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Wiggledance! is the fifth video by the children's band the Wiggles and their first full-length concert video. It was filmed during their December 1996 concerts at the Seymour Centre, and released in June 1997. It was released only to the Australia region.
Song list
Rock-a-Bye Your Bear
Can You (Point Your Fingers And Do The Twist?)
Dorothy the Dinosaur
Dorothy (Would You Like to Dance?)
Vini Vini
Wags the Dog
Quack, Quack
Wake Up Jeff!
Nya, Nya, Nya
Five Little Joeys
Baby Beluga
Let's Have a Dance with Henry
Romp Bomp a Stomp
Hot Potato
Get Ready to Wiggle
Production
The Wiggles logo was updated to feature a yellow splotch background behind their name. The Wiggles still wore plain coloured shirts in the video with short sleeves instead of long ones.
Due to copyright concerns, the song "Vini Vini" was removed after the video's initial release. The subsequent release of Wiggledance, while retaining the copyright year 1997, have removed this video and its introduction. Former Wiggles member Phillip Wilcher has mentioned that the Wiggles believed that the song was in the public domain but it was claimed by a French composer.
On 4 April 2013, the Wiggles announced the addition of Wiggledance! to their Wiggle Time TV service. In 2019, the 1997 master was released into multiple segments on their YouTube channel as Classic Wiggles in multiple parts.
Cast
The Wiggles are:
Murray Cook
Jeff Fatt
Anthony Field
Greg Page
Also featuring:
Paul Paddick as Captain Feathersword
Leanne Halloran as a police officer, known as Officer Beaples in the TV series. Halloran also plays Henry the Octopus and is the choreographer for the show.
Donna Halloran as Wags the Dog, and a zookeeper
Leeanne Ashley as Dorothy the Dinosaur
Carolyn Ferrie provides the voice for Dorothy
See also
The Wiggly Big Show
Live Hot Potatoes!
Notes
References
Wiggledance! (AUS VIDEO-1997) episode information from TV.com
External links
1997 video albums
The Wiggles videos
Australian children's musical films |
Kato Vlasia (Greek: Κάτω Βλασία) is a mountain village and a community in the municipality of Kalavryta, Achaea, Greece. The community consists of the villages Kato Vlasia, Menychtaiika and Metochi. It is situated at about 800 m elevation. near the source of the river Selinountas, east of the highest summit of Mount Erymanthos. It is 1 km north of Ano Vlasia, 16 km southeast of Chalandritsa and 17 km west of Kalavryta.
Population
References
External links
Kato Vlasia on GTP Travel Pages
See also
List of settlements in Achaea
Populated places in Achaea
Kalavryta |
The native folk music of Mozambique has been highly influenced by Portuguese colonisation and local language forms. The most popular style of modern dance music is marrabenta. Mozambican music also influenced another Lusophone music in Brazil, like maxixe (its name derived from Maxixe in Mozambique), and mozambique style in Cuba and New York City.
Culture was an integral part of the struggle for independence, which began in 1964. Leaders of the independence movement used cultural solidarity to gain support from the common people, while the Portuguese colonialists promoted their own culture. By the time independence came in 1975, Mozambican bands had abandoned their previous attempts at European-style music, and began forging new forms based out of local folk styles and the new African popular music coming from Zaire, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Zambia and South Africa.
In 1978, the Ministry of Education and Culture organized a National Dance Festival that involved more than half a million people, and led to the creation of numerous organizations and festivals promoting Mozambican music.
Timbila
The Chopi people of the coastal Inhambane Province are known for a unique kind of xylophone called the mbila (pl: timbila) and the style of music played with it, which "is believed to be the most sophisticated method of composition yet found among preliterate peoples." Ensembles consist of around ten xylophones of four sizes and accompany ceremonial dances with long compositions called ngomi which consist of an overture and ten movements of different tempos and styles. The ensemble leader serves as poet, composer, conductor, and performer, creating a text, improvising a melody partially based on the features of the Chopi's tone language, and composing a second countrapunctal line. The musicians of the ensemble partially improvise their parts according to style, instrumental idiom, and the leader's indications. The composer then consults with the choreographer of the ceremony and adjustments are made. (Nettl 1956, p. 18-19)
Marrabenta
Marrabenta is the best-known form of music from Mozambique. It is urban in origin, and meant for dancing. Marrabenta was born as a fusion of imported European music played on improvised materials. The word marrabenta derives from the Portuguese rebentar (arrabentar in the local vernacular), meaning to break, a reference to cheap guitar strings that snapped quickly. Instruments were fashioned out of tin cans and pieces of wood. Lyrics were usually in local languages, and included songs of social criticism as well as love. Additionally, there are songs whose lyrics are in Portuguese, the official language of Mozambique, for nationwide and international promotion of the songs to other CPLP nations. The late 1970s saw tremendous innovation in marrabenta, as 1001 Music Productions recorded artists and staged large concerts. The compilation album Amanhecer was released, followed by more such LPs under the title Ngoma.
The most influential early marrabenta performer was Fany Pfumo, whose fame began after the success of "Loko ni kumbuka Jorgina". He recorded in South Africa on HMV and later incorporated South African kwela into his music. The group Orchestra Marrabenta Star de Moçambique formed in 1979, led by long-time performer Wazimbo. The group toured Europe and other parts of the world, and soon brought international recognition to marrabenta.
Many of the most popular musicians in modern Mozambique spent time with Orchestra Marrabenta Star de Moçambique, including Stewart Sukuma, Chico António, Mr. Bow, Neyma, José Mucavel and Mingas, while other popular bands include Ghorwane.
Pandza
Pandza is the newest and most-popular style of Mozambican music, its invention credited to N'Star, Ziqo and Dj Ardiles in Maputo. Pandza is especially popular amongst Mozambican youths and is a mix of marrabenta and ragga. The roots of Pandza originate from marrabenta but pandza has a faster tempo with major influences from ragga and some hip hop. Most pandza is sung in Portuguese and the Shangana language from Maputo and its lyrics most of the time, elaborate the daily lifestyles of young Mozambicans. The most notable pandza singers in Mozambique today include, Lizha James, Ziqo, Dj Ardiles, N'star, DH, Mr. Kuka, MC Roger, Denny Og, Dj Junior, Cízer Boss and Helio Beatz.
Hip hop
Mozambican hip hop is developing bit by bit and it is receiving a positive response. In the first decade of the 21st century, people who were uplifting hip hop were H2O, G-Pro and Danny OG. Modern hip hop artists include Bander Artista, Kins Ferna's, Dygo Boy Jurus, Ziqo, Same Blood and Laylizzy. Azagaia, a Maputo-based rapper who was critical of the Mozambican government, was described as "the most influential rapper in Mozambique"; with marches taking place across the country in his honour following his death in 2023.
See also
International Library of African Music
Xylophone
Music of Africa
Shona music
Hugh Tracey
References
Sources
Nettl, Bruno (1956). Music in Primitive Culture. Harvard University Press.
Paco, Celso. "A Luta Continua". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 579–584. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books.
Tracey, Hugh. (1948, reprinted 1970). Chopi Musicians: their Music, Poetry, and Instruments. London: International African Institute and Oxford University Press. SBN 19 724182 4.
External links
Hallis, Ron and Hallis, Ophera. (1987). Chopi Music of Mozambique. 28 minutes. 16 mm Video.
Center for Traditional Music and Dance
www.musica.co.mz.
Massukos
BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Music for Timbila. Accessed November 25, 2010.
BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Tufo song and Ghorwane. Accessed November 25, 2010.
Audio clips - traditional music of Mozambique. French National Library. Accessed November 25, 2010. |
William Harvey "The Dapper Yapper" Warwick (November 17, 1924 – October 3, 2007) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward. He played 14 games in the National Hockey League with the New York Rangers during the 1942–43 and 1943–44 seasons. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1942 to 1958, was spent in the minor leagues He was inducted into the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame and Museum.
Playing career
Born in Regina, Saskatchewan, Warwick was one of three hockey-playing brothers which included Dick and Grant. Sister Mildred played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League for the Rockford Peaches. Warwick began his hockey career with the Regina Abbotts. Most of his pro hockey career was spent in the minors, but he also played 14 games with the National Hockey League New York Rangers during the 1942 and 1944 season seasons. He had three goals and three assists with the Rangers.
All three Warwick brothers played on the Penticton Vees when they won the world men's hockey championship for Canada in 1955. Warwick said of the victory, "Boy, this was better than winning the Stanley Cup." During the championship game, Warwick scored two goals as the Canadian team decisively beat the Soviet Union 5–0. Warwick was named the tournament's top forward.
After he retired from hockey, Warwick opened a restaurant in Edmonton.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1924 births
2007 deaths
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Cleveland Barons (1937–1973) players
Denver Falcons players
Fort Worth Rangers players
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey people from Regina, Saskatchewan
Minneapolis Millers (AHA) players
New York Rangers players
New York Rovers players
Ottawa Senators (QSHL) players
Philadelphia Rockets players
Pittsburgh Hornets players
Providence Reds players
Springfield Indians players |
Joseph Albert Rosario "Lolo" Couture (July 24, 1905 – March 1, 1986) was a Canadian ice hockey player. Couture was a right winger who played for the Chicago Black Hawks and the Montreal Canadiens from 1928 to 1935. He won the Stanley Cup with Chicago in 1934.
Life and career
Born in St. Boniface, Manitoba, Couture began his NHL career in 1928 with the Chicago Black Hawks. He would play for them until the end of the 1934–35 season. He helped the Black Hawks win the Stanley Cup in 1934.
After brief stops in the minor leagues with the London Tecumsehs of the International Hockey League and the Providence Reds of the Can-Am League. He played the 1935–36 season with the Montreal Canadiens.
He and fellow Black Hawk Leroy Goldsworthy identified the body of teammate Jack Leswick, who died in mysterious circumstances. Couture died in Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1986 and is buried in St. Boniface Cathedral.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
Awards and achievements
Stanley Cup Championships (1934)
Honoured Member of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame
References
External links
Rosario "Lolo" Couture Match Cover design in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
1905 births
1986 deaths
Burials at Saint Boniface Cathedral
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Winnipeg
London Tecumsehs players
Montreal Canadiens players
People from Saint Boniface, Winnipeg
Providence Reds players
St. Boniface Canadiens players
Stanley Cup champions
Winnipeg Hockey Club players
Winnipeg Maroons players |
```c
/* Perform non-arithmetic operations on values, for GDB.
1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of GDB.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */
#include "defs.h"
#include "symtab.h"
#include "gdbtypes.h"
#include "value.h"
#include "frame.h"
#include "inferior.h"
#include "gdbcore.h"
#include "target.h"
#include "demangle.h"
#include "language.h"
#include "gdbcmd.h"
#include "regcache.h"
#include "cp-abi.h"
#include "block.h"
#include "infcall.h"
#include "dictionary.h"
#include "cp-support.h"
#include <errno.h>
#include "gdb_string.h"
#include "gdb_assert.h"
#include "cp-support.h"
#include "observer.h"
extern int overload_debug;
/* Local functions. */
static int typecmp (int staticp, int varargs, int nargs,
struct field t1[], struct value *t2[]);
static struct value *search_struct_field (char *, struct value *, int,
struct type *, int);
static struct value *search_struct_method (char *, struct value **,
struct value **,
int, int *, struct type *);
static int find_oload_champ_namespace (struct type **arg_types, int nargs,
const char *func_name,
const char *qualified_name,
struct symbol ***oload_syms,
struct badness_vector **oload_champ_bv);
static
int find_oload_champ_namespace_loop (struct type **arg_types, int nargs,
const char *func_name,
const char *qualified_name,
int namespace_len,
struct symbol ***oload_syms,
struct badness_vector **oload_champ_bv,
int *oload_champ);
static int find_oload_champ (struct type **arg_types, int nargs, int method,
int num_fns,
struct fn_field *fns_ptr,
struct symbol **oload_syms,
struct badness_vector **oload_champ_bv);
static int oload_method_static (int method, struct fn_field *fns_ptr,
int index);
enum oload_classification { STANDARD, NON_STANDARD, INCOMPATIBLE };
static enum
oload_classification classify_oload_match (struct badness_vector
* oload_champ_bv,
int nargs,
int static_offset);
static int check_field_in (struct type *, const char *);
static struct value *value_struct_elt_for_reference (struct type *domain,
int offset,
struct type *curtype,
char *name,
struct type *intype,
enum noside noside);
static struct value *value_namespace_elt (const struct type *curtype,
char *name,
enum noside noside);
static struct value *value_maybe_namespace_elt (const struct type *curtype,
char *name,
enum noside noside);
static CORE_ADDR allocate_space_in_inferior (int);
static struct value *cast_into_complex (struct type *, struct value *);
static struct fn_field *find_method_list (struct value ** argp, char *method,
int offset,
struct type *type, int *num_fns,
struct type **basetype,
int *boffset);
void _initialize_valops (void);
/* Flag for whether we want to abandon failed expression evals by default. */
#if 0
static int auto_abandon = 0;
#endif
int overload_resolution = 0;
/* Find the address of function name NAME in the inferior. */
struct value *
find_function_in_inferior (const char *name)
{
struct symbol *sym;
struct minimal_symbol *msymbol;
sym = lookup_symbol (name, 0, VAR_DOMAIN, 0, NULL);
if (sym != NULL)
{
if (SYMBOL_CLASS (sym) != LOC_BLOCK)
error (_("\"%s\" exists in this program but is not a function."),
name);
if (TYPE_PROTOTYPED (SYMBOL_TYPE (sym)))
return value_of_variable (sym, NULL);
}
msymbol = lookup_minimal_symbol (name, NULL, NULL);
if (msymbol != NULL)
{
struct type *type;
CORE_ADDR maddr;
type = lookup_pointer_type (builtin_type_char);
type = lookup_function_type (type);
type = lookup_pointer_type (type);
maddr = SYMBOL_VALUE_ADDRESS (msymbol);
return value_from_pointer (type, maddr);
}
if (!target_has_execution)
error ("evaluation of this expression requires the target program to be active");
else
error ("evaluation of this expression requires the program to have a function \"%s\".", name);
}
/* Allocate NBYTES of space in the inferior using the inferior's malloc
and return a value that is a pointer to the allocated space. */
struct value *
value_allocate_space_in_inferior (int len)
{
struct value *blocklen;
struct value *val = find_function_in_inferior (NAME_OF_MALLOC);
blocklen = value_from_longest (builtin_type_int, (LONGEST) len);
val = call_function_by_hand (val, 1, &blocklen);
if (value_logical_not (val))
{
if (!target_has_execution)
error ("No memory available to program now: you need to start the target first");
else
error ("No memory available to program: call to malloc failed");
}
return val;
}
static CORE_ADDR
allocate_space_in_inferior (int len)
{
return value_as_long (value_allocate_space_in_inferior (len));
}
/* Cast value ARG2 to type TYPE and return as a value.
More general than a C cast: accepts any two types of the same length,
and if ARG2 is an lvalue it can be cast into anything at all. */
/* In C++, casts may change pointer or object representations. */
struct value *
value_cast (struct type *type, struct value *arg2)
{
enum type_code code1;
enum type_code code2;
int scalar;
struct type *type2;
int convert_to_boolean = 0;
if (VALUE_TYPE (arg2) == type)
return arg2;
CHECK_TYPEDEF (type);
code1 = TYPE_CODE (type);
COERCE_REF (arg2);
type2 = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (arg2));
/* A cast to an undetermined-length array_type, such as (TYPE [])OBJECT,
is treated like a cast to (TYPE [N])OBJECT,
where N is sizeof(OBJECT)/sizeof(TYPE). */
if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_ARRAY)
{
struct type *element_type = TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (type);
unsigned element_length = TYPE_LENGTH (check_typedef (element_type));
if (element_length > 0
&& TYPE_ARRAY_UPPER_BOUND_TYPE (type) == BOUND_CANNOT_BE_DETERMINED)
{
struct type *range_type = TYPE_INDEX_TYPE (type);
int val_length = TYPE_LENGTH (type2);
LONGEST low_bound, high_bound, new_length;
if (get_discrete_bounds (range_type, &low_bound, &high_bound) < 0)
low_bound = 0, high_bound = 0;
new_length = val_length / element_length;
if (val_length % element_length != 0)
warning ("array element type size does not divide object size in cast");
/* FIXME-type-allocation: need a way to free this type when we are
done with it. */
range_type = create_range_type ((struct type *) NULL,
TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (range_type),
low_bound,
new_length + low_bound - 1);
VALUE_TYPE (arg2) = create_array_type ((struct type *) NULL,
element_type, range_type);
return arg2;
}
}
if (current_language->c_style_arrays
&& TYPE_CODE (type2) == TYPE_CODE_ARRAY)
arg2 = value_coerce_array (arg2);
if (TYPE_CODE (type2) == TYPE_CODE_FUNC)
arg2 = value_coerce_function (arg2);
type2 = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (arg2));
COERCE_VARYING_ARRAY (arg2, type2);
code2 = TYPE_CODE (type2);
if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_COMPLEX)
return cast_into_complex (type, arg2);
if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_BOOL)
{
code1 = TYPE_CODE_INT;
convert_to_boolean = 1;
}
if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_CHAR)
code1 = TYPE_CODE_INT;
if (code2 == TYPE_CODE_BOOL || code2 == TYPE_CODE_CHAR)
code2 = TYPE_CODE_INT;
scalar = (code2 == TYPE_CODE_INT || code2 == TYPE_CODE_FLT
|| code2 == TYPE_CODE_ENUM || code2 == TYPE_CODE_RANGE);
if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
&& code2 == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
&& TYPE_NAME (type) != 0)
{
/* Look in the type of the source to see if it contains the
type of the target as a superclass. If so, we'll need to
offset the object in addition to changing its type. */
struct value *v = search_struct_field (type_name_no_tag (type),
arg2, 0, type2, 1);
if (v)
{
VALUE_TYPE (v) = type;
return v;
}
}
if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_FLT && scalar)
return value_from_double (type, value_as_double (arg2));
else if ((code1 == TYPE_CODE_INT || code1 == TYPE_CODE_ENUM
|| code1 == TYPE_CODE_RANGE)
&& (scalar || code2 == TYPE_CODE_PTR))
{
LONGEST longest;
if (deprecated_hp_som_som_object_present /* if target compiled by HP aCC */
&& (code2 == TYPE_CODE_PTR))
{
unsigned int *ptr;
struct value *retvalp;
switch (TYPE_CODE (TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (type2)))
{
/* With HP aCC, pointers to data members have a bias */
case TYPE_CODE_MEMBER:
retvalp = value_from_longest (type, value_as_long (arg2));
/* force evaluation */
ptr = (unsigned int *) VALUE_CONTENTS (retvalp);
*ptr &= ~0x20000000; /* zap 29th bit to remove bias */
return retvalp;
/* While pointers to methods don't really point to a function */
case TYPE_CODE_METHOD:
error ("Pointers to methods not supported with HP aCC");
default:
break; /* fall out and go to normal handling */
}
}
/* When we cast pointers to integers, we mustn't use
POINTER_TO_ADDRESS to find the address the pointer
represents, as value_as_long would. GDB should evaluate
expressions just as the compiler would --- and the compiler
sees a cast as a simple reinterpretation of the pointer's
bits. */
if (code2 == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
longest = extract_unsigned_integer (VALUE_CONTENTS (arg2),
TYPE_LENGTH (type2));
else
longest = value_as_long (arg2);
return value_from_longest (type, convert_to_boolean ?
(LONGEST) (longest ? 1 : 0) : longest);
}
else if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_PTR && (code2 == TYPE_CODE_INT ||
code2 == TYPE_CODE_ENUM ||
code2 == TYPE_CODE_RANGE))
{
/* TYPE_LENGTH (type) is the length of a pointer, but we really
want the length of an address! -- we are really dealing with
addresses (i.e., gdb representations) not pointers (i.e.,
target representations) here.
This allows things like "print *(int *)0x01000234" to work
without printing a misleading message -- which would
otherwise occur when dealing with a target having two byte
pointers and four byte addresses. */
int addr_bit = TARGET_ADDR_BIT;
LONGEST longest = value_as_long (arg2);
if (addr_bit < sizeof (LONGEST) * HOST_CHAR_BIT)
{
if (longest >= ((LONGEST) 1 << addr_bit)
|| longest <= -((LONGEST) 1 << addr_bit))
warning ("value truncated");
}
return value_from_longest (type, longest);
}
else if (TYPE_LENGTH (type) == TYPE_LENGTH (type2))
{
if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_PTR && code2 == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
{
struct type *t1 = check_typedef (TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (type));
struct type *t2 = check_typedef (TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (type2));
if (TYPE_CODE (t1) == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
&& TYPE_CODE (t2) == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
&& !value_logical_not (arg2))
{
struct value *v;
/* Look in the type of the source to see if it contains the
type of the target as a superclass. If so, we'll need to
offset the pointer rather than just change its type. */
if (TYPE_NAME (t1) != NULL)
{
v = search_struct_field (type_name_no_tag (t1),
value_ind (arg2), 0, t2, 1);
if (v)
{
v = value_addr (v);
VALUE_TYPE (v) = type;
return v;
}
}
/* Look in the type of the target to see if it contains the
type of the source as a superclass. If so, we'll need to
offset the pointer rather than just change its type.
FIXME: This fails silently with virtual inheritance. */
if (TYPE_NAME (t2) != NULL)
{
v = search_struct_field (type_name_no_tag (t2),
value_zero (t1, not_lval), 0, t1, 1);
if (v)
{
CORE_ADDR addr2 = value_as_address (arg2);
addr2 -= (VALUE_ADDRESS (v)
+ VALUE_OFFSET (v)
+ VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (v));
return value_from_pointer (type, addr2);
}
}
}
/* No superclass found, just fall through to change ptr type. */
}
VALUE_TYPE (arg2) = type;
arg2 = value_change_enclosing_type (arg2, type);
VALUE_POINTED_TO_OFFSET (arg2) = 0; /* pai: chk_val */
return arg2;
}
else if (VALUE_LVAL (arg2) == lval_memory)
{
return value_at_lazy (type, VALUE_ADDRESS (arg2) + VALUE_OFFSET (arg2),
VALUE_BFD_SECTION (arg2));
}
else if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_VOID)
{
return value_zero (builtin_type_void, not_lval);
}
else
{
error ("Invalid cast.");
return 0;
}
}
/* Create a value of type TYPE that is zero, and return it. */
struct value *
value_zero (struct type *type, enum lval_type lv)
{
struct value *val = allocate_value (type);
memset (VALUE_CONTENTS (val), 0, TYPE_LENGTH (check_typedef (type)));
VALUE_LVAL (val) = lv;
return val;
}
/* Return a value with type TYPE located at ADDR.
Call value_at only if the data needs to be fetched immediately;
if we can be 'lazy' and defer the fetch, perhaps indefinately, call
value_at_lazy instead. value_at_lazy simply records the address of
the data and sets the lazy-evaluation-required flag. The lazy flag
is tested in the VALUE_CONTENTS macro, which is used if and when
the contents are actually required.
Note: value_at does *NOT* handle embedded offsets; perform such
adjustments before or after calling it. */
struct value *
value_at (struct type *type, CORE_ADDR addr, asection *sect)
{
struct value *val;
if (TYPE_CODE (check_typedef (type)) == TYPE_CODE_VOID)
error ("Attempt to dereference a generic pointer.");
val = allocate_value (type);
read_memory (addr, VALUE_CONTENTS_ALL_RAW (val), TYPE_LENGTH (type));
VALUE_LVAL (val) = lval_memory;
VALUE_ADDRESS (val) = addr;
VALUE_BFD_SECTION (val) = sect;
return val;
}
/* Return a lazy value with type TYPE located at ADDR (cf. value_at). */
struct value *
value_at_lazy (struct type *type, CORE_ADDR addr, asection *sect)
{
struct value *val;
if (TYPE_CODE (check_typedef (type)) == TYPE_CODE_VOID)
error ("Attempt to dereference a generic pointer.");
val = allocate_value (type);
VALUE_LVAL (val) = lval_memory;
VALUE_ADDRESS (val) = addr;
VALUE_LAZY (val) = 1;
VALUE_BFD_SECTION (val) = sect;
return val;
}
/* Called only from the VALUE_CONTENTS and VALUE_CONTENTS_ALL macros,
if the current data for a variable needs to be loaded into
VALUE_CONTENTS(VAL). Fetches the data from the user's process, and
clears the lazy flag to indicate that the data in the buffer is valid.
If the value is zero-length, we avoid calling read_memory, which would
abort. We mark the value as fetched anyway -- all 0 bytes of it.
This function returns a value because it is used in the VALUE_CONTENTS
macro as part of an expression, where a void would not work. The
value is ignored. */
int
value_fetch_lazy (struct value *val)
{
CORE_ADDR addr = VALUE_ADDRESS (val) + VALUE_OFFSET (val);
int length = TYPE_LENGTH (VALUE_ENCLOSING_TYPE (val));
struct type *type = VALUE_TYPE (val);
if (length)
read_memory (addr, VALUE_CONTENTS_ALL_RAW (val), length);
VALUE_LAZY (val) = 0;
return 0;
}
/* Store the contents of FROMVAL into the location of TOVAL.
Return a new value with the location of TOVAL and contents of FROMVAL. */
struct value *
value_assign (struct value *toval, struct value *fromval)
{
struct type *type;
struct value *val;
struct frame_id old_frame;
if (!toval->modifiable)
error ("Left operand of assignment is not a modifiable lvalue.");
COERCE_REF (toval);
type = VALUE_TYPE (toval);
if (VALUE_LVAL (toval) != lval_internalvar)
fromval = value_cast (type, fromval);
else
COERCE_ARRAY (fromval);
CHECK_TYPEDEF (type);
/* Since modifying a register can trash the frame chain, and modifying memory
can trash the frame cache, we save the old frame and then restore the new
frame afterwards. */
old_frame = get_frame_id (deprecated_selected_frame);
switch (VALUE_LVAL (toval))
{
case lval_internalvar:
set_internalvar (VALUE_INTERNALVAR (toval), fromval);
val = value_copy (VALUE_INTERNALVAR (toval)->value);
val = value_change_enclosing_type (val, VALUE_ENCLOSING_TYPE (fromval));
VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (val) = VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (fromval);
VALUE_POINTED_TO_OFFSET (val) = VALUE_POINTED_TO_OFFSET (fromval);
return val;
case lval_internalvar_component:
set_internalvar_component (VALUE_INTERNALVAR (toval),
VALUE_OFFSET (toval),
VALUE_BITPOS (toval),
VALUE_BITSIZE (toval),
fromval);
break;
case lval_memory:
{
char *dest_buffer;
CORE_ADDR changed_addr;
int changed_len;
char buffer[sizeof (LONGEST)];
if (VALUE_BITSIZE (toval))
{
/* We assume that the argument to read_memory is in units of
host chars. FIXME: Is that correct? */
changed_len = (VALUE_BITPOS (toval)
+ VALUE_BITSIZE (toval)
+ HOST_CHAR_BIT - 1)
/ HOST_CHAR_BIT;
if (changed_len > (int) sizeof (LONGEST))
error ("Can't handle bitfields which don't fit in a %d bit word.",
(int) sizeof (LONGEST) * HOST_CHAR_BIT);
read_memory (VALUE_ADDRESS (toval) + VALUE_OFFSET (toval),
buffer, changed_len);
modify_field (buffer, value_as_long (fromval),
VALUE_BITPOS (toval), VALUE_BITSIZE (toval));
changed_addr = VALUE_ADDRESS (toval) + VALUE_OFFSET (toval);
dest_buffer = buffer;
}
else
{
changed_addr = VALUE_ADDRESS (toval) + VALUE_OFFSET (toval);
changed_len = TYPE_LENGTH (type);
dest_buffer = VALUE_CONTENTS (fromval);
}
write_memory (changed_addr, dest_buffer, changed_len);
if (deprecated_memory_changed_hook)
deprecated_memory_changed_hook (changed_addr, changed_len);
}
break;
case lval_reg_frame_relative:
case lval_register:
{
struct frame_info *frame;
int value_reg;
/* Figure out which frame this is in currently. */
if (VALUE_LVAL (toval) == lval_register)
{
frame = get_current_frame ();
value_reg = VALUE_REGNO (toval);
}
else
{
frame = frame_find_by_id (VALUE_FRAME_ID (toval));
value_reg = VALUE_FRAME_REGNUM (toval);
}
if (!frame)
error ("Value being assigned to is no longer active.");
if (VALUE_LVAL (toval) == lval_reg_frame_relative
&& CONVERT_REGISTER_P (VALUE_FRAME_REGNUM (toval), type))
{
/* If TOVAL is a special machine register requiring
conversion of program values to a special raw format. */
VALUE_TO_REGISTER (frame, VALUE_FRAME_REGNUM (toval),
type, VALUE_CONTENTS (fromval));
}
else
{
/* TOVAL is stored in a series of registers in the frame
specified by the structure. Copy that value out,
modify it, and copy it back in. */
int amount_copied;
int amount_to_copy;
char *buffer;
int reg_offset;
int byte_offset;
int regno;
/* Locate the first register that falls in the value that
needs to be transfered. Compute the offset of the
value in that register. */
{
int offset;
for (reg_offset = value_reg, offset = 0;
offset + register_size (current_gdbarch, reg_offset) <= VALUE_OFFSET (toval);
reg_offset++);
byte_offset = VALUE_OFFSET (toval) - offset;
}
/* Compute the number of register aligned values that need
to be copied. */
if (VALUE_BITSIZE (toval))
amount_to_copy = byte_offset + 1;
else
amount_to_copy = byte_offset + TYPE_LENGTH (type);
/* And a bounce buffer. Be slightly over generous. */
buffer = (char *) alloca (amount_to_copy + MAX_REGISTER_SIZE);
/* Copy it in. */
for (regno = reg_offset, amount_copied = 0;
amount_copied < amount_to_copy;
amount_copied += register_size (current_gdbarch, regno), regno++)
frame_register_read (frame, regno, buffer + amount_copied);
/* Modify what needs to be modified. */
if (VALUE_BITSIZE (toval))
modify_field (buffer + byte_offset,
value_as_long (fromval),
VALUE_BITPOS (toval), VALUE_BITSIZE (toval));
else
memcpy (buffer + byte_offset, VALUE_CONTENTS (fromval),
TYPE_LENGTH (type));
/* Copy it out. */
for (regno = reg_offset, amount_copied = 0;
amount_copied < amount_to_copy;
amount_copied += register_size (current_gdbarch, regno), regno++)
put_frame_register (frame, regno, buffer + amount_copied);
}
if (deprecated_register_changed_hook)
deprecated_register_changed_hook (-1);
observer_notify_target_changed (¤t_target);
break;
}
default:
error ("Left operand of assignment is not an lvalue.");
}
/* Assigning to the stack pointer, frame pointer, and other
(architecture and calling convention specific) registers may
cause the frame cache to be out of date. Assigning to memory
also can. We just do this on all assignments to registers or
memory, for simplicity's sake; I doubt the slowdown matters. */
switch (VALUE_LVAL (toval))
{
case lval_memory:
case lval_register:
case lval_reg_frame_relative:
reinit_frame_cache ();
/* Having destoroyed the frame cache, restore the selected frame. */
/* FIXME: cagney/2002-11-02: There has to be a better way of
doing this. Instead of constantly saving/restoring the
frame. Why not create a get_selected_frame() function that,
having saved the selected frame's ID can automatically
re-find the previously selected frame automatically. */
{
struct frame_info *fi = frame_find_by_id (old_frame);
if (fi != NULL)
select_frame (fi);
}
break;
default:
break;
}
/* If the field does not entirely fill a LONGEST, then zero the sign bits.
If the field is signed, and is negative, then sign extend. */
if ((VALUE_BITSIZE (toval) > 0)
&& (VALUE_BITSIZE (toval) < 8 * (int) sizeof (LONGEST)))
{
LONGEST fieldval = value_as_long (fromval);
LONGEST valmask = (((ULONGEST) 1) << VALUE_BITSIZE (toval)) - 1;
fieldval &= valmask;
if (!TYPE_UNSIGNED (type) && (fieldval & (valmask ^ (valmask >> 1))))
fieldval |= ~valmask;
fromval = value_from_longest (type, fieldval);
}
val = value_copy (toval);
memcpy (VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (val), VALUE_CONTENTS (fromval),
TYPE_LENGTH (type));
VALUE_TYPE (val) = type;
val = value_change_enclosing_type (val, VALUE_ENCLOSING_TYPE (fromval));
VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (val) = VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (fromval);
VALUE_POINTED_TO_OFFSET (val) = VALUE_POINTED_TO_OFFSET (fromval);
return val;
}
/* Extend a value VAL to COUNT repetitions of its type. */
struct value *
value_repeat (struct value *arg1, int count)
{
struct value *val;
if (VALUE_LVAL (arg1) != lval_memory)
error ("Only values in memory can be extended with '@'.");
if (count < 1)
error ("Invalid number %d of repetitions.", count);
val = allocate_repeat_value (VALUE_ENCLOSING_TYPE (arg1), count);
read_memory (VALUE_ADDRESS (arg1) + VALUE_OFFSET (arg1),
VALUE_CONTENTS_ALL_RAW (val),
TYPE_LENGTH (VALUE_ENCLOSING_TYPE (val)));
VALUE_LVAL (val) = lval_memory;
VALUE_ADDRESS (val) = VALUE_ADDRESS (arg1) + VALUE_OFFSET (arg1);
return val;
}
struct value *
value_of_variable (struct symbol *var, struct block *b)
{
struct value *val;
struct frame_info *frame = NULL;
if (!b)
frame = NULL; /* Use selected frame. */
else if (symbol_read_needs_frame (var))
{
frame = block_innermost_frame (b);
if (!frame)
{
if (BLOCK_FUNCTION (b)
&& SYMBOL_PRINT_NAME (BLOCK_FUNCTION (b)))
error ("No frame is currently executing in block %s.",
SYMBOL_PRINT_NAME (BLOCK_FUNCTION (b)));
else
error ("No frame is currently executing in specified block");
}
}
val = read_var_value (var, frame);
if (!val)
error ("Address of symbol \"%s\" is unknown.", SYMBOL_PRINT_NAME (var));
return val;
}
/* Given a value which is an array, return a value which is a pointer to its
first element, regardless of whether or not the array has a nonzero lower
bound.
FIXME: A previous comment here indicated that this routine should be
substracting the array's lower bound. It's not clear to me that this
is correct. Given an array subscripting operation, it would certainly
work to do the adjustment here, essentially computing:
(&array[0] - (lowerbound * sizeof array[0])) + (index * sizeof array[0])
However I believe a more appropriate and logical place to account for
the lower bound is to do so in value_subscript, essentially computing:
(&array[0] + ((index - lowerbound) * sizeof array[0]))
As further evidence consider what would happen with operations other
than array subscripting, where the caller would get back a value that
had an address somewhere before the actual first element of the array,
and the information about the lower bound would be lost because of
the coercion to pointer type.
*/
struct value *
value_coerce_array (struct value *arg1)
{
struct type *type = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (arg1));
if (VALUE_LVAL (arg1) != lval_memory)
error ("Attempt to take address of value not located in memory.");
return value_from_pointer (lookup_pointer_type (TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (type)),
(VALUE_ADDRESS (arg1) + VALUE_OFFSET (arg1)));
}
/* Given a value which is a function, return a value which is a pointer
to it. */
struct value *
value_coerce_function (struct value *arg1)
{
struct value *retval;
if (VALUE_LVAL (arg1) != lval_memory)
error ("Attempt to take address of value not located in memory.");
retval = value_from_pointer (lookup_pointer_type (VALUE_TYPE (arg1)),
(VALUE_ADDRESS (arg1) + VALUE_OFFSET (arg1)));
VALUE_BFD_SECTION (retval) = VALUE_BFD_SECTION (arg1);
return retval;
}
/* Return a pointer value for the object for which ARG1 is the contents. */
struct value *
value_addr (struct value *arg1)
{
struct value *arg2;
struct type *type = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (arg1));
if (TYPE_CODE (type) == TYPE_CODE_REF)
{
/* Copy the value, but change the type from (T&) to (T*).
We keep the same location information, which is efficient,
and allows &(&X) to get the location containing the reference. */
arg2 = value_copy (arg1);
VALUE_TYPE (arg2) = lookup_pointer_type (TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (type));
return arg2;
}
if (TYPE_CODE (type) == TYPE_CODE_FUNC)
return value_coerce_function (arg1);
if (VALUE_LVAL (arg1) != lval_memory)
error ("Attempt to take address of value not located in memory.");
/* Get target memory address */
arg2 = value_from_pointer (lookup_pointer_type (VALUE_TYPE (arg1)),
(VALUE_ADDRESS (arg1)
+ VALUE_OFFSET (arg1)
+ VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (arg1)));
/* This may be a pointer to a base subobject; so remember the
full derived object's type ... */
arg2 = value_change_enclosing_type (arg2, lookup_pointer_type (VALUE_ENCLOSING_TYPE (arg1)));
/* ... and also the relative position of the subobject in the full object */
VALUE_POINTED_TO_OFFSET (arg2) = VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (arg1);
VALUE_BFD_SECTION (arg2) = VALUE_BFD_SECTION (arg1);
return arg2;
}
/* Given a value of a pointer type, apply the C unary * operator to it. */
struct value *
value_ind (struct value *arg1)
{
struct type *base_type;
struct value *arg2;
COERCE_ARRAY (arg1);
base_type = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (arg1));
if (TYPE_CODE (base_type) == TYPE_CODE_MEMBER)
error ("not implemented: member types in value_ind");
/* Allow * on an integer so we can cast it to whatever we want.
This returns an int, which seems like the most C-like thing
to do. "long long" variables are rare enough that
BUILTIN_TYPE_LONGEST would seem to be a mistake. */
if (TYPE_CODE (base_type) == TYPE_CODE_INT)
return value_at_lazy (builtin_type_int,
(CORE_ADDR) value_as_long (arg1),
VALUE_BFD_SECTION (arg1));
else if (TYPE_CODE (base_type) == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
{
struct type *enc_type;
/* We may be pointing to something embedded in a larger object */
/* Get the real type of the enclosing object */
enc_type = check_typedef (VALUE_ENCLOSING_TYPE (arg1));
enc_type = TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (enc_type);
/* Retrieve the enclosing object pointed to */
arg2 = value_at_lazy (enc_type,
value_as_address (arg1) - VALUE_POINTED_TO_OFFSET (arg1),
VALUE_BFD_SECTION (arg1));
/* Re-adjust type */
VALUE_TYPE (arg2) = TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (base_type);
/* Add embedding info */
arg2 = value_change_enclosing_type (arg2, enc_type);
VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (arg2) = VALUE_POINTED_TO_OFFSET (arg1);
/* We may be pointing to an object of some derived type */
arg2 = value_full_object (arg2, NULL, 0, 0, 0);
return arg2;
}
error ("Attempt to take contents of a non-pointer value.");
return 0; /* For lint -- never reached */
}
/* Pushing small parts of stack frames. */
/* Push one word (the size of object that a register holds). */
CORE_ADDR
push_word (CORE_ADDR sp, ULONGEST word)
{
int len = DEPRECATED_REGISTER_SIZE;
char buffer[MAX_REGISTER_SIZE];
store_unsigned_integer (buffer, len, word);
if (INNER_THAN (1, 2))
{
/* stack grows downward */
sp -= len;
write_memory (sp, buffer, len);
}
else
{
/* stack grows upward */
write_memory (sp, buffer, len);
sp += len;
}
return sp;
}
/* Push LEN bytes with data at BUFFER. */
CORE_ADDR
push_bytes (CORE_ADDR sp, char *buffer, int len)
{
if (INNER_THAN (1, 2))
{
/* stack grows downward */
sp -= len;
write_memory (sp, buffer, len);
}
else
{
/* stack grows upward */
write_memory (sp, buffer, len);
sp += len;
}
return sp;
}
/* Create a value for an array by allocating space in the inferior, copying
the data into that space, and then setting up an array value.
The array bounds are set from LOWBOUND and HIGHBOUND, and the array is
populated from the values passed in ELEMVEC.
The element type of the array is inherited from the type of the
first element, and all elements must have the same size (though we
don't currently enforce any restriction on their types). */
struct value *
value_array (int lowbound, int highbound, struct value **elemvec)
{
int nelem;
int idx;
unsigned int typelength;
struct value *val;
struct type *rangetype;
struct type *arraytype;
CORE_ADDR addr;
/* Validate that the bounds are reasonable and that each of the elements
have the same size. */
nelem = highbound - lowbound + 1;
if (nelem <= 0)
{
error ("bad array bounds (%d, %d)", lowbound, highbound);
}
typelength = TYPE_LENGTH (VALUE_ENCLOSING_TYPE (elemvec[0]));
for (idx = 1; idx < nelem; idx++)
{
if (TYPE_LENGTH (VALUE_ENCLOSING_TYPE (elemvec[idx])) != typelength)
{
error ("array elements must all be the same size");
}
}
rangetype = create_range_type ((struct type *) NULL, builtin_type_int,
lowbound, highbound);
arraytype = create_array_type ((struct type *) NULL,
VALUE_ENCLOSING_TYPE (elemvec[0]), rangetype);
if (!current_language->c_style_arrays)
{
val = allocate_value (arraytype);
for (idx = 0; idx < nelem; idx++)
{
memcpy (VALUE_CONTENTS_ALL_RAW (val) + (idx * typelength),
VALUE_CONTENTS_ALL (elemvec[idx]),
typelength);
}
VALUE_BFD_SECTION (val) = VALUE_BFD_SECTION (elemvec[0]);
return val;
}
/* Allocate space to store the array in the inferior, and then initialize
it by copying in each element. FIXME: Is it worth it to create a
local buffer in which to collect each value and then write all the
bytes in one operation? */
addr = allocate_space_in_inferior (nelem * typelength);
for (idx = 0; idx < nelem; idx++)
{
write_memory (addr + (idx * typelength), VALUE_CONTENTS_ALL (elemvec[idx]),
typelength);
}
/* Create the array type and set up an array value to be evaluated lazily. */
val = value_at_lazy (arraytype, addr, VALUE_BFD_SECTION (elemvec[0]));
return (val);
}
/* Create a value for a string constant by allocating space in the inferior,
copying the data into that space, and returning the address with type
TYPE_CODE_STRING. PTR points to the string constant data; LEN is number
of characters.
Note that string types are like array of char types with a lower bound of
zero and an upper bound of LEN - 1. Also note that the string may contain
embedded null bytes. */
struct value *
value_string (char *ptr, int len)
{
struct value *val;
int lowbound = current_language->string_lower_bound;
struct type *rangetype = create_range_type ((struct type *) NULL,
builtin_type_int,
lowbound, len + lowbound - 1);
struct type *stringtype
= create_string_type ((struct type *) NULL, rangetype);
CORE_ADDR addr;
if (current_language->c_style_arrays == 0)
{
val = allocate_value (stringtype);
memcpy (VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (val), ptr, len);
return val;
}
/* Allocate space to store the string in the inferior, and then
copy LEN bytes from PTR in gdb to that address in the inferior. */
addr = allocate_space_in_inferior (len);
write_memory (addr, ptr, len);
val = value_at_lazy (stringtype, addr, NULL);
return (val);
}
struct value *
value_bitstring (char *ptr, int len)
{
struct value *val;
struct type *domain_type = create_range_type (NULL, builtin_type_int,
0, len - 1);
struct type *type = create_set_type ((struct type *) NULL, domain_type);
TYPE_CODE (type) = TYPE_CODE_BITSTRING;
val = allocate_value (type);
memcpy (VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (val), ptr, TYPE_LENGTH (type));
return val;
}
/* See if we can pass arguments in T2 to a function which takes arguments
of types T1. T1 is a list of NARGS arguments, and T2 is a NULL-terminated
vector. If some arguments need coercion of some sort, then the coerced
values are written into T2. Return value is 0 if the arguments could be
matched, or the position at which they differ if not.
STATICP is nonzero if the T1 argument list came from a
static member function. T2 will still include the ``this'' pointer,
but it will be skipped.
