Đình Nghệ launched a revolt in 931 that ousted the Chinese.
In 931, he served under Dương Đình Nghệ (the governor of Jinghai circuit/principality) and quickly rose through the military ranks and government administration; by 934, he was promoted to the post of military governor of Ái Châu. Dương Đình Nghệ loved his talent and gave him one of his daughters, Lady Dương, in marriage and placed him in charge of Ái Châu (Nghệ An province at present). The province was Dương Đình Nghệ's hometown and military power base. By giving Ngô Quyền command of this region Dương Đình Nghệ recognized Ngô Quyền's loyalty and talent.
After Dương Đình Nghệ was assassinated in a military coup in 937 by a usurper named Kiều Công Tiễn, he took control of the military and was well received. That same year, Ngô Quyền's forces defeated the rebel Kiều Công Tiễn and had him executed. This transpired into an opportunistic pretense for wrestling control of Annam by the new Southern Han regime due to its strategic geographical location. Ngô Quyền foresaw the Southern Han intention. He quickly mobilized the armed forces and made war preparations well in advance. His victory at the Battle of Bach Dang paved the way for Vietnamese independence.
Defeating the Southern Han
In 938, the Southern Han emperor Liu Yan dispatched an naval fleet to subdue Jinghai. Ngô Quyền calculated that the Southern Han would sail down the Bạch Đằng River to unload their troops right in the middle of Giao Châu to do the most damage. To prevent this incursion, Ngô Quyền strategized and ordered the waters of Bạch Đằng embedded with thousands of large wooden pikes hidden just beneath the rising tide water. He used boats with shallow drafts to instigate and lure the Southern Han toward the traps after the tide had risen. When the hundreds of Southern Han ships were punctured and caught against the deadly traps, Ngô Quyền led his forces in the attack. Hundreds of trapped ships were burned and sabotaged and thousands of Southern Han soldiers were killed, while some managed to retreat and were chased out relentlessly by the forces of An Nam. In the thick of battle, most of the Southern Han army, including the Admiral Liu Hongcao (the prince of the Southern Han Emperor), were killed.
King of Annam (Tĩnh Hải Quân)
After overthrowing the Chinese government in Vietnam and proclaimed as king, Ngô Quyền transferred the capital to Cổ Loa citadel, the capital of Âu Lạc, the ancient Yue kingdom, thus affirming the continuity of the traditions of the Lạc Việt people. He strengthened old rituals, and also provided feathered accessories, yellow banners, brass gongs, and deerskin drums for all the ancient dances with sword and battle axe, reminiscent of scenes depicted on Đông Sơn drums.
Despite having defeated Southern Han, Quyền also imposed a Chinese style administration that followed Chinese etiquette such as the color of dress that was worn. But his new realm quickly succumbed to prolonged civil conflict, beginning with internecine struggles between members of the Dương and Ngô families, who continued to alternate in power until the mid-960s. Ngô Quyền's immediate heirs proved unable to maintain a unified state. After his death in 944, Dương Tam Kha usurped the throne for a brief time, until Ngô Quyền's two sons, Ngô Xương Văn and Ngô Xương Ngập, finally established a joint rule, which lasted until the collapse of the royal family in 966.
Family
Father
Ngô Mân
Mother
Phùng Thị Tinh Phong
Wife
Dương Thị Ngọc
Brother in law
Dương Tam Kha (?–980)
Children
Ngô Xương Ngập (?–954)
Ngô Xương Văn (935–965)
Ngô Nam Hưng
Ngô Càn Hưng
Legacy
The first history of Dai Viet by Lê Văn Hưu (13th century), Anthology of Palace Spirits of Lý Tế Xuyên (14th Century), and successive histories all recognized the importance of Ngô Quyền.
Image
References
Citations
Bibliography
Further reading
Nam Viet, Britannica
The first National King of Viet Nam: Ngo Quyen, Father of Vietnamese Independence
Ngô dynasty
Vietnamese kings
897 births
944 deaths
10th-century Vietnamese monarchs
People from Hanoi
Vietnamese monarchs
Founding monarchs |
```go
package query
import (
"context"
"strings"
"sync"
"time"
"github.com/go-kit/log"
"github.com/opentracing/opentracing-go"
"github.com/pkg/errors"
"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage"
"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/annotations"
"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/dedup"
"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/extprom"
"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/gate"
"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/store"
"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/store/storepb"
"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/tenancy"
"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/tracing"
)
type seriesStatsReporter func(seriesStats storepb.SeriesStatsCounter)
var NoopSeriesStatsReporter seriesStatsReporter = func(_ storepb.SeriesStatsCounter) {}
func NewAggregateStatsReporter(stats *[]storepb.SeriesStatsCounter) seriesStatsReporter {
var mutex sync.Mutex
return func(s storepb.SeriesStatsCounter) {
mutex.Lock()
defer mutex.Unlock()
*stats = append(*stats, s)
}
}
// QueryableCreator returns implementation of promql.Queryable that fetches data from the proxy store API endpoints.
// If deduplication is enabled, all data retrieved from it will be deduplicated along all replicaLabels by default.
// When the replicaLabels argument is not empty it overwrites the global replicaLabels flag. This allows specifying
// replicaLabels at query time.
// maxResolutionMillis controls downsampling resolution that is allowed (specified in milliseconds).
// partialResponse controls `partialResponseDisabled` option of StoreAPI and partial response behavior of proxy.
type QueryableCreator func(
deduplicate bool,
replicaLabels []string,
storeDebugMatchers [][]*labels.Matcher,
maxResolutionMillis int64,
partialResponse,
skipChunks bool,
shardInfo *storepb.ShardInfo,
seriesStatsReporter seriesStatsReporter,
) storage.Queryable
// NewQueryableCreator creates QueryableCreator.
// NOTE(bwplotka): Proxy assumes to be replica_aware, see thanos.store.info.StoreInfo.replica_aware field.
func NewQueryableCreator(
logger log.Logger,
reg prometheus.Registerer,
proxy storepb.StoreServer,
maxConcurrentSelects int,
selectTimeout time.Duration,
) QueryableCreator {
gf := gate.NewGateFactory(extprom.WrapRegistererWithPrefix("concurrent_selects_", reg), maxConcurrentSelects, gate.Selects)
return func(
deduplicate bool,
replicaLabels []string,
storeDebugMatchers [][]*labels.Matcher,
maxResolutionMillis int64,
partialResponse,
skipChunks bool,
shardInfo *storepb.ShardInfo,
seriesStatsReporter seriesStatsReporter,
) storage.Queryable {
return &queryable{
logger: logger,
replicaLabels: replicaLabels,
storeDebugMatchers: storeDebugMatchers,
proxy: proxy,
deduplicate: deduplicate,
maxResolutionMillis: maxResolutionMillis,
partialResponse: partialResponse,
skipChunks: skipChunks,
gateProviderFn: func() gate.Gate {
return gf.New()
},
maxConcurrentSelects: maxConcurrentSelects,
selectTimeout: selectTimeout,
shardInfo: shardInfo,
seriesStatsReporter: seriesStatsReporter,
}
}
}
type queryable struct {
logger log.Logger
replicaLabels []string
storeDebugMatchers [][]*labels.Matcher
proxy storepb.StoreServer
deduplicate bool
maxResolutionMillis int64
partialResponse bool
skipChunks bool
gateProviderFn func() gate.Gate
maxConcurrentSelects int
selectTimeout time.Duration
shardInfo *storepb.ShardInfo
seriesStatsReporter seriesStatsReporter
}
// Querier returns a new storage querier against the underlying proxy store API.
func (q *queryable) Querier(mint, maxt int64) (storage.Querier, error) {
return newQuerier(q.logger, mint, maxt, q.replicaLabels, q.storeDebugMatchers, q.proxy, q.deduplicate, q.maxResolutionMillis, q.partialResponse, q.skipChunks, q.gateProviderFn(), q.selectTimeout, q.shardInfo, q.seriesStatsReporter), nil
}
type querier struct {
logger log.Logger
mint, maxt int64
replicaLabels []string
storeDebugMatchers [][]*labels.Matcher
proxy storepb.StoreServer
deduplicate bool
maxResolutionMillis int64
partialResponseStrategy storepb.PartialResponseStrategy
skipChunks bool
selectGate gate.Gate
selectTimeout time.Duration
shardInfo *storepb.ShardInfo
seriesStatsReporter seriesStatsReporter
}
// newQuerier creates implementation of storage.Querier that fetches data from the proxy
// store API endpoints.
func newQuerier(
logger log.Logger,
mint,
maxt int64,
replicaLabels []string,
storeDebugMatchers [][]*labels.Matcher,
proxy storepb.StoreServer,
deduplicate bool,
maxResolutionMillis int64,
partialResponse,
skipChunks bool,
selectGate gate.Gate,
selectTimeout time.Duration,
shardInfo *storepb.ShardInfo,
seriesStatsReporter seriesStatsReporter,
) *querier {
if logger == nil {
logger = log.NewNopLogger()
}
rl := make(map[string]struct{})
for _, replicaLabel := range replicaLabels {
rl[replicaLabel] = struct{}{}
}
partialResponseStrategy := storepb.PartialResponseStrategy_ABORT
if partialResponse {
partialResponseStrategy = storepb.PartialResponseStrategy_WARN
}
return &querier{
logger: logger,
selectGate: selectGate,
selectTimeout: selectTimeout,
mint: mint,
maxt: maxt,
replicaLabels: replicaLabels,
storeDebugMatchers: storeDebugMatchers,
proxy: proxy,
deduplicate: deduplicate,
maxResolutionMillis: maxResolutionMillis,
partialResponseStrategy: partialResponseStrategy,
skipChunks: skipChunks,
shardInfo: shardInfo,
seriesStatsReporter: seriesStatsReporter,
}
}
func (q *querier) isDedupEnabled() bool {
return q.deduplicate && len(q.replicaLabels) > 0
}
type seriesServer struct {
// This field just exist to pseudo-implement the unused methods of the interface.
storepb.Store_SeriesServer
ctx context.Context
seriesSet []storepb.Series
seriesSetStats storepb.SeriesStatsCounter
warnings annotations.Annotations
}
func (s *seriesServer) Send(r *storepb.SeriesResponse) error {
if r.GetWarning() != "" {
s.warnings.Add(errors.New(r.GetWarning()))
return nil
}
if r.GetSeries() != nil {
s.seriesSet = append(s.seriesSet, *r.GetSeries())
s.seriesSetStats.Count(r.GetSeries())
return nil
}
// Unsupported field, skip.
return nil
}
func (s *seriesServer) Context() context.Context {
return s.ctx
}
// aggrsFromFunc infers aggregates of the underlying data based on the wrapping
// function of a series selection.
func aggrsFromFunc(f string) []storepb.Aggr {
if f == "min" || strings.HasPrefix(f, "min_") {
return []storepb.Aggr{storepb.Aggr_MIN}
}
if f == "max" || strings.HasPrefix(f, "max_") {
return []storepb.Aggr{storepb.Aggr_MAX}
}
if f == "count" || strings.HasPrefix(f, "count_") {
return []storepb.Aggr{storepb.Aggr_COUNT}
}
// f == "sum" falls through here since we want the actual samples.
if strings.HasPrefix(f, "sum_") {
return []storepb.Aggr{storepb.Aggr_SUM}
}
if f == "increase" || f == "rate" || f == "irate" || f == "resets" {
return []storepb.Aggr{storepb.Aggr_COUNTER}
}
// In the default case, we retrieve count and sum to compute an average.
return []storepb.Aggr{storepb.Aggr_COUNT, storepb.Aggr_SUM}
}
func (q *querier) Select(ctx context.Context, _ bool, hints *storage.SelectHints, ms ...*labels.Matcher) storage.SeriesSet {
if hints == nil {
hints = &storage.SelectHints{
Start: q.mint,
End: q.maxt,
}
} else {
// NOTE(GiedriusS): need to make a copy here
// because the PromQL engine sorts these and
// we later on call String() the whole request (including this slice).
grouping := make([]string, 0, len(hints.Grouping))
grouping = append(grouping, hints.Grouping...)
hints.Grouping = grouping
}
matchers := make([]string, len(ms))
for i, m := range ms {
matchers[i] = m.String()
}
tenant := ctx.Value(tenancy.TenantKey)
// The context gets canceled as soon as query evaluation is completed by the engine.
// We want to prevent this from happening for the async store API calls we make while preserving tracing context.
// TODO(bwplotka): Does the above still is true? It feels weird to leave unfinished calls behind query API.
ctx = tracing.CopyTraceContext(context.Background(), ctx)
ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, tenancy.TenantKey, tenant)
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, q.selectTimeout)
span, ctx := tracing.StartSpan(ctx, "querier_select", opentracing.Tags{
"minTime": hints.Start,
"maxTime": hints.End,
"matchers": "{" + strings.Join(matchers, ",") + "}",
})
promise := make(chan storage.SeriesSet, 1)
go func() {
defer close(promise)
var err error
tracing.DoInSpan(ctx, "querier_select_gate_ismyturn", func(ctx context.Context) {
err = q.selectGate.Start(ctx)
})
if err != nil {
promise <- storage.ErrSeriesSet(errors.Wrap(err, "failed to wait for turn"))
return
}
defer q.selectGate.Done()
span, ctx := tracing.StartSpan(ctx, "querier_select_select_fn")
defer span.Finish()
set, stats, err := q.selectFn(ctx, hints, ms...)
if err != nil {
promise <- storage.ErrSeriesSet(err)
return
}
q.seriesStatsReporter(stats)
promise <- set
}()
return &lazySeriesSet{create: func() (storage.SeriesSet, bool) {
defer cancel()
defer span.Finish()
// Only gets called once, for the first Next() call of the series set.
set, ok := <-promise
if !ok {
return storage.ErrSeriesSet(errors.New("channel closed before a value received")), false
}
return set, set.Next()
}}
}
func (q *querier) selectFn(ctx context.Context, hints *storage.SelectHints, ms ...*labels.Matcher) (storage.SeriesSet, storepb.SeriesStatsCounter, error) {
sms, err := storepb.PromMatchersToMatchers(ms...)
if err != nil {
return nil, storepb.SeriesStatsCounter{}, errors.Wrap(err, "convert matchers")
}
aggrs := aggrsFromFunc(hints.Func)
// TODO(bwplotka): Pass it using the SeriesRequest instead of relying on context.
ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, store.StoreMatcherKey, q.storeDebugMatchers)
// TODO(bwplotka): Use inprocess gRPC when we want to stream responses.
// Currently streaming won't help due to nature of the both PromQL engine which
// pulls all series before computations anyway.
resp := &seriesServer{ctx: ctx}
req := storepb.SeriesRequest{
MinTime: hints.Start,
MaxTime: hints.End,
Matchers: sms,
MaxResolutionWindow: q.maxResolutionMillis,
Aggregates: aggrs,
ShardInfo: q.shardInfo,
PartialResponseStrategy: q.partialResponseStrategy,
SkipChunks: q.skipChunks,
}
if q.isDedupEnabled() {
// Soft ask to sort without replica labels and push them at the end of labelset.
req.WithoutReplicaLabels = q.replicaLabels
}
if err := q.proxy.Series(&req, resp); err != nil {
return nil, storepb.SeriesStatsCounter{}, errors.Wrap(err, "proxy Series()")
}
warns := annotations.New().Merge(resp.warnings)
if !q.isDedupEnabled() {
return NewPromSeriesSet(
newStoreSeriesSet(resp.seriesSet),
q.mint,
q.maxt,
aggrs,
warns,
), resp.seriesSetStats, nil
}
// TODO(bwplotka): Move to deduplication on chunk level inside promSeriesSet, similar to what we have in dedup.NewDedupChunkMerger().
// This however require big refactor, caring about correct AggrChunk to iterator conversion and counter reset apply.
// For now we apply simple logic that splits potential overlapping chunks into separate replica series, so we can split the work.
set := NewPromSeriesSet(
dedup.NewOverlapSplit(newStoreSeriesSet(resp.seriesSet)),
q.mint,
q.maxt,
aggrs,
warns,
)
return dedup.NewSeriesSet(set, hints.Func), resp.seriesSetStats, nil
}
// LabelValues returns all potential values for a label name.
func (q *querier) LabelValues(ctx context.Context, name string, _ *storage.LabelHints, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
span, ctx := tracing.StartSpan(ctx, "querier_label_values")
defer span.Finish()
// TODO(bwplotka): Pass it using the SeriesRequest instead of relying on context.
ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, store.StoreMatcherKey, q.storeDebugMatchers)
pbMatchers, err := storepb.PromMatchersToMatchers(matchers...)
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "converting prom matchers to storepb matchers")
}
req := &storepb.LabelValuesRequest{
Label: name,
PartialResponseStrategy: q.partialResponseStrategy,
Start: q.mint,
End: q.maxt,
Matchers: pbMatchers,
}
if q.isDedupEnabled() {
req.WithoutReplicaLabels = q.replicaLabels
}
resp, err := q.proxy.LabelValues(ctx, req)
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "proxy LabelValues()")
}
var warns annotations.Annotations
for _, w := range resp.Warnings {
warns.Add(errors.New(w))
}
return resp.Values, warns, nil
}
// LabelNames returns all the unique label names present in the block in sorted order constrained
// by the given matchers.
func (q *querier) LabelNames(ctx context.Context, _ *storage.LabelHints, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
span, ctx := tracing.StartSpan(ctx, "querier_label_names")
defer span.Finish()
// TODO(bwplotka): Pass it using the SeriesRequest instead of relying on context.
ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, store.StoreMatcherKey, q.storeDebugMatchers)
pbMatchers, err := storepb.PromMatchersToMatchers(matchers...)
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "converting prom matchers to storepb matchers")
}
req := &storepb.LabelNamesRequest{
PartialResponseStrategy: q.partialResponseStrategy,
Start: q.mint,
End: q.maxt,
Matchers: pbMatchers,
}
if q.isDedupEnabled() {
req.WithoutReplicaLabels = q.replicaLabels
}
resp, err := q.proxy.LabelNames(ctx, req)
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "proxy LabelNames()")
}
var warns annotations.Annotations
for _, w := range resp.Warnings {
warns.Add(errors.New(w))
}
return resp.Names, warns, nil
}
func (q *querier) Close() error { return nil }
``` |
Pasgoda Grama Niladhari Division is a Grama Niladhari Division of the Pasgoda Divisional Secretariat of Matara District of Southern Province, Sri Lanka . It has Grama Niladhari Division Code 254.
Pasgoda is a surrounded by the Saputhanthirikanda, Thalapathkanda, Bengamuwa East, Bengamuwa South, Dampahala East, Napathella and Andaluwa Grama Niladhari Divisions.
Demographics
Ethnicity
The Pasgoda Grama Niladhari Division has a Sinhalese majority (99.1%) . In comparison, the Pasgoda Divisional Secretariat (which contains the Pasgoda Grama Niladhari Division) has a Sinhalese majority (97.1%)
Religion
The Pasgoda Grama Niladhari Division has a Buddhist majority (99.5%) . In comparison, the Pasgoda Divisional Secretariat (which contains the Pasgoda Grama Niladhari Division) has a Buddhist majority (97.1%)
Grama Niladhari Divisions of Pasgoda Divisional Secretariat
References |
Ocean Rowing Society International (ORSI) (prior to 2006 known as ORS), is the governing body for international ocean rowing and official adjudicator of ocean rowing records for Guinness World Records. ORSI was founded in 1983 in California by ocean rower Peter Bird and Kenneth F.Crutchlow FRGS. Current coordinators of ORSI are Tatiana Rezvaya-Crutchlow and Chris Martin, and Fiann Paul.
History
The Ocean Rowing Society (from 2006 – International) was founded in 1983 by Kenneth Frank Crutchlow, with support of an ocean rower Peter Bird. The reason, that urged them to do it, was a letter from a French journalist, asking if there existed a list of British ocean rowers. He was writing about the row of French Gerard d'Aboville and wondered how to compare it to the achievements of the other ocean rowers. The main goal of the Society was and still is to keep record of all attempts to row across the oceans.
In 1983, after almost 90 years since the first ocean row in history, there had been only 32 attempts to row an ocean, and only 14 of them had been successful. The Ocean Rowing Society completed full and accurate information about all and each of them, to verify and to classify every row in the pre-Internet era. And since then, ORS has been the only body that keeps records of all events in the field of ocean rowing activity. The Ocean Rowing Society Int. is an official adjudicator of ocean rowing records for the Guinness World Records.
D. H. Clarke from Guinness World Records in 1964 pioneered recording of ocean rows. He handed over to Kenneth Crutchlow all his notes that laid the basis for the statistics. And ocean rowers Geoff Allum and Mike Nestor, who provided ORS with their records and numerous cuttings from press articles, and helped with the compiling of the first list of the statistics. In 2000 Tom Lynch, an American Director of ORS, handed over the maintenance of the website to Ukrainian Theodore Rezvoy, who has designed website's current interface and created logo of ORS, placing there a saying in Latin. It expresses the inner motto of this extreme adventure: "Nosce Te Ipsum" – Know Thyself. "Know yourself, test yourself, challenge yourself and succeed – the greatest victory for an individual, that's what all this is about."
In 2001 Tatiana Rezvaya-Crutchlow, became and still is the Editor-in-Chief of the ORS website. She is in charge of maintaining and updating the general statistics, as well as compiling its various options, selected by the aspect of the route, category, class, age, gender, country, duration, etc. In 1980 Kenneth for the first time used ARGOS satellite beacons to track the row of Peter Bird across the Pacific Ocean from Russian Far East to San Francisco; and hence, after launching the website, ORS became the first to start monitoring and tracking rowers at sea, listing positions, plotting charts and posting them – along with the press articles, news and other information about and from rowers at sea, – making it available to public.
ORS has coordinated dozens of rows of individuals and in 2004 organized the first race with Solos and Four entrees (besides traditional Teams of Two – that had been the only class of entrees in races 1997, 2001 and 2003). It was then, that ORS introduced a convenient way of tracking numerous boats on one chart on the webpage, by marking them as dots of different colors – the way adopted later by organizers of other races. ORS has been one of the first contacts in the list of the Coast Guards, when it goes about rescue at sea of independent rowers. It assists by providing/confirming the necessary data, positions, contacts, etc. Kenneth F.Crutchlow was the first to organize a resupply of an ocean rower on route (Peter Bird, Pacific Ocean 1983) and then organized and participated in several resupplies of rowers and teams at sea – sailing and flying, or coordinating a meeting with a vessel or even another rowboat. ORSI organized the first meeting of entries in the 1997 race and in 2002 – meeting with all women-ocean rowers, at the Royal Geographical Society in London. It also organized lunches for ocean rowers with representatives of Guinness World Records on the occasions of awarding Guinness certificates to ocean rowers.
In 2000 ORS formed a committee of ocean rowers who prepared "guidelines" for those who might themselves want to accept the Challenge of an Ocean Row. There was established a record "Blue Riband Trophy of Ocean Rowing", to be presented to the holders of the record "The fastest row across the Atlantic East to West along the "Trade Winds I", – the most popular and rowed route of all in the world oceans. In 2017 Blue Riband Trophy was divided into two classes: classic and open. In 2003 ORS came up with an idea of organizing free seminars, where ocean rowers, coast guard helicopter pilots, psychologists, specialists in survival at sea shared their experience with those who were planning or about to go to sea. ORS sees as its task to keep alive and honor names of the past ocean rowers. A number of ocean rowboats related to the pioneers of ocean rowing have been saved from destruction, exhibited at several boat shows and finally presented to the relevant museums and organizations. In 2006 ORS became ORSI.
In 2021 Fiann Paul developed a geodatabase that documents and processes the entire history of human-power ocean-exploration, dubbed by Guinness World Records “The first real adventure database”. This database became the new ORSI website.
Coordinators
ORSI is led by coordinators. The following list gives main coordinators since 1983:
1983 – 2016: Kenneth F. Crutchlow
2016 – present: Tatiana Rezvaya-Crutchlow
2016 – present: Chris Martin
2019 – present: Fiann Paul
See also
International Rowing Federation
Human-powered watercraft
World Sailing
References
Sports organizations established in 1983
Ocean rowing |
Charles Spinasse (22 October 1893 in Égletons, Corrèze – 9 August 1979 in Rosiers-d'Égletons) was a French politician. He served as mayor of Égletons from 1929 to 1944 and again from 1965 to 1977. He belonged to the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO). In 1938, he served as France's minister of budget.
1893 births
1979 deaths
People from Corrèze
Politicians from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
French Section of the Workers' International politicians
Democratic Socialist Party (France) politicians
French Ministers of Budget
Members of the 13th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 14th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 15th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 16th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic |
Sakura was a of the Imperial Japanese Navy, built under the 1910 Programme as a 2nd Class destroyer.
Design
Sakura and her sister ship were at first planned to be large ocean-going vessels however due to financial problems they were redesigned to a smaller type. Unlike the preceding , which was powered by Parsons turbines, Tachibana was installed with vertical expansion engines.
Service
The ship, built at the Maizuru Naval Arsenal, was launched in 1911, completed in 1912, and entered service shortly afterward. After 20 years of service, Sakura was decommissioned in 1932 and scrapped in 1933.
References
Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946
Sakura-class destroyers
1912 ships
Ships built by Maizuru Naval Arsenal |
```xml
export { ConfigureForm } from './ConfigureForm';
``` |
Acalyptris obliquella is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It was described by Scoble in 1980. It is known from South Africa (it was described from Natal).
The larvae feed on Bridelia micrantha.
References
Nepticulidae
Endemic moths of South Africa
Moths described in 1980 |
The Chigi codex is a music manuscript originating in Flanders. According to Herbert Kellman, it was created sometime between 1498 and 1503, probably at the behest of Philip I of Castile. It is currently housed in the Vatican Library under the call number Chigiana, C. VIII. 234.
The Chigi codex is notable not only for its vivid and colorful illuminations, which were probably done in Ghent in the workshop of the Master of the Hortulus Animae, but also for its very clear and legible musical notation. It contains a nearly complete catalogue of the polyphonic masses by Johannes Ockeghem and a collection of five relatively early L'homme armé mass settings, including Ockeghem's.
Several folia, comprising eight works, were added to the original codex at some point after the manuscript's original creation. These are indicated as such in the list below.
The two coats of arms in the page from Missa Ecce ancilla Domini refer to the Fernández de Córdoba family.
A facsimile of the Chigi Codex in seven parts is available to view online, in the International Music Scores Library Project, or IMSLP. The Petrucci Music Library/IMSLP is run by Project Petrucci LLC in the U.S.A.
Contents
The manuscript contains the following works (this list is distilled from that found in Kellman's article):
Alexander Agricola
Missa In myne zyn (without Kyrie)
Antoine Brumel
Missa L'homme armé
Antoine Busnois
Missa L'homme armé
Antoine de Févin
Sancta Trinitas unus Deus (addition)
Gaspar van Weerbeke
Stabat mater
Heinrich Isaac
Angeli archangeli
Jacobus Barbireau
Missa Virgo parens Christi (without Agnus Dei)
Jean Mouton
Quis dabit oculis (addition; no attribution)
Johannes Ockeghem
Ave Maria (addition)
Intemerata Dei Mater
Missa Mi-mi
Missa Ecce ancilla Domini
Missa L'homme armé
Missa Fors seulement (Kyrie, Gloria and Credo only)
Missa sine nomine (Kyrie, Gloria and Credo only)
Missa Ma maistresse (Kyrie and Gloria)
Missa Caput
Missa De plus en plus
Missa Au travail suis
Missa cuiusvis toni
Missa Prolationum
Missa quinti toni
Missa pro defunctis
Johannes Regis
Celsi tonantis
Clangat plebs
Lauda Sion Salvatorem
Lux solempnis (no attribution)
O admirabile commercium
Josquin des Prez
Missa L'homme armé sexti toni (Kyrie, Gloria and Credo only)
Stabat mater
Loyset Compère
Ave Maria (addition)
Missa L'homme armé
Sancte Michael ora pro nobis (addition; no attribution)
Sile frago ac rerum (no attribution)
Pierre de la Rue
Credo Sine nomine
Missa Almana
Anonymous works
Ave rosa speciosa
Regina coeli (addition)
Vidi aquam (addition)
one motet without text
References
Further reading
Music illuminated manuscripts
16th-century illuminated manuscripts
Renaissance music manuscript sources
Renaissance music
Manuscripts of the Vatican Library |
Allt-yr-yn () is a suburb of the city of Newport, south-east Wales.
Name
Pronounced by English-speaking locals as "Olt-er-reen", the spelling should include two Ns at the end, as "Allt-yr-ynn". The name means "The slope (allt) of the ash trees (ynn which is the plural of onnen – ash tree)" in Welsh.
