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Goose Lake is a large alkaline lake in the Goose Lake Valley on the Oregon–California border in the United States. Like many other lakes in the Great Basin, it is a pluvial lake that formed from precipitation and melting glaciers during the Pleistocene epoch. The north portion of the lake is in Lake County, Oregon, and the south portion is in Modoc County, California. The mountains at the north end of the lake are part of the Fremont National Forest, and the south end of the lake is adjacent to Modoc National Forest lands. Most of the valley property around the lake is privately owned agricultural land, though Goose Lake State Recreation Area is on the Oregon side of the lake.
Goose Lake is the center of a semi-closed drainage basin. Its watershed is normally endorheic, but sometimes flows into the Pit River, part of the Sacramento River watershed, during periods of high water following heavy rainfall or snowmelt. During the 1970s and 1980s, the USGS defined Goose Lake as part of the Sacramento's watershed, but has redefined Goose Lake's watershed as a closed basin.
Background
Goose Lake is part of a geological trough which runs from Oregon southward past Death Valley, the Walker Lane.
Goose Lake State Recreation Area includes a campground with various amenities. The park attracts wildlife watchers, campers, and boaters. The campground is open mid-April to mid-October. It is habitat to many flora and fauna including western grebe, long-billed curlew, and a large herd of mule deer which spend much of the time in the 48-site campground.
Recreational activities on or around the lake include kayaking, canoeing, and hunting, but not fishing. When the lake is full, it has a maximum depth of .
The lake is located near the historic Fandango Pass route that 19th century settlers used to enter California. In the mid-19th century, particularly during the California Gold Rush, the Applegate-Lassen Cut-Off of the California Trail left the main route of that Trail near present-day Rye Patch Reservoir, and crossed the Black Rock Desert, on the way to Goose Lake and the California gold fields. The Lassen Cut-Off continued down the Pit River into California's Central Valley, while the Applegate Cut-Off went into southern Oregon along the Lost River.
The lake completely dried up in the years 1851, 1852, 1926, 1929–1934, 1992, 2009, and 2013-2015. Goose Lake overflowed into the Pit River watershed in 1868. Formerly, Goose Lake was the regular source of the Pit River, but water diversion has caused the lake level to drop below its outlet. The Pit River's source is now south of Goose Lake, and the lake's salinity is increasing, threatening fish populations. During rare high water levels, Goose Lake still spills into the Pit River.
See also
List of lakes in Oregon
List of lakes in California
References
Works cited
Glacial lakes of the United States
Lakes of Modoc County, California
Lakes of Oregon
Lakes of the Great Basin
Lakes of Lake County, Oregon
Modoc Plateau
Pit River
Lakes of Northern California
Lakes of California |
Pamphagus sardeus is a large species of Pamphagidae and one of the most massive Italian Orthoptera.
Distribution and habitat
This species can be encountered exclusively in Sardinia, and is more frequently found in spring and summer in the southern part of the island, where it lives in dry natural grassland.
Description
The adult males grow up to long, while females reach . The overall shape is typical of Pamphagidae and very similar to Pamphagus marmoratus, to the point that for a long time this species was reported as P. marmoratus before the works by Harz (1969 and 1975) definitively separated it on the basis of the longer cerci, a different profile of the ultimate tergite and the shape of male genitalia.
Biology
Pamphagus sardeus, like the other Pamphagidae, is herbivore.
Adults, especially females, rarely jump, look quite torpid and clumsy and can be easily captured with the hands.
Although relatively widespread, it's not easy to meet and it never occurs in large numbers.
A lab audio recording attributed to P. sardeus is available on the Orthoptera Species File website.
Gallery
References
External links
Panfago Sardo su Sardegna Natura
Video of a specimen of Pamphagus sardeus
Insects described in 1840
Pamphagidae
Orthoptera of Europe
Taxa named by Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer |
Matteo Ricci (; ; 6 October 1552 – 11 May 1610) was an Italian Jesuit priest and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China missions. He created the , a 1602 map of the world written in Chinese characters. In 2022, the Apostolic See declared its recognition of Ricci's 'heroic virtues', thereby bestowing upon him the honorific of Venerable.
Ricci arrived at the Portuguese settlement of Macau in 1582 where he began his missionary work in China. He became the first European to enter the Forbidden City of Beijing in 1601 when invited by the Wanli Emperor, who sought his services in matters such as court astronomy and calendrical science. He converted several prominent Chinese officials to Catholicism. He also worked with several Chinese elites, such as Xu Guangqi, in translating Euclid's Elements into Chinese as well as the Confucian classics into Latin for the first time in history.
Early life
Ricci was born on 6 October 1552 in Macerata, part of the Papal States and today a city in the Italian region of Marche. He studied the classics in his native hometown and studied law at Rome for two years. He entered the Society of Jesus in April 1571 at the Roman College. While there, in addition to philosophy and theology, he also studied mathematics, cosmology, and astronomy under the direction of Christopher Clavius. In 1577, he applied for a missionary expedition to the Far East. He sailed from Lisbon, Portugal, in March 1578 and arrived in Goa, a Portuguese colony, the following September. Ricci remained employed in teaching and the ministry there until the end of Lent 1582 when he was summoned to Macau to prepare to enter China. Ricci arrived in Macau in the early part of August.
Ricci in China
In August 1582, Ricci arrived at Macau, a Portuguese trading post on the South China Sea. At the time, Christian missionary activity in China was almost completely limited to Macau, where some of the local Chinese people had converted to Christianity. Three years before, Michele Ruggieri was invited from Portuguese India expressly to study Chinese, by Alessandro Valignano, founder of St. Paul Jesuit College (Macau), and to prepare for the Jesuits' mission from Macau into Mainland China.
Once in Macau, Ricci studied the Chinese language and customs. It was the beginning of a long project that made him one of the first Western scholars to master Chinese script and Classical Chinese. With Ruggieri, he travelled to Guangdong's major cities, Canton and Zhaoqing (then the residence of the Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi), seeking to establish a permanent Jesuit mission outside Macau.
In 1583, Ricci and Ruggieri settled in Zhaoqing, at the invitation of the governor of Zhaoqing, Wang Pan, who had heard of Ricci's skill as a mathematician and cartographer. Ricci stayed in Zhaoqing from 1583 to 1589, when he was expelled by a new viceroy. It was in Zhaoqing, in 1584, that Ricci composed the first European-style world map in Chinese, called "Da Ying Quan Tu" (). No prints of the 1584 map are known to exist, but, of the much improved and expanded Kunyu Wanguo Quantu of 1602, six recopied, rice-paper versions survive.
It is thought that, during their time in Zhaoqing, Ricci and Ruggieri compiled a Portuguese-Chinese dictionary, the first in any European language, for which they developed a system for transcribing Chinese words in the Latin alphabet. The manuscript was misplaced in the Jesuit Archives in Rome, rediscovered only in 1934, and published only in 2001.
There is now a memorial plaque in Zhaoqing to commemorate Ricci's six-year stay there, as well as a "Ricci Memorial Centre" in a building dating from the 1860s.
Expelled from Zhaoqing in 1588, Ricci obtained permission to relocate to Shaoguan (Shaozhou, in Ricci's account) in the north of the province, and reestablish his mission there.
Further travels saw Ricci reach Nanjing (Ming's southern capital) and Nanchang in 1595. In August 1597, Alessandro Valignano (1539–1606), his superior, appointed him Major Superior of the mission in China, with the rank and powers of a Provincial, a charge that he fulfilled until his death. He moved to Tongzhou (a port of Beijing) in 1598, and first reached the capital Beijing itself on 7 September 1598. However, because of a Chinese intervention against the Japanese invasion of Korea at the time, Ricci could not reach the Imperial Palace. After waiting for two months, he left Beijing; first for Nanjing and then Suzhou in Southern Zhili Province.
During the winter of 1598, Ricci, with the help of his Jesuit colleague Lazzaro Cattaneo, compiled another Chinese-Portuguese dictionary, in which tones in Chinese syllables were indicated in Roman text with diacritical marks. Unlike Ricci's and Ruggieri's earlier Portuguese-Chinese dictionary, this work has not been found.
In 1601, Ricci was invited to become an adviser to the imperial court of the Wanli Emperor, the first Westerner to be invited into the Forbidden City. This honor was in recognition of Ricci's scientific abilities, chiefly his predictions of solar eclipses, which were significant events in the Chinese world. He established the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Beijing, the oldest Catholic church in the city. Ricci was given free access to the Forbidden City but never met the reclusive Wanli Emperor, who, however, granted him patronage, with a generous stipend and supported Ricci's completion of the Zhifang Waiji, China's first global atlas.
Once established in Beijing, Ricci was able to meet important officials and leading members of the Beijing cultural scene and convert a number of them to Christianity, the most prominent being leading agronomist Xu Guangqi.
Ricci was also the first European to learn about the Kaifeng Jews, being contacted by a member of that community who was visiting Beijing in 1605. Ricci never visited Kaifeng, Henan Province, but he sent a junior missionary there in 1608, the first of many such missions. In fact, the elderly Chief Rabbi of the Jews was ready to cede his power to Ricci, as long as he gave up eating pork, but Ricci never accepted the position.
Ricci died on 11 May 1610, in Beijing, aged 57. By the code of the Ming Dynasty, foreigners who died in China had to be buried in Macau. Diego de Pantoja made a special plea to the court, requesting a burial plot in Beijing, in the light of Ricci's contributions to China. The Wanli Emperor granted this request and designated a Buddhist temple for the purpose. In October 1610, Ricci's remains were transferred there. The graves of Ferdinand Verbiest, Johann Adam Schall von Bell, and other missionaries are also there, and it became known as the Zhalan Cemetery, which is today located within the campus of the Beijing Administrative College, in Xicheng District, Beijing.
Ricci was succeeded as Provincial Superior of the China mission by Nicolò Longobardo in 1610. Longobardo entrusted another Jesuit, Nicolas Trigault, with expanding and editing, as well as translating into Latin, those of Ricci's papers that were found in his office after his death. This work was first published in 1615 in Augsburg as De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas and soon was translated into a number of other European languages.
Ricci's approach to Chinese culture
Ricci could speak Chinese as well as read and write classical Chinese, the literary language of scholars and officials. He was known for his appreciation of Chinese culture in general but condemned the prostitution which was widespread in Beijing at the time. He also called the Chinese "barbarians" in letters back home to his friends, and opposed what he considered to be anti-Black prejudice among the populace. He noted this, however, in the context of his function as a slave catcher for the Portuguese. (Ricci himself also owned a number of African slaves.)
During his research, he discovered that in contrast to the cultures of South Asia, Chinese culture was strongly intertwined with Confucian values and therefore decided to use existing Chinese concepts to explain Christianity. With his superior Valignano's formal approval, he aligned himself with the Confucian intellectually elite literati, and even adopted their mode of dress. He did not explain the Catholic faith as entirely foreign or new; instead, he said that the Chinese culture and people always believed in God and that Christianity is the completion of their faith, and explained the tenets of the Catholic faith through existing Chinese precepts and practices. He borrowed an unusual Chinese term, Tiānzhǔ (, "Lord of Heaven") to describe the God of Abraham, despite the term's origin in traditional Chinese worship of Heaven. (He also cited many synonyms from the Confucian Classics.)
Ricci took an accommodating approach on various Chinese practices, including rituals such as ancestor worship.Dominican and Franciscan missionaries considered this an unacceptable accommodation and later appealed to the Vatican on the issue. This Chinese rites controversy continued for centuries. In 1721, fallout from the controversy led the Kangxi emperor to expel the Jesuits. The Vatican's most recent statement on the Chinese rites controversy came in 1939. Some contemporary authors have praised Ricci as an exemplar of beneficial inculturation, avoiding at the same time distorting the Gospel message or neglecting the indigenous cultural media.
Like developments in India, the identification of European culture with Christianity led almost to the end of Catholic missions in China, but Christianity continued to grow in Sichuan and some other locations.
Xu Guangqi and Ricci become the first two to translate some of the Confucian classics into a Western language, Latin.
Ricci also met a Korean emissary to China, teaching the basic tenets of Catholicism and donating several books. Along with João Rodrigues's gifts to the ambassador Jeong Duwon in 1631, Ricci's gifts influenced the creation of Korea's Silhak movement.
Cause of canonization
The cause of his beatification, originally begun in 1984, was reopened on 24 January 2010, at the cathedral of the Italian diocese of Macerata-Tolentino-Recanati-Cingoli-Treia. Bishop Claudio Giuliodori, the apostolic administrator of the Diocese of Macerata, formally closed the diocesan phase of the sainthood process on 10 May 2013. The cause moved to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints at the Vatican in 2014. Pope Francis issued a decree on 17 December 2022 that Fr. Ricci had lived a life of heroic virtue, thus conferring on him the title of Venerable.
Commemoration
The following places and institutions are named after Matteo Ricci:
Matteo Ricci Pacific Studies Reading Room at The National Central Library of Taiwan
Ricci Hall, a dormitory at The University of Hong Kong
Ricci Building, a building at Wah Yan College, Kowloon in Hong Kong
The Matteo Ricci Study Hall, at the Ateneo de Manila University
Matteo Ricci College, Kowloon in Hong Kong
Matteo Ricci College, at Seattle University
Colégio Mateus Ricci, Macau
Sekolah Katolik Ricci 1 and 2 in Jakarta, Indonesia
Taipei Ricci Institute, Taiwan
Macau Ricci Institute, Macau
Ricci Institute for Chinese-Western Cultural History at Boston College.
The Matteo Ricci Seminar at Fordham University
Centro Matteo Ricci, a centre for refugees and asylum seekers run by the Italian branch of the Jesuit Refugee Service in Rome, Italy
Matteo Ricci Hall-"R" Hall, Ricci Hall Annex-"RA" Hall, two buildings at Sogang University in Seoul, South Korea
In 2010, on the occasion of the 400th anniversary of his death, the ITALY pavilion at the Shanghai World EXPO in China commissioned to the Italian sculptor Dionisio Cimarelli to create a monumental bust honoring Matteo Ricci. The sculpture was later exhibited for about two years at the Italian Embassy in Beijing. The work was later purchased by the Marche Region Government, while the original model it is permanently exhibited at the main entrance of the Italian Consulate in Shanghai.
In the run-up to the 400th anniversary of Ricci's death, the Vatican Museums hosted a major exhibit dedicated to his life. Additionally, Italian film director Gjon Kolndrekaj produced a 60-minute documentary about Ricci, released in 2009, titled Matteo Ricci: A Jesuit in the Dragon's Kingdom, filmed in Italy and China.
In Taipei, the Taipei Ricci Institute and the National Central Library of Taiwan opened jointly the Matteo Ricci Pacific Studies Reading Room and the Taipei-based
online magazine eRenlai, directed by Jesuit Benoît Vermander, dedicated its June 2010 issue to the commemoration of the 400th anniversary of Ricci's death.
Works
The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven
The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven (天主實義) is a book written by Ricci, which argues that Confucianism and Christianity are not opposed and in fact are remarkably similar in key respects. It was written in the form of a dialogue, originally in Chinese. Ricci used the treatise in his missionary effort to convert Chinese literati, men who were educated in Confucianism and the Chinese classics. In the Chinese Rites controversy, some Roman-Catholic missionaries raised the question of whether Ricci and other Jesuits had gone too far and changed Christian beliefs to win converts.
Peter Phan argues that True Meaning was used by a Jesuit missionary to Vietnam, Alexandre de Rhodes, in writing a catechism for Vietnamese Christians. In 1631, Girolamo Maiorica and Bernardino Reggio, both Jesuit missionaries to Vietnam, started a short-lived press in Thăng Long (present-day Hanoi) to print copies of True Meaning and other texts. The book was also influential on later Protestant missionaries to China, James Legge and Timothy Richard, and through them John Nevius, John Ross, and William Edward Soothill, all influential in establishing Protestantism in China and Korea.
Other works
Ricci translated various European scientific works into Chinese. Other works by Ricci include:
De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas: the journals of Ricci that were completed and translated into Latin by another Jesuit, Nicolas Trigault, soon after Ricci's death. Available in various editions:
Trigault, Nicolas S. J. "China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Mathew Ricci: 1583–1610". English translation by Louis J. Gallagher, S.J. (New York: Random House, Inc. 1953)
On Chinese Government, an excerpt from Chapter One of Gallagher's translation
De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas, full Latin text, available on Google Books
A discourse of the Kingdome of China, taken out of Ricius and Trigautius, containing the countrey, people, government, religion, rites, sects, characters, studies, arts, acts; and a Map of China added, drawne out of one there made with Annotations for the understanding thereof (an early English translation of excerpts from De Christiana expeditione) in Purchas his Pilgrimes (1625). Can be found in the "Hakluytus posthumus". The book also appears on Google Books, but only in snippet view.
An excerpt from The Art of Printing by Matteo Ricci
Ricci's On Friendship published in Chinese in 1595, translated to English in 2009.
Ricci's World Map of 1602
Rare 1602 World Map, the First Map in Chinese to Show the Americas, on Display at Library of Congress, 12 Jan to 10 April 2010
The Chinese translation of the ancient Greek mathematical treatise Euclid's Elements (幾何原本), published and printed in 1607 by Matteo Ricci and his Chinese colleague Xu Guangqi
See also
References
Citations
Sources
Dehergne, Joseph, S.J. (1973). Répertoire des Jésuites de Chine de 1552 à 1800. Rome: Institutum Historicum S.I. OCLC 462805295
Hsia, R. Po-chia. (2007). "The Catholic Mission and translations in China, 1583–1700" in Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe (Peter Burke and R. Po-chia Hsia, eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; OCLC 76935903
Spence, Jonathan D. (1984). The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci. New York: Viking. ; OCLC 230623792
Vito Avarello, L'oeuvre italienne de Matteo Ricci: anatomie d'une rencontre chinoise, Paris, Classiques Garnier, 2014, 738 pages. ()
Further reading
Cronin, Vincent. (1955). The Wise Man from the West: Matteo Ricci and his Mission to China. (1955). OCLC 664953 N.B.: A convenient paperback reissue of this study was published in 1984 by Fount Paperbacks, .
Gernet, Jacques. (1981). China and the Christian Impact: a conflict of cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; OCLC 21173711
George L. Harris, "The Mission of Matteo Ricci, S.J.: A Case Study of an Effort at Guided Culture Change in China in The Sixteenth Century", in Monumenta Serica, Vol. XXV, 1966 (168 pp.).
Simon Leys, Madness of the Wise: Ricci in China, an article from his book, The Burning Forest (1983). This is an interesting account, and contains a critical review of The Memory Palace by Jonathan D. Spence.
Mao Weizhun, « European influences on Chinese humanitarian practices. A longitudinal study » in: Emulations – Journal of young scholars in Social Sciences, n°7 (June 2010).
This book explains Matteo Ricci's world map of 1574.
《利瑪竇世界地圖研究》(A Study of Matteo Ricci's World Map), book in Chinese by HUANG Shijian and GONG Yingyan (黃時鑒 龔纓晏), 上海古籍出版社 (Shanghai Ancient Works Publishing House), 2004,
External links
Inculturation: Matteo Ricci's Legacy in China [Short videos from Georgetown's Ricci Legacy Symposium.]
University of Scranton: Matteo Ricci, S.J.
The Zhaoqing Ricci Center
Article about the tomb of Matteo Ricci in Beijing
Ricci Institute for Chinese-Western Cultural History
Rotary Club Macerata Matteo Ricci (in Italian)
Matteo Ricci moves closer toward beatification
1552 births
1610 deaths
16th-century Italian Jesuits
16th-century Italian mathematicians
16th-century Italian writers
16th-century male writers
17th-century Italian writers
17th-century Italian male writers
17th-century Italian cartographers
17th-century Italian mathematicians
17th-century Italian Jesuits
17th-century translators
Catholic clergy scientists
Chinese–Italian translators
Italian emigrants to China
Italian Roman Catholic missionaries
Italian venerated Catholics
Italian sinologists
Italian–Latin translators
Jesuit missionaries in China
Jesuit scientists
Latin–Italian translators
Missionary linguists
People from Macerata
Translators from Chinese
Venerated Catholics by Pope Francis |
Mitsuhiro Ohira (born 1934) is a Japanese wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle light heavyweight at the 1956 Summer Olympics.
References
1934 births
Living people
Japanese male sport wrestlers
Olympic wrestlers for Japan
Wrestlers at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
Asian Games medalists in wrestling
Wrestlers at the 1958 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1958 Asian Games
Asian Games bronze medalists for Japan
20th-century Japanese people
21st-century Japanese people |
Orinduik is a diamond-mining community in the Potaro-Siparuni region of Guyana near the border with Brazil.
The diamond production has seen a steep decrease in the 21st century. Orinduik has a population of 3 people as of 2012.
Orinduik Falls is a popular tourist attraction. Orinduik Airport provides access to the area. It has a police station.
References
Populated places in Potaro-Siparuni
Populated places in Guyana |
Sassy Pants is a 2012 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Coley Sohn and starring Anna Gunn, Ashley Rickards, Haley Joel Osment, Diedrich Bader, and Jenny O'Hara. The film was released by Phase 4 Films on October 19, 2012.
Cast
Anna Gunn as June Pruitt, an overbearing mother who has been homeschooling children. She and her children are very estranged and she cannot admit to herself that she is the problem.
Ashley Rickards as Bethany Pruitt, an 18-year girl who graduated from homeschooling. She wants to go away to college. But her mother wants to keep her here and wants to control her. Why she wants to leave her.
Haley Joel Osment as Chip Hardy, Bethany's father's boyfriend.
Diedrich Bader as Dale Pinto, a divorced gay dad who has a great relationship with his kids. He owns a car lot.
Jenny O'Hara as Grandma Pruitt, an overbearing mother who treats June the same way June treats Bethany.
Martin Spanjers as Shayne Pruitt
Shanna Collins as Brianna
Aaron Perilo as Cory
Rene Rosado as Hector
Drew Droege as Michael Paul
Jenna Kanell as Anna
Reception
Sassy Pants received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 50%, based on 6 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. On Metacritic, the film has a rating of 51 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
References
External links
2012 films
American comedy-drama films
2012 comedy-drama films
American LGBT-related films
2012 LGBT-related films
LGBT-related comedy-drama films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films |
The following is a list of people executed by the U.S. state of New Hampshire from 1739 to 1939.
Capital punishment was abolished in New Hampshire on May 30, 2019; however the abolition was not retroactive and one inmate remains on the state's death row.
See also
Capital punishment in New Hampshire
Capital punishment in the United States
References
External links
Executions in the U.S. 1608–1987: The Espy File (by state) (PDF)
Executed
New Hampshire |
Edward Graham Taylor (3 July 1907 – 13 September 1959) was a Scottish rugby union player.
He was a wing and played twice for , against and in 1927.
He also went on the 1927 British Lions tour to Argentina. He played in three out of the four test matches on the tour, including the third test on 14 August where he scored three tries. He also played four games against other opposition during the tour.
References
1907 births
1959 deaths
Scottish rugby union players
Scotland international rugby union players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Scotland
Rugby union wings |
Heterographa is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.
Species
Heterographa fabrilis (Püngeler, 1909)
Heterographa sibirica Staudinger, 1896
Heterographa tetrastigma Brandt, 1941
Heterographa thoenyi Ronkay, Varga & Gyulai, 2002
Heterographa tumulorum Boursin, 1936
Heterographa zelleri (Christoph, 1877)
References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Heterographa at funet
Hadeninae |
The School District of the Chathams is a regional public school district serving students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from Chatham Borough and Chatham Township in Morris County, New Jersey.
As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of six schools, had an enrollment of 3,930 students and 342.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.5:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "J", the-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
Elections were held in both municipalities in November 1986 to consider joining the disparate school systems of the two communities into a combined regional district. This proposal was supported by the voters and since then, the two municipalities have shared a regionalized school district.
For the 2025–26 academic year, the school district will shift its distribution of grades within the schools of the Borough and Township. Washington and Southern are set to go from K–3 to K–2, whereas Milton is set to go from pre-K-3 to pre-K-2; Lafayette will go from 4–5 to 3–4, and, finally, Chatham Middle School will add fifth grade to become 5–8. These changes come in regards to age demographic trends and class sizes noted across both towns.
Awards, recognition and rankings
For the 2004-05 school year, Chatham High School was recognized with the Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, the highest award an American school can receive. Milton Avenue School was one of 11 in the state to be recognized in 2014 by the United States Department of Education's National Blue Ribbon Schools Program. In 2015, Southern Boulevard School was one of 15 schools in New Jersey, and one of nine public schools, recognized as a National Blue Ribbon School in the exemplary high performing category.
The district's high school was the 1st-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 20th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 8th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed.