For non-static member functions, we ignore the first argument,
which is the type of the instance variable. This is because we want
to handle calls with objects from derived classes. This is not
entirely correct: we should actually check to make sure that a
requested operation is type secure, shouldn't we? FIXME. */
static int
typecmp (int staticp, int varargs, int nargs,
struct field t1[], struct value *t2[])
{
int i;
if (t2 == 0)
internal_error (__FILE__, __LINE__, "typecmp: no argument list");
/* Skip ``this'' argument if applicable. T2 will always include THIS. */
if (staticp)
t2 ++;
for (i = 0;
(i < nargs) && TYPE_CODE (t1[i].type) != TYPE_CODE_VOID;
i++)
{
struct type *tt1, *tt2;
if (!t2[i])
return i + 1;
tt1 = check_typedef (t1[i].type);
tt2 = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (t2[i]));
if (TYPE_CODE (tt1) == TYPE_CODE_REF
/* We should be doing hairy argument matching, as below. */
&& (TYPE_CODE (check_typedef (TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (tt1))) == TYPE_CODE (tt2)))
{
if (TYPE_CODE (tt2) == TYPE_CODE_ARRAY)
t2[i] = value_coerce_array (t2[i]);
else
t2[i] = value_addr (t2[i]);
continue;
}
/* djb - 20000715 - Until the new type structure is in the
place, and we can attempt things like implicit conversions,
we need to do this so you can take something like a map<const
char *>, and properly access map["hello"], because the
argument to [] will be a reference to a pointer to a char,
and the argument will be a pointer to a char. */
while ( TYPE_CODE(tt1) == TYPE_CODE_REF ||
TYPE_CODE (tt1) == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
{
tt1 = check_typedef( TYPE_TARGET_TYPE(tt1) );
}
while ( TYPE_CODE(tt2) == TYPE_CODE_ARRAY ||
TYPE_CODE(tt2) == TYPE_CODE_PTR ||
TYPE_CODE(tt2) == TYPE_CODE_REF)
{
tt2 = check_typedef( TYPE_TARGET_TYPE(tt2) );
}
if (TYPE_CODE (tt1) == TYPE_CODE (tt2))
continue;
/* Array to pointer is a `trivial conversion' according to the ARM. */
/* We should be doing much hairier argument matching (see section 13.2
of the ARM), but as a quick kludge, just check for the same type
code. */
if (TYPE_CODE (t1[i].type) != TYPE_CODE (VALUE_TYPE (t2[i])))
return i + 1;
}
if (varargs || t2[i] == NULL)
return 0;
return i + 1;
}
/* Helper function used by value_struct_elt to recurse through baseclasses.
Look for a field NAME in ARG1. Adjust the address of ARG1 by OFFSET bytes,
and search in it assuming it has (class) type TYPE.
If found, return value, else return NULL.
If LOOKING_FOR_BASECLASS, then instead of looking for struct fields,
look for a baseclass named NAME. */
static struct value *
search_struct_field (char *name, struct value *arg1, int offset,
struct type *type, int looking_for_baseclass)
{
int i;
int nbases = TYPE_N_BASECLASSES (type);
CHECK_TYPEDEF (type);
if (!looking_for_baseclass)
for (i = TYPE_NFIELDS (type) - 1; i >= nbases; i--)
{
char *t_field_name = TYPE_FIELD_NAME (type, i);
if (t_field_name && (strcmp_iw (t_field_name, name) == 0))
{
struct value *v;
if (TYPE_FIELD_STATIC (type, i))
{
v = value_static_field (type, i);
if (v == 0)
error ("field %s is nonexistent or has been optimised out",
name);
}
else
{
v = value_primitive_field (arg1, offset, i, type);
if (v == 0)
error ("there is no field named %s", name);
}
return v;
}
if (t_field_name
&& (t_field_name[0] == '\0'
|| (TYPE_CODE (type) == TYPE_CODE_UNION
&& (strcmp_iw (t_field_name, "else") == 0))))
{
struct type *field_type = TYPE_FIELD_TYPE (type, i);
if (TYPE_CODE (field_type) == TYPE_CODE_UNION
|| TYPE_CODE (field_type) == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT)
{
/* Look for a match through the fields of an anonymous union,
or anonymous struct. C++ provides anonymous unions.
In the GNU Chill (now deleted from GDB)
implementation of variant record types, each
<alternative field> has an (anonymous) union type,
each member of the union represents a <variant
alternative>. Each <variant alternative> is
represented as a struct, with a member for each
<variant field>. */
struct value *v;
int new_offset = offset;
/* This is pretty gross. In G++, the offset in an
anonymous union is relative to the beginning of the
enclosing struct. In the GNU Chill (now deleted
from GDB) implementation of variant records, the
bitpos is zero in an anonymous union field, so we
have to add the offset of the union here. */
if (TYPE_CODE (field_type) == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
|| (TYPE_NFIELDS (field_type) > 0
&& TYPE_FIELD_BITPOS (field_type, 0) == 0))
new_offset += TYPE_FIELD_BITPOS (type, i) / 8;
v = search_struct_field (name, arg1, new_offset, field_type,
looking_for_baseclass);
if (v)
return v;
}
}
}
for (i = 0; i < nbases; i++)
{
struct value *v;
struct type *basetype = check_typedef (TYPE_BASECLASS (type, i));
/* If we are looking for baseclasses, this is what we get when we
hit them. But it could happen that the base part's member name
is not yet filled in. */
int found_baseclass = (looking_for_baseclass
&& TYPE_BASECLASS_NAME (type, i) != NULL
&& (strcmp_iw (name, TYPE_BASECLASS_NAME (type, i)) == 0));
if (BASETYPE_VIA_VIRTUAL (type, i))
{
int boffset;
struct value *v2 = allocate_value (basetype);
boffset = baseclass_offset (type, i,
VALUE_CONTENTS (arg1) + offset,
VALUE_ADDRESS (arg1)
+ VALUE_OFFSET (arg1) + offset);
if (boffset == -1)
error ("virtual baseclass botch");
/* The virtual base class pointer might have been clobbered by the
user program. Make sure that it still points to a valid memory
location. */
boffset += offset;
if (boffset < 0 || boffset >= TYPE_LENGTH (type))
{
CORE_ADDR base_addr;
base_addr = VALUE_ADDRESS (arg1) + VALUE_OFFSET (arg1) + boffset;
if (target_read_memory (base_addr, VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (v2),
TYPE_LENGTH (basetype)) != 0)
error ("virtual baseclass botch");
VALUE_LVAL (v2) = lval_memory;
VALUE_ADDRESS (v2) = base_addr;
}
else
{
VALUE_LVAL (v2) = VALUE_LVAL (arg1);
VALUE_ADDRESS (v2) = VALUE_ADDRESS (arg1);
VALUE_OFFSET (v2) = VALUE_OFFSET (arg1) + boffset;
if (VALUE_LAZY (arg1))
VALUE_LAZY (v2) = 1;
else
memcpy (VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (v2),
VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (arg1) + boffset,
TYPE_LENGTH (basetype));
}
if (found_baseclass)
return v2;
v = search_struct_field (name, v2, 0, TYPE_BASECLASS (type, i),
looking_for_baseclass);
}
else if (found_baseclass)
v = value_primitive_field (arg1, offset, i, type);
else
v = search_struct_field (name, arg1,
offset + TYPE_BASECLASS_BITPOS (type, i) / 8,
basetype, looking_for_baseclass);
if (v)
return v;
}
return NULL;
}
/* Return the offset (in bytes) of the virtual base of type BASETYPE
* in an object pointed to by VALADDR (on the host), assumed to be of
* type TYPE. OFFSET is number of bytes beyond start of ARG to start
* looking (in case VALADDR is the contents of an enclosing object).
*
* This routine recurses on the primary base of the derived class because
* the virtual base entries of the primary base appear before the other
* virtual base entries.
*
* If the virtual base is not found, a negative integer is returned.
* The magnitude of the negative integer is the number of entries in
* the virtual table to skip over (entries corresponding to various
* ancestral classes in the chain of primary bases).
*
* Important: This assumes the HP / Taligent C++ runtime
* conventions. Use baseclass_offset() instead to deal with g++
* conventions. */
void
find_rt_vbase_offset (struct type *type, struct type *basetype, char *valaddr,
int offset, int *boffset_p, int *skip_p)
{
int boffset; /* offset of virtual base */
int index; /* displacement to use in virtual table */
int skip;
struct value *vp;
CORE_ADDR vtbl; /* the virtual table pointer */
struct type *pbc; /* the primary base class */
/* Look for the virtual base recursively in the primary base, first.
* This is because the derived class object and its primary base
* subobject share the primary virtual table. */
boffset = 0;
pbc = TYPE_PRIMARY_BASE (type);
if (pbc)
{
find_rt_vbase_offset (pbc, basetype, valaddr, offset, &boffset, &skip);
if (skip < 0)
{
*boffset_p = boffset;
*skip_p = -1;
return;
}
}
else
skip = 0;
/* Find the index of the virtual base according to HP/Taligent
runtime spec. (Depth-first, left-to-right.) */
index = virtual_base_index_skip_primaries (basetype, type);
if (index < 0)
{
*skip_p = skip + virtual_base_list_length_skip_primaries (type);
*boffset_p = 0;
return;
}
/* pai: FIXME -- 32x64 possible problem */
/* First word (4 bytes) in object layout is the vtable pointer */
vtbl = *(CORE_ADDR *) (valaddr + offset);
/* Before the constructor is invoked, things are usually zero'd out. */
if (vtbl == 0)
error ("Couldn't find virtual table -- object may not be constructed yet.");
/* Find virtual base's offset -- jump over entries for primary base
* ancestors, then use the index computed above. But also adjust by
* HP_ACC_VBASE_START for the vtable slots before the start of the
* virtual base entries. Offset is negative -- virtual base entries
* appear _before_ the address point of the virtual table. */
/* pai: FIXME -- 32x64 problem, if word = 8 bytes, change multiplier
& use long type */
/* epstein : FIXME -- added param for overlay section. May not be correct */
vp = value_at (builtin_type_int, vtbl + 4 * (-skip - index - HP_ACC_VBASE_START), NULL);
boffset = value_as_long (vp);
*skip_p = -1;
*boffset_p = boffset;
return;
}
/* Helper function used by value_struct_elt to recurse through baseclasses.
Look for a field NAME in ARG1. Adjust the address of ARG1 by OFFSET bytes,
and search in it assuming it has (class) type TYPE.
If found, return value, else if name matched and args not return (value)-1,
else return NULL. */
static struct value *
search_struct_method (char *name, struct value **arg1p,
struct value **args, int offset,
int *static_memfuncp, struct type *type)
{
int i;
struct value *v;
int name_matched = 0;
char dem_opname[64];
CHECK_TYPEDEF (type);
for (i = TYPE_NFN_FIELDS (type) - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
char *t_field_name = TYPE_FN_FIELDLIST_NAME (type, i);
/* FIXME! May need to check for ARM demangling here */
if (strncmp (t_field_name, "__", 2) == 0 ||
strncmp (t_field_name, "op", 2) == 0 ||
strncmp (t_field_name, "type", 4) == 0)
{
if (cplus_demangle_opname (t_field_name, dem_opname, DMGL_ANSI))
t_field_name = dem_opname;
else if (cplus_demangle_opname (t_field_name, dem_opname, 0))
t_field_name = dem_opname;
}
if (t_field_name && (strcmp_iw (t_field_name, name) == 0))
{
int j = TYPE_FN_FIELDLIST_LENGTH (type, i) - 1;
struct fn_field *f = TYPE_FN_FIELDLIST1 (type, i);
name_matched = 1;
check_stub_method_group (type, i);
if (j > 0 && args == 0)
error ("cannot resolve overloaded method `%s': no arguments supplied", name);
else if (j == 0 && args == 0)
{
v = value_fn_field (arg1p, f, j, type, offset);
if (v != NULL)
return v;
}
else
while (j >= 0)
{
if (!typecmp (TYPE_FN_FIELD_STATIC_P (f, j),
TYPE_VARARGS (TYPE_FN_FIELD_TYPE (f, j)),
TYPE_NFIELDS (TYPE_FN_FIELD_TYPE (f, j)),
TYPE_FN_FIELD_ARGS (f, j), args))
{
if (TYPE_FN_FIELD_VIRTUAL_P (f, j))
return value_virtual_fn_field (arg1p, f, j, type, offset);
if (TYPE_FN_FIELD_STATIC_P (f, j) && static_memfuncp)
*static_memfuncp = 1;
v = value_fn_field (arg1p, f, j, type, offset);
if (v != NULL)
return v;
}
j--;
}
}
}
for (i = TYPE_N_BASECLASSES (type) - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
int base_offset;
if (BASETYPE_VIA_VIRTUAL (type, i))
{
if (TYPE_HAS_VTABLE (type))
{
/* HP aCC compiled type, search for virtual base offset
according to HP/Taligent runtime spec. */
int skip;
find_rt_vbase_offset (type, TYPE_BASECLASS (type, i),
VALUE_CONTENTS_ALL (*arg1p),
offset + VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (*arg1p),
&base_offset, &skip);
if (skip >= 0)
error ("Virtual base class offset not found in vtable");
}
else
{
struct type *baseclass = check_typedef (TYPE_BASECLASS (type, i));
char *base_valaddr;
/* The virtual base class pointer might have been clobbered by the
user program. Make sure that it still points to a valid memory
location. */
if (offset < 0 || offset >= TYPE_LENGTH (type))
{
base_valaddr = (char *) alloca (TYPE_LENGTH (baseclass));
if (target_read_memory (VALUE_ADDRESS (*arg1p)
+ VALUE_OFFSET (*arg1p) + offset,
base_valaddr,
TYPE_LENGTH (baseclass)) != 0)
error ("virtual baseclass botch");
}
else
base_valaddr = VALUE_CONTENTS (*arg1p) + offset;
base_offset =
baseclass_offset (type, i, base_valaddr,
VALUE_ADDRESS (*arg1p)
+ VALUE_OFFSET (*arg1p) + offset);
if (base_offset == -1)
error ("virtual baseclass botch");
}
}
else
{
base_offset = TYPE_BASECLASS_BITPOS (type, i) / 8;
}
v = search_struct_method (name, arg1p, args, base_offset + offset,
static_memfuncp, TYPE_BASECLASS (type, i));
if (v == (struct value *) - 1)
{
name_matched = 1;
}
else if (v)
{
/* FIXME-bothner: Why is this commented out? Why is it here? */
/* *arg1p = arg1_tmp; */
return v;
}
}
if (name_matched)
return (struct value *) - 1;
else
return NULL;
}
/* Given *ARGP, a value of type (pointer to a)* structure/union,
extract the component named NAME from the ultimate target structure/union
and return it as a value with its appropriate type.
ERR is used in the error message if *ARGP's type is wrong.
C++: ARGS is a list of argument types to aid in the selection of
an appropriate method. Also, handle derived types.
STATIC_MEMFUNCP, if non-NULL, points to a caller-supplied location
where the truthvalue of whether the function that was resolved was
a static member function or not is stored.
ERR is an error message to be printed in case the field is not found. */
struct value *
value_struct_elt (struct value **argp, struct value **args,
char *name, int *static_memfuncp, char *err)
{
struct type *t;
struct value *v;
COERCE_ARRAY (*argp);
t = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (*argp));
/* Follow pointers until we get to a non-pointer. */
while (TYPE_CODE (t) == TYPE_CODE_PTR || TYPE_CODE (t) == TYPE_CODE_REF)
{
*argp = value_ind (*argp);
/* Don't coerce fn pointer to fn and then back again! */
if (TYPE_CODE (VALUE_TYPE (*argp)) != TYPE_CODE_FUNC)
COERCE_ARRAY (*argp);
t = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (*argp));
}
if (TYPE_CODE (t) == TYPE_CODE_MEMBER)
error ("not implemented: member type in value_struct_elt");
if (TYPE_CODE (t) != TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
&& TYPE_CODE (t) != TYPE_CODE_UNION)
error ("Attempt to extract a component of a value that is not a %s.", err);
/* Assume it's not, unless we see that it is. */
if (static_memfuncp)
*static_memfuncp = 0;
if (!args)
{
/* if there are no arguments ...do this... */
/* Try as a field first, because if we succeed, there
is less work to be done. */
v = search_struct_field (name, *argp, 0, t, 0);
if (v)
return v;
/* C++: If it was not found as a data field, then try to
return it as a pointer to a method. */
if (destructor_name_p (name, t))
error ("Cannot get value of destructor");
v = search_struct_method (name, argp, args, 0, static_memfuncp, t);
if (v == (struct value *) - 1)
error ("Cannot take address of a method");
else if (v == 0)
{
if (TYPE_NFN_FIELDS (t))
error ("There is no member or method named %s.", name);
else
error ("There is no member named %s.", name);
}
return v;
}
if (destructor_name_p (name, t))
{
if (!args[1])
{
/* Destructors are a special case. */
int m_index, f_index;
v = NULL;
if (get_destructor_fn_field (t, &m_index, &f_index))
{
v = value_fn_field (NULL, TYPE_FN_FIELDLIST1 (t, m_index),
f_index, NULL, 0);
}
if (v == NULL)
error ("could not find destructor function named %s.", name);
else
return v;
}
else
{
error ("destructor should not have any argument");
}
}
else
v = search_struct_method (name, argp, args, 0, static_memfuncp, t);
if (v == (struct value *) - 1)
{
error ("One of the arguments you tried to pass to %s could not be converted to what the function wants.", name);
}
else if (v == 0)
{
/* See if user tried to invoke data as function. If so,
hand it back. If it's not callable (i.e., a pointer to function),
gdb should give an error. */
v = search_struct_field (name, *argp, 0, t, 0);
}
if (!v)
error ("Structure has no component named %s.", name);
return v;
}
/* Search through the methods of an object (and its bases)
* to find a specified method. Return the pointer to the
* fn_field list of overloaded instances.
* Helper function for value_find_oload_list.
* ARGP is a pointer to a pointer to a value (the object)
* METHOD is a string containing the method name
* OFFSET is the offset within the value
* TYPE is the assumed type of the object
* NUM_FNS is the number of overloaded instances
* BASETYPE is set to the actual type of the subobject where the method is found
* BOFFSET is the offset of the base subobject where the method is found */
static struct fn_field *
find_method_list (struct value **argp, char *method, int offset,
struct type *type, int *num_fns,
struct type **basetype, int *boffset)
{
int i;
struct fn_field *f;
CHECK_TYPEDEF (type);
*num_fns = 0;
/* First check in object itself */
for (i = TYPE_NFN_FIELDS (type) - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
/* pai: FIXME What about operators and type conversions? */
char *fn_field_name = TYPE_FN_FIELDLIST_NAME (type, i);
if (fn_field_name && (strcmp_iw (fn_field_name, method) == 0))
{
int len = TYPE_FN_FIELDLIST_LENGTH (type, i);
struct fn_field *f = TYPE_FN_FIELDLIST1 (type, i);
*num_fns = len;
*basetype = type;
*boffset = offset;
/* Resolve any stub methods. */
check_stub_method_group (type, i);
return f;
}
}
/* Not found in object, check in base subobjects */
for (i = TYPE_N_BASECLASSES (type) - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
int base_offset;
if (BASETYPE_VIA_VIRTUAL (type, i))
{
if (TYPE_HAS_VTABLE (type))
{
/* HP aCC compiled type, search for virtual base offset
* according to HP/Taligent runtime spec. */
int skip;
find_rt_vbase_offset (type, TYPE_BASECLASS (type, i),
VALUE_CONTENTS_ALL (*argp),
offset + VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (*argp),
&base_offset, &skip);
if (skip >= 0)
error ("Virtual base class offset not found in vtable");
}
else
{
/* probably g++ runtime model */
base_offset = VALUE_OFFSET (*argp) + offset;
base_offset =
baseclass_offset (type, i,
VALUE_CONTENTS (*argp) + base_offset,
VALUE_ADDRESS (*argp) + base_offset);
if (base_offset == -1)
error ("virtual baseclass botch");
}
}
else
/* non-virtual base, simply use bit position from debug info */
{
base_offset = TYPE_BASECLASS_BITPOS (type, i) / 8;
}
f = find_method_list (argp, method, base_offset + offset,
TYPE_BASECLASS (type, i), num_fns, basetype,
boffset);
if (f)
return f;
}
return NULL;
}
/* Return the list of overloaded methods of a specified name.
* ARGP is a pointer to a pointer to a value (the object)
* METHOD is the method name
* OFFSET is the offset within the value contents
* NUM_FNS is the number of overloaded instances
* BASETYPE is set to the type of the base subobject that defines the method
* BOFFSET is the offset of the base subobject which defines the method */
struct fn_field *
value_find_oload_method_list (struct value **argp, char *method, int offset,
int *num_fns, struct type **basetype,
int *boffset)
{
struct type *t;
t = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (*argp));
/* code snarfed from value_struct_elt */
while (TYPE_CODE (t) == TYPE_CODE_PTR || TYPE_CODE (t) == TYPE_CODE_REF)
{
*argp = value_ind (*argp);
/* Don't coerce fn pointer to fn and then back again! */
if (TYPE_CODE (VALUE_TYPE (*argp)) != TYPE_CODE_FUNC)
COERCE_ARRAY (*argp);
t = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (*argp));
}
if (TYPE_CODE (t) == TYPE_CODE_MEMBER)
error ("Not implemented: member type in value_find_oload_lis");
if (TYPE_CODE (t) != TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
&& TYPE_CODE (t) != TYPE_CODE_UNION)
error ("Attempt to extract a component of a value that is not a struct or union");
return find_method_list (argp, method, 0, t, num_fns, basetype, boffset);
}
/* Given an array of argument types (ARGTYPES) (which includes an
entry for "this" in the case of C++ methods), the number of
arguments NARGS, the NAME of a function whether it's a method or
not (METHOD), and the degree of laxness (LAX) in conforming to
overload resolution rules in ANSI C++, find the best function that
matches on the argument types according to the overload resolution
rules.
In the case of class methods, the parameter OBJ is an object value
in which to search for overloaded methods.
In the case of non-method functions, the parameter FSYM is a symbol
corresponding to one of the overloaded functions.
Return value is an integer: 0 -> good match, 10 -> debugger applied
non-standard coercions, 100 -> incompatible.
If a method is being searched for, VALP will hold the value.
If a non-method is being searched for, SYMP will hold the symbol for it.
If a method is being searched for, and it is a static method,
then STATICP will point to a non-zero value.
Note: This function does *not* check the value of
overload_resolution. Caller must check it to see whether overload
resolution is permitted.
*/
int
find_overload_match (struct type **arg_types, int nargs, char *name, int method,
int lax, struct value **objp, struct symbol *fsym,
struct value **valp, struct symbol **symp, int *staticp)
{
struct value *obj = (objp ? *objp : NULL);
int oload_champ; /* Index of best overloaded function */
struct badness_vector *oload_champ_bv = NULL; /* The measure for the current best match */
struct value *temp = obj;
struct fn_field *fns_ptr = NULL; /* For methods, the list of overloaded methods */
struct symbol **oload_syms = NULL; /* For non-methods, the list of overloaded function symbols */
int num_fns = 0; /* Number of overloaded instances being considered */
struct type *basetype = NULL;
int boffset;
int ix;
int static_offset;
struct cleanup *old_cleanups = NULL;
const char *obj_type_name = NULL;
char *func_name = NULL;
enum oload_classification match_quality;
/* Get the list of overloaded methods or functions */
if (method)
{
obj_type_name = TYPE_NAME (VALUE_TYPE (obj));
/* Hack: evaluate_subexp_standard often passes in a pointer
value rather than the object itself, so try again */
if ((!obj_type_name || !*obj_type_name) &&
(TYPE_CODE (VALUE_TYPE (obj)) == TYPE_CODE_PTR))
obj_type_name = TYPE_NAME (TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (VALUE_TYPE (obj)));
fns_ptr = value_find_oload_method_list (&temp, name, 0,
&num_fns,
&basetype, &boffset);
if (!fns_ptr || !num_fns)
error ("Couldn't find method %s%s%s",
obj_type_name,
(obj_type_name && *obj_type_name) ? "::" : "",
name);
/* If we are dealing with stub method types, they should have
been resolved by find_method_list via value_find_oload_method_list
above. */
gdb_assert (TYPE_DOMAIN_TYPE (fns_ptr[0].type) != NULL);
oload_champ = find_oload_champ (arg_types, nargs, method, num_fns,
fns_ptr, oload_syms, &oload_champ_bv);
}
else
{
const char *qualified_name = SYMBOL_CPLUS_DEMANGLED_NAME (fsym);
func_name = cp_func_name (qualified_name);
/* If the name is NULL this must be a C-style function.
Just return the same symbol. */
if (func_name == NULL)
{
*symp = fsym;
return 0;
}
old_cleanups = make_cleanup (xfree, func_name);
make_cleanup (xfree, oload_syms);
make_cleanup (xfree, oload_champ_bv);
oload_champ = find_oload_champ_namespace (arg_types, nargs,
func_name,
qualified_name,
&oload_syms,
&oload_champ_bv);
}
/* Check how bad the best match is. */
match_quality
= classify_oload_match (oload_champ_bv, nargs,
oload_method_static (method, fns_ptr,
oload_champ));
if (match_quality == INCOMPATIBLE)
{
if (method)
error ("Cannot resolve method %s%s%s to any overloaded instance",
obj_type_name,
(obj_type_name && *obj_type_name) ? "::" : "",
name);
else
error ("Cannot resolve function %s to any overloaded instance",
func_name);
}
else if (match_quality == NON_STANDARD)
{
if (method)
warning ("Using non-standard conversion to match method %s%s%s to supplied arguments",
obj_type_name,
(obj_type_name && *obj_type_name) ? "::" : "",
name);
else
warning ("Using non-standard conversion to match function %s to supplied arguments",
func_name);
}
if (method)
{
if (staticp != NULL)
*staticp = oload_method_static (method, fns_ptr, oload_champ);
if (TYPE_FN_FIELD_VIRTUAL_P (fns_ptr, oload_champ))
*valp = value_virtual_fn_field (&temp, fns_ptr, oload_champ, basetype, boffset);
else
*valp = value_fn_field (&temp, fns_ptr, oload_champ, basetype, boffset);
}
else
{
*symp = oload_syms[oload_champ];
}
if (objp)
{
if (TYPE_CODE (VALUE_TYPE (temp)) != TYPE_CODE_PTR
&& TYPE_CODE (VALUE_TYPE (*objp)) == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
{
temp = value_addr (temp);
}
*objp = temp;
}
if (old_cleanups != NULL)
do_cleanups (old_cleanups);
switch (match_quality)
{
case INCOMPATIBLE:
return 100;
case NON_STANDARD:
return 10;
default: /* STANDARD */
return 0;
}
}
/* Find the best overload match, searching for FUNC_NAME in namespaces
contained in QUALIFIED_NAME until it either finds a good match or
runs out of namespaces. It stores the overloaded functions in
*OLOAD_SYMS, and the badness vector in *OLOAD_CHAMP_BV. The
calling function is responsible for freeing *OLOAD_SYMS and
*OLOAD_CHAMP_BV. */
static int
find_oload_champ_namespace (struct type **arg_types, int nargs,
const char *func_name,
const char *qualified_name,
struct symbol ***oload_syms,
struct badness_vector **oload_champ_bv)
{
int oload_champ;
find_oload_champ_namespace_loop (arg_types, nargs,
func_name,
qualified_name, 0,
oload_syms, oload_champ_bv,
&oload_champ);
return oload_champ;
}
/* Helper function for find_oload_champ_namespace; NAMESPACE_LEN is
how deep we've looked for namespaces, and the champ is stored in
OLOAD_CHAMP. The return value is 1 if the champ is a good one, 0
if it isn't.
It is the caller's responsibility to free *OLOAD_SYMS and
*OLOAD_CHAMP_BV. */
static int
find_oload_champ_namespace_loop (struct type **arg_types, int nargs,
const char *func_name,
const char *qualified_name,
int namespace_len,
struct symbol ***oload_syms,
struct badness_vector **oload_champ_bv,
int *oload_champ)
{
int next_namespace_len = namespace_len;
int searched_deeper = 0;
int num_fns = 0;
struct cleanup *old_cleanups;
int new_oload_champ;
struct symbol **new_oload_syms;
struct badness_vector *new_oload_champ_bv;
char *new_namespace;
if (next_namespace_len != 0)
{
gdb_assert (qualified_name[next_namespace_len] == ':');
next_namespace_len += 2;
}
next_namespace_len
+= cp_find_first_component (qualified_name + next_namespace_len);
/* Initialize these to values that can safely be xfree'd. */
*oload_syms = NULL;
*oload_champ_bv = NULL;
/* First, see if we have a deeper namespace we can search in. If we
get a good match there, use it. */
if (qualified_name[next_namespace_len] == ':')
{
searched_deeper = 1;
if (find_oload_champ_namespace_loop (arg_types, nargs,
func_name, qualified_name,
next_namespace_len,
oload_syms, oload_champ_bv,
oload_champ))
{
return 1;
}
};
/* If we reach here, either we're in the deepest namespace or we
didn't find a good match in a deeper namespace. But, in the
latter case, we still have a bad match in a deeper namespace;
note that we might not find any match at all in the current
namespace. (There's always a match in the deepest namespace,
because this overload mechanism only gets called if there's a
function symbol to start off with.) */
old_cleanups = make_cleanup (xfree, *oload_syms);
old_cleanups = make_cleanup (xfree, *oload_champ_bv);
new_namespace = alloca (namespace_len + 1);
strncpy (new_namespace, qualified_name, namespace_len);
new_namespace[namespace_len] = '\0';
new_oload_syms = make_symbol_overload_list (func_name,
new_namespace);
while (new_oload_syms[num_fns])
++num_fns;
new_oload_champ = find_oload_champ (arg_types, nargs, 0, num_fns,
NULL, new_oload_syms,
&new_oload_champ_bv);
/* Case 1: We found a good match. Free earlier matches (if any),
and return it. Case 2: We didn't find a good match, but we're
not the deepest function. Then go with the bad match that the
deeper function found. Case 3: We found a bad match, and we're
the deepest function. Then return what we found, even though
it's a bad match. */
if (new_oload_champ != -1
&& classify_oload_match (new_oload_champ_bv, nargs, 0) == STANDARD)
{
*oload_syms = new_oload_syms;
*oload_champ = new_oload_champ;
*oload_champ_bv = new_oload_champ_bv;
do_cleanups (old_cleanups);
return 1;
}
else if (searched_deeper)
{
xfree (new_oload_syms);
xfree (new_oload_champ_bv);
discard_cleanups (old_cleanups);
return 0;
}
else
{
gdb_assert (new_oload_champ != -1);
*oload_syms = new_oload_syms;
*oload_champ = new_oload_champ;
*oload_champ_bv = new_oload_champ_bv;
discard_cleanups (old_cleanups);
return 0;
}
}
/* Look for a function to take NARGS args of types ARG_TYPES. Find
the best match from among the overloaded methods or functions
(depending on METHOD) given by FNS_PTR or OLOAD_SYMS, respectively.
The number of methods/functions in the list is given by NUM_FNS.
Return the index of the best match; store an indication of the
quality of the match in OLOAD_CHAMP_BV.
It is the caller's responsibility to free *OLOAD_CHAMP_BV. */
static int
find_oload_champ (struct type **arg_types, int nargs, int method,
int num_fns, struct fn_field *fns_ptr,
struct symbol **oload_syms,
struct badness_vector **oload_champ_bv)
{
int ix;
struct badness_vector *bv; /* A measure of how good an overloaded instance is */
int oload_champ = -1; /* Index of best overloaded function */
int oload_ambiguous = 0; /* Current ambiguity state for overload resolution */
/* 0 => no ambiguity, 1 => two good funcs, 2 => incomparable funcs */
*oload_champ_bv = NULL;
/* Consider each candidate in turn */
for (ix = 0; ix < num_fns; ix++)
{
int jj;
int static_offset = oload_method_static (method, fns_ptr, ix);
int nparms;
struct type **parm_types;
if (method)
{
nparms = TYPE_NFIELDS (TYPE_FN_FIELD_TYPE (fns_ptr, ix));
}
else
{
/* If it's not a method, this is the proper place */
nparms=TYPE_NFIELDS(SYMBOL_TYPE(oload_syms[ix]));
}
/* Prepare array of parameter types */
parm_types = (struct type **) xmalloc (nparms * (sizeof (struct type *)));
for (jj = 0; jj < nparms; jj++)
parm_types[jj] = (method
? (TYPE_FN_FIELD_ARGS (fns_ptr, ix)[jj].type)
: TYPE_FIELD_TYPE (SYMBOL_TYPE (oload_syms[ix]), jj));
/* Compare parameter types to supplied argument types. Skip THIS for
static methods. */
bv = rank_function (parm_types, nparms, arg_types + static_offset,
nargs - static_offset);
if (!*oload_champ_bv)
{
*oload_champ_bv = bv;
oload_champ = 0;
}
else
/* See whether current candidate is better or worse than previous best */
switch (compare_badness (bv, *oload_champ_bv))
{
case 0:
oload_ambiguous = 1; /* top two contenders are equally good */
break;
case 1:
oload_ambiguous = 2; /* incomparable top contenders */
break;
case 2:
*oload_champ_bv = bv; /* new champion, record details */
oload_ambiguous = 0;
oload_champ = ix;
break;
case 3:
default:
break;
}
xfree (parm_types);
if (overload_debug)
{
if (method)
fprintf_filtered (gdb_stderr,"Overloaded method instance %s, # of parms %d\n", fns_ptr[ix].physname, nparms);
else
fprintf_filtered (gdb_stderr,"Overloaded function instance %s # of parms %d\n", SYMBOL_DEMANGLED_NAME (oload_syms[ix]), nparms);
for (jj = 0; jj < nargs - static_offset; jj++)
fprintf_filtered (gdb_stderr,"...Badness @ %d : %d\n", jj, bv->rank[jj]);
fprintf_filtered (gdb_stderr,"Overload resolution champion is %d, ambiguous? %d\n", oload_champ, oload_ambiguous);
}
}
return oload_champ;
}
/* Return 1 if we're looking at a static method, 0 if we're looking at
a non-static method or a function that isn't a method. */
static int
oload_method_static (int method, struct fn_field *fns_ptr, int index)
{
if (method && TYPE_FN_FIELD_STATIC_P (fns_ptr, index))
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
/* Check how good an overload match OLOAD_CHAMP_BV represents. */
static enum oload_classification
classify_oload_match (struct badness_vector *oload_champ_bv,
int nargs,
int static_offset)
{
int ix;
for (ix = 1; ix <= nargs - static_offset; ix++)
{
if (oload_champ_bv->rank[ix] >= 100)
return INCOMPATIBLE; /* truly mismatched types */
else if (oload_champ_bv->rank[ix] >= 10)
return NON_STANDARD; /* non-standard type conversions needed */
}
return STANDARD; /* Only standard conversions needed. */
}
/* C++: return 1 is NAME is a legitimate name for the destructor
of type TYPE. If TYPE does not have a destructor, or
if NAME is inappropriate for TYPE, an error is signaled. */
int
destructor_name_p (const char *name, const struct type *type)
{
/* destructors are a special case. */
if (name[0] == '~')
{
char *dname = type_name_no_tag (type);
char *cp = strchr (dname, '<');
unsigned int len;
/* Do not compare the template part for template classes. */
if (cp == NULL)
len = strlen (dname);
else
len = cp - dname;
if (strlen (name + 1) != len || strncmp (dname, name + 1, len) != 0)
error ("name of destructor must equal name of class");
else
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
/* Helper function for check_field: Given TYPE, a structure/union,
return 1 if the component named NAME from the ultimate
target structure/union is defined, otherwise, return 0. */
static int
check_field_in (struct type *type, const char *name)
{
int i;
for (i = TYPE_NFIELDS (type) - 1; i >= TYPE_N_BASECLASSES (type); i--)
{
char *t_field_name = TYPE_FIELD_NAME (type, i);
if (t_field_name && (strcmp_iw (t_field_name, name) == 0))
return 1;
}
/* C++: If it was not found as a data field, then try to
return it as a pointer to a method. */
/* Destructors are a special case. */
if (destructor_name_p (name, type))
{
int m_index, f_index;
return get_destructor_fn_field (type, &m_index, &f_index);
}
for (i = TYPE_NFN_FIELDS (type) - 1; i >= 0; --i)
{
if (strcmp_iw (TYPE_FN_FIELDLIST_NAME (type, i), name) == 0)
return 1;
}
for (i = TYPE_N_BASECLASSES (type) - 1; i >= 0; i--)
if (check_field_in (TYPE_BASECLASS (type, i), name))
return 1;
return 0;
}
/* C++: Given ARG1, a value of type (pointer to a)* structure/union,
return 1 if the component named NAME from the ultimate
target structure/union is defined, otherwise, return 0. */
int
check_field (struct value *arg1, const char *name)
{
struct type *t;
COERCE_ARRAY (arg1);
t = VALUE_TYPE (arg1);
/* Follow pointers until we get to a non-pointer. */
for (;;)
{
CHECK_TYPEDEF (t);
if (TYPE_CODE (t) != TYPE_CODE_PTR && TYPE_CODE (t) != TYPE_CODE_REF)
break;
t = TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (t);
}
if (TYPE_CODE (t) == TYPE_CODE_MEMBER)
error ("not implemented: member type in check_field");
if (TYPE_CODE (t) != TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
&& TYPE_CODE (t) != TYPE_CODE_UNION)
error ("Internal error: `this' is not an aggregate");
return check_field_in (t, name);
}
/* C++: Given an aggregate type CURTYPE, and a member name NAME,
return the appropriate member. This function is used to resolve
user expressions of the form "DOMAIN::NAME". For more details on
what happens, see the comment before
value_struct_elt_for_reference. */
struct value *
value_aggregate_elt (struct type *curtype,
char *name,
enum noside noside)
{
switch (TYPE_CODE (curtype))
{
case TYPE_CODE_STRUCT:
case TYPE_CODE_UNION:
return value_struct_elt_for_reference (curtype, 0, curtype, name, NULL,
noside);
case TYPE_CODE_NAMESPACE:
return value_namespace_elt (curtype, name, noside);
default:
internal_error (__FILE__, __LINE__,
"non-aggregate type in value_aggregate_elt");
}
}
/* C++: Given an aggregate type CURTYPE, and a member name NAME,
return the address of this member as a "pointer to member"
type. If INTYPE is non-null, then it will be the type
of the member we are looking for. This will help us resolve
"pointers to member functions". This function is used
to resolve user expressions of the form "DOMAIN::NAME". */
static struct value *
value_struct_elt_for_reference (struct type *domain, int offset,
struct type *curtype, char *name,
struct type *intype,
enum noside noside)
{
struct type *t = curtype;
int i;
struct value *v;
if (TYPE_CODE (t) != TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
&& TYPE_CODE (t) != TYPE_CODE_UNION)
error ("Internal error: non-aggregate type to value_struct_elt_for_reference");
for (i = TYPE_NFIELDS (t) - 1; i >= TYPE_N_BASECLASSES (t); i--)
{
char *t_field_name = TYPE_FIELD_NAME (t, i);
if (t_field_name && strcmp (t_field_name, name) == 0)
{
if (TYPE_FIELD_STATIC (t, i))
{
v = value_static_field (t, i);
if (v == NULL)
error ("static field %s has been optimized out",
name);
return v;
}
if (TYPE_FIELD_PACKED (t, i))
error ("pointers to bitfield members not allowed");
return value_from_longest
(lookup_reference_type (lookup_member_type (TYPE_FIELD_TYPE (t, i),
domain)),
offset + (LONGEST) (TYPE_FIELD_BITPOS (t, i) >> 3));
}
}
/* C++: If it was not found as a data field, then try to
return it as a pointer to a method. */
/* Destructors are a special case. */
if (destructor_name_p (name, t))
{
error ("member pointers to destructors not implemented yet");
}
/* Perform all necessary dereferencing. */
while (intype && TYPE_CODE (intype) == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
intype = TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (intype);
for (i = TYPE_NFN_FIELDS (t) - 1; i >= 0; --i)
{
char *t_field_name = TYPE_FN_FIELDLIST_NAME (t, i);
char dem_opname[64];
if (strncmp (t_field_name, "__", 2) == 0 ||
strncmp (t_field_name, "op", 2) == 0 ||
strncmp (t_field_name, "type", 4) == 0)
{
if (cplus_demangle_opname (t_field_name, dem_opname, DMGL_ANSI))
t_field_name = dem_opname;
else if (cplus_demangle_opname (t_field_name, dem_opname, 0))
t_field_name = dem_opname;
}
if (t_field_name && strcmp (t_field_name, name) == 0)
{
int j = TYPE_FN_FIELDLIST_LENGTH (t, i);
struct fn_field *f = TYPE_FN_FIELDLIST1 (t, i);
check_stub_method_group (t, i);
if (intype == 0 && j > 1)
error ("non-unique member `%s' requires type instantiation", name);
if (intype)
{
while (j--)
if (TYPE_FN_FIELD_TYPE (f, j) == intype)
break;
if (j < 0)
error ("no member function matches that type instantiation");
}
else
j = 0;
if (TYPE_FN_FIELD_VIRTUAL_P (f, j))
{
return value_from_longest
(lookup_reference_type
(lookup_member_type (TYPE_FN_FIELD_TYPE (f, j),
domain)),
(LONGEST) METHOD_PTR_FROM_VOFFSET (TYPE_FN_FIELD_VOFFSET (f, j)));
}
else
{
struct symbol *s = lookup_symbol (TYPE_FN_FIELD_PHYSNAME (f, j),
0, VAR_DOMAIN, 0, NULL);
if (s == NULL)
{
v = 0;
}
else
{
v = read_var_value (s, 0);
#if 0
VALUE_TYPE (v) = lookup_reference_type
(lookup_member_type (TYPE_FN_FIELD_TYPE (f, j),
domain));
#endif
}
return v;
}
}
}
for (i = TYPE_N_BASECLASSES (t) - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
struct value *v;
int base_offset;
if (BASETYPE_VIA_VIRTUAL (t, i))
base_offset = 0;
else
base_offset = TYPE_BASECLASS_BITPOS (t, i) / 8;
v = value_struct_elt_for_reference (domain,
offset + base_offset,
TYPE_BASECLASS (t, i),
name,
intype,
noside);
if (v)
return v;
}
/* As a last chance, pretend that CURTYPE is a namespace, and look
it up that way; this (frequently) works for types nested inside
classes. */
return value_maybe_namespace_elt (curtype, name, noside);
}
/* C++: Return the member NAME of the namespace given by the type
CURTYPE. */
static struct value *
value_namespace_elt (const struct type *curtype,
char *name,
enum noside noside)
{
struct value *retval = value_maybe_namespace_elt (curtype, name,
noside);
if (retval == NULL)
error ("No symbol \"%s\" in namespace \"%s\".", name,
TYPE_TAG_NAME (curtype));
return retval;
}
/* A helper function used by value_namespace_elt and
value_struct_elt_for_reference. It looks up NAME inside the
context CURTYPE; this works if CURTYPE is a namespace or if CURTYPE
is a class and NAME refers to a type in CURTYPE itself (as opposed
to, say, some base class of CURTYPE). */
static struct value *
value_maybe_namespace_elt (const struct type *curtype,
char *name,
enum noside noside)
{
const char *namespace_name = TYPE_TAG_NAME (curtype);
struct symbol *sym;
sym = cp_lookup_symbol_namespace (namespace_name, name, NULL,
get_selected_block (0), VAR_DOMAIN,
NULL);
if (sym == NULL)
return NULL;
else if ((noside == EVAL_AVOID_SIDE_EFFECTS)
&& (SYMBOL_CLASS (sym) == LOC_TYPEDEF))
return allocate_value (SYMBOL_TYPE (sym));
else
return value_of_variable (sym, get_selected_block (0));
}
/* Given a pointer value V, find the real (RTTI) type
of the object it points to.