Description
Allt-yr-yn forms an electoral ward (district) and coterminous community (parish) of the city. It is mainly residential and contains many large houses built in the early part of the 20th century. Some of the district is built upon the Ridgeway, Newport, with some of the ward offering views of surrounding areas such as Twmbarlwm. The area is governed by the Newport City Council.
Towards the City Centre, Allt-yr-yn is home to the offices of Newport City Council, at the Civic Centre, of which its clock tower can be seen for miles around.
University of Wales, Newport had a campus located in Allt-yr-yn. It served as the university's Science, IT and Business faculty.
before moving to a site with a new £35 million complex on the banks of the River Usk in central Newport. The new campus formally opened in January 2011. Initially the new campus will house the Newport Business School and design, film and media elements of the Newport School of Art, Media and Design.
On the west side of Allt-yr-yn heights there is a Local Nature Reserve containing ancient woodland, meadows and five ponds. Between 1934 and the mid-1960s this was home to an open-air swimming baths, and is now managed by a volunteer group known as WING – Wildlife in Newport Group. The nature reserve borders the Crumlin Arm of the Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal which runs parallel to the M4 Motorway at Allt-yr-yn. Lock 2 has been restored by volunteers and work has started on lock 3. Lock 1 disappeared under road works in Newport early in the 20th century.
A permanent military presence was established in the area with the completion of the Cavalry Barracks in 1845.
There was once a hospital in the ward, but this was deemed surplus to requirements and the site is now the Allt-yr-yn Heights estate.
References
External links
University of Wales, Newport
Newport City News
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Allt-yr-yn and surrounding area
Districts of Newport, Wales
Wards of Newport, Wales
Communities in Newport, Wales
Populated places established in the 20th century |
The 2017–18 season was Sunderland's 139th season in existence, and their first season in the Championship since 2006, after relegation from the Premier League in the previous season. Along with competing in the Championship, the club also participated in the FA Cup and EFL Cup. The season covered the period from 1 July 2017 to 30 June 2018.
Simon Grayson began the season as Sunderland manager, following the departure of David Moyes in May 2017. However, he did not complete the full season, instead being sacked towards the end of October after only one win in his first fifteen league matches saw Sunderland rooted to the bottom of the table. He was replaced by former Wales manager Chris Coleman.
Sunderland suffered a second successive relegation on 21 April 2018, following a 1–2 home defeat to fellow struggling side Burton Albion, after they had led the match 1–0. Results elsewhere meant that the club would compete in League One in the following season.
The events of the season formed the backdrop to the first series of the documentary programme Sunderland 'Til I Die, which was released on Netflix on 14 December 2018.
First team squad
Ages are as of 4 August 2017.
New contracts
Transfers and loans
Transfers in
Loans in
Transfers out
Loans out
Pre-season friendlies
Sunderland announced eight pre-season friendlies against Bury, Hibernian, Livingston, Bradford City, Scunthorpe United, St Johnstone, Celtic and Hartlepool United.
Competitions
Championship
League table
Result summary
Results by matchday
Matches
The fixtures for the 2017–18 season were released on 21 June 2017.
FA Cup
In the FA Cup, Sunderland entered the competition in the third round and were drawn away to Middlesbrough.
EFL Cup
On 16 June 2017, Sunderland were drawn away to Bury in the first round. A trip to Carlisle United was announced for the second round. A third away trip in the competition against Everton was drawn for the third round.
Squad statistics
Top scorers
The list is sorted by league goals and then shirt number when total goals are equal.
= Player left club mid-season
Last updated on 30 May 2018.
Appearances and goals
Last updated on 7 May 2018.
|-
|colspan="14"|Players who have played for Sunderland this season but are currently out on loan:
|-
|colspan="14"|Players who have played for Sunderland this season but have left the club:
|-
|}
Disciplinary record
References
Sunderland
Sunderland A.F.C. seasons |
George Clinton Ewing (March/April 1810 – July 16, 1888) was a salesman, wainwright, land agent, superintendent, assessor, selectman, state representative, and most notably one of the chief founders of Holyoke, Massachusetts; he is credited as having first brought the idea of building a dam and industrial city at Hadley Falls to investors in Boston, New York, Hartford, and St. Johnsbury, Vermont in 1846.
Personal life
Ewing was born in Hudson, New York on a day in March or April 1810 to Noble and Miriam (née Wolcott) Ewing. Early in his life, Ewing travelled to many locations, opening wainwright shops in Walpole, New Hampshire, Westminster, Vermont, and Littleton, New Hampshire. By the age of 30, he and his family had relocated to New York City where he became an associate of the Fairbanks Scale Company, serving as both a maker of scales and subsequently as a sales representative.
Founding of the Hadley Falls Company
As a salesman for Fairbanks, Ewing travelled across the United States, Europe, and even Russia to expand the company's market. During his travels he had a chance to see the new dam and canals constructed at Lowell, and by 1846 had noticed that a 60-foot drop in the Connecticut River, at what would be Hadley Falls, would serve as an ideal location for a similar project.
Having served many mills across the country as customers, Ewing was familiar not only with their operations but with their financiers as well. Although the company left the project soon after land was amassed, the Fairbanks Scale Company was largely responsible for the initial charter and water rights of the Hadley Falls Company. Ewing, having personally known Erastus Fairbanks, was able to convince him and a number of backers from Boston, Hartford, and New York to charter the company tasked with building a new planned industrial city. In March 1847 Ewing was appointed land agent and transferred 37 acres to the company, with very little resistance from the farmers whose land he had purchased. By the time Holyoke was chartered as a municipality this number had reached 1,300 acres. The one farmer who pushed back against the effort was one Sam Ely, who "declar[ed] that he would not sell to the 'cotton lords' of the Hadley [Falls] Company 'if they covered the entire field with gold dollars.' Finding no support from his contemporaries, Ely delayed sale of his land, but ultimately sold as well.
Labor disagreements and resignation
While Ewing, Fairbanks, and their associates were responsible for the conception of the Hadley Falls Company, their direct involvement in Holyoke's founding was cut short when Ewing severed ties as a company agent. Even during his time with the enterprise, Ewing had misgivings with his partners, the Boston Associates, including a decision to pay the dam's laborers 75 cents a day rather than the 85 cents they were initially promised; for the time he remained with the project Ewing paid the difference out of his own personal funds. A devout Christian, he fervently believed Sundays were a day of rest. When dam laborers were forced to work on Sundays, a strike broke out which was met with response from the state militia; it was not until a Catholic priest was brought from Springfield that the standoff was resolved. Finding fault with the actions of the company, Ewing and Fairbanks resigned from the enterprise thereafter. Their decision to leave the business proved sound when a series of poor design and construction decisions by the associates led to the very first dam washing down the Connecticut River within hours of its gates closing.
Political career
Throughout his life Ewing had a varied political career of many positions both in Holyoke, and as a figure in Massachusetts politics. In his early political career he remained active in the Whig Party, serving as a delegate in at least one of the party's conventions in Boston. Having founded a Temperance Society in the city's earliest days, following the Whig Party's dissolution, Ewing became identified with the Prohibition Party.
In Holyoke, Ewing remained an ardent advocate of not only the city's development but also for reform of its labor, seeking to "bridge the growing gulf between the established and working classes", through such proposals as shorter hours for workers. One of the reforms he proposed was a law that would use state funds to compensate families whose children were attending school for the wages they would have made from working during that time; the motion lacked any political support. However, as superintendent of Holyoke's public schools from 1867 to 1868, he was able to successfully start an evening school program which proved a marked success; in 1868 there were 20 pupils in this program, by 1879 the number had grown to 300.
Among his many various positions in Holyoke civic life, Ewing served as an assessor in 1851, and a justice of the peace in 1855. In 1852 he served as a state representative to the Massachusetts General Court, the only official state office he held. Prior to its incorporation as a city, Ewing served as one of its selectmen from 1869 to 1870. When the Holyoke National Bank was founded in 1872, Ewing would serve as a member of its first board of directors.
Believing in prohibition for much of his life, Ewing was initially selected to run on the gubernatorial ticket of the Prohibition Party in 1878, but objected "the party ought to head the ticket with a bigger man than [himself], unless they prefer some one who isn't very well known". Ultimately the party selected Alonzo Ames Miner, Tufts University's second president to head the ticket instead. Ewing would run unsuccessfully for lieutenant governor in the gubernatorial race of 1878, receiving only 2,117 votes or 0.83% of the final count.
Later life and death
George Ewing was a Congregationalist, serving as a lay preacher even into his later years for the Second Congregational Church of Holyoke, which he had joined in 1864. In his final years he wrote a history of the city to be published by its YMCA, which he proclaimed to the secretary of that chapter as well as his son, George Ewing Jr., would be his "last work". George Ewing died between the hours of six and seven on the evening of July 16, 1888; he was 78 years old.
Ewingville
In addition to purchasing land for the company, Ewing purchased a section of land for himself in an area between the Highlands and downtown Holyoke. With a patchwork of parcels owned by others, Ewing's large tract of land extended from west of Linden Street to Northampton Street; as far south as the present location of Forestdale Cemetery, and as far north as Beacon Avenue. Among his developments to that area, Ewing built four Italianate tenements along Dwight Street, connecting it from the Hadley Falls Company's grid to Northampton Street, a major thoroughfare.
Ewing constructed his own home there as well; the George C. Ewing House is a large brick Italianate structure with triangular windows and a brick cornice, built sometime before 1870. Following Ewing's death the building was sold to the Highland Parish in 1895 and used as a rectory until the house was moved to its present location in 1925 with the construction of the Holy Cross Roman Catholic Church.
See also
Boston Associates
William Whiting II, another key figure in the founding of Holyoke, Massachusetts
Notes
References
Date of birth unknown
Wainwrights
American people of Scottish descent
American city founders
1810 births
1888 deaths
19th-century Congregationalists
Politicians from Holyoke, Massachusetts
History of Holyoke, Massachusetts
19th-century American educators
19th-century American politicians
Massachusetts Whigs
Massachusetts Prohibitionists
School superintendents in Massachusetts
Massachusetts city council members |
Dominic Agostino (October 14, 1959 – March 24, 2004) was a Canadian politician who represented the riding of Hamilton East for the Liberal Party in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 until his death in 2004.
Background
Born in Sicily, Italy, Agostino was raised in Hamilton, Ontario and attended Mohawk College in that city. He worked as rehabilitation counsellor with the Ontario March of Dimes, and was a special assistant to Ontario Minister of Culture Lily Munro from 1985 to 1987.
Politics
Agostino was elected as a Catholic separate school board trustee in the Hamilton-Wentworth board at the age of 21, serving from 1980 to 1987. He campaigned in the 1985 provincial election in Hamilton Mountain, and finished third against New Democrat Brian Charlton. He then served as an alderman on the Hamilton City Council from 1987 until the provincial election of 1995.
He was elected as the Member of Provincial Parliament for Hamilton East. He was the first Liberal candidate to win the riding since 1937, and the first member of Hamilton's Italian community to win a provincial election anywhere in the city. He defeated Andrew MacKenzie, the son of outgoing New Democratic Party Labour Minister Bob Mackenzie, by about 4,000 votes.
The 1995 election was won by the Progressive Conservative Party, and Agostino quickly emerged as a prominent figure in the parliamentary opposition. He became a leading spokesperson for the Liberal Party's left wing, and gained particular praise for his performance as the party's Environment Critic from 1996 to 1999.
In 1996, Agostino supported Gerard Kennedy's unsuccessful bid for the party leadership. He was re-elected without difficulty in the provincial election of 1999, and served as Chief Opposition Whip from 1999 to 2002. Unlike some others in his party, he supported the City of Hamilton's amalgamation in 2000.
The Liberals won a majority government in the provincial election of 2003, although Agostino was re-elected with a somewhat reduced margin of victory. To the surprise of many in the province, he was not appointed to the first cabinet of Dalton McGuinty in October 2003. This was widely interpreted as a snub, but subsequent events cast the decision in a much different light: Agostino died on March 24, 2004, of liver cancer. He had been battling the disease for some time and had undergone surgery during the 2003 campaign, although this information was not made public until his death.
In a by-election to fill his legislative seat held on May 13, 2004, his brother Ralph, a Catholic separate school board trustee, failed to retain the Hamilton East seat for the Liberal Party, falling far behind city councillor and NDP candidate Andrea Horwath.
Sexuality
Shortly after his death, the Toronto-based LGBT community magazine fab published a piece titled "Why Did He Die a Straight Man?", in which the author, Eleanor Brown, alleged that Agostino was in the closet about his sexuality; she highlighted Agostino's support for legislation granting spousal benefits to same-sex partners, attendance at Gay Day at Canada's Wonderland in 1997, and regular patronage of clubs in Toronto's Church and Wellesley area. Neither Agostino nor his friends made any public statement on the matter. Agostino was quoted as saying: "As long as you are consistent, your private life should remain private."
Initial media reports on his death stated erroneously that he was married, naming Agostino's sister-in-law Rose as his wife. This was quickly retracted by the media, and attributed to a journalist's misinterpretation of the government press release announcing Agostino's death ("Our thoughts and love are with Dominic's mother Theresa, his brother Ralph and his wife Rose, Dominic's sister Mary and her husband Tony, and Dominic's beloved nieces and nephews.")
References
External links
1959 births
2004 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Ontario
Deaths from liver cancer
Italian emigrants to Canada
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
Gay politicians
Canadian gay men
Canadian LGBT people in provincial and territorial legislatures
Hamilton, Ontario city councillors
Ontario school board trustees
20th-century Canadian LGBT people
21st-century Canadian LGBT people
LGBT municipal councillors in Canada
20th-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian politicians |
Li Chi-an (born 7 July 1945) is a North Korean football striker who played for North Korea in the 1966 FIFA World Cup. He also played for 2.8 Sports Team.
References
1945 births
North Korean men's footballers
North Korea men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
1966 FIFA World Cup players
Living people |
Professor Carol L. Prives FRS is the Da Costa Professor of Biological Sciences at Columbia University.
She is known for her work in the characterisation of p53, an important tumor suppressor protein frequently mutated in cancer.
Education
Prives was educated in Canada, received her BSc and PhD in 1966 from McGill University, undertaking research in the lab of Juda Hirsch Quastel. She pursued postdoctoral fellowships at Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the Weizmann Institute under the mentorship of Professor Michel Revel. after which she became a faculty member at the Weizmann Institute. She received an honorary Doctor of Sciences degree from McGill University, her alma mater, on 29 May 2014 for her contributions to the understanding of p53.
Research and career
In 1995, she was appointed as the Da Costa Professor of Biology at Columbia University. She was the chair of the Department of Biological Sciences from 2000 to 2004.
Her early interest in the SV40 DNA tumour virus as a model for eukaryotic gene expression and oncogenic transformation led her to the study of p53. Since the late 1980s, her lab has focused on the p53 tumour suppressor gene, one of the most frequently mutated in human cancers.
Prives has served as chair of the Experimental Virology and the Cell and Molecular Pathology study sections of the National Institutes of Health. She has been a member of the Scientific Advisory Boards of the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, the Massachusetts General Cancer Center, the National Cancer Institute, and the Weizmann Institute. She was a member of the board of directors of the American Association for Cancer Research from 2004 to 2007. She also served on the Life Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2010.
She is a member of the editorial boards of Cell, Oncogene and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Awards
1996 NIH MERIT Award
2000 Elected Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2001 Elected Fellow, American Academy of Microbiology
2005 Elected Member, Institute of Medicine
2008 Elected Member, National Academy of Sciences
2009 Rosalind E. Franklin Award for Women in Science, National Cancer Institute
2010 Paul Janssen Prize in Biotechnology and Medicine, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine
2011 AACR-Women in Cancer Research Charlotte Friend Memorial Lectureship
2015 Elected Fellow, AACR Academy
2020 Elected Fellow, The Royal Society
2021 Recipient of AACR-G.H.A. Clowes Award for Outstanding Basic Cancer Research
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Fellows of the AACR Academy
Columbia University faculty
McGill University alumni
Canadian women biologists
20th-century Canadian biologists
21st-century Canadian biologists
Albert Einstein College of Medicine alumni
20th-century American biologists
21st-century American women scientists
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century American biologists
Scientists from New York City
Female Fellows of the Royal Society
American women academics
20th-century Canadian women scientists
21st-century Canadian women scientists
Canadian Fellows of the Royal Society
Members of the National Academy of Medicine |
Jajčić is a village situated in Ljig municipality in Serbia.
References
Populated places in Kolubara District |
Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza (19 February 191327 December 2007) was the Head of the Petrópolis branch of the House of Orléans-Braganza and a claimant to the defunct Brazilian throne in opposition to the Vassouras branch claim led by his cousins Princes Pedro Henrique and Luiz.
Pedro Gastão was born during the exile of the Brazilian Imperial Family, being the second child and first son of Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará, sometime heir to the throne of the Empire of Brazil, and Countess Elisabeth Dobrzensky of Dobrzenicz. Never having accepted his father's 1908 renunciation as valid, he actively claimed the Brazilian throne from his father's death in 1940 until his own in 2007.
Pedro Gastão was also uncle to the pretenders to the thrones of Portugal (Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza) and France (Henri, Count of Paris) and grandfather to the heir apparent to the defunct Yugoslav throne (Philip, Hereditary Prince of Yugoslavia).
Early life
Pedro Gastão, whose name was after his father and grandfather, was born on 19 February 1913 in France in the Château d'Eu, at the homonymous town of Eu, Seine-Maritime, where the Brazilian Imperial Family was installed since 1905. His father, Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará, was the older son of Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, and had been expected from birth to eventually inherit the Imperial Throne of Brazil naturally. His mother, Countess Elisabeth Dobrzensky of Dobrzenicz, was a member of an old Bohemian noble family. He was brother to Isabelle, Countess of Paris, Maria Francisca, Duchess of Braganza, Prince João Maria and Princess Teresa Teodora.
Pedro Gastão spent his youth in Europe, largely at his family's Parisian home in the Boulogne sur Seine suburb: "I have very good memories of my grandparents [...] In exile in France I was always brought up thinking of Brazil not France or Portugal." In 1922 he saw Brazil for the first time, two years after the repeal of the Banishment Law against the Imperial Family. The family was repatriated and settled at the Imperial Palace of Grão-Pará, at the town of Petrópolis, where Pedro Gastão attended the Notre Dame de Sion school which rented his father's Palace of Petrópolis.
Succession
When Pedro Gastão was born, it had been five years since his father had signed the instrument of resignation, by which he theoretically would have renounced the rights of succession to the throne of Brazil for himself and his offspring. The document was accepted by the Princess Imperial and by most royalists.
A few years before his death Pedro Gastão's father Prince Pedro de Alcântara told a Brazilian newspaper:
"My renunciation was not valid for many reasons: besides, it was not a hereditary renunciation."
Following the death of his father, and supported by Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria and Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, Prince Pedro Gastão declared himself Head of the Imperial Family of Brazil. His position was supported by Francisco Morato, law professor at the University of São Paulo, who concluded the resignation of Pedro Gastão's father was not a valid legal or monarchical act. Professor Paulo Napoleão Nogueira da Silva in the 1990s published a report saying that the resignation of his father was invalid under all possible aspects of Brazilian Law.
He represented a rival claim to that of his cousin's son, Prince Luiz of Orléans-Braganza, to be the heir of the deposed Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, despite the renunciation signed by his father in 1908 when he married, without dynastic approval, a Bohemian noblewoman.
Pedro Gastão died aged 94 on 27 December 2007.
His dynastic claim to the head of the imperial house is currently assumed by his male grandson Pedro Tiago de Orléans e Bragança (born 12 January 1979).
Marriage and children
He married Princess Maria de la Esperanza of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1914–2005), a daughter of Prince Carlos of the Two Sicilies, Infante of Spain and Princess Louise of Orléans a maternal aunt of Juan Carlos I King of Spain, on 18 December 1944 in Seville, Spain, and had six children:
Pedro Carlos of Orléans-Braganza (born 31 October 1945), married Rony Kuhn de Souza (20 March 1938 – 14 January 1979) on 2 September 1975, with issue. He remarried Patricia Branscombe (22 November 1962 – 21 November 2009) on 16 July 1981, with issue. He married Patrícia Alvim Rodrigues in 2018 (civilly) and on 9 October 2021 (religiously).
Pedro Tiago de Orléans e Bragança (born 12 January 1979).
Felipe de Orléans e Bragança (born 31 December 1982).
Maria da Gloria of Orléans-Braganza (born 13 December 1946), married Alexander, Crown Prince of Serbia and Yugoslavia on 1 July 1972, divorced in 1985, with issue. She remarried Ignacio de Medina y Fernández de Córdoba, 19th Duke of Segorbe on 24 October 1985, with issue:
Prince Peter of Yugoslavia (born 1980)
Philip, Hereditary Prince of Yugoslavia (born 1982), married Danica Marinković (born 1986) on 7 October 2017, with issue:
Prince Stefan of Yugoslavia (born 2018)
Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (born 1982)
Sol de Medina y Orléans-Bragança, Countess of Ampurias (born 1986)
Luna de Medina y Orléans-Bragança, Countess of Ricla (born 1988)
Prince Alfonso of Orléans-Braganza (born 25 April 1948), married Maria Juana Parejo Gurruchaga (born 1954) on 3 January 1973, divorced with issue. He remarried Sylvia Amelia de Hungria Machado de Orleans e Bragança on 19 November 2002.
Princess Maria de Orléans-Bragança (born 1974), married Walter Santiago Estellano, has a son.
Princess Julia de Orléans-Bragança (born 1977)
Prince Manuel of Orléans-Braganza (born 17 June 1949), married Margarita Haffner (born 10 December 1945) on 12 December 1977, divorced in 1995, with issue:
Princess Luiza de Orléans-Bragança (born 1978)
Prince Manuel de Orléans-Bragança (born 1981), married Cássia Letícia Ferreira Kerpel.
Princess Cristina of Orléans-Braganza (born 16 October 1950), married Prince Jan Paweł Sapieha-Rozanski (26 August 1935 – 6 August 2021) on 16 May 1980, sometime Belgian ambassador to Brazil divorced in 1988, with issue:
Princess Anna Teresa Sapieha-Rozanski (born 1981), married Benjamin Furlong, has a son.
Princess Paola Sapieha-Rozanski (born 1983), married in 2012 Prince Constantin Nicolas Swiatopolk-Czetwertyński (born 1978).
Prince Francisco of Orléans-Braganza (born 9 December 1956), married Christina Schmidt-Pecanha (born 14 January 1953) on 28 January 1978, divorced, with issue. He remarried Rita de Cássia Pires in 1980, with issue:
Prince Francisco de Orléans-Bragança (born 1979), married Mathieu Nyssens on 11 January 2023.
Prince Gabriel de Orléans-Bragança (born 1989)
Princess Manuela de Orléans-Bragança (born 1997)
Later years
Business
The prince ran the Companhia Imobiliária de Petrópolis (Petrópolis Imobiliary Company), that collected the laudemium fee, until the end of the 20th century. Still in the mountain town of Petrópolis, in the 1950s, he acquired the newspaper , founded in 1902, and currently managed by his son, Prince Francisco. In 1954 he came to an agreement with his siblings for the definitive sale of the Château d'Eu to the Prefecture of Eu.
1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum
In the early 1990s, during the referendum in which the Brazilian people should opt for the monarchy or the republic, Pedro Gastão was one of the most engaged in the campaign for the monarchy. But with the defeat of the cause, in advanced age, the prince eventually left the country and disallowed the initiative of some of his supporters to found a monarchist party in Brazil. He retired to his wife's property in Villamanrique-de-la-Condessa, near Seville, Spain.
Death
The couple's last years of life were spent at the princess's estate, where both passed away. Princess Maria de la Esperanza died before him, in 2005, leaving him only with his caretakers and being constantly visited by two of his children who lived in Seville. Prince Pedro Gastão died in the early hours of 27 December 2007, at the age of 94, and was buried the following day, in the chapel of Villamanrique de la Condesa. He received a State funeral with the presence of the Spanish monarchs.
Ancestors
References
External links
Brazilian Constitutional Monarchy Historic-Cultural Website
Brilliant Match – Time Magazine
Pretenders to the Brazilian throne
1913 births
2007 deaths
Heads of the Imperial House of Brazil
House of Orléans-Braganza
French people of Czech descent
Brazilian people of Czech descent
People from Eu, Seine-Maritime |
Jaime Vasquez Ramírez (born 21 February 1991 in Lima, Peru) is a Peruvian footballer who most recently played for Unión Huaral. He plays as a right-back.
Club career
Vásquez came from Sporting Cristal's youth divisions. He was promoted to the first team in 2009.
References
External links
1991 births
Living people
Footballers from Lima
Men's association football fullbacks
Peruvian men's footballers
Peru men's international footballers
Sporting Cristal footballers
Unión Comercio footballers
Universidad Técnica de Cajamarca footballers
Unión Huaral footballers
Sport Loreto players
Peruvian Primera División players
Peruvian Segunda División players |
```javascript
/* eslint-env jest */
import { nextBuild, nextServer, startApp, stopApp } from 'next-test-utils'
import webdriver from 'next-webdriver'
import { join } from 'path'
jest.setTimeout(1000 * 60 * 2)
let appPort
let app
let server
describe('Top Level Error', () => {
;(process.env.TURBOPACK_DEV ? describe.skip : describe)(
'production mode',
() => {
beforeAll(async () => {
const appDir = join(__dirname, '../')
await nextBuild(appDir)
app = nextServer({
dir: appDir,
dev: false,
quiet: true,
})
server = await startApp(app)
appPort = server.address().port
})
afterAll(() => stopApp(server))
it('should render error page', async () => {
const browser = await webdriver(appPort, '/')
try {
const text = await browser.waitForElementByCss('#error-p').text()
expect(text).toBe('Error Rendered')
} finally {
await browser.close()
}
})
}
)
})
``` |
AnyDoc Software, founded in 1989 as Microsystems Technology, Inc., was a company based in Tampa, Florida that developed, sold, installed, and supported enterprise content management (ECM) software which captures data from scanned documents or images into machine-readable text (and images) for back-office applications and content/document management systems. The company’s flagship product, OCR for Forms (which was later renamed OCR for AnyDoc) debuted in 1991 after two years of product research and development. AnyDoc Software was purchased in 2013 by Hyland Software, which is best known for its document management and content services software, OnBase. AnyDoc users can find more information about their products on the AnyDoc Community Page.
AnyDoc developed technologies to process structured, semi-structured, and unstructured (free-form) documents, as well as classification, and workflow. Structured documents, where data appears in the same location on each form (such as a credit application or order form), use template-based technology. A template in essence, is a map telling the software where the data is located on the document and how to process that data. While template-based data capture is still widely used to eliminate the manual data entry previously required to process structured documents, it is not a feasible solution to efficiently process semi-structured documents, such as invoices, remittances, and checks. AnyDoc developed AnyApp technology to capture the data for these more complex documents and to memorize the data locations for subsequent encounters with the same document types for expedited processing.
History
1989: Company founded.
1991: Flagship product, OCR for Forms (now known as OCR for AnyDoc) introduced.
1999: European headquarters opened in Zug, Switzerland.
2001: Semi-structured forms processing technology AnyApp introduced.
2003: Company name changed to AnyDoc Software and rebranding of products.
2006: Opened UK satellite office in Hampshire, United Kingdom.
2007: Introduction of capture workflow product, Infiniworx to auto-classify documents in a company’s workflow.
2008: Opened German office in Wiesbaden, Germany.
2013: Acquired by Hyland Software, Inc.
References
External links
Software companies based in Florida
Companies based in Tampa, Florida
1989 establishments in Florida
Defunct software companies of the United States |
Black people have been portrayed in comics since the medium's beginning, with their portrayals often the subject of controversy. Mainstream comic publishing companies have had a historical trend of being predominantly white and male, reflecting the lack of representation and inaccurate depictions of Black people in comics. The integration of black characters in mainstream and superhero comics has endured various obstacles and challenges. Critics have noted that black men and women have historically often been portrayed as jungle or ghetto stereotypes, and as sidekicks as opposed to primary characters. Occiasionally, comic book creators would lampshade stereotypes, lack of representation and emphasize social injustices. In recent years, with the integration of more Black people in mainstream comic writing rooms as well as the creation of comics on digital platforms has changed the representation and portrayals of Black people in comics and has started to reflect the complexities of Black people across the diaspora.
African characters
Cartoonist Lee Falk's adventure comic strip Mandrake the Magician featured the African supporting character Lothar from its 1934 debut. He was a former "Prince of the Seven Nations", a federation of jungle tribes, but passed on the chance to become king and instead followed Mandrake on his world travels, fighting crime. Initially an illiterate exotic garbed in animal skins, he provided the muscle to complement Mandrake's brain on their adventures. Lothar was modernized in 1965 to dress in suits and speak standard English.