Schools
Schools in the district (with 2020–21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
Elementary schools
Milton Avenue School with 284 students in grades PreK-3
Nicholas Andreazza, principal
Southern Boulevard School with 414 students in grades K-3
Marco Freyre, principal
Washington Avenue School with 314 students in grades K-3
Kristen Crawford, principal
Lafayette School with 592 students in grades 4-5
Cheryl Russo, principal
Middle school
Chatham Middle School with 984 students in grades 6-8
Jill Gihorski, principal
High school
Chatham High School with 1,315 students in grades 9-12
Douglas Walker, principal
Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
Dr. Michael LaSusa, superintendent
Peter Daquila, business administrator and board secretary
Board of education
The district's board of education is comprised of nine members who set policy and oversee the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2016) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district. Seats on the board are allocated to the constituent municipalities based on population, with Chatham Township assigned five seats and Chatham Borough assigned four seats.
References
External links
School District of the Chathams website
School District of the Chathams, National Center for Education Statistics
Chatham Borough, New Jersey
Chatham Township, New Jersey
New Jersey District Factor Group J
School districts in Morris County, New Jersey
https://www.greatschools.org/new-jersey/chatham/the-school-district-of-the-chathams/ |
```c
// Using hashtable.
// Runtime: O(n + len(trust))
// Space: O(n)
int findJudge(int n, int** trust, int trustSize, int* trustColSize){
int* personsToTrust = calloc(n + 1, sizeof(int));
int* personsFromTrust = calloc(n + 1, sizeof(int));
for(int i = 0; i < trustSize; i++){
int* currentTrust = trust[i];
personsToTrust[currentTrust[1]] += 1;
personsFromTrust[currentTrust[0]] += 1;
}
int potentialJudjeNumber = -1;
for(int i = 1; i < n + 1; i++){
if (personsToTrust[i] == n - 1 && personsFromTrust[i] == 0){
if (potentialJudjeNumber > -1){
return -1;
}
potentialJudjeNumber = i;
}
}
free(personsToTrust);
free(personsFromTrust);
return potentialJudjeNumber;
}
``` |
Chub Bast (, also Romanized as Chūb Bast; also known as Chūbast) is a village in Gatab-e Jonubi Rural District, Gatab District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 347, in 78 families.
References
Populated places in Babol County |
John Hayes is an American radio executive, famously named "The Incubus" by Howard Stern from his days as vice president and general manager at WNBC. He and Kevin "Pig Virus" Metheny, program director prior to Hayes' arrival, were portrayed by Paul Giamatti as a composite character under the name Kenny "Pig Vomit" Rushton in the 1997 movie Private Parts.
Hayes claimed he fired Stern from WNBC-AM in 1985 on the orders of NBC network executives, though Howard later said it was actually a man named Randy who gave him the news. Hayes again took Stern off the air from CILQ-FM in Toronto in 2002. Until 2008 Hayes was the president of the Radio Division for Canadian broadcasting outfit Corus Entertainment Inc.
References
American radio executives
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Urías is a Hispanic surname that may refer to
Adolfo Urías Mexican singer
Alfonso Quijada Urías (born 1940), Salvadoran poet and author
Carlos Urías (born 1975), Mexican boxer
Jocelyn Urías (born 1996), Mexican volleyball player
Jorge Urías (born 1992), Mexican football player
Julio Urías (born 1996), Mexican baseball pitcher
Julio César Urías (born 1972), Guatemalan racewalker
Luis Urías (born 1997), Mexican baseball infielder
Polo Urías, Mexican singer, uncle of Adolfo
Ramón Urías (born 1994), Mexican baseball player
Spanish-language surnames |
The A250 road is a minor British A-road on the Isle of Sheppey in Kent. The route runs from Sheerness to Queenborough via Halfway.
Route
The A250 begins in Queenborough where it splits off from the A249, with the formerly northbound A249 turning northwest towards Blue Town and the A250 heading northeast on the Queenborough Road towards Halfway.
When the route reaches a set of traffic lights in the middle of Halfway, it abruptly turns to the northwest towards Sheerness onto Halfway Road. It used to continue straight on towards Minster, but this route is now designated as the B2008.
Halfway Road continues all the way to Sheerness, where it then becomes Sheerness High Street. Within Sheerness, westbound and eastbound traffic are split by the town's one-way system. While westbound traffic follows the High Street, eastbound traffic diverges at the western end of the town onto the Broadway before following Trinity Road, Cavour Road and finally Invicta Road to rejoin the High Street at the eastern end of the town.
Following the A250 west, it passes Sheerness-on-Sea railway station, becoming Bridge Road as it does so. A little further along Bridge Road comes a roundabout where the A250 re-encounters the A249 which spawned it. This roundabout marks the termination point of both routes.
References
External links
Roads in Kent |
Kelda is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is an Asgardian first introduced in Thor vol. 3 #6 (Feb. 2008). Kelda is an original creation by J. Michael Straczynski, not based in Norse mythology. She is most often seen in the company of her human lover, Bill.
Fictional character biography
Not much is known about Kelda before the events of Ragnarök, she is one of the many Asgardians brought back to life by Thor after he recreates Asgard in Oklahoma. She is first seen walking alone, enjoying the Oklahoman night where she meets Bill, a short-order cook at a local diner. Bill later visits Kelda in Asgard, the pair quickly fall in love and consummate their relationship.
After Loki successfully has Thor exiled from Asgard, he manipulates Balder, now king, into moving Asgard to Latveria. Kelda then informs Bill that she wishes to leave with her people and Bill decides to go with her. In Latveria, Bill realizes that Loki has tricked Balder into moving Asgard to the home of Dr. Doom and warns Balder of his suspicions, which are overheard by three of Loki's followers. The three follow Bill outside to confront him, when Kelda appears and conjures a spear made of ice from a passing winter storm for Bill to use to defend himself. Kelda tells the three that spear is poisonous and one cut could kill, which cause them to flee.
After the skirmish, Bill's suspicions are raised and knowing that she cannot curb his curiosity, Kelda gives Bill a sword and tells him to go investigate. Upon reaching Castle Doom, Bill spies Loki and Doom experimenting on an abducted Asgardian. Sensing Bill, Loki sends his followers to kill Bill. Balder reaches the scene just as Bill is fatally wounded and slays Bill's attackers. Balder takes Bill's body back to his camp. There Kelda is informed of her lover's death.
Unable to be consoled, an enraged Kelda storms back to Castle Doom and after a brief exchange with Dr. Doom, she strikes him down with a lightning bolt. However this turns out to only be a robotic decoy. Kelda follows a power cable from the decoy into the castle where she is attacked by the real Dr. Doom. Doom tells Kelda that he is using the power of the Asgardians to create his own immortal army and then kills her by removing her heart.
Meanwhile, Balder assembles his army to siege Castle Doom. Loki also enters the Agardian's camp to claim innocence for the preceding events but is arrested. The Asgardians make their way to the castle where they are met by Doom's new army, a synthesis of abducted Asgardians and machines. Thor having heard the Asgardian call to arms, arrives and joins the battle. Doom having no more use of Kelda throws her body to the Asgardians. Loki tells Balder that he can revive her if he has her heart. Balder agrees and sets Loki free. Thor volunteers to retrieve the heart from the interior of the castle but is halted by Doom's own version of the Destroyer armor. Balder then takes up the task and finds the heart as well as the mutilated bodies of other Asgardians being used to power the Destroyer. Balder finishes off the mutilated Asgardians thus weakening the armor which allows Thor to destroy it. Balder brings the heart to Loki who is then able to revive Kelda.
Kelda brings the news of Bill's death to his parents. They later request she leave them in peace; but she ultimately does so because the forces of Norman Osborn have threatened Bill's parents in order to try to capture her. After the destruction of Asgard following the Siege, Kelda is taken to the Hall of Warriors in Valhalla. It is shaken and damaged but still full of the feasting joyous souls of the slain, which includes Bill. Kelda tries to contact him but cannot. She vows to love him still, despite his death and her life.
Kelda later uncovers Norn Queen Karnilla's plan to take advantage of the new power structure of Asgardia. To cover this up, Karnilla slays Kelda with a rock. Kelda is allowed to enter Valhalla, where she is reunited with her beloved Bill. Their marriage, celebrated in Valhalla, is interrupted by the burning of the World Tree. King Volstagg calls upon Valhalla for reinforcements against their enemies, the legions of Surtur and Vanaheim. Kelda and Bill are at the forefront of this attack.
Powers and abilities
Kelda shares powers common among all Asgardians including enhanced strength, durability, and longevity (through periodic consumption of the golden apples of Idunn).
Kelda also has the power to manipulate weather. In Thor #602, Kelda stated that she controls "the wind and the storm" and summoned a poisonous ice spear from a winter storm. In Thor Giant-Sized Finale, she revealed her name to be Kelda Stormrider and demonstrated the power of flight by turning the lower portion of her body into a tornado. In Thor #604 Kelda summoned a thunderstorm and generated lightning to destroy Dr. Doom's robotic double.
References
External links
Kelda at Marvel.com
Kelda at Marvel Database
Comics characters introduced in 2008
Marvel Comics Asgardians
Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Marvel Comics characters who use magic
Marvel Comics characters with accelerated healing
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Characters created by J. Michael Straczynski
Fictional characters with weather abilities |
Nawab Khan Bahadur Sahibzada Sir Abdul Qayyum Khan KCIE (12 December 1863 – 4 December 1937), hailing from Topi, Swabi District, British India (modern day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan) was an educationist and politician.
Qayyum Khan helped Mortimer Durand during his negotiation of the Durand Line agreement with Afghanistan in 1893. Qayyum Khan became the first Chief Minister of the North-West Frontier Province on 1 April 1937. He is also known for establishing the Islamia College, Peshawar on the mould of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's policy of educating Muslims.
Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum started his career as a government servant but he eventually turned into an educationist and politician.
Early life
Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum was born on 12 December 1863 into a well-known religious family of Topi. His paternal family traces its lineage back to the Lodhi dynasty.
His maternal family traces their lineage back to Husain ibn Ali.
His paternal grandfather was Sahibzada Qutb-e-Alam (born 1800/01). His father was Sahibzada Abdur Rauf (born 1837/38). Abdur Rauf married his maternal cousin Zainab, daughter of Syed Amir (Kotha Mulla). The couple had four children; three daughters and one son. Two of the daughters died in childhood, while Khair-un-Nisa (born 1860) and Abdul Qayyum survived.
His mother died when he was 3 years old and his father was assassinated by rivals when he was 10 years old.
After the death of his father, he and his sister were brought to Kotha by their maternal uncle, Syed Ahmed Bacha.
He studied at the local madrassah where his uncle was a teacher. He was a bright student and caught the attention of a visiting Christian missionary Reverend Hughes. Rev. Hughes used to come to Kotha for religious discussion and propagation and had befriended Abdul Qayyums' uncles. Sensing that his nephew had more potential, Syed Ahmed Bacha was eventually convinced by Hughes to send him to Peshawar for modern education. Abdul Qayyum was admitted to the Municipal Board Middle School, Peshawar City from where he passed his Vernacular school exam in 1880.
He subsequently gained admission to Edwards Mission High School, where he passed his English middle school examination in 1883. He took the examination for Naib-Tehsildar in September 1886 and passed on his first attempt.
Early career
Due to the non-availability of a Naib Tehsildar post, he applied for training in Settlement Work. He eventually joined the Commissioner's Office and was employed as a Translator and Reader.
In 1887, Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum was appointed Naib Tehsildar. During this time he was part of the Black Mountain expedition of 1888. This was a punitive expedition against certain Hazara clans for unsettled offences, including the murder of several British officers. During the expedition, Abdul Qayyum had the task of sending daily reports to the various government agencies. His work was highly commended and he was awarded a silver medal, 'Hazara 88'.
He was sent to Sialkot in 1890 for settlement training.
He subsequently held several administrative portfolios, i.e., Tehsildar, Chief Political Agent of Hazara, Revenue Assistant and Treasury Officer, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Superintendent of the Commissioner's Vernacular Office, Assistant Political Agent Khyber, 'Assistant Political Agent' of Chitral, and then of Khyber Agency and then promoted to Assistant Political Agent of Khyber, Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), during the period 1891 to 1919.
In the year 1893, during the rule of Amir Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan a Royal Commission for demarcating the Indo-Afghan Boundary, the Durand line between Afghanistan and the British Indian Empire, was set up and the two parties camped at Parachinar, now part of FATA Pakistan, which is near Khost, Afghanistan.
From the British Indian side the camp was Attended by Sir Henry Mortimer Durand and Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum, then Assistant Political Agent Khyber. Afghanistan was represented by Sahibzada Abdul Latif and the Governor Sardar Shireendil Khan representing the King Amir Abdur Rahman Khan.
Political career
In 1921, he went to visit his old friend George Roos-Keppel who was severely ill at the time. He was shown a letter from the British government wanting to appoint Roos as Viceroy of India. Roos had replied that he would accept the position on the condition that Abdul Qayyum be made Chief Commissioner of the North West Frontier Province (NWFP). However, Ross Keppel died shortly afterwards.
In 1924, he was nominated as a non-official member of the Indian Legislative Assembly and remained a member until 1932. In November 1928 he was appointed as a member of a committee to examine the educational conditions in NWFP, Delhi and Ajmer-Merwara. The committee submitted a report in 1930, with an in-depth analysis, general recommendations and specific stress on female education, sanitation and necessary changes in curricula.
He represented NWFP at the Round Table Conferences (India) during 1931-33 period.
The 1st NWFP Legislative Council was established in 1932 and Abdul Qayyum was appointed the first and sole Minister of Transferred Departments. As a consequence of the Government of India Act 1935, the NWFP status was upgraded to a governors' province, hence requiring a separate Legislative Assembly. Following the first elections in NWFP in 1937, no single political party was able to gain a majority. Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum became the first Chief Minister of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa on 1 April 1937. However, this government could not last more than 6 months. Owing to Indian National Congress's opposition who considered him to be the 'spokesman of British imperialism', a vote of no-confidence was passed against him in September 1937. He was replaced by the Congress ministry headed by Dr Khan Sahib. A. Qayyum died 92 days after his ouster from the office on 4 December 1937.
The achievements of his short-lived government included:
Provision of 2.4 million rupees for the Malakand Thermal Power plant
Establishment of a government training school in Peshawar
Special measures were taken for the growth and expansion of educational facilities, especially Islamia College
Removal of ban on political activities in the province, and the cancellation of 1935 administrative circular that made Urdu or English as mandatory language for instruction in government-aided schools
Death
A delegation from Islamia College, headed by the then Principal R.L. Holdsworth came to visit Abdul Qayyum at his residence in Topi on 3 December 1937. They were discussing the Silver Jubilee plans of the college, scheduled for the spring of 1938. After seeing his guests off, while walking back home he became dizzy, vomited and was about to fall down, but was supported by those around him. He was sat down on a chair. He told his kinsmen that the life was ebbing out of his limbs on one side. He soon fell into a coma and died at around 1:30 AM the next morning. It was 3 December and also Eid.
His funeral was held the same day at 4pm and was attended by the Governor of NWFP and many high-ranking officials.
The Eastern Times reported "... He was incomparably the greatest man that the Province had ever produced.".
After the death of Sir A. Qayyum, most of the members of his party (United Muslims Nationalist Party) joined the newly formed All-India Muslim League, electing Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan as its party leader in the assembly.
Monuments
In dedication to his services, there are numerous monuments named after him,
Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Road in Sector I-8, Islamabad (from Khayaban-e-Johar Metro Station to I-8 Interchange on Islamabad Expressway)
Qayyum Manzil at Islamia College
Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan Road in University Town, Peshawar
Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan Archaeological Museum, Peshawar University
Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan Road in GIKI
References
External links
"Death anniversary of Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan observed on December 4", Radio Pakistan, December 4, 2012
1863 births
1937 deaths
Chief Ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Durand Line
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Indian knights
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
All India Muslim League members
Pashtun people
People from Swabi District
Indian educationists
Pakistan Movement activists |
```python
import os
import shutil
import subprocess
from subprocess import Popen
import sys
from tempfile import mkdtemp
import time
import unittest
class AutoreloadTest(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.path = mkdtemp()
def tearDown(self):
try:
shutil.rmtree(self.path)
except OSError:
# Windows disallows deleting files that are in use by
# another process, and even though we've waited for our
# child process below, it appears that its lock on these
# files is not guaranteed to be released by this point.
# Sleep and try again (once).
time.sleep(1)
shutil.rmtree(self.path)
def test_reload_module(self):
main = """\
import os
import sys
from tornado import autoreload
# This import will fail if path is not set up correctly
import testapp
print('Starting')
if 'TESTAPP_STARTED' not in os.environ:
os.environ['TESTAPP_STARTED'] = '1'
sys.stdout.flush()
autoreload._reload()
"""
# Create temporary test application
os.mkdir(os.path.join(self.path, "testapp"))
open(os.path.join(self.path, "testapp/__init__.py"), "w").close()
with open(os.path.join(self.path, "testapp/__main__.py"), "w") as f:
f.write(main)
# Make sure the tornado module under test is available to the test
# application
pythonpath = os.getcwd()
if "PYTHONPATH" in os.environ:
pythonpath += os.pathsep + os.environ["PYTHONPATH"]
p = Popen(
[sys.executable, "-m", "testapp"],
stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
cwd=self.path,
env=dict(os.environ, PYTHONPATH=pythonpath),
universal_newlines=True,
)
out = p.communicate()[0]
self.assertEqual(out, "Starting\nStarting\n")
def test_reload_wrapper_preservation(self):
# This test verifies that when `python -m tornado.autoreload`
# is used on an application that also has an internal
# autoreload, the reload wrapper is preserved on restart.
main = """\
import os
import sys
# This import will fail if path is not set up correctly
import testapp
if 'tornado.autoreload' not in sys.modules:
raise Exception('started without autoreload wrapper')
import tornado.autoreload
print('Starting')
sys.stdout.flush()
if 'TESTAPP_STARTED' not in os.environ:
os.environ['TESTAPP_STARTED'] = '1'
# Simulate an internal autoreload (one not caused
# by the wrapper).
tornado.autoreload._reload()
else:
# Exit directly so autoreload doesn't catch it.
os._exit(0)
"""
# Create temporary test application
os.mkdir(os.path.join(self.path, "testapp"))
init_file = os.path.join(self.path, "testapp", "__init__.py")
open(init_file, "w").close()
main_file = os.path.join(self.path, "testapp", "__main__.py")
with open(main_file, "w") as f:
f.write(main)
# Make sure the tornado module under test is available to the test
# application
pythonpath = os.getcwd()
if "PYTHONPATH" in os.environ:
pythonpath += os.pathsep + os.environ["PYTHONPATH"]
autoreload_proc = Popen(
[sys.executable, "-m", "tornado.autoreload", "-m", "testapp"],
stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
cwd=self.path,
env=dict(os.environ, PYTHONPATH=pythonpath),
universal_newlines=True,
)
# This timeout needs to be fairly generous for pypy due to jit
# warmup costs.
for i in range(40):
if autoreload_proc.poll() is not None:
break
time.sleep(0.1)
else:
autoreload_proc.kill()
raise Exception("subprocess failed to terminate")
out = autoreload_proc.communicate()[0]
self.assertEqual(out, "Starting\n" * 2)
``` |
Elting Memorial Library is the public library that serves the residents of the village and town of New Paltz, New York. It is located at 93 Main Street (also NY 32 and 299) in the village's downtown area. In addition to a collection typical of most college town libraries, Elting Memorial Library houses the Haviland-Heidgerd Historical Collection, the non-circulating genealogical and historical research collection, with a focus on the history of the Town and Village of New Paltz. This collection features "house books" that detail the history of local homes and buildings, including historic structures. The library gained notoriety in 2007 for a videotaped ghost visit that became the most popular online video about New Paltz.
History
Originally called the New Paltz Free Library, the library was founded by the New Paltz Study Club in 1909, and outgrew its space on lower Main Street by 1919. Native son and summer resident Philip Lefevre Elting purchased the "Old Elting Homestead" for library use in 1920.
The old stone house was for many years called the Solomon Eltinge Homestead, and though Solomon did purchase and live in the home, it was built by Thomas Owens. One of the earliest buildings on Main Street, it was erected around the same time as the Village of New Paltz was incorporated, and its location made it convenient for it to become a library in 1920.
The original building, considered the "final gasp of stone house architecture" in the area, had new wings added on in 1962 and 1978, and was expanded again in 2006 (during which the bulk of the library's collection was relocated to temporary storage facilities). This expansion cost approximately $2.5 million, and much of the library's collection and its main circulation desk are housed in this most recent addition. It has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 2004. It is located within the New Paltz Downtown Historic District.
Services and structure
As of 2019, the library serves some 14,000 area residents, circulating approximately 101,000 items a year. A member of the Mid-Hudson Library System, it also offers a range of programming including speakers, story times, reading nights, free movies and area employment and tourism information. The library is also a key member of the One Book, One New Paltz program.
Beginning in 2010, the Elting library began receiving the bulk of its funding through a substantial increase from the Town of New Paltz taxes as a result of referendum on the issue.
The Haviland Heidgerd Historical Collection
The library's historic collection houses a significant collection of materials relevant to the local area. According to the library's own web site, "It is considered to be one of the best local history collections in the Hudson Valley and is home to a wealth of primary, one-of-a-kind, local history documents. Residents, descendants of New Paltz’s founding families, visitors, scholars, and students use the collection’s resources to research area history and trace family and genealogical roots." The collection includes over 10,000 newspapers, photographs, periodicals, and yearbooks that date back as far as 1860.
Governance
Elting Memorial Library is an Association Library. The library is governed by a board of directors which includes four officers and eight additional members. The board oversees a library director and staff.
As of 2021, the president of the board is Robert Miller and the director of the library is Gillian Murphy.
See also
Mid-Hudson Library System
References
Public libraries in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Ulster County, New York
Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Ulster County, New York
New Paltz, New York |
Acacia pinguiculosa is a shrub of the genus Acacia and the subgenus Plurinerves that is endemic to an area of south western Australia.
Description
The shrub typically grows to a height of and is a densely branched shrub that normally has a rounded habit. It has glabrous or sometimes hairy branchlets. Like most species of Acacia it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The glabrous and evergreen phyllodes are ascending to erect and have a linear or obovate to oblanceolate-oblong shape and are substraight to slightly incurved. The smooth fleshy phyllodes have a length of and a width of and have one to five nerves per face when flat or six to eight nerves per face when more cylindrical. It blooms from August to October and produces white-yellow flowers.
Taxonomy
There are two recognised subspecies:
Acacia pinguiculosa subsp. pinguiculosa
Acacia pinguiculosa subsp. teretifolia
Distribution
It is native to an area in the Great Southern and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia where it is commonly situated on granite hills and outcrops, rises, low ranges and undulating plains growing in loam, clay, gravelly sandy or loamy sandy soils over or around granite or laterite.. The range of the shrub extends from around Frank Hann National Park in the north west to around Ravensthorpe in the soith and out to near Cape Le Grand National Park and Mount Burdett in the east where they are usually a part of low scrub, shrub mallee or heathland communities.
See also
List of Acacia species
References
pinguiculosa
Acacias of Western Australia
Taxa named by Bruce Maslin
Plants described in 1999 |
```ruby
require_relative '../../spec_helper'
describe "Float#-@" do
it "negates self" do
(2.221.send(:-@)).should be_close(-2.221, TOLERANCE)
-2.01.should be_close(-2.01,TOLERANCE)
-2_455_999_221.5512.should be_close(-2455999221.5512, TOLERANCE)
(--5.5).should be_close(5.5, TOLERANCE)
-8.551.send(:-@).should be_close(8.551, TOLERANCE)
end
it "negates self at Float boundaries" do
Float::MAX.send(:-@).should be_close(0.0 - Float::MAX, TOLERANCE)
Float::MIN.send(:-@).should be_close(0.0 - Float::MIN, TOLERANCE)
end
it "returns negative infinity for positive infinity" do
infinity_value.send(:-@).infinite?.should == -1
end
it "returns positive infinity for negative infinity" do
(-infinity_value).send(:-@).infinite?.should == 1
end
it "returns NaN for NaN" do
nan_value.send(:-@).should.nan?
end
end
``` |
The Toyota Verso is a car produced by the Japanese carmaker Toyota between 2009 and 2018. A compact MPV, it served as the direct successor to the Corolla Verso and was available in five- or seven-seat configurations. It was also positioned above the Verso-S/Space Verso in Toyota's European catalogue.
The "Verso" name is taken from the English word "versatility".
Overview
The Verso was revealed at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show in March 2009. The Verso was marketed in Europe, Morocco, South Africa, China and Israel. It was not marketed in Japan, and not marketed in North America where the similar Matrix was offered instead. In South Africa, the only available diesel engine for the Verso range in South Africa is the 2.0L D-4D.
The facelifted Verso was revealed at the 2012 Paris Motor Show, alongside the E180 Auris. This facelift had the front fascia that is similar to the E180 Auris, and was designed by Mehmet Kiliç of Toyota ED2.
Safety
Euro NCAP test results for 2010 concluded that the Verso was the safest MPV.
Toyota E'Z
The Toyota E'Z is a Chinese built version of the Verso. Produced and marketed by GAC Toyota, it entered production in 2011 and discontinued in 2017.