Other parameters FULL, TOP, USING_ENC as with value_rtti_type()
and refer to the values computed for the object pointed to. */
struct type *
value_rtti_target_type (struct value *v, int *full, int *top, int *using_enc)
{
struct value *target;
target = value_ind (v);
return value_rtti_type (target, full, top, using_enc);
}
/* Given a value pointed to by ARGP, check its real run-time type, and
if that is different from the enclosing type, create a new value
using the real run-time type as the enclosing type (and of the same
type as ARGP) and return it, with the embedded offset adjusted to
be the correct offset to the enclosed object
RTYPE is the type, and XFULL, XTOP, and XUSING_ENC are the other
parameters, computed by value_rtti_type(). If these are available,
they can be supplied and a second call to value_rtti_type() is avoided.
(Pass RTYPE == NULL if they're not available */
struct value *
value_full_object (struct value *argp, struct type *rtype, int xfull, int xtop,
int xusing_enc)
{
struct type *real_type;
int full = 0;
int top = -1;
int using_enc = 0;
struct value *new_val;
if (rtype)
{
real_type = rtype;
full = xfull;
top = xtop;
using_enc = xusing_enc;
}
else
real_type = value_rtti_type (argp, &full, &top, &using_enc);
/* If no RTTI data, or if object is already complete, do nothing */
if (!real_type || real_type == VALUE_ENCLOSING_TYPE (argp))
return argp;
/* If we have the full object, but for some reason the enclosing
type is wrong, set it *//* pai: FIXME -- sounds iffy */
if (full)
{
argp = value_change_enclosing_type (argp, real_type);
return argp;
}
/* Check if object is in memory */
if (VALUE_LVAL (argp) != lval_memory)
{
warning ("Couldn't retrieve complete object of RTTI type %s; object may be in register(s).", TYPE_NAME (real_type));
return argp;
}
/* All other cases -- retrieve the complete object */
/* Go back by the computed top_offset from the beginning of the object,
adjusting for the embedded offset of argp if that's what value_rtti_type
used for its computation. */
new_val = value_at_lazy (real_type, VALUE_ADDRESS (argp) - top +
(using_enc ? 0 : VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (argp)),
VALUE_BFD_SECTION (argp));
VALUE_TYPE (new_val) = VALUE_TYPE (argp);
VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (new_val) = using_enc ? top + VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (argp) : top;
return new_val;
}
/* Return the value of the local variable, if one exists.
Flag COMPLAIN signals an error if the request is made in an
inappropriate context. */
struct value *
value_of_local (const char *name, int complain)
{
struct symbol *func, *sym;
struct block *b;
struct value * ret;
if (deprecated_selected_frame == 0)
{
if (complain)
error ("no frame selected");
else
return 0;
}
func = get_frame_function (deprecated_selected_frame);
if (!func)
{
if (complain)
error ("no `%s' in nameless context", name);
else
return 0;
}
b = SYMBOL_BLOCK_VALUE (func);
if (dict_empty (BLOCK_DICT (b)))
{
if (complain)
error ("no args, no `%s'", name);
else
return 0;
}
/* Calling lookup_block_symbol is necessary to get the LOC_REGISTER
symbol instead of the LOC_ARG one (if both exist). */
sym = lookup_block_symbol (b, name, NULL, VAR_DOMAIN);
if (sym == NULL)
{
if (complain)
error ("current stack frame does not contain a variable named `%s'", name);
else
return NULL;
}
ret = read_var_value (sym, deprecated_selected_frame);
if (ret == 0 && complain)
error ("`%s' argument unreadable", name);
return ret;
}
/* C++/Objective-C: return the value of the class instance variable,
if one exists. Flag COMPLAIN signals an error if the request is
made in an inappropriate context. */
struct value *
value_of_this (int complain)
{
if (current_language->la_language == language_objc)
return value_of_local ("self", complain);
else
return value_of_local ("this", complain);
}
/* Create a slice (sub-string, sub-array) of ARRAY, that is LENGTH elements
long, starting at LOWBOUND. The result has the same lower bound as
the original ARRAY. */
struct value *
value_slice (struct value *array, int lowbound, int length)
{
struct type *slice_range_type, *slice_type, *range_type;
LONGEST lowerbound, upperbound;
struct value *slice;
struct type *array_type;
array_type = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (array));
COERCE_VARYING_ARRAY (array, array_type);
if (TYPE_CODE (array_type) != TYPE_CODE_ARRAY
&& TYPE_CODE (array_type) != TYPE_CODE_STRING
&& TYPE_CODE (array_type) != TYPE_CODE_BITSTRING)
error ("cannot take slice of non-array");
range_type = TYPE_INDEX_TYPE (array_type);
if (get_discrete_bounds (range_type, &lowerbound, &upperbound) < 0)
error ("slice from bad array or bitstring");
if (lowbound < lowerbound || length < 0
|| lowbound + length - 1 > upperbound)
error ("slice out of range");
/* FIXME-type-allocation: need a way to free this type when we are
done with it. */
slice_range_type = create_range_type ((struct type *) NULL,
TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (range_type),
lowbound, lowbound + length - 1);
if (TYPE_CODE (array_type) == TYPE_CODE_BITSTRING)
{
int i;
slice_type = create_set_type ((struct type *) NULL, slice_range_type);
TYPE_CODE (slice_type) = TYPE_CODE_BITSTRING;
slice = value_zero (slice_type, not_lval);
for (i = 0; i < length; i++)
{
int element = value_bit_index (array_type,
VALUE_CONTENTS (array),
lowbound + i);
if (element < 0)
error ("internal error accessing bitstring");
else if (element > 0)
{
int j = i % TARGET_CHAR_BIT;
if (BITS_BIG_ENDIAN)
j = TARGET_CHAR_BIT - 1 - j;
VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (slice)[i / TARGET_CHAR_BIT] |= (1 << j);
}
}
/* We should set the address, bitssize, and bitspos, so the clice
can be used on the LHS, but that may require extensions to
value_assign. For now, just leave as a non_lval. FIXME. */
}
else
{
struct type *element_type = TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (array_type);
LONGEST offset
= (lowbound - lowerbound) * TYPE_LENGTH (check_typedef (element_type));
slice_type = create_array_type ((struct type *) NULL, element_type,
slice_range_type);
TYPE_CODE (slice_type) = TYPE_CODE (array_type);
slice = allocate_value (slice_type);
if (VALUE_LAZY (array))
VALUE_LAZY (slice) = 1;
else
memcpy (VALUE_CONTENTS (slice), VALUE_CONTENTS (array) + offset,
TYPE_LENGTH (slice_type));
if (VALUE_LVAL (array) == lval_internalvar)
VALUE_LVAL (slice) = lval_internalvar_component;
else
VALUE_LVAL (slice) = VALUE_LVAL (array);
VALUE_ADDRESS (slice) = VALUE_ADDRESS (array);
VALUE_OFFSET (slice) = VALUE_OFFSET (array) + offset;
}
return slice;
}
/* Create a value for a FORTRAN complex number. Currently most of
the time values are coerced to COMPLEX*16 (i.e. a complex number
composed of 2 doubles. This really should be a smarter routine
that figures out precision inteligently as opposed to assuming
doubles. FIXME: fmb */
struct value *
value_literal_complex (struct value *arg1, struct value *arg2, struct type *type)
{
struct value *val;
struct type *real_type = TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (type);
val = allocate_value (type);
arg1 = value_cast (real_type, arg1);
arg2 = value_cast (real_type, arg2);
memcpy (VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (val),
VALUE_CONTENTS (arg1), TYPE_LENGTH (real_type));
memcpy (VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (val) + TYPE_LENGTH (real_type),
VALUE_CONTENTS (arg2), TYPE_LENGTH (real_type));
return val;
}
/* Cast a value into the appropriate complex data type. */
static struct value *
cast_into_complex (struct type *type, struct value *val)
{
struct type *real_type = TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (type);
if (TYPE_CODE (VALUE_TYPE (val)) == TYPE_CODE_COMPLEX)
{
struct type *val_real_type = TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (VALUE_TYPE (val));
struct value *re_val = allocate_value (val_real_type);
struct value *im_val = allocate_value (val_real_type);
memcpy (VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (re_val),
VALUE_CONTENTS (val), TYPE_LENGTH (val_real_type));
memcpy (VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (im_val),
VALUE_CONTENTS (val) + TYPE_LENGTH (val_real_type),
TYPE_LENGTH (val_real_type));
return value_literal_complex (re_val, im_val, type);
}
else if (TYPE_CODE (VALUE_TYPE (val)) == TYPE_CODE_FLT
|| TYPE_CODE (VALUE_TYPE (val)) == TYPE_CODE_INT)
return value_literal_complex (val, value_zero (real_type, not_lval), type);
else
error ("cannot cast non-number to complex");
}
void
_initialize_valops (void)
{
#if 0
deprecated_add_show_from_set
(add_set_cmd ("abandon", class_support, var_boolean, (char *) &auto_abandon,
"Set automatic abandonment of expressions upon failure.",
&setlist),
&showlist);
#endif
deprecated_add_show_from_set
(add_set_cmd ("overload-resolution", class_support, var_boolean, (char *) &overload_resolution,
"Set overload resolution in evaluating C++ functions.",
&setlist),
&showlist);
overload_resolution = 1;
}
``` |
Perry & Co., Ltd was a dip pens manufacturer of England. The company was the largest in its country of origin, producing a huge range of models. Perry & Co. also manufactured bicycle chains and accessories.
History
The beginning
James Perry, still a schoolmaster and being dissatisfied with the quality of existing pens, began making steel pens by hand. The firm was founded in Manchester as James Perry and Co. in 1824, but later moved to London, where they made and sold pens and pen-holders, pencils, elastic bands and ink, and dealt in stationers' supplies. From 1829 all of Perry's pens were made by Josiah Mason, which was considered by the time as the finest pens manufacturer. The excellence of their products swiftly raised them to the forefront of the new industry, exporting pens all over the world. By 1876 when the firm became a Limited Company, they equalled Esterbrook as being the largest manufacturers of pen nibs in the world.
Perry & Co. established
Sometime after 1847 James Perry and Co. became "Perry and Co." as the name was used in an 1866 advert. In 1876 Josiah Mason's steel-pen firm came together with Wiley & Son, pen and pencil case makers, and James Perry & Co under the title of "Perry & Co Ltd", acquiring its Birmingham base at Lancaster Street Works. The firm also began the production of steel chains and accessories for bicycles.
The same year the public company was registered on 28 January, to take over the businesses of Josiah Mason and A. Sommerville and Co, manufacturers of pens of Birmingham.
By the late 1890s the company was having financial problems and were bought by James William Bayliss, part owner of the Bayliss-Thomas car making company.
By 1914 Perry & Co specialized in steel pens and pen holders, cycle chains, free wheels, hubs, bells and cycle accessories, stationers' sundries, gold pens, solitaires, studs, sleeve links, tobacconists' and drapers' sundries and had 2,000 employees.
In 1945 the company transferred its chain making and cycle coaster hub business to a subsidiary, Perry Chain Co Ltd. The pen business was continued by Perry and Co (Pens division) Ltd, while Perry and Co (Holdings) Ltd became the main parent company, with financial control of the whole Perry group.
British Pens
In 1920, when Hinks Wells & Co and William Mitchell came together at the Pedigree Works in Birmingham, founded a new company called "British Pens", which added Cumberland Pencils in 1921. After World War II staff from the London Jewel Company joined them and they began to produce ballpoint pens.
In 1961 British Pens acquired the pen businesses of Perry & Co and other manufacturers like John Mitchell and Joseph Gillott's. As part of the Twinlock Group its name was changed to "Cumberland Graphics" in 1975. Byron Head, the Managing Director of William Mitchell (sinkers) and British Pens bought the two companies from Twinlock in 1982. The company still makes pens in the West Midlands.
Models
Perry & Co. produced a large variety of models for different purposes, most of them designed to produce fine lines (such as Nº 25 or 341, which is still easy to find in stores of Argentina). Other models were also popular by their names, like the "Queen Mary" or the "Quill Pen" (Nº 230-231-232) Perry & Co. also produced different giant-sized versions of its N°2301 Indent Pen model. Those were 5" long (see thumbnail photo).
See also
Birmingham pen trade
Dip pen
Nib (pen)
References
Manufacturing companies established in 1824
British companies established in 1824
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands
Pen manufacturers
1824 establishments in England
1961 mergers and acquisitions |
Ahmet Kurt Pasha was an Albanian pasha and the founder and the first ruler of the Pashalik of Berat, a semi-autonomous area within the Ottoman Empire. He descended from the Muzaka family, which in the late Middle Ages had founded the Lordship of Berat.
Creation of the Pashalik
See also
Ibrahim Pasha of Berat
Ali Pasha of Yanina
Sources
"History of Albanian People" Albanian Academy of Science.
18th-century Albanian people
Ahmet Kurt |
Merrimac is a small town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, and on the southeastern border of New Hampshire, approximately northeast of Boston and west of the Atlantic Ocean. It was incorporated on April 11, 1876. It is situated along the north bank of the Merrimack River in the Merrimack Valley. The population was 6,723 at the 2020 census. Historically a mill town, it has long since become a largely residential community. It is part of the Greater Boston metropolitan area.
History
Settled by the English in 1638 as a part of Salisbury and later as a part of Amesbury around the village of Merrimacport, it was known throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as an agricultural and fishing community, with a small amount of shipbuilding. When Amesbury separated from Salisbury in 1666, Merrimac was referred to as the West Parish of Amesbury, or simply West Amesbury, although it was unincorporated. When a border dispute between the Massachusetts and New Hampshire colonies was settled in 1741, the new border sliced off the parts of Amesbury that were further from the Merrimack River, with the area then associated with West Amesbury becoming the "new town" of Newton, New Hampshire.
In 1771, the West Parish of Amesbury (present-day Merrimac) had a population of at least four enslaved Africans. They were held in bondage by town residents Isaac Merrill, Benjamin Morse, and Wells Chase. At least one former enslaved African, "Forte," who was sold by an unknown West Newbury slaver to Christopher Sargent, became locally famous for his fiddling after the abolition of slavery in Massachusetts.
In the nineteenth century, benefiting from a manufacturing boom following the establishment of some of the first planned industrial cities in the United States, nearby Lawrence and Lowell, Merrimac came to be known worldwide for its horse-drawn carriage industry. During this period, the town proper of Merrimac, centered around Merrimac Square, expanded separately from the village of Merrimacport. In 1876, Merrimac, including Merrimacport, separated from Amesbury and officially incorporated itself as a town. It is believed that the town, as well as the river that runs along its southern border, are both named for the American Indian tribe that occupied the region. "Merrimac" (or Merrimack) means "swift water place" in the language of this tribe. This town center consists of the typical brick buildings and Victorian architecture of the late nineteenth century, and it is surrounded by much of the town's population. Interstate 495 now divides Merrimacport from Merrimac. At the beginning of the twentieth century, as with the rest of the New England, it went through a period of deindustrialization as the region's industry relocated to the Midwest. The communities of the Merrimack Valley, including Merrimac, were particularly affected by this long period of economic decline and have never fully recovered.
Today, Merrimac is a typical small New England community. It went through numerous growth spurts throughout the 1990s and the beginning of the twenty-first century as it was absorbed into the Lawrence metropolitan area.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 4.48%, is water. Merrimac is drained by the Merrimack River, whose north bank the town lies on. Located in the Merrimack River Valley and on the coastal plain of Massachusetts, Merrimac's land consists mainly of small, forested hills (before the twentieth century, it was mostly pasture). The town also has several ponds, streams and Lake Attitash (which is located partially in Merrimac, and partially in neighboring Amesbury).
Merrimac is roughly diamond-shaped, and is bordered by Amesbury and Lake Attitash to the northeast, West Newbury to the southeast, Haverhill to the southwest, Newton, New Hampshire, to the north and northwest, South Hampton, New Hampshire, to the far northeast, and Plaistow, New Hampshire, on the western corner. The town is northeast of Lawrence, southeast of Manchester, New Hampshire, and north of Boston. Merrimac lies along Interstate 495, with Exit 53 giving access to the town. Massachusetts Route 110 also passes through the town, just north of I-495. There are no bridges crossing the Merrimack directly into the town; the Rocks Village Bridge lies just to the south of town in Haverhill, and the nearest downstream crossing is the Whittier Memorial Bridge in Amesbury.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,138 people, 2,233 households, and 1,699 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 2,295 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 98.27% White, 0.39% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.29% from other races, and 0.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.90% of the population.
There were 2,233 households, out of which 40.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.9% were non-families. 19.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.16.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 29.0% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.5 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $58,692, versus $65,401 statewide, and the median income for a family was $69,118. Males had a median income of $48,718 versus $35,325 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,869. About 1.9% of families and 2.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.7% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over.
Government
Merrimac is governed by the New England town meeting form of government, a kind of participatory direct democracy. Three selectmen are elected to administer the government, but all major decisions, as well as many minor decisions, are handled during the town's annual town meeting, as well as special town meetings, if required. The board of selectman has three seats. The current chair of the board is Chris Manni, Ben Beaulieu is the clerk, and the other member is Irina Gorzynski.
Per the constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, any resident of Merrimac may introduce legislation with the support of 10 registered voters.
Merrimac is part of the Massachusetts Senate's 1st Essex district.
Education
The following schools in the Pentucket Regional School District serve the town of Merrimac. All regional schools, however, are located in neighboring West Newbury. Merrimac High School operated until 1958, but closed when Pentucket Regional High School opened.
Frederick N. Sweetsir School – named for a doctor who practiced in Merrimac
Helen R. Donaghue School – named for a former principal of the school
Pentucket Regional Middle School
Pentucket Regional High School
For high school, students also have the option of attending the following vocational/agricultural schools.
Whittier Regional Vocational Technical High School
Essex Agricultural and Technical High School
Notable people
Dennis Berran, outfielder for the Chicago White Sox
Pat Freiermuth, Tight End for the NFL's Pittsburgh Steelers, drafted 55th overall in 2021
Richard P. Gabriel, computer scientist known for his contributions to the Lisp programming language community
Ephraim Morse, early settler of San Diego, California and one of the founders of Balboa Park
Henry Boynton Smith, Presbyterian theologian
Kevin J. Sullivan, Massachusetts politician and former mayor of Lawrence
George W. Weymouth, Massachusetts politician and former U.S. Representative
Sites of interest
Lake Attitash (and Indian Head Park)
The Merrimac Public Library, which is part of the Merrimack Valley Library Consortium.
Merrimac Square
Merrimac Town Forest
Merrimac Training Field
Merrimacport
Annual events
Merrimac is home to several regional events:
The Merrimac Santa Parade
Merrimac Old Home Days
References
External links
Town of Merrimac official website
Merrimac Public Library
1872 Map of Amesbury (Merrimac was then known as West Amesbury) from plate 9 of the 1872 Atlas of Essex County.
1884 Map of Merrimac from plate 172 of the 1884 Atlas of Essex County.
1884 Map of Merrimacport from plate 154 of the 1884 Atlas of Essex County.
1884 Map of Merrimac Village from plate 151 of the 1884 Atlas of Essex county.
1888 Merrimac article by William T. Davis on pages 1535–1556 in Volume II of the History of Essex County Massachusetts with Biographical Sketches, published by D. Hamilton Hurd in 1888.
1922 Merrimac article Chapter 30 on pages 313–318 of Volume I of the Municipal History of Essex County, edited by Benjamin F. Arrington, published 1922 by Lewis Historical Publishing.
Towns in Essex County, Massachusetts
Towns in Massachusetts
Massachusetts populated places on the Merrimack River |
```rust
mod shared;
pub use shared::*;
mod locale;
pub use locale::*;
``` |
Carl Pauen (7 April 1859 – 7 June 1935) was a German modern pentathlete. He competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
References
1859 births
1935 deaths
German male modern pentathletes
Olympic modern pentathletes for Germany
Modern pentathletes at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Mönchengladbach |
```lua
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
]]
local lang_fastmapping = require 'factories.language.fastmapping_factory'
local object_generator = require 'language.object_generator'
local factory = require 'levels.contributed.fast_mapping.factories.fast_mapping_factory'
local game = require 'dmlab.system.game'
local lcm = require 'language.make'
local maze_generation = require 'dmlab.system.maze_generation'
local object_generator = require 'language.object_generator'
local placers = require 'language.placers'
local random = require 'common.random'
local selectors = require 'language.selectors'
local texter = require 'language.texter'
local ALL_ATTRIBUTES = {
shape = factory.EVAL_SHAPES,
pattern = {'solid'},
color = {"red"},
size = {"medium"},
}
local CONFOUNDER_SHAPES = {}
for i = 1, #factory.EVAL_SHAPES do
CONFOUNDER_SHAPES[i] = 'runcible' .. i
end
local OBJECT_COUNT = 2
local DISTRACTOR_OBJECT_COUNT = 1
local GOAL_REWARD = 10
local LEARNING_REWARD = 0
local EPISODE_LENGTH_SECONDS = 60
local fastMap = lang_fastmapping.buildMap(OBJECT_COUNT, DISTRACTOR_OBJECT_COUNT)
local fastTask = factory.createTask{
confoundNames = true,
confounderShapes = CONFOUNDER_SHAPES,
episodeLengthSeconds = EPISODE_LENGTH_SECONDS,
distractorObjectCount = DISTRACTOR_OBJECT_COUNT,
goalShapes = factory.EVAL_SHAPES,
objectCount = OBJECT_COUNT,
goalReward = GOAL_REWARD,
learningReward = LEARNING_REWARD,
}
return factory.createLevelApi{
episodeLengthSeconds = 60,
instructor = factory.defaultInstructor,
levelMapSelector = selectors.createIdentity(fastMap),
objectContext = object_generator.createContext{attributes = ALL_ATTRIBUTES},
taskSelector = selectors.createDiscreteDistribution({{10, fastTask}}),
}
``` |
The Anglican Church of St Bartholomew at Notgrove in the Cotswold District of Gloucestershire, England was built in the 12th century. It is a grade I listed building.
History
The church was built in the 12th century with major revision and expansion in the 14th. It underwent Victorian restoration between 1871 and 1873.
It was dedicated to St Mary but this was changed in the 18th century to St Bartholomew.
The parish is part of the Northleach benefice within the Diocese of Gloucester.
Architecture
The limestone building consists of a chancel with vestry, a nave with a north transept, and north aisle. The west tower has a spire.
On the south wall of the tower is a sundial with a ‘Fleur de lys’ design on the gnomon. The exterior wall of the chancel is a carving showing the crucification which is believed to date from the 14th century.
The interior of the church includes a 12th-century-font, 17th century pulpit and a chancel screen which 14th- or 15th-century carving. Some of the pews date back to the reign of Elizabeth I. Behind the altar is a 14th-century reredos which has been defaced at some time.
There is some old stained glass but most is made by Clayton and Bell in the Victorian era. Many effigies and tombs are of the Whittington family who were the Lord of the manor, including the descendants of Richard Whittington (Dick Whittington).
References
Church of England church buildings in Gloucestershire
Grade I listed churches in Gloucestershire
Cotswold District |
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<configuration>
<appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
<target>System.out</target>
<filter class="ch.qos.logback.classic.filter.ThresholdFilter">
<level>INFO</level>
</filter>
<encoder>
<pattern>%date{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS} %-5level [%thread] %logger{26} - %msg%n</pattern>
</encoder>
</appender>
<logger name="org.asynchttpclient" level="INFO"/>
<logger name="io.netty" level="INFO"/>
<logger name="io.swagger" level="OFF"/>
<root level="INFO">
<appender-ref ref="STDOUT"/>
</root>
</configuration>
``` |
Sir Daniel Charles Williams COG (born 4 November 1935) is a Grenadian lawyer who served as Governor-General of Grenada from 8 August 1996 until 27 November 2008. He was formally appointed by Queen Elizabeth II on 9 August 1996 after having been nominated by Prime Minister Keith Mitchell.
Williams is the only former Grenadian governor-general who was active in politics prior to his appointment. He was elected to the Parliament of Grenada as a New National Party candidate in 1984. From 1984 to 1989 Williams served in various ministerial roles in the Herbert Blaize government, including a brief stint as acting prime minister in 1988. Williams resumed his private law practice after the NNP was defeated at the 1990 elections.
In 1997, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II, with the Order of Knight Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George (GCMG).
He founded the law firm Danny Williams & Co.
References
External links
"Danny Williams & Co. Attorneys-At-Law and Notaries Public" Official website. Retrieved Nov 1, 2010.
1935 births
Alumni of the University of London
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Living people
Attorneys General of Grenada
Governors-General of Grenada
20th-century Grenadian lawyers
New National Party (Grenada) politicians
People from Saint David Parish, Grenada
Environment ministers of Grenada
Health ministers of Grenada
Housing ministers of Grenada
Women's ministers of Grenada |
Hemiancistrus guahiborum is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Orinoco drainage in Venezuela. The species reaches at least 12.55 cm (4.9 inches) SL and was described in 2005 by David C. Werneke and Jonathan W. Armbruster of Auburn University, Nathan K. Lujan of the American Museum of Natural History, and Donald C. Taphorn of the Royal Ontario Museum on the basis of its distinctive coloration and morphology. It appears in the aquarium trade, where it is usually known either as the orange-seam pleco or by its L-number, which is L-106.
References
Ancistrini
Fish described in 2005 |
The Hardwick House is a historic house at 59–61 Spear Street in Quincy, Massachusetts. The -story wood-frame house was built in 1850s, and is one of the city's largest Greek Revival houses. Its massing, with side-gable roof, is more typical of the Federal period, but it has corner pilasters, a full entablature, and pedimented gables. The main entry has full-length side lights and is topped by an entablature. The house was built by Franklin Hardwick, owner of a local granite business.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Quincy, Massachusetts
References
Houses completed in 1850
Houses in Quincy, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Quincy, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Greek Revival architecture in Massachusetts |
Alkalicoccus urumqiensis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, moderately haloalkaliphilic and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Alkalicoccus.
References
Bacillaceae
Bacteria described in 2016 |
The Wordie Creek Formation is an uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic geologic formation in Greenland, outcrops of which are located in Northeast Greenland National Park (until 2008 Tunu County, Danish: Østgrønland, English: East Greenland). In 2017, it was suggested to be raised to group status, as the Wordie Creek Group.
The Lower Triassic sediments in the region were discovered in 1926 independently by James Wordie and Lauge Koch, and the latter named the formation. The rock layers preserve fossils of invertebrates (e.g., ammonoids, gastropods), fishes (coelacanths, ray-finned fish, cartilaginous fish) and temnospondyl amphibians, dating back to the Induan age.
Geology
Following Surlyk et al., the Wordie Creek Group is subdivided into two formations, the Kap Stosch Formation and the overlying Godthåb Golf Formation. The Kap Stosch Formation was deposited in relatively deep, partly isolated turbiditic basin, and the Godthåb Golf Formation under relatively shallow marine conditions.
In 1935, Eigil Nielsen recognized five fossil-bearing horizons ("fish zones 1–5") corresponding to three ammonoid zones (in ascending order):
Otoceras zone ("fish zones 1 and 2")
Vishnuites zone ("fish zones 3 and 4")
Proptychites zone ("fish zone 5")
The first two ammonoid zones are Griesbachian in age and the last one is Dienerian in age (Induan). The Kap Stosch Formation corresponds to these three zones. A sixth fossiliferous layer, the "Stegocephalian horizon", is present above, which belongs to the Godthåb Golf Formation (Dienerian). The Hypophiceras triviale ammonoid zone below Nielsen's "fish zones" is dated late Changhsingian.
The Kap Stosch Formation is subdivided into the following eight members (in ascending order):
Nebalopok Member (upper Changhsingian–lower Griesbachian)
Immaqa Member (lower Griesbachian)
Fiskeplateau Member (lower Griesbachian)
Knolden Member (lower Griesbachian)
Pyramiden Member (lower–upper Griesbachian)
Naasut Member (upper Griesbachian)
Falkeryg Member (lower Dienerian)
Vestplateau Member (lower Dienerian)
The Godthåb Golf Formation is not subdivided into members.
Paleobiota
A diverse vertebrate fauna composed of temnospondyl amphibians and fishes is known from the formation. Fossil fishes are also known from the Permian Ravnefjeld Formation ("Posidonomya shale") of Greenland.
Amphibians
Fish
Lobe-finned
Ray-finned
Cartilaginous
See also
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Greenland
References
Triassic Greenland
Geology of Greenland
Paleontology in Greenland
Geologic formations of Greenland
Triassic System of North America |
The 2018 International Friendship Championship was a friendly football tournament for the national teams of Iraq, Syria and Qatar. It took place during the March 2018 window of the FIFA International Match Calendar, and began less than a week after FIFA lifted the ban on competitive games being played inside Iraq.
The tournament was originally scheduled to take place in Karbala but was relocated to Basra. Qatar won the title by beating hosts Iraq and drawing with runners-up Syria. The last game of the tournament saw Noor Sabri make his 100th and last appearance for Iraq.
Results
References
International association football competitions hosted by Iraq
International men's association football invitational tournaments
2017–18 in Iraqi football
Sport in Basra
2018 in Asian football
March 2018 sports events in Iraq |
```c++
//
// Aspia Project
//
// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
//
// along with this program. If not, see <path_to_url
//
#include "base/win/desktop.h"
#include "base/logging.h"
namespace base {
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
Desktop::Desktop(Desktop&& other) noexcept
{
desktop_ = other.desktop_;
own_ = other.own_;
other.desktop_ = nullptr;
}
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
Desktop::Desktop(HDESK desktop, bool own)
: desktop_(desktop),
own_(own)
{
// Nothing
}
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
Desktop::~Desktop()
{
close();
}
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
// static
Desktop Desktop::desktop(const wchar_t* desktop_name)
{
const ACCESS_MASK desired_access =
DESKTOP_CREATEMENU | DESKTOP_CREATEWINDOW |
DESKTOP_ENUMERATE | DESKTOP_HOOKCONTROL |
DESKTOP_WRITEOBJECTS | DESKTOP_READOBJECTS |
DESKTOP_SWITCHDESKTOP | GENERIC_WRITE;
HDESK desktop = OpenDesktopW(desktop_name, 0, FALSE, desired_access);
if (!desktop)
{
PLOG(LS_ERROR) << "OpenDesktopW failed";
return Desktop();
}
return Desktop(desktop, true);
}
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
// static
Desktop Desktop::inputDesktop()
{
const ACCESS_MASK desired_access = GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE | GENERIC_EXECUTE;
HDESK desktop = OpenInputDesktop(0, FALSE, desired_access);
if (!desktop)
{
PLOG(LS_ERROR) << "OpenInputDesktop failed";
return Desktop();
}
return Desktop(desktop, true);
}
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
// static
Desktop Desktop::threadDesktop()
{
HDESK desktop = GetThreadDesktop(GetCurrentThreadId());
if (!desktop)
{
PLOG(LS_ERROR) << "GetThreadDesktop failed";
return Desktop();
}
return Desktop(desktop, false);
}
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
// static
std::vector<std::wstring> Desktop::desktopList(HWINSTA winsta)
{
std::vector<std::wstring> list;
if (!EnumDesktopsW(winsta, enumDesktopProc, reinterpret_cast<LPARAM>(&list)))
{
PLOG(LS_ERROR) << "EnumDesktopsW failed";
return {};
}
return list;
}
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
bool Desktop::name(wchar_t* name, DWORD length) const
{
if (!desktop_)
return false;
if (!GetUserObjectInformationW(desktop_, UOI_NAME, name, length, nullptr))
{
PLOG(LS_ERROR) << "Failed to query the desktop name";
return false;
}
return true;
}
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
bool Desktop::isSame(const Desktop& other) const
{
wchar_t this_name[128];
if (!name(this_name, sizeof(this_name)))
return false;
wchar_t other_name[128];
if (!other.name(other_name, sizeof(other_name)))
return false;
return wcscmp(this_name, other_name) == 0;
}
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
bool Desktop::setThreadDesktop() const
{
if (!SetThreadDesktop(desktop_))
{
PLOG(LS_ERROR) << "SetThreadDesktop failed";
return false;
}
return true;
}
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
bool Desktop::isValid() const
{
return (desktop_ != nullptr);
}
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
void Desktop::close()
{
if (own_ && desktop_)
{
if (!CloseDesktop(desktop_))
{
PLOG(LS_ERROR) << "CloseDesktop failed";
}
}
desktop_ = nullptr;
}
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
Desktop& Desktop::operator=(Desktop&& other) noexcept
{
close();
desktop_ = other.desktop_;
own_ = other.own_;
other.desktop_ = nullptr;
return *this;
}
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
// static
BOOL CALLBACK Desktop::enumDesktopProc(LPWSTR desktop, LPARAM lparam)
{
std::vector<std::wstring>* list = reinterpret_cast<std::vector<std::wstring>*>(lparam);
if (!list)
{
LOG(LS_ERROR) << "Invalid desktop list pointer";
return FALSE;
}
if (!desktop)
{
LOG(LS_ERROR) << "Invalid desktop name";
return FALSE;
}
list->emplace_back(desktop);
return TRUE;
}
} // namespace base
``` |
Stavropolsky Uyezd (Ставропольский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Samara Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the central part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Stavropol (Tolyatti).
Demographics
At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Stavropolsky Uyezd had a population of 283,376. Of these, 68.4% spoke Russian, 13.9% Mordvin, 13.5% Tatar, 3.9% Chuvash, 0.1% Ukrainian and 0.1% German as their native language.
References
Uezds of Samara Governorate
Samara Governorate |
Norrköpings Tidningar (English: Norrköping Times), also known as NT, is a Swedish language daily newspaper with its main distribution in northern and eastern Östergötland, Sweden.
History and profile
The newspaper was founded in 1758 as the Norrköping Weko-Tidningar, and published its first issue on 14 October of that year. Norrköpings Tidningar is Sweden's oldest continually published newspaper still in print, and has published six days a week since 1871. The paper's principal owner is the Erik and Asta Sundin Foundation, named after Erik Sundin, who served as editor-in-chief of the paper from 1899 until 1929, and his widow, Asta Sundin. The foundation has owned the paper since 1947.
The newspaper was first published on 14 October 1758, after county Governor Gustaf Adolf Lagerfelt sent an application to the Office of His Majesty, which issued the privilege on 15 September 1758. In 1959, the evening Östergötlands Dagblad was acquired and combined. In 1967, circulation exceeded 50,000 copies for the first time. The newspaper attempted to expand into southern Södermanland, establishing a local office in Katrineholm and publishing a special local edition. However, publication in Södermanland ceased the next year due to costs and a low subscription rate.
Norrköpings Tidningar aligns with the Moderate Party, and is published by Norrköping Tidningar AB, majority owner of Norrköpings Tidningars Media AB, which also publishes several other newspapers including Folkbladet, Gotlands Allehanda, Gotlands Tidningar, Västerviks-Tidningen and Norrländska Socialdemokraten and operates the local television stations 24nt, 24Corren and 24Norrbotten and five local radio stations. The company acquired Gotlands Allehanda and Gotlands Tidningar in 1999. It also bought Folkbladet, which is based in Östergötland, in 2000. In 2002 Norrbottens-Kuriren, newspaper based in Luleå, was acquired by the company.
Circulation
The circulation of Norrköpings Tidningar was 49,400 copies in 2002. In 2007 its circulation was approximately 49,000 copies per day. The paper had a circulation of 39,500 copies in 2012 and 37,500 copies in 2013.
References
External links
(in Swedish).
1758 establishments in Sweden
Daily newspapers published in Sweden
Mass media in Norrköping
Publications established in 1758
Swedish-language newspapers |
Eric Doeringer (born July 1, 1974) is an artist currently living and working in Los Angeles, California. He graduated from Brown University in 1996 with a B.A. and received an MFA from the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in 1999.
"Bootleg" paintings
{{Quote box |quoted=true |bgcolor=#FFFFF0 |salign=center | align = left| width = 33% | quote =[Doeringer] has come under some opposition for his stance on [copying pictures] and has received more than one cease-and-desist order from galleries and artists, but has also received praise for his activities with purchases from a few of the artists he appropriated. Viewers seem to be split, calling him either a pirate or a virtuoso.| source = Reading Eagle, April 13, 2008}}
Eric Doeringer's "Bootlegs" are small copies of work by eminent contemporary artists including Richard Prince and Lisa Yuskavage. Doeringer reproduces the artworks using "collage, digital photography, paint and varnish". Doeringer can make between six and fifteen paintings each day and told The New York Times in a 2005 interview that his process is "like an assembly line". On Saturdays beginning in 2001, he set up a vending table in Chelsea, Manhattan on West 24th Street. Small canvases reproducing contemporary paintings lined the table. Paintings by the original artists (sold within a short walking distance from Doeringer's stand) cost tens of thousands of dollars, while Doeringer's copies sold for less than $100. His total profit in a day of selling paintings has sometimes reached $1500. Time Out stated that Doeringer is "famous for bootlegging art on the streets of New York".
According to Doeringer, the majority of the artists he copies do not mind, while others have sent him cease-and-desist letters. Richard Prince was a "fan" of his work, while Takashi Murakami put a stop to his copies. Doeringer states that his work is fair use because he "culled the pictures from the public domain of the Internet". In 2005, Chelsea art dealer Mike Weiss called the police to remove Doeringer's Bootleg stand from 24th Street. Weiss told The New York Times that "he did so for reasons that might be condemned in the art world but that made perfect sense for any businessman like himself who has to pay a huge rent" and claimed Doeringer was "an opportunist and that he just wants his 15 minutes".
In 2007, Doeringer sold his wares in the Geisai Art Fair in Miami. For the fair, he crafted 42-cent stamps decorated with pictures of celebrities. The stamps, which cost $1, were legally usable as postage and were decorated with photographs of eminent people in the art world. Over his booth, Doeringer placed orange and neon signs that proclaimed "Best Art Deals in Miami" and "Nothing Over $250!" The New York Sun deemed his decorations "a pitch-perfect metamockery of the art fair's commercialism".
Conceptual art recreations
In 2008, Doeringer began making larger, more faithful recreations of works of Conceptual art by artists like Sol LeWitt, Lawrence Weiner, Edward Ruscha, and On Kawara. New York magazine called a 2009 exhibition of Doeringer's Sol LeWitt Wall Drawings "perfectly executed" and "a genuine aesthetic experience, not just a knowing scold."
In 2011, Doeringer exhibited his work at Another Year in L.A.; he titled his exhibition "Eastern Standard Time". In one piece, Doeringer copied Charles Ray's 1973 avant-garde photograph panorama All My Clothes. Titled All My Clothes (After Charles Ray), Doeringer's photographs each contain himself standing in front of a white background attired in various clothes. In an interview with the LA Weekly, he said he adapted Ray's general ideas for the artwork, adding that the key distinction between their works is the "East Coast-West Coast divide". Whereas Ray's figure is garbed in a single winter outfit, Doeringer's wears much toastier clothing. Other pieces Doeringer copied and showcased at the Los Angeles exhibition were John Baldessari's Throwing Three Balls in the Air to Get a Straight Line, On Kawara's I Went, Richard Prince's Cowboy photographs, and several of Edward Ruscha's books.
In 2012, The New York Times art critic Ken Johnson reviewed Doeringer's solo exhibition at the Mulherin + Pollard gallery titled "The Rematerialization of the Art Object". In the front room, Doeringer displayed "well-made simulations" of Damien Hirst's spot paintings and Richard Prince's Marlboro cowboy advertisements. In the back room, Doeringer presented imitations of three artists: Edward Ruscha (counterfeit books), Charles Ray (16 photographs of himself wearing various clothes in imitation of Ray's All My Clothes), and Andy Warhol (a film mimicking Warhol's Empire by recording the Empire State Building). Johnson wrote that Doeringer's "distinction is his focus not on canonical works of Modernism but on famous Conceptualist pieces that are themselves art about art". In 2013, the Toronto Stars Murray Whyte reviewed Doeringer's Survey'', "a series of his exacting knock-offs of the late 20th century's greatest art hits". In addition to containing imitations of works by Damien Hirst, Richard Prince, and Andy Warhol, the exhibition also contained imitations of Sol LeWitt's wall drawings and Lawrence Weiner's spray paintings. Art critic Murray Whyte wrote that Doeringer is "less heretic than prophet, putting the towering genius of a previous generation to its own test".
References
External links
Official website
1974 births
Living people
Artists from New York (state)
American conceptual artists
Brown University alumni
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston |
Illustrations of Northern Antiquities (1814), or to give its full title Illustrations of Northern Antiquities, from the Earlier Teutonic and Scandinavian Romances; Being an Abstract of the Book of Heroes, and Nibelungen Lay; with Translations of Metrical Tales, from the Old German, Danish, Swedish, and Icelandic Languages; with Notes and Dissertations, was a pioneering work of comparative literature which provided translations and abstracts of various works written in medieval Germany and Scandinavia. Its three authors were Henry Weber, who précised the Nibelungenlied and Heldenbuch; Robert Jamieson, who translated Danish and other ballads, stressing their close connection with Scottish ballads; and Walter Scott, who provided an abstract of Eyrbyggja saga. It significantly extended British readers' access to early Germanic literature.
Composition and publication
The three authors of the Northern Antiquities were all well known to each other. Henry Weber was a German refugee whom Scott had taken under his wing as a needy and deserving literary scholar; in the year the Northern Antiquities were published his mental health gave way, and he was hospitalized for the rest of his life at Scott's expense. The ballad-collector Robert Jamieson had helped Scott with his Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border as long ago as 1800, and Scott retained his admiration for Jamieson's work in this field.
Work on the Northern Antiquities began at least as early as 1810, when Walter Scott approached the Rev. Richard Polwhele as a possible contributor. Scott may have been responsible for more than the "Abstract of the Eyrbiggia-Saga" that appeared over his name, or rather initials: his son-in-law and biographer J. G. Lockhart asserted that the verse translations scattered through Weber's abstract of the Nibelungenlied were actually Scott's work, though more recently it has been argued that he only revised Weber's verse. The opening Advertisement has also been tentatively attributed to him.
As an affluent patron of scholarship he also advanced the publishing of the work in the teeth of scepticism from the trade as to its commercial viability. Northern Antiquities; or Tracts, Designed to Illustrate the Early History, Poetry, and Romance of the Nations of the North of Europe was announced as being in the press as early as 1811, and as including much material that did not appear in the published volume, such as an abstract of Hervarar saga (rather than Eyrbyggja saga). It was actually published under its final title only in June 1814 in Edinburgh and August 1814 in London, the two publishing houses involved being John Ballantyne and Co., and Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, and the printers being James Ballantyne and Co. The book appeared in royal quarto format at a price of three guineas, making it a rather expensive item, and it did not sell well. In consequence a planned second volume was never published, nor did Weber's hopes that the project might lead to "a periodical publication on the subject of ancient Romance and Antiquities in general, Foreign & British" come to fruition. One or the other of these might have included the "translations from some very old Swiss battlesongs" Scott mentioned having completed, or some of the projects mentioned in the Advertisement of the Northern Antiquities: "the Romances of Russia...the more rare and less-known Sagas of Scandinavia...the Original Songs of the Letts and Esthonians...the Poetry of the Celtic Dialects".
Historical importance
Weber's contribution to the Northern Antiquities is notable for including the first account in English of the Nibelungenlied, no complete translation appearing until 1848.
Robert Jamieson was the first writer to point out the strong resemblances of phraseology and incident which exist between the ballads of Scotland and those of Denmark and Sweden. This he did originally in his Popular Ballads and Songs (1806), but more fully and accurately in the Northern Antiquities. In the notes to his translation of the Danish ballad Rosmer Hafmand Jamieson gave a synopsis with quotations of a ballad, Child Rowland, which he claimed to have heard in his infancy recited by a Scottish tailor. It has been suggested that some form of this ballad was quoted by Shakespeare in King Lear and provided Milton with the plot of Comus, though the Shakespearean scholar George Lyman Kittredge commented that it was "manifestly of modern composition".
Scott's version of Eyrbyggja saga was the first English abstract or translation of any of the Sagas of the Icelanders, and the first work to show a clear recognition of their qualities. The first complete translation of Eyrbyggja saga was the work of William Morris and Eiríkr Magnússon; it did not appear until as late as 1892. The abstract may have exercised an influence on Scott's own creative writing. After having long abandoned the writing of his first novel, Waverley, he resumed it shortly after completing his Eyrbyggja abstract, and at least two critics, Edith Batho and John M. Simpson, have detected in it, and in his subsequent novels, the qualities of social realism, comedy, drama, graphic description, and the heroic spirit with which Eyrbyggja saga is imbued.