All-Negro Comics (June 1947) was a 15-cent omnibus written and drawn solely by African-American writers and artists. The feature starred characters that included the Lion Man, a young African scientist sent by the United Nations to oversee a massive uranium deposit at the African Gold Coast, whose main enemy was Doctor Blut Sangro. Lion Man was meant to inspire black people's pride in their African heritage.
In 1963, illustrator and musician Chris Acemandese Hall created Little Zeng, a young African king. Little Zeng is credited as the first black protagonist and also the first African comic book hero in the book "The Cultural/Political Movements of Harlem between 1960 and 1970: from Malcolm X to black is beautiful", organized by Klytus Smith. However, the character did not last long, as shortly after, Hall began to focus on his music career.
The series Powerman, designed as an educational tool, was published in 1975 by Bardon Press Features of London, England, for distribution in Nigeria. The series was written by Don Avenall (aka Donne Avenell) and Norman Worker, and illustrated by Dave Gibbons and Brian Bolland. In 1988, Acme Press republished the series in the UK for the first time, to capitalize on the popularity of the artists, both of whose careers had since taken off. Acme changed Powerman's name to Powerbolt to avoid confusion with the character Luke Cage, sometimes called Power Man, published by Marvel Comics. Powerman, who was super strong and could fly, appeared in stories rendered in a simple style reminiscent of Fawcett Comics' Golden Age Captain Marvel. His only apparent weakness was snakebite.
In the larger framework of UNESCO's General History of Africa project (2012–2015), a series of open source comic books was used to support the creation of strong and positive African women role models; it was called The Women in African History e-learning platform. For the production of the comics stories available on the platform, UNESCO commissioned illustrators from France, Madagascar, Nigeria, Kenya, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the United States. This project aimed to highlight illustration and graphic arts in Africa and constituted a springboard for the young artists involved:
Y. Sanders (U.S.) — illustrator of the comic strip on Sojourner Truth
Sleeping Pop (Madagascar) — illustrator of the comic strip on Gisèle Rabesahala
Alaba Onajin (Nigeria) — illustrator of the comic strips on Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and Taytu Betul
Eric Muthoga (Kenya) — illustrator of the comic strip on Wangari Maathai
(Congo) — illustrator of the comic strips on Nzinga Mbandi and the Women Soldiers of Dahomey
Yann Degruel (France) — Illustrator of the comic strips on Yennega and the Mulatto Solitude
All-Negro Comics
All-Negro Comics No. 1, published out of Philadelphia in mid-1947, was the first known comics magazine written and drawn solely by African-American writers and artists. In describing lead feature "Ace Harlem", Time magazine wrote, "The villains were a couple of zoot-suited, jive-talking Negro muggers, whose presence in anyone else's comics might have brought up complaints of racial 'distortion.' Since it was all in the family, publisher Orrin C. Evans thought no Negro readers would mind." The protagonist of "Ace Harlem", however, was a highly capable African-American police detective.
1956: Comics Code Authority tries to censor "Judgment Day"
In the 1950s the portrayal of a black man in a position of authority and a discussion of racism in a comic was at the center of a battle between Entertaining Comics editor William Gaines and the Comics Code Authority, which had been set up in 1954 to self regulate the content of US comics amid fears they were a corrupting influence on youth. Gaines fought frequently with the CCA in an attempt to keep his magazines free from censorship. The particular example noted by comics historian Digby Diehl, Gaines threatened Judge Charles Murphy, the Comics Code Administrator, with a lawsuit when Murphy ordered EC to alter the science-fiction story "Judgment Day", in Incredible Science Fiction No. 33 (Feb. 1956). The story, by writer Al Feldstein and artist Joe Orlando, was a reprint from the pre-Code Weird Fantasy No. 18 (April 1953), inserted when the Code Authority had rejected an initial, original story, "An Eye For an Eye", drawn by Angelo Torres but was itself also "objected to" because of "the central character being black."
The story depicted a human astronaut, a representative of the Galactic Republic, visiting the planet Cybrinia inhabited by robots. He finds the robots divided into functionally identical orange and blue races, one of which has fewer rights and privileges than the other. The astronaut decides that due to the robots' bigotry, the Galactic Republic should not admit the planet. In the final panel, he removes his helmet, revealing himself to be a black man. Murphy demanded, without any authority in the Code, that the black astronaut had to be removed. As Diehl recounted in Tales from the Crypt: The Official Archives:
Feldstein, interviewed for the book Tales of Terror: The EC Companion, reiterated his recollection of Murphy making the request:
Although the story would eventually be reprinted uncensored, the incident caused Gaines to abandon comic books and concentrate on Mad magazine, which was EC's only profitable title.
Non-fiction portrayals
In the late 1940s, Parents Magazine Press published two issues of Negro Heroes, which reprinted stories about such historical figures as Joe Louis, George Washington Carver, Paul Robeson, and Charles L. Thomas. In 1950 Fawcett Comics produced three issues of Negro Romance, which was notable for its eschewing of African-American stereotypes, telling stories interchangeable with those told about white characters. Fawcett also published short-lived ongoing titles featuring Joe Louis and Jackie Robinson.
Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story was a 16-page comic book about Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and the Montgomery bus boycott published in 1957 by the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR USA). Although ignored by the mainstream comics industry, The Montgomery Story was widely distributed among civil rights groups, churches, and schools. It helped inspire nonviolent protest movements around the Southern United States, and later in Latin America, South Africa, the Middle East, and elsewhere. Over 50 years after its initial publication, the comic inspired the best-selling, award-winning March trilogy by Georgia Congressman John Lewis.
The final issue of Classics Illustrated, published in 1969, featured "Negro Americans: The Early Years", with biographical sketches of Crispus Attucks, black Revolutionary War and Civil War soldiers, Benjamin Banneker and Phillis Wheatley, James Beckwourth, the Buffalo Soldiers, Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, George Washington Carver, Harriet Tubman, Elijah McCoy, Garrett Morgan, Granville Woods, Matthew Henson, and Dr. Daniel Hale Williams; as well as stories about the Underground Railroad and the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.
Fitzgerald Publishing Co. produced the Golden Legacy line of 16 educational black history comic books from 1966 to 1976. In many ways modeled after Classics Illustrated, Golden Legacy produced biographies of such notable figures as Harriet Tubman, Crispus Attucks, Benjamin Banneker, Matthew Henson, Alexandre Dumas, Frederick Douglass, Robert Smalls, Joseph Cinqué, Thurgood Marshall, Martin Luther King Jr., Alexander Pushkin, Lewis Howard Latimer, and Granville Woods. Golden Legacy was the brainchild of African American accountant Bertram Fitzgerald, who also wrote seven of the volumes. Many of the other contributors to the Golden Legacy series were also black, including Joan Bacchus and Tom Feelings. Other notable contributors included Don Perlin and Tony Tallarico.
First African-American solo series
In 1950, the Pittsburgh Courier published the Western comic strip Chilsom Kid by Carl Pfeufer.
Lobo was a fictional Western comic book hero who was the medium's first African-American character to headline his own series. He starred in Dell Comics' little-known two-issue series Lobo (Dec. 1965 and Sept. 1966), was created by D. J. Arneson and Tony Tallarico.
In 1970, Larry Fuller's black superhero Ebon appeared in one issue of his own comic, published by the underground comix publisher San Francisco Comic Book Company. Ebon was a bad fit with the largely white, adult audiences of underground comix, and did not meet with much success.
From January 18, 1970, to February 17, 1974, was published the comic strip Friday Foster, created and written by Jim Lawrence and later continued by Jorge Longarón. In 1975, Friday Foster was adapted into a blaxploitation feature film of the same name, starring Pam Grier.
DC and Marvel's black starring characters
In the 1940s, the only black character to appear in Timely Comics (predecessor to Marvel) was literally named "White-Wash" and looked like a young white boy in black face rather than an actual African American character. The character starred in Timely's Young Allies, a book about a "kid gang" who, led by Captain America's sidekick Bucky Barnes and the Human Torch's sidekick Toro, battle the Nazi menace.
While Marvel Comics' 1950s predecessor Atlas Comics had published the African tribal-chief feature "Waku, Prince of the Bantu"—the first known mainstream comic-book feature with a Black star, albeit not African-American. Waku was one of four regular features in each issue of the omnibus title, Jungle Tales (Sept. 1954 – Sept. 1955).
Two early Westernized, non-stereotyped African-American supporting characters in comic books are World War II soldier Jackie Johnson, who integrated the squad, Easy Company, when introduced as the title character of the story "Eyes for a Blind Gunner" in DC Comics' Our Army at War No. 113 (Dec. 1961) by writer Bob Kanigher and artist Joe Kubert; Marvel Comics' first African-American supporting character, World War II soldier Gabe Jones, of an integrated squad in Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos No. 1 (May 1963). The character of African-American scientist Bill Foster appeared in The Avengers No. 32 (Sep. 1966) to No. 35, and again in No. 41, #54 and No. 75. The Amazing Spider-Man introduced the African-American supporting characters Joe Robertson, editor of a major newspaper, in 1967; his son Randy in 1968, and Hobie Brown (The Prowler) in 1969.
The first black superhero in mainstream American comic books is Marvel's the Black Panther, an African who first appeared in Fantastic Four No. 52 (July 1966). He was originally conceived by Jack Kirby as a character named "Coal Tiger". This was followed by the first African-American superhero in mainstream comics, the Falcon, introduced in Captain America No. 117 (Sept. 1969). Following Kirby's Black Racer, a paralyzed Vietnam War veteran who became the avatar of death for DC's New Gods (New Gods No. 3, July 1971), DC introduced John Stewart, an architect who becomes Hal Jordan's new backup Green Lantern in Green Lantern No. 87 (Jan. 1972). By resisting a suggestion to name the character Lincoln Washington (a stereotypical slave name), artist Neal Adams struck a blow for diversity at DC.
There would be no black hero starring in his or her own mainstream comic title until Marvel's Luke Cage debuted in his own title, Luke Cage, Hero for Hire, in June 1972. Following this, Black Panther took over the title Jungle Action from issue No. 5, beginning with a reprint of the Panther-centric story from The Avengers No. 62 followed by a new, critically acclaimed series written by Don McGregor with art by pencilers Rich Buckler, Gil Kane, and Billy Graham, in #6–24 (Sept. 1973 – Nov. 1976). Meanwhile, Luke Cage's title saw supporting character Bill Foster become Black Goliath in April 1975, and the following month saw the debut of Marvel's first major African female character, the superhero Storm of the X-Men in Giant-Size X-Men No. 1 (May 1975).
DC Comics' first black superhero to star in his own series was Black Lightning. He debuted in his self-titled series in April 1977. He was Jefferson Pierce, an Olympic athlete turned inner-city school teacher. Created by Tony Isabella and artist Trevor Von Eeden, he toted a voltage-generating belt and a white mask. He was followed in January 1973 by the debut of the Amazon warrior Nubia (Wonder Woman's long lost fraternal twin sister) in Wonder Woman #204, marking the first appearance of a Black woman superhero character in a DC Comics publication. DC's young superhero team the Teen Titans saw supporting character Mal Duncan, who first appeared in Teen Titans No. 26 in 1970, become the superhero Guardian in Teen Titans No. 44 (Nov. 1976). He was quickly joined by Bumblebee (appearing from Teen Titans No. 46 as Karen Beecher, and from No. 48, June 1977, as Bumblebee). Three years later, the formation of the New Teen Titans would see the introduction of Victor Stone as the superhero Cyborg (DC Comics Presents No. 26, Oct. 1980). Created by writer Marv Wolfman and artist George Pérez, Cyborg would later have his own title and has more recently been a member of the Justice League.
Ethnic stereotypes
The earliest black character to appear in his own (American) comic strip was Pore Li'l' Mose (1900) by Richard F. Outcault. In Frank King's Bobby Make-Believe the African-American housemaid Rachel made her debut, whom he would later reintroduce in his more famous comic strip Gasoline Alley. While Rachel was a stereotypical Mammy archetype character she was still portrayed as an intelligent and self-assured character with just as much backstory as all the other (white) characters. Back in the day, The Chicago Defender and New York Amsterdam News, which aimed at African-American readers, both praised her as positive rolemodel for the black population. Ken Kling's comic strip Joe and Asbestos (1924–1925) featured a black sidekick named Asbestos.
The first black character to be incorporated into a syndicated comic strip was Lothar who appeared in Mandrake the Magician in the 1930s. He was Mandrake's sidekick: the circus strongman, who wore a Tarzan-style costume, was drawn in the Sambo-style of the time (see below) and was poor, and uneducated. Since the introduction of Lothar, Black characters have received a variety of treatments in comics, not all of them positive. William H. Foster III, associate professor of English at Naugatuck Valley Community College said, "they were comic foils, ignorant natives or brutal savages or cannibals".
Writer-artist Will Eisner was sometimes criticized for his depiction of Ebony White, the young African American sidekick of Eisner's 1940s and 1950s character The Spirit. Eisner later admitted to consciously stereotyping the character, but said he tried to do so with "responsibility", and argued that "at the time humor consisted in our society of bad English and physical difference in identity". The character developed beyond the stereotype as the series progressed, and Eisner also introduced black characters (such as the plain-speaking Detective Grey) who defied popular stereotypes. In a 1966 New York Herald Tribune feature by his former office manager-turned-journalist, Marilyn Mercer wrote, "Ebony never drew criticism from Negro groups (in fact, Eisner was commended by some for using him), perhaps because, although his speech pattern was early Minstrel Show, he himself derived from another literary tradition: he was a combination of Tom Sawyer and Penrod, with a touch of Horatio Alger hero, and color didn't really come into it".
Physical caricatures
Early graphic art of various kinds often depicted black characters in a stylized fashion, emphasizing certain physical features to form a recognizable racial caricature of black faces. These features often included long unkempt hair, broad noses, enormous, red-tinted lips, dark skin and ragged clothing reminiscent of those worn by African American slaves. These characters were also depicted as speaking accented English. In the early 20th century United States, these kinds of representations were seen frequently in newspaper comic strips and political cartoons, as well as in later comic magazines, and were also present in early cartoons by Disney and Looney Tunes.
In comics, nameless black bystanders (see right) and even some notable heroes and villains were developed in this style, including Ebony White (see above), and Steamboat, valet of Billy Batson. In erotic comics, blacks are at times portrayed as hypersexual, and accompanying physical features such as a macrophallic penis in black men. Robert Crumb's underground comix character Angelfood McSpade, introduced in 1967, embodied all of these qualities. Crumb intended the character to be critical of the racist stereotype itself and assumed that the young liberal hippie/intellectual audience who read his work were not racists, and that they would understand his intentions for the character. Nonetheless, in the face of accusations of racism and sexism, Crumb retired the character after 1971.
Blaxploitation era
In the late-1960s and throughout the 1970s, several African-American heroes were created in the vein of Blaxploitation-era movie protagonists, and seemed to be a direct response to the notable Black Nationalist movement. These predominantly male heroes were often martial artists, came from the ghetto, and were politically motivated. Examples of such Blaxploitation characters include Luke Cage, Bronze Tiger, Black Lightning, and the female detective Misty Knight. The Falcon stars in one infamous story arc in the Captain America series, in which he is portrayed as a street hustler before being "rescued" by Captain America.
Inspired by Blaxploitation esthetics, Real Deal Magazine was an independent comic book title published in the 1990s. One of the rare contemporary African-American-created and published comics, Real Deal depicted Los Angeles underworld life with deadpan visceral humor and gross-out violence (termed "Urban Terror" by the creators).
Black female characters
Until 1957, racial segregation laws existed that prevented Black comic writers and illustrators from working in mainstream comic studios. Due to the lack of representation Black women were hardly represented in comics, and when they were, they were portrayed as typical stereotypes attributed to Black women like the Jezebel, the Mammy and the Sapphire as well as jungles stereotypes or of Africans that needed saving. Despite not being able to work in white publishing houses Black creators still created comics for Black Newspapers where they were able to portray themselves as they saw fit. Jackie Ormes was the first African American women cartoonist to be published. In 1937 she created one of the first female-led comic strips called Torchy Brown from Dixie to Harlem for the Pittsburgh Courier, a Black newspaper. Ormes depicted the Black women in her comics after herself and the women around her. Her characters lived similar lives Black women during the time. Ormes was able to expand the portrayal of her Black female characters outside of the stereotypes that they were often seen in. Her characters redefined womanhood and Blackness, and touched on controversial topics of racism, sexism, and classism.
The 1970s is when Black women started to make a more recurring role into mainstream comics, with their introduction into superhero comics. Very few Black female characters were present in superhero comics before the Civil Rights Movement. Afterwards, several notable Black female characters began to appear. While Black women were introduced to mainstream comics as a way to draw in a more diverse group of readers, they were often still portrayed with historical stereotypes but in an updated way. Two of the most notable Black female characters in comics appeared in the Bronze Age of Comic Books: Marvel Comics' Storm and DC Comics' Nubia. Storm (Ororo Munroe) of the X-Men is introduced as being worshiped as an African goddess; Professor Xavier quickly reveals her to be a mutant who possesses the power to control the weather. Later it is revealed that her parents were killed when she was very young, and she grew up as a thief on the streets of Cairo. Storm would eventually succeed Cyclops as the team leader of the X-Men. Nubia is introduced as Wonder Woman's long-lost fraternal twin, and is historically DC Comics' first Black woman superhero character. This distinction is also sometimes accorded to the Teen Titan Bumblebee, a more traditional comic book costumed crimefighter, who debuted in 1976, four years after Nubia's first appearance.
The first Black female character introduced from a major publishing house was Storm. While her arrival allowed for people who identify with her to be represented in comics, her character was still subject to the stereotypical archetypes used to portray Black women. In her first appearance into the X-Men comic her body was over sexualized and she was made to seem like a primitive compared to her X-Men counterparts. She was illustrated wearing tight fitting clothing where her breasts were the made main focus of her appearance. Her character was also seen to be more combative and rebellious then her white female counterparts, as storm was reluctant to being considered a mutant as well as having to join the X-Men. Nubia's character was also subjected similar portrayals, while also falling in to the shadow of Wonder Women her sister. Nubia and Wonder Women had the same abilities yet she was never received a large role in any of the stories. While charters like Storm and Nubia were written and illustrated with stereotypical archetypes for Black women. Characters like Amanda Waller strayed away from those stereotypes allowing for a more diverse representation of Black women in comics. Introduced to DC comics in the 1980s, Wallers character broke barriers of representation by receiving a higher education and holding a position of power by being an elected official. She is the creator of the Suicide Squad also called Task Force X, where she leads the team to help save not only her community but the world.
In the 1980s, the new Captain Marvel, aka Monica Rambeau, had the power to become any form of energy on the electromagnetic scale. This Captain Marvel would join the Avengers in their battle against the Masters of Evil. In 1991, Captain Confederacy became one of the first female black superheroes to have her own series, published by Marvel's Epic Comics imprint.
There are those who have criticized black superheroines for being one-dimensional and perpetuating several stereotypes, including that of the mythical superwoman and the hyper-emotional, overly aggressive Black woman.
While Black female characters have continued to gain space in mainstream comics, it has been a slow transition. However, with the introduction of digital platforms for publishing comic, more people have been able to create comics that have positive representations of Black women and showcase their diverseness. Comics like Bitch Planet and Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur showcase Black women and girls in a different light and tackle issue surrounding their women and girlhood. In the comic Bitch Planet, Penny Rolle is a character fighting against the Fatherhood State in charge of the Planet. Her character is a queer Black women, whose body has not sex appeal and her physical body usually exceeds the frame of the comic. Penny's fight against the authority figures is used to symbolize women's fight against patriarchy. Bitch Planet allows a glimpse of how different Black women navigate the world's their in. In Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur, Lunella Lafayette is a nine year old little Black girl who is also a genius. The comic navigates her life as a little girl who is able to switch brains with her sidekick Devil Dinosaur. This comic opens the door for readers of a younger age group, allowing them to find representations that they identify with. Comics like these shows the changes in the portrayal of Black female characters in comics in an expansive way.
Milestone Media
Milestone Media was a company founded in 1993 by African-American artists and writers Dwayne McDuffie, Denys Cowan, Michael Davis, and Derek T. Dingle. The company's focus was to make multi-ethnic characters the stars of their monthly titles. Although Milestone comics were published through DC Comics, they did not take place in the DC Universe. The Milestone characters existed in a separate continuity that did not fall under DC Comics' direct editorial control (but DC still retained right of refusal to publish).
Milestone had several advantages in its publishing efforts: the company received press coverage from non-comics related magazines and television, its books were distributed and marketed by DC Comics, the comics industry had experienced remarkable increases in sales in preceding years, Milestone featured the work of several well-known and critically acclaimed creators, and it had the potential to appeal to an audience that was not being targeted by other publishers.
Milestone provided the opportunity for many emerging talents who had been passed over by larger established companies, launching the careers of many comic industry professionals; among them are John Paul Leon, Christopher Sotomayor, Christopher Williams (aka ChrisCross), Shawn Martinbrough, Tommy Lee Edwards, Jason Scott Jones (aka J.Scott.J), Prentis Rollins, J.H. Williams III, Humberto Ramos, John Rozum, Eric Battle, Joseph Illidge, Madeleine Blaustein, Jamal Igle, Chris Batista, and Harvey Richards.
21st century
In 2000, Christopher Priest wrote a new Black Panther series. One of the highlights of Priest's run was his storyline "Enemy of the State". The Panther becomes a symbol of a larger African American community dealing with white supremacist violence. Priest even spoofs the old comics convention of bringing in black characters as an exotic supporting cast for the white superheroes with the Avengers appearing in the title. The gist of the most recent Black Panther series is that focuses on the African nation that T'Challa leads.
In 2006, Ororo married fellow African superhero the Black Panther. Collaborating writer Eric Jerome Dickey explained that it was a move to explicitly target the female and African American audience. Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada was highly supportive of this marriage, stating it was the Marvel Comics equivalent of the marriage of "Lady Diana and Prince Charles", and he expected both characters to emerge strengthened.
Kansas cartoonist Alonzo Washington is the creator of Omega Man, a self-published title about a socially conscious African-American comic book superhero who concentrates on positive, ethical values. Part of the focus includes addressing school shootings and youth violence that is affecting America. The focus was executed as a free web comic published on the official Omega Man website. As a public service, Washington's comics came with trading cards each with an image of a missing child. Washington would see stories of missing black children in the local press but did not see them nationally. "Instead of just complain about it, I wanted to do something to change that and also raise the issue." said Washington.
Marvel Comics published the 2004 series Truth: Red, White & Black. It recounted the untold story of Isaiah Bradley, the second Captain America, an African American soldier who endured brutal tests that echoed the real-life Tuskegee syphilis experiments that were conducted starting in the 1930s on a group of American men who were black and poor.
In November 2005, Nelson Mandela announced that the comic book A Son of the Eastern Cape would provide an illustrated history of Mandela's formative years, starting with his birth. The opening panels show Mandela as a swaddled baby in his parents' arms in their mud hut in the village of Mwezo, near Qunu in the Eastern Cape. The book was scheduled to consist of 26 volumes, written and illustrated by Nic Buchanan, and to be translated into South Africa's 10 other official languages. A teacher's guide was also to be created.
In 2005, Marvel Comics mounted a high-profile relaunch of a title starring their marquee black hero, the Black Panther. The series debuted in February – Black History Month – and landed at No. 27 spot on the monthly bestselling comics list.
In 2006, DC Comics unveiled a new generation of heroes that were minorities. As part of a larger shake-up of the DC Universe, tying into stories such as 52, "One Year Later" and Countdown to Final Crisis, DC introduced an African American version of Firestorm.
In 2010, comic book creator Nicholas Da Silva published Dread & Alive, a series that introduced the first Jamaican superhero as its protagonist, Drew McIntosh. Published under his artist name, ZOOLOOK, the series debuted on February 6 and included a reggae soundtrack with each issue.
In 2012, Eritrean-Norwegian comic book creator published The Urban Legend, a series which focuses on a black superhero who combats streetcrime. Yohannes created the series because he felt black children needed superheroes who looked like them to look up to.
See also
African characters in comics
List of black animated characters
List of black superheroes
East Coast Black Age of Comics Convention
Ethnic stereotypes in comics
Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story, 1957
March, a trilogy by John Lewis (2013, 2015, 2016)
References
Citations
Sources
Gateward, Frances, ed. The Blacker the Ink: Constructions of Black Identity in Comics and Sequential Art (Rutgers University Press, 2015)
Strömberg, Fredrik. Black Images in the Comics: a Visual History (Fantagraphics Books, 2003)
External links
Daathrekh.com
The Milestone Rave – lists details of 264 Milestone comics issues
The Official website of Dwayne McDuffie, co-owner of Milestone Media.
Milestone: Finally, I was there – an article detailing Christopher Priest's role in the creation of Dakotaverse and his involvement with Milestone in general.
Milestone retrospective at Museum of Black Superheroes
Milestone Character profiles at Museum of Black Superheroes
Omega Man comic on Anti-Gang Violence
Black people in comics
Stereotypes of African Americans
Depictions of people in comics
Black people in art |
```objective-c
/* -*- mode: objc -*- */
//
// Project: Workspace
//
// Description: The FileOperation main function.
//
//
// This application is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
// modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
//
// This application is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
// Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
//
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "../Communicator.h"
#import "Copy.h"
#import "Move.h"
#import "Link.h"
#import "Delete.h"
BOOL isStopped;
void PrintHelp(void)
{
printf("Usage: FileOperation <options>\n\n"
"Options:"
" -Operation Copy|Move|Link|Delete \n"
" -Source directory \n"
" -Files (Source, Filename, Array) \n"
" -Destination directory \n");
}
void SignalHandler(int sig)
{
// if (sig == SIGTERM)
// fprintf(stderr, "FileOperation.tool: received TERMINATE signal\n");
if (sig == SIGINT) {
fprintf(stderr, "FileMover.tool: received INTERRUPT signal\n");
StopOperation();
}
}
void StopOperation() { isStopped = YES; }
int main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
NSString *op;
NSString *source;
NSString *dest;
NSArray *files;
NSUserDefaults *df;
BOOL argsOK = YES;
CREATE_AUTORELEASE_POOL(pool);
// Signals
signal(SIGINT, SignalHandler);
// signal(SIGTERM, SignalHandler);
// Get args
df = [NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults];
op = [df objectForKey:@"Operation"];
source = [df objectForKey:@"Source"];
dest = [df objectForKey:@"Destination"];
// files = [df objectForKey:@"Files"];
files = [[[[NSProcessInfo processInfo] environment] objectForKey:@"Files"] propertyList];
NSDebugLLog(@"Tools", @"FileMover.tool: files: %@", files);
NSDebugLLog(@"Tools", @"FileMover.tool: files count: %lu", [files count]);
// Check args
if (op == nil || ![op isKindOfClass:[NSString class]]) {
printf("FileMover.tool: unknown operation type (-Operation)!\n");
argsOK = NO;
} else if (source == nil || ![source isKindOfClass:[NSString class]]) {
printf("FileMover.tool: incorrect source path (-Source)!\n");
argsOK = NO;
} else if (![op isEqualToString:@"Delete"] && ![op isEqualToString:@"Duplicate"]) {
if (dest == nil || ![dest isKindOfClass:[NSString class]]) {
printf("FileMover.tool: incorrect destination path (-Destination)!\n");
argsOK = NO;
} else if (files == nil || ![files isKindOfClass:[NSArray class]]) {
printf("FileMover.tool: incorect file list (-Files)!\n");
argsOK = NO;
}
}
if (argsOK == NO) {
PrintHelp();
return 1;
}
isStopped = NO;
if ([op isEqualToString:@"Copy"]) {
CopyOperation(source, files, dest, CopyOp);
} else if ([op isEqualToString:@"Move"]) {
MoveOperation(source, files, dest);
} else if ([op isEqualToString:@"Link"]) {
LinkOperation(source, files, dest);
} else if ([op isEqualToString:@"Duplicate"]) {
DuplicateOperation(source, files); // located in Copy.m
} else if ([op isEqualToString:@"Delete"]) {
DeleteOperation(source, files);
} else {
printf("FileMover.tool: unknown operation type!\n");
PrintHelp();
return 1;
}
[[Communicator shared] finishOperation:op stopped:isStopped];
DESTROY(pool);
return 0;
}
``` |
Parliamentary elections were held in Nauru on 24 April 2010, following the dissolution of parliament by President Marcus Stephen on 16 March 2010. The election was called due to repeated attempts to oust the government of Marcus Stephen in votes of no-confidence. There were 86 candidates, eight of them women.