Sales
† including the outgoing Corolla Verso
References
External links
Verso
Compact MPVs
Euro NCAP small MPVs
Cars introduced in 2009
Cars of Turkey
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
2010s cars
Vehicles with CVT transmission |
The roles of women in the Arab world have changed throughout history, as the culture and society in which they live has undergone significant transformations. Historically, as well as presently, the situation of women differs greatly between Arabic speaking regions, their urban or rural population and age groups. Among other factors, these differences can be attributed to local traditions, culture and religion, women's social or legal status, their level of education, health or self-awareness. Since the 19th century, and notably through the influence of the colonization in North Africa, the Arab Renaissance in Egypt, Lebanon, and Syria, and the end of the Ottoman Empire, the social and economic changes in the Arab world have become greatly accelerated and diversified.
Historically, women in the Arab world have played important roles in their societies, including as mothers, educators, and community leaders. However, the status and rights of women have evolved over time and vary greatly across the region due to a combination of cultural, religious, and legal factors.
Traditionally, Arab societies have been patriarchal. This has often resulted in women having limited access to education, employment opportunities, and political participation. In some conservative communities, women's roles have been primarily confined to the private sphere, focusing on family and household responsibilities.
Significant progress has been made in advancing women's rights in many Arab countries. Women have increasingly gained access to education and employment opportunities, and there has been a growing recognition of the importance of women's empowerment for social and economic development. Many Arab countries have implemented legal reforms aimed at improving women's rights, such as laws addressing domestic violence, gender-based discrimination, and promoting women's political participation.
Several Arab countries have witnessed notable milestones for women's rights. For example, in recent years, Saudi Arabia has lifted the ban on women driving and has granted women the right to travel without male guardianship. Tunisia, Morocco, and Jordan have made progress in enacting laws to protect women from domestic violence and promote gender equality.
Challenges and disparities still persist. In some conservative areas, traditional norms and customs continue to limit women's autonomy and opportunities. Gender-based discrimination and violence remain prevalent issues that need to be addressed. Women's political representation varies across the region, with some countries having a greater number of women in decision-making positions than others.
The experiences and rights of women in the Arab world are not uniform and can vary significantly from one country to another, as well as within different communities within each country. Efforts to promote gender equality and women's empowerment are ongoing, and various organizations and activists within the region are working to address these challenges and bring about positive change for women in the Arab world.
History of women in the Arab world
Arab women before Islam
Many writers have discussed the status of women in pre-Islamic Arabia, and their findings have been mixed. Under the customary tribal law existing in Arabia at the advent of Islam, women as a general rule had virtually no legal status. They were sold into marriage by their guardians for a certain amount of money, the husband who's the one in control of everything, could terminate the union at will, and women had little or no rights to property or inheritance. On the other hand, other authors have agreed that women's status in pre-Islamic Arabia was poor, citing practices of female infanticide, unlimited polygyny, patrilineal marriage, and others. Saudi historian Hatoon al-Fassi considers much earlier historical origins of Arab women's rights. Using evidence from the ancient Arabian kingdom of Nabataea, she finds that Arab women in Nabataea had independent legal figures. She suggested that they lost many of their rights through ancient Greek and Roman law before the arrival of Islam. Valentine M. Moghadam analyzes the situation of women from a Marxist theoretical framework and argues that the position of women is mostly influenced by the extent of urbanization, industrialization, proletarianization, and political ploys of the state managers rather than culture or intrinsic properties of Islam; Moghadam added that Islam is neither more nor less patriarchal than other world religions especially Christianity and Judaism.
In pre-Islamic Arabia, women's status varied widely according to laws and cultural norms of the tribes to which they belong. In the prosperous southern region of the Arabian Peninsula, for example, the religious edicts of Christianity and Judaism held sway among the Sabians and Himyarites. In other places such as the city of Makkah (Mecca) -- where the prophet of Islam, Muhammad, was born—a tribal set of rights was held on place. This was also true amongst the Bedouin (desert dwellers), and this code varied from tribe to tribe. Thus there was no single definition of the roles played, and rights held, by women prior to the advent of Islam.
In some tribes, women were emancipated even in comparison with many of today's standards. There have been cases where women held high positions of power and authority.
The custom of burying female infants alive, comments a noted Qur'anic commentator, Muhammad Asad, seems to have been fairly widespread in pre-Islamic Arabia. The motives were twofold: the fear that an increase in female offspring would result in economic burden, as well as the fear of the humiliation, frequently caused by girls being captured by a hostile tribe and subsequently preferring their captors to their parents and brothers.
It is generally accepted that Islam changed the structure of Arab society and to a large degree unified the people, reforming and standardizing gender roles throughout the region. According to Islamic studies professor William Montgomery Watt, Islam improved the status of women by "instituting rights of property ownership, inheritance, education and divorce."
The Hadiths in Bukhari suggest that Islam improved women's status, by the second Caliph Umar saying "We never used to give significance to ladies in the days of the Pre-Islamic period of ignorance, but when Islam came and Allah mentioned their rights, we used to give them their rights but did not allow them to interfere in our affairs", Book 77, Hadith 60, 5843, and Vol. 7, Book 72, Hadith 734.
Arab women after Islam
Islam was introduced in the Arabian peninsula in the seventh century, and significantly improved the status of women compared to earlier Arab cultures. According to the Qur'anic decrees, both men and women have the same duties and responsibilities in their worship of God.
As the Qur'an states: "I will not suffer to be lost the work of any of you whether male or female. You proceed one from another".(Qur'an 3:195)
Islam revolutionized women's role in society unlike any force before, as it uplifted their status in both the public and domestic spheres, and declared them as morally equal in God's view. Islam provided women with rights that men must fulfill upon them, such as the dowry, inheritance, and financial maintenance in divorce, and condemned the practice of female infanticide and abuse. Prophet Muhammad himself stated that the best of men were those that were best to their wives, and in response to a question about whom one should have the best form of companionship with, replied mother thrice before saying father. He also said that those who had three daughters and supported them and showed them mercy was guaranteed Paradise (Al-Albani), and his only form of lineage was through his daughter Fatima. His wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid was also the first to convert to Islam, and was a prominent and wealthy businesswoman of higher economic position than her husband.
Early reforms
The early reforms under Islam in the seventh century, regarding women's rights, have affected marriage, divorce and inheritance. Lindsay Jones says that women were not accorded with such legal status in other cultures, including the West, until centuries later. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam states that the general improvement of the status of Arab women included the prohibition of female infanticide and recognizing women's full personhood. "The dowry, previously regarded as a bride-price paid to the father, became a nuptial gift retained by the wife as part of her personal property." Under Islamic law, marriage was no longer viewed as a "status" but rather as a "contract", in which the woman's consent was imperative. "Women were given inheritance rights in a patriarchal society that had previously restricted inheritance to male relatives." Annemarie Schimmel states that "compared to the pre-Islamic position of women, Islamic legislation meant an enormous progress; the woman has the right, at least according to the letter of the law, to administer the wealth she has brought into the family or has earned by her own work." William Montgomery Watt states that Muhammad, in the historical context of his time, can be seen as a figure who testified on behalf of women's rights and improved things considerably. Watt explains: "At the time Islam began, the conditions of women were terrible - they had no right to own property and were supposed to be their man's property; consequently, if the man died everything went to his sons." Muhammad, however, by "instituting rights of property ownership, inheritance, education, and divorce, gave women certain basic safeguards." Haddad and state that "Muhammad granted women rights and privileges in the sphere of family life, marriage, education, and economic endeavors, which all together help improve women's status in society."
Employment
The labor force in the Arab Caliphate were employed from diverse ethnic and religious backgrounds, while both men and women were involved in diverse occupations and economic activities. Women were employed in a wide range of commercial activities and diverse occupations. Women's economic position was strengthened by the Qur'an, but local custom has weakened that position in their insistence that women must work within the private sector of the world: the home or at least in some sphere related to home. Dr. Nadia Yousaf, an Egyptian sociologist teaching recently in the United States, stated in a recent article on labor-force participation by women of Middle Eastern and Latin American Countries that the "Middle East reports systematically the lowest female activity rates on record" for labor. This certainly gives the impression that Middle Eastern women have little or no economical role until one notes that the statistics are based on non-agricultural labor outside the home.
In the 12th century, the most famous Islamic philosopher and qadi (judge) Ibn Rushd, known to the West as Averroes, claimed that women were equal to men in all respects and possessed equal capacities to shine in peace and in war, citing examples of female warriors among the Arabs, Greeks and Africans to support his case. In early Muslim history, examples of notable female Muslims who fought during the Muslim conquests and Fitna (civil wars) as soldiers or generals included Nusaybah Bint k’ab Al Maziniyyah, Aisha, Kahula and Wafeira, and Um Umarah.
Sabat M. Islambouli (1867-1941) was one of the first Syrian female physicians. She was a Kurdish Jew from Syria.
International organizations for women in the Arab world
UN Women, the United Nations agency dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women, has a Regional Office for the Arab States (ROAS) in Cairo, Egypt, as well as several country offices covering 17 countries across the Arab States region. According to its mandate, UN Women works to promote gender equality not only as a basic human right, but also for its socio-economic and cultural aims.
ESCWA, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, publishes Status of Arab Women Reports, providing scientific and current data on a variety of social or economic issues pertaining to women in the Arab world.
Women in the contemporary Arab world
Politics
The first Arab woman head of state is Najla Bouden, who was democratically elected prime minister of Tunisia in 2021. Furthermore, many Arab women, although not head of states themselves, stressed the importance of women in the public sphere, such as the wife of Anwar Sadat in Egypt, and Wassila Bourguiba, the wife of Habib Bourguiba in Tunisia, who have strongly influenced their husbands in dealings the matters of state. Arab countries allow women to vote in national elections. In this regard, the first female Member of Parliament in the Arab world was Rawya Ateya, who was elected in Egypt in 1957. Some countries granted the female franchise in their constitutions following independence, while some extended the franchise to women in later constitutional amendments.
Arab women are under-represented in parliaments in Arab states, although they are gaining more equal representation as Arab states liberalise their political systems. In 2005, the International Parliamentary Union said that 6.5 per cent of MPs in the Arabic-speaking world were women, up from 3.5 per cent in 2000. The representation of woman in Arab parliaments varies: in Tunisia, nearly 23 per cent of members of parliament were women; however, in Egypt, this was only 4 per cent. Algeria has the largest female representation in parliament of the Arab states, with 32 per cent.
In 2006 in UAE, women stood for election for the first time in the country's history. Although just one female candidate – from Abu Dhabi – was directly elected, the government appointed a further eight women to the 40-seat federal legislature, giving women a 22.5 per cent share of the seats, far higher than the world average of 17.0 per cent.
In the Arab Summit in Tunisia that was held on May 10, 2004, Arab leaders, for the first time, discussed the issue of advancing Arab women as an essential element of the political and economic development of the Arabic-speaking world.
Furthermore, Arab First Ladies have called for greater empowerment of women in the Arab World so that females could stand in an approximate equal position as males.
The role of women in politics in Arab societies is largely determined by the will of these countries' leaderships to support female representation and cultural attitudes towards women's involvement in public life. Dr Rola Dashti, a female candidate in Kuwait's 2006 parliamentary elections, claimed that "the negative cultural and media attitude towards women in politics" was one of the main reasons why no women were elected. She also pointed to "ideological differences", with conservatives and extremist Islamists opposing female participation in political life and discouraging women from voting for a woman. She also cited malicious gossip, attacks on the banners and publications of female candidates, lack of training, and corruption as barriers to electing female MPs. In contrast, one of UAE's female MPs, Najla al Awadhi, claimed that "women's advancement is a national issue and we have a leadership that understands that and wants them to have their rights."
Lebanon in 2019 elected its first female interior of state minister, becoming the first woman to hold this important position.
The poor representation and solutions
In Jordan, Princess Basma Bint Talal initiated the establishment of the Jordanian National Commission for Women (JNCW) in 1992. The Commission being highest policy-making institute in Jordan, it tackled on women's political, legislative, economic, social, educational, and health rights and issues.
In Lebanon, the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), is striving to eliminate laws, traditions, and customs that are intended to or otherwise result in gender-based discrimination.
The Women's Learning Partnership (WLP) in Morocco proposed a national plan to integrate women into the country's economic development — the Plan d’action National pour l’integration de la Femme au Development (PANDIF).
Lastly in Saudi Arabia, the Nahda Charitable Society for Women seeks the empowerment of women within the framework of Islamic law.
The woman in the Arab countries has the lowest participation in politics in the world, and if she gains a chance for a high position, the soft issues such as social affairs and women's issues are mostly her only choices. This is mostly due to the inherent social patriarchal attributes and the stereotype of the women in this region. This absence in politics poses many problems, such as loss of gender rights, and could increase the social inequalities and thus weakens the quality of life, which are represented in several factors such as poor health, education, economy, and the environment. Some studies confirmed the importance and transformational role that women's quotas provide to women in Arab countries. Yet, working to change the stereotype image of Arab women through official and social media, is one of the proposed solutions to achieve a positive increase in women's political representation in the Arabic-speaking world.
Active and passive suffrage for women
Women were granted the right to vote on a universal and equal basis in Lebanon in 1952, Syria (to vote) in 1949 (Restrictions or conditions lifted) in 1953, Egypt in 1956,
Tunisia in 1959, Mauritania in 1961, Algeria in 1962, Morocco in 1963, Libya and Sudan in 1964, Yemen in 1967 (full right) in 1970, Bahrain in 1973, Jordan in 1974, Iraq (full right) 1980, Kuwait in 1985 (later removed and re-granted in 2005),Oman in 1994, and Saudi Arabia in 2015.
Economic role
According to a report from UNESCO, 34-57% of STEM grads in Arab countries are women, which is much higher than in the universities of the US or Europe.
A growing number of firms owned by females started to hire women in executive positions. In fact, in Jordan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia and Egypt, firms run by women are growing their workforces at higher rates than those run by men.
In some of the wealthier Arab countries such as UAE, the number of women business owners is growing rapidly and adding to the economic development of the country. Many of these women work with family businesses and are encouraged to study and work. Arab women are estimated to have $40 billion of personal wealth at their disposal, with Qatari families being among the richest in the world.
However, 13 of the 15 countries with the lowest rates of women participating in their labor force are in the Middle East and North Africa. Yemen has the lowest rate of working women of all, followed by Syria, Jordan, Iran, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Lebanon, Egypt, Oman, Tunisia, Mauritania, and Turkey. Unemployment among women in the Middle East is twice that of men, pointing to low wages, a lack of skills and a belief among some that a woman's place is in the home.
Gender inequality remains a major concern in the region, which has the lowest female economic participation in the world (27% of females in the region participate in the workforce, compared to a global average of 56%).
In Saudi Arabia, women do better than men in science and math. In Iran, research shows that girls have “caught up with boys, reversing their score gap, between 1999 and 2007, in both math and science.” And Jordan has always been a top performer in education, with girls outperforming boys there for decades but women still do not get jobs.
There are three reasons that hold women back from the labor force. First, the socio-economic environment discourages women from working despite encouraging them to get an education, especially in oil-rich Gulf nations. Oil and oil-related revenues perpetuate patriarchal family structures because the state itself is the “patriarch” of its citizens, employing them and providing them with ready income. This means that citizens don't have to look for ways to make money outside of state patronage, and may just reinforce already existing conservative gender roles where women stay at home. Oil and oil-related revenues also structure the economy away from female-intensive sectors. Secondly, patriarchal state institution systems often means weak, dependent private sectors that do not want to or can not afford to assume the cost of women's reproductive roles. This seriously hinders women's practical and logistical participation in the labor force. Thirdly, the inhospitable business environment in the private sector discourages women to work. No Arab country has a legal quota for the percentage of women it must include on corporate boards. Only Morocco and Djibouti have laws against gender discrimination in hiring and for equal remuneration for equal work. Algeria has also ruled in favor of equal pay for equal work.
Women could contribute to the country's economy since women's employment can significantly improve household income—by as much as 25 percent—and lead many families out of poverty. It continues that increased household income will not only positively impact MENA economies on the micro-level, but it will bolster economies on the macro level as well.
Education
The Muslim community is often criticized for not providing an equal opportunity for education for females. According to an analytical study on women's education in the Muslim world, it shows that a country's wealth – not its laws or culture – is the most important factor in determining a woman's educational fate. Women in oil-rich Gulf countries have made some of the biggest educational leaps in recent decades. Compared to women in oil-rich Saudi Arabia, young Muslim women in Mali have shown significantly fewer years of schooling.
In Arab countries, the first modern schools were opened in Egypt (1829), Lebanon (1835) and Iraq (1898).
Female education rapidly increased after emancipation from foreign domination around 1977. Before that, the illiteracy rate remained high among Arab women. The gap between female and male enrollment varies across the Arab world. Countries like Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Lebanon, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates achieved almost equal enrollment rates between girls and boys. Female enrollment was as low as 10% in North of Yemen back in 1975. In Unesco's 2012 annual report, it predicted that Yemen won't achieve gender equality in education before 2025. In Qatar, the first school was built in 1956 after a fatwa that states that the Qur'an did not forbid female education.
Over the time period of 1960–1975, the female enrollment ratio in elementary schools grew from 27.9 to 46, 10 to 24.2 for secondary schools.
In terms of college education, in Tunisia, the enrollment jumped from 1,020 people in 1965 to 6,070 in 1977. In Iraq, from 7,625 in 1965 to 28,267 in 1975, in Lebanon from 3,685 in 1965 to I 1,000 in 1971, in Algeria from 1,642 in 1965 to 12,171 in 1975, and in Morocco from 1,089 in 1965 to 8,440 in 1975.
Education attainment has risen drastically among many Arab countries but in this case strictly speaking about Egypt. The type of quality of the education attained is a different issue as there is still a gap in connecting the curriculum and career specific skills. Not just that but the access to higher quality education can be limited by social class and wealth. The quality of the education is determined by the kind of foreign languages available, the depth of the topics studied and the credentials of the teachers and professor. That results in large gaps between social classes and gender equality regarding education attainment.
Travel
Women have varying degrees of difficulty moving freely in Arab countries. A couple of nations prohibit women from ever traveling alone, while in others, women can travel freely but experience a greater risk of sexual harassment or assault than they would in Western countries.
Women have the right to drive in all Arab countries with Saudi Arabia lifting the ban on June 24, 2018. In Jordan, travel restrictions on women were lifted in 2003. "Jordanian law provides citizens the right to travel freely within the country and abroad except in designated military areas. Unlike Jordan's previous law (No. 2 of 1969), the current Provisional Passport Law (No. 5 of 2003) does not require women to seek permission from their male guardians or husbands in order to renew or obtain a passport." In Yemen, women must obtain approval from a husband or father to get an exit visa to leave the country, and a woman may not take her children with her without their father's permission, regardless of whether or not the father has custody. The ability of women to travel or move freely within Saudi Arabia is severely restricted. However, in 2008 a new law went into effect requiring men who marry non-Saudi women to allow their wife and any children born to her to travel freely in and out of Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, women must travel with their guardians permission and they are not supposed to talk to strange random men, even if their lives are in danger.
In the past, women in Islamic culture were strictly forbidden to travel around without a male chaperone. Today, to some degree, it is permissible, and there is no objection to a woman traveling alone by the various safe routes and means of travel via their venues such as airports, harbors, and safe transportations. As long as a woman's safety is ensured during her trip, the prohibition is lifted.
Traditional dress
Adherence to traditional dress varies across Arab societies. Saudi Arabia is more traditional, while countries like Egypt, and Lebanon are less so. Women are required by law to wear abayas in only Saudi Arabia; this is enforced by the religious police. Some allege that this restricts their economic participation and other activities. In most countries, like Bahrain, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Jordan, Syria and Egypt, the veil is not mandatory. The veil, hijab in Arabic, means anything that hides.
In Tunisia, the secular government has banned the use of the veil in its opposition to religious extremism. Former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali called the veil sectarian and foreign and has stressed the importance of traditional Tunisian dress as a symbol of national identity. Islamic feminism counters both sorts of externally imposed dress codes.
Religious views differ on what is considered the proper hijab. This explains the variation in Islamic attire according to geographic location.
Conflation of Muslim and Arab identity
"Arab" and "Muslim" are often used interchangeably. The conflation of these two identities ignores the diverse religious beliefs of Arab people and also overlooks Muslims who are not Arabs. It, "also erases the historic and vast ethnic communities who are neither Arab nor Muslim but who live amid and interact with a majority of Arabs or Muslims." This generalization, "enables the construction of Arabs and Muslims as backward, barbaric, misogynist, sexually savage, and sexually repressive." This type of stereotyping leads to the orientalizing of Arab women and depicts them as fragile, sexually oppressed individuals who cannot stand up for their beliefs. It is also significant that countless female figures overcame oppression and proved dominant in their field, including Zaha Hadid, Hayat Sindi and Lubna Olayan.
Arab women's rights and legal restrictions
Tunisia is the only Arabic-speaking Muslim-majority country to grant women equal rights as men, outlawing polygamy, allowing Muslim women to marry non-Muslim men, and giving them equal inheritance as men.
Egypt is one of the leading countries with active feminist movements, and the fight for women's rights is associated to social justice and secular nationalism. Egyptian feminism started out with informal networks of activism after women were not granted the same rights as their male comrades in 1922. The movements eventually resulted in women gaining the right to vote in 1956.
Although Lebanese laws don't give Lebanese women full rights, Lebanon has a very large feminism movement. NGOs like Kafa and Abaad have served this feminist obligation, and tried several times to pass adequate laws that give Lebanese women their rights. The most talked about right is citizenship by marriage and descent: a woman in Lebanon is not authorised to pass her citizenship to her spouse nor her children. This right is making a buzz in Lebanese society, but isn't widely approved.
Feminists in Saudi Arabia can end up in jail or face a death penalty for their activism. Some of their requests were granted such as not requiring a male guardian to access government services. Women still need a male guardian's approval to travel and marry.
In Libya, a rather conservative Arab country, Khadija Bsekri, a professor, founded in 2011 an organisation, The Female Amazons of Libya. The organisation launched some campaigns, such as those to curtail against violence against women, improve the status of migrant shelters, and strengthen the capacities of activists and media professionals. Its name reflects mythical prehistoric Libyan Amazons.
To continue female empowerment in the Arabic-speaking world, young Arab women need role models. A lot of the times, these role models can be found through social media.
Some atheist, women's rights supporters, such as Egyptian activist Sherif Gaber, argue that most of the hostile attitudes towards women in Muslim male culture such as over-sexual/pure-virgin view of women, and hostile actions such as marriage to preteen girls, physical assault by male relatives, marital rape, infidelity by polygamy, sexual harassment or assault, and forced obedience to a Wali are due to Islam as a religion literally in accordance with its male-dominant spirit. This is apparent in Muslim majority countries. He compares in the west that women are more protected against violence, including sexual violence than in the Arab countries. This view is not popular in the Arab world as Muslims believe in Islamic sharia law as the non-negotiable word of their God, regardless of the moral dilemma of the Islamic religion and physical or psychological impact on women and children.
Prominent Arab women
In 2018, Arabian Business ranked the "50 Most Influential Women in the Arab World" as:
Forbes Middle East published a "Most Influential Women 2018" list, naming the top 10 Arabian women of societal influence as:
Lama Al-Sulaiman
Lama Al-Sulaiman was one of the first two Saudi women elected office as a board member of the Jeddah Chamber of Commerce (JCC), a prominent center for businesswomen in Saudi Arabia, and is now president of its Khadijah bint Khuwalid Center for Businesswomen. The World Economic Forum recognized her as a Young Arab Leader, and she has been the director of Rolaco Trading and Contracting, the National Institute of Health Services, the National Home Health Care Foundation, and the Economic and Social Circle of the Mecca Region. Al-Sulaiman earned a BSc in biochemistry from King Abdulaziz University in Saudi Arabia, and holds an M.Sc. in health and nutrition and a PhD in biochemical nutrition from King's College at the University of London. Just a week before standing at the JCC election, Ms. Al-Sulaiman won a deadly struggle against breast cancer. At the Sixth Cancer Cure Conference she shared her remarkable story of recovery publicly for the first time. She realized that the best treatment was closeness to God. She followed the appropriate nutritional plan and used alternative medicine to improve physically.
Christine Sfeir
Christine Sfeir was only 22 years old when she moved to Beirut from Montreal, Canada, and opened the first Dunkin' Donuts in Lebanon. Christine is ranked as one of the top 100 Arab Women, and she is also the CEO of Lebanese food chains Semsom and Green Falafel. Since 1997, when Christine opened the first Dunkin Donuts in Lebanon, she has opened more than 30 DD restaurants in the country. She has furthermore expanded her talent in restaurant chains, and on top of being the CEO of the Dunkin' Donuts chain in Lebanon, she is bringing Lebanese cuisine to the United States with the restaurant chain Semsom, and has future plans of opening up in India.
Mona Almoayyed
Mona Yousuf Almoayyed is a businesswoman, philanthropist, environmentalist and women's rights activist who is the managing director of one of Bahrain's oldest conglomerates, Y. K. Almoayyed & Sons.
A Bachelor of Business Administration, Mona has been instrumental in overseeing the business endeavours of Y. K. Almoayyed & Sons, leading it meticulously towards its desired destination.