Contemporary reception
Francis Palgrave, writing in the Edinburgh Review, welcomed the appearance of a work throwing so much new light on early Germanic literature. He described Scott's contribution as "interesting" and Weber's abstract of the Nibelungenlied as one of the most curious parts of the book, but reserved most of his praise for the poetical talent and industry of Robert Jamieson, a man who "well understands the art of combining the useful with the agreeable", and urged him to "gratify the curiosity which he has excited" by publishing something similar on Russian, Latvian or Estonian literature.
An anonymous critic in the Monthly Review wrote of the "rich mass of neglected materials" of which Weber and Jamieson had made "an extensive, elegant, and learned analysis", and saw in Weber's historical survey of early German literature "a precision of information, an erudition of detail, and a comprehensive completeness of circumspection, rarely displayed by the poetic antiquary". He deplored Jamieson's decision to translate the Danish ballads into Scots rather than English, finding the result largely incomprehensible, but he praised the Eyrbyggja abstract as "truly valuable".
Footnotes
References
External links
Illustrations of Northern Antiquities at Google Books
1814 non-fiction books
Ballad collections
Danish poetry collections
Germanic heroic legends
Non-fiction by Walter Scott
Sagas of Icelanders |
```python
# or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
# distributed with this work for additional information
# regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
#
# path_to_url
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
# specific language governing permissions and limitations
import numpy as np
import tvm
import tvm.testing
from tvm import te
from tvm.script import tir as T
from tvm import relay, tir
from tvm.relay.backend.te_compiler import lower_to_primfunc
from tvm.tir.tensor_intrin.hexagon import VRMPY_u8u8i32_INTRIN
def _check(original, transformed):
func = original
mod = tvm.IRModule.from_expr(func.with_attr("global_symbol", "main"))
mod = tvm.tir.transform.PlanAndUpdateBufferAllocationLocation()(mod)
tvm.ir.assert_structural_equal(mod["main"], transformed.with_attr("global_symbol", "main"))
@T.prim_func
def element_func(a: T.handle, c: T.handle) -> None:
A = T.match_buffer(a, (16, 16))
C = T.match_buffer(c, (16, 16))
B = T.alloc_buffer((16, 16))
for i0 in range(0, 16):
for j0 in range(0, 16):
with T.block():
i, j = T.axis.remap("SS", [i0, j0])
B[i, j] = A[i, j] + 1.0
for j0 in range(0, 16):
with T.block():
i, j = T.axis.remap("SS", [i0, j0])
C[i, j] = B[i, j] * 2.0
@T.prim_func
def transformed_element_func(a: T.handle, c: T.handle) -> None:
A = T.match_buffer(a, [16, 16])
C = T.match_buffer(c, [16, 16])
for i_0 in range(0, 16):
with T.block():
T.reads([A[i_0, 0:16]])
T.writes([C[i_0, 0:16]])
B = T.alloc_buffer([16, 16])
for j_0 in T.serial(0, 16):
with T.block():
i, j = T.axis.remap("SS", [i_0, j_0])
B[i, j] = A[i, j] + 1.0
for j_0 in T.serial(0, 16):
with T.block():
i, j = T.axis.remap("SS", [i_0, j_0])
C[i, j] = B[i, j] * 2.0
@T.prim_func
def original_func() -> None:
A = T.alloc_buffer((128, 128), "float32")
for i0, j0 in T.grid(128, 128):
with T.block():
i, j = T.axis.remap("SS", [i0, j0])
A[i, j] = T.float32(0)
for i0, j0, k0 in T.grid(32, 32, 32):
with T.block():
i, j, k = T.axis.remap("SSR", [i0, j0, k0])
B = T.alloc_buffer((128, 128), "float32")
C = T.alloc_buffer((128, 128), "float32")
D = T.alloc_buffer((128, 128), "float32")
if k == 0:
for ii, jj in T.grid(4, 4):
B[i * 4 + ii, j * 4 + jj] = A[i * 4 + ii, j * 4 + jj]
for ii, jj in T.grid(4, 4):
for kk in range(0, 4):
B[i * 4 + ii, j * 4 + jj] += C[i * 4 + ii, k * 4 + kk]
for kk in range(0, 4):
B[i * 4 + ii, j * 4 + jj] += (
D[j * 4 + jj, k * 4 + kk] * C[i * 4 + ii, k * 4 + kk]
)
@T.prim_func
def transformed_func() -> None:
A = T.alloc_buffer([128, 128])
for i0, j0 in T.grid(128, 128):
with T.block():
i, j = T.axis.remap("SS", [i0, j0])
A[i, j] = T.float32(0)
for i0, j0, k0 in T.grid(32, 32, 32):
with T.block():
i, j, k = T.axis.remap("SSR", [i0, j0, k0])
B = T.alloc_buffer([128, 128])
if k == 0:
for ii, jj in T.grid(4, 4):
B[i * 4 + ii, j * 4 + jj] = A[i * 4 + ii, j * 4 + jj]
for ii, jj in T.grid(4, 4):
with T.block(""):
T.reads([B[((i * 4) + ii), ((j * 4) + jj)]])
T.writes([B[((i * 4) + ii), ((j * 4) + jj)]])
C = T.alloc_buffer([128, 128])
for kk in T.serial(0, 4):
B[((i * 4) + ii), ((j * 4) + jj)] = (
B[((i * 4) + ii), ((j * 4) + jj)] + C[((i * 4) + ii), ((k * 4) + kk)]
)
for kk in T.serial(0, 4):
with T.block(""):
T.reads(
[
B[((i * 4) + ii), ((j * 4) + jj)],
C[((i * 4) + ii), ((k * 4) + kk)],
]
)
T.writes([B[((i * 4) + ii), ((j * 4) + jj)]])
D = T.alloc_buffer([128, 128])
B[((i * 4) + ii), ((j * 4) + jj)] = B[
((i * 4) + ii), ((j * 4) + jj)
] + (
D[((j * 4) + jj), ((k * 4) + kk)]
* C[((i * 4) + ii), ((k * 4) + kk)]
)
@T.prim_func
def match_buffer_func() -> None:
C = T.alloc_buffer((128, 128))
for i in range(128):
with T.block():
vi = T.axis.S(128, i)
C0 = T.match_buffer(C[vi, 0:128], (128))
for j in range(128):
with T.block():
jj = T.axis.S(128, j)
C1 = T.match_buffer(C0[jj], ())
C1[()] = 0
@T.prim_func
def transformed_match_buffer_func() -> None:
for i in range(0, 128):
with T.block():
vi = T.axis.S(128, i)
C = T.alloc_buffer((128, 128))
C0 = T.match_buffer(C[vi, 0:128], (128))
for j in range(128):
with T.block():
jj = T.axis.S(128, j)
C1 = T.match_buffer(C0[jj], ())
C1[()] = 0
@T.prim_func
def opaque_access(a: T.handle, b: T.handle) -> None:
A = T.match_buffer(a, [1024])
B = T.match_buffer(b, [1024])
A_cache = T.alloc_buffer([1024])
for i in T.serial(0, 8):
with T.block():
vi = T.axis.S(8, i)
with T.block():
v = T.axis.S(8, vi)
T.reads([A[(v * 128) : ((v * 128) + 128)]])
T.writes([A_cache[(v * 128) : ((v * 128) + 128)]])
T.evaluate(
T.call_extern(
"test",
A_cache.data,
(v * 128),
128,
A.data,
(v * 128),
128,
dtype="float32",
)
)
for j in T.serial(0, 128):
with T.block():
v = T.axis.S(1024, vi * 128 + j)
T.reads([A_cache[v]])
T.writes([B[v]])
B[v] = A_cache[v]
@T.prim_func
def transformed_opaque_access(a: T.handle, b: T.handle) -> None:
A = T.match_buffer(a, [1024])
B = T.match_buffer(b, [1024])
for i in T.serial(0, 8):
with T.block():
vi = T.axis.S(8, i)
T.reads(A[vi * 128 : vi * 128 + 128])
T.writes(B[vi * 128 : vi * 128 + 128])
A_cache = T.alloc_buffer([1024])
with T.block():
v = T.axis.S(8, vi)
T.reads([A[v * 128 : v * 128 + 128]])
T.writes([A_cache[v * 128 : v * 128 + 128]])
T.evaluate(
T.call_extern(
"test", A_cache.data, v * 128, 128, A.data, v * 128, 128, dtype="float32"
)
)
for j in T.serial(0, 128):
with T.block():
v = T.axis.S(1024, vi * 128 + j)
T.reads([A_cache[v]])
T.writes([B[v]])
B[v] = A_cache[v]
def test_elementwise():
_check(element_func, transformed_element_func)
def test_locate_buffer_allocation():
_check(original_func, transformed_func)
def test_match_buffer_allocation():
_check(match_buffer_func, transformed_match_buffer_func)
def test_opaque_access():
_check(opaque_access, transformed_opaque_access)
def test_lower_te():
x = te.placeholder((1,))
y = te.compute((1,), lambda i: x[i] + 2)
s = te.create_schedule(y.op)
orig_mod = tvm.driver.build_module.schedule_to_module(s, [x, y])
mod = tvm.tir.transform.PlanAndUpdateBufferAllocationLocation()(orig_mod)
tvm.ir.assert_structural_equal(
mod, orig_mod
) # PlanAndUpdateBufferAllocationLocation should do nothing on TE
def test_loop_carried_dependency():
"""The buffer allocation should be above opaque iter var's loop scopes
such that buffer accesses with loop carried dependencies are covered,
and the allocate buffer should keep the order."""
@T.prim_func
def before(A: T.Buffer((8, 8, 8), "int32"), B: T.Buffer((8, 8, 8), "int32")):
C = T.alloc_buffer([8, 8, 8], dtype="int32")
D = T.alloc_buffer([8, 8, 8], dtype="int32")
for i in T.serial(8):
for j in T.serial(8):
for k in T.serial(8):
with T.block("b0"):
vi, vj, vk = T.axis.remap("SSS", [i, j, k])
C[vi, vj, vk] = A[vi, vj, vk] + 1
for k in T.serial(8):
with T.block("b1"):
vi, vj, vk = T.axis.remap("SSS", [i, j, k])
D[vi, vj, vk] = A[vi, vj, vk] + 2
for k in T.serial(8):
with T.block("b2"):
vi, vk = T.axis.remap("SS", [i, k])
vj = T.axis.opaque(8, j)
B[vi, vj, vk] = (
C[vi, vj, vk]
+ T.if_then_else(0 < vj, C[vi, vj - 1, vk], 0, dtype="int32")
+ D[vi, vj, vk]
)
@T.prim_func
def after(A: T.Buffer((8, 8, 8), "int32"), B: T.Buffer((8, 8, 8), "int32")) -> None:
for i in T.serial(8):
with T.block():
T.reads(A[i, 0:8, 0:8])
T.writes(B[i, 0:8, 0:8])
C = T.alloc_buffer([8, 8, 8], dtype="int32")
D = T.alloc_buffer([8, 8, 8], dtype="int32")
for j in T.serial(8):
for k in T.serial(8):
with T.block("b0"):
vi, vj, vk = T.axis.remap("SSS", [i, j, k])
C[vi, vj, vk] = A[vi, vj, vk] + 1
for k in T.serial(8):
with T.block("b1"):
vi, vj, vk = T.axis.remap("SSS", [i, j, k])
D[vi, vj, vk] = A[vi, vj, vk] + 2
for k in T.serial(8):
with T.block("b2"):
vi, vk = T.axis.remap("SS", [i, k])
vj = T.axis.opaque(8, j)
B[vi, vj, vk] = (
C[vi, vj, vk]
+ T.if_then_else(0 < vj, C[vi, vj - 1, vk], 0, dtype="int32")
+ D[vi, vj, vk]
)
_check(before, after)
def test_1D_cascade_op_rolling_buffer():
"""The intermediate buffer must be allocated above rolling buffer's rolling loop,
which is marked as opaque in consumer block's iter mappings."""
@T.prim_func
def before(A: T.Buffer((4, 16), "int32"), C: T.Buffer((4, 8), "int32")):
B = T.alloc_buffer((4, 6), "int32")
for c in T.serial(4):
for i in T.serial(0, 2):
for j in T.serial(0, 6):
for k in T.serial(3):
with T.block("P1"):
T.where(i < 1 or j >= 2)
cc, vi, vj, vk = T.axis.remap("SSSR", [c, i, j, k])
if vk == 0:
B[cc, T.floormod(vi * 4 + vj, 6)] = 0
B[cc, T.floormod(vi * 4 + vj, 6)] = (
B[cc, T.floormod(vi * 4 + vj, 6)] + A[cc, vi * 4 + vj + vk]
)
for j in T.serial(0, 4):
for k in T.serial(3):
with T.block("P2"):
vi = T.axis.opaque(2, i)
cc, vj, vk = T.axis.remap("SSR", [c, j, k])
if vk == 0:
C[cc, vi * 4 + vj] = 0
C[cc, vi * 4 + vj] = (
C[cc, vi * 4 + vj] + B[cc, T.floormod(vi * 4 + vj + vk, 6)]
)
@T.prim_func
def after(A: T.Buffer((4, 16), "int32"), C: T.Buffer((4, 8), "int32")):
for c in T.serial(4):
with T.block():
T.reads(A[c, 0:12], C[c, 0:8])
T.writes(C[c, 0:8])
B = T.alloc_buffer([4, 6], dtype="int32")
for i in T.serial(2):
for j, k in T.grid(6, 3):
with T.block("P1"):
T.where(i < 1 or j >= 2)
cc, vi, vj, vk = T.axis.remap("SSSR", [c, i, j, k])
if vk == 0:
B[cc, (vi * 4 + vj) % 6] = 0
B[cc, (vi * 4 + vj) % 6] = (
B[cc, (vi * 4 + vj) % 6] + A[cc, vi * 4 + vj + vk]
)
for j, k in T.grid(4, 3):
with T.block("P2"):
vi = T.axis.opaque(2, i)
cc, vj, vk = T.axis.remap("SSR", [c, j, k])
if vk == 0:
C[cc, vi * 4 + vj] = 0
C[cc, vi * 4 + vj] = C[cc, vi * 4 + vj] + B[cc, (vi * 4 + vj + vk) % 6]
_check(before, after)
def test_allocate_const_after_tensorize():
i_size, o_size, h_size, w_size = 64, 64, 56, 56
k_height_size = k_width_size = 3
w_shape = (o_size, i_size, k_height_size, k_width_size)
data = relay.var("data", shape=(1, i_size, h_size, w_size), dtype="uint8")
weight = relay.var("weight", shape=w_shape, dtype="uint8")
conv2d = relay.nn.conv2d(
data=data,
weight=weight,
kernel_size=(k_height_size, k_width_size),
channels=o_size,
padding=(0, 0),
strides=(1, 1),
out_dtype="int32",
)
mod = tvm.IRModule.from_expr(conv2d)
executor = relay.backend.Executor("graph", {"link-params": True})
mod = mod.with_attr("executor", executor)
weight_np = np.random.uniform(1, 10, size=w_shape).astype("uint8")
target = tvm.target.Target("hexagon")
with tvm.transform.PassContext(opt_level=3):
opt_mod, _ = relay.optimize(mod, params={"weight": weight_np}, target=target)
conv2d_func = opt_mod["main"].body.args[0].op
prim_func = lower_to_primfunc(conv2d_func, target)
sch = tir.Schedule(prim_func)
block = sch.get_block("conv2d_NCHWc_int8")
loops = sch.get_loops(block)
sch.reorder(loops[8], loops[4], loops[-1])
sch.decompose_reduction(block, loops[1])
sch.tensorize(loops[4], VRMPY_u8u8i32_INTRIN)
seq = tvm.transform.Sequential(
[
tvm.tir.transform.LowerInitBlock(),
tvm.tir.transform.PlanAndUpdateBufferAllocationLocation(),
]
)
# The following error is emitted if AllocateConst nodes are not correctly handled:
# Check failed: (buffer_data_to_buffer_.count(source_var)) is false:
_ = seq(sch.mod)
def test_buffer_conditional_lowering():
"""Buffers passed as pointer arguments are unmodified
Confirm that the `tir.PlanAndUpdateBufferAllocationLocation` pass
leaves (Buffer nodes corresponding to pointer-typed PrimFunc arguments)
unchanged, rather than lowering them to `reads`, `writes`, and `alloc_buffer` nodes.
"""
@T.prim_func
def before(A: T.handle("float32")):
T.func_attr({"global_symbol": "main", "tir.noalias": True})
for i in range(1):
A_1 = T.Buffer((1,), data=A)
A_1[i] = 0
after = before
_check(before, after)
def test_dltensor_buffer_is_unlowered():
"""Buffers allocated with a LetStmt are unmodified
Confirm that the `tir.PlanAndUpdateBufferAllocationLocation` pass
leaves (Buffer nodes corresponding to PrimFunc DLTensor arguments)
unchanged, rather than lowering them to `reads`, `writes`, and
`alloc_buffer` nodes.
"""
@T.prim_func
def before(dlpack_handle: T.handle, axis: T.int64) -> T.int64:
ndim: T.int32 = T.tvm_struct_get(dlpack_handle, 0, 5, "int32")
stride_ptr: T.handle("int64") = T.tvm_struct_get(dlpack_handle, 0, 4, "handle")
if T.isnullptr(stride_ptr):
shape_ptr: T.handle("int64") = T.tvm_struct_get(dlpack_handle, 0, 3, "handle")
shape = T.decl_buffer(ndim, "int64", data=shape_ptr)
product = T.decl_buffer([], "int64")
product[()] = 1
for dim in range(axis + 1, ndim):
product[()] = product[()] * shape[dim]
return product[()]
else:
strides = T.decl_buffer(ndim, "int64", data=stride_ptr)
stride: T.int64 = strides[axis]
return stride
after = before
_check(before, after)
if __name__ == "__main__":
tvm.testing.main()
``` |
Erigeron oreophilus is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, called the chaparral fleabane. It is native to northern Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Sonora) and the southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico).
Erigeron oreophilus is a perennial herb up to 90 centimeters (3 feet) tall, with a large taproot. Leaves are pinnatifid with long narrow lobes. The plant generally produces an array of numerous flower heads per stem, each head with up to 75–130 white ray florets surrounding numerous yellow disc florets. The species grows in rocky, open locations in grasslands and conifer woodlands.
References
External links
Photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Chihuahua in 1888, type specimen of Achaetogeron pringlei, syn of Erigeron oreophilus
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas
Flora of the Southwestern United States
oreophilus
Plants described in 1906 |
Jessica Eugenie Huber is an American speech scientist. She is a Professor of speech, language and hearing sciences and College of Health and Human Sciences associate dean for research at Purdue University.
Early life and education
Huber completed her Bachelor of Arts degree in English at St. John Fisher College in 1992 before enrolling at the University at Buffalo for her graduate degrees. Prior to graduating with her PhD in 2001, Huber was included in the "Marquis Who's Who In American Universities And Colleges."
Career
Following her PhD, Huber accepted a faculty position at Purdue University's Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences in fall 2001. Upon joining the faculty, she focused her research on studying vocal changes associated with Parkinson's disease in order to develop more success therapies. As an associate professor in 2009, Huber created a voice-activated device that integrated a voice-detection sensor. The device automatically plays the background babble when the participant begins to speak in order to get them to increase their voice volume and speak more clearly. Following this development, Huber was named the 2012–13 faculty entrepreneur-in-residence at Discovery Park's Burton D. Morgan Center for Entrepreneurship. At the same time, her device was coined SpeechVive and she was working with the Purdue Research Foundation to bring it to the open market.
Upon completing her faculty entrepreneur-in-residence, Huber became the chief technology officer of SpeechVive Inc and made SpeechVive available throughout the United States. In 2014, she was named the recipient of the Outstanding Commercialization Award for Purdue University Faculty and a Faculty Fellow for Entrepreneurship. In 2016, Huber was appointed the interim associate vice provost for faculty affairs. In this role, she collaborated with colleague Jeff Haddad to study how playing specially created games could improve a patient's movement, speech, and overall quality of life. Following the 2018–19 academic year, Huber succeeded Dorothy Teegarden as the associate dean for research in the College of Health and Human Sciences. While serving in this new role, Huber continued to co-direct the Center for Research on Brain, Behavior, and NeuroRehabilitation and was elected a fellow of the National Academy of Inventors for her creation of SpeechVive.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Huber focused on making SpeechVive more freely accessible to Americans. In July 2020, SpeechVive was issued a new Level II Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System code to streamline the processing of claims with government and commercial insurers. She later made SpeechVive's remote calibration software and training available free in order to make it more accessible for speech-language pathologists and their patients. In fall 2020, Huber earned a one-year grant to "jumpstart small-scale research projects that address outcomes and mitigate risks resulting from the pandemic."
References
External links
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Speech and language pathologists
University at Buffalo alumni
St. John Fisher University alumni
Purdue University faculty
21st-century American inventors
American patent holders
Fellows of the National Academy of Inventors
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Smith Island is long and wide, lying west of Deception Island in the South Shetland Islands of the British Antarctic Territory. Separated from Snow Island by the wide Boyd Strait, and from Low Island by the wide Osmar Strait. Surface area .
The discovery of the South Shetland Islands was first reported in 1819 by Capt. William Smith, for whom the island is named. This island was known to both American and British sealers as early as 1820, and the name Smith has been well established in international usage for over 100 years, although in Russian literature it is often referred to as Borodino Island, sometimes marked as Borodino (Smith) Island.
The island hosts no research stations or camps, and is seldom visited by scientists or mountaineers. Its interior is entirely occupied by Imeon Range rising to (Mount Foster). The first detailed topographic mapping of the island was made by the Antarctic Place-names Commission and the Military Geographic Service of the Bulgarian Army and published in 2009 in both English and Bulgarian.
Maps
Chart of South Shetland including Coronation Island, &c. from the exploration of the sloop Dove in the years 1821 and 1822 by George Powell Commander of the same. Scale ca. 1:200000. London: Laurie, 1822.
L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )
South Shetland Islands: Smith and Low Islands. Scale 1:150000 topographic map No. 13677. British Antarctic Survey, 2009.
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.
See also
Composite Antarctic Gazetteer
Imeon Range
List of Antarctic islands south of 60° S
SCAR
South Shetland Islands
Territorial claims in Antarctica
References
External links
Smith Island. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer
Smith Island. Interactive image |
Village is a Metrolink tram stop built as part of the line to the Trafford Centre, within the Trafford Park Village area of Trafford. Specifically, the stop is located on Ashburton Road East. It opened on 22 March 2020.
Services
From this stop a service runs generally every 12 minutes towards Cornbrook and towards the Trafford Centre.
References
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 2020
Tram stops in Trafford |
Mary Green (née Tagg; 10 November 1943 – 7 April 2022) was a British sprinter. She competed in the women's 400 metres at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
Green was originally from Norfolk. Her brother, Mike Tagg, was also an athlete and represented Great Britain at the same Olympics.
She died in April 2022, at the age of 78.
References
External links
1943 births
2022 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics
British female sprinters
Olympic athletes for Great Britain
Olympic female sprinters
Sportspeople from Derby |
```go
package client
import (
"io"
"net/http"
"net/url"
"golang.org/x/net/context"
"github.com/docker/distribution/reference"
"github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
)
// ImagePull requests the docker host to pull an image from a remote registry.
// It executes the privileged function if the operation is unauthorized
// and it tries one more time.
// It's up to the caller to handle the io.ReadCloser and close it properly.
//
// FIXME(vdemeester): there is currently used in a few way in docker/docker
// - if not in trusted content, ref is used to pass the whole reference, and tag is empty
// - if in trusted content, ref is used to pass the reference name, and tag for the digest
func (cli *Client) ImagePull(ctx context.Context, refStr string, options types.ImagePullOptions) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
ref, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(refStr)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
query := url.Values{}
query.Set("fromImage", reference.FamiliarName(ref))
if !options.All {
query.Set("tag", getAPITagFromNamedRef(ref))
}
resp, err := cli.tryImageCreate(ctx, query, options.RegistryAuth)
if resp.statusCode == http.StatusUnauthorized && options.PrivilegeFunc != nil {
newAuthHeader, privilegeErr := options.PrivilegeFunc()
if privilegeErr != nil {
return nil, privilegeErr
}
resp, err = cli.tryImageCreate(ctx, query, newAuthHeader)
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return resp.body, nil
}
// getAPITagFromNamedRef returns a tag from the specified reference.
// This function is necessary as long as the docker "server" api expects
// digests to be sent as tags and makes a distinction between the name
// and tag/digest part of a reference.
func getAPITagFromNamedRef(ref reference.Named) string {
if digested, ok := ref.(reference.Digested); ok {
return digested.Digest().String()
}
ref = reference.TagNameOnly(ref)
if tagged, ok := ref.(reference.Tagged); ok {
return tagged.Tag()
}
return ""
}
``` |
Tarry Park, formerly known as Juliett and Red Cross Park, is an unincorporated community in Marion Township, Lawrence County, Indiana.
History
Tarry Park was platted in 1850 as Juliett. The post office in Tarry Park, under the name of "Yocky", was established on January 20, 1880, and closed on November 16, 1886. At one point, it was also known as "Red Cross Park", because of Joseph Gardner donating near the area to the International Red Cross Society. The present name of this place is for Gardner's home.
Geography
Tarry Park is located at .
References
Unincorporated communities in Lawrence County, Indiana
Unincorporated communities in Indiana |
Loughrea ( ; ) is a town in County Galway, Ireland. The town lies to the north of a range of wooded hills, the Slieve Aughty Mountains, and the lake from which it takes its name. The town's cathedral, St Brendan's, dominates the town's skyline. The town has increased in population in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Although the town also serves as a commuter town for the city of Galway, it also remains an independent market town. Loughrea is the fourth most populous settlement in County Galway, with a population of 6,322 as of 2022.
Name
The town takes its name from Loch Riach (Irish Riach being a variant of 'Riabhach' meaning grey/ speckled) The town is situated on the northern shore of the lake. The lake's Irish name is used in the name of the local Irish-language multi-faith primary school: Gaelscoil Riabhach. The town is located within an area that was historically called Trícha Máenmaige.
History
Pre-Norman
The town is in an area that was historically called Trícha Máenmaige. This area was under the control of Ui Fhiachrach Fionn, and later of the Uí Maine. The area contains many examples of Gaelic and Early Christian settlements. There is evidence of crannog settlements on the Lake of Loughrea, with up to 14 individual crannogs identified dating back to the 6th–7th centuries AD.
Norman settlement
The modern town was founded in 1236 by Richard de Burgo, an Anglo-Norman knight who built a castle along an ancient route between the River Shannon and the west coast. Today the remains of the medieval town wall, medieval priory, moat and a town gate are all still to be seen. The De Burgo family adopted Irish names and customs and assumed the role of chieftains in the following centuries, until 1543 when Ulick "Bourck, alias Mac William", surrendered his lands to Henry VIII, receiving it back to hold, by English custom, with his new title, the Earl of Clanricarde.
Pre-Famine
By the 1700s, Loughrea was a regional market and garrison town. During the Williamite War in Ireland, an attempt by Williamite forces to take Galway was defeated in a short skirmish at Loughrea.
Post-Famine
Loughrea was at the centre of the Gaelic Revival towards the end of the 19th century. The various elements of this revival in the town included Celtic Revival Art, the Irish Literary Revival, Gaelic Athletics and the Irish language revival.
Independence
Like many towns with garrisons, there was little support for the 1916 rebellion in Dublin, though some locals supported the rising in Galway. There was a Battalion of Irish Volunteers in Loughrea. They were not involved in any major battles and instead they mainly protected the local Sinn Féin Club members.
20th century
From 1920 until 1960 Loughrea maintained its role as a market town. The town is also the cathedral town of the Roman Catholic diocese of Clonfert, and the 20th century saw a number of large-scale religious events. The 1960s brought industrial developments such as the Tynagh Mines.
Economy
Loughrea was historically a farming town that cut its industrial teeth with the Tynagh mines, to the east. There is now a gas-powered electricity power station on the site of the mines. As well as being a dormitory town for Galway, Loughrea now hosts a number of pharmaceutical and data-processing industries. Loughrea's tourist infrastructure is supported by several hotels, a country resort, as well as many bed-and-breakfasts, restaurants, coffee shops and pubs.
Demographics
Birthplace and nationality
4,270 of the population were born in Ireland, with 386 having been born in the United Kingdom, 245 in Poland and Lithuania, 190 in the rest of the EU and 414 in the rest of the world.
4,585 of the population are Irish nationals, with 143 British, 257 Polish or Lithuanian, 198 other EU 28, 217 rest of the world and 105 not stated.
Ethnicity
White Irish are the largest ethnic group in Loughrea, with 4,011 of the population identifying as such, followed by Other White (703), White Irish Traveller (223), Asian or Asian Irish (189) and Black or Black Irish (77), with the rest identifying as other or not stating their ethnicity.
Religion
Roman Catholicism is the most predominant religion in the town, with 4,331 residents identifying as Roman Catholic, followed by no religion (534) and Other Stated Religion (533)
Places of interest
The Cathedral of St. Brendan on the lakeshore, in the town centre, is considered an important repository of Celtic Revival art and architecture. St. Brendan's Catholic Cathedral was designed by William Byrne in 1897 and completed five years later. Its double transepts are an unusual architectural feature. Spring-fed Loughrea Lake (Lough Rea) is overlooked by Knockash and fished for brown trout, pike and perch. There are also rudd, brook lamprey, three-spined stickleback, nine-spined stickleback and eels in the lake. The lake is home to many waterbirds. Migratory species from Europe live at the lake during the winter, and it provides nesting grounds for other species during the summer. The lake is listed as a site of international importance for the shoveler and a site of national importance for the coot and tufted duck. It is also used for water sports and swimming. Immediately behind the Loughrea boathouse are the remains of an old crannog. The Loughrea dwellers in ancient times would have sought protection from raiders by living in the comparative security provided by the lake.
There is a stone relief sculpture in town, on Millenium House, West Bridge, of Stoney Brennan's face. Brennan "according to legend, was hanged on Gallows’ Hill at Mount Carmel for stealing a turnip" during the 1700s.
Transport
Loughrea is connected to the M6 Dublin-Galway motorway via the N65. The town was historically served by the Midland Great Western Railway and a railway branch from Attymon Junction, in use until 1975. This line was Ireland's last operational rural railway branch line, having outlasted most other country railway lines of this type by 10–20 years, and even surviving to have diesel trains used on it. The link road from the Ballinasloe–Galway motorway to Loughrea removed most of the remains of the original track bed. Loughrea railway station opened on 1 December 1890 and finally closed on 3 November 1975.
Sport and culture
Loughrea GAA Club were 2006 winners of both the Galway and Connacht Senior Club Hurling Championships. They also reached the 2007 All-Ireland Club Hurling Championship final, losing out to Ballyhale Shamrocks. Loughrea has a rugby club, a soccer club, a Gaelic football club, a volleyball club, an 18-hole golf course, a cycling club and an athletic club. Loughrea cricket club is one of the leading clubs in Connacht. Actor Kiefer Sutherland has an affection for the town, twice visiting family as a young boy and is said to have been amazed at the skill of the players down at the handball alley.
Each year, in October, the town plays host to the BAFFLE International Poetry Festival. Loughrea also boasts a Musical and Dramatic Society, historical society, and a community association. In the 2018 National Glór na nGael awards for "Irish language in local communities", Loughrea's "Gaeilge Locha Riach" was awarded best voluntary committee in Connaught. Gaeilge Locha Riach promotes the Irish language in Loughrea among the community and businesses. There is also a Foróige Youth club in the town.
Each year the Local Triathlon club called Predator organise a junior and senior triathlon event. The race was created by French coach Sebastien Locteau in 2006 with Tony Daly. Loughrea Triathlon is part of the national event calendar under Triathlon Ireland rules.
Notable people
Mark Boyle (born 1979), Irish social activist and writer also known as "The Moneyless Man" owing to his choice in 2008 to stop using money, as he considers the concept of money harmful; he also gave up modern technology in 2016 after deciding that it was also part of the problem. Though not born in Loughrea, Boyle lives his moneyless, tech-less life near Loughrea.
William Malachy Burke (1819–1879), Irish physician and Registrar General
Annalistic references
797(802). The demolition of Loch Riach by Muirghius, son of Tomaltach.
821. Fearghal, son of Catharnach, lord of Loch Riach, died.
823. Fearghal, son of Cathasach, lord of Loch Riach, died.
881. Cormac, son of Ceithearnach, Prior of Tir Da Ghlas and Cluain Fearta Brenainn, and the second lord who was over Loch Riach at that time, died.
1408. O'h-Echeidhein was slain by the O'Dalys on the plain of Moinmoy.
See also
Frederick William Conway
List of abbeys and priories in Ireland (County Galway)
List of towns and villages in Ireland
Marquis de St Ruth
References
External links
discoverloughrea.com - Discover Loughrea is your news, entertainment, sport and music website brought to you by Loughrea Chamber of Commerce
Gaelscoil Riabhach: Loughrea's Gaelscoil
Tourist Information for Loughrea: Provides information on Loughrea's attractions, activities and businesses.
Gaeilge Locha Riach
Loughrea Foróige
THE LEAVING OF LOUGHREA - An Irish family in the Great Famine by Stephen Lally
Towns and villages in County Galway |
The Tutuí River is a river of Pará state in north-central Brazil.
See also
List of rivers of Pará
References
Brazilian Ministry of Transport
Rivers of Pará |
```go
// contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
// this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
package main
import (
"beam.apache.org/learning/katas/core_transforms/cogroupbykey/cogroupbykey/pkg/task"
"context"
"github.com/apache/beam/sdks/v2/go/pkg/beam"
"github.com/apache/beam/sdks/v2/go/pkg/beam/log"
"github.com/apache/beam/sdks/v2/go/pkg/beam/x/beamx"
"github.com/apache/beam/sdks/v2/go/pkg/beam/x/debug"
)
func main() {
ctx := context.Background()
p, s := beam.NewPipelineWithRoot()
fruits := beam.Create(s.Scope("Fruits"), "apple", "banana", "cherry")
countries := beam.Create(s.Scope("Countries"), "australia", "brazil", "canada")
output := task.ApplyTransform(s, fruits, countries)
debug.Print(s, output)
err := beamx.Run(ctx, p)
if err != nil {
log.Exitf(ctx, "Failed to execute job: %v", err)
}
}
``` |
The following lists events that happened during 2001 in Cape Verde.
Incumbents
President:
António Mascarenhas Monteiro
Pedro Pires
Prime Minister:
Gualberto do Rosário
José Maria Neves
Events
Jean Piaget University of Cape Verde established in Praia
January 14: Cape Verdean parliamentary election took place
February 1: José Maria Neves becomes Prime Minister of Cape Verde
February 11-26: Cape Verdean presidential election took place
March 22: Pedro Pires becomes President of Cape Verde
Arts and entertainment
Vasco Martins' fourth symphony titled Buda Dharma (Budda Dharma) was completed
June 5: Cesária Évora's album São Vicente di Longe' released
Sports
Onze Unidos won the Cape Verdean Football Championship
Deaths
Orlando Pantera (b. 1967)
References
Years of the 21st century in Cape Verde
2000s in Cape Verde
Cape Verde
Cape Verde |
Booty Pop (Sweet Apparel LLC), is a private US company that mainly manufacturers padded underwear for women intended to give the wearer an appearance of curvy, lifted buttocks.
The company, based in Boston, was founded in 2008 by Susan Bloomstone and Lisa Reisler. It was the subject of a The Wall Street Journal article about the market for undergarments of this nature.
References
External links
The Boston Globe http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/fashion/articles/2008/01/31/behind_the_scenes_at_bootypop/
Undergarments |
Pradoxa urdambideli is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Muricidae, the dove snails.
Description
The length of the shell attains 3.3 mm.
Distribution
The species occurs off the island of São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe.
References
External links
Houart, R. & Rolán, E. (2012). The genus Pradoxa Fernandes & Rolán, 1993 (Gastropoda: Muricidae) in São Tomé, Príncipe and Annobón. Iberus. 30(1): 1-14
Muricidae
Endemic fauna of São Tomé Island
Invertebrates of São Tomé and Príncipe
Gastropods described in 2012 |
This is a list of mountains in Cabo Verde:
List
See also
Lists of mountains by region
Geography of Cape Verde
Notes
External links
Cape Verde
Mountains
Cape |
The Mogao Caves, also known as the Thousand Buddha Grottoes or Caves of the Thousand Buddhas, form a system of 500 temples southeast of the center of Dunhuang, an oasis located at a religious and cultural crossroads on the Silk Road, in Gansu province, China. The caves may also be known as the Dunhuang Caves; however, this term is also used as a collective term to include other Buddhist cave sites in and around the Dunhuang area, such as the Western Thousand Buddha Caves, Eastern Thousand Buddha Caves, Yulin Caves, and Five Temple Caves. The caves contain some of the finest examples of Buddhist art spanning a period of 1,000 years. The first caves were dug out in 366 CE as places of Buddhist meditation and worship; later the caves became a place of pilgrimage and worship, and caves continued to be built at the site until the 14th century. The Mogao Caves are the best known of the Chinese Buddhist grottoes and, along with Longmen Grottoes and Yungang Grottoes, are one of the three famous ancient Buddhist sculptural sites of China.
An important cache of documents was discovered in 1900 in the so-called "Library Cave", which had been walled-up in the 11th century. The contents of the library were subsequently dispersed around the world, and the largest collections are now found in Beijing, London, Paris and Berlin, and the International Dunhuang Project exists to coordinate and collect scholarly work on the Dunhuang manuscripts and other material. The caves themselves are now a popular tourist destination, but the number of visitors has been capped to help with the preservation of the caves.
Etymology
The caves are commonly referred to in Chinese as the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas (), a name that some scholars have speculated to have come from the legend of its founding, when a monk Yuezun had a vision of a thousand Buddhas at the site. This name, however, may have come from the large number of Buddha figures at the site, or the miniatures figures painted on the walls of these caves as these figures are called "thousand Buddhas" colloquially. The name Mogao Caves () was used in the Tang dynasty, where 'Mogao' refers to an administrative district at the site during the Tang dynasty. Mogao may mean "peerless" (literally "none higher", where "mo" means "none", and "gao" means "high"); an alternative reading may be "high in the desert" if "mo" is read as a variant of the Chinese term for "desert". Mogao is also used as the name of a modern town that is administered by Dunhuang city: Mogao Town (). The Mogao Caves are also often referred to as the Dunhuang Caves after the nearest city Dunhuang, which means "blazing beacon" as beacons were used at the frontier outpost to warn of attacks by nomadic tribes. The term Dunhuang Caves however is also used in a broader sense as a collective term for all the caves found in or around the Dunhuang area.
History
Dunhuang was established as a frontier garrison outpost by the Han dynasty Emperor Wudi to protect against the Xiongnu in 111 BC. It also became an important gateway to the West, a centre of commerce along the Silk Road, as well as a meeting place of various people and religions such as Buddhism.
The Mogao Caves were first constructed in the 4th century AD and were used as a site of Buddhist worship and pilgrimage. The caves contain over 400,000 square feet of frescoes and sculptures, making them one of the largest repositories of Buddhist art in the world.
The construction of the Mogao Caves near Dunhuang is generally taken to have begun sometime in the fourth century AD. According to a book written during the reign of Tang Empress Wu, Fokan Ji (, An Account of Buddhist Shrines) by Li Junxiu (), a Buddhist monk named Lè Zūn (, which may also be pronounced Yuezun) had a vision of a thousand Buddhas bathed in golden light at the site in 366 AD, inspiring him to build a cave here. The story is also found in other sources, such as in inscriptions on a stele in cave 332; an earlier date of 353 however was given in another document, Shazhou Tujing (, Geography of Shazhou). He was later joined by a second monk Faliang (), and the site gradually grew, by the time of the Northern Liang a small community of monks had formed at the site. The caves initially served only as a place of meditation for hermit monks, but developed to serve the monasteries that sprang up nearby.
The earliest decorated Mogao Caves remaining to this day (caves 268, 272 and 275), were built and decorated by the Northern Liang between 419 and 439 CE, before the invasion of the Northern Wei. They share many stylistic characteristics in common with some of the Kizil Caves, such as Cave 17. Members of the ruling family of Northern Wei and Northern Zhou then constructed many caves here, and it flourished in the short-lived Sui dynasty. By the Tang dynasty, the number of caves had reached over a thousand.
By the Sui and Tang dynasties, Mogao Caves had become a place of worship and pilgrimage for the public. From the 4th until the 14th century, caves were constructed by monks to serve as shrines with funds from donors. These caves were elaborately painted, the cave paintings and architecture serving as aids to meditation, as visual representations of the quest for enlightenment, as mnemonic devices, and as teaching tools to inform those illiterate about Buddhist beliefs and stories. The major caves were sponsored by patrons such as important clergy, local ruling elite, foreign dignitaries, as well as Chinese emperors. Other caves may have been funded by merchants, military officers, and other local people such as women's groups.
During the Tang dynasty, Dunhuang became the main hub of commerce of the Silk Road and a major religious centre. A large number of the caves were constructed at Mogao during this era, including the two large statues of Buddha at the site, the largest one constructed in 695 following an edict a year earlier by Tang Empress Wu Zetian to build giant statues across the country. The site escaped the persecution of Buddhists ordered by Emperor Wuzong in 845 as it was then under Tibetan control. As a frontier town, Dunhuang had been occupied at various times by other non-Han Chinese people. After the Tang dynasty, the site went into a gradual decline, and construction of new caves ceased entirely after the Yuan dynasty. By then Islam had conquered much of Central Asia, and the Silk Road declined in importance when trading via sea-routes began to dominate Chinese trade with the outside world. During the Ming dynasty, the Silk Road was finally officially abandoned, and Dunhuang slowly became depopulated and largely forgotten by the outside world. Most of the Mogao caves were abandoned; the site, however, was still a place of pilgrimage and was used as a place of worship by local people at the beginning of the twentieth century when there was renewed interest in the site.
Discovery and revival
During late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Western explorers began to show interest in the ancient Silk Road and the lost cities of Central Asia, and those who passed through Dunhuang noted the murals, sculptures, and artifacts such as the Stele of Sulaiman at Mogao. There is an estimated half a million square feet of religious wall murals within the caves. The biggest discovery, however, came from a Chinese Taoist named Wang Yuanlu who had appointed himself guardian of some of these temples around the turn of the century and tried to raise funds to repair the statues.
Some of the caves had by then been blocked by sand, and Wang set about clearing away the sand and made an attempt at restoration of the site. In one such cave, on 25 June 1900, Wang followed the drift of smoke from a cigarette, and discovered a walled up area behind one side of a corridor leading to a main cave. Behind the wall was a small cave stuffed with an enormous hoard of manuscripts. In the next few years, Wang took some manuscripts to show to various officials who expressed varying level of interest, but in 1904 Wang re-sealed the cave following an order by the governor of Gansu concerned about the cost of transporting these documents.
Words of Wang's discovery drew the attention of a joint British/Indian group led by the Hungarian-born British archaeologist Aurel Stein who was on an archaeological expedition in the area in 1907. Stein negotiated with Wang to allow him to remove a significant number of manuscripts as well as the finest paintings and textiles in exchange for a donation to Wang's restoration effort. He was followed by a French expedition under Paul Pelliot who acquired many thousands of items in 1908, and then by a Japanese expedition under Otani Kozui in 1911 and a Russian expedition under Sergei F. Oldenburg in 1914. A well-known scholar Luo Zhenyu edited some of the manuscripts Pelliot acquired into a volume which was then published in 1909 as "Manuscripts of the Dunhuang Caves" ().
Stein and Pelliot provoked much interest in the West about the Dunhuang Caves. Scholars in Beijing, after seeing samples of the documents in Pelliot's possession, became aware of their value. Concerned that the remaining manuscripts might be lost, Luo Zhenyu and others persuaded the Ministry of Education to recover the rest of the manuscripts to be sent to Peking (Beijing) in 1910. However, not all the remaining manuscripts were taken to Peking, and of those retrieved, some were then stolen. Rumours of caches of documents taken by local people continued for some time, and a cache of documents hidden by Wang from the authorities was later found in the 1940s. Some of the caves were damaged and vandalized by White Russian soldiers when they were used by the local authority in 1921 to house Russian soldiers fleeing the civil war following the Russian Revolution. In 1924, American explorer Langdon Warner removed a number of murals as well as a statue from some of the caves. In 1939 Kuomintang soldiers stationed at Dunhuang caused some damage to the murals and statues at the site.