Background: the 'Getax affair'
Australian officials have accused the Australian company Getax, which is an important buyer of Nauruan phosphate, of having precipitated the election by destabilising the Stephen government. Specifically, Getax had offered the Nauruan government a loan of A$25 million with a 15% interest rate, which, according to an investigative article in The Australian, "would be likely to have resulted in the country defaulting on its repayments, triggering contract provisions that would have let Getax take over the Nauru-owned phosphate industry". The Stephen government rejected the proffered loan. At the time, following the results of the 2008 election, the government had a parliamentary majority consisting in 12 MPs. Shortly thereafter, Getax organised and financed a trip to Singapore for the six opposition MPs and three of the government MPs. The latter three (including Aloysius Amwano) then joined the ranks of the opposition, causing a parliamentary stalemate, and thus the April election.
In October 2010, The Australian published an article, based on revelations by Australian officials and on documents published by the Nauruan authorities, revealing Getax's activities, as well as seemingly inexplicable spending levels by opposition MPs, well beyond the means afforded by their salaries. It also included a testimony alleging that members of the opposition had paid sums of money to potential voters. Questioned by The Australian, Baron Waqa, leader of the opposition, would neither confirm nor deny the claim that Getax had financed the opposition's campaign, but stated: "Getax has always helped Nauru. [...] Getax is disappointed with the way the country is running".
The Australian Federal Police launched an investigation into the accusations that Getax had bribed Nauruan officials (specifically, opposition and government non-Cabinet MPs) in the hopes that a new government would sign a deal with it on the selling of phosphate.
Electoral system
Nauru uses a modified Borda count electoral system in eight multi-member districts.
Results
On 26 April it was announced that provisional results indicated that every single one of the 18 members of parliament had been re-elected. This was confirmed on Monday 26 April.
By constituency
Aftermath
Parliament met for a first session on Tuesday 27 April, to elect a speaker. However, all four nominated candidates were rejected. Parliament is now to resume on Thursday, with the Marcus Stephen administration continuing in a caretaker capacity.
In its third sitting on 4 May 2010, the speaker election failed yet again. After a fourth failed attempt, the opposition floated the possibility of holding another election. Following the fifth failed attempt, Stephen proposed reforms before early elections, such as electing the speaker from outside parliament to break the deadlock.
In a sixth attempt on 13 May 2010, Godfrey Thoma was finally elected speaker. He immediately proposed to dissolve parliament again. As the government refused to do this, he resigned on 18 May 2010; it seemed possible that the two camps might form a coalition government to break the deadlock.
Progress was finally made when the government's nominee for speaker, Dominic Tabuna, was finally elected on 1 June 2010 in two rounds of balloting. Indirect presidential elections were then set for 3 June 2010. They were then postponed to 4 June 2010, and when they failed again on that date, Tabuna resigned.
Following seven weeks of deadlock, parliament was dissolved on 11 June 2010 and an early election called for 19 June 2010.
References
Nauru
Parliamentary election
Nauru
2010 04
2010 04
2010 |
Valentin Alexandre Poénaru (born 1932 in Bucharest) is a Romanian–French mathematician. He was a Professor of Mathematics at University of Paris-Sud, specializing in low-dimensional topology.
Life and career
Born in Bucharest, Romania, he did his undergraduate studies at the University of Bucharest. In 1962, he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Stockholm, Sweden. While at the congress, Poénaru defected, subsequently leaving for France. He arrived in mid-September 1962 at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques in Bures-sur-Yvette; the IHÉS decided to support him, and he has remained associated with the institute ever since then.
Poénaru defended his Thèse d'État at the University of Paris on March 23, 1963. His dissertation topic was Sur les variétés tridimensionnelles ayant le type d'homotopie de la sphère S3, and was written under the supervision of Charles Ehresmann.
After that, he went to the United States, spending four years at Harvard University and Princeton University. In 1967, he returned to France.
Poénaru has worked for several decades on a proof of the Poincaré conjecture, making a number of related breakthroughs. His first attempt at proving the conjecture dates from 1957. He has described his general approach over the years in different papers and conferences. On December 19, 2006, he posted a preprint to the arXiv, claiming to have finally completed the details of his approach and proven the conjecture.
His doctoral students include Jean Lannes.
Works
Valentin Poenaru, Memories from my former life: the making of a mathematician. In: Geometry in history (ed. S. G. Dani and A. Papadopoulos), 705–732, Springer, Cham, 2019.
Valentin Poenaru, On the 3-Dimensional Poincaré Conjecture and the 4-Dimensional Smooth Schoenflies Problem, .
Valentin Poenaru, Sur les variétés tridimensionnelles ayant le type d'homotopie de la sphère S3, Séminaire Ehresmann, Topologie et géométrie différentielle 6 (1964), Exposé No. 1, 1–67.
Valentin Poenaru, Produits cartésiens de variétés différentielles par un disque, 1963 Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians (Stockholm, 1962), pp. 481–489, Mittag-Leffler Institute, Djursholm. MR0176481.
André Haefliger and Valentin Poenaru, La classification des immersions combinatoires, Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS 23 (1964), 75–91.
Iconography
His friend the Peruvian painter Herman Braun-Vega made of him a family portrait with his wife the painter Rigmor Poenaru, where figures and mathematical symbols in the form of graffiti evoke his research works.
See also
Mazur manifold
Poénaru conjecture
List of Eastern Bloc defectors
References
David Gabai, Valentin Poenaru's program for the Poincaré conjecture. Geometry, topology, & physics, 139–166, Conf. Proc. Lecture Notes Geom. Topology, IV, Int. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1995.
External links
Terza e quarta dimensione: un mistero da svelare, interview by Marinella Daidone from Università degli Studi di Trento, Unitn, no. 52, April, 2003.
Living people
20th-century Romanian people
20th-century French mathematicians
21st-century French mathematicians
20th-century Romanian mathematicians
Topologists
Romanian exiles
Romanian expatriates in France
Romanian defectors
University of Bucharest alumni
University of Paris alumni
1932 births
Scientists from Bucharest
Princeton University faculty
Harvard University Department of Mathematics faculty
Harvard University faculty
21st-century Romanian mathematicians |
Jay Kerr (born November 16, 1948) is an American actor. A native of Del Rio, Texas, he was raised on a ranch, and raced horses, growing up. He has appeared in various movies and television series including his longest role as "Con Madigan" in the television series Five Mile Creek for three years.
Partial filmography
1st &Ten
Blossom
Dynasty
Five Mile Creek (Disney Channel television series, as "Con Madigan")
Hard Country
The John Larroquette Show
Wizards and Warriors
External links
Living people
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Texas
1948 births
People from Del Rio, Texas |
Madame Nguyễn may refer to:
Madame Thiệu Nguyễn, wife of Thiệu Nguyễn, former President of South Vietnam (1965–1975)
Madame Kỳ Nguyễn, wife of Kỳ Nguyễn, former Prime Minister of South Vietnam (1965–1967)
Định Nguyễn, former Vice President of Vietnam (1987–1992)
Bình Nguyễn (Vice President), former Vice President of Vietnam (1992–2002) |
Tomtemaskinen ("The Santa Claus Machine") was the Sveriges Television's Christmas calendar in 1993. The story is based on Sven Nordqvist's books about Pettson and Findus.
Plot
Pettson has promised the cat Findus that Santa Claus will come for Christmas. He decides to build a "Santa Machine".
Reruns
The series was shown as a rerun in SVT 2 between 12 September-9 November 1998.
Video
The series was released to VHS in 1997 by Independent Entertainment. and to DVD in by Pan Vision.
References
External links
Explore the mechanics of tomtemaskinen, tomtemaskinen.com
1993 Swedish television series debuts
1993 Swedish television series endings
Sveriges Television's Christmas calendar
Television shows based on children's books |
Bashar Omar (born 14 March 1979) is a Kuwaiti middle-distance runner. He competed in the men's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Kuwaiti male middle-distance runners
Kuwaiti male steeplechase runners
Olympic athletes for Kuwait
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Interstellar ice consists of grains of volatiles in the ice phase that form in the interstellar medium. Ice and dust grains form the primary material out of which the Solar System was formed. Grains of ice are found in the dense regions of molecular clouds, where new stars are formed. Temperatures in these regions can be as low as , allowing molecules that collide with grains to form an icy mantle. Thereafter, atoms undergo thermal motion across the surface, eventually forming bonds with other atoms. This results in the formation of water and methanol. Indeed, the ices are dominated by water and methanol, as well as ammonia, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Frozen formaldehyde and molecular hydrogen may also be present. Found in lower abundances are nitriles, ketones, esters and carbonyl sulfide. The mantles of interstellar ice grains are generally amorphous, becoming crystalline only in the presence of a star.
The composition of interstellar ice can be determined through its infrared spectrum. As starlight passes through a molecular cloud containing ice, molecules in the cloud absorb energy. This adsorption occurs at the characteristic frequencies of vibration of the gas and dust. Ice features in the cloud are relatively prominently in this spectra, and the composition of the ice can be determined by comparison with samples of ice materials on Earth. In the sites directly observable from Earth, around 60–70% of the interstellar ice consists of water, which displays a strong emission at 3.05 μm from stretching of the O–H bond.
In September 2012, NASA scientists reported that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), subjected to interstellar medium (ISM) conditions, are transformed, through hydrogenation, oxygenation and hydroxylation, to more complex organics - "a step along the path toward amino acids and nucleotides, the raw materials of proteins and DNA, respectively". Further, as a result of these transformations, the PAHs lose their spectroscopic signature which could be one of the reasons "for the lack of PAH detection in interstellar ice grains, particularly the outer regions of cold, dense clouds or the upper molecular layers of protoplanetary disks."
Older than the Sun
Research published in the journal Science estimates that about 30–50% of the water in the Solar System, like the water on Earth, the discs around Saturn, and the meteorites of other planets, was present before the birth of the Sun.
Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
On 18 November 2014, spacecraft Philae revealed presence of large amount of water ice on the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, the report stating that "the strength of the ice found under a layer of dust on the first landing site is surprisingly high". The team responsible for the MUPUS (Multi-Purpose Sensors for Surface and Sub-Surface Science) instrument, which hammered a probe into the comet, estimated that the comet is hard as ice. "Although the power of the hammer was gradually increased, we were not able to go deep into the surface," explained Tilman Spohn from the DLR Institute for Planetary Research, who led the research team.
See also
Amorphous ice
Heavy water
References
Ice
Astrochemistry
Water ice |
The 2023–24 Azadegan League is the 32nd season of the Azadegan League and 23rd as the second highest division since its establishment in 1991. The season will start with 13 teams from the 2022–23 Azadegan League, two new teams relegated from the 2022–23 Persian Gulf Pro League: Mes Kerman and Naft Masjed Soleyman and three new teams promoted from the 2022–23 League 2: Manategh Naftkhiz Jonoub, Mes Sungun and Damash Gilan as champion, runner-up and third placed team respectively.
Also Shahre Raz Shiraz bought Arman Gohar Sirjan and will participate as a new team in Azadegam League.
Teams
Stadia and locations
Number of teams by region
League table
Results
Positions by round
The table lists the positions of teams after each week of matches. In order to preserve chronological evolvements, any postponed matches are not included to the round at which they were originally scheduled, but added to the full round they were played immediately afterwards.
See also
2023–24 Persian Gulf Pro League
2023–24 2nd Division
2023–24 3rd Division
2023–24 Hazfi Cup
2023 Iranian Super Cup
References
Iran
Azadegan League seasons
2023–24 in Iranian football |
Vincenzo is an Italian male given name, derived from the Latin name Vincentius (the verb vincere means to win or to conquer). Notable people with the name include:
Art
Vincenzo Amato (born 1966), Italian actor and sculptor
Vincenzo Bellavere (c.1540-1541 – 1587), Italian composer
Vincenzo Bellini (1801–1835), Italian composer
Vincenzo Camuccini (1771–1844), Italian academic painter
Vincenzo Catena (c. 1470 – 1531), Italian painter
Vincenzo Cerami (1940–2013), Italian screenwriter
Vincenzo Consolo (1933–2012), Italian writer
Vincenzo Coronelli (1650–1718), Franciscan friar, cosmographer, cartographer, publisher, and encyclopedist
Vincenzo Crocitti (1949–2010), Italian cinema and television actor
Vincenzo Dimech (1768–1831), Maltese sculptor
Vincenzo Galilei (1520–1591), composer, lutenist, and music theorist, father of Galileo
Vincenzo Marra (born 1972), Italian filmmaker
Vincenzo Migliaro (1858–1938), Italian painter
Vincenzo Natali (born 1969), Canadian film director
Vincenzo Nicoli (born 1958), English actor
Vincenzo Talarico (1909–1972), Italian screenwriter and film actor
Politics
Vincenzo Aita (born 1948), Italian politician
Vincenzo Amendola (born 1973), Italian politician
Vincenzo Arangio-Ruiz (1884–1964), Italian politician
Vincenzo Balzamo (1929–1992), Italian politician
Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (1562–1612), ruler of the Duchy of Mantua and the Duchy of Montferrat from 1587 to 1612
Vincenzo II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (1594–1627), Duke of Mantua and Duke of Montferrat from 1626 to 1627
Vincenzo Lavarra (born 1954), Italian politician
Vincenzo Scotti (born 1933), Italian politician
Vincenzo Tangorra (1866–1922), Italian academic and politician
Religion
Vincenzo, Martyr of Craco, minor saint of the Roman Catholic Church
Vincenzo Macchi (1770–1860), Italian cardinal
Vincenzo Maria Sarnelli (1835–1898), Italian archbishop
Vincenzo Vannutelli (1836–1930), Italian cardinal
Sports
Vincenzo Capelli (born 1988), Italian rower
Vincenzo Cuccia (1892–1979), Italian fencer
Vincenzo Di Bella (born 1977), Italian rally driver
Vincenzo Guerini (athlete) (born 1950), Italian sprinter
Vincenzo Guerini (footballer) (born 1953), Italian football player
Vincenzo Grella, Australian football player
Vincenzo Grifo (born 1993), German-born Italian footballer
Vincenzo Iaquinta (born 1979), Italian football player
Vincenzo Marchese (born 1983), Italian-German football player
Vincenzo Modica (born 1971), Italian long-distance runner
Vincenzo Montella (born 1974), Italian football player
Vincenzo Nibali (born 1984), Italian road bicycle racer
Vincenzo Santopadre (born 1971), Italian tennis player
Vincenzo Sospiri (born 1966), Italian racing driver
Characters
Justin Vincenzo Pepé Russo, a.k.a. Justin Russo, a character from Wizards of Waverly Place
Vincenzo Cassano, the titular character from Vincenzo (TV series)
Vincenzo Santorini, nicknamed "Vinny", a character from Atlantis: The Lost Empire
Vincenzo Cilli, nicknamed "Lucky", A character from Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories
Others
Vincenzo Borg (1777–1837), Maltese merchant and rebel leader
Vincenzo Cilli, the Caporegime of Salvatore Leone in Liberty City Stories
Vincenzo Dandolo (1758–1819) Italian Count, chemist and agriculturist
Vincenzo Gallina (1795-1842) Italian carbonari, lawyer and philhellene
Vincenzo Gambi (died 1819), 19th-century Italian pirate
Vincenzo Giustiniani (1564–1637), Italian banker, art collector and intellectual
Vincenzo Peruggia (1881-1925), Italian thief who stole the Mona Lisa
Vincenzo Scamozzi (1548–1616), Italian architect
Vincenzo Viviani (1622–1703), Italian mathematician and scientist
Vincenzo Zappalà (born 1945), Italian astronomer
See also
San Vincenzo (disambiguation), a number of places
DiVincenzo (disambiguation)
Castel San Vincenzo, comune (municipality) in the Province of Isernia in the Italian region Molise
Enzo, people with the given name
Vicenza, a city in northeastern Italy
Vincenz, people with the given name
Vinzenz, people with the given name
Italian masculine given names
Masculine given names |
Colaciticus is a butterfly genus in the family Riodinidae. They are resident in the Neotropics.
Species list
Colaciticus banghaasi Seitz, 1917 Brazil.
Colaciticus johnstoni (Dannatt, 1904) Guyana , Brazil.
Sources
Colaciticus
Riodininae
Butterfly genera
Taxa named by Hans Ferdinand Emil Julius Stichel |
Mississippi in Africa: The Saga of the Slaves of Prospect Hill Plantation and Their Legacy in Liberia Today is a 2004 non-fiction book by Alan Huffman, published by the University Press of Mississippi. It chronicles Americo-Liberians who originated from the Prospect Hill Plantation in Mississippi and who settled Mississippi-in-Africa.
The book had a working title of "Prospect Hill" though the final title was "Mississippi in Africa".
Reception
Publishers Weekly praised the "fascinating" concept, though it criticized the excessive detail which it argued made the pace "plodding", and that the book "meanders" with excessive commentary from the author.
Kirkus Reviews stated that it is "Thought-provoking and expertly told—and a most promising debut."
The Journal of Pan African Studies stated that the work has "riveting prose".
References
Further reading
External links
Mississippi in Africa - University Press of Mississippi
Mississippi in Africa - Available on the Internet Archive
2004 books
Books about Mississippi
Books about Liberia
University Press of Mississippi books
Americo-Liberian people |
Wesley Clapp was an American college football coach. He was the head football coach at Kalamazoo College in Kalamazoo, Michigan. He held that position for the 1904 season. His coaching record at Kalamazoo was 1–6.
Head coaching record
References
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing
Kalamazoo Hornets football coaches |
Priscilla Renea Hamilton (born September 14, 1988), known professionally as Muni Long (pronounced "money long"), is an American singer and songwriter from Gifford, Florida. Under her birth name, she released her solo debut studio album, Jukebox, in December 2009 through Capitol Records. She then spent the following decade co-writing songs for other artists, including the hit singles "California King Bed" for Rihanna, "Worth It" for Fifth Harmony, "Love So Soft" for Kelly Clarkson, "Imagine" for Ariana Grande, and the global chart-topping hit "Timber" for Pitbull featuring Kesha.
Returning to her recording career in 2018, she independently released her second studio album, Coloured in June of that year, which saw Hamilton exploring Americana and country soul genres. After adopting the stage name Muni Long, she saw further recording success with her 2022 single "Hrs and Hrs", which reached the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100; prompting a recording contract with Def Jam Recordings. The song also received a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance, and was included on her third album Public Displays of Affection: The Album (2022).
She has received three other Grammy Award nominations throughout her career, including for Best New Artist, Best R&B Song ("Hrs & Hrs"), and a nomination for Album of the Year through her work on Back of My Mind (2021) by H.E.R.
Early life
Priscilla Renea Hamilton was born in 1988 on her grandparents' farm in Indian River County's rural Gifford neighborhood west of Vero Beach, Florida, and graduated from Vero Beach High School in 2006. Her father was a member of the Navy. She has stated she began singing at age two but was uncomfortable singing around people until she was older. She later stumbled upon YouTube and began posting videos of her singing in her room. Her first video was a rendition of "Cry Me a River" she submitted to a contest whose winner would sing with Justin Timberlake at the Grammy Awards, albeit she did not win. She recorded videos of herself singing the dictionary and made her own songs independently. Her channel eventually received over 30,000 subscriptions and she was given the opportunity to participate in MTV's Say What? Karaoke.
Career
2009–2010: Career beginnings and Jukebox
In 2009, after garnering popularity on YouTube, at age 21, Long signed with Capitol Records under her birth name. Her debut album was due for an October 20, 2009, release but was delayed for additional recording to occur. The album was preceded by the single "Dollhouse", which was released on August 18, 2009. The single failed to reach the Billboard Hot 100 but did reach number eleven on the Heatseekers singles chart, No. 31 on the Hot Dance Club Songs becoming a mild chart success.
Jukebox, was released on December 1, 2009. The record sold a mere 1,200 copies in its first week and failed to reach the Billboard 200. However, it did reach number twenty-three on the Billboard Heatseekers album chart, staying on the chart for one week. Despite its commercial failure, the album was critically acclaimed. Billboard highlighted her "knack for combining prose and poetry with catchy beats". The second and final single, "Lovesick", was released on March 2, 2010, but failed to chart completely.
2010–2018: Songwriting for other artists and Coloured
Long began writing songs for other recording artists. In 2010, she co-wrote the UK number-one single "Promise This"; as well as "California King Bed", a track from Rihanna's fifth studio album, Loud, released in November 2010. During late 2011, she took part in the ASCAP retreat, a songwriting event in France sponsored by Cain Foundation, Avid, Gibson and Sennheiser. She continued her songwriting career, landing credits on 2011 and 2012 albums by Rihanna, Demi Lovato, Madonna, Mika, Selena Gomez & The Scene, Chris Brown and Little Mix.
In 2013, Long was featured on B.o.B's song "John Doe" from his album Underground Luxury. In 2014 she also contributed to Fifth Harmony's debut album Reflection, by co-writing the song "Worth It", being the album's third single; the song reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100. Long co-wrote Carrie Underwood and Miranda Lambert's 2014 hit duet, "Somethin' Bad", which was nominated for a Grammy Award, and reached number one on Billboards Country Chart. The song was later chosen by NBC Sports to replace "I Hate Myself for Loving You" by Joan Jett as the opening theme for its National Football League. Like Jett's song, "Somethin' Bad" was reworked to fit the broadcast's narrative as "Oh, Sunday Night" and was performed by Carrie Underwood, who recorded the original with Miranda Lambert.
Long appeared as the vocalist on the 2015 single "Be Right There" by Diplo and Sleepy Tom. The track was given 'the hottest record in the world' title on the Annie Mac BBC Radio 1 Friday night show. The lyrics in "Be Right There" were taken from the 1992 single "Don't Walk Away" by Jade. In 2016, Long collaborated with Pusha T and Meek Mill on "Black Moses". The song served as part of The Birth of a Nation soundtrack album.
In 2017, Long featured on Train's song "Loverman", from their album A Girl, a Bottle, a Boat. On April 6, 2018, Long released "Gentle Hands" and "Heavenly", the first two singles from her then-forthcoming album, Coloured. Music videos for both singles premiered online via Paper Magazine. The album was released on June 22, 2018, marking nine years since her debut. NPR noted that as an African-American country album, Coloured is a "consciously confrontational statement". Rolling Stone showcased "Family Tree" within the album as a song of "empowerment". The song "Land of the Free", according to NPR, serves as "an appeal for empathy toward those who live in fear of racial profiling and police brutality". Ashley Gorley co-wrote several tracks.
2019–present: Breakthrough and Public Displays of Affection
Renea, working under the pseudonym "Muni Long" (pronounced "money long") as of 2019, released the song "Midnight Snack" with an accompanying video, featuring Jacob Latimore in October 2020. That same year, she was also credited for co-writing Ariana Grande's "Just like Magic" and "Six Thirty" off the album Positions. Explaining that Muni Long is the "protector of Priscilla", Long released her single titled "Build a Bae" featuring rapper Yung Bleu in December 2020, her fourth single release since October. She previously released her debut extended play (EP) Black Like This, which celebrates Blackness , on November 13 under her co-founded label imprint, Supergiant Records. This was followed by a seven-track EP Nobody Knows in July 2021. In November 2021, she released an eight-track EP titled Public Displays of Affection. Regarding the title, Long explained: "I really went in the studio writing the music and it was times I caught myself crying. I'm not the most touchy-feely person. So, for me, putting all my feelings on this project is sort of like my 'public display of affection'. Describing the EP as "intimate", Vibe ranked it as the 19th best R&B album of 2021. Long also released a music video for the EP track "Hrs and Hrs", a song on which she "details what she can do for hours upon hours with her partner". In January 2022, the track "Time Machine" started going viral on TikTok.
In March 2022, Long signed with the record label Def Jam Recordings. According to Vogue, Muni Long reflects Renea's "new strong, fabulous persona through fashion" as well as music, creating a new "fashion identity" with the help of celebrity stylist Jason Rembert. Discussing the notion of being a Black role model, she stated: "how you're introduced to someone is the way they will remember you, unless you are reintroduced", following up with: "I'm in the reintroduction process."
On July 1, 2022 Long released the EP Public Displays of Affection Too, which was promoted by the singles "Pain", "Another", and "Baby Boo", the latter of which being a collaboration with rapper Saweetie.
On September 14, 2022, Long announced that her third studio album (and debut under her current moniker) Public Displays of Affection: The Album would be released on September 23, 2022. The eighteen-track collection will feature every song from her prior two EPs (aside from "Just Beginning"), as well as six new tracks.
Personal life
Long has lived in Atlanta and subsequently Los Angeles since leaving Florida. She has been diagnosed with lupus. She has cited litigation, battles with former management, plus the "whirlwind of being dropped, re-signed then dropped again from a label" as creative catalysts for her work. She runs her own music label, Supergiant Records, named in reference to "the biggest star in the galaxy"
Her song "Family Tree" was inspired by the time she was "kicked out of her family's home as a teenager".
She attended Vero Beach High School, the same high school as Jake Owen.
Discography
Studio albums
EPs
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Writing credits
All writing credits adapted from Spotify unless otherwise noted.
Awards and nominations
Filmography
Notes
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
African-American women singer-songwriters
People from Vero Beach, Florida
Singer-songwriters from Florida
Vero Beach High School alumni
21st-century African-American women singers
Activists from Florida
American anti-racism activists
American contemporary R&B singers
Capitol Records artists
Virgin Records artists
Def Jam Recordings artists
Thirty Tigers artists
Grammy Award winners |
Christina Crawford is an American author and actress, best known for her 1978 memoir and exposé, Mommie Dearest, which described the alleged abuse she was subjected to by her adoptive mother, film star Joan Crawford.
Early life and education
Christina was one of five children adopted by Joan.
After graduating from Flintridge Sacred Heart Academy, she moved from California to Pittsburgh to attend Carnegie Mellon School of Drama. Her mother paid for Christina's education to study acting. Christina dropped out of college after only one semester and then moved to New York City, where she studied at the Neighborhood Playhouse.
After fourteen years as an actress, Crawford returned to college, graduating magna cum laude from UCLA and receiving her master's degree from the Annenberg School of Communication at USC. Then she worked in corporate communications at the Los Angeles headquarters of Getty Oil Company.
Career
Crawford appeared in summer stock theater, including a production of Splendor in the Grass. She also acted in a number of Off-Broadway productions, including In Color on Sundays (1958). She also appeared in At Christmas Time (1959) and Dark of the Moon (1959) at the Fred Miller Theater in Milwaukee, and The Moon Is Blue (1960).
In 1960, due to her mother's career in film, Crawford was given a supporting role in the crime drama film Force of Impulse, which was released in 1961. Also in 1961, Crawford was assigned a small role in the musical Wild in the Country, a film starring Elvis Presley. That year, she made a guest appearance on Here's Hollywood.
In 1962, she appeared in the play The Complaisant Lover. She played five character parts in Ben Hecht's controversial play Winkelberg. The same year, she appeared on the CBS courtroom drama The Verdict is Yours. In October 1965, she appeared in Neil Simon's Barefoot in the Park, with Myrna Loy, a friend of her mother, before being fired after the cast complained of Christina's unprofessional behavior. She was considered a capable actress, but difficult to work with in the industry, described as 'stubborn' by Loy who stated in her autobiography Being and Becoming that "We didn't have any problems in Barefoot in the Park until Christina appeared. The idea of Joan's daughter playing the role delighted me until I discovered how recalcitrant this child was...I've never known anyone like her, ever. Her stubbornness was really unbelievable. She would not do a single thing anyone told her to do." She also had a small role in Faces (1968), a romantic drama directed by John Cassavetes.
Crawford played Joan Borman Kane on the soap opera The Secret Storm in New York from 1968 until 1969. While Crawford was in the hospital recovering from an emergency surgery in October 1968, Joan was asked by Gloria Monty and network executives to fill in for Christina. Joan did so reluctantly, holding the role for her for four episodes so that the part would not be recast during her absence, as Monty later confirmed in an interview. Viewership increased 40% during this replacement time, much to Christina's chagrin.
In the early 1970s, Crawford also was given guest appearances on other TV programs, including Medical Center, Marcus Welby, M.D., Matt Lincoln, Ironside and The Sixth Sense.
Later career
After Joan Crawford died in 1977, Crawford and her brother, Christopher, discovered that their mother had disinherited them from her estate, her will citing "reasons which are well-known to them." Though being estranged from (and no longer financially supported by) their famous mother for years, in October 1977, Crawford and her brother sued Joan Crawford's estate to invalidate their mother's will, which she signed on October 28, 1976. Cathy LaLonde, another Crawford daughter, and her husband, Jerome, the complaint charged, "took deliberate advantage of decedent's seclusion and weakened and distorted mental and physical condition to insinuate themselves" into Joan's favor. A settlement between the parties was reached on July 13, 1979, which provided Crawford and Christopher a combined $55,000 from their mother's estate.
Mommie Dearest
In November 1978, Crawford's book Mommie Dearest was released and described her mother as a career-obsessed overly strict mother. Joan Crawford's two other daughters, Cathy and Cindy, denounced the book, categorically denying any abuse. Cindy told reporters in 1979, "I can't understand how people believe this stupid stuff Tina has written." Also, many of Crawford's friends and co-workers, including Van Johnson, Ann Blyth, Myrna Loy, Katharine Hepburn, Cesar Romero, Gary Gray, and Douglas Fairbanks Jr. (Crawford's first husband) denied the claims.