Voted the third most influential Arab Women's List in the MENA region by Forbes Middle East in 2013, and in 2018, Mona is a member of the board of directors for BMMI and Ebda Bank besides other companies. She is well known for her charity work and frequently speaks about the role of women in building a better society today. Mona has been a firm believer of 'Business with a Conscience' principle and is involved in many charitable institutions. Besides her Business and Social Activity, Mona strives to draw a perfect balance between being a mother, housewife and mentor role she plays.
Having been brought up in a conservative environment in the 70s Middle East, the young girl's childhood was simple and disciplined like any middle class Arab girl's upbringing.
Mona Bawarshi
Mona Bawarshi is CEO of Gezairi and an active philanthropist committed to seeing Lebanon and the Arab world prosper. Through her impeccable professional recor—she has even been listed among the Most Influential Arab Women by Forbes—and her work with various organisations, she promotes education and ethics as tools for a better future.
Donna Sultan
For 36 years, Donna Sultan has played a significant role in positioning KEO International Consultants within the market. During the past 28 years, she has served as the president and chief executive officer of the planning, design, engineering, and project management specialist. Based out of Kuwait, Sultan led a team of 686 full-time qualified engineers in 2018. Her team currently includes a total of 291 female employees.
Some of the group's training initiatives in 2018 revolved around contract awareness and standard operating procedures. One of KEO International Consultants’ initiatives this year centres on financial commercial management and enterprise resource planning.
Ismahane Elouafi
Dr. Ismahane Elouafi is the chief scientist of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), since 2020. She joined ICBA as Director General in 2012 and, prior, held management positions with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. She also worked as a scientist with several international research organizations, including the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), and International Maize and Wheat Center (CIMMYT).
She is a recipient of many international awards, including the Excellence in Science award from the Global Thinkers Forum (2014), and the National Reward Medal by His Majesty Mohamed VI, the King of Morocco (2014). In 2014, Muslim Science ranked Dr. Elouafi among the 20 Most Influential Women in Science in the Islamic World under the Shapers category, and the CEO-Middle East Magazine listed her among the World's 100 Most Powerful Arab Women in the Science category.
Buthaina Al Ansari
Buthaina Al Ansari, founder and Chairperson of Qatariat T&D Holding Company and Senior Human Resources Director at Ooredoo, delivered a CIRS Monthly Dialogue on the topic of “Sheroes—How Female Leaders are Changing Qatar” on November 17, 2014.
Al Ansari is a member of the MENA Business Women's Networks, an ambassador for Women Leading Change Qatar, a board member of Qatar Business Women's Association, and a Mentor at the Qatar Professional Women's Network Circle.
Sayyida al Hurra
Sayyida al Hurra also known as "the free queen"or "pirate queen," held the remarkable titles of privateer and governor of Tetouan from 1515 until 1542. Born as Aicha bint Ali ibn Rashid al-Alami, she was a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and her father was the founder of the city Chefchaouen. Known for her family connections and exceptional qualities, Aicha played a significant role in ruling Tetouan.
In 1505, Aicha married the governor of Tetouan, aligning herself as a valuable partner due to her family background and personal attributes. Initially, she ruled Tetouan alongside her husband, but after his death, Aicha ruled independently. Sayyida al Hurra gained her title, which means "Lady Sovereign" or "Free Woman",
through her marriage to Abu Hassan al-Mandari, the ruler of Tetouan. Her uncle had gained recognition for seizing Tetouan from the Portuguese, and brother held a high rank at the court in Fes. Furthermore her father had governed Chefchaouen for many years. During her reign, Tetouan became the only functioning port outside of Portuguese control.
Aicha's rule was marked by her ongoing conflict with the Portuguese king John III of Portugal, Stemming from the aftermath of the Reconquista. Recognizing the need for assistance, she sought support from Suleiman the Magnificent. The Ottoman ruler. Through the cooperation of Hayreddin Barbarossa and his fleet, Aicha successfully defended Tetouan against Portuguese attacks, securing her control. However, this cooperation with the Ottomans was short-lived, and the Portuguese split their commercial ties with Tetouan, posing a significant challenge. Aicha needed to strengthen her position.
In 1541 she married the ruler of Fes Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad.
Notably, their wedding took place in Tetouan, deviating from the traditional practice of the bride going to the groom's locations. This event showcased Aicha's influence and power, as the Sultan himself traveled to Tetouan to marry her. After the wedding, the Sultan returned to Fes, and the couple lived separately.
Tragically, Aicha's marriage to Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad did not endure. She was betrayed by her son-in-law, who aligned himself with a new dynasty. Consequently, in 1542, Aicha was dethroned and exiled to Chefchaouen, where she spent the remainder of her life. The exact details of her later life and her eventual fate remain unclear.
Sayyida Al Hurra's reign as the pirate queen of Tetouan left an indelible mark on Moroccan history. Her resilience in the face of Portuguese aggression, her diplomatic endeavors with the Ottomans, and her role in establishing Tetouan as a thriving port accentuate her strength as a ruler. Despite her eventual downfall and exile, Aicha's legacy endures as a symbol of female empowerment and leadership. She ruled with distinction during the early 16th century. Though her reign eventually came to an end, her legacy as a remarkable female leader endures, inspiring generations to come.
See also
Arab culture
Democracy in the Middle East
Human rights in the Middle East
Human trafficking in the Middle East
LGBT in the Middle East
Sexual taboo in the Middle East
Al-Khansa
Al-Khayzuran
Arab Christians
Arab Jews
Campaign Against Lebanese Rape Law - Article 522
Egyptian Feminist Union
Female genital cutting
Gender apartheid
Negev Bedouin women
Rania al-Baz
Saddeka Arebi
Sahrawi women
Shajarat al-Durr
Women and Memory Forum
Women in Muslim societies
Women's political rights in Bahrain
Duma (2011 film)
Women's rights in Saudi Arabia
Sayyida al Hurra
Arwa al-Sulayhi
Aisha
Zaha Hadid
References
.
Gender in the Arab world
Arab world
Arab world
Arab world
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Arab world
Arab world
Arab world |
Gerri de la Sal is a village and administrative center of the municipality of Baix Pallars, in Province of Lleida province, Catalonia, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 117.
Geography
Gerri de la Sal is located 119km north-northeast of Lleida.
References
Populated places in the Province of Lleida |
{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Cody McKenzie
| other_names = The AK Kid
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Cody Steven McKenzie
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Cordova, Alaska, U.S.
| death_date =
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| residence = Metaline, Washington, U.S.
| height =
| weight_lb = 170
| weight_class = Welterweight(2014)Middleweight (2014) Lightweight (2009–2012; 2013) Featherweight (2007–2009; 2012–2013)
| reach = 72 in
| style =
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| fighting_out_of = Spokane, Washington, United States
| team = Cesar Gracie Jiu-Jitsu
| rank = Brown belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu| years_active = 2007–2014; 2015–present| mma_kowin = 1
| mma_subwin = 15
| mma_decwin = 1
| mma_koloss = 4
| mma_subloss = 4
| mma_decloss = 2
| mma_dqloss = 1
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Cody Steven McKenzie (born December 16, 1987) is an American mixed martial artist. A professional competitor since 2007, McKenzie mostly competed in his regional circuit, before signing with the Ultimate Fighting Championship to appear on The Ultimate Fighter: Team GSP vs. Team Koscheck, and has also competed for M-1 Global.
Background
McKenzie was born in Cordova, Alaska and currently trains in Spokane, Washington. He saw his first MMA fight when he was a sophomore at Selkirk High School and knew from then on that he wanted to be an MMA fighter.
McKenzie is a member of the "Fancy Pants Fight Team", named after Lyle Beerbohm. Prior to joining the Ultimate Fighting Championship, McKenzie recorded ten successive submission victories, nine of which were by guillotine choke.
McKenzie also utilizes his own variation of the guillotine choke which he names "The McKenzietine". McKenzie flips his shoulder a different way to the standard guillotine choke, before arching his shoulder. According to Sherdog.com, McKenzie has the third-most guillotine choke victories in the world behind only two fighters who have each had over 50 fights in their respective careers, one being Travis Fulton, the front-runner, who despite having had over 300 fights has only two more guillotine victories than McKenzie.
Mixed martial arts career
Early career
McKenzie began his professional mixed martial arts career with a TKO victory over Brett Held in British Columbia, Canada. This was his only fight to go to a second round in his career prior to the UFC. Less than a month later, McKenzie faced Abe Jones, defeating him via triangle choke in the first round.
After taking almost a year away from competition, McKenzie returned to face Benny Mawson, once again in British Columbia, Canada. After 100 seconds, McKenzie caught his opponent in a guillotine choke, taking his record to 3–0. This began his long stretch of victories via guillotine choke. During this near-record setting span, McKenzie fought several times in B.C. and in various locations in Washington. McKenzie also fought in Bahrain on one occasion, taking just four minutes to defeat his opponent with a guillotine choke. Before signing with the UFC, McKenzie had a record of 11–0, with nine successive first-round guillotine choke finishes.
The Ultimate Fighter
McKenzie signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship to appear on The Ultimate Fighter: Team GSP vs. Team Koscheck.
McKenzie competed on the debut episode against Amir Khillah, to get into the house. Prior to the fight, Georges St-Pierre predicted a guillotine choke submission victory for McKenzie. This proved to be correct as McKenzie forced a technical submission victory over Khillah in the opening round.
In the second episode, the team picks were made. Georges St-Pierre picked McKenzie as his sixth pick (twelfth overall).
McKenzie was next picked to face Koscheck's number one pick Marc Stevens. Stevens went for an early takedown, but was caught in a guillotine choke submission. With just 18 seconds on the clock, Stevens passed out and McKenzie was declared the winner.
In the quarterfinals, McKenzie faced Nam Phan of Team Koscheck. He lost the fight via TKO in the second round after Phan dropped him with a combo to the body.
Ultimate Fighting Championship
McKenzie made his UFC debut at The Ultimate Fighter: Team GSP vs. Team Koscheck Finale against Aaron Wilkinson. He went on to defeat Wilkinson via submission (a guillotine choke applied to Wilkinson's jaw) at 2:03 of round one. McKenzie earned the Submission of the Night award for his performance.
McKenzie made a quick return to the octagon as he replaced Melvin Guillard to face Yves Edwards at UFC: Fight for the Troops 2 on January 22, 2011. After a back and forth battle that saw both men in control, McKenzie lost the fight via rear naked choke submission in the second round.
McKenzie was expected to face Bart Palaszewski on May 28, 2011, at UFC 130, but was forced off the card with an injury and was replaced by Gleison Tibau.
McKenzie faced Vagner Rocha on September 17, 2011, at UFC Fight Night 25. He lost the fight via submission in the second round.
McKenzie was expected to face Michael Johnson on January 28, 2012, at UFC on Fox 2. However, McKenzie was forced out of the bout with an injury and was replaced by Shane Roller.
McKenzie was expected to face Aaron Riley on May 15, 2012, at UFC on Fuel TV: The Korean Zombie vs. Poirier. However, Riley was pulled from the event and replaced by promotional newcomer Marcus LeVesseur. McKenzie won the fight via submission in the first round.
McKenzie dropped to featherweight and faced Chad Mendes on July 7, 2012, at UFC 148. He lost the fight via first-round TKO.
McKenzie was expected to face Leonard Garcia on December 29, 2012, at UFC 155. However, McKenzie pulled out of the bout, citing an injury, and was replaced by Max Holloway.
The bout with Leonard Garcia was rescheduled for April 27, 2013, at UFC 159. McKenzie won the fight via unanimous decision, the first decision win of his career.
McKenzie faced Sam Stout in a lightweight bout on December 14, 2013, at UFC on Fox 9. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. During the fight, McKenzie wore basketball shorts with the tag still on them, which UFC president Dana White called "UFC amateur hour." McKenzie was subsequently released from the promotion.
Post-UFC
McKenzie fought at a 180-pound catchweight on April 12, 2014, against Mark Dobie at Battle for the Border 3. He won the fight via rear-naked choke submission.
On October 3, 2014, McKenzie faced Brock Larson in the opening round of the BattleGrounds MMA one-night welterweight tournament. He lost the fight via second-round submission.
On December 18, 2014, McKenzie announced his retirement from mixed martial arts.
Two months after announcing his first retirement, it was announced on February 3, 2015, that McKenzie had signed with WSOF. He faced Andrew McInnes at World Series of Fighting 18: Moraes vs. Hill on February 12, 2015. He lost the fight via disqualification, after a headbutt from McKenzie rendered McInnes unable to continue.
On October 14, 2017, McKenzie fought for Venator, losing by first-round TKO to Stefano Paterno. He was later suspended by the Italian MMA commission for refusing to provide a sample to anti-doping officers.
The following year in September 2018, McKenzie was due to face J.D. Domengeaux at a Tuff-N-Uff event. The fight was called off the day before the bout after McKenzie refused to provide a urine sample to anti-doping and then attempted to provide fake urine. In November Mckenzie was suspended by the Nevada Athletic Commission for four years.
Bare knuckle boxing
Cody Mckenzie fought in a bare-knuckle boxing fight with the United Kingdom's BKB-Bare Knuckle Boxing organization, debuting against its most recognized star fighter, undefeated Middleweight Champion Jimmy "Celtic Warrior" Sweeney for the BKB Middleweight World Championship at BKB 4. Sweeney did as many in the bare-knuckle scene expected he would and controlled the fight from start to finish, playing with McKenzie at times and knocking him down 5 times before the fight was eventually stopped via TKO.
Film and television
McKenzie was featured in the mixed martial arts documentary Fight Life.''
Championships and achievements
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Fight of the Night (One time) vs. Yves Edwards
Submission of the Night (One time) vs. Aaron Wilkinson
Mixed martial arts record
|Win
|align=center|17–11
|Chris Ensley
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|Conquest of the Cage: McKenzie vs. Ensley
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:08
|Airway Heights, Washington, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|16–11
|Stefano Paterno
|TKO (punches)
|Venator FC: Kingdom 1
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:59
|Milan, Italy
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|16–10
|Joe Riggs
|TKO (submission to punches)
|Z Promotions: Fight Night Medicine Hat 2
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:51
|Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|16–9
|Valeriu Mircea
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|Venator FC III
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|1:30
|Milan, Italy
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|15–9
|Ryan Machan
|Submission (shoulder lock)
|Fight Night Medicine Hat
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:04
|Alberta, Canada
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|15–8
|David Bielkheden
|Decision (unanimous)
|Superior Challenge 12
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Malmö, Sweden
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|15–7
|Andrew McInnes
|DQ (intentional headbutt)
|WSOF 18
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:57
|Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|15–6
|Beslan Isaev
|KO (knee)
|M-1 Challenge 54
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:20
|St. Petersburg, Russia
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|15–5
|Brock Larson
|Submission (arm-triangle choke)
|BattleGrounds MMA 5: O.N.E.
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|1:43
|Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|15–4
|Mark Dobie
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|Battle for the Border 3 - Nations Collide
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:28
|Cranbrook, British Columbia, Canada
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|14–4
|Sam Stout
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC on Fox: Johnson vs. Benavidez 2
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Sacramento, California, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|14–3
|Leonard Garcia
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 159
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Newark, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|13–3
|Chad Mendes
|KO (punch to the body)
|UFC 148
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:31
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|13–2
|Marcus LeVesseur
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|UFC on Fuel TV: The Korean Zombie vs. Poirier
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|3:05
|Fairfax, Virginia, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|12–2
|Vagner Rocha
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|UFC Fight Night: Shields vs. Ellenberger
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|3:49
|New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|12–1
|Yves Edwards
|Technical Submission (rear-naked choke)
|UFC: Fight for the Troops 2
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|4:33
|Fort Hood, Texas, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|12–0
|Aaron Wilkinson
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|The Ultimate Fighter: Team GSP vs. Team Koscheck Finale
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:03
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|11–0
|Brandon MacArthur
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|AM Ford: Fight Night 2010
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:00
|Trail, British Columbia, Canada
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|10–0
|Len Bentley
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|Rumble on the Ridge 6: Regeneration
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|3:04
|Snoqualmie, Washington, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|9–0
|Ryan Farhat
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|Raw Power: MMA
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:00
|Sanabis, Manama, Bahrain
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|8–0
|Bobby Sanchez
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|Conquest of the Cage 6
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:30
|Spokane, Washington, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|7–0
|Casey Hobson
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|AM Ford: Fight Night 2009
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:52
|Trail, British Columbia, Canada
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|6–0
|Jeremy Burnett
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|CageSport MMA
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:16
|Tacoma, Washington, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|5–0
|Rob Roy
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|Caged Rage 2
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:44
|Castlegar, British Columbia, Canada
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|4–0
|Dennis Parks
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|EWC: Vancouver Cage Fights
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:37
|Ridgefield, Washington, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|3–0
|Benny Mawson
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|GFS: Ford Fight Night
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:40
|Trail, British Columbia, Canada
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|2–0
|Abe Jones
|Submission (triangle choke)
|PFA: Ultimate Cage Fighting
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:09
|Spokane, Washington, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|1–0
|Brett Held
|TKO (punches)
|GFS: Helter Smelter
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|1:15
|Trail, British Columbia, Canada
|
Bare-knuckle boxing record
|Loss
|align=center|0–1
|Jimmy Sweeney
|TKO (Referee Stoppage)
|BKB 4
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|N/A
|London, England, United Kingdom
|For the BKB Middleweight World Championship
|-
References
External links
1987 births
American male mixed martial artists
Featherweight mixed martial artists
Lightweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Living people
Mixed martial artists from Alaska
People from Cordova, Alaska
Sportspeople from Spokane, Washington
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu |
Escape from the Planet of the Apes is a 1971 American science fiction film directed by Don Taylor and written by Paul Dehn. The film is the sequel to Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970) and the third installment in the Planet of the Apes original film series. It stars Roddy McDowall, Kim Hunter, Bradford Dillman, Natalie Trundy, Eric Braeden, Sal Mineo, and Ricardo Montalbán. In the film, Cornelius (McDowall) and Zira (Hunter) flee back through time to 20th-century Los Angeles, where they face fear and persecution.
Escape from the Planet of the Apes was released in the United States on May 26, 1971, by 20th Century-Fox. The film received a mainly positive response from critics, being considered as the best sequel of the original Apes series. Escape was followed by Conquest of the Planet of the Apes in 1972.
Plot
Escaping Earth prior to its destruction, the chimpanzees Cornelius, Zira and Dr. Milo salvage and repair Taylor's spaceship. The shock wave of Earth's destruction sends the ship through a time warp that brings the apes to 1973 Earth. Most specifically, the Pacific coast of the United States.
The apes are transported to the Los Angeles Zoo, under the observation of two friendly scientists, Dr. Stephanie Branton and Dr. Lewis Dixon. During their stay there, Dr. Milo is killed by a zoo gorilla.
A Presidential Commission is formed to investigate the return of Taylor's spaceship and its inhabitants. During their interrogation, Cornelius and Zira deny knowing Taylor. They reveal, however, that they came from the future and escaped Earth when a war broke out. They are welcomed as guests of the government. The apes secretly explain to Stephanie and Lewis how humans are treated in the future, and tell them about Earth's destruction. The scientists are shocked but still sympathetic, and advise the couple to keep this information secret until they can gauge the potential reaction of their hosts.
Lavished with gifts and media attention, the apes become celebrities. They come to the attention of the President's Science Advisor Dr. Otto Hasslein, who discovers Zira is pregnant. Fearing for the future of the human race, Hasslein insists that he simply wants to know how apes became dominant over men. Cornelius reveals that the human race will cause its own downfall and that Earth's destruction is caused by a weapon made by humans. Zira explains that the gorillas started the war, but the chimpanzees had nothing to do with it. Hasslein suspects that the apes are not speaking the whole truth.
During the original hearing, Zira accidentally reveals that she used to dissect humans. Hasslein orders Lewis to administer a truth serum to her while Cornelius is confined elsewhere. As a result of the serum, Hasslein learns details about Zira's experimentation on humans along with her knowledge of Taylor.
Zira joins Cornelius in confinement while Hasslein takes his findings to the President, who reluctantly abides by the council's ruling to have her pregnancy be terminated and that both apes be sterilized. In their chambers, Zira and Cornelius fear for their lives. When an orderly arrives to offer the apes food, his jokes about their future child make Cornelius lose his temper. He knocks the orderly to the floor, before escaping with Zira. They assume the orderly is merely knocked out, but he is actually dead. Hasslein uses the tragedy in support of his claim that the apes are a threat. He calls for their execution, but is ordered by the President to bring them in alive, unwilling to endorse capital punishment until due process has been served.
Branton and Dixon help the apes escape, taking them to a circus run by Señor Armando, where an ape named Heloise has just given birth. Zira gives birth to a son and names him Milo, in honor of their deceased friend. Knowing that Zira's labor was imminent, Hasslein orders a search of all circuses and zoos, and Armando insists the apes leave for their safety. Lewis arranges for the apes to hide out the Los Angeles harbor's shipyard for a while. He gives Cornelius a pistol as the couple does not want to be taken alive.
Tracking the apes to the shipping yard, Hasslein mortally wounds Zira and kills the infant she is holding. Cornelius shoots down Hasslein, and then dies at the hands of a sniper. Zira tosses the dead baby over the side and crawls to die with her husband, witnessed by a grieving Lewis and Stephanie.
It is revealed that Zira switched babies with Heloise before leaving the circus. Armando is aware of this and prepares to leave for Florida. Milo then begins to talk.
Cast
In this film, actor Roddy McDowall returns to the character of Cornelius which he played in the first film but not in the second. A new ape character of Dr. Milo is introduced played by actor Sal Mineo. Charlton Heston, star of the first film and supporting actor in the second, appears in this third installment only in two brief flashback sequences.
Production
Despite Beneath the Planet of the Apes ending in a way that seemed to prevent the series from continuing, 20th Century-Fox still wanted a sequel. Roddy McDowall, in the franchise documentary Behind the Planet of the Apes, stated that Arthur P. Jacobs sent Beneath screenwriter Paul Dehn a telegram concerning the sequel that read "Apes exist, Sequel required." and Dehn decided to create an out from the destructive ending of Beneath by having Cornelius and Zira going back in time with a Leonardo da Vinci–like ape after fixing Taylor's spaceship before the Earth was destroyed. Dehn also consulted Pierre Boulle, writer of the Planet of the Apes novel, to imbue his script with similar satirical elements. The screenplay, originally titled Secret of the Planet of the Apes, accommodated the smaller budget by having fewer people in ape make-up, and attracted director Don Taylor by its humor and focus on the chimpanzee couple.
Dehn also added to the latter part of the film regarding the chase for Cornelius, Zira and their son references to racial conflicts and a few religious overtones to the story of Jesus – a line of dialogue even has the President comparing the plan to kill an unborn child to the Massacre of the Innocents. While Kim Hunter had to be convinced by the studio to make Beneath, she liked the script for Escape from the Planet of the Apes and accepted the job, though Hunter also stated that "I was very glad I was killed off" and Zira was not required anymore after that film. Hunter stated that despite the friendly atmosphere on the set, she and Roddy McDowall felt a sense of isolation for being the only people dressed as chimpanzees. Production was rushed due to the low budget, being filmed in only six weeks, from November 30, 1970 to January 19, 1971.
Music
Personnel
Cappy Lewis – trumpet
Phil Teele – trombone
Vincent DeRosa, John Cave – French horn
Russ Cheever, Abe Most, Dominic Fera – clarinet
Don Christlieb – bassoon
Artie Kane – piano
Bob Bain, Al Hendrickson – guitar
Carol Kaye – electric bass
Larry Bunker, Shelly Manne – percussion
Reception
Box office
According to Variety, the film earned $5,560,000 in rentals at the North American box office.
Critical
The film holds a 77% score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 30 reviews. The critical consensus reads: "One of the better Planet of the Apes sequels, Escape is more character-driven than the previous films, and more touching as a result."
Roger Greenspun of The New York Times was positive, finding the premise "quite beautiful" with the theme of human guilt "richly ambivalent, because the monsters are scarcely monstrous and the guilt is a function of unassailable strategic intelligence." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three stars out of four and wrote, "Comparatively, it is much better than the second, which was awful, but not as good as the first, which was quite good." Arthur D. Murphy of Variety called it "an excellent film. Far better than last year's followup and almost as good as the original 'Planet of the Apes.'" Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film "works largely because Miss Hunter and McDowall, working under Don Taylor's deft direction, are such gifted actors and because John Chambers' chimpanzee makeup is so convincing, as it was in the other pictures." David Pirie of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, "Infuriatingly, Escape from the Planet of the Apes continues the downward trend of a science-fiction series that started out with much ingenuity and promise ... the film is painfully sentimental in its attitude to the chimps, with Kim Hunter and Roddy McDowall overplaying and vulgarising their former roles to the point where it's hard to feel much concern about their final destruction."
Spin-off media
A comic book miniseries, a crossover with Star Trek serving to bridge the events of the second and third films and titled Star Trek/Planet of the Apes: The Primate Directive, was published from December 2014 to April 2015.