The situation improved in 1941 when, following a visit by Wu Zuoren to the site the previous year, the painter Zhang Daqian arrived at the caves with a small team of assistants and stayed for two and a half years to repair and copy the murals. He exhibited and published the copies of the murals in 1943, which helped to publicize and give much prominence to the art of Dunhuang within China. Historian Xiang Da then persuaded Yu Youren, a prominent member of the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party), to set up an institution, the Research Institute of Dunhuang Art (which later became the Dunhuang Academy), at Mogao in 1944 to look after the site and its contents. In 1956, the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, Zhou Enlai, took a personal interest in the caves and sanctioned a grant to repair and protect the site; and in 1961, the Mogao Caves were declared to be a specially protected historical monument by the State Council, and large-scale renovation work at Mogao began soon afterwards. The site escaped the widespread damage caused to many religious sites during the Cultural Revolution.
Today, efforts are continuing to conserve and research the site and its content. The Mogao Caves became one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1987. From 1988 to 1995 a further 248 caves were discovered to the North of the 487 caves known since the early 1900s.
The Dunhuang Academy entered a period of "scientific conservation" for the Mogao Caves in the 1980s and began exploring "digital conservation" as early as 1993. Since 2010, it has completed photographic acquisition of 120 caves, image processing of 40 caves, panoramic roaming of 120 caves, and 3D reconstruction of 20 painted sculptures in the Mogao Caves. The Dunhuang Academy also introduced I-m-Cave, a multi-touch desktop system for virtual tours of the Mogao Caves, which presents a relationship between currently damaged artifacts and their virtual restored versions that cannot be experienced during a real tour.
The Library Cave
Cave 17 discovered by Wang Yuanlu in the early 1900s came to be known as the Library Cave. It is located off the entrance leading to cave 16 and was originally used as a memorial cave for a local monk Hongbian on his death in 862. Hongbian, from a wealthy Wu family, was responsible for the construction of cave 16, and the Library Cave may have been used as his retreat in his lifetime. The cave originally contained his statue which was moved to another cave when it was used to keep manuscripts, some of which bear Hongbian's seal. A large number of documents dating from 406 to 1002 were found in the cave, heaped up in closely packed layers of bundles of scrolls. In addition to the 1,100 bundles of scrolls, there were also over 15,000 paper books and shorter texts, including a Hebrew penitential prayer (selichah) (see Dunhuang manuscripts). It's estimated that 50,000 ancient documents were discovered inside on topics of literature, philosophy, art and medicine. The Library Cave also contained textiles such as banners, numerous damaged figurines of Buddhas, and other Buddhist paraphernalia. According to Stein who was the first to describe the cave in its original state:
The Library Cave was walled off sometime early in the 11th century. A number of theories have been proposed as the reason for sealing the caves. Stein first proposed that the cave had become a waste repository for venerable, damaged and used manuscripts and hallowed paraphernalia and then sealed perhaps when the place came under threat. Following this interpretation some suggested that the handwritten manuscripts of the Tripitaka became obsolete when printing became widespread, the older manuscripts were therefore stored away. Another suggestion is that the cave was simply used as a book storehouse for documents which accumulated over a century and a half, then sealed up when it became full.
Others, such as Pelliot, suggested an alternative scenario, that the monks hurriedly hid the documents in advance of an attack by invaders, perhaps when Xi Xia invaded in 1035. This theory was proposed in light of the absence of documents from Xi Xia and the disordered state in which Pelliot found the room (perhaps a misinterpretation because unbeknownst to him the room was disturbed by Stein months before). Another theory posits that the items were from a monastic library and hidden due to threats from Muslims who were moving eastward. This theory proposes that the monks of a nearby monastery heard about the fall of the Buddhist kingdom of Khotan to Karakhanids invaders from Kashgar in 1006 and the destruction it caused, so they sealed their library to avoid it being destroyed.
The date of the sealing of the cave continued to be debated. Rong (2000) provided evidence to support 1002 as the date for sealing the cave, while Huntington (1986) supported a closing around the early to mid-thirteen century. It is difficult to determine the state of the materials found since the chamber was not opened "under scientific conditions", so critical evidence to support dating the closure was lost. The latest date recorded in the documents found in the cave is believed to be 1002, and although some have proposed later dates for some of the documents, the cave was likely to have been sealed not long after that date.
Dunhuang manuscripts
The manuscripts from the Library Cave date from fifth century until early eleventh century when it was sealed. Up to 50,000 manuscripts may have been kept there, one of the greatest treasure troves of ancient documents found. While most of them are in Chinese, a large number of documents are in various other languages such as Tibetan, Uighur, Sanskrit, and Sogdian, including the then little-known Khotanese. They may be old hemp paper scrolls in Chinese and many other languages, Tibetan pothis, and paintings on hemp, silk or paper. The subject matter of the great majority of the scrolls is Buddhist in nature, but it also covers a diverse material. Along with the expected Buddhist canonical works are original commentaries, apocryphal works, workbooks, books of prayers, Confucian works, Taoist works, Christian works, works from the Chinese government, administrative documents, anthologies, glossaries, dictionaries, and calligraphic exercises.
Many of the manuscripts were previously unknown or thought lost, and the manuscripts provide a unique insight into the religious and secular matters of Northern China as well as other Central Asian kingdoms from the early periods up to the Tang and early Song dynasty. The manuscripts found in the Library Cave include the earliest dated printed book, the Diamond Sutra from 868, which was first translated from Sanskrit into Chinese in the fourth century. These scrolls also include manuscripts that ranged from the Christian Jingjiao Documents to the Dunhuang Go Manual and ancient music scores, as well as the image of the Chinese astronomy Dunhuang map. These scrolls chronicle the development of Buddhism in China, record the political and cultural life of the time, and provide documentation of mundane secular matters that gives a rare glimpse into the lives of ordinary people of these eras.
The manuscripts were dispersed all over the world in the aftermath of the discovery. Stein's acquisition was split between Britain and India because his expedition was funded by both countries. Stein had the first pick and he was able to collect around 7,000 complete manuscripts and 6,000 fragments for which he paid £130, although these include many duplicate copies of the Diamond and Lotus Sutras. Pelliot took almost 10,000 documents for the equivalent of £90, but, unlike Stein, Pelliot was a trained sinologist literate in Chinese, and he was allowed to examine the manuscripts freely, so he was able to pick a better selection of documents than Stein. Pelliot was interested in the more unusual and exotic of the Dunhuang manuscripts, such as those dealing with the administration and financing of the monastery and associated lay men's groups. Many of these manuscripts survived only because they formed a type of palimpsest whereby papers were reused and Buddhist texts were written on the opposite side of the paper. Hundreds more of the manuscripts were sold by Wang to Otani Kozui and Sergei Oldenburg. Efforts are now underway to reconstitute the Library Cave manuscripts digitally, and they are now available as part of International Dunhuang Project.
Art
The art of Dunhuang covers more than ten major genres, such as architecture, stucco sculpture, wall paintings, silk paintings, calligraphy, woodblock printing, embroidery, literature, music and dance, and popular entertainment.
Architecture
The caves are examples of rock-cut architecture, but unlike Longmen Grottoes and Yungang Grottoes, the local rock is a rather soft gravel conglomerate that is not suitable for either sculpture or elaborate architectural details. Many of the early caves were developed from earlier Buddhist rock-cut chaitya styles seen in places such as the Ajanta Caves in India, with a square-sectioned central column, with sculpture in niches, representing the stupa round which worshippers may circumambulate (parikrama) and gain blessings. Others are hall caves influenced by traditional Chinese and Buddhist temple architecture. These caves may have a truncated pyramidal ceiling sometimes painted to resemble a tent, or they may have a flat or gabled ceiling that imitates traditional buildings. Some of the caves used for meditation are adaptations of the Indian vihara (monastery) cave plan and contain side-chambers just large enough for one person to sit in.
Many of the caves originally had wooden porches or fore-temples built out from the cliff, but most of these have decayed or been lost in other ways, with only five remaining, the two earliest of which are rare surviving examples of Song dynasty wooden architecture. The most prominent wooden building at the site, first built during the Tang dynasty, houses the Great Buddha and was originally four storeys high, but it has been repaired at least five times and is no longer the original structure. A storey was added between 874 and 885, then repaired in the Guiyijun period, and two further storeys were added during a restoration in 1898. Two further restorations were carried out in the 20th century, and the building is now a 9-storey structure.
Murals
The murals in the caves date from a period of over a thousand years, from the 5th to the 14th century, and many earlier ones were repainted at later points within the period. The murals are extensive, covering an area of . The most fully painted caves have paintings all over the walls and ceilings, with geometrical or plant decoration filling the spaces not taken by figurative images, which are above all of the Buddha. Sculpture is also brightly painted. The murals are valued for the scale and richness of content as well as their artistry. Buddhist subjects are most common, however some have traditional mythical subjects and portraits of patrons. These murals document the changing styles of Buddhist art in China for nearly a thousand years. The artistry of the murals reached its apogee during the Tang period, and the quality of the work dropped after the tenth century.
Early murals showed a strong Indian and Central Asian influence in the painting techniques used, the composition and style of the paintings as well as costumes worn by the figures, but a distinct Dunhuang style began to emerge during the Northern Wei dynasty. Motifs of Chinese, Central Asian and Indian origin may be found in a single cave, and Chinese elements increased during the Western Wei period.
A common motif in many caves is the areas entirely covered by rows of small seated Buddha figures, after which this and other "Thousand Buddhas Caves" are named. These small Buddhas were drawn using stencils so that identical figures may be replicated. Flying apsaras, or celestial beings may be depicted in the ceiling or above the Buddhas, and figures of donors may be shown along the bottom of the walls. The paintings often depict jataka tales which are stories of the life of Buddha, or avadana which are parables of the doctrine of karma. The murals may also depict religious themes.
Bodhisattvas started appearing during the Northern Zhou period, with Avalokitesvara (Guanyin), which was originally male but acquired female characteristics later, the most popular. Most caves show Mahayana and Sravakayana (Theravada or Hinayana) influences, although Mahayana Buddhism became the dominant form during the Sui dynasty. An innovation of the Sui-Tang period is the visual representation of the sutra – Mahayana Buddhist teachings transformed into large complete and detailed narrative paintings. One of the central features of Tang art in Mogao is the representation of the paradise of the Pure Land, indicating the increasing popularity of this school of Mahayana Buddhism in the Tang era. The iconography of Tantric Buddhism, such as the eleven-headed or thousand-armed Avalokitesvara, also started to appear in Mogao wall paintings during the Tang period. It became popular during the Tibetan occupation of Dunhuang and the subsequent periods, especially during the Yuan dynasty.
While Buddhist art is stylistically distinct from secular art, the style of paintings in the caves often reflects that of contemporary secular painting (insofar as we know of this), especially those depicting secular scenes. Donor figures are generally depicted in secular style, and may include secular events associated with them. For example, scenes depicting General Zhang Yichao, who ruled over Dunhuang in a quasi-autonomous manner during the Late Tang period, include a commemoration of his victory over the Tibetans in 848. The portraits of donors increased in size during the period ruled by the Cao family who succeeded the Zhang family. The Caos formed alliances with the Uyghurs (Uyghur Gansu Kingdom and Kingdom of Qocho) and the Saka Kingdom of Khotan and their portraits are featured prominently in some of the caves.
Many of the figures have darkened due to oxidation of the lead-based pigments from exposure to air and light. Many early figures in the murals in Dunhuang also used painting techniques originated from India where shading was applied to achieve a three-dimensional or chiaroscuro effect. However, the darkening of the paint used in shading over time resulted in heavy outlines which is not what the painters had originally intended. This shading technique is unique to Dunhuang in East Asia at this period as such shading on human faces was generally not done in Chinese paintings until much later when there were influences from European paintings. Another difference from traditional Chinese painting is the presence of figures that are semi-nude, occasionally fully nude, as figures are generally fully clothed in Chinese paintings. Many of the murals have been repaired or plastered over and repainted over the centuries, and older murals may be seen where sections of later paintings had been removed.
The Getty Conservation Institute has a dedicated page to the conservation of those wall paintings.
Sculptures
There are around 2,400 surviving clay sculptures at Mogao. These were first constructed on a wooden frame, padded with reed, then modelled in clay stucco, and finished with paint. The giant statues however have a stone core. The Buddha is generally shown as the central statue, often attended by boddhisattvas, heavenly kings, devas, and apsaras, along with yaksas and other mythical creatures.
The early figures are relatively simple and mainly of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. The Buddhas of Northern Wei may have two attendant Bodhisattvas, and two further disciples were added in Northern Zhou, forming a group of five. Figures from the Sui and Tang periods may be present as larger groups of seven or nine, and some showed large-scale parinirvana scene with groups of mourners. The early sculptures were based on Indian and Central Asian prototypes, with some in the Greco-Indian style of Gandhara. Over time the sculptures showed more Chinese elements and became gradually sinicized.
The two giant statues represent Maitreya Buddha. The earlier and larger one in cave 96, at 35.5 m high, was constructed in 695 under the edicts from Empress Wu Zetian who instructed the constructions of monasteries in 689 and giant statues in 694. The smaller one is 27 m tall and was constructed in 713–41. The larger northern giant Buddha was damaged in an earthquake and had been repaired and restored multiple times, consequently its clothing, colour and gestures had been changed and only the head retains its original Early Tang appearance. The southern statue however is largely in its original form apart for its right hand. The larger Buddha is housed in a prominent wooden 9-storey structure.
One type of caves constructed during the Tibetan era is the Nirvana Cave, which features a large reclining Buddha that covers the entire length of the hall. Figures of mourners in murals or in sculptural forms are also depicted along the length of the hall behind the Buddha. The Buddha figure in cave 158 measures 15.6 m long.
The original function of the "Library Cave" was as a shrine commemorating Hong Bian, the 9th-century monk. His portrait statue, unusual here and among all surviving works in China, was removed to another spot when the cave was sealed up in the 11th century, but has been returned now the library has been removed. There is also a stone stele describing his life, and the wall behind the statue is painted with attendant figure; such blending of painted sculpture and wall paintings into a single composition is very common at the site.
Paintings on silk and paper
Before the discovery in the Library Cave, original paintings on silk and paper from the Tang dynasty, an influential period in Chinese art, were very rare, and most of the surviving examples were copies made in later periods. Over a thousand paintings on silk, banners, and embroideries were found in the Library Cave, none apparently dating before the late 7th century. The great majority of the paintings are anonymous, but many are of high quality, especially from the Tang. Most are sutra paintings, images of Buddha, and narrative paintings. The paintings show something of the contemporary Chinese style of the capital Chang'an, but many also reflect Indian, Tibetan and Uighur painting styles.
There are brush paintings in ink alone, some in just two colours, as well as many in full colour. Most common are single figures, and most paintings were probably donated by an individual, who is often portrayed on a diminutive scale. The donor figures become notably more elaborate in dress by the 10th century.
Printed images
The Library Cave is equally important as a source of rare early images and texts produced by woodblock printing, including the famous Diamond Sutra, the earliest printed book to survive. Other printed images were made to be hung, often with text below containing prayers and sometimes a dedication by the pious commissioner; at least two prints were commissioned by Cao Yuanzhong, Imperial Commissioner at Dunhuang in 947. Many of the images have colour added by hand to the printed outline. Several sheets contain repeated impressions of the same block with a Buddha image. Possibly these reflect stock for cutting when sold to pilgrims, but inscriptions in some examples show these were also printed out at different times by an individual as a devotion to acquire merit. It is unclear whether such people owned their own blocks, or visited a monastery to have the images printed.
Textiles
The textiles found in the Library Cave include silk banners, altar hangings, wrappings for manuscripts, and monks' apparel (kāṣāya). The monks normally used fabrics consisting of a patchwork of different scraps of cloth as a sign of humility; these therefore provide valuable insights into the various type of silk cloth and embroidery available at the time. Silk banners were used to adorn the cliff-face at the caves during festivals, and these are painted and may be embroidered. Valances used to decorate altars and temples had a horizontal strip at the top, from which hung streamers made from strips of different cloths ending in a V that look like a modern male necktie.
Caves
The caves were cut into the side of a cliff which is close to two kilometers long. At its height, during the Tang dynasty, there were more than a thousand caves, but over time many of the caves were lost, including the earliest caves. 735 caves currently exist in Mogao; the best-known ones are the 487 caves located in the southern section of the cliff which are places of pilgrimage and worship. 248 caves have also been found to the north which were living quarters, meditation chambers, and burial sites for the monks. The caves at the southern section are decorated, while those at the northern section are mostly plain.
The caves are clustered together according to their era, with new caves from a new dynasty being constructed in different parts of the cliff. From the murals, sculptures, and other objects found in the caves, the dates of around five hundred caves have been determined. Following is a list of the caves by era, compiled in the 1980s (more have been identified since):
Sixteen Kingdoms (366–439) - 7 caves, the oldest dated to Northern Liang period.
Northern Wei (439–534) and Western Wei (535-556) - 10 from each phase
Northern Zhou (557–580) - 15 caves
Sui dynasty (581–618) - 70 caves
Early Tang (618–704) - 44 caves
High Tang (705–780) - 80 caves
Middle Tang (781–847) - 44 caves (This era in Dunhuang is also known as the Tibetan period because Dunhuang was then under Tibetan occupation.)
Guiyijun period (, 848–1036), when Dunhuang was ruled by the Zhang and Cao families. It may be subdivided into the following periods:
Late Tang (848–906) - 60 caves
The Five Dynasties (907–960) - 32 caves
Song dynasty (960–1035) - 43 caves
Western Xia (1036–1226) - 82 caves
Yuan dynasty (1227–1368) - 10 caves
Gallery
See also
List of World Heritage Sites in China
Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves
Bhadrakalpikasutra
Buddhism in China
Chinese Manichaean hymn scroll
Dunhuang Go Manual
International Dunhuang Project
Irk Bitig
Kizil Caves
Kumtura Thousand Buddha Caves
Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
Stele of Sulaiman
Tang performance arts in Dunhuang
Tianlongshan Grottoes
Footnotes
References
Duan Wenjie (editor-in-chief), Mural Paintings of the Dunhuang Mogao Grotto (1994) Kenbun-Sha, Inc. / China National Publications Import and Export Corporation,
Fan Jinshi, The Caves of Dunhuang. (2010) The Dunhuang Academy.
Hopkirk, Peter. Foreign Devils on the Silk Road: The Search for the Lost Cities and Treasures of Chinese Central Asia (1980). Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press.
Murray, Stuart A.P. "The Library: An Illustrated History" 2012. Print.
Rong Xinjiang, translated by Valerie Hansen, "The Nature of the Dunhuang Library Cave and the Reasons for Its Sealing," Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie (1999): 247–275.
Whitfield, Roderick and Farrer, Anne, Caves of the Thousand Buddhas: Chinese Art from the Silk Route (1990), British Museum Publications,
Whitfield, Roderick, Susan Whitfield, and Neville Agnew. "Cave Temples of Mogao: Art and History on the Silk Road" (2000). Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
Wood, Frances, "The Caves of the Thousand Buddhas: Buddhism on the Silk Road" in "The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia" (2002) by Frances Wood. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Zhang Wenbin, ed. "Dunhuang: A Centennial Commemoration of the Discovery of the Cave Library" (2000). Beijing: Morning Glory Publishers.
Suemori Kaoru, "Thousand-Buddha images in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes: Religious spaces created by polychromatic patterns" (2020). Kyoto: Hozokan.
Further reading
Stein, M. Aurel. Ruins of Desert Cathay: Personal Narrative of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China, vol. 2 (1912). London: Macmillan.
Pelliot, Paul Les grottes de Touen-Houang 1920.
Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol. 1
Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol. 2
Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol. 3
Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol. 4
Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol. 5
Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol. 6
External links
Dunhuang Academy
A large collections of images of murals and other artifacts from the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang
International Dunhuang Project
Mogao caves video
Harvard Art Museums, some murals and a statue removed from Dunhuang by Langdon Warner
British Museum The cave-temples at Dunhuang
Wisdom embodied: Chinese Buddhist and Daoist sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on the Mogao Caves
New Yorker article "A Secret Library, Digitally Excavated
Buddhist grottoes in Gansu
Sites along the Silk Road
World Heritage Sites in China
Dunhuang
Buddhist pilgrimage sites in China
Buddhist libraries
Ancient Central Asian art
Chinese painting
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Gansu
Buddhist paintings |
The Kenyan big-eared free-tailed bat (Tadarida lobata) is a species of bat in the family Molossidae. It is found in Kenya and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitat is dry savanna.
References
Tadarida
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Mammals described in 1891
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
Bats of Africa |
Shine So Hard is a live 12" EP released by the band Echo & the Bunnymen on 10 April 1981. The EP reached number 37 on the UK Singles Chart.
Overview
Having returned from the United States where they were promoting their debut album Crocodiles, Echo & the Bunnymen went on to tour the United Kingdom. The final concert of the "Camo" tour was held at the Pavilion Gardens in Buxton, Derbyshire on 17 January 1981, and the performance was filmed, with multitrack audio recorded by the Manor Mobile.
The concert, staged as a special free event for fans, was devised by manager Bill Drummond and their lighting director Bill Butt. They intended it as a source of footage for the group's first music video, as well as a way to document the Bunnymen's dynamic live performances in this period. After placing advertisements in the music press, 500 respondents were sent free tickets and a map to the secret venue (called "Gomorrah" in the ad), and for a £5 fee, coach transport was arranged for fans coming from London, Liverpool and other cities.
Butt planned to direct the film himself, but discovered that UK film union rules would prevent it from being distributed commercially unless it was made by a properly accredited director. On the advice of mutual friend Peter Duval, Butt hired John Smith to direct. Smith and Duval were friends from their university days, and Smith had gained director's guild accreditation for a student film he had made a few years earlier.
Duval was engaged as editor and he and Smith were given total creative freedom. They spent a week in Buxton with the band leading up to the concert, filming them in various locations, and with the addition of an extra camera operator they then filmed the concert.
The finished product, also titled "Shine So Hard", was a 32-minute short film that combined Smith and Duval's avant-garde opening montage (a series of oblique images of the band engaged in various activities leading up to the concert) with footage of four songs from the concert, "Crocodiles", "Zimbo", "All That Jazz" and "Over the Wall".
The audio was mixed at Rockfield Studios in Monmouth, Wales. The EP was released on 10 April 1981 and subsequently peaked at number 37 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the band's first hit single.
The title of the EP comes from a line in an earlier Bunnymen song, "Stars Are Stars".
The film was given a limited cinema release in the UK during 1981. A limited edition of 500 32-minute videos filmed by Bill Butt were subsequently released in 1982 of the Buxton concert. These were made available only to people who had been present at the concert.
When Crocodiles was remastered and reissued in 2003, the four tracks from the EP were included as bonus tracks.
Track listings
All tracks written by Will Sergeant, Ian McCulloch, Les Pattinson and Pete de Freitas.
UK release (ECHO 1)
"Crocodiles" (live) – 5:06
"Zimbo" (live) – 3:32
"All That Jazz" (live) – 2:52
"Over the Wall" (live) – 5:29
New Zealand release (MX 214362)
"Crocodiles" (live) – 5:06
"All That Jazz" (live) – 2:52
"Zimbo" (live) – 3:32
"Over the Wall" (live) – 5:29
Personnel
Musicians
Ian McCulloch – vocals, guitar
Will Sergeant – lead guitar
Les Pattinson – bass
Pete de Freitas – drums
Production
Bill Drummond – producer
Hugh Jones – producer
Martyn Atkins – sleeve design
References
1981 debut EPs
Albums produced by Hugh Jones (producer)
Echo & the Bunnymen EPs |
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1533.
Events
October – The censors of the Collège de Sorbonne stigmatize François Rabelais' Pantagruel as obscene.
date unknown – French poet Maurice Sceve announces that he has found the tomb of "Laura", the woman who is the subject of so many poems by Petrarch, at the church of Santa Croce in Avignon, further strengthening French interest in the Italian poet.
New books
Prose
Henry Cornelius Agrippa – De occulta philosophia libri tres, Books 2 & 3
Antoine Marcourt (as Pantople) – Le Livre des marchans
Approximate year
Young Man of Arévalo
Brief Compendium of our Sacred Law and Sunna
Tafsira
Drama
John Heywood
The Merry Play between Johan Johan the Husband, Tyb his Wife, and Sir Johan, the Priest (first published; written 1520)
The Mery Play between the Pardoner and the Frere, the Curate and Neybour Pratte (first published)
The Play of the Wether, a new and mery interlude of all maner of Wethers
The Play of Love
Poetry
Births
January 2 – Johann Major, German poet and theologian (died 1600)
January 3 – Jerónimo Bautista Lanuza, Spanish friar, bishop and homiletic writer (died 1624)
June 6 – Bernardino Baldi, Italian mathematician, polymath and writer (died 1617)
August 7 – Alonso de Ercilla, Spanish soldier and poet (died 1594)
Unknown dates
Eknath, Marathi language religious poet in the Hindu tradition of India (died 1599)
Elazar ben Moshe Azikri, Jewish kabbalist, poet and writer (died 1600)
Andrea Rapicio, Italian poet writing in Latin (died 1573)
Sun Kehong (孫克弘), Chinese landscape painter, calligrapher and poet (died 1611)
(Or 1534) – Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer, Dutch cartographer (died 1606)
Deaths
July 6 – Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet also writing Latin verse (born 1474)
November 6 or 11 – Pieter Gillis, Flemish humanist, printer and Antwerp city official (born 1486)
Unknown date – Giovanni Francesco Pico della Mirandola, Italian philosopher writing in Latin (born 1470)
References
1533
1533 books
Renaissance literature
Early Modern literature
Years of the 16th century in literature |
ARQ-E is a radio transmission method used to send data over short wave radio. ARQ-E is a full duplex synchronous data communications system that requests repeats if data is not received correctly. It uses an alphabet that can detect errors. Another name for this is ARQ-1000 duplex or ARQ-1000D.
Alphabet
The alphabet used in the ARQ-E protocol is an extension of the CCITT Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 more commonly known as Baudot. This alphabet has five bits, and therefore has 25 or 32 different possible symbols. The ARQ-M alphabet being synchronous always has to send data and does not have gaps between characters. It does not include start and stop bits that would be used in asynchronous transmissions. In asynchronous transmissions a steady stop signal indicates that there is nothing to send.
The ARQ-E characters are extended with an identification bit or signal element at the start to indicate whether it is a normal character or a function signal. This would add another possible 32 combinations to the code. But of the 32 only three are used.
An extra symbol labelled α shows a start polarity, and another symbol labelled β indicates a steady stop polarity. So a stream of β characters will be sent if there is nothing else to send. The α and β symbols are called idle signals. The third symbol used is the RQ signal used to request a retransmit.
A seventh bit is added to the character to indicate parity. Odd parity is used so that the number of stop polarity elements (1) is always odd. The parity bit is checked by the receiver to tell if an error has occurred in the transmission of the character. The return channel will include the RQ signal if an error is detected.
ltrs is the symbol to activate the letters shift.
figs is the symbol to activate figures shift.
Space is equivalent to the space bar
cr is carriage return
lf is line feed
cells with blank entries are undefined for international communications, but may have meaning within one country.
Marking
After the five bit characters are extended to seven bit, the polarity may be inverted to form a marking pattern, Either every fourth or every eighth character has its 0s and 1s (space and mark elements) transposed. There is also a variation with a cycle length of five characters, to be used when encrypters are in-line.
Transmission
The seven bits resulting are converted from parallel to serial, sending the left-most element first, and then modulated onto a radio carrier using frequency-shift keying. Standard baud rates are 48, 64, 72, 86, 96, 144, and 192 baud.
Repeat request
When an error is detected in a character received, then an RQ symbol is sent, along with a repetition of the last characters in the cycle. When an RQ is received, then an RQ is sent along with repeated characters starting from the one flagged as having a problem. The repeated characters would be three in the four character cycle, and seven in the eight character cycle. For the five character cycle, three characters are repeated after two RQ characters. For encrypted characters streams, it is very important to get the position in the sequence precisely correct, and it cannot afford to make a mistake with repeated data.
Variants
Different variants of ARQ-E include ARQ-E3 which uses a different alphabet, ITA3 as in ARQ-M. ARQ-E3 can also be called CCIR 519. ITU standard F.519 introduces this as a variant of ARQ-M, but with one channel. Standard bit rates are 48, 72 and 96 baud.
ARQ-N is similar to ARQ-E but there is no marking pattern.
Monitoring
Software is available for professionals and hobbyists to receive and decode utility transmissions that use ARQ-E. Software includes go2MONIOR which can handle the variants and multipsk, the Rohde & Schwarz GX401DC, the Hoka Code2-32P, and Code200-32, Wavecom, the WiNRADiO Universal FSK Decoder,. Early software included Radioraft.
References
Quantized radio modulation modes |
Campbell R. Bridges (1937 – 11 August 2009) was a Scottish-born Kenyan gemologist.
Bridges, originally from Scotland, lived in Kenya with his family and regularly mined for rare gemstones with his son Bruce Bridges. The discovery of the green variety of garnet known as tsavorite and the importation of tanzanite into the west solidified his reputation and led to a consultancy with Tiffany & Co. in 1973.
Bridges was attacked by a gang of 20 men armed with clubs, spears, bows and arrows in the town of Voi and died of his injuries on arrival at hospital. He was 71. Kenyan police made an arrest for the murder on 19 August 2009. As of late 2012, the trial of the eight people charged in the crime continues. As of December 2014, murderers Mohammed Dadi Kokane, Alfred Njuruka Makoko, Samuel Mwagainia and James Mwita are sentenced to a total of 160 years in prison by Judge Maureen Odero.
References
External links
Campbell Bridges - Daily Telegraph obituary
Gemologists
Scottish emigrants to Kenya
People murdered in Kenya
Scottish murder victims
British people murdered abroad
1937 births
2009 deaths
White Kenyan people
20th-century Scottish scientists
21st-century Scottish scientists |
The Battle of Rafajlowa took place in the night of January 23–24, 1915, during World War I. The 2nd Brigade, Polish Legions, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Army repelled a night raid of the Russian Imperial Army, which was aimed at blocking all passes through Gorgany mountain range in Eastern Carpathians. The battle took place in the village of Rafajlowa, Austrian Galicia (now the village is called Bystrytsia, and belongs to Ukraine).
Background
In late September 1914, 3rd Legions Infantry Regiment, which was part of forces of General Karl von Pflanzer-Baltin was sent to the Eastern Carpathians, in order to prevent Russian advance into Hungary and Transilvania. 1st and 4th Battalion of the Regiment were stationed in the mountain village of Ust-Chorna, which lies in the Gorgany range. On October 16, 1914, both units were sent to the area of Brustura (today: Lopuchiv, Ukraine). Rafajlowa, which lies on the other side of the range, was an important strategic point, and gateway to the attack towards east and south.
On October 12, Rafajlowa was captured by a battalion commanded by Captain Józef Haller. Further objectives of Polish forces were to build a road through the Gorgany and initiate an offensive towards Nadworna, in order to pull enemy forces out of the valley of the Stryi River.
Soldiers of the 3rd Battalion, tasked with construction of the road, managed to build it in record time of 50 hours. The road, which came to be known as "The Legions Road" connected Teresva, Kingdom of Hungary (now Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine) with Rafajlowa (now Bystrycia, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ukraine), which at that time was located on northern, Galician side of the mountains. Construction began on October 16, and was overseen by engineer and colonel Jan Sluszkiewicz. Mountain road was paved with 4-meter wooden planks, 28 bridges were constructed: some of them were 50-meter long. The length of the road was over 7 kilometers, and 5000 cubic meters of wood were used.
On October 19 the 2nd Brigade began to cross the mountains. The journey lasted 3 days, by October 22 in the evening, the headquarters with all officers, artillery and cavalry had reached Rajalfowa on the northern, Galician side of the range. Polish soldiers continued their advance northwards, capturing villages in the area.
The battle
The battle of Rafajlowa can be divided into three smaller battles, which took place in late 1914 and early 1915. The largest one was in the night of January 23/24, 1915.
In mid-January 1915, news of a planned Austrian offensive reached Polish soldiers. Since Rafajlowa was regarded as a strategic point, the Russians were keen to forestall Austrian advance and attack first. Furthermore, on January 20 Józef Haller left for a short leave.
On January 24, at 00:45, two Russian battalions, reinforced with Cossacks and artillery (altogether 4000 men) began the attack. They quickly captured first two lines of Polish trenches and a hospital building. For unknown reason, Russians decided then to stop their advance, and Poles, commanded by Captain Henryk Minkiewicz, took advantage of this. They regrouped and attacked the trenches, taking the enemy by surprise. Both sides used bayonets, and the battle continued until morning, when Polish reinforcements attacked from both sides, forcing Russians to retreat from Rafajlowa.
Several traces of fighting can still be seen in Rafajlowa, including parts of the Legions Road and trenches. Furthermore, near former Roman Catholic church there is a commemorative obelisk. A Legions Cross was erected on the Pantyr mountain, there also is a field cemetery. Polish losses in the battle are unknown, they range from 5 to 40.
Sources
Henryk Lewartowski, Bolesław Pochmarski, J. A. Teslar: Szlakiem bojowym Legionów. Krótki zarys organizacyi i dziejów 2 Brygady Legionów Polskich w Karpatach, Galicyi i na Bukowinie. Oprac...oficerowie Legionów Polskich. Nakł. Funduszu Wdów i Sierot po Legionistach, Lwów 1915.
Stanisław Czerep: II Brygada Legionów Polskich. Bellona, 1991. .
See also
2nd Brigade, Polish Legions
Polish Legions in World War I
First Cadre Company
Polish Military Organisation
External links
Battles of World War I involving Poland
Battles of the Eastern Front (World War I)
Polish Legions in World War I
Battles of World War I involving Austria-Hungary
Battles of World War I involving Russia
Military history of Ukraine
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
1915 in Austria-Hungary
Conflicts in 1915
January 1915 events |
Duets is an album by trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie featuring Sonny Rollins and Sonny Stitt, recorded in 1957 and released on the Verve label. The recordings on this album are from the same sessions and with the same personnel that produced the Sonny Side Up album which had Sonny Stitt and Sonny Rollins playing simultaneously with Dizzy Gillespie. On the Duets album, as the name implies, Sonny Stitt and Sonny Rollins played separately with Dizzy Gillespie.
Reception
The AllMusic review states that "the highlights are many."
Track listing
All compositions by Dizzy Gillespie
"Wheatleigh Hall"8:48
"Sumphin10:26
"Con Alma" [alternate take]9:08 Bonus track on CD reissue
"Con Alma"9:26
"Anythin10:29 Bonus track on CD reissue
"Haute Mon10:38
Personnel
Dizzy Gillespietrumpet
Sonny Stitttenor saxophone (tracks 3, 4, & 6), alto saxophone (track 5)
Sonny Rollinstenor saxophone (tracks 1 & 2)
Ray Bryantpiano
Tommy Bryantbass
Charlie Persipdrums
References
Dizzy Gillespie albums
1958 albums
Verve Records albums
Albums produced by Norman Granz |
The Pocklington Canal is a broad canal which runs for through nine locks from the Canal Head near Pocklington in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, to the River Derwent which it joins near East Cottingwith. Most of it lies within a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest.
History
The first proposals to build a canal to Pocklington were made in 1765, when there were plans for a canal from the Humber Estuary to Wholesea, with two branches from there, one to Weighton and the other to Pocklington. Wholesea is near to the site of Sod House Lock on the Market Weighton Canal. A second assessment of the project was made two years later, and a third in 1771, but by December of that year, the plan was for the Market Weighton Canal as built, and the branch to Pocklington had been dropped completely. In 1777, a new plan for a canal from the River Derwent to Pocklington was considered, and approval was obtained from Lord Rockingham, but no further action was taken. Further debate occurred in 1801, when a public meeting was held at Pocklington. Some were in favour of a route to the River Ouse, but after due consideration, an engineer called Henry Eastburn was asked to make a survey of two possible routes to the Derwent. Eastburn had worked for John Rennie, but his whereabouts after 1801 are unknown, and when the report was presented, it had been produced by William Chapman. He suggested two routes, an route from East Cottingwith and a one from Bubwith. He then recommended that they choose a third route, long, which would join the Ouse near Howden. Knowing that this was unlikely to meet the approval either of Lord Rockingham or of Lord Fitzwilliam, who owned the Derwent, the plan was dropped.
Finally, in 1812, Earl Fitzwilliam employed George Leather Jr., to survey a proposed route. At the time, both Leather and his father were working for the Earl on a navigation and drainage scheme for the upper Derwent. The suggested route started at Sutton Lock on the Derwent, presumably so that goods for the Pocklington Canal would have to travel a greater distance along the Derwent, and therefore the tolls would be greater, but Leather found this route to be problematic, and proposed an alternative route to East Cottingwith. Before actually conducting the survey, he estimated the cost at £43,630, for a route with 8 locks that stopped at the turnpike road to Hull. He also suggested that the canal could be continued into Pocklington, with an extra two locks, for an additional cost of £8,257. He calculated the probable revenue at £1,245.50 per year, which was surprisingly close to the actual figure once the canal was built. He started surveying in 1813, but became ill, and the work was not completed until June 1814.
There was some debate as to whether the extension from the road into Pocklington should be built, but it was decided to include provision for it in the bill to be put before Parliament, on the understanding that it would only be built if a majority of the shareholders approved. Leather estimated the cost for the section to the road, which included eight locks, at £32,032. The plan which accompanied the bill showed an extra five locks on the extension into Pocklington. The bill became an Act of Parliament on 25 May 1815, which authorised the newly formed Pocklington Canal Company to raise £32,000 by issuing shares, and an extra £10,000 is required, either by subscriptions from the shareholders or by mortgaging the works. A management committee was elected at a shareholders meeting held on 19 June, and all the money had been pledged by 7 July. Leather acted as engineer, and his first job was to write to Earl Fitzwilliam's agent, to enquire whether the Earl would be building a lock on the Derwent at East Cottingwith. As he was not, an entrance lock had to be built, which had not been included in the original estimate.
The canal was started from the Derwent end, so that sections could be brought into use as they were completed. Work progressed quickly, and some of the shareholders protested at the frequency with which calls were made for the money, but a fast build reduced overheads. The section to Hagg Bridge opened in August 1816, and the head of navigation was extended to Walbut in the following spring. Bad weather prevented Leather from completing the work by the end of 1817, and the canal eventually opened on 30 July 1818. The final cost was £32,695, the excess over the original estimate being caused by some additional works which had to be done. £2,495 was borrowed to cover the shortfall, and Leather received a warm vote of thanks from the shareholders.
Operation
The canal was sized to allow keels which operated on the Derwent to use it, and so the locks were long by wide. The canal rose by around as it travelled the from the Derwent to Pocklington, and so the locks were quite deep, with a rise of a little over each. Pocklington Beck supplies most of the water for the canal through a feeder at Canal Head. The paddle gear on the locks was fitted with fixed handles when the canal opened, but these were replaced by removable ones after incidents where the lock pounds were emptied by unauthorised people. A house was built for the lock-keeper and collector of tolls, and Mark Swann was appointed to the post. The house was located close to the top lock.
Tolls raised just £623 in 1820, as there was competition for goods travelling to Hull, Market Weighton and York from road transport. However, in 1822 a packet boat was bought as a joint venture by several tradesmen, and a weekly service to Hull began. Traffic consisted of coal, lime, manure and general merchandise travelling up the canal to Pocklington, while corn, flour and timber travelled in the opposite direction. Traffic rose gradually, enabling the debts to be repaid during the 1820s, and in 1830, a dividend of 3 per cent was paid to shareholders. Many of the committee who had steered the project from the beginning took the opportunity to stand down at this point, to allow younger men to take the canal forwards. Average receipts from tolls were around £1,400 per year, which allowed the dividend to be around 3 per cent until the late 1840s.
In 1845, the projected York & Hull East & West Junction Railway made an offer to purchase the canal, and the chairman of the Pocklington company, who was associated with the York and North Midland Railway, made a counter offer for the same amount on behalf of his railway. The canal company accepted both offers, on the basis that the first railway to be authorised by an Act of Parliament could then buy the canal. The York and North Midland obtained its Act in 1846, and opened a line in October 1847 which linked Beverley, Market Weighton, Pocklington and York. They obtained another Act that year, which authorised them to buy the canal, as well as the Market Weighton Canal, the Leven Canal and Vavasour's Canal. The total cost to the railway for the canal was £17,980, of which £4,587 was paid in cash and went to the smaller shareholders, while the rest was paid to the larger shareholders as debentures. The purchase was completed on 18 November 1848, and the railway had an obligation to keep the canal open. The Railway Commissioners could intervene if they failed to maintain the canal.
Decline
To minimise costs little more than token maintenance was carried out by the railway company. In May 1850, Swann, who had been collecting tolls since the canal opened, was dismissed. Some of the locks were repaired in 1851, after which the railway company received a suggestion from landowners that the canal should become a drainage ditch, with a tramway running along the bank for the carriage of goods. Although the idea was well received, no further action was taken. When the York and North Midland Railway was taken over by the North Eastern Railway in 1854, the new owners of the canal followed a similar policy of low maintenance. Traffic declined, from 5,721 tons in 1858 to 901 tons in 1892, by which time most boats terminated at Melbourne, and could only be partially loaded, as the channel was badly silted. Despite the difficulties, trade on the canal continued until 1932 and the canal remained passable for a further two years. When the railways were nationalised in 1948 the largely derelict (although not abandoned) canal became the responsibility of the British Transport Commission and from 1962 the British Waterways Board, which subsequently became British Waterways.
Restoration
In July 1958, the Bowes Committee published their Inquiry into Inland Waterways, which recommended that waterways should be classed as A, B or C, where class A and B would be retained for navigation, but class C would not. The Pocklington Canal was in class C, and the newly formed Inland Waterways Protection Society carried out a survey of it in 1959, so that they had evidence of its condition. A government White Paper followed the Bowes Report in February 1959, which recommended that an Inland Waterways Redevelopment Advisory Committee should assist schemes to regenerate canals which were no longer commercially viable. The evidence collected by the Protection Society was presented to the Redevelopment Advisory Committee in June 1959, when the Committee were examining a proposal to close the canal and fill it with sludge from a water treatment plant.
In the 1960s consideration was given to the possibility of restoring the canal, and in 1969 the Pocklington Canal Amenity Society was formed. Restoration began in 1971 with the repair of the entrance lock near East Cottingwith. In 1980, the Shell Oil Company funded a new set of gates for Thornton Lock, under an awards scheme. Further assistance was provided in 1986 when Pocklington Canal Amenity Society provided two swing bridges and East Yorkshire Borough Council funded the work to fit them. The canal as far as the Melbourne Arm was formally opened on 19 July 1987 by Brian Dice, Chief Executive of the British Waterways Board. Three sections of the canal, covering most of its route, have been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest, and consequently, all restoration and activity had to be by agreement between British Waterways and Natural England. Negotiations to restore Walbut lock took months to complete, but permission was finally granted in 1992. In 1995, the Pocklington Canal Amenity Society launched an appeal to fund new gates for Coates lock, and these were fitted in 2000. The section nearest to Pocklington benefited from a new set of bottom gates on the Top lock in 2002, and dredging of the pound above the lock by British Waterways. Further negotiation with English Nature resulted in permission to submit a bid to the Heritage Lottery Fund for completion of the restoration work.
In 2014, the Waterway Recovery Group held a camp at the canal, and restored much of the towpath between Giles and Sandhill locks. Around of the non-navigable section was dredged in 2017, as it was becoming choked with reeds. Some 8,000 tonnes of silt were removed by an amphibious dredger, and the nutrient-rich material was re-used on a local farm. The creation of areas of open water was expected to improve the bio-diversity of the canal corridor, for the benefit of rare aquatic plants and the 15 species of dragonfly and damsel for which the canal provides habitat. In late July 2018 the section of canal between the Melbourne Arm and the Bielby Arm was re-opened to navigation, exactly 200 years after the original opening of the canal. Restoration of the swing bridge below Walbut lock was funded by a donation from the Pocklington Canal Boat Club in 2014, and the refurbishment of Walbut and Thornton locks was aided by a grant of £500,000 from the Heritage Lottery Fund and £106,400 from the Inland Waterways Association. Dredging of the channel and cutting back the reeds was undertaken by the Canal and River Trust.