In her 1987 autobiography, Myrna Loy stated "She [Christina] wanted to be Joan Crawford. I think that's the basis of the book she wrote afterward and everything else. I saw what Christina's mind created, the fantasy world she lived in." Christina's ex-husband, producer Harvey Medlinsky, said in response to Christina's memoir, "I have only good things to say about Joan Crawford. She was always nice to me and Christina." The Secret Storm producer Gloria Monty, countered Christina's allegation that Joan "stole" Christina's role on the television show when she fell ill in 1968. According to Monty, Christina lied regarding this situation. Monty stated that she and CBS asked Joan to substitute for her daughter on the show, and that Joan agreed only in the interest of not allowing Christina to be permanently replaced by another actress until she could return to the show. Monty added, "I'll tell you that I saw Joan Crawford do everything she could to save that girl's life and job." Helen Hayes, June Allyson, and Vincent Sherman stated they had witnessed strict discipline. For example, Hayes and Sherman both stated in their autobiographies that they felt Joan was too strict a parent. Allyson stated in her autobiography that she witnessed Joan put Christina in "time-out", and did not let her go to a friend's birthday party as a punishment. However these people never stated they witnessed any outright abuse.
Mommie Dearest became a best-seller, and was made into the 1981 film Mommie Dearest, starring Faye Dunaway as Joan Crawford.
Christina had no involvement with the making of the film, and has categorically denounced the film as "grotesque" and a work of fiction. Christina has repeatedly stated that the film is highly inaccurate, and that the portrayal of her mother in the film bears little resemblance to the real Joan Crawford, specifically citing that her mother never chopped down a tree with an axe, or beat her with a wire hanger as depicted in the film.
Christina Crawford has published five subsequent books, including Survivor, Black Widow, No Safe Place, Daughters of the Inquisition and Scammed.After a stroke in 1981, she spent five years in rehabilitation before moving to the Northwest. She ran a bed and breakfast called Seven Springs Farms in Tensed, Idaho, between 1994 and 1999.
On July 20, 1998, one of Joan Crawford's other adopted children, Cathy Crawford LaLonde, filed a lawsuit against Christina Crawford for "defamation of character". LaLonde stated in her lawsuit that, during the 20th-anniversary book tour of Mommie Dearest, Christina publicly claimed to interviewers that LaLonde and her twin sister, Cynthia, were not biological sisters, and that their adoption was never legal. LaLonde stated neither claim by Christina was true, and attached copies of the twin girls' birth certificates and adoption documentation to the lawsuit. The lawsuit was later settled out of court for $5,000 plus court costs.
In 2000, Crawford began working as entertainment manager at the Coeur d'Alene Casino in Idaho, where she worked until 2007. She then wrote and produced a regional TV series, Northwest Entertainment. On November 22, 2009, she was appointed county commissioner in Benewah County, Idaho, by Governor Butch Otter, but she lost her bid for election in November 2010. In 2011, Crawford founded the non-profit Benewah Human Rights Coalition and served as the organization's first president. In 2013, she made a documentary, Surviving Mommie Dearest.
On November 21, 2017, the e-book editions of Mommie Dearest, Survivor and Daughters of the Inquisition were published through Open Road Integrated Media. She is also currently working with composer David Nehls on a stage musical adaptation of Mommie Dearest, to be produced in regional theater. Crawford is currently writing the third book in her memoir trilogy, following Mommie Dearest and Survivor.
Personal life
Crawford met her first husband, Harvey Medlinsky, a director and Broadway stage manager, while she was appearing in the Chicago national company of Barefoot in the Park. They were married briefly in the late 1960s before divorcing. She married and divorced twice more. She has no children.
Filmography
Books
Mommie Dearest (1978)
Black Widow: A Novel (1981)
Survivor (1988)
No Safe Place: The Legacy of Family Violence (1994)
Daughters Of The Inquisition: Medieval Madness: Origin and Aftermath (2003)
Scammed: A True Story of Christina & The General (2014)
Mommie Dearest: Special Edition (2017) ebook
Survivor (2017) ebook
Daughters of the Inquisition: Medieval Madness: Origin and Aftermath'' (2017) ebook
References
External links
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women novelists
American adoptees
American film actresses
American memoirists
20th-century American novelists
American stage actresses
American television actresses
County commissioners in Idaho
Writers from Los Angeles
Actresses from Los Angeles
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of Southern California alumni
21st-century American novelists
Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni
20th-century American women writers
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21st-century American non-fiction writers |
The sifung (or sufin) is a traditional musical instrument of the Bodo people of Assam. It is a kind of bamboo flute, but much longer than is common. Sifung has five holes in contrast to the north Indian bansuri which has six holes.
References
Bodo
Side-blown flutes
Indian musical instruments |
Trinity Bridge is a three-way footbridge which crosses the River Irwell and links the two cities of Manchester and Salford in Greater Manchester, England. It was designed by renowned Spanish architect, Santiago Calatrava and was completed in 1995. It was one of Calatrava's earliest bridge works and remains the only project he has completed in the United Kingdom.
History
Trinity Bridge was designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, and was one of his earliest bridge works. The bridge has a typical Calatrava design utilising straight white lines as a structure, and is dominated by the rotund pylon which rises to 41m. The bridge crosses the River Irwell, which marks the boundary between Manchester and Salford. The bridge was re-painted and examined in 2010 as part of the 15-year maintenance programme.
References
Bridges in Greater Manchester
Multi-way bridges
Neo-futurist architecture
Bridges completed in 1995
Pedestrian bridges in England
Bridges across the River Irwell
Bridges by Santiago Calatrava |
Chandmani-Öndör () is a sum of Khövsgöl aimag. The area is about 4,490 km2. In 2000, the sum had 3036 inhabitants, including some Uriankhai. The center, officially named Khökhöö () is located 190 km north-northeast of Mörön and 758 kilometers from Ulaanbaatar.
History
The Chandmani-Öndör sum was founded, together with the whole Khövsgöl aimag, in 1931. In 1933, it had about 2,300 inhabitants in 816 households, and about 42,000 heads of livestock. In 1956 it was joined with Tsagaan-Üür, but became separate again in 1959. From 1952 to 1990, Chandmani-Öndör was the seat of the Leninii aldar negdel.
Economy
In 2004, there were roughly 41,000 heads of livestock, among them 10,000 sheep, 13,000 goats, 14,000 cattle and yaks, and 4,100 horses, but no camels.
Interesting Places
Some locals believe that Alan Goa, one of the more prominent ancestors of Genghis Khan mentioned in the Secret History of the Mongols, hails from the Arig gol river that runs through Chandmani-Öndör. A statue of her has been erected close to the river in 1992.
Literature
M.Nyamaa, Khövsgöl aimgiin lavlakh toli, Ulaanbaatar 2001, p. 204f
References
Districts of Khövsgöl Province |
Animal sacrifice is the ritual killing and offering of one or more animals, usually as part of a religious ritual or to appease or maintain favour with a deity. Animal sacrifices were common throughout Europe and the Ancient Near East until the spread of Christianity in Late Antiquity, and continue in some cultures or religions today. Human sacrifice, where it existed, was always much rarer.
All or only part of a sacrificial animal may be offered; some cultures, like the ancient and modern Greeks, eat most of the edible parts of the sacrifice in a feast, and burnt the rest as an offering. Others burnt the whole animal offering, called a holocaust. Usually, the best animal or best share of the animal is the one presented for offering.
Animal sacrifice should generally be distinguished from the religiously prescribed methods of ritual slaughter of animals for normal consumption as food.
During the Neolithic Revolution, early humans began to move from hunter-gatherer cultures toward agriculture, leading to the spread of animal domestication. In a theory presented in Homo Necans, mythologist Walter Burkert suggests that the ritual sacrifice of livestock may have developed as a continuation of ancient hunting rituals, as livestock replaced wild game in the food supply.
Prehistory
Ancient Egypt was at the forefront of domestication, and some of the earliest archeological evidence suggesting animal sacrifice comes from Egypt. However, animal sacrifice was not a central practice of Egyptian religion, but was rather a peripherical occurrence that happened away from worshippers. The oldest Egyptian burial sites containing animal remains originate from the Badari culture of Upper Egypt, which flourished between 4400 and 4000 BCE. Sheep and goats were found buried in their own graves at one site, while at another site gazelles were found at the feet of several human burials. At a cemetery uncovered at Hierakonpolis and dated to , the remains of a much wider variety of animals were found, including non-domestic species such as baboons and hippopotami, which may have been sacrificed in honor of powerful former citizens or buried near their former owners. According to Herodotus, later Dynastic Egyptian animal sacrifice became restricted to livestock – sheep, cattle, swine and geese – with sets of rituals and rules to describe each type of sacrifice.
By the end of the Copper Age in , animal sacrifice had become a common practice across many cultures, and appeared to have become more generally restricted to domestic livestock. At Gath, archeological evidence indicates that the Canaanites imported sacrificial sheep and goats from Egypt rather than selecting from their own livestock. At the Monte d'Accoddi in Sardinia, one of the earliest known sacred centers in Europe, evidence of the sacrifice of sheep, cattle and swine has been uncovered by excavations, and it is indicated that ritual sacrifice may have been common across Italy around and afterwards. At the Minoan settlement of Phaistos in ancient Crete, excavations have revealed basins for animal sacrifice dating to the period 2000 to 1700 BCE. However, remains of a young goat were found in Cueva de la Dehesilla (es), a cave in Spain, related to a funerary ritual from the Middle Neolithic period, dated to between 4800 and 4000 BCE.
Ancient Near East
Animal sacrifice was general among the ancient Near Eastern civilizations of Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt and Persia, as well as the Hebrews (covered below). Unlike the Greeks, who had worked out a justification for keeping the best edible parts of the sacrifice for the assembled humans to eat, in these cultures the whole animal was normally placed on the fire by the altar and burned, or sometimes it was buried.
Ancient Greece
Worship in ancient Greek religion typically consisted of sacrificing domestic animals at the altar with hymn and prayer. The altar was outside any temple building, and might not be associated with a temple at all. The animal, which should be perfect of its kind, is decorated with garlands and the like, and led in procession to the altar, a girl with a basket on her head containing the concealed knife leading the way. After various rituals the animal is slaughtered over the altar, as it falls all the women present "must cry out in high, shrill tones". Its blood is collected and poured over the altar. It is butchered on the spot and various internal organs, bones and other inedible parts burnt as the deity's portion of the offering, while the meat is removed to be prepared for the participants to eat; the leading figures tasting it on the spot. The temple usually kept the skin, to sell to tanners. The fact that the humans got more use from the sacrifice than the deity had not escaped the Greeks, and is often the subject of humour in Greek comedy.
The animals used are, in order of preference, bull or ox, cow, sheep (the most common), goat, pig (with piglet the cheapest mammal), and poultry (but rarely other birds or fish). Horses and asses are seen on some vases in the Geometric style (), but are very rarely mentioned in literature; they were relatively late introductions to Greece, and it has been suggested that Greek preferences in this matter go very far back. The Greeks liked to believe that the animal was glad to be sacrificed, and interpreted various behaviours as showing this. Divination by examining parts of the sacrificed animal was much less important than in Roman or Etruscan religion, or Near Eastern religions, but was practiced, especially of the liver, and as part of the cult of Apollo. Generally, the Greeks put more faith in observing the behaviour of birds. For a smaller and simpler offering, a grain of incense could be thrown on the sacred fire, and outside the cities farmers made simple sacrificial gifts of plant produce as the "first fruits" were harvested. Although the grand form of sacrifice called the hecatomb (meaning 100 bulls) might in practice only involve a dozen or so, at large festivals the number of cattle sacrificed could run into the hundreds, and the numbers feasting on them well into the thousands. The enormous Hellenistic structures of the Altar of Hieron and Pergamon Altar were built for such occasions.
The evidence of the existence of such practices is clear in some ancient Greek literature, especially in Homer's epics. Throughout the poems, the use of the ritual is apparent at banquets where meat is served, in times of danger or before some important endeavor to gain the favor of the gods. For example, in Homer's Odyssey Eumaeus sacrifices a pig with prayer for his unrecognizable master Odysseus. However, in Homer's Iliad, which partly reflects very early Greek civilization, not every banquet of the princes begins with a sacrifice.
These sacrificial practices, described in these pre-Homeric eras, share commonalities to the 8th century forms of sacrificial rituals. Furthermore, throughout the poem, special banquets are held whenever gods indicated their presence by some sign or success in war. Before setting out for Troy, this type of animal sacrifice is offered. Odysseus offers Zeus a sacrificial ram in vain. The occasions of sacrifice in Homer's epic poems may shed some light onto the view of the gods as members of society, rather than as external entities, indicating social ties. Sacrificial rituals played a major role in forming the relationship between humans and the divine.
It has been suggested that the Chthonic deities, distinguished from Olympic deities by typically being offered the holocaust mode of sacrifice, where the offering is wholly burnt, may be remnants of the native Pre-Hellenic religion and that many of the Olympian deities may come from the Proto-Greeks who overran the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula in the late third millennium BCE.
In the Hellenistic period after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE, several new philosophical movements began to question the ethics of animal sacrifice.
Scythians
According to the unique account by the Greek author Herodotus (), the Scythians sacrificed various kinds of livestock, though the most prestigious offering was considered to be the horse. The pig, on the other hand, was never offered in sacrifice, and apparently the Scythians were loath to keep swine within their lands. Herodotus describes the Scythian manner of sacrifice as follows:
Herodotus goes on to describe the human sacrifice of prisoners, conducted in a different manner.
Ancient Rome
The most potent offering in Ancient Roman religion was animal sacrifice, typically of domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep and pigs. Each was the best specimen of its kind, cleansed, clad in sacrificial regalia and garlanded; the horns of oxen might be gilded. Sacrifice sought the harmonisation of the earthly and divine, so the victim must seem willing to offer its own life on behalf of the community; it must remain calm and be quickly and cleanly dispatched.
Sacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, "gods above") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for the annual oath-taking by the consuls. Di superi with strong connections to the earth, such as Mars, Janus, Neptune and various genii – including the Emperor's – were offered fertile victims. After the sacrifice, a banquet was held; in state cults, the images of honoured deities took pride of place on banqueting couches and by means of the sacrificial fire consumed their proper portion (exta, the innards). Rome's officials and priests reclined in order of precedence alongside and ate the meat; lesser citizens may have had to provide their own.
Chthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi ("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the dead". Ceres and other underworld goddesses of fruitfulness were sometimes offered pregnant female animals; Tellus was given a pregnant cow at the Fordicidia festival. Color had a general symbolic value for sacrifices. Demigods and heroes, who belonged to the heavens and the underworld, were sometimes given black-and-white victims. Robigo (or Robigus) was given red dogs and libations of red wine at the Robigalia for the protection of crops from blight and red mildew.
A sacrifice might be made in thanksgiving or as an expiation of a sacrilege or potential sacrilege (piaculum);
a piaculum might also be offered as a sort of advance payment; the Arval Brethren, for instance, offered a piaculum before entering their sacred grove with an iron implement, which was forbidden, as well as after.
The pig was a common victim for a piaculum.
The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return. In times of great crisis, the Senate could decree collective public rites, in which Rome's citizens, including women and children, moved in procession from one temple to the next, supplicating the gods.
Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made.
The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the disciplina Etrusca. As a product of Roman sacrifice, the exta and blood are reserved for the gods, while the meat (viscera) is shared among human beings in a communal meal. The exta of bovine victims were usually stewed in a pot (olla or aula), while those of sheep or pigs were grilled on skewers. When the deity's portion was cooked, it was sprinkled with mola salsa (ritually prepared salted flour) and wine, then placed in the fire on the altar for the offering; the technical verb for this action was porricere.
Celtic peoples
There is evidence that ancient Celtic people sacrificed animals, almost always livestock or working animals, as part of ancient Celtic religion. The idea seems to have been that ritually transferring a life-force to the Otherworld pleased the gods and established a channel of communication between the worlds. Animal sacrifices could be acts of thanksgiving, appeasement, to ask for good health and fertility, or as a means of divination. It seems that some animals were offered wholly to the gods (by burying or burning), while some were shared between gods and humans (part eaten and part set aside).
Archaeologists have found evidence of animal sacrifice at some Gaulish and British sanctuaries, and at the Irish site Uisneach. Accounts of Celtic animal sacrifice come from Roman and Greek writers. Julius Caesar and Strabo wrote of the Gauls burning animal sacrifices in a large wickerwork figure, known as a wicker man, while Pliny the Elder wrote of druids performing a 'ritual of oak and mistletoe' which involved sacrificing two white bulls.
Some animal sacrifice or ritual slaughter continued among Celtic peoples long after they converted to Christianity. Until the 19th century, on St. Martin's Day (11 November) in rural Ireland a rooster, goose or sheep would be slaughtered and some of its blood sprinkled on the threshold of the house. It was offered to Saint Martin, and was eaten as part of a feast. Bull sacrifices at the time of the Lughnasa festival were recorded as late as the 18th century at Cois Fharraige in Ireland (where they were offered to Crom Dubh) and at Loch Maree in Scotland (where they were offered to Saint Máel Ruba).
Germanic peoples
Animal sacrifice, or blót, was an important ritual in Old Norse religion. The blood was sprinkled on altars, idols and the walls of temples. A blót was made at seasonal festivals as well as at funerals, before battles and perilous journeys, or after the conclusion of business between traders.
In the 11th century, Adam of Bremen wrote that human and animal sacrifices were made at the Temple at Gamla Uppsala in Sweden. He wrote that every ninth year, nine men and nine of every animal were sacrificed and their bodies hung in a sacred grove.
Abrahamic traditions
Judaism
In Judaism, the is any of a variety of sacrificial offerings described and commanded in the Torah. The most common usages are animal sacrifice ( זֶבַח), (the peace offering) and (the "holocaust" or burnt offering). A was an animal sacrifice, such as a bull, sheep, goat, or a dove that underwent shechita (Jewish ritual slaughter). Sacrifices could also consist of grain, meal, wine, or incense.
The Hebrew Bible says that Yahweh commanded the Israelites to offer offerings and sacrifices on various altars. The sacrifices were only to be offered by the hands of the Kohanim. Before building the Temple in Jerusalem, when the Israelites were in the desert, sacrifices were offered only in the Tabernacle. After building Solomon's Temple, sacrifices were allowed only there. After the Temple was destroyed, sacrifices was resumed when the Second Temple was built until it was also destroyed in 70 CE. After the destruction of the Second Temple sacrifices were prohibited because there was no longer a Temple, the only place allowed by halakha for sacrifices. Offering of sacrifices was briefly reinstated during the Jewish–Roman wars of the second century CE and was continued in certain communities thereafter.
The Samaritans, a group historically related to the Jews, practice animal sacrifice in accordance with the Law of Moses.
Christianity
Christianity has long expressly opposed all forms of animal sacrifice, and the practice's "very possibility ... has been generally rejected as unreasonable and hostile to Christian theology". Most Christian denominations believe that the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ permanently abolished animal sacrifice, primarily based on the teaching in the Epistle to the Hebrews that Jesus was the "Lamb of God" to whom all ancient sacrifices pointed. Most Christian sects believe that the "bloodless" sacrifice of the Eucharist, or Lord's Supper, entirely replaces the Old Testament system of sacrifices. Consequently, animal sacrifice is rarely practiced in Christianity.
Despite this opposition, a few rural Christian communities sacrifice animals (which are then consumed in a feast) as part of worship, especially at Easter. The animal may be brought into the church before being taken out again and killed. Some villages in Greece sacrifice animals to Orthodox saints in a practice known as kourbania. Sacrifice of a lamb, or less commonly a rooster, is a common practice in Armenian Church, and the Tewahedo Church of Ethiopia and Eritrea. This tradition, called matagh, is believed to stem from pre-Christian pagan rituals. Additionally, some Mayans following a form of Folk Catholicism in Mexico today still sacrifice animals in conjunction with church practices, a ritual practiced in past religions before the arrival of the Spaniards.
Islam
Muslims engaged in the Hajj (pilgrimage) are obliged to sacrifice a lamb or a goat or join others in sacrificing a cow or a camel during the celebration of the Eid al-Adha, an Arabic term that means "Feast of Sacrifice", also known as al-Id al-Kabir (Great Feast), or Qurban Bayrami (Sacrifice Feast) in Turkic influenced cultures, Bakar Id (Goat Feast) in Indian subcontinent and Reraya Qurben in Indonesia. Other Muslims not on the Hajj to Mecca also participate in this sacrifice wherever they are, on the 10th day of the 12th lunar month in the Islamic calendar. It is understood as a symbolic re-enactment of Abraham's sacrifice of a ram in place of his son. Meat from this occasion is divided into three parts, one part is kept by the sacrificing family for food, the other gifted to friends and family, and the third given to the poor Muslims. The sacrificed animal is a sheep, goat, cow or camel. The feast follows a communal prayer at a mosque or open air.
The animal sacrifice during the Hajj is a part of nine step pilgrimage ritual. It is, states Campo, preceded by a statement to intention and body purification, inaugural circumambulation of the Kaaba seven times, running between Marwa and Safa hills, encampment at Mina, standing in Arafat, stoning the three Mina satanic pillars with at least forty nine pebbles. Thereafter, animal sacrifice, and this is followed by farewell circumambulation of the Kaaba. The Muslims who are not on Hajj also perform a simplified ritual animal sacrifice. According to Campo, the animal sacrifice at the annual Islamic festival has origins in western Arabia in vogue before Islam. The animal sacrifice, states Philip Stewart, is not required by the Quran, but is based on interpretations of other Islamic texts.
The Eid al-Adha is major annual festival of animal sacrifice in Islam. In Indonesia alone, for example, some 800,000 animals were sacrificed in 2014 by its Muslims on the festival, but the number can be a bit lower or higher depending on the economic conditions. According to Lesley Hazleton, in Turkey about 2,500,000 sheep, cows and goats are sacrificed each year to observe the Islamic festival of animal sacrifice, with a part of the sacrificed animal given to the needy who did not sacrifice an animal. According to The Independent, nearly 10,000,000 animals are sacrificed in Pakistan every year on Eid. Countries such as Saudi Arabia transport nearly a million animals every year for sacrifice to Mina (near Mecca). The sacrificed animals at Id al-Adha, states Clarke Brooke, include the four species considered lawful for the Hajj sacrifice: sheep, goats, camels and cattle, and additionally, cow-like animals initialing the water buffalo, domesticated banteng and yaks. Many are brought in from north Africa and parts of Asia.
Other occasions when Muslims perform animal sacrifice include the 'aqiqa, when a child is seven days old, is shaved and given a name. It is believed that the animal sacrifice binds the child to Islam and offers protection to the child from evil.
Killing of animals by dhabihah is ritual slaughter rather than sacrifice.
Hinduism
Practices of Hindu animal sacrifice are mostly associated with Shaktism, Shaiva Agamas and in currents of folk Hinduism called Kulamarga strongly rooted in local tribal traditions. Animal sacrifices were carried out in ancient times in India. Some later minor Puranas forbid animal sacrifice though the upapurana, Kalika Purana, describes it in detail.
Shaktism traditions
Animal sacrifices are performed mainly at temples following the Shakti school of Hinduism where the female nature of Brahman is worshipped in the form of Kali and Durga. These traditions are followed in parts of eastern states of India at Hindu temples in Assam and West Bengal India and Nepal where goats, chickens and sometimes water buffalos are sacrificed.
Animal sacrifice is a part of Durga puja celebrations during the Navratri in eastern states of India. The goddess is offered sacrificial animal in this ritual in the belief that it stimulates her violent vengeance against the buffalo demon. According to Christopher Fuller, the animal sacrifice practice is rare among Hindus during Navratri, or at other times, outside the Shaktism tradition found in the eastern Indian states of West Bengal, Odisha and Assam. Further, even in these states, the festival season is one where significant animal sacrifices are observed. In some Shakta Hindu communities, the slaying of buffalo demon and victory of Durga is observed with a symbolic sacrifice instead of animal sacrifice.
Animal sacrifice en masse occurs during the three-day-long Gadhimai festival in Nepal. In 2009 it was speculated that more than 250,000 animals were killed while 5 million devotees attended the festival. However, this practise was later banned in 2015.
Rajput traditions
The Rajput of Rajasthan worship their weapons and horses on Navratri, and formerly offered a sacrifice of a goat to a goddess revered as Kuldevi – a practice that continues in some places. The ritual requires slaying of the animal with a single stroke. In the past this ritual was considered a rite of passage into manhood and readiness as a warrior. The Kuldevi among these Rajput communities is a warrior-pativrata guardian goddess, with local legends tracing reverence for her during Rajput-Muslim wars.
The tradition of animal sacrifice is being substituted with vegetarian offerings to the Goddess in temples and households around Banaras in Northern India.
Folk traditions
In some sacred groves of India, particularly in western Maharashtra, animal sacrifice is practiced to pacify female deities that are supposed to rule the groves.
In India, ritual of animal sacrifice is practised in many villages before local deities or certain powerful and terrifying forms of the Devi. In this form of worship, animals, usually goats, are decapitated and the blood is offered to deity often by smearing some of it on a post outside the temple. For instance, Kandhen Budhi is the reigning deity of Kantamal in Boudh district of Orissa, India. Every year, animals like goat and fowl are sacrificed before the deity on the occasion of her annual Yatra/Jatra (festival) held in the month of Aswina (September–October). The main attraction of Kandhen Budhi Yatra is Ghusuri Puja. Ghusuri means a child pig, which is sacrificed to the goddess every three years. Kandhen Budhi is also worshipped at Lather village under Mohangiri GP in Kalahandi district of Orissa, India. (Pasayat, 2009:20–24).
The religious belief of Tabuh Rah, a form of animal sacrifice of Balinese Hinduism includes a religious cockfight where a rooster is used in religious custom by allowing him to fight against another rooster in a religious and spiritual cockfight, a spiritual appeasement exercise of Tabuh Rah. The spilling of blood is necessary as purification to appease the evil spirits, and ritual fights follow an ancient and complex ritual as set out in the sacred lontar manuscripts.
Trantrik traditions
Human sacrifice is also mentioned in Hinduism in the Kalika Purana. Chapters 67 through 78 of the text constitute the Rudhiradhyaya, which discusses bali (animal sacrifice) and of Vamacara Tantrism. The Rudhiradhyaya section is notable for its uncommon discussion of human sacrifice. The text states that a human sacrifice may be performed to please the goddess, but only with the consent of prince before a war or cases of imminent danger. However, it was not until 2014 when the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) started collecting data on human sacrifice. According to the bureau, there were 51 cases of human sacrifice spread across 14 states between 2014 and 2016. The alleged case of human sacrifice was recorded as late as 2020.
East Asian traditions
Han Chinese
Ancient China
During Shang and Zhou Dynasty, the nobles used to practice a complicated and hierarchical sacrificial system and only the king could sacrifice to heaven and earth and the four sacred mountains including Mount Tai including his nine temples for his family. The Dukes sacrificed to the altar of land and grain and to the various rivers and streams and mountains in their territory and their family temples. The common person didn't have a temple but sacrificed to their father or grandfather or relevant family in their apartment or house and could only sacrifice to family because of the burden of the luxurious animals. The noble would sacrifice pigs, goats or sheep, cows, mainly oxen, dogs or wild dogs, and other livestock at different times of the year; in bad years the sacrifices were less.
The ancient kings, Confucius and Confucian scholars framed the sacrificing scale of every strata from the Zhou system, not including human sacrifice, in The Book of Rites. The names of the offering scales from honorable to low are 'Tai-lao'(太牢), 'Shao-lao'(少牢), 'Te-sheng'(特牲), 'Te-shi'(特豕), 'Te-tun'(特豚), 'Yu'(魚), 'La'(臘), 'Dou'(豆) and else. The Tai-lao class, now only practiced in the ceremony of worshipping Huang Di or Confucius, use whole cows, whole goats and whole pigs in Taiwan
It is said Hou ji offered a sacrifice with lamb millet and southern wood and black millet whine with fragrant herbs mainly southern wood.
Modern-day China
Buddhism prohibits all forms of killing, rituals, sacrifices and worship and Taoism generally prohibit killing of animals. In Kaohsiung, Taiwan, animal sacrifices are banned in Taoist temples.
Some animal offerings, such as fowl, pigs, goats, fish, or other livestock, are accepted in some Taoism sects and beliefs in Chinese folk religion. The offerings would be placed at the altar or the temple after being slaughtered. The amount sacrificed is up to the worshippers, who can eat all of the offerings after the rite. In folk religion some regions believe that high-status deities prefer vegetarian food more, while ghosts, low-status gods, and other unknown supernatural spirits like meat. Therefore, whole pigs, whole goats, whole chickens, and whole ducks will be sacrificed in the ghost festival. Some vegetarian believers make dummy pigs or dummy goats from vegetarian food like bread or rice for sacrifice.