See also
List of American films of 1971
Star Trek/Planet of the Apes: The Primate Directive
References
External links
1971 films
1970s science fiction films
1970s dystopian films
20th Century Fox films
American science fiction films
American science fiction adventure films
American sequel films
Films about time travel
Films directed by Don Taylor
Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith
Films set in 1973
Films set in the future
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in California
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Michigan
Films with screenplays by Paul Dehn
Planet of the Apes films
Sterilization in fiction
1970s English-language films
1970s American films |
Gibbula stoliczkana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.
Description
The size of the shell varies between 6 mm and 12 mm. The small, rather solid, umbilicate shell has an elevated conical shape. It is reddish-brown or olive-brown, flammulated above with white, the base tessellated brown and white. The spire is elevated. The about 5 whorls are slightly convex, lusterless, and spirally lirate. The lirae number about 9 on the penultimate whorl. The body whorl is high. The lip is a little deflected toward the aperture. The periphery is angular. The base of the shell is angular around the umbilical region, with about 8 concentric lirae, the outer ones often obsolete. The aperture is oblique, about half the length of the shell, somewhat triangular, brilliantly iridescent within. The white columella is arcuate, and truncate at the base. The white umbilicus is narrow. The surface is lusterless. The lirae are rather coarse, broad and flat. The lower right hand margin of the aperture is decidedly produced, and the base is usually somewhat notched or emarginate as in the European Gibbula tumida. The white flames are occasionally absent.
Distribution
This marine species occurs off the Philippines and Sri Lanka.
References
External links
stoliczkana
Gastropods described in 1869 |
Ranelagh is a town in Berazategui Partido, in the southeastern section of Greater Buenos Aires.
History
Ranelagh was initially developed by the Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway, which opened a station at the site in 1911, and formed La Compañía de Tierras del Sud (Southlands Company) to oversee the real estate development plan. The town's name was in homage to the Viscount Ranelagh, an Irish nobleman who had Ranelagh Gardens built in Chelsea, England in 1742. The first ten chalets (built in Tudor style) were completed in 1913, the post office in 1915, and the first school in 1916.
The El Progreso country club was established in 1924. It would be reestablished as the Ranelagh Golf Club in 1943, and became among the most important in the southern Buenos Aires metro area; the course was later named in honor of 7-time PGA Tour champion Roberto de Vicenzo, a longtime member. The Mercedarian Order of the Roman Catholic Church established a chapel in the town in 1938, and the Nuestra Señora de la Merced (Our Lady of Mercy) Temple was consecrated in 1939. The regional diocese recognized the Parish of Ranelagh in 1941.
A Jitney service was established between Ranelagh and the county seat, Berazategui, in 1944. Ranelagh was the site of the clandestine press organized by the prominent Socialist daily, La Vanguardia, following its closure in 1947. The town's first manufacturing firm (corrugated cardboard maker Zucamor) was established in 1953, and would, despite a 1957 fire, grow to become an important provider of boxes for the Argentine wine industry. Coca-Cola established a bottling plant in Ranelagh in 1958.
Ranelagh was recognized as a Town by the Provincial Legislature in 1967. An extensive lot surrounding the railway station was converted into an arboretum on the initiative of Eva Hajduk, and following her death in 1984, the park was renamed in her honor. The 13,400 m² (144,000 ft²) Berazategui Regional Hospital was built in Ranelagh, and inaugurated in 1994. The town's principal news daily, La Misión, was established by Julio Ortega in 1994.
References
External links
El Portal de Ranelagh
Municipalidad de Berazategui
Berazategui Partido
Populated places in Buenos Aires Province
Populated places established in 1911 |
```objective-c
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#ifndef V8_INTL_SUPPORT
#error Internationalization is expected to be enabled.
#endif // V8_INTL_SUPPORT
#ifndef V8_OBJECTS_JS_NUMBER_FORMAT_INL_H_
#define V8_OBJECTS_JS_NUMBER_FORMAT_INL_H_
#include "src/objects/js-number-format.h"
#include "src/objects/objects-inl.h"
// Has to be the last include (doesn't have include guards):
#include "src/objects/object-macros.h"
namespace v8 {
namespace internal {
TQ_OBJECT_CONSTRUCTORS_IMPL(JSNumberFormat)
ACCESSORS(JSNumberFormat, icu_number_formatter,
Managed<icu::number::LocalizedNumberFormatter>,
kIcuNumberFormatterOffset)
} // namespace internal
} // namespace v8
#include "src/objects/object-macros-undef.h"
#endif // V8_OBJECTS_JS_NUMBER_FORMAT_INL_H_
``` |
```viml
call ale#Set('yaml_gitlablint_executable', 'gll')
call ale#Set('yaml_gitlablint_options', '')
function! ale_linters#yaml#gitlablint#GetCommand(buffer) abort
return '%e' . ale#Pad(ale#Var(a:buffer, 'yaml_gitlablint_options'))
\ . ' -p %t'
endfunction
function! ale_linters#yaml#gitlablint#Handle(buffer, lines) abort
" Matches patterns line the following:
" (<unknown>): mapping values are not allowed in this context at line 68 column 8
" jobs:build:dev config contains unknown keys: ony
let l:pattern = '^\(.*\) at line \(\d\+\) column \(\d\+\)$'
let l:output = []
for l:line in a:lines
let l:match = matchlist(l:line, l:pattern)
if !empty(l:match)
let l:item = {
\ 'lnum': l:match[2] + 0,
\ 'col': l:match[3] + 0,
\ 'text': l:match[1],
\ 'type': 'E',
\}
call add(l:output, l:item)
else
if l:line isnot# 'GitLab CI configuration is invalid'
let l:item = {
\ 'lnum': 0,
\ 'col': 0,
\ 'text': l:line,
\ 'type': 'E',
\}
call add(l:output, l:item)
endif
endif
endfor
return l:output
endfunction
call ale#linter#Define('yaml', {
\ 'name': 'gitlablint',
\ 'executable': {b -> ale#Var(b, 'yaml_gitlablint_executable')},
\ 'command': function('ale_linters#yaml#gitlablint#GetCommand'),
\ 'callback': 'ale_linters#yaml#gitlablint#Handle',
\ 'output_stream': 'stderr',
\})
``` |
Cykelslangen (lit.: Bicycle Snake) is a bridge for bicyclists in Copenhagen. It is long, crossing Gasværkshavnen from Kalvebod Brygge in the west to Havneholmen to the east.
The bridge was designed by Dissing+Weitling and opened to the public on 28 June 2014. The project cost 32 million Danish krone ($5.74 million).
Literature
References
Bridges in Copenhagen
Port of Copenhagen
Bridges completed in 2014
Cyclist bridges in Denmark |
Sunok () is a South Korean KBS1 television drama that aired from 8:30–9:30 A.M., as part of the KBS TV Novel serie. It starred Choi Ja-hye as Sunok. The series scored average ratings, less than 10%.
Plot
A baby girl was abandoned at birth. She has grown to become a woman facing her cruel destiny. She is born but their parents are too poor, so they send her to some rich family who become Sunok's stepparents and they care of her as if she was their real daughter. Later, Sunok's real father overthrows Sunok stepfather's business and becomes rich himself, leaving Sunok's family to starve. At last, Sunok's real parents get to know the truth and go to Sunok to get forgiveness. At first, Sunok denies it but at last, she forgives them. In addition, her stepfather's new business, selling antiques gets successful.
Cast
Main
Choi Ja-hye as Park Sunok
Hwang Dong-ju as Seo In-ho
Kang Do-han as Jeong Yong-chil
Park Hye-yeong as Jeong Mijo
Choi Eun-ju as Nam Ki-sun
Supporting
Seo In-ho, Sunok's boyfriend
Sunok's husband, Nam Ki-sun
Sunok's brother, Jeong yong-chil
Sunok's friend and also a sister, Jeong Mijo
Sunok's stepmother
Sunok's stepfather
Sunok stepfather's second wife
Sunok's biological parents
Ratings
"Sunok"'s ratings were quite low and it turned out to be 7.5% average.
References
External links
Official site
Korean-language television shows
Korean Broadcasting System television dramas |
```html
{{ $pages := .CurrentSection.Pages }}
{{ with site.Params.language_alternatives }}
{{ range . }}
{{ with (where $.CurrentSection.Translations ".Lang" . ) }}
{{ $p := index . 0 }}
{{ $pages = $pages | lang.Merge $p.Pages }}
{{ end }}
{{ end }}
{{ end }}
<div class="panel-group" id="blog-archive">
{{ range $i, $e := $pages.GroupByPublishDate "2006" }}
<div class="panel panel-default">
<div class="panel-heading">
<h4 class="panel-title">
<a data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#blog-archive" href="#collapse-{{ .Key }}">
{{ .Key }}</a>
</h4>
</div>
<div id="collapse-{{ .Key }}" class="panel-collapse collapse{{ if eq $i 0 }} show{{ end }}">
<div class="panel-body">
<ul class="list-group">
{{ range .Pages }}
{{ $isForeignLanguage := (ne .Lang $.Lang)}}
<li class="list-group-item"><a href="{{ .Permalink }}"{{ if $isForeignLanguage }} target="_blank" {{ end }}>{{ .LinkTitle }}</a> <span class="date">{{ .PublishDate.Format "Jan 2" }}</span>{{ if $isForeignLanguage }} <small>({{ .Lang | upper }})</small>{{ end }}</li>
{{ end }}
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
{{ end }}
</div>
``` |
```javascript
// Flags: --expose-internals
'use strict';
const common = require('../common');
const assert = require('assert');
const JSStreamWrap = require('internal/js_stream_socket');
const { Duplex } = require('stream');
process.once('uncaughtException', common.mustCall((err) => {
assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'exception!');
}));
const socket = new JSStreamWrap(new Duplex({
read: common.mustNotCall(),
write: common.mustCall((buffer, data, cb) => {
throw new Error('exception!');
})
}));
assert.throws(() => socket.end('foo'), /Error: write EPROTO/);
``` |
Difemerine is a little known antimuscarinic drug sold under the name Luostyl.
References
Dimethylamino compounds
Tertiary alcohols
Carboxylate esters
Muscarinic antagonists |
mecA is a gene found in bacterial cells which allows them to be resistant to antibiotics such as methicillin, penicillin and other penicillin-like antibiotics.
The bacteria strain most commonly known to carry mecA is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In Staphylococcus species, mecA is spread through the staphylococcal chromosome cassette SCCmec genetic element. Resistant strains cause many hospital-acquired infections.
mecA encodes the protein PBP2A (penicillin-binding protein 2A), a transpeptidase that helps form the bacterial cell wall. PBP2A has a lower affinity for beta-lactam antibiotics such as methicillin and penicillin than DD-transpeptidase does, so it does not bind to the ringlike structure of penicillin-like antibiotics. This enables transpeptidase activity in the presence of beta-lactams, preventing them from inhibiting cell wall synthesis. The bacteria can then replicate as normal.
History
Methicillin resistance first emerged in hospitals in Staphylococcus aureus that was more aggressive and failed to respond to methicillin treatment. The prevalence of this strain, MRSA, continued to increase, reaching up to 60% of British hospitals, and has spread throughout the world and beyond hospital settings. Researchers traced the source of this resistance to the mecA gene acquired through a mobile genetic element, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec, present in all known MRSA strains. On February 27, 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) put MRSA on their list of priority bacterial resistant pathogens and made it a high priority target for further research and treatment development.
Detection
Successful treatment of MRSA begins with the detection of mecA, usually through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Alternative methods include enzymatic detection PCR, which labels the PCR with enzymes detectable by immunoabsorbant assays. This takes less time and does not need gel electrophoresis, which can be costly, tedious, and unpredictable. cefoxitin disc diffusion uses phenotypic resistance to test not only for methicillin resistant strains but also for low resistant strains. The presence of mecA alone does not determine resistant strains; further phenotypic assays of mecA-positive strains can determine how resistant the strain is to methicillin. These phenotypic assays cannot rely on the accumulation of PBP2a, the protein product of mecA, as a test for methicillin resistance, as no connection between protein amount and resistance exists.
Structure
mecA is on staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec, a mobile gene element from which the gene can undergo horizontal gene transfer and insert itself into the host species, which can be any species in the Staphylococcus genus. This cassette is a 52 kilobase piece of DNA that contains mecA and two recombinase genes, ccrA and ccrB. Proper insertion of the mecA complex into the host genome requires the recombinases. Researchers have isolated multiple genetic variants from resistant strains of S. aureus, but all variants function similarly and have the same insertion site, near the host DNA origin of replication. mecA also forms a complex with two regulatory units, mecI and mecR1. These two genes can repress mecA; deletions or knock-outs in these genes increase resistance of S. aureus to methicillin. The S. aureus strains isolated from humans either lack these regulatory elements or contain mutations in these genes that cause a loss of function of the protein products that inhibit mecA. This in turn, causes constitutive transcription of mecA. This cassette chromosome can move between species. Two other Staphylococci species, S.epidermidis and S.haemolyticus, show conservation in this insertion site, not only for mecA but also for other non-essential genes the cassette chromosome can carry.
Mechanism of resistance
Penicillin, its derivatives and methicillin, and other beta-lactam antibiotics inhibits activity of the cell-wall forming penicillin-binding protein family (PBP 1, 2, 3 and 4). This disrupts the cell wall structure, causing the cytoplasm to leak and cell death. However, mecA codes for PBP2a that has a lower affinity for beta-lactams, which keeps the structural integrity of the cell wall, preventing cell death. Bacterial cell wall synthesis in S. aureus depends on transglycosylation to form linear polymer of sugar monomers and transpeptidation to form an interlinking peptides to strengthen the newly developed cell wall. PBPs have a transpeptidase domain, but scientists thought only monofunctional enzymes catalyze transglycosylation, yet PBP2 has domains to perform both essential processes. When antibiotics enter the medium, they bind to the transpeptidation domain and inhibit PBPs from cross-linking muropeptides, therefore preventing the formation of stable cell wall. With cooperative action, PBP2a lacks the proper receptor for the antibiotics and continues transpeptidation, preventing cell wall breakdown. The functionality of PBP2a depends on two structural factors on the cell wall of S. aureus. First, for PBP2a to properly fit onto the cell wall, to continue transpeptidation, it needs the proper amino acid residues, specifically a pentaglycine residue and an amidated glutamate residue. Second, PBP2a has an effective transpeptidase activity but lacks the transglycosylation domain of PBP2, which builds the backbone of the cell wall with polysaccharide monomers, so PBP2a must rely on PBP2 to continue this process. The latter forms a therapeutic target to improve the ability of beta-lactams to prevent cell wall synthesis in resistant S. aureus. Identifying inhibitors of glycosylases involved in the cell wall synthesis and modulating their expression can resensitize these previously resistant bacteria to beta-lactam treatment. For example, epicatechin gallate, a compound found in green tea, has shown signs of lowering the resistance to beta-lactams, to the point where oxacillin, which acts on PBP2 and PBP2a, effectively inhibits cell wall formation.
Interactions with other genes decrease resistance to beta-lactams in resistant strains of S. aureus. These gene networks are mainly involved in cell division, and cell wall synthesis and function, where there PBP2a localizes. Furthermore, other PBP proteins also affect the resistance of S. aureus to antibiotics. Oxacillin resistance decreased in S. aureus strains when expression of PBP4 was inhibited but PBP2a was not.
Evolutionary history
mecA is acquired and transmitted through a mobile genetic element, that inserts itself into the host genome. That structure is conserved between the mecA gene product and a homologous mecA gene product in Staphylococcus sciuri. As of 2007, function for the mecA homologue in S. sciuri remains unknown, but they may be a precursor for the mecA gene found in S. aureus. The structure of the protein product of this homologue is so similar that the protein can be used in S. aureus. When the mecA homologue of beta-lactam resistant S. sciuri is inserted into antibiotic sensitive S. aureus, antibiotics resistance increases. Even though the muropeptides (peptidoglycan precursors) that both species use are the same, the protein product of mecA gene of the S. sciuri can continue cell wall synthesis when a beta-lactam inhibits the PBP protein family.
To further understand the origin of mecA, specifically the mecA complex found on the Staphylococcal cassette chromosome, researchers used the mecA gene from S. sciuri in comparison to other Staphylococci species. Nucleotide analysis shows the sequence of mecA is almost identical to the mecA homologue found in Staphylococcus fleurettii, the most significant candidate for the origin of the mecA gene on the staphylococcal cassette chromosome. Since the genome of the S. fleurettii contains this gene, the cassette chromosome must originate from another species.
References
External links
at HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee
Cell biology
Infectious diseases
Prokaryote genes |
INSIGHTEC Ltd., is a privately held medical device company that sells MR guided Focused Ultrasound equipment. The technology can destroy deep tissue in the body without the need for incisions.
The company's proprietary devices are called Exablate and Exablate Neuro, to treat indications in the body and the brain, respectively.
The company was founded by Kobi Vortman and Oded Tamir, with seed investment from Elbit Medical Imaging and GE Healthcare.
The company obtained premarket approval (PMA) from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2004 to market its Exablate system to treat uterine fibroids in women who did not intend to get pregnant again; and in 2015 it obtained a PMA to expand the marketing of the system to treat uterine fibroids in any woman. In 2012 the company obtained a PMA from the FDA to market the system to treat pain from metastatic bone cancer who had failed other treatments.
In 2011, the company's work was featured in TEDMED by Yoav Medan, chief systems architect.
In 2012, the company received European CE mark for the treatment of neurological disorders in the brain including essential tremor, Parkinson's disease and neuropathic pain. It won approval to market the system for uterine fibroids in China in 2013.
In 2016, Insightec obtained a PMA from the FDA to market its Exablate Neuro system to treat essential tremor, and the next month published data from the pivotal trial in the New England Journal of Medicine.
In 2016, the company hired Maurice R. Ferré, the founder and former CEO of Mako Surgical, as its CEO. Later that year, the company signed an agreement with Siemens to integrate the device with Siemens' MRI systems.
References
External links
Medical technology companies of Israel
Medical imaging
Medical device manufacturers
Israeli companies established in 1999 |
```java
/**
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package io.pravega.test.integration.selftest;
import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
import io.pravega.common.Exceptions;
import io.pravega.common.function.Callbacks;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.Setter;
/**
* Represents an Operation for a Producer
*/
class ProducerOperation<T extends ProducerUpdate> {
//region Members
@Getter
private final ProducerOperationType type;
@Getter
private final String target;
@Getter
@Setter
private T update;
@Getter
@Setter
private Object result;
@Getter
@Setter
private int length;
@Getter
@Setter
private CompletableFuture<Void> waitOn;
@Setter
private Consumer<ProducerOperation<T>> completionCallback;
@Setter
private BiConsumer<ProducerOperation<T>, Throwable> failureCallback;
@Getter
private long elapsedMillis = 0;
//endregion
//region Constructor
/**
* Creates a new instance of the ProducerOperation class.
*
* @param type The type of the operation.
* @param target The target (Segment name) of the operation.
*/
ProducerOperation(ProducerOperationType type, String target) {
Preconditions.checkNotNull(type, "type");
Exceptions.checkNotNullOrEmpty(target, "target");
this.type = type;
this.target = target;
}
//endregion
//region Completion
/**
* Indicates that this ProducerOperation completed successfully. Invokes any associated success callbacks that are
* registered with it.
*
* @param elapsedMillis The elapsed time, in milliseconds, for this operation.
*/
void completed(long elapsedMillis) {
this.elapsedMillis = elapsedMillis;
if (this.update != null) {
this.update.release();
}
Consumer<ProducerOperation<T>> callback = this.completionCallback;
if (callback != null) {
Callbacks.invokeSafely(callback, this, null);
}
}
/**
* Indicates that this ProducerOperation failed to complete. Invokes any associated failure callbacks that are registered
* with it.
*/
void failed(Throwable ex) {
if (this.update != null) {
this.update.release();
}
BiConsumer<ProducerOperation<T>, Throwable> callback = this.failureCallback;
if (callback != null) {
Callbacks.invokeSafely(callback, this, ex, null);
}
}
//endregion
@Override
public String toString() {
return String.format("%s: %s", this.type, this.target);
}
}
``` |
The Annual Review of Sex Research was a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Routledge on behalf of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality. It was established in 1990 and the last independent issue appeared in 2007. Starting in 2009, the journal was incorporated in the Journal of Sex Research, with issues of the Annual Review published as special annual issues.
This periodical covered a wide range of topics about sexuality. These covered topics is far-reaching as medicine, psychology, and anthropology to topics in sexual orientation and sex in art. As an example, the 1994 edition has articles that range as wide as hormonal influence or on sexual desire in human females, to history of sex study, to how being raised in a queer family affects children, and ends with an article about sadomasochism. By comparison, the journal contains articles that range from the way mates are chosen among upper primates, to condom use, a piece discussing sexual innuendos in surrealistic paintings, the intersection of sexual identity and personality, and ends with an article talking about the neuroanatomy and physiology of ejaculation.
References
Annual journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1990
Sexology journals
Publications disestablished in 2007
Routledge academic journals |
Wrestling was one of the sports which was held at the 1958 Asian Games in Korakuen Ice Palace, Tokyo, Japan between 25 and 27 May 1958. The competition included only men's freestyle events.
The competition used a form of negative points tournament, with negative points given for any result short of a fall.
Schedule
Medalists
Medal table
Participating nations
A total of 44 athletes from 7 nations competed in wrestling at the 1958 Asian Games:
References
www.fila-wrestling.com
External links
UWW Database
1958 Asian Games events
1958
Asian Games
1958 Asian Games |
Claire Lambe (born 1962) is a visual artist born in Macclesfield, England who lives and works in Melbourne, Australia. She was part of the National Gallery of Australia's 2021–22 Know My Name exhibition, and featured in the National Gallery of Victoria's exhibition, Melbourne Now.
Biography
Lambe completed a Bachelor of Fine Art at Bristol College of Art in 1985, followed by postgraduate studies at the University of New South Wales in 1990 and a Master of Fine Arts at Goldsmiths, London in 1995.
From 2010 to 2012, Lambe established the artist-run space Death Be Kind with Elvis Richardson.
Exhibitions
Lambe has participated in various solo, group and collaborative exhibitions. Significant exhibitions include:
The Memorial (2010)
The Rest is Silence (2011)
Yakety Sax (2011)
Northern Riot (2014)
LazyBoy (2012)
Melbourne Now (2013–2014)
West Space, Melbourne (2013)
Neverwhere, Gaia Gallery, Istanbul (2014)
Spring 1883 art fair (2014)
Lurid Beauty, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne (2015)
Mother Holding Something Horrific, Australian Centre for Contemporary Art, Melbourne (2017)
From Will to Form: TarraWarra Biennial, Victoria (2018)
Artwork
Lambe produces installation, sculpture and ready made objects. Components in her work are drawn from cultural and historical references such as Northern English Club Culture of the 1970s, motherhood, subconscious and the abject.
Lambe's process involves exorcising images and objects that have lodged in her memory: there are subconscious associations at work. In drawing from films and museum objects, the work is also speaking back to culture. In this way, Lambe's work attempts to re-possess earlier forms of transgression. Lambe has strategically occupied a number of different sites of sexual exploitation and perversion, including 1970s' sexploitation cinema and the works of Marcel Duchamp. Lambe's occupation is neither a celebration nor a critique, but something has shifted through her re-possession of these forms.
Lambe uses the tactile and transformative possibilities of sculpture to unsettle conventional notions of gender and sexuality. Her work for the 2013 exhibition Melbourne Now, held at the National Gallery of Victoria, uses the female body to address underlying histories of violence, social discontent and sexual promiscuity, shifting between hard-edged minimalism, abjection, and humour.