The canal society own a trip boat called New Horizons, which is based at Melbourne, and is used to enable the public to experience a cruise on the canal during the summer months. The canal is also noted for its wide variety of fish stocks, including tench, bream, perch and roach. It is popular with anglers, and the fishing rights are licensed to the York and District Amalgamation of Anglers. Restoration is ongoing and around of the canal had been restored by 2020. The section from the River Derwent to the Bielby Arm is navigable, and two of the remaining five locks have been renovated.
Coordinates
See also
Canals of the United Kingdom
History of the British canal system
Bibliography
References
Canals in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Canals opened in 1818
Pocklington
River Derwent, Yorkshire |
Pilo Kristaq Keri (born December 25, 1956) is an architect and former member of the Parliament of Republic of Albania.
Professional career
Keri was born in Kutalli, a village in Berat District in the present-day municipality of Ura Vajgurore.
He studied Architecture at the University of Tirana, graduating in 1979.
After a compulsory working year in Kukës, he was relocated as an Architect in the Institute of Pedagogical Studies (ISP) Tirana, where he stayed for three years.
In 1984, he returned in Berat as member of the Project Bureau, for two years.
In 1986, he joined the Communal Constructions Council of Kuçova where he would take the roles of Head of Engineers and Director.
1995 - 2005 would be the years he dedicated to the private construction business in various regions of Albania, such as: Kuçova, Berat, Kavaja, Durres, Tirana, Elbasan etc.
In 1999, he was amongst 15 architects from Albania selected to undertake a professional training, at Arizona State University.
2005 would be the latest achievement in his long career when he was awarded the title of Doctor of Architecture from Leibniz University Institute of Arts and Science, USA.
Political career
Member of the 17th Parliament Legislature, from the Proportional List.
Member of the Production and Environmental Parliamentary Commission.
Member of the Parliamentary Commission for the "Investigation of Auction Procedures for the Construction of Durres-Morine" and for the "Investigation of the Expenses made from the State Budged towards Ministries from the years 2001 and Onwards".
References
Living people
1956 births
Members of the Parliament of Albania
People from Ura Vajgurore
Albanian architects
University of Tirana alumni |
Fluticasone furoate, sold under the brand name Flonase Sensimist among others, is a corticosteroid for the treatment of non-allergic and allergic rhinitis administered by a nasal spray. It is also available as an inhaled corticosteroid to help prevent and control symptoms of asthma. It is derived from cortisol. Unlike fluticasone propionate, which is only approved for children four years and older, fluticasone furoate is approved in children as young as two years of age when used for allergies.
It was approved for medical use in the United States in April 2007, and in the European Union in November 2008. In 2020, fluticasone was the 23rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 24million prescriptions.
Medical uses
Fluticasone furoate is indicated for the treatment of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis and asthma.
Society and culture
Brand names
In the US it is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline for asthma as Arnuity Ellipta and is only available with a prescription. It is sold over-the-counter for allergic rhinitis as Flonase Sensimist. The Veramyst brand name was discontinued in the US.
The combination drugs fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol, marketed as Trelegy Ellipta, and fluticasone furoate/vilanterol, marketed as Breo Ellipta (US, Canada, New Zealand) and Relvar Ellipta (EU, UK), are approved for use in the United States for long-term maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They are also approved for the treatment of asthma.
The combination fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (Advair Diskus) is indicated for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
References
Combination drugs
Corticosteroid esters
Furoate esters
GSK plc brands
Glucocorticoids
Organofluorides
2-Furyl compounds |
UFC 137: Penn vs. Diaz was a mixed martial arts (MMA) pay-per-view event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on October 29, 2011, at Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Background
The event was originally expected to take place on October 15, 2011, at the Echo Arena Liverpool in Liverpool, England. However, due to multiple scheduling issues with broadcast rights, the organization cancelled those plans. UFC 137 featured two preliminary fights live on Spike TV.
Dennis Siver was expected to face Sam Stout at this event, but Stout withdrew from the bout on August 29 and was replaced by Donald Cerrone.
Nick Diaz, was originally scheduled to headline the card opposite Georges St-Pierre for the UFC Welterweight Championship, but promoters canceled his appearance in the fight on September 7, because he failed to make media appearances. Carlos Condit was promoted from his fight with B.J. Penn to replace Diaz and face St-Pierre.
On September 8, B.J. Penn announced via Twitter that Dana White offered him a fight he "cannot refuse" and will still be fighting at UFC 137. Later that day, both Penn and White announced that the fight would be against Nick Diaz.
On October 1, it was revealed that Tim Credeur was forced out of his bout with Brad Tavares for unknown reasons. Promotional newcomer Dustin Jacoby stepped-in to face Tavares. On October 21, Tavares withdrew from bout due to an injury and was replaced by undefeated newcomer Clifford Starks.
Georges St-Pierre was expected to defend his title against Carlos Condit on this card. St-Pierre withdrew due to a knee injury and Nick Diaz vs. B.J. Penn became the main event.
During the official UFC 137 weigh ins, Tyson Griffin failed to make the featherweight limit. Griffin was three pounds over and was fined 25 percent of his earnings causing the bout to take place at a catchweight of 148 lb.
Results
Bonus awards
Fighters received $75,000 bonuses.
Fight of the Night: B.J. Penn vs. Nick Diaz
Knockout of the Night: Bart Palaszewski
Submission of the Night: Donald Cerrone
Reported payout
The following is the reported payout to the fighters as reported to the Nevada State Athletic Commission. It does not include sponsor money and also does not include the UFC's traditional "fight night" bonuses.
Nick Diaz: $200,000 (no win bonus) def. BJ Penn: $150,000
Cheick Kongo: $140,000 ($70,000 win bonus) def. Matt Mitrione: $10,000
Roy Nelson: $40,000 ($20,000 win bonus) def. Mirko Cro Cop: $75,000
Scott Jorgensen: $33,000 ($16,500 win bonus) def. Jeff Curran: $8,000
Hatsu Hioki: $30,000 ($15,000 win bonus) def. George Roop: $8,000
Donald Cerrone: $54,000 ($27,000 win bonus) def. Dennis Siver: $27,000
Bart Palaszewski: $28,500 ($10,000 win bonus) def. Tyson Griffin: $25,500 ^
Brandon Vera: $120,000 ($60,000 win bonus) def. Eliot Marshall: $15,000
Ramsey Nijem: $20,000 ($10,000 win bonus) def. Danny Downes: $5,000
Francis Carmont: $12,000 ($6,000 win bonus) def. Chris Camozzi: $8,000
Clifford Starks: $12,000 ($6,000 win bonus) def. Dustin Jacoby: $6,000
^Although not recognized on the official pay sheet, Griffin was fined $8,500, or 25% of his base pay for missing weight for the fight, and contracts were reworked with those amounts. That money was issued to Palaszewski, an NSAC official confirmed.
See also
List of UFC events
References
External links
Ultimate Fighting Championship events
2011 in mixed martial arts
Mixed martial arts in Las Vegas
2011 in sports in Nevada |
Serafim das Neves (29 August 1920 – 1989), was a Portuguese footballer who played as a defender.
Club career
Neves spent his entire career at Belenenses, where he won the Taça de Portugal in 1942, and the Primeira Divisão in 1947.
International career
Neves represented Portugal national team eighteen times and made his debut against Spain in Lisbon on 13 March 1945, in a 2–2 draw.
Honours
Club
Belenenses
Primeira Divisão: 1945–46
Taça de Portugal: 1941–42
External links
1920 births
1989 deaths
C.F. Os Belenenses players
Portugal men's international footballers
Portuguese men's footballers
Primeira Liga players
Men's association football defenders |
The Battle of Chustenahlah was fought in Osage County, Oklahoma, (then Indian Territory) on December 26, 1861, during the American Civil War. A band of 9,000 pro-Union Native Americans was forced to flee to Kansas in bitter cold and snow in what became known as the Trail of Blood on Ice.
Background
Confederate troops undertook a campaign to subdue the Native American Union sympathizers in Indian Territory and consolidate control. They attacked Chief Opothleyahola's band of Creek and Seminole (led by Chief Halek Tustenuggee) at Round Mountain and Chusto-Talasah. The Confederates wanted to finish off the Indians by attacking them in their camp at Chustenahlah (corruption of the Cherokee word "U-s-ta-la-na", meaning a shoal or sandbar in a stream or creek) in a well-protected cove on Bird Creek. Colonel James M. McIntosh and Col. Douglas H. Cooper, commanding the Indian Department, planned a combined attack with each of their columns moving on the camp from different directions. McIntosh left Fort Gibson on December 22, with 1,380 men.
Order of battle
McIntosh's Brigade (Confederate) – Col. James McQueen McIntosh
5 Companies, South Kansas-Texas Cavalry – Lt. Col. Walter P. Lane
6th Texas Cavalry Regiment – Lt. Col. John S. Griffith
7 Companies, 11th Texas Cavalry – Col. W. C. Young
4 Companies, 2nd Arkansas Mounted Rifles – Capt. William Gipson
Bennett’s Texas Company – Captain Bennett
Rock River Rangers Company - Captain George McGregor (was detached to control indians in the area of Esti Capcaki Valley, today north side of Skiatook Lake, Oklahoma.)
Principal Indian Commanders (Union) – Chief Opothleyahola (Creeks), Chief Halek Tustenuggee and Sonuk Mikko (Billy Bowlegs) (Seminoles)
Battle
On December 25, McIntosh was told that Cooper’s force could not join him for a while, but he decided to attack the next day, despite being outnumbered and facing severe cold weather conditions. McIntosh attacked the camp at noon. The 1,700 pro-Union defenders were secluded in the underbrush along the slope of a rugged hill. McIntosh devised a plan to converge on the crest, with the South Kansas-Texas Cavalry (also known as the 3rd Texas) ordered to charge directly up the steep bluff on foot. The 11th Texas advanced to their left using a defile for concealment, while the 6th Texas circled to the right. As the Confederate attack progressed, the Native Americans began to fall back, taking cover for a while and moving back. The retreat became a rout as the Federals reached their camp. The pro-Union Native Americans tried to defend their position but were forced away again by 4:00 p.m.
The survivors fled; many went all the way to Kansas where they found loyal Unionists. Col. Stand Watie, with 300 Cherokee fighting for the Confederacy, intercepted the fleeing Creek and Seminole, killing 15. Chief Opothleyahola’s band mounted no further resistance after this encounter. The Confederates followed no further. The remaining Union fighters and their families trekked to Fort Row, Kansas, deprived of many of their provisions due to their being forced to flee in haste. Nearly 2,000 died at or shortly after their arrival, due mostly to exposure and disease.
Outcome
The victorious Confederates captured 160 women and children, 20 blacks, 30 wagons, 70 yoke of oxen, about 500 Indian horses, several hundred head of cattle, 100 sheep, and large quantities of supplies. Casualties were 9 killed and 40 wounded for the Confederates. Col. McIntosh in his official report estimated the Union Indians' loss as 250.
See also
List of battles fought in Oklahoma
Battle of Chusto-Talasah
Trail of Blood on Ice
Notes
References
National Park Service Battle Summary
CWSAC Report Update and Resurvey: Individual Battlefield Profiles
Other sources
U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 70 volumes in 4 series. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1880-1901. Series 1, Volume 8, Part 1, pages 8–15.
White, Christine Schultz and White, Benton R., Now The Wolf Has Come: The Creek Nation in the Civil War, Texas A & M University Press, 1996. .
External links
" Michael A. Hughes, "Chustenahlah, Battle of." Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.
Creek Indians in the American Civil War
On this date in the Civil War: December 26, 1861 - The Battle of Chustenahlah (150th Anniversary)
Trail of Blood on Ice
Battles of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War
Confederate victories of the American Civil War
Battles of the American Civil War in Indian Territory
Osage County, Oklahoma
Forced migration
Death marches
1861 in the American Civil War
1861 in Indian Territory
December 1861 events
Skiatook, Oklahoma |
V900 or variation, may refer to:
E-TEN V900, a Pocket PC phone
LG V900, an LG mobile phone
Bravia Chaimite V-900 armoured recovery vehicle
See also
V90 (disambiguation) |
The Mountain Daily was an English language newspaper published in Katoomba, New South Wales, Australia between 1919 and 1920. It was published by Charles Gordon Buchanan.
History
The Mountain Daily was first published in 1919. Microfilm copies of only two issues are held by the Blue Mountains City Library: 26 July 1919 and 7 February 1920. The July 1919 issue was printed and published by Charles Gordon Buchanan at premises in Main Street, Katoomba. Buchanan had previously worked for the Echo. By February 1920 the paper was in the hands of J. M. Bennett.
Digitisation
The Mountain Daily has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program project of the National Library of Australia.
See also
List of newspapers in New South Wales
List of newspapers in Australia
References
External links
Defunct newspapers published in Katoomba, New South Wales
Daily newspapers published in Australia
Newspapers on Trove |
Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco 'Pendula', or weeping white quebracho, is a weeping tree and a cultivar of Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco, the White Quebracho. It was first described by Spegazzini from Santiago del Estero, Argentina in 1910. No trees are known to survive of this cultivar.
Description
A weeping tree with a leader and with arching branches hanging down.
Accessions
This cultivar does not seem to have been cultivated outside Argentina. It was first found in a natural population. No trees are known to survive though it may still occur wild.
Synonymy
Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco var. pendula Speg. (1910)
References
External links
quebracho-blanco 'Pendula'
Extinct cultivars
Garden plants of South America
Weeping trees
Ornamental plant cultivars |
```php
<?php
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
*/
namespace Google\Service\Genomics;
class ContainerStartedEvent extends \Google\Model
{
/**
* @var int
*/
public $actionId;
/**
* @var string
*/
public $ipAddress;
/**
* @var int[]
*/
public $portMappings;
/**
* @param int
*/
public function setActionId($actionId)
{
$this->actionId = $actionId;
}
/**
* @return int
*/
public function getActionId()
{
return $this->actionId;
}
/**
* @param string
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public function setIpAddress($ipAddress)
{
$this->ipAddress = $ipAddress;
}
/**
* @return string
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public function getIpAddress()
{
return $this->ipAddress;
}
/**
* @param int[]
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public function setPortMappings($portMappings)
{
$this->portMappings = $portMappings;
}
/**
* @return int[]
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public function getPortMappings()
{
return $this->portMappings;
}
}
// Adding a class alias for backwards compatibility with the previous class name.
class_alias(ContainerStartedEvent::class, 'Google_Service_Genomics_ContainerStartedEvent');
``` |
Christopher Martin Jr. (born March 27, 2002) is an American professional stock car racing driver who competes part-time in the ARCA Menards Series and ARCA Menards Series East, driving the No. 95 Toyota for MAN Motorsports.
Racing career
Martin Jr. first began racing at the age of ten, competing in go-karts before moving up to limited late models at Hickory Motor Speedway.
In 2022, Martin Jr. would run in the Paramount Kia Big 10 Challenge Series at Hickory Motor Speedway, driving the No. 12 entry, where he would finish in the top-ten in all races held that year with a best finish of second in two of those races. It was also during this year that he would make his debut in the ARCA Menards Series at Lucas Oil Indianapolis Raceway Park, driving the No. 10 Toyota for Fast Track Racing, where he would start 21st and finish 22nd due to overheating issues. For the following year, Martin Jr. would remain in the Paramount Kia Big 10 Challenge Series, where he would get his first win in the third race of the year. It was also during this year that he would return to ARCA at Indianapolis, where he will drive the No. 95 Toyota for MAN Motorsports. It will also be his debut in the ARCA Menards Series East, as it is a companion event with the main ARCA series.
Motorsports results
ARCA Menards Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
ARCA Menards Series East
References
External links
Living people
2002 births
Racing drivers from Virginia
NASCAR drivers
ARCA Menards Series drivers |
Owzaj (, also Romanized as Ūzaj) is a village in Qanibeyglu Rural District, Zanjanrud District, Zanjan County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 4, in 4 families.
References
Populated places in Zanjan County |
Pedicularis centranthera is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by the common names dwarf lousewort and Great Basin lousewort. It is native to the western United States from eastern Oregon and California to Colorado and New Mexico, where it grows in sagebrush and other basin and plateau habitat. It is a perennial herb producing several short stems a few centimeters tall from a basal caudex. The leaves are up to 20 centimeters long, lance-shaped and divided into many overlapping toothed, wrinkled, or fringed lobes. The inflorescence is a short raceme bearing many long, protruding, club-shaped flowers. Each flower may exceed 4 centimeters in length and is white or pale purple with dark purple tips on the wide ends of its upper and lower lips. The sepals of the flowers are shorter and hairy. The fruit is a capsule around centimeter long containing seeds with netlike surfaces.
External links
Calflora: Pedicularis centranthera
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
Southwest Colorado Wildflowers
Photo gallery
centranthera
Flora of the Western United States
Flora of California
Flora of the Colorado Plateau and Canyonlands region
Flora of the Great Basin
Taxa named by Asa Gray
Flora without expected TNC conservation status |
Ratha (Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrátʰas, Sanskrit: रथ, ; Avestan: raθa) is the Indo-Iranian term for a spoked-wheel chariot or a cart. The term has been used since antiquity for both fast chariots and other wheeled vehicles pulled by animals or humans, in particular the large temple cars or processional carts still used in Indian religious processions to carry images of a deity.
Harappan Civilisation
The Indus Valley Civilization sites of Daimabad and Harappa in the Indian subcontinent, there is evidence for the use of terracotta model carts as early as 3500 BC during the Ravi Phase. There is evidence of wheeled vehicles (especially miniature models) in the Indus Valley Civilization, but not of chariots. According to Kenoyer,
Indo-Aryan Indigenists have argued for the presence of chariots before its introduction by the Indo-Aryans in the early 2nd millennium BCE. Archaeologist B. B. Lal argues that finds of terracotta wheels painted lines (or low relief lines) and similar seals indicate the existence and use of spoked wheel chariots in Harappan Civilization, as showed in the Bhirrana excavations in 2005–06. Bhagwan Singh has made a similar assertion and S.R. Rao has presented evidence of chariots in bronze models from Daimabad (Late Harappan).
The earliest Copper-Bronze Age carts remains that have been found in India (at Sinauli) have been dated to 1900BCE which were interpreted by some as horse-pulled "chariots", predating the arrival of the horse-centred Indo-Aryans.
Others object, noting that solid wheels belong to carts, not chariots.
Indo-Aryans
Proto-Indo-Iranians
Horse-drawn chariots, as well as its cult and associated rituals, were spread by the Indo-Iranians, and horses and horse-drawn chariots were introduced in India by the Indo-Aryans.
The earliest evidence for chariots in southern Central Asia (on the Oxus river) dates to the Achaemenid period (apart from chariots harnessed by oxen, as seen on petroglyphs). No Andronovian chariot burial has been found south of the Oxus.
Textual evidence
Chariots figure prominently in the Rigveda, evidencing their presence in India in the 2nd millennium BCE. Notably, the Rigveda differentiates between the Ratha (chariot) and the Anas (often translated as "cart"). Rigvedic chariots are described as made of the wood of Salmali (RV 10.85.20), Khadira and Simsapa (RV 3.53.19) trees. While the number of wheels varies, chariot measurements for each configuration are found in the Shulba Sutras.
Chariots also feature prominently in later texts, including the other Vedas, the Puranas and the great Hindu epics (Ramayana and Mahabharata). Indeed, most of the deities in the Hindu pantheon are portrayed as riding them. Among Rigvedic deities, notably Ushas (the dawn) rides in a chariot, as well as Agni in his function as a messenger between gods and men. In RV 6.61.13, the Sarasvati river is described as being wide and speedy, like a (Rigvedic) chariot.
Remains
There are a few depictions of chariots among the petroglyphs in the sandstone of the Vindhya range. Two depictions of chariots are found in Morhana Pahar, Mirzapur district. One shows a team of two horses, with the head of a single driver visible. The other one is drawn by four horses, has six-spoked wheels, and shows a driver standing up in a large chariot-box. This chariot is being attacked, with a figure wielding a shield and a mace standing at its path, and another figure armed with bow and arrow threatening its right flank. It has been suggested (Sparreboom 1985:87) that the drawings record a story, most probably dating to the early centuries BC, from some center in the area of the Ganges–Yamuna plain into the territory of still neolithic hunting tribes. The drawings would then be a representation of foreign technology, comparable to the Arnhem Land Aboriginal rock paintings depicting Westerners. The very realistic chariots carved into the Sanchi stupas are dated to roughly the 1st century BCE.
In Hindu temple festivals
Ratha or Rath also means a large, often very large, wheeled cart made of wood, on which the murti of a deity is carried in religious processions, some of which are very important festivals. The Ratha may be pulled by devotees with rope, or pulled by horses or elephants. Rathas are used mostly by the Hindu temples of South India for Rathoutsava (Temple car festival). During the festival, the temple deities are driven through the streets, accompanied by the chanting of mantra, hymns, shloka or bhajan.
Ratha Yatra is a huge Hindu festival associated with Lord Jagannath held at Puri in the state of Orissa, India during the months of June or July.
Rathas buildings
In some Hindu temples, there are shrines or buildings named rathas because they have the shape of a huge chariot or because they contain a divinity as does a temple chariot.
The most known are the Pancha Rathas (=5 rathas) in Mahabalipuram, although not with the shape of a chariot.
Another example is the Jaga mohan of the Konark Sun Temple in Konarâk, built on a platform with twelve sculptures of wheels, as a symbol of the chariot of the Sun.
Rathas in architecture
In Hindu temple architecture, a ratha is a facet or vertical offset projections on the tower (generally a Shikhara).
See also
Ashva
History of the horse in the Indian subcontinent
Types of carriages
Notes
References
Sources
Edwin Bryant (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. Oxford University Press.
Fussman, G.; Kellens, J.; Francfort, H.-P.; Tremblay, X. (2005). Aryas, Aryens et Iraniens en Asie Centrale. Institut Civilisation Indienne
Peter Raulwing (2000). Horses, Chariots and Indo-Europeans, Foundations and Methods of Chariotry Research from the Viewpoint of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. Archaeolingua, Series Minor 13, Budapest.
Vasudha Venugopal ET bureau, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mahabharata-much-older-say-asi-archaeologists/articleshow/71658119.cms Mahabharata much older, say ASI Archaeologists , The Economic Times
Chariots |
Mayogo (also spelled Mayugo, Majugu, Maigo, Maiko, Mayko and also called Kiyogo) is a Ubangian language spoken by the Day (Angai), Maambi, and Mangbele peoples of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is not close enough to Bangba, the most closely related language, for mutual intelligibility.
Writing system
References
Languages of the Central African Republic
Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ngbaka languages |
Leigh Ashworth (fl. 1716-1719) was a pirate and privateer operating in the Caribbean in the early 1700s.
History
Leigh Ashworth was captain of a sloop named Mary, originally outfitted for privateering with a commission from Jamaican governor Lord Archibald Hamilton. Alongside Henry Jennings, James Carnegie, and Samuel Liddell, they took a pair of French vessels in early 1716 in the Bay of Hounds. They also had to chase down Benjamin Hornigold, who'd made off with one of the French ships shortly afterwards.
This caused a dispute with French officials in the area, who protested that the English ships were effectively pirates. In Jamaica Ashworth's quartermaster Joseph Eels was arrested, and on the testimony of Eels and others – given in exchange for a promise of avoiding prosecution - the Mary was seized by the authorities in Jamaica in 1716 on suspicion of piracy. His brother Jasper and his partner Daniel Axtell were also arrested, having acted as fences for Ashworth's stolen goods. The ill-equipped local government declared that they had uncertain authority to deal with the situation: "what to do with these men, we know not as yett, not having a Commission … nor Admiral, Vice Admiral or a deputy".
When a general amnesty was offered in 1718 to pirates who gave up their ways, Ashworth, Jennings, Hornigold, and over 200 others accepted. Ashworth next spent time ferrying ships and goods back and forth from South Carolina to Jamaica, encountering Blackbeard.
Late that year, Ashworth accepted another privateering commission against the Spanish and French. He was still attacking ships on flimsy pretenses: a former pirate operating a sloop out of New Providence testified that Ashworth "pretended to take him for a Spaniard" because his ship Endeavour had formerly been a Spanish sloop. Ashworth was still privateering as of 1719 but there are few records of his activities beyond that point, though his brother Jasper Ashworth settled near Port Royal, married, and became a regional official.
See also
Woodes Rogers - Governor of the Bahamas who offered the 1718 general pardon to surrendering pirates.
References
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
British pirates
18th-century pirates
British privateers
Caribbean pirates
Pardoned pirates |
The omega meson () is a flavourless meson formed from a superposition of an up quark–antiquark and a down quark–antiquark pair. It is part of the vector meson nonet and mediates the nuclear force along with pions and rho mesons.
Properties
The most common decay mode for the ω meson is at 89.2±0.7%, followed by at 8.34±0.26%.
The quark composition of the meson can be thought of as a mix between , and states, but it is very nearly a pure symmetric - state. This can be shown by deconstructing the wave function of the into its component parts. We see that the and mesons are mixtures of the SU(3) wave functions as follows.
,
,
where
is the nonet mixing angle,
and
.
The mixing angle at which the components decouple completely can be calculated to be , which almost corresponds to the actual value calculated from the masses of 35°. Therefore, the meson is nearly a pure symmetric - state.
See also
List of mesons
Quark model
Vector meson
References
Mesons
Onia
Subatomic particles with spin 1 |
Muhammad Ahmed Al-Banki (1963-2010) () was a Bahraini philosopher and writer and a key postmodern in the region in the 1990s. Once an Under-Secretary at the Ministry of Culture and Information, he died on April 28, 2010.
Career
Al-Banki graduated from the College of Arts of the University of Bahrain in 1990, when he began editing the culture column of the local newspaper Al Ayam. After a short time there, he returned to his alma mater to serve as director of its Department of Public Relations and Media. While working there, he edited a series of literary and critical periodicals, ultimately leading to a post as Editor-in-Chief of Al-Watan.
Al-Banki worked briefly as an advisor to Minister of Culture Mai bint Mohammed Al Khalifa. He was appointed Under-Secretary in 2008 and served as such until his death in 2010.
Publications
عبد الله الغذامي والممارسة النقدية والثقافية ("Abdullah Al Ghadami and the Practice of Cultural Criticism"), Arab Institute for Research & Publishing, 2003
دريدا عربياً: قراءة التفكيك في الفكر النقدي العربي ("Derrida in the Arab World: Reading Deconstruction in Arab Critical Thought"), 2005
الرواية والمدينة ("The Novel and the City"), Supreme Council of Culture of Egypt, 2008
الرواية والتاريخ ("The Novel and History"), 2008
References
1963 births
2010 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Bahrain |
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!--
~ contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
~ this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
~
~ path_to_url
~
~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
~ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-->
<project xmlns="path_to_url" xmlns:xsi="path_to_url" xsi:schemaLocation="path_to_url path_to_url">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>org.apache.shardingsphere</groupId>
<artifactId>shardingsphere-logging</artifactId>
<version>5.5.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<artifactId>shardingsphere-logging-core</artifactId>
<name>${project.artifactId}</name>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.shardingsphere</groupId>
<artifactId>shardingsphere-logging-api</artifactId>
<version>${project.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.shardingsphere</groupId>
<artifactId>shardingsphere-mode-api</artifactId>
<version>${project.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.shardingsphere</groupId>
<artifactId>shardingsphere-test-it-yaml</artifactId>
<version>${project.version}</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>ch.qos.logback</groupId>
<artifactId>logback-classic</artifactId>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
``` |
All Saints' Church is a Grade I listed parish church in the Church of England serving the parish of Markham Clinton in West Markham, Nottinghamshire.
History
The church was built in the 12th century. It was repaired in 1872 and restored between 1930 and 1945.
It is in a parish with two other churches:
St Nicholas' Church, Tuxford
All Saints' Church, Weston, Nottinghamshire
Somewhat confusingly, Milton Mausoleum is sometimes also referred to as All Saints' Church, West Markham.
Organ
The church contains an organ dating from 1860 by Bevington and Sons.
Bell
The church has one bell which is "swing chimed", it is hung on half a wheel.
Burials
The church is the burial place of Henry Pelham-Clinton, 4th Duke of Newcastle. After his wife died in 1822, the 4th Duke built a church and mausoleum at Milton, Nottinghamshire, which was completed in 1833, and replaced All Saints as the parish church. In 1949 All Saints became the parish church again after restoration; the Mausoleum was left to decay until 1972 when it was taken into guardianship by the Churches Conservation Trust.
Group of Churches
West Markham church is part of the Tuxford Benefice.
St Nicholas, Tuxford
All Saints', West Markham
All Saints', Weston
St Matthew, Normanton on Trent;and
St Wilfrid, Marnham
Clergy
The present Priest in Charge for the Benefice is Rev Wall, the Curate is Rev Dunk.
See also
Grade I listed buildings in Nottinghamshire
Listed buildings in West Markham
References
Church of England church buildings in Nottinghamshire
Grade I listed churches in Nottinghamshire
Bassetlaw District |
The 2016 Giro dell'Emilia was the 99th edition of the Giro dell'Emilia road cycling one day race. It was held on 24 September 2016 as part of the 2016 UCI Europe Tour in category 1.HC, over a distance of 213 km, starting in Bologna and ending in Madonna di San Luca, Bologna.
The race was won by Esteban Chaves of .
Teams
Twenty-five teams were invited to take part in the race. These included ten UCI WorldTeams, thirteen UCI Professional Continental teams and two UCI Continental teams.
Results
References
Giro dell'Emilia
Giro dell'Emilia
Giro dell'Emilia |
Raymond Larabie (born 1970) is a Canadian designer of TrueType and OpenType computer fonts. He owns Typodermic Fonts, which distributes both commercially licensed and shareware/freeware fonts.
Biography and career
Larabie was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. He graduated from Sheridan College with a degree in classical animation. He moved to Nagoya, Japan in 2008; he maintains Canadian citizenship.
Beginning in 1996, Larabie distributed his designs over the internet as freeware, operating as his own independent type foundry LarabieFonts. He released much of his Larabie Fonts library into the public domain in 2020 after he determined the designs were no longer of any commercial value. Larabie was employed at Rockstar Canada and had contributed his designs to multiple video game titles, including the hit series' Grand Theft Auto and Max Payne, before he quit the company in 2002 to focus full-time on type design.
Larabie primarily specializes in novelty typefaces that are intended for use in desktop publishing and graphic design. The logo for Grand Theft Auto, for instance, uses Larabie's Pricedown font, which is based on the logo for the international game show The Price Is Right, as well as for the Disney animated series Fillmore!. In addition to game shows, Larabie has also used 1960s and 1970s graphic logos, computer emulation, and other inspirations to design his fonts; most of his designs are display faces not meant for body text. He is particularly known for his “ubiquitous futuristic and sci-fi fonts”; Larabie specialized in that style early in his career because he felt that, other than a few examples such as Bank Gothic, Microgramma and Eurostile, the market for that style was underserved.
Two of his typeface families, Marion and Superclarendon, are released with macOS. Larabie's "Canada 150" is an extended version of his previous font Mesmerize (in turn based on 1920s calligraphic German sans-serifs such as Semplicità and Kabel) with Cyrillic and First Nations alphabets included; it was commissioned by the Government of Canada to be the official typeface for the country's sesquicentennial. The government paid him nothing for the custom work, which he subsequently placed into the public domain.
Larabie has drawn controversy for releasing fonts freely; other professional designers took particular umbrage at Canada 150, stating that the government should have paid for a professionally drawn type since, it was posited, a government has the money to do so. Larabie responded to the criticism by saying "You can’t just throw a couple hundred grand at a problem and that’s the solution for every problem."
Typefaces
Coolvetica—an eccentric neo-grotesque sans-serif based on Chalet and 1970s Helvetica, Larabie's most popular font
Foo—used for Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars
Neuropol—a modified version of which was used in the wordmark for the 2006 Winter Olympics
Pricedown
Stereofidelic
Mesmerize
Kawashiro Gothic, Japanese gothic typeface based on the Mesmerize typeface
Canada 1500, based on the Mesmerize typeface; supports Greek, Cyrillic, Vietnamese, and Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
Samples
See also
Open-source Unicode typefaces
List of type designers
Cartier (typeface)
References
External links
Ray Larabie at MobyGames
Typodermic Fonts
Twitter page
Typodermic on MyFonts
Typodermic on Fontspring
1970 births
Living people
Artists from Ottawa
Canadian typographers and type designers
Independent type foundries
Canadian expatriates in Japan
Sheridan College animation program alumni |
In enzymology, an isocitrate epimerase is classified as follows: . This number indicates that it is an isomerase, specifically a racemase or epimerase that acts on hydroxy acids and their derivatives, namely isocitrate. Isocitrate epimerase specifically catalyzes the reversible reaction:
(1R,2S)-1-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate ↔ (1S,2S)-1-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
which can also be described as
D-threo-isocitrate ↔ D-erythro-isocitrate
History
Isocitrate epimerase was originally isolated from the fungal cell-free extract of Penicillium purpurogenum , where it was discovered due to the excess accumulation of L-alloisocitric acid (D-erythro-isocitrate)—a diastereomer of isocitrate previously not seen in nature. In order to accumulate L-alloisocitric acid as a fermentation product, P. purpurogenum needed to be grown on citrate supplemented nutrient agar. During this fermentation it was found that the fermentation yield of L-alloisocitric acid was capable of “exceeding 70% without producing any other stereoisomers of isocitiric acid or other metabolites”.
This enzyme has not been heavily studied since first being identified in 1982, as a result of this there is presently not a crystal structure or active site description for isocitrate epimerase. Other isocitrate enzymes, such as isocitrate lyase and isocitrate dehydrogenase have been studied more closely due to their key roles in glycolysis and the TCA cycle.
References
EC 5.1.2
Enzymes of unknown structure |
Dave Davis (born David Glenn Davis) is a former wide receiver in the National Football League. Davis was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the seventh round of the 1971 NFL Draft and played two seasons with the team. He later played with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the New Orleans Saints.
References
1948 births
Living people
People from Alcoa, Tennessee
Sportspeople from the Knoxville metropolitan area
Green Bay Packers players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
New Orleans Saints players
American football wide receivers
Tennessee State Tigers football players |
The First Line () is an American literary magazine founded in 1999 by David LaBounty, Robin LaBounty, and Jeff Adams. It is a quarterly journal based in Plano, Texas. The premise of the magazine is simple: each story begins with the same first line.
History
When The First Line debuted, the magazine was six to eight sheets of 8 ½ inch by 14 inch paper folded in half and stapled with a color cover. The six-times-a-year publication accepted stories that were no longer than one page (about 600 words), also typical issues were 20 pages and carried 14-16 stories. The First Line paid its contributors for two issues.
In 2002, the magazine grew up. It became more standard: 8 ¼ by 5 ½ size and perfectly bound. Published quarterly, it averages 64 pages an issue. The logo was also changed, as were the cover (classic typewriter) and submission word count became up to 3,000 words. It also instituted a pay scale for contributors.
In 2003, David debuted a new press (Blue Cubicle Press) and released their first anthology: The Best of The First Line: The First Three Years, a collection of favorite stories published during the zine years.
In 2006, Jeff left The First Line to concentrate on his writing and other ventures. And in 2008, Blue Cubicle Press released the second TFL anthology to commemorate Jeff's departure, The Best of The First Line: Editors’ Picks: 2002–2006.
Content
The purpose of The First Line is to jump-start the imagination—to help writers break through the block that is the blank page. Each issue contains the best short stories stemming from a common first line, with no restrictions on genre, style, or school of thought. It's an exercise in creativity for writers, and a chance for readers to see how many different directions writers can go in when they start from the same place. The First Line also provides a forum for discussing favorite lines in literature through academic or personal essays.
Most of the first lines are created by the editors. Every two or three years TFL holds a contest where readers submit possible first lines, and a few are chosen for publication.
Although the majority of authors are from the United States, TFL has published authors from India, South Africa, Egypt, Denmark, Estonia, and Australia, as well as Canada and the UK, just to name a few.
References
Haley, Adria (2011). 2012 Novel and Short Story Writer’s Market. Writers Digest Books. p. 658. .
Jorgensen, Mikaela. "The First Line Magazine Report." Columbia College, 2012.
External links
The First Line
Blue Cubicle Press
1999 establishments in Texas
Literary magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1999
Magazines published in Texas
Quarterly magazines published in the United States |
Trump Entertainment Resorts, Inc. was a gambling and hospitality company. The company previously owned and operated the now-demolished Trump Plaza and Trump World's Fair (both in Atlantic City), the now-closed Trump Marina, Trump Casino & Hotel in Gary, Indiana, Trump 29 in Coachella, California, and Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City. It was founded in 1995 as Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts by Donald Trump, who after 2004 held only a minority ownership. The company filed for bankruptcy in 2004, 2009 and 2014. It became a subsidiary of Icahn Enterprises in 2016. Since then, all of the company's properties have been closed and sold.
History
The beginning
Donald Trump began purchasing properties along the Atlantic City boardwalk in the early 1980s and received a casino license from the New Jersey Casino Control Commission (CCC) on March 15, 1982. He had planned to build his own casino on the boardwalk, but was stalled on the project when Mike Rose, then CEO of Holiday Inn and Harrah's approached him to manage construction of a Holiday Inn Casino-Hotel. It opened in May 1984 and two years later Trump bought out Holiday Inn's shares in the property and renamed it the Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino.
In 1985, Trump purchased the nearly-complete Atlantic City Hilton hotel and casino property at the Atlantic marina from Hilton Hotels for $325 million. The hotel chain sold the property after its application for a gaming license was turned down by the CCC. Trump originally opened the property as Trump's Castle Hotel Casino, and later renamed it the Trump Marina.
In 1988, Trump purchased the unfinished Taj Mahal property from Resorts International for $230 million after negotiations with Merv Griffin in which the two men divided the assets of the failing company. The casino, at the time the largest in Atlantic City, would eventually cost almost $1 billion by the time it opened in 1990. Trump completed the project using junk bonds, a decision that hurt the company afterward as the gaming industry struggled in a recession and interest rates became unmanageable.
The company was shaken by the deaths of three key executives in an October 10, 1989 helicopter crash in northern New Jersey while they were returning from a New York press conference promoting an upcoming Atlantic City boxing event. The men were Steven F. Hyde, the CEO of Trump's casino operations, Mark Grossinger Etess, the president and chief operating officer of the Taj Mahal, and Trump Plaza executive vice president Jonathan Benanav.
In 1995, Trump established Trump Hotels and Casino Resorts (THCR) as a publicly traded company, granting it ownership of the Trump Plaza and the under-development Trump Casino in Gary, Indiana. The following year, THCR bought the Trump Taj Mahal at a valuation of $890 million, and bought the Trump Castle from Trump for $486 million (including $355 million in assumed debt).
In 1996, the company opened Trump World's Fair, a casino adjunct to the Trump Plaza. The World's Fair was closed in 1999, with plans to replace it with a larger resort.
In 1997, THCR was one of eleven applicants for three casino licenses available in Detroit, with a $542-million proposal for the Trump Motor City Hotel Casino, in partnership with Mel Farr. The bid was ultimately dropped from consideration because of Mayor Dennis Archer's doubts about the company's financial condition.
In 1998, THCR business consultants spent at least $68,000 on a trip to Cuba in violation to the United States embargo against Cuba. According to a report by Newsweek, the consulting firm Seven Arrows Investment and Development instructed THCR on how to evade the embargo by linking the money to a charitable effort.
In 1999, THCR agreed to purchase the Flamingo Hilton Casino Kansas City for $15 million, but the deal fell through when Missouri gaming regulators did not approve the company's gaming license by a contractual deadline.
THCR entered a management agreement in 2000 to operate the Spotlight 29 Casino, an Indian casino in Coachella, California.
Financial troubles
Trump Entertainment Resorts and its predecessors have filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection four times, in 1991, following construction of the $1-billion Trump Taj Mahal, and in 2004, 2009 and 2014.
In 2004, Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts explored various options for restructuring its debt, amid speculation that it might file for bankruptcy. A possible arrangement with Credit Suisse First Boston was not completed because the bondholders rejected it.
On October 21, 2004, the company announced a preliminary agreement with its investors. Trump, who had been the majority owner, would reduce his stock ownership from 56 to 27 percent. Bondholders would surrender some of their debt in exchange for stock. On October 27, the company announced that Morgan Stanley would be the joint lead arranger for a $500 million financing as part of the restructuring plan. On November 21, the company filed for bankruptcy. Trump said the filing was "really just a technical thing" as the best way to implement the restructuring plan. The plan was submitted to the bankruptcy court on December 16, 2004.
After the 2004 bankruptcy, Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts changed its name to Trump Entertainment Resorts (TER), and Trump ceased to play an active role in the company.
In 2005, the company's involvement in the Spotlight 29 Casino ended, as the tribe bought out the casino management agreement for $6 million. Later that year, TER sold its Indiana casino to The Majestic Star Casino, LLC for $253 million. The company had also been awarded a license to build a second casino in Orange County, Indiana, but dropped this plan, due in part to the state's concerns about the company's viability.
In 2007, the company attempted to negotiate a buyout with several public and private firms, but on July 2, it announced that it could not reach a deal, and would take itself off the market. The company planned to lay off employees in order to cut costs.
2009 bankruptcy and restructuring
The casino group filed for bankruptcy again in February 2009, owing $1.2 billion. Two sets of debt holders eventually proposed reorganization plans for the group in U.S. bankruptcy court.
Trump initially made an agreement with banker and poker player Andrew Beal, owner of Beal Bank, which held $500 million in the group's debt, to take over the resorts. However, citing concerns about the bank's lack of gaming experience, he dropped them in favor of hedge fund Avenue Capital Management, a plan favored by other bondholders. Beal then partnered with investor, Carl Icahn, who had worked on restructuring another Atlantic City casino, the Tropicana. In court, Trump argued that he would fight the Icahn/Beal team if they sought to use his name and likeness on the group's properties. Instead he signed an agreement with Avenue Capital in which he would receive 5% stock in the reorganized company and another 5% in exchange for the use of his name and likeness in perpetuity.
The bankruptcy court eventually sided with the Trump/Avenue partnership, favored by bond holders who believed that Trump's brand would result in a stronger company after reorganization.
In 2011, TER sold the Trump Marina to Landry's Restaurants, which also operates the Golden Nugget in Las Vegas.
Post-2009 bankruptcy
In February 2013, the company agreed to sell the Trump Plaza for $20 million to the Meruelo Group, a California-based company whose holdings include the Grand Sierra Resort in Reno, Nevada. The proceeds would be used to pay down the company's debt to a level of $270 million. CEO Robert Griffin said TER would consider also selling the Trump Taj Mahal for the right price. However, Carl Icahn, who held the mortgage on the Trump casinos, would reject the sale of the Trump Plaza.
In early August 2014, Donald Trump filed a lawsuit demanding removal of his name from the company's two casinos, because they had allegedly been allowed to fall into disrepair, in breach of the licensing agreement for Trump's name.
2014 bankruptcy
In September 2014, Trump Entertainment Resorts filed again for bankruptcy, and closed the Trump Plaza. On a motion made by union UNITE HERE Local 54, relating to the bankruptcy action, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ruled in Trump Entertainment's favor on January 15, 2016, and held that Trump Entertainment could reject the continuing terms and conditions of a collective bargaining agreement with the union, an agreement that had already expired by its terms. This case was significant as it was a matter of First impression among the courts of appeal and could significantly alter the balance of power between debtor-employers and their unions.
The company eventually exited bankruptcy in February 2016 and became a subsidiary of Icahn Enterprises.
Folding of the company
On October 10, 2016, the Trump Taj Mahal, the company's last operating property, closed for the final time. Trump Entertainment continued to operate to deal with the transfer of some points on the Trump One card account. All of the websites related to the company were redirected to DonaldJTrump.com.