Japan
Before Buddhism came to Japan, some Shinto festivals included deer, horse, and green pheasant sacrifice.
Iomante (イオマンテ), sometimes written as Iyomante (イヨマンテ), is an Ainu ceremony in which a brown bear is sacrificed.
Traditional Sub-Saharan and Afro-American religions
Animal sacrifice is regularly practiced in traditional African and Afro-American religions.
The U.S. Supreme Court's 1993 decision Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah upheld the right of Santería adherents to practice ritual animal sacrifice in the United States of America.
Likewise in Texas in 2009, legal and religious issues that related to animal sacrifice, animal rights and freedom of religion were taken to the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in the case of Jose Merced, President Templo Yoruba Omo Orisha Texas, Inc., v. City of Euless. The court ruling that the Merced case of the freedom of exercise of religion was meritorious and prevailing and that Merced was entitled under the Texas Religious Freedom and Restoration Act (TRFRA) to an injunction preventing the city of Euless, Texas from enforcing its ordinances that burdened his religious practices relating to the use of animals (see Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 110.005(a)(2)).
Austronesian
Utux
Atayal, Seediq and Taroko people believe that bad-luck or punishments of 'Utux', which refers to any kind of supernatural spirits or ancestors, would infect the relatives. When a member in relatives has violated a taboo or met with misfortune, a ritual will be held. It must be done in the ritual to sacrifice a pig, which means the misfortune and sin would be washed away by the blood, and apologize to the Utux with gift.
See also
Animal welfare
Animal worship
Anthrozoology
Bans on ritual slaughter
Folk religion
Human sacrifice
Religious abuse
Self-flagellation
Self-mutilation
Slaughter offering
Notes
References
Bibliography
Barik, Sarmistha (2009), "Bali Yatra of Sonepur" in Orissa Review, Vol.LXVI, No.2, September, pp. 160–62.
Burkert, Walter (1972), Homo Necans pp. 6–22
Burkert, Walter (1985), Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical, Harvard University Press,
Gihus, Ingvild Saelid. Animals, Gods, and Humans: Changing Ideas to Animals in Greek, Roman, and early Christian Ideas. London; New York: Routeledge, 2006.*Pasayat, C. (2003), Glimpses of Tribal an Folkculture, New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., pp. 67–84.
Insoll, T. 2010. Talensi Animal Sacrifice and its Archaeological Implications. World Archaeology 42: 231–44
Garnsey, Peter. Food and Society in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Pasayat, C. (2009), "Kandhen Budhi" in Orissa Review, Vol.LXVI, No.2, September, pp. 20–24.
Petropoulou, M.-Z. (2008), Animal Sacrifice in Ancient Greek Religion, Judaism, and Christianity, 100 BC to AD 200, Oxford classical monographs, Oxford University Press, .
Rosivach, Vincent J. The System of Public Sacrifice in Fourth-Century Athens. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1994.
Animal rights
Cruelty to animals |
Thomas Steele (17 November 1753 – 8 December 1823) was a British politician at the turn of the nineteenth century.
He was born the eldest son of Thomas Steele, Recorder of Chichester and educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge.
After studying law at the Middle Temple he was elected as MP for Chichester in 1780, holding the seat until 1807.
He held the post of Joint Secretary to the Treasury from 1783 to 1791, Joint Paymaster of the Forces from 1791 to 1804, and King's Remembrancer from 1797 to 1823. He was a friend of William Pitt the Younger.
He died in 1823. He had married Charlotte Amelia, the daughter of Sir David Lindsay, 4th Baronet, of Evelick, Perth and had a son and two daughters. Steel(e) Point, on Sydney Harbour, Australia, was named for him when he was Joint Secretary to the Treasury during the time of Arthur Phillip's governorship.
References
1753 births
1823 deaths
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Members of the Middle Temple
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1780–1784
British MPs 1784–1790
British MPs 1790–1796
British MPs 1796–1800
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Paymasters of the Forces
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1801–1802
UK MPs 1802–1806
UK MPs 1806–1807 |
Panariello is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Aniello Panariello (born 1988), Italian footballer
Giorgio Panariello (born 1960), Italian comedian, actor, director, and television presenter
Italian-language surnames |
Vernon Elwood Booher (1907 – April 24, 1929) was a Canadian mass murderer who killed four people, including his mother and brother, in Mannville, Alberta on July 9, 1928. He shot his victims with a rifle. Booher was convicted of all four murders, sentenced to death, and executed in 1929.
Murders
On July 9, 1928, around 7:30pm, Booher fatally shot his mother, Eunice, his brother, Fred, and two farm hands, Gabriel Grombey and Wasyl Rozak, with a .303 British rifle. Vernon had stolen the rifle from a neighbor named C. Stevenson, whose farm was located about a mile from the Booher's.
Eunice was found sitting at the dining room table, shot in the back of the head. She had apparently been preparing for dinner when she was killed, as there was a bowl of fruit on the dining room table, a pie found on the kitchen counter, and a pot full of rice was being prepared on the stove. Fred was found nearby in the kitchen doorway, shot through the mouth and back. He had likely ran into the kitchen after hearing his mother being shot. Rozak, a Polish immigrant also known as "Bill", was found at the bunkhouse, shot in the chin. Gromby was the last to be found in the barn, shot through the back of the head. Vernon had intended to frame Goromby for the murder, planning to throw his body and the rifle in a body of water. However, he ran out of time. Vernon was arrested not long after.
Three members of the Booher family were not present at the farmhouse when the murders occurred. Verenon's father, Henry Booher, was away on business at another farm approximately 2 miles from the house that evening. Vernon's younger sisters, Dorthy and Algerto were also not present, as they were attending basketball practice in Manville.
When authorities arrived, Booher claimed he was out in the pasture, attending to cows when he heard the shots. He ran back to the farmhouse to find his mother and brother dead, then ran to a neighbor named Alex Ross to contact the police.
Investigation
The gun used in the murder was found on Sunday, July 19, 1928, about 235 yards from the Booher household. Vernon had reportedly disposed of it while running to the Ross farm.
Confession, and Trial
Vernon's first trial began on July 18, 1928. The jury consisted of 6 men, all from Manville. Vernon was described as "cold" and "calm" as he gave his defense, and displayed no remorse later on in the trial.
Due to mounting evidence, Vernon confessed to the crime on Monday, July 22nd. He stated that he killed his mother since she did not like his girlfriend, and killed the others since they were witnesses. There was also reportedly tension with his brother Fred as he was doing better finically and socially compared to Vernon. His girlfriend at the time worked at a local hospital, and Vernon would often fake injures to get out of work and to go visit her.
Booher's case drew attention after Adolph Langsner, a psychiatrist who claimed to be able to read minds, correctly guessed that Booher was the murderer and where he had hidden the weapon used. Booher was charged with four counts of murder, found guilty, and received a mandatory death sentence without a recommendation for mercy.
On appeal, Booher won a new trial and had his confession suppressed. He was convicted a second time and had his death sentence reinstated, once more without a recommendation for mercy.
Aftermath
The murder of the Booher family was described as one of the most heinous crimes to occur in Western Canada's history, and came as a shock to many residents of Mannville. It was extensively written about in publications such as the Edmonton Journal, The Calgary Herald, The Calgary Albertan, and The Edmonton Bulletin.
Booher was executed at the Fort Saskatchewan Provincial Gaol on April 24, 1929. He is interred at the Fort Saskatchewan Gaol Cemetery.
References
1907 births
1929 deaths
20th-century executions by Canada
Canadian mass murderers
Canadian people convicted of murder
Executed Canadian people
Executed mass murderers
Matricides
Familicides
Mass murder in 1928
Mass murder in Alberta
People convicted of murder by Canada
People executed by Canada by hanging
People from the County of Minburn No. 27 |
The fifth series of British talent competition programme Britain's Got Talent was broadcast on ITV, from 16 April to 4 June 2011; due to live coverage of the 2011 UEFA Champions League Final on 28 May, the final audition episode of the series was pushed back a day to avoid clashing with it. As Piers Morgan had departed from the programme the previous year, and the schedule of Simon Cowell made him unable to attend auditions, the producers arranged for Amanda Holden to be joined by David Hasselhoff and Michael McIntyre on the judging panel. Due to Hasselhoff's schedule during filming of the auditions, Louis Walsh stepped in as a guest judge for the sessions he could not attend.
This series saw the judging panel expanded to four judges for the first time in the programme's history, albeit for the live episodes – Cowell chose not to have either replacement drop out when he returned to attend the remainder of the contest. Because of this decision, the rules for the judges' vote had to be amended so that the public vote could be used to deal with a tied vote amongst the panel between the 2nd and 3rd placed semi-finalists of a semi-final. Apart from the change in format for the live rounds, the programme's studio used for live episodes was given a considerable revamp for the new series.
The fifth series was won by singer Jai McDowall, with singer Ronan Parke finishing in second place and boyband New Bounce third. During its broadcast, the series averaged around 10.9 million viewers, and was the first in the show's history to be aired in high definition. In an interview made after the series' broadcast, hosts Ant & Dec marked the fifth series as a poor one for the show because of the low quality of some of the participants that took part. During the broadcast of the fifth series, the programme faced accusations of unfair treatment to participants, while the producers had to bring in police to investigate a suspected act of online bullying against one of the semi-finalists during production.
Series overview
Following open auditions held the previous year, the Judges' auditions took place across January and February 2011, within London, Manchester, Glasgow, Cardiff, Liverpool and Birmingham; an additional round of auditions were held in Birmingham on 3 April, consisting of those found through their online videos on YouTube. In December 2010, Simon Cowell revealed that, because of his commitments in launching the American version of The X Factor, he would only be present for the live episodes of this series. Both this announcement, and the departure of Piers Morgan the previous year, led to a change in the judging panel, in which Amanda Holden was joined by two new judges recruited by the producers – comedian Michael McIntyre; and actor David Hasselhoff, who had previously worked as a judge on America's Got Talent. Owing to his work schedule in 2011, Hasselhoff was forced to miss the London auditions, leading to Louis Walsh standing in for him as a guest judge.
Prior to filming, plans had been made to incorporate an element from the format of The X Factor, in which auditions would be attended by a guest judge for each one; such a format addition was later made for America's Got Talent in 2015. However, the format change was never made by the production team, for unknown reasons. For the first time in the show's history, after the auditions were over, some of the acts found themselves having to perform again, due to the judges facing some difficulty in making a final decision on whom to send through into the live semi-finals.
Of the participants that took part, only forty-one made it past this stage and into the five live semi-finals, with eight appearing in the first four and nine in the final semi-final, and ten of these acts making it into the live final. Because the live episodes now featured four judges, the rule on the judges' votes was modified as a result – if the judges were split over which two acts would follow the winner of the public vote, the decision would be made by which had received the second highest number of public votes. The following below lists the results of each participant's overall performance in this series:
| | |
Ages denoted for a participant(s), pertain to their final performance for this series.
The latter values pertain to the age of the dogs, as disclosed by their respective owners.
The age of the animals used by Donelda Guy were not disclosed during their time on the programme.
Locations for members of each respective group, or the group as a whole, were not disclosed during their time on the programme.
Michael Moral was not originally given a place in the live rounds. His placement was due to the high standards of his performance leading Cowell to giving him a place as a semi-finalist.
Semi-finals summary
Buzzed out | Judges' vote |
| |
Semi-final 1 (30 May)
Guest Performers, Results Show: Spelbound
Semi-final 2 (31 May)
Guest Performers, Results Show: Cast of Shrek the Musical
Semi-final 3 (1 June)
Guest Performer, Results Show: Avril Lavigne
Semi-final 4 (2 June)
Guest Performer, Results Show: Jessie J
Semi-final 5 (3 June)
Guest Performers, Results Show: Diversity, and JLS
Jedward made a special appearance for this performance as backing dancers & singers.
Final (4 June)
Guest Performers, Results Show: Jackie Evancho, and Nicole Scherzinger
|
Ratings
Criticism & incidents
The fifth series saw Britain's Got Talent face criticism from viewers, via social media, over unfair treatment on a participant. Their concern was over the performance of Jessica Hobson during her semi-final, and the belief her choice of song had been fixed by producers to ensure she would lose. Britain's Got More Talent presenter Stephen Mulhern refuted the allegations made by the complaints, making clear that production staff maintain high commitment to the well-being of participants (such as had been done for Susan Boyle in the third series) and that Hobson's performance had not been rigged against her.
One of the more serious matters that occurred off-camera was the publication of a malicious blog against the participant Ronan Parke, which claimed that the competition had been fixed so that the singer would win and that he had been groomed by Simon Cowell's company Syco for two years in preparation to fulfil a record contract. However, Parke's family, Cowell, the producers and Syco, refuted the claims in the blog, even one that the blogger was an executive in the company, highlighting that the information was false and unsubstantiated. Producers determined that the nature of the blog was effectively malicious and aimed at bullying Parke online. Police were brought in to investigate the motivation of the blogger's action, and resulted in the culprit being cautioned and ordered to apologise for the distress caused to those involved.
References
2011 British television seasons
Britain's Got Talent |
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SM UB-57 was a German Type UB III submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. She was commissioned into the Flanders Flotilla of the German Imperial Navy on 30 July 1917 as SM UB-57.
She operated as part of the Flanders Flotilla based in Zeebrugge. UB-57 was sunk at 23:00 on 14 August 1918 at after striking a mine, 34 crew members lost their lives in the event.
Construction
She was built by AG Weser, Bremen and following just under a year of construction, launched at Bremen on 21 June 1917. UB-57 was commissioned later that same year under the command of Kptlt. Otto Steinbrinck. Like all Type UB III submarines, UB-57 carried 10 torpedoes and was armed with a deck gun. UB-57 would carry a crew of up to 3 officer and 31 men and had a cruising range of . UB-57 had a displacement of while surfaced and when submerged. Her engines enabled her to travel at when surfaced and when submerged.
Summary of raiding history
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
German Type UB III submarines
World War I submarines of Germany
U-boats commissioned in 1917
Maritime incidents in 1918
U-boats sunk in 1918
World War I shipwrecks in the English Channel
U-boats sunk by mines
1918 ships
Ships built in Bremen (state)
Submarines lost with all hands |
Volvic () is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.
The church at Volvic is dedicated to “St Priest” (Projectus), who is reputed to have been killed here in 676 AD.
Population
International relations
Volvic is twinned with:
Unterschneidheim, Germany
Kirriemuir, Angus, Scotland
Gallery
See also
Égaules
Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department
References
External links
City Official Website
Volvic Tourism Board
(commercial link) Volvic Mineral Water
Communes of Puy-de-Dôme |
An industry day is an event held by a military to present requirements to industry representatives for weapons or vehicles. Common presentation methods include outlines by PowerPoint. Industry days are usually held in succession with each event holding fewer people as contractors drop their bids.
Military equipment |
Lehigh Street is a major road that connects Emmaus, Pennsylvania in the west to Allentown, Pennsylvania in the east in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania. The road is one of six roads that enter and depart Allentown, the third-largest city in Pennsylvania.
Lehigh Street is one of several major Allentown-area exits off Interstate 78, which runs from Interstate 81 in Lebanon County in the west to the Holland Tunnel and Lower Manhattan in the east.
Lehigh Street also serves as a major commercial center for the Lehigh Valley. The Auto Mile, which includes approximately a dozen new and used automobile dealerships, is located on Lehigh Street's western border with Emmaus. As the road enters Allentown from the west, it passes Queen City Airport, an Allentown airport used primarily by small, privately owned aircraft. South Mall, an enclosed shopping mall in Salisbury Township, is located on Lehigh Street.
The Emmaus side of Lehigh Street is the location of Shangy's, a beer distributor with the largest selection of domestic and global beers in the nation, including over 3,000 selections overall.
History
General George Washington and his Continental Army staff passed up Lehigh Street, which was then called Water Street following the Continental Army's victory at the Battle of Trenton. They stopped at the foot of the street at a large spring on what is now the property occupied by the Wire Mill, where they rested and watered their horses, and then went their way to their post of duty.
In 1941, from Cedar Crest Boulevard in Emmaus to S. 6th Street and Auburn Street at present-day PA Route 145 in Allentown, Lehigh Street was designated as Pennsylvania Route 29. In 1960, the designation was removed and it was called Lehigh Street.
Route description
Lehigh Street is a continuation of State Avenue near South Mall in the northern sections of Emmaus. Upon crossing the Allentown-Emmaus boundary, it widens to a four-lane road with a center left-turn lane. From there, Lehigh Street runs northward traversing one of the busiest commercial districts in the city.
North of 29th Street SW, Lehigh Street interchanges the overlap of Interstate 78 and Pennsylvania Route 309, continuing through an underpass east of Allentown Queen City Municipal Airport. The street runs away of the airport in its northward progression. At Lehigh Street's intersection with Jefferson Street, Lehigh Street narrows to two-lanes and turns slightly in a northeast course. North of 12th Street in Allentown, the street does not have the center left-turn lane.
A few blocks from South 12th Street, Lehigh Street intersects several Allentown-area roads and passes south of the abandoned Bicentennial Park. At Wyoming Street, Lehigh turns east and widens to three-lanes with two southbound lanes and one northbound lane and continues west past South 8th Street and Allentown's Albertus L. Meyers Bridge. It then heads eastbound as Saint John Street up to South 6th Street, also known as PA Route 145.
Lehigh Street westbound splits at the intersection with PA Route 145 at South 6th and Auburn Streets four blocks from downtown Allentown. The one-way roadway merges with Saint John Street, which then becomes Lehigh Street eastbound. North of this, PA 145 follows two-way Lehigh Street north, intersecting with Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive. Lehigh Street ends at the intersection with Union Street in downtown Allentown, where PA 145 splits into a one-way pair along that street.
Major intersections
References
Transportation in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania |
John E. Bercaw (born December 3, 1944) is an American chemist and Centennial Professor of Chemistry, Emeritus at the California Institute of Technology.
Early life and education
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Bercaw obtained his bachelor of science in 1967 from North Carolina State University and later his PhD from the University of Michigan in 1971 under the direction of Hans-Herbert Brintzinger, followed by postdoctoral research with Jack Halpern at the University of Chicago.
Career
He joined the faculty at the Caltech in 1972. Bercaw was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1991.
He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (elected 1990), and he has received several national awards from the American Chemical Society (see below).
His research interests are in synthetic, structural and mechanistic organotransition metal chemistry, including most recently catalysts for polymerization and trimerization of olefins and investigations of hydrocarbon hydroxylation; fundamental transformations and thermodynamics of organotransition metal chemistry; catalysts for hydrocarbon partial oxidation; catalysts for olefin trimerization and polymerization; homogeneous transformations of carbon monoxide and dihydrogen to fuels and chemicals.
Prof. Bercaw has greatly enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms of Ziegler-Natta (ZN) olefin polymerizations. This metal-catalyzed polymerization process is operated on a vast scale and produces, worldwide, over 200 billion pounds of polyolefins per year. Bercaw’s work has led to a fundamental understanding of the detailed mechanisms of chain growth in ZN polymerizations and the factors which control syndio- and isotacticities and the degree of comonomer incorporation in copolymerizations; these variables are critical in determining the physical properties of the resultant polymers and copolymers.
Commercial processes have been based on Bercaw’s discoveries. For example, new and superior ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers are now industrially produced with titanium catalysts utilizing (η5- C5Me4)SiMe2NCMe3 and related ligands devised in Bercaw’s laboratories. These copolymers have proved to have superior properties. These types of systems have also allowed superior methods for production of ethylene/propylene and ethylene/propylene/diene elastomers.
Awards
Source:
References
External links
Bercaw's profile at Caltech
Bercaw Group at Caltech
"John E. Bercaw", Scientific Commons
1944 births
21st-century American chemists
California Institute of Technology faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Living people
Educators from Cincinnati
University of Michigan alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Cincinnati |
"I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues" is a song by English musician Elton John, with music by John and Davey Johnstone and lyrics by Bernie Taupin. It is the first single from John's 17th studio album Too Low for Zero. In the United States, it became one of John's biggest hits of the 1980s, holding at No. 2 for four weeks on the Adult Contemporary chart, and reaching No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. It also reached the top ten in five countries, including the UK, peaking at number five. It was the first single since 1975 to feature the classic lineup of the Elton John Band.
The song received largely favourable reviews, with Bill Janovitz of AllMusic declaring the song "likely to stand the test of time as a standard." The song was also featured on the film soundtrack to Peter's Friends in 1992.
Janovitz wrote: "As with the lyric, the music has more than a tinge of nostalgia, with a '50s-like R&B shuffle, a jazzy piano theme, and an inspired, Toots Thielemans-like harmonica solo from Stevie Wonder. The soaring solo takes the song to new heights, the ache of the sentiment palpable in every note."
Performances
John has performed the song, a fan favourite, live numerous times, occasionally playing it as part of a medley with his hit "Blue Eyes" (from the 1982 album Jump Up!).
The song was later performed live by Mary J. Blige and Elton John, and this version of the song was part of the Mary J. Blige & Friends EP. A live version of the song with Mary J. Blige also appeared on John's One Night Only – The Greatest Hits live compilation, recorded in Madison Square Garden in October 2000. Another live version, this one featuring just Elton John and basic rhythm section, was recorded live in Verona in 1996 during John's appearance with Luciano Pavarotti as part of the master tenor's Pavarotti and Friends for War Child benefit concerts.
Music video
The original music video, one of twenty directed for John by Australian Russell Mulcahy, tells the story of two 1950s-era young lovers who are separated when the man is forced to leave for National Service, depicting the trials and tribulations he experiences there, and then are finally reunited at the end of the song. It was filmed in the Rivoli Ballroom in London and at Colchester Garrison Barracks, Essex, and featured William Dimeo.
Track listings
US 7-inch single
"I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues"
"The Retreat"
UK 7-inch single
"I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues"
"Choc Ice Goes Mental"
Personnel
Elton John – vocals, acoustic piano, keyboards
Davey Johnstone – electric guitar, acoustic guitar, backing vocals
Dee Murray – bass, backing vocals
Nigel Olsson – drums, backing vocals
Stevie Wonder – harmonica
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Covers
The song was covered by James Blunt and released in the UK on the compilation album BBC Radio 2: Sounds of the 80s on 7 November 2014.
Canadian singer Alessia Cara covered the song for the 2018 tribute album Revamp & Restoration.
References
External links
Lyrics for "I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues" at Bernietaupin.com
Songs about blues
1983 singles
Elton John songs
Geffen Records singles
Music videos directed by Russell Mulcahy
Songs with music by Elton John
Songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin
Song recordings produced by Chris Thomas (record producer)
1983 songs
The Rocket Record Company singles |
Elsie Bertram ( Hacking; 6 June 1912 – 26 October 2003) was an English wholesale publishers' bookseller and philanthropist who co-founded the Bertrams books wholesaler in 1968. She became wholesale distributor for Pan Paperbacks in East Anglia in 1965 before going on to obtain a contract to accommodate a children's book list from Hamlyn three years later. Bertram setup Bertrams with her oldest son that same year and she was credited with significantly helping improve the distribution of books across the United Kingdom. She established the Norfolk Diabetes Appeal in 1987 and did a significant amount of fundraising for the appeal, funding a diabetic unit for West Norwich Hospital and a specialist eye clinic centre. The annual Elsie Bertram Memorial Lecture is named in her memory.
Early life
On 6 June 1912, Bertram was born in Norton on Tees in County Durham, England. She was the daughter of a Lancastrian cattle medicine seller. Bertram's father sent her to a private school, earning a scholarship to go on and study at Stockton-on-Tees High School. She did not excel at school, but won a sack race for which she received a prize presented to her by the local Member of Parliament Harold Macmillan. Upon leaving education, Bertram obtained employment as a clerical officer in the statistics office of ICI. She married fellow ICI employee Edward Bertram in 1935 and relocated to King's Lynn in Norfolk, East Anglia before the start of the Second World War. The couple had two children; two other children born to them died in the early stages of infancy. When Bertram's husband joined the Army Intelligence, she took over his farming agency which sold farm medicines, and was a volunteer relief ambulance driver for the St John Ambulance Brigade. She won an award for her ambulance service. In 1950, the family moved to Norwich and Bertram found work raising chickens from the sheds in her back garden.
Publishing and fundraising career
Bertram was made wholesale distributor for Pan Paperbacks in East Anglia in 1965. She warehoused the books in her chicken sheds, and was able to increase the company turnover before adding a second shed to accommodate the children's book list from Hamlyn. Bertram had obtained the contract after going to Hamlyn when she noticed customers were able to sell more books from a bigger range. The Bertram family became Hamlyn's wholesale supplier to the retailers of Norfolk to help the company supply a large quantity of publications to the county following union troubles at its Rushden warehouse in late 1968. She and her oldest son Kip went on to establish Bertrams with a small amount of money in 1968 and obtained rented space in exchange for the sale of the chicken sheds. Bertram established the company headquarters at The Nest on Rosary Road above the River Wensum, a former site where Norwich City F.C. played football matches.
According to The Times, she "had an easy and agreeable style, stemming from a genuine northern friendliness. Not only could she charm the birds from the trees, but she could wean publishers off their established discount terms -they actually did come round to paying the price of wholesale distribution." Bertram worked 12-hour shifts, arriving at her desk in the early morning to read the post and stayed there until the early evening. She did not tolerate neither unions or computerisation but was able to take on personal criticisms of the business as well as failures in sorting accounts on time. Within months of Bertrams founding, the company became one of Britain's primary book wholesellers, adding internet suppliers to their clients in her final years. She sold the company for £50 million in 1999; at the time of sale, there were 750 staff and an annual turnover of approximately £70 million.
In 1987, she established the Norfolk Diabetes Appeal with £120,000 coming from her pension fund; her two children were diabetic. Bertram fundraised £1 million for the diabetic unit of the West Norwich Hospital and the specialist eye clinic centre (now known as the Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre since her death to recognise her charitable contributions) opened in 1991 by Charles, Prince of Wales. She held a half-price sale of damage books every six months at the Norwich warehouse and proceeds were donated to the Norfolk Diabetes Appeal. She later sold a sprout given to her by Charles at the opening of the diabetes centre in 1991 for £1,000 and gave it to the appeal. Bertram was also a fervent supporter of the friends of Norwich Cathedral.
Personal life and death
In 1987, she was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire "for services to the book trade." Bertram's husband predeceased her in the same year. On 26 October 2003, she died in Norwich. Bertram was given a private funeral and a memorial service was held in honour of her life at Norwich Cathedral at noon on 21 November.
Legacy
Although she admitted to not be a reader, she was credited for playing a major role in improving the distribution of books across the United Kingdom. The Elsie Bertram Memorial Lecture held at the John Innes Conference Centre every year since 2004 was set up in her name and "commemorates the very significant contribution the late Mrs Elsie Bertram MBE made to diabetes services in Norfolk". The Elsie Bertram Award to the Sales Person of the Year was presented at the British Book Awards just once in 2004.
References
1912 births
2003 deaths
20th-century English businesspeople
20th-century English people
20th-century English women
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This is an incomplete list of Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland in 2000.