References
External links
Sarah Scout Presents
Gertrude Contemporary
1962 births
Living people
Artists from Melbourne
University of New South Wales alumni
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
Australian women sculptors |
```objective-c
#pragma once
namespace samples {
namespace fft2 {
static const float input[4] = {
0.74090862, 0.85228336,
0.71020633, 0.69013137
};
static const float output[4] = {
1.45111495, 1.54241472,
0.03070229, 0.16215199
};
}
namespace fft4 {
static const float input[8] = {
0x1.A8E4F8p-2f, 0x1.EE376Cp-3f,
0x1.E29E82p-1f, 0x1.BD43D2p-1f,
0x1.3E6038p-3f, 0x1.CC237Ep-1f,
0x1.1CB97Ep-2f, 0x1.ECC3C2p-2f
};
static const float output[8] = {
+0x1.CA82E58p+0, +0x1.3ED5C30p+1,
+0x1.4BBC5F0p-1, -0x1.526BB30p+0,
-0x1.4CF0B70p-1, -0x1.AFD1680p-3,
-0x1.081E0C0p-3, +0x1.D610000p-8
};
}
namespace fft8 {
static const float input[16] = {
0x1.98523Cp-1f, 0x1.60DCEEp-1f,
0x1.28DDCEp-1f, 0x1.3184C6p-3f,
0x1.381A28p-2f, 0x1.89A9AEp-4f,
0x1.86A262p-1f, 0x1.5C77B0p-2f,
0x1.543A9Cp-3f, 0x1.6B6768p-4f,
0x1.9F272Cp-2f, 0x1.D79460p-2f,
0x1.8F4D8Ep-5f, 0x1.351D14p-4f,
0x1.DF2BFAp-3f, 0x1.FF459Cp-5f
};
static const float output[16] = {
+0x1.A65066p+1f, +0x1.F63F24p+0f,
+0x1.82AFA2p-2f, -0x1.23A292p-1f,
+0x1.A25A26p-1f, +0x1.3C6D00p-1f,
+0x1.ACF550p-1f, +0x1.8D3520p-1f,
-0x1.547BF4p-1f, -0x1.01C700p-4f,
+0x1.DA5280p-1f, +0x1.42290Ep+0f,
+0x1.9CC78Cp-2f, +0x1.307506p-1f,
+0x1.88DD68p-2f, +0x1.DFDB58p-1f
};
}
namespace fft16 {
static const float input[32] = {
0x1.030E1Ep-1f, 0x1.7469A4p-2f,
0x1.D9ECC6p-1f, 0x1.A8F096p-2f,
0x1.7E31C2p-1f, 0x1.A212FEp-2f,
0x1.EA9412p-1f, 0x1.F59FD0p-2f,
0x1.BA8B0Ap-1f, 0x1.AE7DB2p-1f,
0x1.49DA2Cp-2f, 0x1.72D13Cp-3f,
0x1.83F174p-4f, 0x1.815008p-3f,
0x1.B3DA54p-1f, 0x1.A1E5F2p-1f,
0x1.D6F63Ep-1f, 0x1.01CF28p-3f,
0x1.D4AA36p-1f, 0x1.2F5ECEp-1f,
0x1.B6A5BEp-2f, 0x1.240B70p-2f,
0x1.7179E4p-1f, 0x1.7F19E2p-1f,
0x1.CFE398p-1f, 0x1.92646Ep-3f,
0x1.2BAEE6p-1f, 0x1.F6947Cp-2f,
0x1.C5DD26p-1f, 0x1.05F6F6p-4f,
0x1.C46E5Ap-1f, 0x1.A14BCCp-1f
};
static const float output[32] = {
+0x1.707DC8p+3f, +0x1.C15A56p+2f,
+0x1.A81C9Ap-1f, +0x1.00A50Cp-1f,
+0x1.82B37Ep-1f, -0x1.B1C5F2p-1f,
-0x1.078E8Cp+1f, +0x1.B467E4p-2f,
-0x1.32CB66p-3f, +0x1.3F607Ep+0f,
-0x1.D5B318p-3f, +0x1.249074p-4f,
-0x1.86945Cp+0f, -0x1.7D90DEp+0f,
-0x1.4571A4p+0f, +0x1.3F427Cp-5f,
-0x1.9F36A8p-1f, -0x1.09C3ECp+1f,
+0x1.8D4172p+0f, +0x1.73B30Cp-1f,
-0x1.1F8F5Ep-1f, -0x1.45690Ap-1f,
-0x1.46F9C8p+0f, +0x1.465D12p-1f,
+0x1.1D763Ap+1f, -0x1.5C32D2p-4f,
-0x1.3AA070p+0f, -0x1.720F38p-3f,
-0x1.7A4812p-5f, +0x1.9097F2p-1f,
+0x1.7FBC54p-2f, -0x1.45C688p-2f
};
}
namespace fft32 {
static const float input[64] = {
0x1.D93A22p-2f, 0x1.1A07EAp-5f,
0x1.457616p-2f, 0x1.1C6E3Cp-4f,
0x1.C1B5A4p-2f, 0x1.63CBB2p-1f,
0x1.B1DBC2p-1f, 0x1.103DE0p-1f,
0x1.8749D0p-3f, 0x1.528BBEp-2f,
0x1.5A66D6p-4f, 0x1.85E378p-1f,
0x1.6B7BAAp-1f, 0x1.4BE042p-1f,
0x1.416FEAp-1f, 0x1.185BD0p-4f,
0x1.8DD5B2p-1f, 0x1.2EE168p-1f,
0x1.4A4EE2p-1f, 0x1.ECE9C2p-1f,
0x1.961888p-3f, 0x1.97A598p-1f,
0x1.469200p-3f, 0x1.A7AE76p-1f,
0x1.C39A76p-2f, 0x1.C4A146p-1f,
0x1.9F43C0p-1f, 0x1.BF5834p-4f,
0x1.22CD6Ep-1f, 0x1.DB698Cp-1f,
0x1.288430p-1f, 0x1.B4FE36p-2f,
0x1.429398p-3f, 0x1.B4CA7Ep-1f,
0x1.225E00p-4f, 0x1.DF5ED4p-1f,
0x1.FA788Ap-2f, 0x1.AAC868p-1f,
0x1.EF25F6p-1f, 0x1.C80E82p-1f,
0x1.B40D9Cp-1f, 0x1.13D60Ap-1f,
0x1.90D116p-1f, 0x1.D01774p-1f,
0x1.80924Cp-1f, 0x1.A5AE34p-2f,
0x1.11A7DAp-1f, 0x1.112618p-1f,
0x1.86EAFEp-2f, 0x1.17E440p-1f,
0x1.26EF72p-2f, 0x1.722E82p-4f,
0x1.E8E2C6p-3f, 0x1.2ED9A4p-4f,
0x1.A783EAp-2f, 0x1.DCA8FAp-6f,
0x1.12C424p-1f, 0x1.43644Ap-3f,
0x1.F030F8p-2f, 0x1.96FA28p-1f,
0x1.0F1AD8p-2f, 0x1.9F5720p-1f,
0x1.72F744p-1f, 0x1.911D50p-1f
};
static const float output[64] = {
+0x1.F9A804p+3f, +0x1.1DB7F2p+4f,
+0x1.672C94p-1f, -0x1.4A3D9Cp+1f,
+0x1.B27418p-2f, -0x1.B14E6Cp-3f,
-0x1.ABAF6Ap-2f, +0x1.2C0C36p+1f,
-0x1.3714ECp+0f, +0x1.FD42EEp-1f,
-0x1.274494p+0f, -0x1.3A1E10p+2f,
-0x1.8CCCC6p+1f, -0x1.2B8944p-1f,
+0x1.BD06B2p-1f, -0x1.1ED11Ap-2f,
+0x1.590E08p-1f, +0x1.B76E50p-4f,
-0x1.F6FF44p-2f, -0x1.D1E062p-2f,
-0x1.5E098Cp-6f, +0x1.4B63BCp-4f,
-0x1.BF4402p-2f, +0x1.459CE0p+0f,
+0x1.54DEF8p-1f, +0x1.11D13Cp-1f,
-0x1.239C4Cp+1f, -0x1.5B311Ap+0f,
+0x1.10FD92p-2f, +0x1.3FEC78p-1f,
-0x1.4E9BDAp+0f, -0x1.95CFD4p-1f,
-0x1.C005A6p-1f, +0x1.A752E0p-2f,
+0x1.05DA20p+0f, -0x1.F777BAp-1f,
-0x1.0832AEp+1f, -0x1.E60424p-4f,
+0x1.6C27D2p+0f, -0x1.3CC866p-1f,
-0x1.2327C6p-4f, +0x1.148BD2p+0f,
+0x1.6B39F0p+0f, +0x1.8283AAp+0f,
+0x1.42E792p+1f, -0x1.A28680p+1f,
+0x1.12F404p-1f, -0x1.136422p+1f,
-0x1.9F1C9Ep-2f, -0x1.509E76p+1f,
+0x1.06FB36p-5f, -0x1.574CE6p+0f,
-0x1.2F8ED4p+0f, -0x1.037EE4p+0f,
+0x1.C45A1Ep+1f, +0x1.72A882p-4f,
-0x1.63C286p-2f, -0x1.137090p+1f,
+0x1.C5980Ap+1f, +0x1.9BE3F2p-2f,
-0x1.27CA92p+0f, +0x1.3E61BAp+1f,
-0x1.0FCA54p+1f, -0x1.A01F30p+1f
};
}
}
``` |
Sthayibhava or Sthyi-bhava (Sanskrit: — IAST Sthāyibhāva, ) is one of the essential artistic concepts in Sanskrit dramaturgy. The origin of this concept is attributed to Bharata while formulating his epic on Rasa theory in Natyashastra around 200 BC to 200 AD. Bharata has named eight Sthayibhavas corresponding to each Rasa. According to him all other aesthetic emotions in a drama viz. Vibhavas, Anubhavas, and Vyabhicaribhavas combine together and enhance a Sthayibhava which ultimately transforms into the flavor (Rasa) in a play.
Overview
Rasa is an essential aspect in any good art and the realization of the Rasa is a result of the integration of Stimulus (Vibhava), involuntary reaction (Anubhava), and transitory psychological states or voluntary reactions (Vyabhicaribhava). When mixing of various spices in a delicacy produces different tastes; similarly, when these different bhavas are combined produce Sthayibhava which transforms into Rasa. The concept of Sthayibhavas to produce Rasa was originally applied to drama but later on, it was used in most Sanskrit literature. Though many commentaries were written on Bharata's Natya Shastra earlier, which have been referred by Abhinavagupta where he asserts, Sthayibahva alone when enhanced with other emotions is the basis for Rasa. Thus, Sthayibhava attains mastery over all other forty-nine emotions (Bhavas) as elaborated by him in Natya Shastra.
Bharata in his Natya Shastra mentions eight Sthayibhavas: (i) Rati (Love), (ii) Hasa (Mirth), (iii) Krodha (Anger), (iv) Utsaha (Courage), (v) Bhaya (Fear), (vi) Jugupsa (Aversion), (vii) Vismaya (Wonder), and (viii), and Soka (Sorrow) each corresponding to eight Rasas. Poets later to Bharata added tranquility (Sama) or Disenchantment (Nirveda) as a ninth Stahyibhava corresponding to Shantarasa. Bhatta Lollata, in his play upacitivāda comments, Rasa is produced when any one of the eight Sthayibhavas is intensified by the performer by "mimesis" or anukŗti. Just as various spices are mixed in a delicacy produce many tastes, a sensitive person enjoys different tastes and feel pleasure. likewise, a sensitive spectator enjoys various emotions portrayed by the artists in a play. Hence, Abhinavagupta comments, the transformation of Sthayibhava into Rasa is dependent on the audiences' capacity to enjoy the play.
Modern critics of Sanskrit literature argue that Bharata deliberately did not discuss the Sthayibhvas in his work, as he did not intend to merge Rasa, a dominant theme in a drama and an "ordinary" stable emotion (Sthayibhava). To this argument, some experts supporting the origin of Sthayibhava to Bharata comment: when Bharata speaks about the union of Vibhavas, Anubhavas, and Vyabhicaribhavas in Rasa Sutra. It is not only about these emotions coming together, but an alignment of these emotions with a permanent emotion known as Sthayibhava.
References
Bibliography
Concepts in aesthetics
Literary theory
Sanskrit literature |
```javascript
import React from 'react';
import { storiesOf } from '@kadira/storybook';
import { Dropdown } from '@jenkins-cd/design-language';
const a2z = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLM NOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
const style = {
padding: 10,
width: 200,
};
function createOptions(text = 'Option', asObject = false) {
const options = [];
for (let index = 0; index < 200; index++) {
const label = `${text} ${options.length + 1}`;
options.push(!asObject ? label : { label });
}
return options;
}
storiesOf('DropDown', module)
.add('general', () => (<div>
<div style={style}>
<p>Default</p>
<Dropdown
options={createOptions()}
/>
</div>
<div style={style}>
<p>Disabled</p>
<Dropdown
options={createOptions()}
disabled
/>
</div>
<div style={style}>
<p>Default Value</p>
<Dropdown
options={createOptions()}
defaultOption="Option 3"
/>
</div>
<div className="Dropdown-Default" style={style}>
<p>Placeholder Styling</p>
<Dropdown
options={createOptions()}
/>
</div>
<div style={{ ...style, maxWidth: 150 }}>
<p>Truncation</p>
<Dropdown
placeholder="Truncated because the text is too long"
options={createOptions(a2z)}
/>
</div>
</div>
))
;
``` |
Brynamman West railway station served the village of Brynamman, in the historical county of Glamorganshire, Wales, from 1865 to 1964 on the Llanelly Railway.
History
The station was opened as Brynamman on 20 March 1865 by the Llanelly Railway. To the north was a signal box. A new platform was built in 1868 but it was only used by the Llanelly Railway. Its name was changed to Brynamman West in 1950. The station closed to passengers on 18 August 1958 and closed to goods on 28 September 1964.
References
Disused railway stations in Carmarthenshire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1865
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1958
1868 establishments in Wales
1964 disestablishments in Wales |
The Mayor of Potenza is an elected politician who, along with the Potenza's City Council, is accountable for the strategic government of Potenza in Basilicata, Italy, capital city of the region. The current Mayor is Mario Guarente from the far-right party Lega Nord, who took office on 20 June 2019.
Former Prime Minister Emilio Colombo held the office of Mayor in 1952.
Overview
According to the Italian Constitution, the Mayor of Potenza is member of the City Council.
The Mayor is elected by the population of Potenza, who also elect the members of the City Council, controlling the Mayor's policy guidelines and is able to enforce his resignation by a motion of no confidence. The Mayor is entitled to appoint and release the members of his government.
Since 1995 the Mayor is elected directly by Potenza's electorate: in all mayoral elections in Italy in cities with a population higher than 15,000 the voters express a direct choice for the mayor or an indirect choice voting for the party of the candidate's coalition. If no candidate receives at least 50% of votes, the top two candidates go to a second round after two weeks. The election of the City Council is based on a direct choice for the candidate with a preference vote: the candidate with the majority of the preferences is elected. The number of the seats for each party is determined proportionally.
Italian Republic (since 1946)
City Council election (1946-1995)
From 1946 to 1995, the Mayor of Potenza was elected by the City's Council.
Direct election (since 1995)
Since 1995, under provisions of new local administration law, the Mayor of Potenza is chosen by direct election.
References
Sources
Potenza
Politics of Basilicata |
Parkhi Union () is a union of Kalihati Upazila, Tangail District, Bangladesh. It is situated 19 km north of Tangail, The District Headquarter.
Demographics
According to Population Census 2011 performed by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, The total population of Parkhi union is 19164. There are 4622 households in total.
Education
The literacy rate of Parkhi Union is 44.5% (Male-47.8%, Female-41.6%).
References
Populated places in Dhaka Division
Populated places in Tangail District
Unions of Kalihati Upazila |
Marinobacter mobilis is a Gram-negative, halophilic, aerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Marinobacter which has been isolated from sediments from the East China Sea.
References
External links
Type strain of Marinobacter mobilis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Alteromonadales
Bacteria described in 2008
Halophiles |
```kotlin
package com.pierfrancescosoffritti.androidyoutubeplayer.core.player.listeners
import android.view.View
/**
* Interface used to keep track of full screen events
*/
interface FullscreenListener {
/**
* Notify the host application that the player has entered full screen mode
* (the full screen button in the player UI has been clicked).
* After this call, the video will no longer be rendered in the [YouTubePlayerView],
* but will instead be rendered in [fullscreenView].
* The host application should add this View to a container that fills the screen
* in order to actually display the video full screen.
*
* The application can explicitly exit fullscreen mode by invoking [exitFullscreen]
* (for example when the user presses the back button).
* However, the player will show its own UI to exist fullscreen.
* Regardless of how the player exits fullscreen mode, [onEnterFullscreen] will be invoked,
* signaling for the application to remove the custom View.
*/
fun onEnterFullscreen(fullscreenView: View, exitFullscreen: () -> Unit)
/**
* Notify the host application that the player has exited full screen mode.
* The host application must hide the custom View (the View which was previously passed to
* [onEnterFullscreen]). After this call, the video will render in the player again.
*/
fun onExitFullscreen()
}
``` |
Saharanpuri ( / , Sahāranpūrī) is a nisbat or surname derived from the name of the city of Saharanpur in India. The Arabic form is as-Saharanfuri ( / , as-Sahāranfūrī) or as-Saharanburi ( / , as-Sahāranbūrī).
List of persons with the name
Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri
Khalil Ahmad Anbahtawi Saharanpuri
Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi Saharanpuri
Toponymic surnames
Surnames of Indian origin
Urdu-language surnames
Nisbas
Arabic-language surnames |
East Asian History is a biannual peer-reviewed open-access academic journal published by the Australian National University. It was established in 1970 as Papers on Far Eastern History, obtaining its current title in 1991. Published by ANU's Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, it was part of a growth in publication on Asian studies in Australia in the 1970s. Originally "founded as a forum for the publication of papers written by the faculty and students of Australian National University" affiliates of ANU continued to "represent the large majority of its contributors, although over the years there have been increasing contributions from scholars from other universities in Australia and abroad." Chinese History: A Manual included the journal as one of the main Western-language journals for research on Chinese history.
In its early years, it represented one of only a few places for work on East Asian history to be published in Australia. Igor de Rachewiltz's translations of the Secret History of the Mongols were first published in serialised form in this journal and remain its most cited contribution. The journal adopted its present title after 1990, attempting "a more imaginative design and style" and longer-form article than was becoming usual in academic articles in history. The Handbook of Reference Works in Traditional Chinese Studies in 1996 deemed it "A consistently high quality journal, whose papers confirm the strength of Chinese history at A.N.U," while the Revue Bibliographique de Sinologie noted not only the scholarly value but also the original presentation and numerous illustrations of EAH under the editorship of Geremie Barmé.
It was published in print until 2008, and continues as a peer-reviewed online journal. In 2007, the journal reprinted the early Morrison Lectures (1932–41), which "illuminate the nature of the relationship between Australia and China in the period before the Pacific War and the Communist victory," including those of W.P. Chen, William Ah Ket, and Wu Lien-teh, which were otherwise out of print. Editors have included Barmé (1991-2007) and the present editor Benjamin Penny. Contributors have included Rafe de Crespigny, Lo Hui-min, Mark Elvin, Liu Ts'un-yan, Charles Coppel, Pierre Ryckmans (writer) and Leo Suryadinata.
References
Australian National University
Asian history journals
History of East Asia
Academic journals established in 1970
English-language journals |
The 2004 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 2, 2004 as part of the 2004 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. It was the first presidential election since the 2000 United States census, after which Mississippi lost one electoral vote, reducing its elector count from seven to six, leaving Mississippi with the fewest electoral votes since 1848.
Mississippi was won by incumbent President George W. Bush of the Republican Party with a 19.69% margin of victory over Democratic nominee John Kerry. Prior to the election, Mississippi was considered a state Bush would win with ease, or a red state. Mississippi has not voted for a Democrat since 1976, when Jimmy Carter carried the state. , this is the last election in which Pike County, Copiah County, Oktibbeha County, and Yazoo County voted for the Republican candidate, as well as the last time in which the Democratic nominee has won less than 40% of the state's vote.
Campaign
Predictions
12 news organizations made state-by-state predictions of the election. These organizations published their predictions just prior to election day:
Polling
Bush won pre-election polling by a double-digit margin.
Fundraising
Bush raised $866,580. Kerry raised $599,665.
Advertising and visits
Neither campaign spent or visited this state during the fall campaign.
Analysis
The last Democratic presidential nominee to win Mississippi was fellow Southerner Jimmy Carter in 1976. Due to its reliably conservative voting pattern, neither of the two major party candidates campaigned in the state.
Mississippi is one of the most racially polarized states in presidential elections. Black Mississippians almost uniformly vote Democratic, while white Mississippians vote Republican nearly as consistently. In 2004, 14% of white Mississippians voted for John Kerry and 10% of African Americans voted for Bush. Kerry's main support lay in the western counties on the Delta and next to the Mississippi River.
Results
Results by county
Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican
Panola (Largest city: Sardis)
Yalobusha (Largest city: Water Valley)
Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
Jasper (Largest city: Bay Springs)
Results by congressional district
Bush won three out of Mississippi's four congressional districts, including one held by a Democrat.
Electors
Mississippi was assigned six electors to cast votes to the Electoral college. Given that Mississippi voted for Bush, all electors were pledged to cast their ballots for Bush. The electors were:
Kelly Segars
John Phillips
Wayne Parker
Jimmy Creekmore
Victor Mavar
Billy Mounger
References
Mississippi
2004
2004 Mississippi elections |
Splendrillia chathamensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.
Description
The length of the shell attains 10.5 mm, its diameter 4.3 mm.
Distribution
S. chathamensis can be found in the waters surrounding the Western Chatham Rise, New Zealand. at a depth of 850 m.
References
Tucker, J.K. 2004 Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682:1–1295.
External links
chathamensis
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1989 |
```javascript
import { h } from 'preact';
import '@testing-library/jest-dom';
import { createRootFragment } from './preact-root-fragment';
describe('createRootFragment', () => {
it('has a child element as replace node', () => {
const fragment = createRootFragment(
<div className="parent" />,
<article>text</article>,
);
expect(fragment.firstChild.type).toBe('article');
});
it('handle multiple nodes', () => {
const fragment = createRootFragment(<div className="parent" />, [
<div id="app1" key="1" />,
<div id="app2" key="2" />,
]);
expect(fragment.firstChild.props.id).toBe('app1');
expect(fragment.childNodes.length).toBe(2);
});
it('adds fragment to parent context', () => {
const parent = <div className="parent" />;
const placeholder = <div className="appXYZ" />;
const fragment = createRootFragment(parent, placeholder);
expect(parent.__k.firstChild).toBe(fragment.firstChild);
expect(parent.__k.childNodes.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
});
it('insertBefore on parent fragment', () => {
const parent = document.createElement('div');
parent.className = '#app';
const child = document.createElement('main');
const fragment = createRootFragment(parent, child);
const span = document.createElement('span');
fragment.insertBefore(span, child.parentNode);
expect(parent.children[0].tagName.toLowerCase()).toBe('span');
});
it('appendChild on parent fragment', () => {
const parent = document.createElement('div');
const fragment = createRootFragment(parent, <main id="#main" />);
const p = document.createElement('p');
fragment.appendChild(p);
expect(parent.childNodes[0].nodeName.toLowerCase()).toBe('p');
});
});
``` |
Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française (RTF; French Radio and Television Broadcasting) was the French national public broadcaster television organization established on 9 February 1949 to replace the post-war "Radiodiffusion Française" (RDF), which had been founded on 23 March 1945 to replace Radiodiffusion Nationale (RN), created on 29 July 1939. It was replaced in its turn, on 26 June 1964, by the notionally less-strictly government controlled Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française (ORTF), which itself lasted until the end of 1974.
RTF was both state-owned and state-controlled. With a budget set by the French National Assembly under the direction of the Ministry of Information, all of its spending and investment plans had to be directly agreed by the Minister of Information and the Minister of Finance.
Alain Peyrefitte, Minister of Information, speaking in a debate in the National Assembly on 26 May 1964, described RTF as "the government in every Frenchman's dining-room" – La RTF, c'est le gouvernement dans la salle à manger de chaque Français.
History
A public monopoly on broadcasting in France had been established with the formation of Radiodiffusion Française (RDF) in 1945. RDF was renamed "Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française" (RTF) in 1949 and ORTF in 1964.
From the beginning, the public broadcaster experienced fierce competition from the "peripheral stations": French-speaking stations aimed at the French public but transmitting on longwave from neighbouring countries, such as Radio Monte Carlo (RMC) from Monaco, Radio Luxembourg (later RTL) from Luxembourg, and Europe 1 from Germany (exceptionally, in 1974, RMC was allowed to set up a transmitter on French territory).
Offices
RTF's head offices were located in the avenue de Friedland in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. Its television studios and technical buildings were at 13–15 rue Cognacq-Jay.
Channels
By the start of the 1960s, the RTF had established five radio and two television channels:
Radio
France I (later France Inter) on long wave
France II (regional programmes, closed on 8 December 1963 and replaced by Inter Variétés – a variation of France Inter for older listeners) on high-power medium-wave transmitters
France III (later France Culture) on low-power medium-wave transmitters
France IV (later France Musique) on FM only
France V (formerly Radio Alger, a name which it was to resume on 5 July 1962 when it ceased to be part of RTF following the independence of Algeria)
Television
La première chaîne ("The First Channel"), broadcast in black and white from 25 July 1948 on VHF 819 lines, and until 3 January 1956 on 441 lines. For a period, experimental 625-line transmissions (test cards) in colour using the French SECAM system (see below) were made on the channel's VHF network each Tuesday morning.
La deuxième chaîne ("The Second Channel"), created on 21 December 1963 and broadcast on UHF 625 lines, initially in black and white only. Colour transmissions in SECAM were introduced (on this channel only) on 1 October 1967.
Regional television
Regional television, for areas outside Paris, was slow to develop compared with the situation in the United States of America and the United Kingdom.
The first regional station, known as Télé-Lille, began broadcasting on 10 April 1950 with two hours a day of programming for Lille and its surrounding area. The station's main news programme was called Images du Nord ("Images of the North"). Télé-Lille's signal did not stop at the country's borders, with the result that the station had five times more viewers in the Belgian provinces of West Flanders, East Flanders, and Hainaut than it had in northern France. By February 1952, the establishment of a co-axial link with the RTF's studios in Paris meant that Télé-Lille, when not televising its own programmes, could relay RTF's main Paris-originated programming.