Trump Plaza remained vacant after the company had gone defunct and its assets were acquired by Icahn Enterprises. In November 2017, it was revealed that Icahn was looking to demolish the casino, and was seeking $5.6 million in tax funds to pay for the demolition, but this caused a rift between Icahn and the local government, delaying the project. On December 14, 2018, the deadline for demolishing it officially passed, meaning Trump Plaza would remain standing through the winter. Later that month, Icahn terminated the deed restriction on the property and bought out a complicated lease, making a sale more attractive.
The building was declared a hazard by the city in March 2020; demolition began that summer, and the main hotel tower was imploded on February 17, 2021. A charity auction benefited the Boys and Girls Club, with most of the money coming from Icahn after he objected to the original plan to auction off the right to press the demolition button.
Former properties
The company's properties included:
Harrah's at Trump Plaza in Atlantic City, New Jersey; formerly a 50/50 partnership with Harrah's, later wholly owned by the company and renamed the Trump Plaza. Closed on September 16, 2014; demolished February 17, 2021.
Trump 29 Casino in Coachella, California; formerly a 50/50 partnership with the Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Mission Indians of California. In 2006 Trump officially exited the partnership.
Trump Casino in Gary, Indiana, sold in 2005
Trump World's Fair at Trump Plaza in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Operated as a wing of Trump Plaza, but with its own casino license, it was closed in 1999, and demolished in 2000.
Trump Castle (renamed Trump Marina in 1997) in Atlantic City, New Jersey; sold to Landry's, Inc. in 2011 and renamed the Golden Nugget Atlantic City.
Steel Pier, sold in 2011
Trump Club Privee Casino - Canouan - Saint Vincent
Trump Taj Mahal, a casino resort on the Atlantic City boardwalk; closed on October 10, 2016. Purchased by Hard Rock International and reopened as the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City in June 2018.
References
1995 establishments in New Jersey
Companies based in New Jersey
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1991
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2004
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2009
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2014
Hospitality companies established in 1995
Hospitality companies disestablished in 2017
Business career of Donald Trump
Gambling companies of the United States
Hospitality companies of the United States
Privately held companies based in New Jersey |
Turris higoensis is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.
Description
Distribution
Fossils of this marine species were found in Paleogene strata in Kyushy, Japan (age range:48.6 to 40.4 Maa)
References
T. Nagao. 1928. Palaeogene fossils of the Island of Kyushu, Japan Part I. Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University 9(3):97-128
higoensis
Gastropods described in 1928 |
The Sportplatz Rheinau is a football stadium in Balzers, Liechtenstein. It is the home of FC Balzers, and has a capacity of 2,000.
References
Football venues in Liechtenstein
Sport in Balzers
FC Balzers |
The term Whoreson can refer to
Bastard (law of England and Wales) - Bastardy law in England
Whoreson - a 1972 novel by Donald Goines
It can also be shorten to whore which refers to Evelyn Dowling |
Bal a Bali (foaled September 22, 2010) is a Brazilian-bred Thoroughbred racehorse that won the Brazilian Triple Crown in 2014, the twelfth horse to do so. He was named the Brazilian Horse of the Year of 2013/2014, having won all eight starts that year with several track records to his credit.
In July 2014, he was sold to new owners and shipped to America but came down with a life-threatening bout of laminitis. After intensive treatment, he was finally able to return to the race track a year later, with mixed results. Late in 2016, he was sold again, this time to Calumet Farm for use as a breeding stallion. However, his trainer Richard Mandella convinced the owners to keep the horse active for another year and Bal a Bali responded by winning the Frank E. Kilroe Mile and Shoemaker Mile Stakes. He is the second survivor of laminitis to return and win a Grade I race (the first being Lady Eli in the 2016 Flower Bowl), marking significant progress in the treatment of the disease.
Background
Bal a Bali is a dark bay stallion who was bred by Haras Santa Maria de Araras, which is owned by Brazilian banker Julio Bozano. Bal a Bali is sired by Put It Back, a stakes winning son of Honour and Glory. Put It Back became a leading sire in Florida and also has sired multiple winners in Brazil where Bozano had arranged for him to stand during the southern hemisphere's breeding season. As a descendant of the relatively rare In Reality sire line that traces back through Man o' War to the Godolphin Arabian, Put It Back is an outcross for most mares. Bal a Bali is out of the stakes-winning mare In My Side, who was bought by Bozano at a dispersal sale in Brazil.
The resulting foal, named Bal a Bali by Bozano's wife, was a well-built colt who was calm and easy to handle. He was sold as a yearling to Alvaro Novis, a successful Brazilian businessman. He was originally trained by Dulcino Guignoni, who had previously trained Brazilian Triple Crown winners Virginie (1998) and Be Fair (2000).
Racing career
At age two, Bal a Bali won three of four races, all held at the Hipódromo da Gávea in Rio de Janeiro. He won his debut on February 2, 2013, raced at a distance of 1000m (about 5 furlongs), by lengths. He followed up with wins in the Classico Jose Calmon on March 2 and the Group III Mario de Azevedo Ribeiro on March 31 before suffering his first loss in the Group II Conde de Herzberg on May 26.
2013/2014: three-year-old season
Bal a Bali started his three-year-old campaign on September 14, 2013 in the Leiloes Jockey Club Brasileiro - Versao Potros, run at a distance of 1600m (about 1 mile), and won by lengths in a time of 1:33.37 on soft turf. He next won the Ernani De Freitas on October 26 and the Group III Julio Capua on December 1. On January 12, he won his first Group I race, the Estado do Rio de Janeiro, which is the first leg of the Brazilian Triple Crown. His time of 1:31.36 for the 1600m was not only a track record, it was also one of the fastest times ever run at the distance.
On February 16, Bal a Bali returned to win the second leg of the Triple Crown, the Francisco Eduardo de Paula Machado, in a time of 1:59.25 for the distance of 2,000m. He then completed the Triple Crown by winning the Grande Prêmio Cruzeiro do Sul on March 16. His time of 2:23.25 for the distance of 2,400m (about 12 furlongs) was a new track record.
Bal a Bali rounded out his three-year-old season with wins in the Group II Doutor Frontin on May 11 and the Group I Grande Prêmio Brasil on June 8. The latter victory gave Bal a Bali an automatic berth in the Breeders' Cup Turf as part of the Breeders' Cup Challenge "Win and You're In" series. Bal a Bali was named the Brazilian Champion Three-Year-Old Colt and Horse of the Year of 2013/2014.
Laminitis
In July 2014, Bal a Bali was sold for $1.5 million to Fox Hill Farm, owned by Rick Porter, and Siena Farm. He was shipped to a quarantine facility in Miami and arrived with a scrape on his hind leg. A veterinarian was called in and detected signs of impending laminitis, a hoof condition that causes serious pain and is a leading cause of death in horses. The horse was quickly moved to Palm Beach Equine Clinic, where early and aggressive action proved to be the key to the horse's survival.
Dr Vernon Dryden of Rood & Riddle Equine Hospital said that Bal a Bali had full-blown laminitis: the coffin bone was displaced and had rotated down and away from the wall of the hoof. Treatments included use of a cold water spa (cryotherapy) and injection of several doses of stem cells into the bone marrow. Bal a Bali developed a large abscess on his foot that Dryden opened and then treated with sterile maggots to prevent sepsis. Bal a Bali also had issues with his kidneys and dorsal colitis that required further care. "He had a gamut of issues and was a pretty sick boy for a while," said Dryden. "He was definitely a lucky guy to get through it."
By September, Bal a Bali had recovered enough to be sent from Miami to Siena Farm in Kentucky. His handlers continued with the spa treatment and were soon able to turn the horse out for brief periods to forage for grass. A vibration plate was also used to help restore circulation in the hoof. Over the next months, his handlers gradually increased the amount of exercise to build up muscle while regrowing the hoof. He was first put on a walker, then had weight added, then finally started light jogging on a nearby training track.
2015: five-year-old season
Bal a Bali finally returned to the racetrack on May 9, 2015 after an absence of nearly 11 months in the Grade III American Stakes at Santa Anita. Racing behind the early pace, Bal a Bali squeezed between horses to find racing room in the stretch, then drew off to win by a length from Talco. "He has worked so good in the mornings, so I was pretty confident," said jockey Flavien Prat. "He just repeated his works today. I wasn't really surprised. He was the champion in Brazil, so he can be the champion here. Why not?"
Bal a Bali made his next start on June 15 in the Grade I Shoemaker Mile, where he was moving well around the turn and looked like a possible winner. However, he flattened in the stretch and finished fifth behind Talco. Mandella subsequently detected a small bone chip in one of his ankles, but the condition was not serious. Bal a Bali returned on August 23 in the Del Mar Handicap, where he finished eighth. On October 30, Mandella entered him in an allowance optional claiming race at Del Mar, and Bal a Bali responded with a -length victory. He completed the year by finishing second to Midnight Storm in the Seabiscuit Handicap.
2016: six-year-old season
Bal a Bali had a disappointing six-year-old campaign, going winless in five starts. He finished third in the San Gabriel Stakes on January 2, 2016, third in the Frank E. Kilroe Mile on March 12 and third again in the San Francisco Mile on April 30. On May 29, he finished fourth in the Charles Whittingham Stakes and then finished eighth in the Gold Cup at Santa Anita on June 25 in his first start on the dirt.
2017: seven-year-old season
Bal a Bali was originally scheduled to retire to stud at Calumet Farm in 2017 but Mandella had other ideas. "I gave him some time off, and they thought, if he didn't train well, he could go to stud," Mandella said. "But he's training too good to go to stud." Instead, Bal a Bali was entered in the Group I Frank E. Kilroe Mile on March 11, 2017 where he was the 9-1 longshot in a highly competitive field of six. Bal a Bali raced in the middle of the pack during the early going, then gradually closed ground in the stretch to win by a head over What a View, who had won the 2016 renewal of the race. Bal a Bali became one of the first horses to come back from laminitis and win a Grade I race.
Bal a Bali finished fifth in his next start, the Woodford Reserve Turf Classic on a rain-softened course at Churchill Downs on May 6. On June 3, he returned to win the Shoemaker Mile at Santa Anita with a powerful closing run. "He's had some problems in his life and overcame them," said Mandella. "He's very fortunate to have had two sets of owners that are the best in the business and were willing to do what's right for him, and the results of that are what we saw today."
On August 20, Bal a Bali made what would prove to be his final start in the Del Mar Mile Handicap, finishing sixth. He was next being pointed to the Breeders' Cup Mile but Mandella felt he was not training at a high enough level so the decision was made to retire him. "He's had problems ever since he came here and he's dealt with them and had success – success beyond expectations", said Mandella.
Retirement
Bal a Bali was retired to stud at Calumet Farm, where he stood his first season in 2018 for a fee of $15,000. His first foals came of racing age in 2021.
Pedigree
* Bal a Bali is inbred 4S × 4D to the mare Gonfalin, meaning that she appears fourth generation on the sire side of his pedigree and fourth generation on the dam side of his pedigree.
References
2010 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in Brazil
Racehorses trained in the United States
Racehorses trained in Brazil
Thoroughbred family 3
Godolphin Arabian sire line |
TCDD E14000 were electric multiple unit used by the Turkish State Railways on their commuter rail services around Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir. The 75 units were delivered starting in 1979 to supplement the aging E8000 units that were in use on the European Istanbul service, when the other commuter train services were electrified.
Though the units still remain in service, they are heavily used and show signs of wear. It is not uncommon for doors not to shut, and TCDD is planning a major replacement of the stock with the Marmaray upgrade that is in progress.
External links
Trains on Turkey page on E14000
Turkish railways electric multiple units
25 kV AC multiple units |
H. K. Narayana was a well-known singer and music composer from Karnataka, India. He was an icon of Light music and played an important role in popularizing the genre of Sugama Sangeetha in Kannada. Nadavirada Baduke by Nissar Ahmed, Brundavanake Haalanu Maaralu by Kuvempu and Shubha Nudiye Shakunada Hakki by D. R. Bendre are some of his well-known numbers. He is popular through Navasuma and Geetaraadhana in Radio.
Early life
Narayana was born in 1934 at Holenarasipura in Hassan district of Karnataka to Keshavayya and Sannamma. Influenced by his father, who was a musician himself, Narayana developed interest in music early in his life and started learning Violin at a young age of six. He later got his Carnatic classical vocal music lessons from the veteran musician R. K. Srikantan in Mysore. H.K. Narayana was known to be one of the favourite students of R. K. Srikantan.
He later switched to Sugama Sangeetha, an area he was much passionate about.
Family
Narayana's wife Kanta is a Kathak dancer. Like HKN his daughters Chandrika (Chandu) and Manju have also developed interests in the field of art. Chandu is a Bharatanatya dancer and a painter in Tanjore style. And Manju has interests in instrument. HKN's brother Keshav Murthy is a renowned Carnatic violinist and he teaches violin to his students.
Career
He got associated with the All India Radio early in his student life and gave many performances. He also later joined as a staff artist in AIR. H. K. Narayana known as HKN worked with All India Radio for almost four decades. He held many important roles and responsibilities in AIR as Junior composer, Senior composer, Music producer, 'A' Grade artiste of Sugama Sangeetha and Classical Music. M.D. Parthasarathy who worked as the Assistant Producer of Light Music at AIR, Bangalore is supposed to have played a key role in imparting the art of composing the melody and the background score to HKN. He retired from AIR in the year 1989.
HKN was part of the committee constituted in 2004 by N. Dharam Singh the then Chief minister of Karnataka Government to select and suggest a befitting tune for the rendition of the Karnataka state anthem in 2004. The committee composed of G. S. Shivarudrappa, Siddalingiah, Doddarange Gowda and Rajashekhar Mansur deliberated over the quality and dignity of rendition of the officially edited version of the poem and recommended that the music composed by Mysore Ananthaswamy was apt.
He has composed music for several music based plays including Shringaranayaka of Jayadeva, Chitrangada of Kuvempu, Gita Bharata of Rabindranath Tagore. He has composed music for more than 25 dance dramas abroad. He has also given several performances as a singer for Light Music, Classical Music and Bharatanatya in several part of India and in US, England, Singapore, Hongkong, Ceylon, Russia, Manila and other places. Though his major contributions as a musician are found in compositions of Kannada, one can definitely get a taste of HKN's musical compositions in other regional languages as well. He has composed music to three Malayalam songs in a programme organised by Akashavani in Calicut.
He has also worked with several other artistes to create several popular work of art in the field of music. He has sung for as many as 150 audio cassettes with noted classical musician Rajkumar Bharathi for Ramanamaharshi Gitagayana. He has composed music for more 35 audio cassettes sung by noted vocalist Vidyabhushana.
Excellence
HKN was known for carefully crafting the tune of the song without compromising on the lyrical beauty of it. Listeners could enjoy the emotional core of the poem in his scores. His excellence in music composition reflects in the song Shubha nudiye shakunada hakki which creates a perfect ambience while still reinforcing the meaning. When the phrase Googeyondu Gukkenuthiththa is rendered he cleverly deviates from the scale introducing an odd note, which blends aptly with the meaning and the mood of the song.
To compel the listener to concentrate on the lyric HKN often introduced a slight delay of the voice delivery with respect to the beat pattern in his compositions making room for emphasis on the meaning. He was supposedly influenced by the legendary singer Ghantasala. The voice modulation and 'Gamaka (music)' ('drag' and 'looping' of 'graces') reflects Ghantasala`s influence on HKN.
Composers recall HKN's seriousness and immense commitment towards his work. It is said that HKN'S handwritten scripts were a treat to see with his notations, neatly handwritten and highlighted in different coloured inks. This habit of making meticulous scripts came from the days of him being a Copyist with AIR, during the days when the Kannada typewriter was not in much use.
Song compositions
Some of the popular compositions of HKN.
Death
H. K. Narayana died on 8 February 2008 in Bangalore after a prolonged illness. He was 73. He is survived by wife Kanta Narayan and two daughters Manju and Chandrika.
Awards
H. K. Narayana has got many awards to his credit.
Karnataka Kalatilaka Award by Karnataka Sangeeta Nritya Academy
Rajyotsava Award
Chowdaiaha Award
Santha Shishunala Sharifa Award
Pampa Award
Aryabhata Award
References
People from Hassan district
Singers from Karnataka
20th-century Indian composers
20th-century Indian singers |
Benjamin Peter Waine (born 11 June 2001) is a New Zealand professional footballer who plays as a forward for club Plymouth Argyle and the New Zealand national team.
Club career
Wellington Phoenix
On 7 August 2018, Waine made his debut for the senior side in their FFA Cup loss to Bentleigh Greens.
After his debut for the Phoenix in the FFA, Waine played most of his games for the Wellington Phoenix Reserves in the ISPS Handa Premiership scoring a team high of 8 goals, before getting called up to the senior team again in March 2019
On 30 March 2019, Waine made his professional debut for the Wellington Phoenix coming on as a substitute in their 4–1 win over the Newcastle Jets.
On 28 April 2019, Waine made his first start for the Phoenix in a 5–0 loss to the Perth Glory.
On 21 June 2019, Waine signed a two-year contract with the Phoenix. The first year being a scholarship deal, with the second year moving him onto a full-time contract. Just before the 2019–20 season kicked off, the first year of this contract was upgraded to full-time.
On 3 November 2019, Waine scored his first professional goal off the bench in Wellington's 3–2 loss to Melbourne City, passing Liberato Cacace to become the youngest goalscorer in the club's history at 18 years and 145 days.
Plymouth Argyle
On 30 December 2022, Waine agreed to join League One leaders Plymouth Argyle for an undisclosed fee on a two-and-a-half year deal, the transfer going through on 1 January when the transfer window opened.
International career
New Zealand U-20s
On 16 April 2019, Waine was selected as one of the 21 players for the New Zealand U-20 who played at the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Poland. He scored a brace in their opening match against Honduras on 24 May. He made two further appearances in the tournament, starting in both New Zealand's 2–0 victory over Norway and the 1–1 loss on penalties to Colombia in the Round of 16.
New Zealand U-23s
In September, Waine was a member of the New Zealand U-23 team, known as the "Oly-Whites", who took part in the 2019 OFC Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournament. He was second top goal scorer for the tournament with 8 goals including one in the final, helping New Zealand to qualify for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.
New Zealand
Waine made his international debut, including scoring his first international goal for New Zealand in their World Cup qualification match against Papua New Guinea, winning the game 1–0.
Personal life
Waine attended school at Hutt International Boys' School in Upper Hutt where he was the Junior school captain in 2019.
Waine is a dual citizen of New Zealand and the United Kingdom.
Career statistics
Club
As of match played 7 April 2023
|-
International
As of match played 21 March 2022.
International goals
Scores and results list the New Zealand goal tally first.
Honours
Plymouth Argyle
EFL League One: 2022–23
EFL Trophy runner-up: 2022–23
References
External links
2001 births
Living people
Association footballers from Wellington City
Men's association football forwards
New Zealand men's association footballers
Wellington Phoenix FC players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
New Zealand men's youth international footballers
New Zealand Football Championship players
A-League Men players
Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic association footballers for New Zealand
New Zealand men's under-20 international footballers
New Zealand expatriate men's association footballers
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate men's footballers in England
English Football League players |
Prapretno pri Hrastniku () is a settlement in the Municipality of Hrastnik in central Slovenia. It lies in the hills immediately southwest of the town of Hrastnik. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region.
References
External links
Prapretno pri Hrastniku on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Hrastnik |
David Mark Winfield (born October 3, 1951) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) right fielder. He is the special assistant to the executive director of the Major League Baseball Players Association. Over his 22-year career, he played for six teams: the San Diego Padres, New York Yankees, California Angels, Toronto Blue Jays, Minnesota Twins, and Cleveland Indians. He had the winning hit in the 1992 World Series with the Blue Jays over the Atlanta Braves.
Winfield is a 12-time MLB All-Star, a seven-time Gold Glove Award winner, and a six-time Silver Slugger Award winner. The Padres retired Winfield's No. 31 in his honor. He also wore No. 31 while playing for the Yankees and Indians and wore No. 32 with the Angels, Blue Jays and Twins. In 2004, ESPN named him the third-best all-around athlete of all time in any sport. He is a member of both the Baseball Hall of Fame and College Baseball Hall of Fame.
Early life
Winfield was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and grew up in the city's Rondo neighborhood. His parents divorced when he was three years old, leaving him and his older brother Stephen to be raised by their mother, Arline, and a large extended family of aunts, uncles, grandparents, and cousins. The Winfield brothers honed their athletic skills in Saint Paul's Oxford Field, where coach Bill Peterson was one of the first to notice Winfield. Winfield did not become a formidable 6'6" athlete until his senior year at Saint Paul Central High School.
College career
He earned a full baseball scholarship to the University of Minnesota in 1969, where he starred in baseball and basketball for the Minnesota Golden Gophers. Winfield's 1971–72 Minnesota team won a Big Ten Conference basketball championship, the school's first sole outright championship in 53 years. During the 1972–73 basketball season, he also was involved in a brawl when Ohio State played at Minnesota.
Winfield also played college summer baseball for the Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks for two seasons (1971–72) and was the MVP in 1972. In 1973, he was named All-American and voted MVP of the College World Series—as a pitcher. Following college, Winfield was drafted by four teams in three different sports. The San Diego Padres selected him as a pitcher with the fourth overall pick in the MLB draft. Winfield was also drafted by the Atlanta Hawks (NBA) in the 5th round of the 1973 NBA draft and by the Utah Stars (ABA) in the 6th round of the 1973 ABA Draft. Though he never played college football, the Minnesota Vikings selected Winfield in the 17th round of the 1973 NFL Draft. He is one of five players ever to be drafted by three professional sports (the others being George Carter, Noel Jenke, Mickey McCarty and Dave Logan) and one of three athletes along with Carter and McCarty to be drafted by four leagues.
Professional career
Draft and San Diego Padres (1973–1980)
Winfield chose baseball; the San Diego Padres selected him in the first round, with the fourth overall selection, of the 1973 MLB draft. Winfield signed with the Padres, who promoted him directly to the major leagues. Although he was a pitcher, the Padres wanted his powerful bat in the lineup and put him in right field, where he could still use his "rifle arm." He batted .277 in 56 games his first season.
Over the next several years, he developed into an All-Star player in San Diego, gradually increasing his power and hits totals. In 1977, he appeared in his first All-Star game at Yankee Stadium. In 1978, he was named Padres team captain and in , he batted .308 with 34 home runs and 118 RBI. He played one more season with the Padres before becoming a free agent.
New York Yankees (1981–1990)
In December 1980, New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner made Winfield the game's highest-paid player by signing him to a ten-year, $23 million contract (equivalent to $ million in ). Steinbrenner mistakenly thought he was signing Winfield for $16 million, unaware of the meaning of a cost-of-living clause in the contract a misunderstanding that led to an infamous public feud. The $2.5 million annual average value of the contract set a record. He more than doubled the previous record set when Nolan Ryan signed with the Houston Astros in 1979.
Winfield was among the highest-rated players in the game throughout his Yankee contract. He was a key factor in leading the Yankees to the 1981 American League pennant. In the 1981 American League Division Series, Winfield batted .350 with two doubles and a triple and made some important defensive plays helping the Yankees to victory over the Milwaukee Brewers. Unfortunately, Winfield had a sub-par World Series, which the Yankees lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games. After getting his only series hit, Winfield jokingly asked for the ball. Steinbrenner did not find this humorous, and criticized Winfield at the end of the series. Many commentators have since noted that Winfield's post-season doldrums were somewhat overstated when compared to those of his teammates. Four of his seven hits came in games won by the Yankees. The team's offense for the most part was inconsistent, and they were also set back by key injuries to Reggie Jackson and Graig Nettles, who each only played three games with one combined RBI (the same as Winfield).
Winfield did not let Steinbrenner's antics affect his play. He hit 37 home runs in a spectacular season.
On August 4, , Winfield killed a seagull by throwing a ball while warming up before the fifth inning of a game at Toronto's Exhibition Stadium. Fans responded by hurling obscenities and improvised missiles. After the game, he was brought to a nearby Metropolitan Toronto Police station and charged with cruelty to animals. He was released after posting a $500 bond. Yankee manager Billy Martin quipped, "It's the first time he's hit the cutoff man all season." Charges were dropped the following day. As Winfield missed the Yankees team bus to Hamilton that night to catch their flight home, he was driven to Hamilton personally by Blue Jays general manager Pat Gillick. In the offseason, Winfield returned to Toronto and donated two paintings for an Easter Seals auction, which raised over $60,000. For years afterward, Winfield's appearances in Toronto were greeted by fans standing and flapping their arms—until the 1992 season when being signed by Gillick for the Blue Jays where Winfield became a fan favorite.
From 1981 through , Winfield was the most effective run producer in MLB. In 1984, he and teammate Don Mattingly were in a memorable race for the batting title in which Mattingly won out by .003 points on the last day of the season; Winfield finished with a .340 average. In the last few weeks of the race, it became obvious to most observers that the fans were partial to Mattingly. Winfield took this in stride noting that a similar thing happened in 1961 when Mantle and Maris competed for the single season home run record.
In 1985, Steinbrenner derided Winfield by saying to The New York Times writer Murray Chass, "Where is Reggie Jackson? We need a Mr. October or a Mr. September. Winfield is Mr. May." This criticism has become somewhat of an anachronism as many cite the statement to Steinbrenner after the 1981 World Series. Winfield was struggling while the Yankees eventually lost the division title to Toronto on the second to last day of the season. The "Mr. May" sobriquet lived with Winfield until he won the 1992 World Series with Toronto.
Throughout the late 1980s, Steinbrenner regularly leaked derogatory and fictitious stories about Winfield to the press. He also forced Yankee managers to move him down in the batting order and bench him. Steinbrenner frequently tried to trade him, but Winfield's status as a 10-and-5 player (10 years in the majors, 5 years with a single team) meant he could not be traded without his consent. Winfield continued to put up excellent numbers with the Yankees, driving in 744 runs between 1982 and , and was selected to play in the All-Star Game every season. Winfield won five (of his seven) Gold Glove Awards for his stellar outfield play as a Yankee.
In 1989, Winfield missed the entire season due to a back injury. was the last year of his contract with the Yankees, but the troubles with Steinbrenner in his feud with Winfield continued to escalate. He had a rusty spring training before being relegated from the field to being the designated hitter. Further troubles led to being just the DH against left-handed pitchers. On May 11, manager Bucky Dent and general manager Pete Peterson met in a room with the intent of stating a trade of Winfield for Mike Witt of the California Angels. Winfield stepped in the room and stated his refusal to be traded; the argument over whether his 10-and-5 rights overrode his list of having the Angels on his trade list failed to meet at an impasse when Angels owner Gene Autry came in with a three-year extension. He proceeded to hit 19 home runs in 112 games for the Angels in the remainder of the 1990 season. As for Steinbrenner, he attempted to curry favor by stating to Winfield that he would welcome back Winfield openly if he had won the arbitration case; by this point in the month of May, he was already under investigation by commissioner Fay Vincent for his apparent connections to Howard Spira, a known gambler with supposed Mafia connections, whom he had paid $40,000 for embarrassing information on Winfield. A month later, the team received a fine that required them to pay money to the league and the Angels for tampering and Steinbrenner soon received a life-time ban. However, the suspension lasted only two years.
California Angels (1990–1991)
Winfield was traded for Mike Witt during the 1990 season and won The Sporting News Comeback Player of the Year Award. He hit for the cycle in June 1991 against the Kansas City Royals, hitting 5 for 5 in the game. He also recorded his 400th home run against the Twins in his hometown.
Toronto Blue Jays (1992)
Winfield was still a productive hitter after his 40th birthday. On December 19, , he signed with the Toronto Blue Jays as their designated hitter, and also made "Winfieldian" plays when he periodically took his familiar position in right field. He batted .290 with 26 home runs and 108 RBI during the season.
Winfield proved to be a lightning rod for the Blue Jays, providing leadership and experience as well as his potent bat. Winfield was a fan favorite and also demanded fan participation. In August 1992, he made an impassioned plea to the reserved fans during an interview for more crowd noise. The phrase "Winfield Wants Noise" became a popular slogan for the rest of the season, appearing on T-shirts, dolls, buttons, and signs.
The Blue Jays won the pennant, giving Winfield a chance at redemption for his previous post-season futility. In Game 6 of the World Series, he became "Mr. Jay" as he delivered the game-winning two-run double in the 11th inning off Atlanta's Charlie Leibrandt to win the World Series Championship for Toronto. At 41 years of age, Winfield became the third-oldest player to hit an extra base hit in the World Series, trailing only Pete Rose and Enos Slaughter.
Minnesota Twins (1993–1994)
After the 1992 season, Winfield was granted free agency and signed with his hometown Minnesota Twins. In 1993, he batted .271 with 21 home runs, appearing in 143 games for the Twins, mostly as their designated hitter. On September 16, 1993, at age 41, he collected his 3,000th career hit with a single off Oakland Athletics closer Dennis Eckersley.
During the 1994 baseball strike, which began on August 12, Winfield was traded to the Cleveland Indians at the trade waiver deadline on August 31 for a player to be named later. The 1994 season had been halted two weeks earlier (it was eventually canceled a month later on September 14), so Winfield did not get to play for the Indians that year and no player was ever named in exchange. To settle the trade, Cleveland and Minnesota executives went to dinner, with the Indians picking up the tab. This makes Winfield the only player in major league history to be "traded" for a dinner (though official sources list the transaction as Winfield having been sold by the Minnesota Twins to the Cleveland Indians).
Cleveland Indians (1995)
Winfield, who was now the oldest MLB player, was again granted free agency in October but re-signed with the Indians as spring training began in April . A rotator cuff injury kept him on the disabled list for most of the season; thus he played in only 46 games and hit .191 for Cleveland's first pennant winner in 41 years. He did not participate in the Indians' postseason.
Honors and awards
Winfield retired in and, in his first year of eligibility, was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in as a San Diego Padre, the first Padre to be so honored. The move reportedly irked Yankees' owner George Steinbrenner, however Winfield sounded a conciliatory note toward him, saying, "He's said he regrets a lot of things that happened. We're fine now. Things have changed."
In 1998, Winfield was inducted by the San Diego Hall of Champions into the Breitbard Hall of Fame, honoring San Diego's finest athletes both on and off the playing surface.
In , Winfield ranked number 94 on The Sporting News list of Baseball's Greatest Players, and was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.
He was inducted into the San Diego Padres Hall of Fame in 2000. The Padres retired Winfield's No. 31 on April 14, 2001.
On July 4, , Winfield was inducted into the College Baseball Hall of Fame in its inaugural class.
In 2010, Winfield was selected as one of 28 members of the NCAA Men's College World Series Legends Team.
The Big Ten Network named Winfield its #15 ranked Big Ten Conference "Icon" in 2010.
The 2016 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, played at Petco Park in San Diego, was dedicated to Winfield. He had represented the Padres at the first All-Star Game to be played in San Diego.
Post-playing career and appearances
In 1996, Winfield joined the new Major League Baseball on Fox program as studio analyst for their Saturday MLB coverage.
From 2001 to 2013, Winfield served as executive vice president/senior advisor of the San Diego Padres.
In 2006, Winfield teamed up with conductor Bob Thompson to create The Baseball Music Project, a series of concerts that celebrate the history of baseball, with Winfield serving as host and narrator.
In 2008, Winfield participated in both the final Old Timers' Day ceremony and final game ceremony at Yankee Stadium.
On June 5, , Major League Baseball held a special draft of the surviving Negro league players to acknowledge and rectify their exclusion from the major leagues on the basis of race. The idea of the special draft was conceived by Winfield. Each major league team drafted one player from the Negro leagues.
On March 31, 2009, Winfield joined ESPN as an analyst on their Baseball Tonight program.
On December 5, 2013, Winfield was named special assistant to Executive Director Tony Clark at the Major League Baseball Players Association.
On July 14, 2014, Winfield returned to Minnesota to throw out the first pitch at the 2014 Home Run Derby along with fellow St. Paul natives Joe Mauer, Paul Molitor, and Jack Morris.
In March 2016, Winfield helped represent Major League Baseball in Cuba during President Obama's trip to the island in an attempt to help normalize relations. On March 21 he gave a press conference with Joe Torre, Derek Jeter, and Luis Tiant in Havana and attended the baseball game between the Tampa Bay Rays and the Cuba National Team the next day.
In July 2022, Winfield delivered Bud Fowler's Hall of Fame speech in Cooperstown.
Winfield resides in California with his wife Tonya, and three children, Shanel and twins David II and Arielle.
In popular media
During the 1994–95 MLB strike, Winfield and a handful of other striking players appeared as themselves in the November 27, 1994, episode of Married With Children (Season 9, Episode 11).
The David M. Winfield Foundation
Well known for his philanthropic work, Winfield was the first active athlete to create a philanthropic foundation. He began giving back to the communities in which he played from 1973, his first year with the Padres, when he began buying blocks of tickets to Padres games for families who could not afford to go to games, in a program known as "pavilions." Winfield then added health clinics to the equation, by partnering with San Diego's Scripps Clinic who had a mobile clinic which was brought into the stadium parking lot. When Winfield joined the Toronto Blue Jays, he learned teammate David Wells was one of the "Winfield kids" who attended Padres games.
In his hometown of St. Paul, he began a scholarship program (which continues to this day). In 1977, he organized his efforts into an official 501(c)(3) charitable organization known as the David M. Winfield Foundation for Underprivileged Youth. As his salary increased, Foundation programs expanded to include holiday dinner giveaways and national scholarships. In 1978, San Diego hosted the All-Star game, and Winfield bought his usual block of pavilion tickets. Winfield then went on a local radio station and inadvertently invited "all the kids of San Diego" to attend. To accommodate the unexpected crowd, the Foundation brought the kids into batting practice. The All-Star open-practice has since been adopted by Major League Baseball and continues to this day.
When Winfield joined the New York Yankees, he set aside $3 million of his contracted salary for the Winfield Foundation. The foundation created a partnership with the Hackensack University Medical Center including founding The Dave Winfield Nutrition Center, near his Teaneck, New Jersey, home. The Foundation also partnered with Merck Pharmaceuticals and created an internationally acclaimed bilingual substance abuse prevention program called "Turn it Around".
The Winfield Foundation also became a bone of contention in Steinbrenner's public feud with Winfield. Steinbrenner alleged that the foundation was mishandling funds and often held back payments to the organization, which resulted in long, costly court battles. It also created the appearance that Steinbrenner was contributing to the foundation, when in actuality, Steinbrenner was holding back a portion of Winfield's salary. Ultimately, the foundation received all of its funding and the alleged improprieties proved unfounded.
Winfield's philanthropic endeavors had as much influence on many of MLB's players as his on-field play. Yankee Derek Jeter, who grew up idolizing Winfield for both his athleticism and humanitarianism, credits Winfield as the inspiration for his own Turn 2 Foundation. In turn, Winfield continues to help raise funds and awareness for Jeter's Foundation and for many other groups and causes throughout the country.
Quotes
Now it's on to May, and you know about me and May. —after setting an American League record for RBI in April 1988.
I am truly sorry that a fowl of Canada is no longer with us. —to the press after being released following the 1983 bird-killing incident.
These days baseball is different. You come to spring training, you get your legs ready, your arms loose, your agents ready, your lawyer lined up.—at spring training, 1988, in response to his on-going feud with Steinbrenner.
I have no problem with Bruce Springsteen.—when asked by the New York Daily News why he has such a problematic relationship with "the Boss" (a nickname shared by both Springsteen and Steinbrenner).
"Three-ninety-nine sounds like something you'd purchase at a discount store. Four hundred sounds so much better.—upon hitting his 400th home run after 10 days mired at 399.
See also
3,000 hit club
List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
List of Major League Baseball home run records
List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball retired numbers
List of athletes on Wheaties boxes
List of multi-sport athletes
List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
Major League Baseball Player of the Month
References
Notes
Further reading
External links
Dave Winfield
1951 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American League All-Stars
American Lutherans
American men's basketball players
Atlanta Hawks draft picks
Baseball players from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Basketball players from Saint Paul, Minnesota
California Angels players
Cleveland Indians players
National College Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
College World Series Most Outstanding Player Award winners
Gold Glove Award winners
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball designated hitters
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
Major League Baseball right fielders
Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball players
Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball players
Minnesota Twins players
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
National League All-Stars
National League RBI champions
New York Yankees players
People of the African Methodist Episcopal church
San Diego Padres players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Toronto Blue Jays players
Utah Stars draft picks
Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks players |
Cyril Thomas Demarne, (7 February 1905 – 28 January 2007) was a British firefighter. He served in London during the Second World War, throughout the Blitz. He was later involved in establishing aviation firefighting units in Australasia and in Beirut. In retirement, he wrote several books based on his wartime experiences.
Early life
Demarne was born in Poplar, London, the eldest of three sons and two daughters of a City clerk; when his father lost his job through illness, the family's living standards suffered: "Sometimes we sat in the dark, for there was no penny for the gas." Demarne recalled seeing, as a boy, troops marching from Woolwich through the Blackwall Tunnel with horses pulling the guns. Most distinctly, he remembered the Zeppelin raids on London in 1915 and witnessing the downing of the Schütte-Lanz SL11 (1916) for which William Leefe Robinson was awarded the Victoria Cross. Those dramatic events were a precursor of the relentless bombing of the capital 25 years later.
He joined the West Ham Fire Brigade in 1925 and was a Sub-Officer instructing the Auxiliary Fire Service when war was declared.
World War II
He spent the period from September 1940 to May 1941 serving in West Ham, one of the most heavily bombed areas in the country.
The first day of the Blitz (7 September 1940), Demarne recalled a "lovely sunny day. It was about There were about 300 German aircraft. Some detached and flew along the waterfront from North Woolwich to the tidal basin, bombed the big factories along the River Thames". These included the giant Tate and Lyle factory in Silvertown. The factories had thousands of people working in them and the bombing caused "horrendous casualties". Buildings were ablaze for three miles along the River Thames. Demarne ordered 500 pumps to the scene. His commander thought was this a bit excessive and sent someone to check: he reported that 1,000 engines were needed. Remembering those days 60 years later, Demarne recalled "In the first week of the Blitz I thought London wouldn't be able to stand up to it. There were huge craters and gas flames blazing high in the air and tangled telephone cables everywhere but every night the emergency services got to work and got everything up and running all over again".
The first raid was followed by 57 consecutive nights of bombing; after one night off, when the German aircraft were hampered by bad weather, the air raids resumed until 10 May 1941. The night of 29/30 December 1940 was one of the most destructive air raids of the London Blitz and was quickly dubbed The Second Great Fire of London. The Auxiliary Fire Service worked almost continuously, putting out fires and rescuing the injured and recovering the dead from the ruined buildings.
Demarne was appointed Company Officer at Whitechapel in October 1941, in the new National Fire Service. He was twice promoted in 1943. In January 1944, as Divisional Officer, he was transferred back to West Ham in time for the "Baby" Blitz and flying bomb attacks.
He described how one night in Forest Gate a bus laden with people going home from work was hit. "The top of the bus was completely gone with the remains of the passengers scattered over nearby houses. The passengers on the lower deck had all been decapitated but were sitting in their seats "as if waiting to have their fares collected. It was the most horrific thing I witnessed". He was transferred again to the City and Central London in November 1944, where he was involved in three of the most deadly V-2 rocket attacks, in which more than three hundred people were killed.
Post-war career
After two years service in the West End, based at Manchester Square Station, he was promoted to Chief Fire Officer West Ham. In 1952, he received the OBE.
He retired from the Fire Service in 1955 and moved to Australia, where he became Senior Instructor of the Fire Service Training School at Sydney Airport from its inception in 1956 to 1964. During this period, he travelled widely throughout Australasia and developed the aviation fire departments of Norfolk Island and Papua New Guinea. Under secondment to the International Civil Aviation Organization, he set up and ran the Civil Aviation Safety Centre at Beirut Airport until his retirement in 1967.
In retirement
He published his memoirs of his wartime service in The London Blitz – A Fireman's Tale in 1980, followed by Our Girls – A Story of the Nation's Wartime Firewomen (1995). He also contributed to The Blitz Then and Now series of books, published in 1987, and The East End Then and Now (1997).
He appeared in several television documentaries on the war and also in the Humphrey Jennings film Fires Were Started.
He had the idea of raising a memorial to the firefighters of the Blitz. A sculpture by John W Mills has become the National Firefighters Memorial, erected to the south of St. Paul's Cathedral in 1991, and elevated and rededicated in 2003.
Demarne was married in 1930. His wife died in 1986. He is survived by two daughters.
References
External links
In Memoriam
Recording of Cyril Demarne recalling VE Day, at the Museum of London
Village Voice report
1905 births
2007 deaths
People from Poplar, London
London Fire Brigade personnel
British centenarians
Men centenarians
Officers of the Order of the British Empire |
von Otter is a Swedish noble family. People with that name include:
Anne Sofie von Otter (born 1955), Swedish opera singer
Birgitta von Otter (born 1939), Swedish writer and journalist
Fredrik von Otter (1833–1910), Swedish naval officer and prime minister
Göran von Otter (1907–1988), Swedish diplomat
Surnames of Swedish origin |
Maynard Town Hall and Jail is a historic building located in Maynard, Iowa, United States. Before this building was constructed the town had no building to enact its business. They used the mayor's house or place of business for his office and council meetings. After it was completed, this building served as a jail into the late 1930s and as the city hall until 1952, when a new community building was completed. For most of the time it served as a jail it was outfitted with bars and had bunks. It was a short-term lock-up for those who committed minor infractions. It was used for a public library beginning in the 1940s. After its use as a city hall, it was bought by a local merchant for use in his grocery store in 1957. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.
References
Government buildings completed in 1894
Buildings and structures in Fayette County, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Fayette County, Iowa
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa |
Copper mining in Mongolia is a major industry and source of income for the country. There are only two companies that produce copper concentrate, Erdenet Mining Corporation, a Mongolian-Russian joint venture, and the Oyu Tolgoi mine, a joint venture between Rio Tinto Group, Turquoise Hill Resources, and the Government of Mongolia. Until 2010 copper was Mongolia's largest export.
Reserves
Mongolia is ranked 12th in the world for copper reserves. The south Gobi Desert alone has an estimated of 35 million tonnes of copper.
Operations
Erdenet
Erdenet has been operation since 1978 as a joint project between Mongolia and Russia. The mine produced copper concentrate with molybdenum. Over the years the output of grade copper decreased with increasing depth of the mine. This was proposed to be compensated by manufacturing copper cathode which was priced higher. The estimated ore reserve was 1.54 billion tons. The copper concentrate production rate of 130,000 tons was envisaged by Erdent.
Erdenet was still Mongolia's sole producer of copper, and accounted for 14% of Mongolia's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007. Copper from Erdenet was Mongolia's largest export until 2010 until it was bypassed by coal. While the mine has been exporting copper concentrate since production began, there are plans to create industry within the country to manufacture finished products (such as copper wire) from concentrate from the mine.
Oyu Tolgoi
In 2001 Canadian-based Ivanhoe Mines (now known as Turquoise Hill Resources) discovered the gold-copper ore deposit of what would be developed into the Oyu Tolgoi mine. The deposit is in the Gobi Desert in an area known as Oyu Tolgoi (Mongolian for Turquoise Hill), where in the time of Genghis Khan outcropping rocks were smelted for copper. By 2003 there were 18 exploration drill rigs on the property employing approximately 200 people, and Oyu Tolgoi was the "biggest mining exploration project in the world." In January 2013 Oyu Tolgoi started producing concentrate from the mine. Its location in the South Gobi province, is from the border with China and is termed as a mega mine in Mongolia. Its mining operations are a joint venture of Rio Tinto (a UK-based mining transnational), Turquoise Hill and the Mongolian government. As of 2010, the estimated cost of bringing the Oyu Tolgoi mine into production was US$4.6 billion, making it (financially) the largest project in Mongolian history; however, by 2013 costs had increased to $10 billion. When in production Oyu Tolgoi will account for more than 30% of Mongolia's GDP. The copper production from this mine (the investment was reported to be of the order of US$5 billion) has been projected at 450,000 tonnes of copper for the next 50 years; the mining reserves are reported to extend up to beneath the Gobi Desert and is also estimated to yield of gold annually. In January 2013 Oyu Tolgoi started producing concentrate from the mine.