1-100
Housing Benefit (General) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 1)
Social Security (Education Maintenance Allowance Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 2)
Social Security and Child Support (Decisions and Appeals) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 3)
Social Security (Incapacity for Work) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 4)
Employment Relations (1999 Order) (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provision) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 5)
Employment Rights (Increase of Limits) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 6)
Working Time (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 7)
Equal Opportunities (Employment Legislation) (Territorial Limits) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 8)
Jobseeker's Allowance (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 9)
Rabies (Importation of Dogs, Cats and Other Mammals) (Amendment) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 10)
Local Government (Superannuation) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 23)
Plant Protection Products (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 24)
Class Sizes in Primary Schools Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 27)
Planning (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 35)
Guaranteed Minimum Pensions Increase Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 36)
Jobseeker's Allowance (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 37)
Social Security Benefits Up-rating Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 38)
Inshore Fishing (Daily Close Time for Scallops) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 39)
Food Protection (Shellfish Emergency Prohibitions) (Revocation) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 40)
Rates (Regional Rates) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 41)
Rules of the Supreme Court (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 42)
Local Government (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 43)
Registered Rents (Increase) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 46)
Social Security Benefits Up-rating Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 47)
Social Security Benefits Up-rating and Miscellaneous Increases Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 48)
Social Fund (Maternity and Funeral Expenses) (General) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 49)
Employment Rights (Increase of Limits) (No. 2) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 50)
Optical Charges and Payments and General Ophthalmic Services (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 51)
Beet Seeds (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 52)
Cereal Seeds (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 53)
Fodder Plant Seeds (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 54)
Oil and Fibre Plant Seeds (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 55)
Vegetable Seeds (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 56)
Charges for Drugs and Appliances (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 57)
Dental Charges (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 58)
Disabled Persons (Badges for Motor Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 59)
Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Levy) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 60)
Assistance for Minor Works to Dwellings (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 61)
Housing Renovation etc. Grants (Reduction of Grant) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 62)
Price Marking Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 63)
Pensions Increase (Review) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 64)
Housing Benefit (General) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 65)
Welfare Reform and Pensions (1999 Order) (Commencement No. 2) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 68)
Occupational Pension Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 69)
Education and Libraries (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) (Amendment) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 70)
Social Security (Immigration and Asylum) Consequential Amendments Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 71)
Food (Animal Products from Belgium) (Emergency Control) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 72)
Animal Feedingstuffs from Belgium (Control) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 73)
Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 74)
Workmen's Compensation (Supplementation) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 75)
Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or Killing) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 76)
Food Protection (Shellfish Emergency Prohibitions) (Revocation) (No. 2) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 77)
Food Standards Act 1999 (Transitional and Consequential Provisions and Savings) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 78)
Legal Aid (Financial Conditions) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 79)
Legal Advice and Assistance (Financial Conditions) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 80)
Legal Advice and Assistance (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 81)
Food Protection (Shellfish Emergency Prohibitions) (Strangford Lough) (Amendment) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 82)
Dairy Produce Quotas (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 83)
Environmental Impact Assessment (Forestry) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 84)
Electrical Equipment for Explosive Atmospheres (Certification) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 85)
Health and Safety at Work Order (Application to Environmentally Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 86)
Police (Health and Safety) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 87)
Social Fund Winter Fuel Payment Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 91)
Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 93)
Food Protection (Sheep Emergency Prohibitions) (Revocation) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 94)
Control of Asbestos at Work (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 98)
Asbestos (Prohibitions) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 99)
Asbestos (Licensing) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 100)
101-200
Planning (Control of Major-Accident Hazards) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 101)
Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 102)
Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 103)
Social Security (Maternity Allowance) (Earnings) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 104)
Social Security (Incapacity for Work) (Miscellaneous Amendments No. 2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 105)
Social Security (Overlapping Benefits) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 106)
Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Penalties) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 107)
Potatoes Originating in Egypt (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 108)
Social Security (Approved Work) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 109)
Poultry Breeding Flocks and Hatcheries Scheme (Amendment) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 110)
Planning (General Development) (Amendment) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 113)
Personal Social Services (Direct Payments) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 114)
Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 115)
Rates (Amendment) (1998 Order) (Commencement No. 2) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 116)
Transport of Dangerous Goods (Safety Advisers) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 119)
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 120)
Education (Student Loans) (Repayment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 121)
Employment Relations (1999 Order) (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional Provision) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 122)
Income-Related Benefits and Jobseeker's Allowance (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 125)
Plant Health (Amendment No. 2) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 126)
Cereal Seeds (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 128)
Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 129)
Motor Vehicles (Third-Party Risks) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 131)
Welfare Reform and Pensions (1999 Order) (Commencement No. 3) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 133)
Pneumoconiosis, etc., (Workers' Compensation) (Payment of Claims) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 134)
Social Security (National Insurance Number Information: Exemption) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 135)
Public Service Vehicles (Conditions of Fitness, Equipment and Use) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 136)
Seed Potatoes (Crop Fees) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 138)
Children (1995 Order) (Commencement No. 4) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 139)
Equality (Disability, etc.) (2000 Order) (Commencement No. 1) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 140)
Pensions on Divorce etc. (Provision of Information) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 142)
Pensions on Divorce etc. (Charging) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 143)
Pension Sharing (Valuation) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 144)
Pension Sharing (Implementation and Discharge of Liability) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 145)
Pension Sharing (Pension Credit Benefit) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 146)
Pension Sharing (Safeguarded Rights) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 147)
Motor Cars (Driving Instruction) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 148)
Public Service Vehicles (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 149)
Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (Test Fees) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 150)
Motor Vehicle Testing (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 151)
Goods Vehicles (Testing) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 152)
Razor Shells (Prohibition of Fishing) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 157)
Undersized Whiting (Revocation) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 158)
Local Government (General Grant) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 160)
Motor Cycles (Eye Protectors) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 161)
Land Registration (Amendment) Rules (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 165)
Land Registry (Fees) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 167)
Census Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 168)
Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 169)
Transport of Explosives (Safety Advisers) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 171)
Education (Student Support) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 175)
Local Government Pension Scheme Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 177)
Local Government Pension Scheme (Management and Investment of Funds) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 178)
Inspection of Premises, Children and Records (Children Accommodated in Schools) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 179)
Social Security (Claims and Payments) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 181)
Welfare Reform and Pensions (1999 Order) (Commencement No. 4) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 182)
Social Security Revaluation of Earnings Factors Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 183)
Horse Racing (Charges on Bookmakers) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 184)
Food (Animal Products from Belgium) (Emergency Control) (Revocation) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 185)
Tetrachloroethylene in Olive Oil (Revocation) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 186)
Medical Food Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 187)
Colours in Food (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 188)
Genetically Modified and Novel Foods (Labelling) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 189)
Food Protection (Shellfish Emergency Prohibitions) (Strangford Lough) (Revocation) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 190)
Meat (Enhanced Enforcement Powers) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 191)
Employment Rights (Time Off for Study or Training) (1998 Order) (Commencement) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 192)
Employment Rights (Time Off for Study or Training) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 193)
Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 194)
Social Security (Attendance Allowance and Disability Living Allowance) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 195)
Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment No. 2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 196)
Jobseeker's Allowance (Amendment No. 3) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 197)
Census Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 198)
Fair Employment (Specification of Public Authorities) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 199)
Crabs and Lobsters (Minimum Size) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 200)
201-300
Motor Hackney Carriage (Newry) (Amendment) Bye-Laws (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 203)
Welfare Reform and Pensions (1999 Order) (Commencement No. 5) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 209)
Divorce etc. (Pensions) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 210)
Criminal Evidence (1999 Order) (Commencement No. 1) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 211)
Legal Aid in Criminal Proceedings (Costs) (Amendment) Rules (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 212)
Education (Student Support) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 213)
Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Prescribed Diseases) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 214)
Social Security and Child Support (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 215)
Game Birds Preservation Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 216)
General Medical Services (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 217)
Criminal Evidence (1999 Order) (Commencement No. 2) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 218)
Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000S.R. 2000 No. 219)
Housing Benefit (General) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 221)
Income Support (General) and Jobseeker's Allowance (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 222)
Anthrax (Amendment) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 224)
Anthrax (Vaccination) Scheme Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 225)
Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (Extension of Group A Offences) Order 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 226)
Crown Court (Amendment) Rules (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 227)
Fair Employment (Monitoring) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 228)
Environmental Protection (Disposal of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and other Dangerous Substances) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 232)
Animal Feedingstuffs from Belgium (Control) (Revocation) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 233)
Processed Cereal-based Foods and Baby Foods for Infants and Young Children (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 234)
Infant Formula and Follow-on Formula (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 235)
Industrial Training Levy (Construction Industry) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 240)
Social Security (Students Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 241)
Social Security (Students and Income-Related Benefits Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 242)
Rules of the Supreme Court (Northern Ireland) (Amendment No. 2) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 243)
Education (Student Loans) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 244)
Social Security (Personal Allowances for Children Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 245)
Social Security (Contributions) (Republic of Korea) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 246)
Insolvency (Amendment) Rules (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 247)
Foyle Area (Rivers Finn and Foyle Angling Permits) Regulations 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 248)
Housing Benefit (General) (Amendment No. 4) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 249)
Students Awards (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 250)
Social Security (Therapeutic Earnings Limits) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 251)
Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 253)
Education (Student Support) (2000 Regulations) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 254)
Jobseeker's Allowance (Amendment No. 4) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 255)
Social Fund (Winter Fuel Payment and Maternity and Funeral Expenses (General)) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 259)
Social Security (Bereavement Benefits Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 260)
Industrial Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 261)
Stakeholder Pension Schemes Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 262)
Social Security (Attendance Allowance and Disability Living Allowance) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 263)
Students Awards (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 264)
Housing Benefit (General) (Amendment No. 5) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 265)
Social Security (Payments on account, Overpayments and Recovery) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 266)
Prison and Young Offenders Centre (Amendment) Rules (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 267)
Housing Benefit (General) (Amendment No. 6) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 268)
Welfare of Farmed Animals Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 270)
Magistrates' Courts (Human Rights Act 1998) Rules (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 278)
Magistrates' Courts (Amendment) Rules (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 279)
County Court (Amendment) Rules (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 282)
Waterside, Coleraine Cycle/Pedestrian Bridge Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 283)
Meat (Disease Control) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 287)
Salaries (Assembly Ombudsman and Commissioner for Complaints) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 292)
Transport of Animals and Poultry (Cleansing and Disinfection) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 293)
Specified Risk Material (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 295)
Education (Student Support) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 296)
Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 297)
Marketing of Potatoes (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 298)
Seed Potatoes (Tuber and Label Fees) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 299)
Magistrates' Courts (Domestic Proceedings) (Amendment) Rules (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 300)
301-400
Sheep Annual Premium (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 301)
Education (1998 Order) (Commencement No. 4) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 302)
Food Irradiation Provisions Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 303)
Level Crossing (Antrim) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 305)
Level Crossing (Kingsmoss East)) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 306)
Level Crossing (Kingsmoss West) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 307)
Level Crossing (Ballymartin) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 308)
Level Crossing (Kilmakee) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 309)
Level Crossing (Kingsbog) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 310)
Students Awards Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 311)
Compulsory Registration of Title Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 312)
Police and Criminal Evidence (Application to Police Ombudsman) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 314)
Royal Ulster Constabulary (Conduct) Regulations 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 315)
Royal Ulster Constabulary (Unsatisfactory Performance) Regulations 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 316)
Royal Ulster Constabulary (Appeals) Regulations 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 317)
Royal Ulster Constabulary (Complaints etc.) Regulations 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 318)
Royal Ulster Constabulary (Complaints) (Informal Resolution) Regulations 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 319)
Royal Ulster Constabulary (Conduct) (Senior Officer) Regulations 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 320)
Social Fund Winter Fuel Payment (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 321)
Disabled Persons (Badges for Motor Vehicles) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 322)
Statutory Maternity Pay (General) (Modification and Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 324)
Housing Renovation etc. Grants (Reduction of Grant) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 325)
Bus Permits (Designated Bodies) (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 327)
Public Service Vehicles (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 328)
Family Proceedings (Amendment) Rules (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 329)
Motor Vehicles (Compulsory Insurance) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 331)
Welfare Reform and Pensions (1999 Order) (Commencement No. 6 and Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 332)
Rates Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 333)
Flags (2000 Order) (Commencement) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 334)
Pension Sharing (Consequential and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 335)
Pension Sharing (Contracting-out) (Consequential Amendments) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 336)
Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 339)
Social Fund Winter Fuel Payment (Temporary Increase) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 340)
Optical Charges and Payments (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 341)
New Valuation List (Time and Class of Hereditaments) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 342)
Animals (Records) (Amendment) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 344)
Common Agricultural Policy Support Schemes (Modulation) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 346)
Flags Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 347)
Personal Pension Schemes (Payments by Employers) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 349)
Jobseeker's Allowance (Joint Claims) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 350)
Child Support, Pensions and Social Security (2000 Act) (Commencement No. 1) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 358)
Social Security (Contracting-out and Qualifying Earnings Factor and Revision of Relevant Pensions) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 360)
Child Benefit (General) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 361)
Sharing of State Scheme Rights (Provision of Information and Valuation) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 362)
Eel Fishing (Licence Duties) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 363)
Fisheries (Amendment No. 3) Byelaws (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 364)
Social Security (Joint Claims: Consequential Amendments) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 365)
Social Security (Capital Limits and Earnings Disregards Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 366)
Social Security (Enhanced Disability Premium Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 367)
Occupational Pensions (Revaluation) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 368)
Social Security (New Deal Pilot) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 369)
Fair Employment (Specification of Public Authorities) (No. 2) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 371)
Employment Relations (1999 Order) (Commencement No. 4 and Transitional Provisions) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 373)
Child Support, Pensions and Social Security (2000 Act) (Commencement No. 2) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 374)
Ionising Radiations Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 375)
Fire Services (Amendment) (1998 Order) (Commencement) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 376)
Social Security (Contributions) (Japan) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 377)
Individual Learning Accounts Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 379)
Social Security (Disclosure of State Pension Information) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 380)
Occupational Pension Schemes (Republic of Ireland Schemes Exemption) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 382)
Education (Listed Bodies) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 385)
Northern Ireland Policing Board (Prescribed Period) Regulations 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 386)
Criminal Appeal (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Rules 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 387)
Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 388)
Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 389)
Courses for Drink-Drive Offenders (Designation of Districts) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 390)
Superannuation (Equality Commission for Northern Ireland) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 391)
Superannuation (Northern Ireland Assembly Commission) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 392)
Rules of the Supreme Court (Northern Ireland) (Amendment No. 3) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 393)
Courses for Drink-Drive Offenders (Experimental Period) (Extension) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 395)
Police (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (Commencement) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 399)
401-500
Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 402)
Trunk Road T8 (Toome Bypass) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 403)
Social Security (Incapacity Benefit) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 404)
Petshops Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 405)
Child Support, Pensions and Social Security (2000 Act) (Commencement No. 3) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 406)
Social Security (Australia) Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 407)
New Valuation List Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 408)
Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000 (Commencement) Order 2000 (S.R. 2000 No. 412)
External links
Statutory Rules (NI) List
Draft Statutory Rules (NI) List
2000
Statutory rules
Northern Ireland Statutory Rules |
Ravlić is a Croatian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Ljiljana Ravlić (born 1958), Western Australian politician of Croatian origin
Slaven Ravlić (born 1951), Croatian lexicographer and politologist
Surnames of Croatian origin |
Gravel River may refer to:
Gravel River (Northwest Territories), also known as Keele River, a tributary of the Mackenzie River
Gravel River Provincial Park, a nature reserve in the Thunder Bay District of Ontario, Canada
Gravel River (Quebec), a river in Quebec, Canada, to the north of the lower Saint Lawrence River
Gravel River (Thunder Bay District), a river in Northern Ontario that empties into Lake Superior
See also
River gravel |
```objective-c
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#ifndef CSSPropertyNames_h
#define CSSPropertyNames_h
#include "core/css/parser/CSSParserMode.h"
#include "wtf/HashFunctions.h"
#include "wtf/HashTraits.h"
#include <string.h>
namespace WTF {
class AtomicString;
class String;
}
namespace blink {
enum CSSPropertyID {
CSSPropertyInvalid = 0,
// This isn't a property, but we need to know the position of @apply rules in style rules
CSSPropertyApplyAtRule = 1,
CSSPropertyVariable = 2,
CSSPropertyColor = 3,
CSSPropertyDirection = 4,
CSSPropertyFontFamily = 5,
CSSPropertyFontKerning = 6,
CSSPropertyFontSize = 7,
CSSPropertyFontSizeAdjust = 8,
CSSPropertyFontStretch = 9,
CSSPropertyFontStyle = 10,
CSSPropertyFontVariant = 11,
CSSPropertyFontVariantLigatures = 12,
CSSPropertyFontWeight = 13,
CSSPropertyFontFeatureSettings = 14,
CSSPropertyWebkitFontFeatureSettings = 15,
CSSPropertyWebkitFontSmoothing = 16,
CSSPropertyWebkitLocale = 17,
CSSPropertyWebkitTextOrientation = 18,
CSSPropertyWebkitWritingMode = 19,
CSSPropertyTextRendering = 20,
CSSPropertyZoom = 21,
CSSPropertyAlignContent = 22,
CSSPropertyAlignItems = 23,
CSSPropertyAlignmentBaseline = 24,
CSSPropertyAlignSelf = 25,
CSSPropertyAnimationDelay = 26,
CSSPropertyAnimationDirection = 27,
CSSPropertyAnimationDuration = 28,
CSSPropertyAnimationFillMode = 29,
CSSPropertyAnimationIterationCount = 30,
CSSPropertyAnimationName = 31,
CSSPropertyAnimationPlayState = 32,
CSSPropertyAnimationTimingFunction = 33,
CSSPropertyBackdropFilter = 34,
CSSPropertyBackfaceVisibility = 35,
CSSPropertyBackgroundAttachment = 36,
CSSPropertyBackgroundBlendMode = 37,
CSSPropertyBackgroundClip = 38,
CSSPropertyBackgroundColor = 39,
CSSPropertyBackgroundImage = 40,
CSSPropertyBackgroundOrigin = 41,
CSSPropertyBackgroundPositionX = 42,
CSSPropertyBackgroundPositionY = 43,
CSSPropertyBackgroundRepeatX = 44,
CSSPropertyBackgroundRepeatY = 45,
CSSPropertyBackgroundSize = 46,
CSSPropertyBaselineShift = 47,
CSSPropertyBorderBottomColor = 48,
CSSPropertyBorderBottomLeftRadius = 49,
CSSPropertyBorderBottomRightRadius = 50,
CSSPropertyBorderBottomStyle = 51,
CSSPropertyBorderBottomWidth = 52,
CSSPropertyBorderCollapse = 53,
CSSPropertyBorderImageOutset = 54,
CSSPropertyBorderImageRepeat = 55,
CSSPropertyBorderImageSlice = 56,
CSSPropertyBorderImageSource = 57,
CSSPropertyBorderImageWidth = 58,
CSSPropertyBorderLeftColor = 59,
CSSPropertyBorderLeftStyle = 60,
CSSPropertyBorderLeftWidth = 61,
CSSPropertyBorderRightColor = 62,
CSSPropertyBorderRightStyle = 63,
CSSPropertyBorderRightWidth = 64,
CSSPropertyBorderTopColor = 65,
CSSPropertyBorderTopLeftRadius = 66,
CSSPropertyBorderTopRightRadius = 67,
CSSPropertyBorderTopStyle = 68,
CSSPropertyBorderTopWidth = 69,
CSSPropertyBottom = 70,
CSSPropertyBoxShadow = 71,
CSSPropertyBoxSizing = 72,
CSSPropertyBufferedRendering = 73,
CSSPropertyCaptionSide = 74,
CSSPropertyClear = 75,
CSSPropertyClip = 76,
CSSPropertyClipPath = 77,
CSSPropertyClipRule = 78,
CSSPropertyColorInterpolation = 79,
CSSPropertyColorInterpolationFilters = 80,
CSSPropertyColorRendering = 81,
CSSPropertyColumnFill = 82,
CSSPropertyContent = 83,
CSSPropertyCounterIncrement = 84,
CSSPropertyCounterReset = 85,
CSSPropertyCursor = 86,
CSSPropertyCx = 87,
CSSPropertyCy = 88,
CSSPropertyDisplay = 89,
CSSPropertyDominantBaseline = 90,
CSSPropertyEmptyCells = 91,
CSSPropertyFill = 92,
CSSPropertyFillOpacity = 93,
CSSPropertyFillRule = 94,
CSSPropertyFilter = 95,
CSSPropertyFlexBasis = 96,
CSSPropertyFlexDirection = 97,
CSSPropertyFlexGrow = 98,
CSSPropertyFlexShrink = 99,
CSSPropertyFlexWrap = 100,
CSSPropertyFloat = 101,
CSSPropertyFloodColor = 102,
CSSPropertyFloodOpacity = 103,
CSSPropertyImeMode = 104,
CSSPropertyGlyphOrientationHorizontal = 105,
CSSPropertyGlyphOrientationVertical = 106,
CSSPropertyGridAutoColumns = 107,
CSSPropertyGridAutoFlow = 108,
CSSPropertyGridAutoRows = 109,
CSSPropertyGridColumnEnd = 110,
CSSPropertyGridColumnStart = 111,
CSSPropertyGridColumnGap = 112,
CSSPropertyGridRowEnd = 113,
CSSPropertyGridRowStart = 114,
CSSPropertyGridRowGap = 115,
CSSPropertyGridTemplateAreas = 116,
CSSPropertyGridTemplateColumns = 117,
CSSPropertyGridTemplateRows = 118,
CSSPropertyHeight = 119,
CSSPropertyImageRendering = 120,
CSSPropertyImageOrientation = 121,
CSSPropertyIsolation = 122,
CSSPropertyJustifyContent = 123,
CSSPropertyJustifyItems = 124,
CSSPropertyJustifySelf = 125,
CSSPropertyLeft = 126,
CSSPropertyLetterSpacing = 127,
CSSPropertyLightingColor = 128,
CSSPropertyLineHeight = 129,
CSSPropertyListStyleImage = 130,
CSSPropertyListStylePosition = 131,
CSSPropertyListStyleType = 132,
CSSPropertyMarginBottom = 133,
CSSPropertyMarginLeft = 134,
CSSPropertyMarginRight = 135,
CSSPropertyMarginTop = 136,
CSSPropertyMarkerEnd = 137,
CSSPropertyMarkerMid = 138,
CSSPropertyMarkerStart = 139,
CSSPropertyMask = 140,
CSSPropertyMaskSourceType = 141,
CSSPropertyMaskType = 142,
CSSPropertyMaxHeight = 143,
CSSPropertyMaxWidth = 144,
CSSPropertyMinHeight = 145,
CSSPropertyMinWidth = 146,
CSSPropertyMixBlendMode = 147,
CSSPropertyMotionOffset = 148,
CSSPropertyMotionPath = 149,
CSSPropertyMotionRotation = 150,
CSSPropertyObjectFit = 151,
CSSPropertyObjectPosition = 152,
CSSPropertyOpacity = 153,
CSSPropertyOrder = 154,
CSSPropertyOrphans = 155,
CSSPropertyOutlineColor = 156,
CSSPropertyOutlineOffset = 157,
CSSPropertyOutlineStyle = 158,
CSSPropertyOutlineWidth = 159,
CSSPropertyOverflowWrap = 160,
CSSPropertyOverflowX = 161,
CSSPropertyOverflowY = 162,
CSSPropertyPaddingBottom = 163,
CSSPropertyPaddingLeft = 164,
CSSPropertyPaddingRight = 165,
CSSPropertyPaddingTop = 166,
CSSPropertyPageBreakAfter = 167,
CSSPropertyPageBreakBefore = 168,
CSSPropertyPageBreakInside = 169,
CSSPropertyPaintOrder = 170,
CSSPropertyPerspective = 171,
CSSPropertyPerspectiveOrigin = 172,
CSSPropertyPointerEvents = 173,
CSSPropertyPosition = 174,
CSSPropertyQuotes = 175,
CSSPropertyResize = 176,
CSSPropertyRight = 177,
CSSPropertyR = 178,
CSSPropertyRx = 179,
CSSPropertyRy = 180,
CSSPropertyScrollBehavior = 181,
CSSPropertyScrollBlocksOn = 182,
CSSPropertyScrollSnapType = 183,
CSSPropertyScrollSnapPointsX = 184,
CSSPropertyScrollSnapPointsY = 185,
CSSPropertyScrollSnapDestination = 186,
CSSPropertyScrollSnapCoordinate = 187,
CSSPropertyShapeImageThreshold = 188,
CSSPropertyShapeMargin = 189,
CSSPropertyShapeOutside = 190,
CSSPropertyShapeRendering = 191,
CSSPropertySize = 192,
CSSPropertySpeak = 193,
CSSPropertyStopColor = 194,
CSSPropertyStopOpacity = 195,
CSSPropertyStroke = 196,
CSSPropertyStrokeDasharray = 197,
CSSPropertyStrokeDashoffset = 198,
CSSPropertyStrokeLinecap = 199,
CSSPropertyStrokeLinejoin = 200,
CSSPropertyStrokeMiterlimit = 201,
CSSPropertyStrokeOpacity = 202,
CSSPropertyStrokeWidth = 203,
CSSPropertyTableLayout = 204,
CSSPropertyTabSize = 205,
CSSPropertyTextAlign = 206,
CSSPropertyTextAlignLast = 207,
CSSPropertyTextAnchor = 208,
CSSPropertyTextDecoration = 209,
CSSPropertyTextDecorationColor = 210,
CSSPropertyTextDecorationLine = 211,
CSSPropertyTextDecorationStyle = 212,
CSSPropertyTextIndent = 213,
CSSPropertyTextJustify = 214,
CSSPropertyTextOverflow = 215,
CSSPropertyTextShadow = 216,
CSSPropertyTextTransform = 217,
CSSPropertyTextUnderlinePosition = 218,
CSSPropertyTop = 219,
CSSPropertyTouchAction = 220,
CSSPropertyTransform = 221,
CSSPropertyTransformOrigin = 222,
CSSPropertyTransformStyle = 223,
CSSPropertyTranslate = 224,
CSSPropertyRotate = 225,
CSSPropertyScale = 226,
CSSPropertyTransitionDelay = 227,
CSSPropertyTransitionDuration = 228,
CSSPropertyTransitionProperty = 229,
CSSPropertyTransitionTimingFunction = 230,
CSSPropertyUnicodeBidi = 231,
CSSPropertyVectorEffect = 232,
CSSPropertyVerticalAlign = 233,
CSSPropertyVisibility = 234,
CSSPropertyX = 235,
CSSPropertyY = 236,
CSSPropertyWebkitAppearance = 237,
CSSPropertyWebkitAppRegion = 238,
CSSPropertyWebkitBackgroundClip = 239,
CSSPropertyWebkitBackgroundComposite = 240,
CSSPropertyWebkitBackgroundOrigin = 241,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderHorizontalSpacing = 242,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderImage = 243,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderVerticalSpacing = 244,
CSSPropertyWebkitBoxAlign = 245,
CSSPropertyWebkitBoxDecorationBreak = 246,
CSSPropertyWebkitBoxDirection = 247,
CSSPropertyWebkitBoxFlex = 248,
CSSPropertyWebkitBoxFlexGroup = 249,
CSSPropertyWebkitBoxLines = 250,
CSSPropertyWebkitBoxOrdinalGroup = 251,
CSSPropertyWebkitBoxOrient = 252,
CSSPropertyWebkitBoxPack = 253,
CSSPropertyWebkitBoxReflect = 254,
CSSPropertyWebkitClipPath = 255,
CSSPropertyWebkitColumnBreakAfter = 256,
CSSPropertyWebkitColumnBreakBefore = 257,
CSSPropertyWebkitColumnBreakInside = 258,
CSSPropertyWebkitColumnCount = 259,
CSSPropertyWebkitColumnGap = 260,
CSSPropertyWebkitColumnRuleColor = 261,
CSSPropertyWebkitColumnRuleStyle = 262,
CSSPropertyWebkitColumnRuleWidth = 263,
CSSPropertyWebkitColumnSpan = 264,
CSSPropertyWebkitColumnWidth = 265,
CSSPropertyWebkitFilter = 266,
CSSPropertyWebkitHighlight = 267,
CSSPropertyWebkitHyphenateCharacter = 268,
CSSPropertyWebkitLineBoxContain = 269,
CSSPropertyWebkitLineBreak = 270,
CSSPropertyWebkitLineClamp = 271,
CSSPropertyWebkitMarginAfterCollapse = 272,
CSSPropertyWebkitMarginBeforeCollapse = 273,
CSSPropertyWebkitMarginBottomCollapse = 274,
CSSPropertyWebkitMarginTopCollapse = 275,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaskBoxImageOutset = 276,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaskBoxImageRepeat = 277,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaskBoxImageSlice = 278,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaskBoxImageSource = 279,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaskBoxImageWidth = 280,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaskClip = 281,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaskComposite = 282,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaskImage = 283,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaskOrigin = 284,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaskPositionX = 285,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaskPositionY = 286,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaskRepeatX = 287,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaskRepeatY = 288,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaskSize = 289,
CSSPropertyWebkitPerspectiveOriginX = 290,
CSSPropertyWebkitPerspectiveOriginY = 291,
CSSPropertyWebkitPrintColorAdjust = 292,
CSSPropertyWebkitRtlOrdering = 293,
CSSPropertyWebkitRubyPosition = 294,
CSSPropertyWebkitTapHighlightColor = 295,
CSSPropertyWebkitTextCombine = 296,
CSSPropertyWebkitTextEmphasisColor = 297,
CSSPropertyWebkitTextEmphasisPosition = 298,
CSSPropertyWebkitTextEmphasisStyle = 299,
CSSPropertyWebkitTextFillColor = 300,
CSSPropertyWebkitTextSecurity = 301,
CSSPropertyWebkitTextStrokeColor = 302,
CSSPropertyWebkitTextStrokeWidth = 303,
CSSPropertyWebkitTransformOriginX = 304,
CSSPropertyWebkitTransformOriginY = 305,
CSSPropertyWebkitTransformOriginZ = 306,
CSSPropertyWebkitUserDrag = 307,
CSSPropertyWebkitUserModify = 308,
CSSPropertyWebkitUserSelect = 309,
CSSPropertyWhiteSpace = 310,
CSSPropertyWidows = 311,
CSSPropertyWidth = 312,
CSSPropertyWillChange = 313,
CSSPropertyWordBreak = 314,
CSSPropertyWordSpacing = 315,
CSSPropertyWordWrap = 316,
CSSPropertyWritingMode = 317,
CSSPropertyZIndex = 318,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderEndColor = 319,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderEndStyle = 320,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderEndWidth = 321,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderStartColor = 322,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderStartStyle = 323,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderStartWidth = 324,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderBeforeColor = 325,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderBeforeStyle = 326,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderBeforeWidth = 327,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderAfterColor = 328,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderAfterStyle = 329,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderAfterWidth = 330,
CSSPropertyWebkitMarginEnd = 331,
CSSPropertyWebkitMarginStart = 332,
CSSPropertyWebkitMarginBefore = 333,
CSSPropertyWebkitMarginAfter = 334,
CSSPropertyWebkitPaddingEnd = 335,
CSSPropertyWebkitPaddingStart = 336,
CSSPropertyWebkitPaddingBefore = 337,
CSSPropertyWebkitPaddingAfter = 338,
CSSPropertyWebkitLogicalWidth = 339,
CSSPropertyWebkitLogicalHeight = 340,
CSSPropertyWebkitMinLogicalWidth = 341,
CSSPropertyWebkitMinLogicalHeight = 342,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaxLogicalWidth = 343,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaxLogicalHeight = 344,
CSSPropertyAll = 345,
CSSPropertyEnableBackground = 346,
CSSPropertyMaxZoom = 347,
CSSPropertyMinZoom = 348,
CSSPropertyOrientation = 349,
CSSPropertyPage = 350,
CSSPropertySrc = 351,
CSSPropertyUnicodeRange = 352,
CSSPropertyUserZoom = 353,
CSSPropertyWebkitFontSizeDelta = 354,
CSSPropertyWebkitTextDecorationsInEffect = 355,
CSSPropertyAnimation = 356,
CSSPropertyBackground = 357,
CSSPropertyBackgroundPosition = 358,
CSSPropertyBackgroundRepeat = 359,
CSSPropertyBorder = 360,
CSSPropertyBorderBottom = 361,
CSSPropertyBorderColor = 362,
CSSPropertyBorderImage = 363,
CSSPropertyBorderLeft = 364,
CSSPropertyBorderRadius = 365,
CSSPropertyBorderRight = 366,
CSSPropertyBorderSpacing = 367,
CSSPropertyBorderStyle = 368,
CSSPropertyBorderTop = 369,
CSSPropertyBorderWidth = 370,
CSSPropertyFlex = 371,
CSSPropertyFlexFlow = 372,
CSSPropertyFont = 373,
CSSPropertyGrid = 374,
CSSPropertyGridArea = 375,
CSSPropertyGridColumn = 376,
CSSPropertyGridRow = 377,
CSSPropertyGridTemplate = 378,
CSSPropertyListStyle = 379,
CSSPropertyMargin = 380,
CSSPropertyMarker = 381,
CSSPropertyMotion = 382,
CSSPropertyOutline = 383,
CSSPropertyOverflow = 384,
CSSPropertyPadding = 385,
CSSPropertyTransition = 386,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderAfter = 387,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderBefore = 388,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderEnd = 389,
CSSPropertyWebkitBorderStart = 390,
CSSPropertyWebkitColumnRule = 391,
CSSPropertyWebkitColumns = 392,
CSSPropertyWebkitMarginCollapse = 393,
CSSPropertyWebkitMask = 394,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaskBoxImage = 395,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaskPosition = 396,
CSSPropertyWebkitMaskRepeat = 397,
CSSPropertyWebkitTextEmphasis = 398,
CSSPropertyWebkitTextStroke = 399,
CSSPropertyAliasEpubCaptionSide = 586,
CSSPropertyAliasEpubTextCombine = 808,
CSSPropertyAliasEpubTextEmphasis = 910,
CSSPropertyAliasEpubTextEmphasisColor = 809,
CSSPropertyAliasEpubTextEmphasisStyle = 811,
CSSPropertyAliasEpubTextOrientation = 530,
CSSPropertyAliasEpubTextTransform = 729,
CSSPropertyAliasEpubWordBreak = 826,
CSSPropertyAliasEpubWritingMode = 531,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitAlignContent = 534,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitAlignItems = 535,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitAlignSelf = 537,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitAnimation = 868,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitAnimationDelay = 538,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitAnimationDirection = 539,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitAnimationDuration = 540,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitAnimationFillMode = 541,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitAnimationIterationCount = 542,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitAnimationName = 543,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitAnimationPlayState = 544,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitAnimationTimingFunction = 545,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitBackfaceVisibility = 547,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitBackgroundSize = 558,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitBorderBottomLeftRadius = 561,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitBorderBottomRightRadius = 562,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitBorderRadius = 877,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitBorderTopLeftRadius = 578,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitBorderTopRightRadius = 579,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitBoxShadow = 583,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitBoxSizing = 584,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitFlex = 883,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitFlexBasis = 608,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitFlexDirection = 609,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitFlexFlow = 884,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitFlexGrow = 610,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitFlexShrink = 611,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitFlexWrap = 612,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitJustifyContent = 635,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitOpacity = 665,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitOrder = 666,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitPerspective = 683,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitPerspectiveOrigin = 684,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitShapeImageThreshold = 700,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitShapeMargin = 701,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitShapeOutside = 702,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitTransform = 733,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitTransformOrigin = 734,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitTransformStyle = 735,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitTransition = 898,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitTransitionDelay = 739,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitTransitionDuration = 740,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitTransitionProperty = 741,
CSSPropertyAliasWebkitTransitionTimingFunction = 742,
};
const int firstCSSProperty = 3;
const int numCSSProperties = 397;
const int lastCSSProperty = 399;
const int lastUnresolvedCSSProperty = 910;
const size_t maxCSSPropertyNameLength = 40;
const char* getPropertyName(CSSPropertyID);
const WTF::AtomicString& getPropertyNameAtomicString(CSSPropertyID);
WTF::String getPropertyNameString(CSSPropertyID);
WTF::String getJSPropertyName(CSSPropertyID);
inline CSSPropertyID convertToCSSPropertyID(int value)
{
ASSERT((value >= firstCSSProperty && value <= lastCSSProperty) || value == CSSPropertyInvalid);
return static_cast<CSSPropertyID>(value);
}
inline CSSPropertyID resolveCSSPropertyID(CSSPropertyID id)
{
return convertToCSSPropertyID(id & ~512);
}
inline bool isPropertyAlias(CSSPropertyID id) { return id & 512; }
CSSPropertyID unresolvedCSSPropertyID(const WTF::String&);
CSSPropertyID cssPropertyID(const WTF::String&);
} // namespace blink
namespace WTF {
template<> struct DefaultHash<blink::CSSPropertyID> { typedef IntHash<unsigned> Hash; };
template<> struct HashTraits<blink::CSSPropertyID> : GenericHashTraits<blink::CSSPropertyID> {
static const bool emptyValueIsZero = true;
static void constructDeletedValue(blink::CSSPropertyID& slot, bool) { slot = static_cast<blink::CSSPropertyID>(blink::lastUnresolvedCSSProperty + 1); }
static bool isDeletedValue(blink::CSSPropertyID value) { return value == (blink::lastUnresolvedCSSProperty + 1); }
};
}
#endif // CSSPropertyNames_h
``` |
Emma Uren (born 1 October 1997) is an English rugby union player.