In an attempt to counter the spread in Alsace of the viewing of programmes from regional television in the neighbouring German Land of Baden-Württemberg – the inhabitants of Strasbourg had, for example, been able to watch the coronation in June 1953 of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom only on West German television – Télé-Strasbourg began broadcasting on 15 October 1953.
Marseille followed on 20 September 1954, Lyon on 8 November 1954, Toulouse in August 1961, Bordeaux on 25 January 1962, and most other regional centres opened shortly thereafter.
From late 1963, the regional programmes were also broadcast on La deuxième chaîne by using optical standard conversion in the regional centres (a 625 lines camera aimed at an 819 lines monitor with a special CRT) in order to better adapt the regional coverage to the new "regions" created in France, and they remained even after the opening of La troisième chaîne (The Third Channel) under the ORTF on 31 December 1972, all three networks broadcasting the regional news, sometimes from two or even three different production centres (e.g. Niort broadcasting Poitiers on networks 1 and 3, and Nantes on network 2).
Directors
The directors of the RTF were directly appointed by the Minister of Information.
Directors-general:
Wladimir Porché: 9 February 1949 – 1 February 1957
Gabriel Delaunay: 1 February 1957 – July 1958
Christian Chavanon: July 1958 – 21 March 1960
Raoul Ergman: 21 March 1960 – February 1962
Robert Bordaz: February 1962 – 23 July 1964
Assistant directors-general:
Raymond Janot: 21 March 1960 – February 1962
Directors of programmes, television:
Jean Luc: April 1949 – February 1951
Jean Arnaud: February 1951 – June 1952
Jean d'Arcy: June 1952 – October 1959
Albert Ollivier: October 1959 – 23 July 1964
Directors of news:
Louis Terrenoire: 7 July 1958 – November 1958
Albert Ollivier: November 1958 – June 1961
André-Marie Gérard: June 1961 – April 1963
Directors of news (television):
Raymond Marcillac: April 1963
Directors of sport:
Raymond Marcillac: 12 September 1958
See also
France Televisions
Groupe TF1
References
Radio in France
Television networks in France
Television channels and stations established in 1949
Radio stations established in 1949
Television channels and stations disestablished in 1964
Radio stations disestablished in 1964
Public broadcasting in France
1949 in France
1940s in French television
Defunct mass media in France |
```objective-c
// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
// path_to_url
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
// Author: kenton@google.com (Kenton Varda)
// Based on original Protocol Buffers design by
// Sanjay Ghemawat, Jeff Dean, and others.
//
// This file contains classes which describe a type of protocol message.
// You can use a message's descriptor to learn at runtime what fields
// it contains and what the types of those fields are. The Message
// interface also allows you to dynamically access and modify individual
// fields by passing the FieldDescriptor of the field you are interested
// in.
//
// Most users will not care about descriptors, because they will write
// code specific to certain protocol types and will simply use the classes
// generated by the protocol compiler directly. Advanced users who want
// to operate on arbitrary types (not known at compile time) may want to
// read descriptors in order to learn about the contents of a message.
// A very small number of users will want to construct their own
// Descriptors, either because they are implementing Message manually or
// because they are writing something like the protocol compiler.
//
// For an example of how you might use descriptors, see the code example
// at the top of message.h.
#ifndef GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_DESCRIPTOR_H__
#define GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_DESCRIPTOR_H__
#include <memory>
#ifndef _SHARED_PTR_H
#include <google/protobuf/stubs/shared_ptr.h>
#endif
#include <set>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <google/protobuf/stubs/common.h>
#include <google/protobuf/stubs/mutex.h>
#include <google/protobuf/stubs/once.h>
// TYPE_BOOL is defined in the MacOS's ConditionalMacros.h.
#ifdef TYPE_BOOL
#undef TYPE_BOOL
#endif // TYPE_BOOL
namespace google {
namespace protobuf {
// Defined in this file.
class Descriptor;
class FieldDescriptor;
class OneofDescriptor;
class EnumDescriptor;
class EnumValueDescriptor;
class ServiceDescriptor;
class MethodDescriptor;
class FileDescriptor;
class DescriptorDatabase;
class DescriptorPool;
// Defined in descriptor.proto
class DescriptorProto;
class FieldDescriptorProto;
class OneofDescriptorProto;
class EnumDescriptorProto;
class EnumValueDescriptorProto;
class ServiceDescriptorProto;
class MethodDescriptorProto;
class FileDescriptorProto;
class MessageOptions;
class FieldOptions;
class OneofOptions;
class EnumOptions;
class EnumValueOptions;
class ExtensionRangeOptions;
class ServiceOptions;
class MethodOptions;
class FileOptions;
class UninterpretedOption;
class SourceCodeInfo;
// Defined in message.h
class Message;
// Defined in descriptor.cc
class DescriptorBuilder;
class FileDescriptorTables;
struct Symbol;
// Defined in unknown_field_set.h.
class UnknownField;
// Defined in generated_message_reflection.h.
namespace internal {
class GeneratedMessageReflection;
} // namespace internal
// Defined in command_line_interface.cc
namespace compiler {
class CommandLineInterface;
} // namespace compiler
namespace descriptor_unittest {
class DescriptorTest;
} // namespace descriptor_unittest
// Defined in printer.h
namespace io {
class Printer;
} // namespace io
// NB, all indices are zero-based.
struct SourceLocation {
int start_line;
int end_line;
int start_column;
int end_column;
// Doc comments found at the source location.
// See the comments in SourceCodeInfo.Location (descriptor.proto) for details.
string leading_comments;
string trailing_comments;
std::vector<string> leading_detached_comments;
};
// Options when generating machine-parsable output from a descriptor with
// DebugString().
struct DebugStringOptions {
// include original user comments as recorded in SourceLocation entries. N.B.
// that this must be |false| by default: several other pieces of code (for
// example, the C++ code generation for fields in the proto compiler) rely on
// DebugString() output being unobstructed by user comments.
bool include_comments;
// If true, elide the braced body in the debug string.
bool elide_group_body;
bool elide_oneof_body;
DebugStringOptions()
: include_comments(false),
elide_group_body(false),
elide_oneof_body(false) {}
};
// A class to handle the simplest cases of a lazily linked descriptor
// for a message type that isn't built at the time of cross linking,
// which is needed when a pool has lazily_build_dependencies_ set.
// Must be instantiated as mutable in a descriptor.
namespace internal {
class LIBPROTOBUF_EXPORT LazyDescriptor {
public:
// Init function to be called at init time of a descriptor containing
// a LazyDescriptor.
void Init() {
descriptor_ = NULL;
name_ = NULL;
once_ = NULL;
file_ = NULL;
}
// Sets the value of the descriptor if it is known during the descriptor
// building process. Not thread safe, should only be called during the
// descriptor build process. Should not be called after SetLazy has been
// called.
void Set(const Descriptor* descriptor);
// Sets the information needed to lazily cross link the descriptor at a later
// time, SetLazy is not thread safe, should be called only once at descriptor
// build time if the symbol wasn't found and building of the file containing
// that type is delayed because lazily_build_dependencies_ is set on the pool.
// Should not be called after Set() has been called.
void SetLazy(const string& name, const FileDescriptor* file);
// Returns the current value of the descriptor, thread-safe. If SetLazy(...)
// has been called, will do a one-time cross link of the type specified,
// building the descriptor file that contains the type if necessary.
inline const Descriptor* Get() {
Once();
return descriptor_;
}
private:
static void OnceStatic(LazyDescriptor* lazy);
void OnceInternal();
void Once();
const Descriptor* descriptor_;
const string* name_;
GoogleOnceDynamic* once_;
const FileDescriptor* file_;
};
} // namespace internal
// Describes a type of protocol message, or a particular group within a
// message. To obtain the Descriptor for a given message object, call
// Message::GetDescriptor(). Generated message classes also have a
// static method called descriptor() which returns the type's descriptor.
// Use DescriptorPool to construct your own descriptors.
class LIBPROTOBUF_EXPORT Descriptor {
public:
// The name of the message type, not including its scope.
const string& name() const;
// The fully-qualified name of the message type, scope delimited by
// periods. For example, message type "Foo" which is declared in package
// "bar" has full name "bar.Foo". If a type "Baz" is nested within
// Foo, Baz's full_name is "bar.Foo.Baz". To get only the part that
// comes after the last '.', use name().
const string& full_name() const;
// Index of this descriptor within the file or containing type's message
// type array.
int index() const;
// The .proto file in which this message type was defined. Never NULL.
const FileDescriptor* file() const;
// If this Descriptor describes a nested type, this returns the type
// in which it is nested. Otherwise, returns NULL.
const Descriptor* containing_type() const;
// Get options for this message type. These are specified in the .proto file
// by placing lines like "option foo = 1234;" in the message definition.
// Allowed options are defined by MessageOptions in
// google/protobuf/descriptor.proto, and any available extensions of that
// message.
const MessageOptions& options() const;
// Write the contents of this Descriptor into the given DescriptorProto.
// The target DescriptorProto must be clear before calling this; if it
// isn't, the result may be garbage.
void CopyTo(DescriptorProto* proto) const;
// Write the contents of this decriptor in a human-readable form. Output
// will be suitable for re-parsing.
string DebugString() const;
// Similar to DebugString(), but additionally takes options (e.g.,
// include original user comments in output).
string DebugStringWithOptions(const DebugStringOptions& options) const;
// Returns true if this is a placeholder for an unknown type. This will
// only be the case if this descriptor comes from a DescriptorPool
// with AllowUnknownDependencies() set.
bool is_placeholder() const;
// Field stuff -----------------------------------------------------
// The number of fields in this message type.
int field_count() const;
// Gets a field by index, where 0 <= index < field_count().
// These are returned in the order they were defined in the .proto file.
const FieldDescriptor* field(int index) const;
// Looks up a field by declared tag number. Returns NULL if no such field
// exists.
const FieldDescriptor* FindFieldByNumber(int number) const;
// Looks up a field by name. Returns NULL if no such field exists.
const FieldDescriptor* FindFieldByName(const string& name) const;
// Looks up a field by lowercased name (as returned by lowercase_name()).
// This lookup may be ambiguous if multiple field names differ only by case,
// in which case the field returned is chosen arbitrarily from the matches.
const FieldDescriptor* FindFieldByLowercaseName(
const string& lowercase_name) const;
// Looks up a field by camel-case name (as returned by camelcase_name()).
// This lookup may be ambiguous if multiple field names differ in a way that
// leads them to have identical camel-case names, in which case the field
// returned is chosen arbitrarily from the matches.
const FieldDescriptor* FindFieldByCamelcaseName(
const string& camelcase_name) const;
// The number of oneofs in this message type.
int oneof_decl_count() const;
// Get a oneof by index, where 0 <= index < oneof_decl_count().
// These are returned in the order they were defined in the .proto file.
const OneofDescriptor* oneof_decl(int index) const;
// Looks up a oneof by name. Returns NULL if no such oneof exists.
const OneofDescriptor* FindOneofByName(const string& name) const;
// Nested type stuff -----------------------------------------------
// The number of nested types in this message type.
int nested_type_count() const;
// Gets a nested type by index, where 0 <= index < nested_type_count().
// These are returned in the order they were defined in the .proto file.
const Descriptor* nested_type(int index) const;
// Looks up a nested type by name. Returns NULL if no such nested type
// exists.
const Descriptor* FindNestedTypeByName(const string& name) const;
// Enum stuff ------------------------------------------------------
// The number of enum types in this message type.
int enum_type_count() const;
// Gets an enum type by index, where 0 <= index < enum_type_count().
// These are returned in the order they were defined in the .proto file.
const EnumDescriptor* enum_type(int index) const;
// Looks up an enum type by name. Returns NULL if no such enum type exists.
const EnumDescriptor* FindEnumTypeByName(const string& name) const;
// Looks up an enum value by name, among all enum types in this message.
// Returns NULL if no such value exists.
const EnumValueDescriptor* FindEnumValueByName(const string& name) const;
// Extensions ------------------------------------------------------
// A range of field numbers which are designated for third-party
// extensions.
struct ExtensionRange {
typedef ExtensionRangeOptions OptionsType;
int start; // inclusive
int end; // exclusive
const ExtensionRangeOptions* options_;
};
// The number of extension ranges in this message type.
int extension_range_count() const;
// Gets an extension range by index, where 0 <= index <
// extension_range_count(). These are returned in the order they were defined
// in the .proto file.
const ExtensionRange* extension_range(int index) const;
// Returns true if the number is in one of the extension ranges.
bool IsExtensionNumber(int number) const;
// Returns NULL if no extension range contains the given number.
const ExtensionRange* FindExtensionRangeContainingNumber(int number) const;
// The number of extensions -- extending *other* messages -- that were
// defined nested within this message type's scope.
int extension_count() const;
// Get an extension by index, where 0 <= index < extension_count().
// These are returned in the order they were defined in the .proto file.
const FieldDescriptor* extension(int index) const;
// Looks up a named extension (which extends some *other* message type)
// defined within this message type's scope.
const FieldDescriptor* FindExtensionByName(const string& name) const;
// Similar to FindFieldByLowercaseName(), but finds extensions defined within
// this message type's scope.
const FieldDescriptor* FindExtensionByLowercaseName(const string& name) const;
// Similar to FindFieldByCamelcaseName(), but finds extensions defined within
// this message type's scope.
const FieldDescriptor* FindExtensionByCamelcaseName(const string& name) const;
// Reserved fields -------------------------------------------------
// A range of reserved field numbers.
struct ReservedRange {
int start; // inclusive
int end; // exclusive
};
// The number of reserved ranges in this message type.
int reserved_range_count() const;
// Gets an reserved range by index, where 0 <= index <
// reserved_range_count(). These are returned in the order they were defined
// in the .proto file.
const ReservedRange* reserved_range(int index) const;
// Returns true if the number is in one of the reserved ranges.
bool IsReservedNumber(int number) const;
// Returns NULL if no reserved range contains the given number.
const ReservedRange* FindReservedRangeContainingNumber(int number) const;
// The number of reserved field names in this message type.
int reserved_name_count() const;
// Gets a reserved name by index, where 0 <= index < reserved_name_count().
const string& reserved_name(int index) const;
// Returns true if the field name is reserved.
bool IsReservedName(const string& name) const;
// Source Location ---------------------------------------------------
// Updates |*out_location| to the source location of the complete
// extent of this message declaration. Returns false and leaves
// |*out_location| unchanged iff location information was not available.
bool GetSourceLocation(SourceLocation* out_location) const;
private:
typedef MessageOptions OptionsType;
// Allows tests to test CopyTo(proto, true).
friend class ::google::protobuf::descriptor_unittest::DescriptorTest;
// Allows access to GetLocationPath for annotations.
friend class ::google::protobuf::io::Printer;
// Fill the json_name field of FieldDescriptorProto.
void CopyJsonNameTo(DescriptorProto* proto) const;
// Internal version of DebugString; controls the level of indenting for
// correct depth. Takes |options| to control debug-string options, and
// |include_opening_clause| to indicate whether the "message ... " part of the
// clause has already been generated (this varies depending on context).
void DebugString(int depth, string *contents,
const DebugStringOptions& options,
bool include_opening_clause) const;
// Walks up the descriptor tree to generate the source location path
// to this descriptor from the file root.
void GetLocationPath(std::vector<int>* output) const;
const string* name_;
const string* full_name_;
const FileDescriptor* file_;
const Descriptor* containing_type_;
const MessageOptions* options_;
// These arrays are separated from their sizes to minimize padding on 64-bit.
FieldDescriptor* fields_;
OneofDescriptor* oneof_decls_;
Descriptor* nested_types_;
EnumDescriptor* enum_types_;
ExtensionRange* extension_ranges_;
FieldDescriptor* extensions_;
ReservedRange* reserved_ranges_;
const string** reserved_names_;
int field_count_;
int oneof_decl_count_;
int nested_type_count_;
int enum_type_count_;
int extension_range_count_;
int extension_count_;
int reserved_range_count_;
int reserved_name_count_;
// True if this is a placeholder for an unknown type.
bool is_placeholder_;
// True if this is a placeholder and the type name wasn't fully-qualified.
bool is_unqualified_placeholder_;
// IMPORTANT: If you add a new field, make sure to search for all instances
// of Allocate<Descriptor>() and AllocateArray<Descriptor>() in descriptor.cc
// and update them to initialize the field.
// Must be constructed using DescriptorPool.
Descriptor() {}
friend class DescriptorBuilder;
friend class DescriptorPool;
friend class EnumDescriptor;
friend class FieldDescriptor;
friend class OneofDescriptor;
friend class MethodDescriptor;
friend class FileDescriptor;
GOOGLE_DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(Descriptor);
};
// Describes a single field of a message. To get the descriptor for a given
// field, first get the Descriptor for the message in which it is defined,
// then call Descriptor::FindFieldByName(). To get a FieldDescriptor for
// an extension, do one of the following:
// - Get the Descriptor or FileDescriptor for its containing scope, then
// call Descriptor::FindExtensionByName() or
// FileDescriptor::FindExtensionByName().
// - Given a DescriptorPool, call DescriptorPool::FindExtensionByNumber().
// - Given a Reflection for a message object, call
// Reflection::FindKnownExtensionByName() or
// Reflection::FindKnownExtensionByNumber().
// Use DescriptorPool to construct your own descriptors.
class LIBPROTOBUF_EXPORT FieldDescriptor {
public:
// Identifies a field type. 0 is reserved for errors. The order is weird
// for historical reasons. Types 12 and up are new in proto2.
enum Type {
TYPE_DOUBLE = 1, // double, exactly eight bytes on the wire.
TYPE_FLOAT = 2, // float, exactly four bytes on the wire.
TYPE_INT64 = 3, // int64, varint on the wire. Negative numbers
// take 10 bytes. Use TYPE_SINT64 if negative
// values are likely.
TYPE_UINT64 = 4, // uint64, varint on the wire.
TYPE_INT32 = 5, // int32, varint on the wire. Negative numbers
// take 10 bytes. Use TYPE_SINT32 if negative
// values are likely.
TYPE_FIXED64 = 6, // uint64, exactly eight bytes on the wire.
TYPE_FIXED32 = 7, // uint32, exactly four bytes on the wire.
TYPE_BOOL = 8, // bool, varint on the wire.
TYPE_STRING = 9, // UTF-8 text.
TYPE_GROUP = 10, // Tag-delimited message. Deprecated.
TYPE_MESSAGE = 11, // Length-delimited message.
TYPE_BYTES = 12, // Arbitrary byte array.
TYPE_UINT32 = 13, // uint32, varint on the wire
TYPE_ENUM = 14, // Enum, varint on the wire
TYPE_SFIXED32 = 15, // int32, exactly four bytes on the wire
TYPE_SFIXED64 = 16, // int64, exactly eight bytes on the wire
TYPE_SINT32 = 17, // int32, ZigZag-encoded varint on the wire
TYPE_SINT64 = 18, // int64, ZigZag-encoded varint on the wire
MAX_TYPE = 18, // Constant useful for defining lookup tables
// indexed by Type.
};
// Specifies the C++ data type used to represent the field. There is a
// fixed mapping from Type to CppType where each Type maps to exactly one
// CppType. 0 is reserved for errors.
enum CppType {
CPPTYPE_INT32 = 1, // TYPE_INT32, TYPE_SINT32, TYPE_SFIXED32
CPPTYPE_INT64 = 2, // TYPE_INT64, TYPE_SINT64, TYPE_SFIXED64
CPPTYPE_UINT32 = 3, // TYPE_UINT32, TYPE_FIXED32
CPPTYPE_UINT64 = 4, // TYPE_UINT64, TYPE_FIXED64
CPPTYPE_DOUBLE = 5, // TYPE_DOUBLE
CPPTYPE_FLOAT = 6, // TYPE_FLOAT
CPPTYPE_BOOL = 7, // TYPE_BOOL
CPPTYPE_ENUM = 8, // TYPE_ENUM
CPPTYPE_STRING = 9, // TYPE_STRING, TYPE_BYTES
CPPTYPE_MESSAGE = 10, // TYPE_MESSAGE, TYPE_GROUP
MAX_CPPTYPE = 10, // Constant useful for defining lookup tables
// indexed by CppType.
};
// Identifies whether the field is optional, required, or repeated. 0 is
// reserved for errors.
enum Label {
LABEL_OPTIONAL = 1, // optional
LABEL_REQUIRED = 2, // required
LABEL_REPEATED = 3, // repeated
MAX_LABEL = 3, // Constant useful for defining lookup tables
// indexed by Label.
};
// Valid field numbers are positive integers up to kMaxNumber.
static const int kMaxNumber = (1 << 29) - 1;
// First field number reserved for the protocol buffer library implementation.
// Users may not declare fields that use reserved numbers.
static const int kFirstReservedNumber = 19000;
// Last field number reserved for the protocol buffer library implementation.
// Users may not declare fields that use reserved numbers.
static const int kLastReservedNumber = 19999;
const string& name() const; // Name of this field within the message.
const string& full_name() const; // Fully-qualified name of the field.
const string& json_name() const; // JSON name of this field.
const FileDescriptor* file() const;// File in which this field was defined.
bool is_extension() const; // Is this an extension field?
int number() const; // Declared tag number.
// Same as name() except converted to lower-case. This (and especially the
// FindFieldByLowercaseName() method) can be useful when parsing formats
// which prefer to use lowercase naming style. (Although, technically
// field names should be lowercased anyway according to the protobuf style
// guide, so this only makes a difference when dealing with old .proto files
// which do not follow the guide.)
const string& lowercase_name() const;
// Same as name() except converted to camel-case. In this conversion, any
// time an underscore appears in the name, it is removed and the next
// letter is capitalized. Furthermore, the first letter of the name is
// lower-cased. Examples:
// FooBar -> fooBar
// foo_bar -> fooBar
// fooBar -> fooBar
// This (and especially the FindFieldByCamelcaseName() method) can be useful
// when parsing formats which prefer to use camel-case naming style.
const string& camelcase_name() const;
Type type() const; // Declared type of this field.
const char* type_name() const; // Name of the declared type.
CppType cpp_type() const; // C++ type of this field.
const char* cpp_type_name() const; // Name of the C++ type.
Label label() const; // optional/required/repeated
bool is_required() const; // shorthand for label() == LABEL_REQUIRED
bool is_optional() const; // shorthand for label() == LABEL_OPTIONAL
bool is_repeated() const; // shorthand for label() == LABEL_REPEATED
bool is_packable() const; // shorthand for is_repeated() &&
// IsTypePackable(type())
bool is_packed() const; // shorthand for is_packable() &&
// options().packed()
bool is_map() const; // shorthand for type() == TYPE_MESSAGE &&
// message_type()->options().map_entry()
// Index of this field within the message's field array, or the file or
// extension scope's extensions array.
int index() const;
// Does this field have an explicitly-declared default value?
bool has_default_value() const;
// Whether the user has specified the json_name field option in the .proto
// file.
bool has_json_name() const;
// Get the field default value if cpp_type() == CPPTYPE_INT32. If no
// explicit default was defined, the default is 0.
int32 default_value_int32() const;
// Get the field default value if cpp_type() == CPPTYPE_INT64. If no
// explicit default was defined, the default is 0.
int64 default_value_int64() const;
// Get the field default value if cpp_type() == CPPTYPE_UINT32. If no
// explicit default was defined, the default is 0.
uint32 default_value_uint32() const;
// Get the field default value if cpp_type() == CPPTYPE_UINT64. If no
// explicit default was defined, the default is 0.
uint64 default_value_uint64() const;
// Get the field default value if cpp_type() == CPPTYPE_FLOAT. If no
// explicit default was defined, the default is 0.0.
float default_value_float() const;
// Get the field default value if cpp_type() == CPPTYPE_DOUBLE. If no
// explicit default was defined, the default is 0.0.
double default_value_double() const;
// Get the field default value if cpp_type() == CPPTYPE_BOOL. If no
// explicit default was defined, the default is false.
bool default_value_bool() const;
// Get the field default value if cpp_type() == CPPTYPE_ENUM. If no
// explicit default was defined, the default is the first value defined
// in the enum type (all enum types are required to have at least one value).