References |
Ab Behan (, also Romanized as Āb Behān; also known as Chashmeh-ye Āb Bāhūn and Cheshmeh-ye Āb Bāhūn) is a village in Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Bahmai County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 21, in 5 families.
References
Populated places in Bahmai County |
Jean Painlevé (20 November 1902 – 2 July 1989) was a photographer and filmmaker who specialized in underwater fauna. He was the son of mathematician and twice prime minister of France Paul Painlevé.
Upbringing
A few days after Painlevé was born, his mother, Marguerite Petit de Villeneuve, died from complications arising from an infection contracted during childbirth. Painlevé, an only son, was raised by his father's sister Marie, a widow.
In the Lycée Louis Le Grand, he was a poor and inattentive student who preferred to skip classes and go to the Jardin d'Acclimatation where he was assisting the guard in taking care of the animals. Painlevé later wrote: "In high school, my classmates hated me. They hated people in the margins, such as Vigo, son of the anarchist Almereyda, or Pierre Merle, son of , director of [satirical weekly] Merle Blanc ("White Blackbird"). Me, I was the son of a Boche ("Kraut)", that Painlevé who had fought for Sarrail, solitary and unique republican general, and who had relieved [general] Nivelle of his duties to replace him with Pétain". He finished high school well apart "from these poor, unhappy ones who were like tradesmen in their trade". Among the few friends he made in his adolescence were future film critic Georges Altman, and writer and precious stones specialist Armand Moss (Moschowitz), who later appeared as an extra in Mathusalem.
Studies
Painlevé had to abandon his studies aimed at entering the École Polytechnique because he understood practically nothing of Mathematics. (He would subsequently state he wished that mathematics was approached "like a language and not like a mystery"). Instead, he turned to medicine. However, two years into his studies, he abandoned the class of Professor Delbet, on account of the professor's treatment of a hydroencephalic patient which Painlevé found cruel, never to come back. He next turned to biology and entered the Laboratoire d'Anatomie et d'Histologie Comparée at the Sorbonne.
Personal life
In the course of his studies in biology, Painlevé started frequenting the Station biologique de Roscoff. There, he met Viviane, Geneviève ("Ginette"), and Maryvonne Hamon, the three daughters of Augustin and Henriette Hamon, translators of the works of George Bernard Shaw in France and anarchist militants. Ginette would become Painlevé's work partner and life companion.
The Hamons' residence in Port Blanc, Penvenan, named "Ty an Diaoul", (which some locals had dubbed "Maison du Diable", "House of the Devil") eventually became a second home for Painlevé.
Political influences and militancy
Painlevé, along with Georges Altman and others, in 1918, created in his school an affiliate union to the "Socialist Revolutionary Students", an anarchist organisation established in the previous century. Painlevé himself was in the streets, distributing pamphlets calling on passers-by to join up. After two years, in 1920, he left the group to join the union of "Communist Students".
His acquaintance with the Hamons familiarised Painlevé with the active practice of anarchism and teaching it by example. Augustin Hamon and his wife wanted their children to be raised in the altruist culture and under anarchist principles, so they had no objections to their young daughter living with Jean Painlevé as an unmarried couple ("living in sin"), something socially unacceptable in Catholic France, and, even more so, in deeply Catholic Penvenan, where the Hamons resided.
The Hamon family and their lifestyle influenced Jean Painlevé not only in his politics but in his outlook on life in general. Painlevé joined the Hamon daughters, all of whom would go on to become scientists, in their quest to acquire knowledge on everything. At the same time, Augustin Hamon encouraged not just young, inquisitive scientists, but also young artists with radical and controversial ideas, to come visit in his home, in Brittany. Painlevé would make numerous acquaintances among the visitors, such as Calder, Pierre Prévert, Jacques-Alain Boiffard, and Eli Lotar.
Contact with Surrealism
Prévert and Boiffard were part of the Surrealist wave and brought Jean Painlevé in contact with the artists active in the movement. Painlevé started collaborating with the monthly revue Surrealisme, directed by Yvan Goll. In 1924, the revue published an article by Painlevé titled "". In the article, which could be considered a declaration of principles, Painlevé preached the "recording of reality", which, added to the imagination of the screenwriter and cinema's techniques of slow motion, accelerated speed and the blur, can create "a surrealist esthetic". Most of Painlevé's subsequent designs on cinema are gathered in this article, where he affirmed "the superiority of reality", the "extraordinary inventiveness of Nature", over "the artifice" of traditional cinematographical scenes.
Painlevé, like Guillaume Apollinaire in 1909, claimed that "the cinema is a creator of a surreal life".
One year later, in 1925, after a communication with l'Académie des Sciences, he submitted a pseudo-scientific, nonsensical and entirely Surrealist text, which he titled "Neo-zoological Drama".
Painlevé cannot be considered part of the Surrealist movement and did not actually consider himself a surrealist. He did, however, share the surrealists' interest in psycho-sexual stimulation and the ultimate weirdness of procreation.
Cinema
Painlevé first came to the cinema as an actor, alongside Michel Simon, and also as assistant director in the René Sti unfinished film L'inconnue des six jours (The Unknown Woman of Six Days), 1926. Soon, he was shooting his own films, starting with L'œuf d'épinoche : de la fécondation à l'éclosion, 1927.
Painlevé sometimes scored the music and background sounds for his films, such as in Les Oursins, where the collage of noise is a homage to Edgar Varèse.
In order to shoot scenes underwater, Painlevé encased his camera in a custom designed waterproof box, fitted with a glass plate which allowed the camera's lens to reach through. Understandably, he spent a lot of time submerged in water. In his 1935 essay, titled "Feet In The Water", Painlevé discussed wading, its instinctive, sensual pleasure and thwarted desire: "Wading around in water up to your ankles or navel, day and night, in all kinds of weather, even in areas where one is sure to find nothing, digging about everywhere for algae or octopus, getting hypnotised by a sinister pond where everything seems to promise marvels although nothing lives there. This is the ecstasy of any addict."
Overall Jean Painlevé directed more than two hundred science and nature films.
He also marketed a collection of brass and bakelite jewelry in the form of seahorses.
Science is Fiction: 23 Films by Jean Painlevé, a DVD collection of his films, was released in 2009 by the Criterion Collection.
Legacy
Advocating the credo "science is fiction," Painlevé managed to scandalize both the scientific and the cinematographic world with a cinema designed to entertain as well as edify. He portrayed sea horses, vampire bats, skeleton shrimps, and fanworms as endowed with human traits – the erotic, the comical, and the savage. Painlevé single-handedly established a unique kind of cinema, the "scientific-poetic cinema".
Selected filmography
Cristaux Liquides... aka Liquid Crystals (1978)
Acera ou Le bal des sorcières (1972)... aka Acera, or the Witches’ Dance
Amours de la pieuvre (1965)... aka Love Life of the Octopus
Histoires de crevettes (1964)... aka Shrimp Stories
Comment naissent les méduses (1960)... aka How Some Jellyfish Are Born
Les Alpes (1958)
L'Astérie (1958)
Les Oursins (1958)... aka Sea Urchins
Les Danseuses de mer (1956)... aka Sea Ballerinas
La Chirurgie correctrice (1948)
Écriture de la danse (1948)
Assassins d'eau douce (1947)... aka Fresh Water Assassins
Notre planète la Terre (1947)
Pasteur (1947)
Jeux d'enfants (1946)
Le Vampire (1945)... aka The Vampire
Solutions françaises (1939)
Images mathématiques de la lutte pour la vie (1937)... aka The Struggle for Survival
Similitudes des longueurs et des vitesses (1937)... aka Similarities Between Length and Speed
Images mathématiques de la quatrième dimension (1937)... aka The Fourth Dimension
Voyage dans le ciel (1937)... aka Voyage to the Sky
Barbe-Bleue (1936)... aka Bluebeard (USA)
Microscopie à bord d'un bateau de pêche (1936)
Corèthre (1935)
L'Hippocampe (1934)... aka The Sea Horse (UK)
Électrophorèse de nitrate d'argent (1932)
Ruptures de fibres (1931)
Bernard-l'hermite (1930)... aka The Hermit Crab
Traitement expérimental d'une hémorragie chez le chien (1930)... aka Experimental Treatment of a Hemorrhage in a Dog
Les Crabes (1930)
La Daphnie (1929)... Daphnia
Hyas et stenorinques (1929)... aka Hyas and Stenorhynchus
Les Oursins (1929)... aka Sea Urchins (USA)
La Pieuvre (1928)... aka Devilfish (USA)
L'œuf d'épinoche : de la fécondation à l'éclosion (1927)... aka The Stickleback's Egg (USA)
References
Sources
Jean Painlevé Archives: Les Documents Cinématographiques, Paris.
A consequent interview on scientific cinema and research, edited in french Revue l'Education (1978) with some photos (tirage : 200 000 exemplaires)
Les Independants du Cinéma, providing additional sources, (in French)
French film directors
20th-century French screenwriters
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
Scientists from Paris
1902 births
1989 deaths
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery |
Edmund Kuempel (29 November 1942 – 4 November 2010) was an American politician from Texas who was a Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from the 44th District from 1983 until his death in 2011. He was succeeded in a special election by his son John Kuempel.
References
1942 births
2011 deaths
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
Politicians from Austin, Texas
Republican Party members of the Texas House of Representatives
Texas Lutheran University alumni
American Lutherans |
```python
from c7n_azure.provider import resources
from c7n_azure.query import ChildResourceManager, ChildTypeInfo
from c7n_azure.utils import ResourceIdParser
@resources.register('servicebus-namespace-networkrules')
class ServiceBusNamespaceNetworkrules(ChildResourceManager):
"""Azure Service Bus Namespace Network Ruleset Resource
:example:
Returns Service Bus Namespace Network Ruleset resources
.. code-block:: yaml
policies:
- name: basic-servicebus-namespace-networkrule
resource: azure.servicebus-namespace-networkrules
"""
class resource_type(ChildTypeInfo):
doc_groups = ['Events']
service = 'azure.mgmt.servicebus'
client = 'ServiceBusManagementClient'
enum_spec = ('namespaces', 'list_network_rule_sets', None)
parent_manager_name = 'servicebus-namespace'
default_report_fields = (
'name',
'location',
'resourceGroup'
)
resource_type = 'Microsoft.ServiceBus/namespaces'
@classmethod
def extra_args(cls, parent_resource):
return {
'resource_group_name': ResourceIdParser.get_resource_group(parent_resource['id']),
'namespace_name': parent_resource['name']
}
``` |
This is a list of Romanian football transfers for the 2019–20 summer transfer window. Only moves featuring 2019–20 Liga I and 2019–20 Liga II are listed.
Liga I
Academica Clinceni
In:
Out:
Astra Giurgiu
In:
Out:
Botoșani
In:
Out:
CFR Cluj
In:
Out:
Chindia Târgoviște
In:
Out:
CS U Craiova
In:
Out:
Dinamo București
In:
Out:
FCSB
In:
Out:
Gaz Metan Mediaș
In:
Out:
Hermannstadt
In:
Out:
Politehnica Iași
In:
Out:
Sepsi Sfântu Gheorghe
In:
Out:
Viitorul Constanța
In:
Out:
Voluntari
In:
Out:
Liga II
Argeș Pitești
In:
Out:
ASU Politehnica Timișoara
In:
Out:
Concordia Chiajna
In:
Out:
CSM Reșița
In:
Out:
Daco-Getica București
In:
Out:
Dunărea Călărași
In:
Out:
Farul Constanța
In:
Out:
Metaloglobus București
In:
Out:
â
Miercurea Ciuc
In:
Out:
Mioveni
In:
Out:
Pandurii Târgu Jiu
In:
Out:
Petrolul Ploiești
In:
Out:
Rapid București
In:
Out:
Ripensia Timișoara
In:
Out:
SCM Gloria Buzău
In:
Out:
Sportul Snagov
In:
Out:
Turris Turnu Măgurele
In:
Out:
Universitatea Cluj
In:
Out:
UTA Arad
In:
Out:
Viitorul Târgu Jiu
In:
Out:
Transfers
Romania
2019 |
Ptychogonimidae is a family of trematodes belonging to the order Plagiorchiida.
Genera:
Melogonimus Bray, Brockerhoff & Cribb, 1995
Ptychogonimus Lühe, 1900
References
Plagiorchiida |
```c
// 2017 and later: Unicode, Inc. and others.
/*
******************************************************************************
*
* Corporation and others. All Rights Reserved.
*
******************************************************************************
*
* FILE NAME : testTimezone.c
*
* Date Name Description
* 03/02/2006 grhoten Creation.
******************************************************************************
*/
#include "unicode/putil.h"
#include "unicode/ucnv.h"
#include "unicode/uloc.h"
#include "unicode/ures.h"
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(int argc, const char* const argv[]) {
UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
ures_close(ures_open(NULL, NULL, &status));
if (status != U_ZERO_ERROR) {
printf("uloc_getDefault = %s\n", uloc_getDefault());
printf("Locale available in ICU = %s\n", status == U_ZERO_ERROR ? "true" : "false");
}
if (strcmp(ucnv_getDefaultName(), "US-ASCII") == 0) {
printf("uprv_getDefaultCodepage = %s\n", uprv_getDefaultCodepage());
printf("ucnv_getDefaultName = %s\n", ucnv_getDefaultName());
}
return 0;
}
``` |
Album of Dinosaurs is a 1972 dinosaur book written by Tom McGowen and illustrated by Rod Ruth.
First published by Rand McNally & Company. It was first published in Spanish in 1985 and second published in 1987 by Fernández Editores, México, DF, translated by Jorge Blanco y Correa under the name: El Gran Libro de Dinosaurios.
The book contains a chapter on dinosaurs in general, as well as individual chapters on Coelophysis, Apatosaurus, Stegosaurus, Allosaurus, Iguanodon, Compsognathus, Anatosaurus, Protoceratops, Triceratops, Tyrannosaurus, Ankylosaurus, and Struthiomimus.
Non-fiction books about dinosaurs
1972 books |
Frederick IX (; 11 March 1899 – 14 January 1972) was King of Denmark from 1947 to 1972. Born into the House of Glücksburg, Frederick was the elder son of King Christian X and Queen Alexandrine of Denmark. He became crown prince when his father succeeded as king in 1912. As a young man, he was educated at the Royal Danish Naval Academy. In 1935, he was married to Princess Ingrid of Sweden and they had three daughters, Margrethe, Benedikte and Anne-Marie. During Nazi Germany's occupation of Denmark, Frederick acted as regent on behalf of his father from 1942 until 1943. Frederick became king on his father's death in early 1947. During Frederick IX's reign Danish society changed rapidly, the welfare state was expanded and, as a consequence of the booming economy of the 1960s, women entered the labour market. The modernization brought new demands on the monarchy and Frederick's role as a constitutional monarch. Frederick IX died in 1972, and was succeeded by his eldest daughter, Queen Margrethe II.
Birth and family
Prince Frederick was born on 11 March 1899 at his parents' country residence, the Sorgenfri Palace, located on the shores of the small river Mølleåen in Kongens Lyngby north of Copenhagen on the island of Zealand in Denmark, during the reign of his great-grandfather King Christian IX. His father was Prince Christian of Denmark (later King Christian X), the eldest son of Crown Prince Frederick and Princess Louise of Sweden (later King Frederick VIII and Queen Louise). His mother was Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, a daughter of Frederick Francis III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia.
He was baptised at Sorgenfri Palace on 9 April 1899. The young prince had 21 godparents, among them his great-grandfather Christian IX of Denmark, Nicholas II of Russia, George I of Greece, Oscar II of Sweden and Norway, his grandfather Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark, the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII of the United Kingdom) and his uncle Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
Frederick's only sibling, Knud, was born one year after Frederick. The family lived in apartments in Christian VIII's Palace at Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen, in Sorgenfri Palace near the capital and in a summer residence, Marselisborg Palace in Aarhus in Jutland, which Frederick's parents had received as a wedding present from the people of Denmark in 1898. In 1914, the King also built the villa Klitgården in Skagen in Northern Jutland.
Early life
Christian IX died on 29 January 1906, and Frederick's grandfather Crown Prince Frederick succeeded him as King Frederick VIII. Frederick's father became crown prince, and Frederick moved up to second in line to the throne.
Just six years later, on 14 May 1912, King Frederick VIII died, and Frederick's father ascended the throne as King Christian X. Frederick himself became crown prince. On 1 December 1918, as the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union recognized Iceland as a fully sovereign state in personal union with Denmark through a common monarch, Frederick also became crown prince of Iceland (where his name was officially spelled Friðrik). However, as a national referendum established the Republic of Iceland on 17 June 1944, he never succeeded as king of Iceland.
Frederick was educated at the Royal Danish Naval Academy (breaking with Danish royal tradition by choosing a naval instead of an army career) and the University of Copenhagen. Before he became king, he had acquired the rank of rear admiral and he had had several senior commands on active service. He acquired several tattoos during his naval service.
In addition, with his great love of music, the king was an able piano player and conductor ()
Marriage and issue
In the 1910s, Alexandrine considered the two youngest daughters of her cousin Tsar Nicholas II, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia and Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia, as possible wives for Frederick, until the execution of the Romanov family in 1918. In 1922, Frederick was engaged to Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark, his second cousin. They never wed.
Instead, on 15 March 1935, a few days after his 36th birthday, he was engaged to Princess Ingrid of Sweden (1910–2000), a daughter of Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf (later King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden) and his first wife, Princess Margaret of Connaught. They were related in several ways. In descent from Oscar I of Sweden and Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden, they were double third cousins. In descent from Paul I of Russia, Frederick was a fourth cousin of Ingrid's mother. They married in Stockholm Cathedral on 24 May 1935. Their wedding was one of the greatest media events of the day in Sweden in 1935, and among the wedding guests were the King and Queen of Denmark, the King and Queen of Belgium and the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Norway.
Upon their return to Denmark, the couple were given Frederick VIII's Palace at Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen as their primary residence and Gråsten Palace in Northern Schleswig as a summer residence.
Their daughters are:
Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, born 16 April 1940, married to Count Henri de Laborde of Monpezat and has two sons
Princess Benedikte of Denmark, born 29 April 1944, married to Richard, 6th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg and has three children
Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark, born 30 August 1946, married to King Constantine II of Greece and has five children
Reign
From 1942 until 1943, Frederick acted as regent on behalf of his father who was temporarily incapacitated after a fall from his horse in October 1942.
On 20 April 1947, Christian X died, and Frederick succeeded to the throne. He was proclaimed king from the balcony of Christiansborg Palace by Prime Minister Knud Kristensen.
Frederick IX's reign saw great change. During these years, Danish society shook off the restrictions of an agricultural society, developed a welfare state, and, as a consequence of the booming economy of the 1960s, women entered the labour market. In other words, Denmark became a modern country, which meant new demands on the monarchy.
In 1948, one year into the king's reign, the Faroe Islands obtained home rule and became a self-governing country within the Danish Realm.
Changes to the Act of Succession
As King Frederick IX and Queen Ingrid had no sons, it was expected that the king's younger brother, Prince Knud, would inherit the throne, in accordance with Denmark's succession law (Royal Ordinance of 1853).
However, in 1953, an Act of Succession was passed, changing the method of succession to male-preference primogeniture (which allows daughters to succeed if there are no sons). This meant that his daughters could succeed him if he had no sons. As a consequence, his eldest daughter, Margrethe, became heir presumptive. By order of 27 March 1953 the succession to the throne was limited to the issue of King Christian X.
Death and funeral
Shortly after the King had delivered his New Year's Address to the Nation at the 1971/72 turn of the year, he became ill with flu-like symptoms. After a few days rest, he suffered cardiac arrest and was rushed to the Copenhagen Municipal Hospital on 3 January. After a brief period of apparent improvement, the King's condition took a negative turn on 11 January, and he died 3 days later, on 14 January, at 7:50 pm surrounded by his immediate family and closest friends, having been unconscious since the previous day.
Following his death, the King's coffin was transported to his home at Amalienborg Palace, where it stood until 18 January, when it was moved to the chapel at Christiansborg Palace. There the King was placed on castrum doloris, a ceremony largely unchanged since introduced at the burial of Frederick III in 1670, and the last remaining royal ceremony where the Danish Crown Regalia is used. The King then lay in state for six days until his funeral, during which period the public could pay their last respects.
The funeral took place on 24 January 1972, and was split in two parts. First a brief ceremony was held in the chapel where the king had lain in state, where the Bishop of Copenhagen, Willy Westergaard Madsen, said a brief prayer, followed by a hymn, before the coffin was carried out of the chapel by members of the Royal Life Guards and placed on a gun carriage for the journey through Copenhagen to Copenhagen Central Station. The gun carriage was pulled by 48 seamen and was escorted by honor guards from the Danish Army, Air Force, and Navy, as well as honor guards from France, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States.
At the Copenhagen Central Station, the coffin was placed in a special railway carriage for the rail journey to Roskilde. The funeral train was pulled by two DSB class E steam engines. Once in Roskilde, the coffin was pulled through the city by a group of seamen to Roskilde Cathedral where the final ceremony took place. Previous rulers had been interred in the cathedral, but it was the King's wish to be buried outside.
Succession
He was succeeded by his eldest daughter, Queen Margrethe II. Queen Ingrid survived her husband by 28 years. She died on 7 November 2000. Her remains were interred alongside him at the burial site outside Roskilde Cathedral.
Legacy
On 20 April 1982, a statue of King Frederick IX dressed in the uniform of an admiral was unveiled by the Copenhagen harbour on the 35th anniversary of his accession to the throne in 1947 and in the tenth year after his death.
The Crown Prince Frederick Bridge which spans the Roskilde Fjord between the town of Frederikssund and the peninsula of Hornsherred, as well as the Frederick IX Bridge which spans the Guldborgsund strait between the islands of Falster and Lolland, are both named after Frederick IX.
The Crown Prince Frederick Range in Greenland was named after him when it was first mapped by Sir Martin Lindsay in 1934 during the British Trans-Greenland Expedition.
Titles, styles and honours
Titles and styles
9 April 1899 – 14 May 1912: His Royal Highness Prince Frederik of Denmark
14 May 1912 – 1 December 1918: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Denmark
1 December 1918 – 17 June 1944: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Denmark and Iceland
17 June 1944 – 20 April 1947: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Denmark
20 April 1947 – 14 January 1972: His Majesty The King of Denmark
Honours
Danish honours
Knight of the Elephant, 14 May 1912
Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog, 11 March 1917
Grand Commander of the Dannebrog, 3 February 1936
King Christian IX Centenary Medal
King Frederik VIII Centenary Medal
Navy Long Service Award
Foreign honours
Honorary military appointments
1947–61: Colonel-in-Chief of the Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)
1961–66: Colonel-in-Chief of the Queen's Own Buffs, The Royal Kent Regiment
1966–72: Colonel-in-Chief of the Queen's Regiment
Ancestors
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
The Royal Lineage at the website of the Danish Monarchy
Frederik IX at the website of the Royal Danish Collection at Amalienborg Palace
1899 births
1972 deaths
People from Lyngby-Taarbæk Municipality
20th-century monarchs of Denmark
20th-century regents
House of Glücksburg (Denmark)
Crown Princes of Denmark
Burials at Roskilde Cathedral
Danish people of German descent
Grand Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon
Recipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog
Extra Knights Companion of the Garter
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Recipients of the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Recipients of the Order of George I
Knights Grand Cordon of the Order of Chula Chom Klao
Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Grand Crosses with Diamonds of the Order of the Sun of Peru
Sons of kings |
Don Melia (December 25, 1953 – August 21, 1992) was a gay British cartoonist, editor, activist, and philanthropist. Born in Liverpool, he was known largely for his involvement in Matt Black: Charcoal, Strip AIDS, Heartbreak Hotel, and Buddies, comic series that helped uplift the gay community, bring attention to and educate the public about the AIDS crisis, and helped create a gay community in the comics industry.
Personal life and career
In his early life, before beginning his comics career, Don Melia worked in the film industry which was his start in media.
As a gay cartoonist and media personality, Don Melia always hoped that Britain could develop an LGBTQ+ comic community which was a large reason behind his activism. Through his work, he worked to create a gay comic community that would continue to expand far beyond himself and succeeded in doing so as his comic series brought attention to the careers of burgeoning cartoonists, including Dave McKean, and inspired the creation of many different LGBTQ+ comic series around the world, like Strip AIDS USA.
After creating Strip Aids, Don Melia was hired by Titan Books for the role of publicity director where he worked and continued to work towards bringing comics into the mainstream.
Comics
Matt Black: Charcoal (1986–1987)
Don Melia is the illustrator behind Matt Black: Charcoal, a comic in which he and Lionel Gracey-Whitman, the creator and writer of the comic, created the first gay superhero in history, Matt Black.
Heartbreak Hotel (1987–1988)
Don Melia is a creator and cartoonist of Heartbreak Hotel, a comic series that was tied to music and had a large and varied number of cartoonist involved with the series. In the first issue of Heartbreak Hotel, Don Melia's comic "Heartbreak Hotel" appeared, named after the song "Heartbreak Hotel" by Elvis Presley.
Some of the notable cartoonists involved with the series are Dave McKean, Grant Morrison, Alan Moore and Bryan Talbot.
Strip AIDS (1987)
Don Melia was the creator and editor of Strip AIDS, a comic book which centered around AIDS in educating the public about the disease, dispelling the hysteria that surrounded it, and providing aid and comfort to the LGBTQ+ community in a time when they were faced with great hostility. The book was also meant as a fundraiser to support the London Lighthouse, an organization hoping to build a living community for those affected by AIDS, but it met with little success. However, the comic series attracted a very large audience and inspired the creation of Strip AIDS USA, a similar comic book that was edited by Trina Robbins, Bill Sienkiewicz, and Robert Triptow.
Some of the notable cartoonists involved with Strip AIDS include Melinda Gebbie, Dave Gibbons, Alan Moore, and Posy Simmonds.
Buddies (1991–1999)
Don Melia is editor of the first two editions of Buddies, a comics series that attempted to mimic the US series Gay Comix in order to create the gay comics community that he wished Britain had. The two editions edited by Melia focused primarily on comics depicting the experience of gay men in England.
Death
Don Melia died of AIDS-related illnesses on August 21, 1992, in Liverpool, England.
References
LGBT comics creators
AIDS-related deaths in England
English LGBT writers |
Penderyn is a rural village in the Cynon Valley, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales, located near Hirwaun.
Location
The village lies on the A4059 road between Hirwaun and Brecon and is the last settlement on that road in the county of Rhondda Cynon Taf before the border with Powys to the north. The village sits just within the southern boundary of the Brecon Beacons National Park. The River Cynon passes through the area.
There are four disused churches and chapels in Penderyn: Jerusalem Chapel (Calvinistic Methodist, now a house), Siloam Chapel (Baptist, a grade II listed building), Soar Chapel (Independent, now an antiques shop) and St Cynog's Church (Church in Wales).
Penderyn is the home of Penderyn Whisky, whose distillery is located opposite the local school. The award-winning single malt whisky was launched in 2004 and was the first distilled in Wales for over 100 years.
Etymology
Penderyn contains two Welsh words:
Pen, meaning 'head (of)'
and 'deryn', an abbreviation of 'aderyn', meaning 'bird'
History
Penderyn began as an agricultural village, which supplied the ever growing needs of the nearby local market town of Aberdare.
Until the county's inclusion in Powys in 1974 the village was in the county of Brecknockshire.
Governance
Penderyn is in the community of Hirwaun and, at the lowest tier of local government, is represented by Hirwaun & Penderyn Community Council. Penderyn is one of two electoral wards in the community, electing 4 members to the community council.
For elections to Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council, Penderyn is covered by the 'Hirwaun, Penderyn and Rhigos' electoral district.
Notable people
Gwyn Morgan (born 1954), Welsh-language writer, lives in Penderyn
David Wynne (1900–1983), composer, born in Penderyn
(David Davies, 1853–1937), author of
Lewis Lewis (Lewsyn yr Heliwr), transported for his part in the Merthyr Rising of 1831
Dic Penderyn (Richard Lewis, 1807/8–1831), the central figure of the Merthyr Rising of 1831, was not from village but was from Aberavon.
See also
Moel Penderyn – a hill above the village
References
External links
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Penderyn and surrounding area
Villages in Rhondda Cynon Taf
Brecon Beacons
Fforest Fawr
Wards of Rhondda Cynon Taf |
The following lists events that happened during 2022 in the Republic of Singapore.
Incumbents
President: Halimah Yacob
Prime Minister: Lee Hsien Loong
Events
Below, events for the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore have the "CP" prefix.
January
1 January -
Voco Singapore Orchard Hotel is officially opened.
New rules capping cycling groups at 5 cyclists in single file or 10 cyclists in 2-abreast when on the roads take effect.
6 January – NTUC Income plans to convert from a cooperative to a company called Income Insurance Ltd to better compete in the insurance industry. The conversion is completed on 1 September.
11 January – Filmgarde Cineplexes announced it will shut two of its cinemas at Bugis+ and Century Square by March. Plans for its Leisure Park Kallang outlet and other business initiatives will be released in future.
12 January – Stage 6 of the Circle MRT line will now be completed by 2026, a year later than earlier announced.
14 January –
The Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment announces the issuance of recycling bins to every household to increase domestic recycling rates.
Singapore Art Museum has launched its new space for Arts Exhibitions at Tanjong Pagar Distripark.
20 January – CP: Singapore reported its first Omicron-related death, a 92-year-old unvaccinated woman.
24 January – Outram Community Hospital is officially opened.
27 January – The Singapore Grand Prix is renewed for an additional seven years through 2028. The race will also be made sustainable too with a sustainability audit undertaken.
30 January
In PM Lee Hsien Loong's Chinese New Year Message 2022, he called on more Singaporeans to get married and have children in the Year of the Tiger, and get children and seniors to be vaccinated against COVID-19 as soon as possible.
Changi Bay Point Park Connector is officially opened to the public that is accessed between Changi Beach Park, Changi Airport and East Coast Park
31 January – CP: Pfizer's Paxlovid has been approved by the Health Sciences Authority as the first COVID-19 treatment tablet for use in Singapore. The approval is announced four days later.
February
7 February – A new initiative Find Your Way was launched at Toa Payoh Bus Interchange. The bus interchange is split into zones, with depictions of childhood items plastered on the walls of each zone to serve as a visible guide for people with dementia. There are plans to extend this initiative to other bus interchanges and MRT stations progressively.
9 February – The CapitaSpring Tower at Market Street is opened with Green Oasis, Sky Gardens and a hawker centre.
12 February – GR.ID mall (formerly POMO) at Selegie is officially opened after having its soft launch in October 2021.
14 February – CP: The Novavax COVID-19 vaccine is approved by the Health Sciences Authority for use as a protein-based subunit vaccine in Singapore.
18 February – The Government announces that the GST will now increase in two stages; to 8% on 1 January 2023 and 9% on 1 January 2024.
21 February – The first two Alstom Movia R151 trainsets serving the North South and East West MRT lines arrived in Singapore.
23 February – Singtel announced plans to redevelop Comcentre from 2024 into a building featuring the latest digital technologies and sustainable features. The building will be ready by 2028, being well integrated into the surroundings and having underground connections. More details were unveiled on 1 June, with Lendlease chosen to develop the new complex comprising two 20-storey buildings with a wide atrium and several dining and retail options including Singtel's new flagship store, as well as an elevated rooftop park with a 300-person auditorium, running and walking tracks and an integrated wellness hub.
24 February – Hilton Singapore Orchard Hotel is officially opened after it being previously occupied by Mandarin Orchard Hotel.
March
9 March – Plans are announced for a new Healthier SG strategy that puts preventive healthcare as a priority. It will have patients use family doctors as a first touch point. A White Paper on the issue will be out later this year.
10 March –
The Ministry of Social and Family Development declares 2022 as the "Year of Celebrating SG Families", with a strategy to be drafted later this year.
Le Le joins Jia Jia in the main exhibit at River Wonders with the information board unveiled.
11 March – The first Alstom Metropolis C851E trainset serving the Circle Line arrived in Singapore.
14 March – CP: Booster shots are extended to those aged 12 to 17.
15 March – A proposed attraction at Jurong Lake District will now be completed by 2028, with concepts based on technology, edutainment and sustainability.
17 March – Singapore announced a bid to host the 2025 World Athletics Championships under Singapore25. The event will be the first one in Southeast Asia if successful.
18 March – Tan Tock Seng Hospital has officially opened its Specialist Centre at Ang Mo Kio Central.
22 March – Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen announced that this year's National Day Parade will be held at The Float @ Marina Bay due to a delay in constructing NS Square caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The facility will only start construction in 2023 with completion in 2026.
24 March -
CP: Several relaxations are announced by the government, including lifting mask-wearing requirements outdoors; increasing group sizes from 5 to 10, allowing 75% of workers in workplaces, relaxation of travel restrictions for vaccinated people through the Vaccinated Travel Framework and increased event sizes up to 75% of a venue for events with more than 1,000 people. The rules will take effect on 29 March and 1 April, for the domestic and travel ones respectively.
For education institutions, events like the National School Games have resumed, with more to come like the Singapore Youth Festival. Gradual relaxation of rules in learning will be done, with masking relaxed for those with higher support needs for language and literacy lessons, as well as re-establishing connections with overseas peers and schools.
In dining areas, a ban on alcohol consumption in dining areas after 10:30pm will be lifted, along with live performances and broadcast programmes. Outdoor live performances and busking will also be allowed, along with singing so long as masks are worn.
28 March – The White Paper on Singapore Women's Development is released, setting out a 10-year plan with a mid-term review in 2027. It proposes 25 strategies, among them are new anti-discrimination laws, new Tripartite Guidelines on Flexible Work Arrangements by 2024 with increased adoption of flexible work arrangements to 40 percent by end-2022, allowing egg freezing for women aged 21 to 35 from early 2023 with egg usage only allowed in marriages, increasing Home Caregiving Grant to $250 and $400, expanded Household Services Scheme for elderminding and other services, childminding pilots, better caregiving resources and support networks, protection from harms, expanding the National Anti-Violence Hotline to handle sexual harassment cases from 1 May (thereby renamed to National Anti-Violence and Sexual Harassment Hotline) with new reporting modes, a new safe sports code, new gender-sensitive standards, teaching body safety to preschoolers and equality in schools, as well as a new park in Dhoby Ghaut Green dedicated to women.
31 March – The first Japanese retail furniture store Nitori in Singapore is opened at Courts Nojima at The Heeren at Level 4.
End March – CP: Singapore suspended the dedicated COVID-19 vaccination channels for overseas Singaporeans.
April
1 April – Siglap Community Club has its soft launch with McDonald's and Sheng Siong.
14 April – Minister for Finance Lawrence Wong is chosen as leader of the People's Action Party's fourth-generation (4G) team.
15 April – Singapore Flyer resumed flight operations after suspending it in January 2022 for repairs and rectification works.
26 April – CP: The Disease Outbreak Response System Condition (DORSCON) level is lowered from Orange to Yellow.
May
1 May – Hougang RiverCourt is opened as a shopping mall in Hougang.
7 May – Kallang Polyclinic is officially opened. The polyclinic is co-located within a hospital, and has an automated vaccine management system, health facilities, a patient advisory council and a maternal and child unit.
8 May – The Immigration and Checkpoints Authority announces the issuance of digital birth and death certificates in place of physical certificates starting 29 May.
9 May – New enlistees undergoing National Service will no longer need to surrender their NRICs from 15 May, with those serving to have their NRICs returned by November.
12 May to 23 May – Team Singapore Athletes participate in the 31st South East Asian Games 2021 in Hanoi, Vietnam.
19 May – Taxi surcharges from Changi Airport were raised by S$3 till 30 June. Certain taxi companies later opted to extend the surcharge hike till the end of the year. The hike was later extended to 30 June 2023.
26 May – A further expansion of Woodlands Checkpoint is announced to cater for future traffic growth and security situations; with enhancements for all vehicle types, introducing flexi-lanes for cars and motorcycles, providing adequate holding areas for traffic and having security checks away from the main checkpoint towards a more upfront area. The areas will cover nine HDB blocks in Marsiling, with replacement flats being built in Woodlands.
29 May – The new underground linkway between the East West Line and North East Line at Outram Park MRT station is officially opened.
30 May – The first Bombardier Innovia APM 300 trainset serving the Bukit Panjang LRT line arrived in Singapore.
June
1 June – The new Fairprice outlet at Causeway Point under the 'Fairprice Finest' label is officially opened.
6 June
Eunos Polyclinic is officially opened.
As part of a Cabinet reshuffle, Minister for Finance Lawrence Wong is promoted to Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, hence serving with Heng Swee Keat. The move took effect on 13 June.
13 June – Firefly resumes commercial flights into and out of Seletar Airport, the first time since such operations were suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
18 June – The 14th edition of Pink Dot SG is held at Hong Lim Park. It is the first event where Members of Parliament are spotted among the attendees, being Henry Kwek from PAP and Jamus Lim from WP.
26 June – Cathay Cineplexes ceases operations at The Cathay.
28 June – Deputy Prime Minister Lawrence Wong announces a year-long review of Singapore's social compact, titled "Forward Singapore". It will review policies in six key areas, namely "Empower", "Equip", "Care", "Build", "Steward" and "Unite". A report detailing a ten-year plan will be out by mid-2023.
July
1 July
Smoking is prohibited at all beaches, parks, gardens and water sites with enforcement action taking effect on 1 October.
Bukit Timah railway station reopened as part of the new 4.3-hectare community space around the mid-point of the Rail Corridor.
7 July – Decathlon Data Lab in Singapore is launched for digitalisation computer service operated by Decathlon and Sports Singapore which is located next to its Singapore Lab store in Stadium Boulevard.
18 July – DBS Newton Green, the new first net zero bank building at Bukit Timah Road is officially opened and managed by DBS Bank.
24 July – Northshore Plaza l and ll, HDB's first Sea front-facing shopping mall in Punggol is officially opened.
25 July – The Fernvale Community Club and Hawker Centre that is located next to Seletar Mall is officially opened, and managed by Kopitiam.
30 July – The Rivervale Community Club that is located next to Rivervale Plaza is officially opened.
August
3 August – Plans are revealed to redevelop AXA Tower into Singapore's tallest building at 305 metres tall, being approved made by the Urban Redevelopment Authority on 7 July. Developed by a consortium led by Alibaba and Perennial Holdings, the mixed-use development will be completed by 2028.
6 August – The new Siglap Community Club is officially opened by Deputy Prime Minister Heng Swee Kiat with features of a bowling alley, a big basketball court, a Sheng Siong supermart, McDonald's, and Kopitiam Corner foodcourt.
21 August – Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced during the annual Singapore National Day Rally that the Singapore Government will be repealing Section 377A of Singapore's penal code that criminalised sex between men. At the same time, he also announced that the government will be amending the constitution to enshrine the definition of marriage as only being between a man and a woman. By extension, policies on advertising and film classification, education, public housing and adoption will remain unchanged.
29 August – CP: After nearly 2 years, the government lifts mask-wearing requirements indoors; commuters on public transportation and those in healthcare settings are still required to wear masks.
30 August – Swimmers Joseph Schooling and Amanda Lim admit to cannabis use overseas. As a result, Schooling was issued a formal warning letter, placed under a six-month testing regime and banned from competitions while in National Service, with Amanda issued a stern warning. Sport Singapore, as well as the Singapore National Olympic Council and the Singapore Swimming Association have also planned further action based on investigations.
31 August – GXS Bank; a consortium by Grab and Singtel, is launched Singapore's first digital bank for consumers and businesses; its first product being a savings account with daily interest without requiring a minimum deposit. The app will begin operations on 5 September.
September
1 September
The Tuas Megaport is officially opened with the first three berths running.
The rebranding exercise from NTUC Income to Income Insurance Limited is officially completed and relaunched.
Trust Bank is launched as a digital bank, being a partnership between Standard Chartered Bank and FairPrice Group.
13 September – CP: Changi Airport Terminal 4 is reopened after two years of travel restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
15 September – The Central Beach Bazaar near Beach Station at Sentosa located at Siloso Beach is officially opened.
20 September – Phase 2 of the Cross Island Line is announced.
21 September – A white paper on the proposed Healthier SG initiative is released.
30 September to 2 October – The Singapore Grand Prix takes place after a 2-year hiatus.
October
9 October – One Punggol is opened featuring a Community Club, Basketball Court, BBQ Pit, and several healthcare facilities.
11 October – Changi Airport Terminal 2 southern wing resumes flight operations after a two-year hiatus.
12 October – The Singtel Waterfront Theatre at Esplanade opens.
28 October – The Digital and Intelligence Service is inaugurated.
31 October – The new Hawker Centre at One Punggol is officially opened.
November
1 November – Bukit Canberra Phase 1 is officially opened with an indoor sports hall and a butterfly garden.
12 November
Rifle Range Nature Park was launched as an addition to the Central Nature Park Network.
Nee Soon Central Community Club, the first CC in a shopping mall in Yishun to be officially opened.
13 November – The third stage of the Thomson–East Coast MRT line (spanning from Stevens to Gardens by the Bay) opens.
27 November – The Tampines North Bus Interchange opened.
December
10 December – The Children's Museum (previously occupied by Philatelic Museum) is officially opened to the public.
11 December – Senja Hawker Centre and Senja Heights shopping mall are officially opened.
13 December – Two more Republic of Singapore Navy Invincible-class submarines are launched in Kiel, and witnessed by Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Hsien Loong and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz.
15 December – The new Prime Supermarket in Admiralty Place is opened before the mall was officially reopened in January the following year.
16 December – The Immigration and Checkpoints Authority introduced automated lanes, called Special Assistance Lanes, for multiple travellers to perform self-immigration clearance at selected passenger terminals in Changi Airport.
17 December – The new Bukit Canberra Hawker Centre is officially opened.
30 December – New Nutri-Grade guidelines to encourage healthier drinks take effect.
Deaths
8 February – Chau Sik Ting, former MP for Thomson (b. 1940).
13 February – Cynthia Goh, pioneer of palliative care in Singapore (b. 1949).
15 February – Richard Tan, pioneer of landscape architecture in Singapore (b. 1934-1935).
19 February – Kyi Hla Han, former executive chairman of the Asian Tour (b. 1961).
26 February – Santha Bhaskar, dancer, teacher, and choreographer (b. 1939).
14 March – Richard Magnus, former senior district judge and Public Transport Council chairman (b. 1944-1945).
31 March – Oon Chiew Seng, pioneer of gynaecology in Singapore (b. 1916).
12 April – Malathi Das, lawyer and women's rights activist (b. 1969-1970).
14 April – Mak Ho Wai, actor (b. 1946).
18 April – Bridget Tan, founder of migrant worker rights group Humanitarian Organization for Migration Economics (b. 1948).
3 May – Chai Chong Yii, former Senior Minister of State for Education and the first MP for Bukit Batok (b. 1935).
8 May – Sunny Low, ballroom dancer and choreographer (b. 1940).
8 June – Oh Ow Kee, busker (b. 1943).
8 July – Ong Hock Siang, Barisan Sosialis candidate for Tanjong Pagar SMC during 1963 General Elections (b. 1934).
29 July – Lee Seng Tee, Lee Foundation chairman (b. 1923).
30 July – Alvin Yeo, lawyer and politician (b. 1962).
7 August – Yang Razali Kassim, journalist and former chairman of AMP Singapore.
12 August – Lai Kui Fang, artist (b. 1936).
25 August – Andrea Teo, film producer.
7 September – Guntor Sadali, Berita Harian editor.
8 September – Richard Eu Keng Mun, former chairman of Eu Yan Sang Holdings (b. 1923).
17 December – Chan Chee Seng, former senior parliamentary secretary and People's Action Party (PAP) stalwart (b. 1932).
26 December - Victoria Lee, an American mixed martial artist who competed in ONE Championship representing both the United States and Singapore.
References
2022 in Singapore
2020s in Singapore
Years of the 21st century in Singapore
Singapore
Singapore |
Donaspastus pannonicus is a moth of the family Autostichidae. It is found in Italy, Albania, Hungary and Slovakia.
References
Moths described in 1952
Donaspastus
Moths of Europe |
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