Career
Born in Chiswick and brought up in Twickenham, she first played for Richmond Borough, winning the London Youth Games aged 11. At Orleans Park School, she played rugby league before taking up union at 16 for Grasshoppers RFC in Isleworth. Uren was further educated at St Mary’s University, Twickenham, studying Strength and Conditioning Sciences. She split her final year of studies into two to take up a contract with the England women's national rugby sevens team. She captained England U20s to their first ever victory against France in France in March 2018 and played a number of Tyrrells Premier 15s games for season champions Saracens Ladies.
In June 2021 she was confirmed in the Great Britain Rugby Sevens squad for the delayed 2020 Summer Games in Tokyo. She was named in the England squad for the 2022 Rugby World Cup Sevens – Women's tournament held in Cape Town, South Africa in September 2022. She was a selected as a member of the GB sevens squad for the 2023 European Games. Great Britain won a gold medal at the event and sealed qualification for the 2024 Olympic Games.
References
1997 births
Living people
Olympic rugby sevens players for Great Britain
Rugby sevens players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Rugby union players from the London Borough of Hounslow
English female rugby union players
England international women's rugby sevens players
English rugby sevens players
Female rugby sevens players
Sportspeople from Chiswick
Rugby sevens players at the 2023 European Games
European Games medalists in rugby sevens
European Games gold medalists for Great Britain
Rugby union players from the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
Alumni of St Mary's University, Twickenham
Great Britain women's international rugby sevens players
Ealing Trailfinders Women players
Commonwealth Games rugby sevens players for England
Rugby sevens players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games |
Northville Township is a charter township in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. A western suburb of Detroit, Northville Township is located roughly northwest of downtown Detroit, and northeast of Ann Arbor. As of the 2020 census, the township had a population of 31,758. It is independent of the neighboring city of Northville.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which is land and (2.29%) is water.
Portions of Northville Township were incorporated into the Village of Northville, which later incorporated as the City of Northville. Portions of the township have also since been annexed to the city. The most recent annexation was property owned by the City of Northville as part of the Rural Hill Cemetery. The entire township is served by the Northville District Library and by its own police and fire departments.
History
While the village of Northville developed within the borders of Plymouth Township from the 1820s, Northville Township itself did not exist until 1898. At that time, local residents, allegedly feeling slighted by Plymouth Township officials being more focused on Plymouth Village, decided to split off into a separate township. In this way, the former Plymouth "SuperTownship" (which formerly included all of Canton, Plymouth, and Northville Townships) became split into Plymouth Township and Northville Township.
Northville Township later became a charter township in 1985.
1907 Salem Train Crash
The 1907 Salem Train Crash occurred in what is now Northville Township, approximately a quarter mile east of Napier Road and a quarter mile north of Five Mile Road. 34 individuals lost their lives in the deadliest passenger train crash in Michigan history.
ZIP code
In response to the rapid growth of the township, a new 48168 ZIP code was introduced in June 2005 to those living south of Seven Mile Road. Those living on or north of the road (as well as those living in the city of Northville) kept the 48167 zip code, as well as any residents with a 48170 ZIP code (Plymouth).
2009 budget crisis and proposed public safety layoffs
In late September 2009, just more than a month after the hospital property purchase, the Northville Township Board of Trustees stated that they were operating with a budget deficit. The Board began the process of asking department heads and directors to find ways to cut their budgets. One of the proposed cuts was the laying off of 5 police officers and 2 public safety dispatchers, roughly a 15-20% reduction in police manpower. The Northville Township police union went door-to-door passing out flyers to educate the public on the board proposed cuts and to invite the public to voice their opinions on the issue to the township Board of Trustees.
On October 1, 2009, Northville Township residents voiced their displeasure over proposed public safety cuts on the 2010 budget. Several of the residents in attendance criticized the Township Board of Trustees for not doing more to maintain the public safety department. Board members came under scrutiny for supporting the August ballot initiative to buy the of the former Northville Regional Psychiatric Hospital property, knowing that there was a budget shortfall. Several residents argued that the Board should have asked for a millage to support their current level of service, instead of asking voters to support the land purchase. Township trustees stated that the two issues were unrelated.
On October 15, 2009, a little more than two months after the Psychiatric Hospital property vote, the Northville Township Board of Trustees approved the 2010 fiscal budget. The budget, as approved, authorized the laying off of 5 police officers and 2 public safety dispatchers. The budget also required many of the township's non-union employees to take mandatory furlough days. In an attempt to prevent police layoffs, a local lottery winner proposed to give Northville Township the money necessary to make up for the alleged public safety budget deficit, approximately $640,000. The Board of Trustees turned down the offer stating that one of its conditions, the maintenance of current public safety staffing, was not a condition they could legally accept. The Board of Trustees stated that if the police officers’ union were to agree to concessions, then the layoffs would be avoided. Residents continued to publicly voice their displeasure with the Board's decision, with some residents even suggesting a possible campaign to recall the members of the township board.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 21,036 people, 8,119 households, and 5,569 families residing in the township. The population density was . There were 8,480 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the township was 89.31% White, 4.39% African American, 0.28% Native American, 4.30% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.44% from other races, and 1.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.77% of the population.
There were 8,119 households, out of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.5% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.93.
In the township the population was spread out, with 21.4% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 28.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.2 males.
According to a 2007 estimate the median income for a household in the township was $98,054, and the median income for a family was $123,509. Males had a median income of $76,460 versus $43,198 for females. The per capita income for the township was $40,258. About 1.4% of families and 2.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.3% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.
Between 2000 and 2010, the Asian American population in Northville Township increased from 891 to 3,205, a 260% increase.
Economy
ZF Group North American Operations is based in Northville Township.
Government and infrastructure
The Michigan Department of Corrections operated the Western Wayne Correctional Facility in the township. It closed on December 20, 2004. Northville Township's local government is made up of an elected Township Supervisor, Clerk, Treasurer and four Trustees.
Highways
/ (concurrent highways)
, travels just south of the township in neighboring Plymouth Township
, named locally as Eight Mile Road; roadway does not carry the M-102 state designation through Northville Township
Northville Regional Psychiatric Hospital
The Northville Regional Psychiatric Hospital (NRPH) was located on a large (400+ acres) property on 7 Mile Road on the eastern side of the township. It was built in 1952, closed in 2003, and was demolished from 2018 to 2023.
2002–2006
It was announced that the NRPH was to be closed by the Department of Community Health (DCH) on November 18, 2002. By May 2003 all patients had been transferred to a community setting or another state run psychiatric facility. Due to ineffective controls and oversight of the NRPH's closing in 2003, and purchasing, receiving, and payment processes, there is still much unused and used equipment left in the buildings that lost all value during storage. The hospital was closed because of several reasons. First, a declining number of patients in the statewide mental health system. Second, a decline in the workforce, resulting from an early retirement rate, caused the hospital to be shut down. At the time of the closing NPH had 536 employees and 239 patients. The property was sold in a May 2005 auction to REI/Schostak (REIS) for $31.5 million.
2007–2008
In October 2007, the sale of the property to REIS was closed. REIS planned to develop the property into an $800 million, mixed-use residential, office, and retail development called 'Highwood'. Due to the fact that Northville Township would only allow a scaled-down version of Highwood, REIS moved employees to the property in mid-October 2007 for security and to vote to annex the property into neighboring Livonia on August 5, 2008, which approved the original plans for Highwood. Northville and Northville Township residents largely opposed the annexation, which was possible without their consent. Only residents of the area being annexed and the city/township trying to annex the area could vote in the annexation. Residents of the Township started an organization known as 'Stop Annexation'. On August 5, 2008, the residents of the property and Livonia voted against annexation.
2009
On August 4, 2009, residents of Northville Township voted to purchase a majority of the property for $23.5 million. REIS will retain to develop into or less of retail. An owner of a house worth $300,000 would see a tax increase of $144 (per year). Using REIS tax dollars, Northville Township will clean the property extensively. The property will become open, natural space with trails.
The main building of the hospital is being demolished by Adamo Demolition but due to higher level of asbestos, the demolition was delayed. However, this was quickly resolved and the buildings were razed without issue on Friday, November 30, 2018.
Education
A majority of the township is served by Northville Public Schools. A small portion of the township is served by Plymouth-Canton Community Schools.
Schools within the township from the former district include Moraine, Ridge Wood, Silver Springs, and Winchester elementary schools, as well as Meads Mill Middle School and Northville High School. Additionally, sections of the township are zoned to Hillside Middle School in Northville.
Tanger Elementary of Plymouth-Canton is in the township. The latter school district operates the Plymouth-Canton Educational Park for high school.
References
External links
Northville Township official site
Northville District Library
InfoMI: Northville Charter Township
Northville Regional Psychiatric Hospital
Schostak (Highwood)
Townships in Wayne County, Michigan
Charter townships in Michigan
Populated places established in 1898
1898 establishments in Michigan |
Evgeny Antufiev (; born 1986) is a Russian artist.
Life and work
Born 1986 in Kyzyl (Tuva Republic), Antufiev graduated from the Institute of Contemporary Art (Moscow) in 2009. His artistic career began with the Objects of Protection solo exhibition, which took place on the Start Platform in Winzavod (Moscow) in late 2008 – early 2009. His debut show expressed Antufiev's key creative method and the primary topic in the focus of his practice: working with non-typical, ‘organic’ materials such as bones, hair, teeth, and skin, the artist contemplates the immortality of form and the transformation of content while making visual references to shamanic practices common in Tuva region, as well as to other archaic cultures.
In 2009 Antufiev took part in a number of group shows in Moscow and St. Petersburg: Needlework (PROUN Gallery, Moscow), The Space of Silence (The Red Flag Factory, St. Petersburg), and had his second solo exhibition Myths of My Childhood (Globe Gallery, ETAGI loft project, St. Petersburg). The same year Antufiev became the winner in the “Young artist. Project of the year” category of the Kandinsky Prize for his debut show, Objects of Protection. Well received by critics, he continued working in Moscow where Winzavod Contemporary Art Center provided him with a free studio, while Anton Belov's White Gallery project opened with the artist's installation Bones.
In 2011 the New Museum (New York, USA) held a group show Ostalgia, where Antufiev's works drew attention of collector and businessman Luigi Maramotti. He invited the artist to visit Italy, and later in 2013 Collezione Maramotti (Reggio Emilia, Italy) organized Antufiev's large-scale solo exhibition Twelve, wood, dolphin, knife, bowl, mask, crystal, marble and bones – fusion. Exploring materials. The show was partly reproduced in 2014 by Multimedia Art Museum (Moscow) as a special project of the 6th Moscow Biennale. In 2015-2016 Antufiev's solo exhibitions took place in Moscow and Rome: the Immortality Forever project (2015, MMOMA, Moscow), Seven Underground Kings, or a Brief Story of the Shadow (Regina Gallery, Moscow), Fusion and Absorption (2015, z2o Gallery, Rome), and Fragile Things (2016, Pechersky Gallery, Moscow).
In 2016 Evgeny Antufiev participated in the main project of Manifesta-11, the European biennale for contemporary art. The same year one of the leading media resources on contemporary art in Russia, Artguide Editions, ranked Antufiev first among the 20 most influential artists nationwide.
Apart from his individual practice, Antufiev also works as a curator, and since 2012 he has been coordinating Garage Museum's Program in support of emerging Russian artists. In 2014 he curated project 11 for Garage Museum's Project Space, presenting works by the first eleven recipients of the scholarship.
In 2015 Antufiev was announced as the winner of the Collecting Young Russian Art, V-A-C (Moscow)/M HKA (Antwerp) scheme, and he was also one of the award winners of Cosmoscow Contemporary Art Fair 2015 Patron Program in support of young Russian artists.
Antufiev lives and works in Moscow and Moscow region. His works can be found in various private and public collections: Collezione Maramotti (Reggio Emilia, Italy), Museum of Contemporary Art, Antwerp M HKA (Belgium), Moscow Museum of Modern Art, and Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow.
Awards and prizes
2009Winner in the “Young artist. Project of the year” category, the Kandinsky Prize
Personal exhibition
2018When Art Became Part of the Landscape. Chapter I. Salinas Regional Archaeological Museum, Palermo
2016Fragile Things, Pechersky Gallery, Winzavod, Moscow
Group exhibitions
2016All Eyes On Me, Pechersky Gallery, Winzavod, Moscow
2016Cosmoscow Art Fair 2016, Gostiny Dvor, Moscow
2016Artissima Art Fair, Torino, Italy
2016Cabaret Kultura With V-A-C Live, Performance at Whitechapel Gallery, London, UK
2014Generation START, as part of the parallel program of Manifesta-10, St. Petersburg
2009Nominees of the Kandinsky Prize Show, Central House of Artist, Moscow
2009The Space of Silence, The Red Flag Factory, St. Petersburg
References
External links
Evgeny Antufiev on Artwin Gallery's official site
Evgeny Antufiev on Z2O gallery's official site
Evgeny Antufiev on Artsy.net
Resources
Evgeny Antufiev: Longing for the Myth by Yana Yukhalova on AroundArt/29.10.2015
Selected articles from the catalogue published in support of Evgeny Antufiev’s show at Collezione Maramotti, February 2013
Artist talk with Evgeny Antufiev and Taus Makhacheva
Maria Kravtsova in an interview with Evgeny Antufiev
Oblivion and Death Everywhere by Yulia Kulpina in Dialogue of Arts №6/2015
“…Grown-ups are stronger but they are incapable of making magic…” by Andrey Misiano in Moscow Art Magazine №95/2015
Evgeny Antufiev. Publisher: A+m Bookstore, 2013. - 150 p, ills colour & bw, Italian/English.
Russian contemporary artists
1986 births
Living people
People from Kyzyl
Kandinsky Prize |
Ninoslav Pavelić (born 1 June 1973) is a Croatian handball goalkeeping coach, who is currently working as a goalkeeping coach of Croatia men's national handball team.
Playing career
In October 2005 he signed a contract with HC Horgen in Switzerland. He previously played in Italy but has not had a contract lately. Because of budget reasons Horgen cancelled the contract mid season in February 2007. After the termination of contract he played in his home country for RK Nexe Našice. In 2008 he signed with Grasshopper Club Zürich from Switzerland. For the saison 2009–10 he played for HC Kelag Kärnten from Austria. After a season for 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig he returns as plaing coach for Kärnten. With the Muscat Club he played at the 2012 Asian Club League Handball Championship. In January 2013 he came back to HC Horgen and played his last season.
Coaching career
Between 2008 and 2013 he was playing goalkeeper coach for various clubs. After his retirement as goalkeeper. He has been goalkeeper coach for some clubs in Croatia. Most notably he is goalkeeper coach of the Croatia men's national handball team since 2017 and of RK Nexe Našice since 2016.
References
Weblinks
Living people
1973 births
Croatian handball coaches |
Seymour Duncan is an American company best known for manufacturing guitar and bass pickups. They also manufacture effects pedals which are designed and assembled in America. Guitarist and luthier Seymour W. Duncan and Cathy Carter Duncan founded the company in 1976, in Santa Barbara, California.
History
Seymour W. Duncan became interested in guitars at a young age. After lending his guitar to a friend who accidentally broke the pickup, Duncan decided to re-wind the pickup using a record player turntable to hold the pickup in place and rotate it while spooling wire around the pickup bobbin. Seymour was then inspired by how the guitar's tone improved, inspiring him to learn more about pickups from Les Paul - guitarist/inventor - and later mentor, Seth Lover: inventor of the humbucker. After developing considerable skill working on guitars, Duncan gained employment at London’s Fender Soundhouse.
After moving to California he met and married Cathy Carter and decided to start a pickup rewinding service. With demand for his services growing, Duncan and Carter started offering custom Stratocaster, Telecaster, and humbucking pickups. Within two decades they were manufacturing an assortment of electric, bass, and acoustic guitar pickups; as well as electric guitar accessories. In 2012, Seymour Duncan was inducted into the Vintage Guitar Hall of Fame for contributions to the music industry.
From the 1980s until 2013, Seymour Duncan made bass pickups under the Basslines brand name, before rebranding them under Seymour Duncan; without redesigning the pickups.
Seymour continues to create pickups in Seymour Duncan's Santa Barbara factory in California.
Notable users
The first artist signature pickup was the SH-12 Screamin' Demon model, created for George Lynch (Dokken, Lynch Mob). Another well-known Seymour Duncan artist, "Dimebag" Darrell Abbott, collaborated on a signature pickup, the SH-13 Dimebucker. The pickup has been used on Abbott's tribute guitars produced by Washburn Guitars and Dean Guitars, but not on Abbott's own guitars. Seymour Duncan pickups were also popularized in Japan by notable rock bands. Dino Cazares of Divine Heresy and formerly of Fear Factory worked with Seymour Duncan to produce the Blackouts line of active pickups, which come in different sizes to fit various pickup routes in seven string guitars.
Seymour Duncan's best selling pickup model is the SH-4 "JB Model" humbucker, that originated from a pickup Duncan made in the early '70s for his hero Jeff Beck who had the PAF pickups switched out of his guitar by a dishonest guitar tech. Beck used the pickups in his seminal release "Blow By Blow" in a guitar built for him by Seymour, dubbed the Tele-Gib, which featured a JB pickup in the bridge position and a "JM" or Jazz Model pickup in the neck. The JB was never an official signature pickup, and Duncan cannot use the name Jeff Beck.
Other artists known for their use of Seymour Duncan pickups include, but are not limited to:
Kurt Cobain of Nirvana used Seymour Duncan pickups on a variety of his guitars.
Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day uses a Seymour Duncan JB model in his Fernandes Stratocaster copy known as "Blue".
Mark Hoppus of +44 and blink 182 uses a Seymour Duncan SPB-3 "Quarter Pound" in his signature basses.
Tom DeLonge of blink 182 and Angels and Airwaves used a Seymour Duncan SH-8 "Invader" in his Fender Stratocasters and later an SH-5 "Custom" in his Fender Starcasters.
Dave Mustaine of Megadeth collaborated with Seymour Duncan to produce his very own signature set of active humbuckers, "Dave Mustaine Livewires".
Randy Rhoads used Seymour Duncan Jazz and JB pickups on his Jackson custom (now Rhoads style) guitars.
Linde Lazer of HIM uses a White Gibson SG with Custom Seymour Duncan pickups.
Synyster Gates of Avenged Sevenfold uses Custom Seymour Duncan Invader pickups.
Mick Thomson of Slipknot uses Active Seymour Duncan Blackouts (his own signature set called the AHB-3s), which he switched from the combination of EMG 81/85.
Mikael Åkerfeldt and Fredrik Akesson of Opeth most commonly use Seymour Duncan Full Shred pickups.
Products
Seymour Duncan produces a large range of pickups for guitars in several formats including Humbucker, Stratocaster, Telecaster, Jaguar, Jazzmaster, P90, Filtertron, Mini Humbucker, and Acoustic; as well as effects pedals and bass pickups.
Some of their most popular guitar pickups include the '59 Model, the JB (bridge) and Jazz (neck) set, Duncan Distortion set, and the Pearly Gates set.
For almost every kind of pickup, Seymour Duncan manufactures a vintage, modern, and high output version, and an antiquity model based on the vintage version but with an aged appearance. As of 2013, the company has moved into the 7 and 8 string guitar pickup market. They also produce a line of active pickups.
Seymour Duncan also produces a line of Korean-made "Duncan Designed" pickups for OEM use on mid-level guitars and basses; $300 - $800. The Duncan Designed pickups are based on Seymour Duncan’s most popular pickups and are in addition to their standard American-made product line. Duncan Designed pickups are, however, different from their Seymour Duncan roots. While Seymour Duncan sets voice the neck and bridge pickups differently to optimise tone, Duncan Designed pickups produce one pickup to be used in either the neck or bridge position. For example, The HB-102 is based on the USA-made SH-4 JB (bridge) and SH-2n Jazz Model (neck) set. Homogenising the design reduces cost, produces a slightly different tone, but does not produce a lower quality tone.
They also manufacture a range of effects pedals, including the 805™ Overdrive, the Vapor Trail™ Delay and the Dark Sun Digital Delay + Reverb, made in collaboration with Mark Holcomb of Periphery.
Seymour Duncan produced a small line of guitar amplifiers during the 1980s and 1990s. Although the effort was short-lived due to the company's lack of reputation as an amp builder, Seymour Duncan amplifiers are well respected and sought after today. At Winter NAMM 2017, Seymour Duncan announced their PowerStage family of pedal amplifiers by launching the PowerStage 170 and the PowerStage 700.
References
External links
Seymour Duncan Audio Interview on Guitar Jam Daily
Seymour Duncan Pickup Reviews
Seymour Duncan Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection (July 19, 2002)
Guitar pickup manufacturers
American companies established in 1976
Companies based in California |
Casar may refer to:
Places
Spain
Casar de Cáceres
Casar de Palomero
El Casar
El Casar de Escalona
United States
Casar, North Carolina
Other uses
CASAR, German wire rope manufacturer, part of WireCo Worldgroup
El Casar (Madrid Metro)
Operation Cäsar, part of the German army attack Operation Doppelkopf in World War II
People with the surname
Amira Casar, French actress
Greg Casar (born 1989), American politician
Sandy Casar, French racing cyclist |
Bradybaena wangkai is a species of beer snail found in the region of Tibet, China.
Diet
B. wangkai feeds by grazing on detritus, a trait shared by all other species of the infraorder Helicoidei.
Distribution and habitat
B. wangkai is currently known to be found in the Tibetan region in China. This species lives in a terrestrial habitat.
References
Camaenidae
Gastropods described in 2017 |
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