// This never returns NULL.
const EnumValueDescriptor* default_value_enum() const;
// Get the field default value if cpp_type() == CPPTYPE_STRING. If no
// explicit default was defined, the default is the empty string.
const string& default_value_string() const;
// The Descriptor for the message of which this is a field. For extensions,
// this is the extended type. Never NULL.
const Descriptor* containing_type() const;
// If the field is a member of a oneof, this is the one, otherwise this is
// NULL.
const OneofDescriptor* containing_oneof() const;
// If the field is a member of a oneof, returns the index in that oneof.
int index_in_oneof() const;
// An extension may be declared within the scope of another message. If this
// field is an extension (is_extension() is true), then extension_scope()
// returns that message, or NULL if the extension was declared at global
// scope. If this is not an extension, extension_scope() is undefined (may
// assert-fail).
const Descriptor* extension_scope() const;
// If type is TYPE_MESSAGE or TYPE_GROUP, returns a descriptor for the
// message or the group type. Otherwise, returns null.
const Descriptor* message_type() const;
// If type is TYPE_ENUM, returns a descriptor for the enum. Otherwise,
// returns null.
const EnumDescriptor* enum_type() const;
// Get the FieldOptions for this field. This includes things listed in
// square brackets after the field definition. E.g., the field:
// optional string text = 1 [ctype=CORD];
// has the "ctype" option set. Allowed options are defined by FieldOptions
// in google/protobuf/descriptor.proto, and any available extensions of that
// message.
const FieldOptions& options() const;
// See Descriptor::CopyTo().
void CopyTo(FieldDescriptorProto* proto) const;
// See Descriptor::DebugString().
string DebugString() const;
// See Descriptor::DebugStringWithOptions().
string DebugStringWithOptions(const DebugStringOptions& options) const;
// Helper method to get the CppType for a particular Type.
static CppType TypeToCppType(Type type);
// Helper method to get the name of a Type.
static const char* TypeName(Type type);
// Helper method to get the name of a CppType.
static const char* CppTypeName(CppType cpp_type);
// Return true iff [packed = true] is valid for fields of this type.
static inline bool IsTypePackable(Type field_type);
// Source Location ---------------------------------------------------
// Updates |*out_location| to the source location of the complete
// extent of this field declaration. Returns false and leaves
// |*out_location| unchanged iff location information was not available.
bool GetSourceLocation(SourceLocation* out_location) const;
private:
typedef FieldOptions OptionsType;
// Allows access to GetLocationPath for annotations.
friend class ::google::protobuf::io::Printer;
// Fill the json_name field of FieldDescriptorProto.
void CopyJsonNameTo(FieldDescriptorProto* proto) const;
// See Descriptor::DebugString().
enum PrintLabelFlag { PRINT_LABEL, OMIT_LABEL };
void DebugString(int depth, PrintLabelFlag print_label_flag,
string* contents, const DebugStringOptions& options) const;
// formats the default value appropriately and returns it as a string.
// Must have a default value to call this. If quote_string_type is true, then
// types of CPPTYPE_STRING whill be surrounded by quotes and CEscaped.
string DefaultValueAsString(bool quote_string_type) const;
// Helper function that returns the field type name for DebugString.
string FieldTypeNameDebugString() const;
// Walks up the descriptor tree to generate the source location path
// to this descriptor from the file root.
void GetLocationPath(std::vector<int>* output) const;
// Returns true if this is a map message type.
bool is_map_message_type() const;
const string* name_;
const string* full_name_;
const string* lowercase_name_;
const string* camelcase_name_;
// If has_json_name_ is true, it's the value specified by the user.
// Otherwise, it has the same value as camelcase_name_.
const string* json_name_;
const FileDescriptor* file_;
GoogleOnceDynamic* type_once_;
static void TypeOnceInit(const FieldDescriptor* to_init);
void InternalTypeOnceInit() const;
mutable Type type_;
Label label_;
bool has_default_value_;
// Whether the user has specified the json_name field option in the .proto
// file.
bool has_json_name_;
bool is_extension_;
int number_;
int index_in_oneof_;
const Descriptor* containing_type_;
const OneofDescriptor* containing_oneof_;
const Descriptor* extension_scope_;
mutable const Descriptor* message_type_;
mutable const EnumDescriptor* enum_type_;
const FieldOptions* options_;
const string* type_name_;
const string* default_value_enum_name_;
// IMPORTANT: If you add a new field, make sure to search for all instances
// of Allocate<FieldDescriptor>() and AllocateArray<FieldDescriptor>() in
// descriptor.cc and update them to initialize the field.
union {
int32 default_value_int32_;
int64 default_value_int64_;
uint32 default_value_uint32_;
uint64 default_value_uint64_;
float default_value_float_;
double default_value_double_;
bool default_value_bool_;
mutable const EnumValueDescriptor* default_value_enum_;
const string* default_value_string_;
};
static const CppType kTypeToCppTypeMap[MAX_TYPE + 1];
static const char * const kTypeToName[MAX_TYPE + 1];
static const char * const kCppTypeToName[MAX_CPPTYPE + 1];
static const char * const kLabelToName[MAX_LABEL + 1];
// Must be constructed using DescriptorPool.
FieldDescriptor() {}
friend class DescriptorBuilder;
friend class FileDescriptor;
friend class Descriptor;
friend class OneofDescriptor;
GOOGLE_DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(FieldDescriptor);
};
// Describes a oneof defined in a message type.
class LIBPROTOBUF_EXPORT OneofDescriptor {
public:
const string& name() const; // Name of this oneof.
const string& full_name() const; // Fully-qualified name of the oneof.
// Index of this oneof within the message's oneof array.
int index() const;
// The .proto file in which this oneof was defined. Never NULL.
const FileDescriptor* file() const;
// The Descriptor for the message containing this oneof.
const Descriptor* containing_type() const;
// The number of (non-extension) fields which are members of this oneof.
int field_count() const;
// Get a member of this oneof, in the order in which they were declared in the
// .proto file. Does not include extensions.
const FieldDescriptor* field(int index) const;
const OneofOptions& options() const;
// See Descriptor::CopyTo().
void CopyTo(OneofDescriptorProto* proto) const;
// See Descriptor::DebugString().
string DebugString() const;
// See Descriptor::DebugStringWithOptions().
string DebugStringWithOptions(const DebugStringOptions& options) const;
// Source Location ---------------------------------------------------
// Updates |*out_location| to the source location of the complete
// extent of this oneof declaration. Returns false and leaves
// |*out_location| unchanged iff location information was not available.
bool GetSourceLocation(SourceLocation* out_location) const;
private:
typedef OneofOptions OptionsType;
// Allows access to GetLocationPath for annotations.
friend class ::google::protobuf::io::Printer;
// See Descriptor::DebugString().
void DebugString(int depth, string* contents,
const DebugStringOptions& options) const;
// Walks up the descriptor tree to generate the source location path
// to this descriptor from the file root.
void GetLocationPath(std::vector<int>* output) const;
const string* name_;
const string* full_name_;
const Descriptor* containing_type_;
bool is_extendable_;
int field_count_;
const FieldDescriptor** fields_;
const OneofOptions* options_;
// IMPORTANT: If you add a new field, make sure to search for all instances
// of Allocate<OneofDescriptor>() and AllocateArray<OneofDescriptor>()
// in descriptor.cc and update them to initialize the field.
// Must be constructed using DescriptorPool.
OneofDescriptor() {}
friend class DescriptorBuilder;
friend class Descriptor;
GOOGLE_DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(OneofDescriptor);
};
// Describes an enum type defined in a .proto file. To get the EnumDescriptor
// for a generated enum type, call TypeName_descriptor(). Use DescriptorPool
// to construct your own descriptors.
class LIBPROTOBUF_EXPORT EnumDescriptor {
public:
// The name of this enum type in the containing scope.
const string& name() const;
// The fully-qualified name of the enum type, scope delimited by periods.
const string& full_name() const;
// Index of this enum within the file or containing message's enum array.
int index() const;
// The .proto file in which this enum type was defined. Never NULL.
const FileDescriptor* file() const;
// The number of values for this EnumDescriptor. Guaranteed to be greater
// than zero.
int value_count() const;
// Gets a value by index, where 0 <= index < value_count().
// These are returned in the order they were defined in the .proto file.
const EnumValueDescriptor* value(int index) const;
// Looks up a value by name. Returns NULL if no such value exists.
const EnumValueDescriptor* FindValueByName(const string& name) const;
// Looks up a value by number. Returns NULL if no such value exists. If
// multiple values have this number, the first one defined is returned.
const EnumValueDescriptor* FindValueByNumber(int number) const;
// If this enum type is nested in a message type, this is that message type.
// Otherwise, NULL.
const Descriptor* containing_type() const;
// Get options for this enum type. These are specified in the .proto file by
// placing lines like "option foo = 1234;" in the enum definition. Allowed
// options are defined by EnumOptions in google/protobuf/descriptor.proto,
// and any available extensions of that message.
const EnumOptions& options() const;
// See Descriptor::CopyTo().
void CopyTo(EnumDescriptorProto* proto) const;
// See Descriptor::DebugString().
string DebugString() const;
// See Descriptor::DebugStringWithOptions().
string DebugStringWithOptions(const DebugStringOptions& options) const;
// Returns true if this is a placeholder for an unknown enum. This will
// only be the case if this descriptor comes from a DescriptorPool
// with AllowUnknownDependencies() set.
bool is_placeholder() const;
// Reserved fields -------------------------------------------------
// A range of reserved field numbers.
struct ReservedRange {
int start; // inclusive
int end; // inclusive
};
// The number of reserved ranges in this message type.
int reserved_range_count() const;
// Gets an reserved range by index, where 0 <= index <
// reserved_range_count(). These are returned in the order they were defined
// in the .proto file.
const EnumDescriptor::ReservedRange* reserved_range(int index) const;
// Returns true if the number is in one of the reserved ranges.
bool IsReservedNumber(int number) const;
// Returns NULL if no reserved range contains the given number.
const EnumDescriptor::ReservedRange*
FindReservedRangeContainingNumber(int number) const;
// The number of reserved field names in this message type.
int reserved_name_count() const;
// Gets a reserved name by index, where 0 <= index < reserved_name_count().
const string& reserved_name(int index) const;
// Returns true if the field name is reserved.
bool IsReservedName(const string& name) const;
// Source Location ---------------------------------------------------
// Updates |*out_location| to the source location of the complete
// extent of this enum declaration. Returns false and leaves
// |*out_location| unchanged iff location information was not available.
bool GetSourceLocation(SourceLocation* out_location) const;
private:
typedef EnumOptions OptionsType;
// Allows access to GetLocationPath for annotations.
friend class ::google::protobuf::io::Printer;
// Looks up a value by number. If the value does not exist, dynamically
// creates a new EnumValueDescriptor for that value, assuming that it was
// unknown. If a new descriptor is created, this is done in a thread-safe way,
// and future calls will return the same value descriptor pointer.
//
// This is private but is used by GeneratedMessageReflection (which is
// friended below) to return a valid EnumValueDescriptor from GetEnum() when
// this feature is enabled.
const EnumValueDescriptor*
FindValueByNumberCreatingIfUnknown(int number) const;
// See Descriptor::DebugString().
void DebugString(int depth, string *contents,
const DebugStringOptions& options) const;
// Walks up the descriptor tree to generate the source location path
// to this descriptor from the file root.
void GetLocationPath(std::vector<int>* output) const;
const string* name_;
const string* full_name_;
const FileDescriptor* file_;
const Descriptor* containing_type_;
const EnumOptions* options_;
// True if this is a placeholder for an unknown type.
bool is_placeholder_;
// True if this is a placeholder and the type name wasn't fully-qualified.
bool is_unqualified_placeholder_;
int value_count_;
EnumValueDescriptor* values_;
int reserved_range_count_;
int reserved_name_count_;
EnumDescriptor::ReservedRange* reserved_ranges_;
const string** reserved_names_;
// IMPORTANT: If you add a new field, make sure to search for all instances
// of Allocate<EnumDescriptor>() and AllocateArray<EnumDescriptor>() in
// descriptor.cc and update them to initialize the field.
// Must be constructed using DescriptorPool.
EnumDescriptor() {}
friend class DescriptorBuilder;
friend class Descriptor;
friend class FieldDescriptor;
friend class EnumValueDescriptor;
friend class FileDescriptor;
friend class DescriptorPool;
friend class internal::GeneratedMessageReflection;
GOOGLE_DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(EnumDescriptor);
};
// Describes an individual enum constant of a particular type. To get the
// EnumValueDescriptor for a given enum value, first get the EnumDescriptor
// for its type, then use EnumDescriptor::FindValueByName() or
// EnumDescriptor::FindValueByNumber(). Use DescriptorPool to construct
// your own descriptors.
class LIBPROTOBUF_EXPORT EnumValueDescriptor {
public:
const string& name() const; // Name of this enum constant.
int index() const; // Index within the enums's Descriptor.
int number() const; // Numeric value of this enum constant.
// The full_name of an enum value is a sibling symbol of the enum type.
// e.g. the full name of FieldDescriptorProto::TYPE_INT32 is actually
// "google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.TYPE_INT32", NOT
// "google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.Type.TYPE_INT32". This is to conform
// with C++ scoping rules for enums.
const string& full_name() const;
// The .proto file in which this value was defined. Never NULL.
const FileDescriptor* file() const;
// The type of this value. Never NULL.
const EnumDescriptor* type() const;
// Get options for this enum value. These are specified in the .proto file
// by adding text like "[foo = 1234]" after an enum value definition.
// Allowed options are defined by EnumValueOptions in
// google/protobuf/descriptor.proto, and any available extensions of that
// message.
const EnumValueOptions& options() const;
// See Descriptor::CopyTo().
void CopyTo(EnumValueDescriptorProto* proto) const;
// See Descriptor::DebugString().
string DebugString() const;
// See Descriptor::DebugStringWithOptions().
string DebugStringWithOptions(const DebugStringOptions& options) const;
// Source Location ---------------------------------------------------
// Updates |*out_location| to the source location of the complete
// extent of this enum value declaration. Returns false and leaves
// |*out_location| unchanged iff location information was not available.
bool GetSourceLocation(SourceLocation* out_location) const;
private:
typedef EnumValueOptions OptionsType;
// Allows access to GetLocationPath for annotations.
friend class ::google::protobuf::io::Printer;
// See Descriptor::DebugString().
void DebugString(int depth, string *contents,
const DebugStringOptions& options) const;
// Walks up the descriptor tree to generate the source location path
// to this descriptor from the file root.
void GetLocationPath(std::vector<int>* output) const;
const string* name_;
const string* full_name_;
int number_;
const EnumDescriptor* type_;
const EnumValueOptions* options_;
// IMPORTANT: If you add a new field, make sure to search for all instances
// of Allocate<EnumValueDescriptor>() and AllocateArray<EnumValueDescriptor>()
// in descriptor.cc and update them to initialize the field.
// Must be constructed using DescriptorPool.
EnumValueDescriptor() {}
friend class DescriptorBuilder;
friend class EnumDescriptor;
friend class DescriptorPool;
friend class FileDescriptorTables;
GOOGLE_DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(EnumValueDescriptor);
};
// Describes an RPC service. To get the ServiceDescriptor for a service,
// call Service::GetDescriptor(). Generated service classes also have a
// static method called descriptor() which returns the type's
// ServiceDescriptor. Use DescriptorPool to construct your own descriptors.
class LIBPROTOBUF_EXPORT ServiceDescriptor {
public:
// The name of the service, not including its containing scope.
const string& name() const;
// The fully-qualified name of the service, scope delimited by periods.
const string& full_name() const;
// Index of this service within the file's services array.
int index() const;
// The .proto file in which this service was defined. Never NULL.
const FileDescriptor* file() const;
// Get options for this service type. These are specified in the .proto file
// by placing lines like "option foo = 1234;" in the service definition.
// Allowed options are defined by ServiceOptions in
// google/protobuf/descriptor.proto, and any available extensions of that
// message.
const ServiceOptions& options() const;
// The number of methods this service defines.
int method_count() const;
// Gets a MethodDescriptor by index, where 0 <= index < method_count().
// These are returned in the order they were defined in the .proto file.
const MethodDescriptor* method(int index) const;
// Look up a MethodDescriptor by name.
const MethodDescriptor* FindMethodByName(const string& name) const;
// See Descriptor::CopyTo().
void CopyTo(ServiceDescriptorProto* proto) const;
// See Descriptor::DebugString().
string DebugString() const;
// See Descriptor::DebugStringWithOptions().
string DebugStringWithOptions(const DebugStringOptions& options) const;
// Source Location ---------------------------------------------------
// Updates |*out_location| to the source location of the complete
// extent of this service declaration. Returns false and leaves
// |*out_location| unchanged iff location information was not available.
bool GetSourceLocation(SourceLocation* out_location) const;
private:
typedef ServiceOptions OptionsType;
// Allows access to GetLocationPath for annotations.
friend class ::google::protobuf::io::Printer;
// See Descriptor::DebugString().
void DebugString(string *contents, const DebugStringOptions& options) const;
// Walks up the descriptor tree to generate the source location path
// to this descriptor from the file root.
void GetLocationPath(std::vector<int>* output) const;
const string* name_;
const string* full_name_;
const FileDescriptor* file_;
const ServiceOptions* options_;
MethodDescriptor* methods_;
int method_count_;
// IMPORTANT: If you add a new field, make sure to search for all instances
// of Allocate<ServiceDescriptor>() and AllocateArray<ServiceDescriptor>() in
// descriptor.cc and update them to initialize the field.
// Must be constructed using DescriptorPool.
ServiceDescriptor() {}
friend class DescriptorBuilder;
friend class FileDescriptor;
friend class MethodDescriptor;
GOOGLE_DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(ServiceDescriptor);
};
// Describes an individual service method. To obtain a MethodDescriptor given
// a service, first get its ServiceDescriptor, then call
// ServiceDescriptor::FindMethodByName(). Use DescriptorPool to construct your
// own descriptors.
class LIBPROTOBUF_EXPORT MethodDescriptor {
public:
// Name of this method, not including containing scope.
const string& name() const;
// The fully-qualified name of the method, scope delimited by periods.
const string& full_name() const;
// Index within the service's Descriptor.
int index() const;
// The .proto file in which this method was defined. Never NULL.
const FileDescriptor* file() const;
// Gets the service to which this method belongs. Never NULL.
const ServiceDescriptor* service() const;
// Gets the type of protocol message which this method accepts as input.
const Descriptor* input_type() const;
// Gets the type of protocol message which this message produces as output.
const Descriptor* output_type() const;
// Gets whether the client streams multiple requests.
bool client_streaming() const;
// Gets whether the server streams multiple responses.
bool server_streaming() const;
// Get options for this method. These are specified in the .proto file by
// placing lines like "option foo = 1234;" in curly-braces after a method
// declaration. Allowed options are defined by MethodOptions in
// google/protobuf/descriptor.proto, and any available extensions of that
// message.
const MethodOptions& options() const;
// See Descriptor::CopyTo().
void CopyTo(MethodDescriptorProto* proto) const;
// See Descriptor::DebugString().
string DebugString() const;
// See Descriptor::DebugStringWithOptions().
string DebugStringWithOptions(const DebugStringOptions& options) const;
// Source Location ---------------------------------------------------
// Updates |*out_location| to the source location of the complete
// extent of this method declaration. Returns false and leaves
// |*out_location| unchanged iff location information was not available.
bool GetSourceLocation(SourceLocation* out_location) const;
private:
typedef MethodOptions OptionsType;
// Allows access to GetLocationPath for annotations.
friend class ::google::protobuf::io::Printer;
// See Descriptor::DebugString().
void DebugString(int depth, string *contents,
const DebugStringOptions& options) const;
// Walks up the descriptor tree to generate the source location path
// to this descriptor from the file root.
void GetLocationPath(std::vector<int>* output) const;
const string* name_;
const string* full_name_;
const ServiceDescriptor* service_;
mutable internal::LazyDescriptor input_type_;
mutable internal::LazyDescriptor output_type_;
const MethodOptions* options_;
bool client_streaming_;
bool server_streaming_;
// IMPORTANT: If you add a new field, make sure to search for all instances
// of Allocate<MethodDescriptor>() and AllocateArray<MethodDescriptor>() in
// descriptor.cc and update them to initialize the field.
// Must be constructed using DescriptorPool.
MethodDescriptor() {}
friend class DescriptorBuilder;
friend class ServiceDescriptor;
GOOGLE_DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(MethodDescriptor);
};
// Describes a whole .proto file. To get the FileDescriptor for a compiled-in
// file, get the descriptor for something defined in that file and call
// descriptor->file(). Use DescriptorPool to construct your own descriptors.
class LIBPROTOBUF_EXPORT FileDescriptor {
public:
// The filename, relative to the source tree.
// e.g. "google/protobuf/descriptor.proto"
const string& name() const;
// The package, e.g. "google.protobuf.compiler".
const string& package() const;
// The DescriptorPool in which this FileDescriptor and all its contents were
// allocated. Never NULL.
const DescriptorPool* pool() const;
// The number of files imported by this one.
int dependency_count() const;
// Gets an imported file by index, where 0 <= index < dependency_count().
// These are returned in the order they were defined in the .proto file.
const FileDescriptor* dependency(int index) const;
// The number of files public imported by this one.
// The public dependency list is a subset of the dependency list.
int public_dependency_count() const;
// Gets a public imported file by index, where 0 <= index <
// public_dependency_count().
// These are returned in the order they were defined in the .proto file.
const FileDescriptor* public_dependency(int index) const;
// The number of files that are imported for weak fields.
// The weak dependency list is a subset of the dependency list.
int weak_dependency_count() const;
// Gets a weak imported file by index, where 0 <= index <
// weak_dependency_count().
// These are returned in the order they were defined in the .proto file.
const FileDescriptor* weak_dependency(int index) const;
// Number of top-level message types defined in this file. (This does not
// include nested types.)
int message_type_count() const;
// Gets a top-level message type, where 0 <= index < message_type_count().
// These are returned in the order they were defined in the .proto file.
const Descriptor* message_type(int index) const;
// Number of top-level enum types defined in this file. (This does not
// include nested types.)
int enum_type_count() const;
// Gets a top-level enum type, where 0 <= index < enum_type_count().
// These are returned in the order they were defined in the .proto file.
const EnumDescriptor* enum_type(int index) const;
// Number of services defined in this file.
int service_count() const;
// Gets a service, where 0 <= index < service_count().
// These are returned in the order they were defined in the .proto file.
const ServiceDescriptor* service(int index) const;
// Number of extensions defined at file scope. (This does not include
// extensions nested within message types.)
int extension_count() const;
// Gets an extension's descriptor, where 0 <= index < extension_count().
// These are returned in the order they were defined in the .proto file.
const FieldDescriptor* extension(int index) const;
// Get options for this file. These are specified in the .proto file by
// placing lines like "option foo = 1234;" at the top level, outside of any
// other definitions. Allowed options are defined by FileOptions in
// google/protobuf/descriptor.proto, and any available extensions of that
// message.
const FileOptions& options() const;
// Syntax of this file.
enum Syntax {
SYNTAX_UNKNOWN = 0,
SYNTAX_PROTO2 = 2,
SYNTAX_PROTO3 = 3,
};
Syntax syntax() const;
static const char* SyntaxName(Syntax syntax);
// Find a top-level message type by name. Returns NULL if not found.
const Descriptor* FindMessageTypeByName(const string& name) const;
// Find a top-level enum type by name. Returns NULL if not found.
const EnumDescriptor* FindEnumTypeByName(const string& name) const;
// Find an enum value defined in any top-level enum by name. Returns NULL if
// not found.
const EnumValueDescriptor* FindEnumValueByName(const string& name) const;
// Find a service definition by name. Returns NULL if not found.
const ServiceDescriptor* FindServiceByName(const string& name) const;
// Find a top-level extension definition by name. Returns NULL if not found.
const FieldDescriptor* FindExtensionByName(const string& name) const;
// Similar to FindExtensionByName(), but searches by lowercased-name. See
// Descriptor::FindFieldByLowercaseName().
const FieldDescriptor* FindExtensionByLowercaseName(const string& name) const;
// Similar to FindExtensionByName(), but searches by camelcased-name. See
// Descriptor::FindFieldByCamelcaseName().
const FieldDescriptor* FindExtensionByCamelcaseName(const string& name) const;
// See Descriptor::CopyTo().
// Notes:
// - This method does NOT copy source code information since it is relatively
// large and rarely needed. See CopySourceCodeInfoTo() below.
void CopyTo(FileDescriptorProto* proto) const;
// Write the source code information of this FileDescriptor into the given
// FileDescriptorProto. See CopyTo() above.
void CopySourceCodeInfoTo(FileDescriptorProto* proto) const;
// Fill the json_name field of FieldDescriptorProto for all fields. Can only
// be called after CopyTo().
void CopyJsonNameTo(FileDescriptorProto* proto) const;
// See Descriptor::DebugString().
string DebugString() const;
// See Descriptor::DebugStringWithOptions().
string DebugStringWithOptions(const DebugStringOptions& options) const;
// Returns true if this is a placeholder for an unknown file. This will
// only be the case if this descriptor comes from a DescriptorPool
// with AllowUnknownDependencies() set.
bool is_placeholder() const;
// Updates |*out_location| to the source location of the complete extent of
// this file declaration (namely, the empty path).
bool GetSourceLocation(SourceLocation* out_location) const;
// Updates |*out_location| to the source location of the complete
// extent of the declaration or declaration-part denoted by |path|.
// Returns false and leaves |*out_location| unchanged iff location
// information was not available. (See SourceCodeInfo for
// description of path encoding.)
bool GetSourceLocation(const std::vector<int>& path,
SourceLocation* out_location) const;
private:
typedef FileOptions OptionsType;
const string* name_;
const string* package_;
const DescriptorPool* pool_;
GoogleOnceDynamic* dependencies_once_;
static void DependenciesOnceInit(const FileDescriptor* to_init);
void InternalDependenciesOnceInit() const;
// These are arranged to minimze padding on 64-bit.
int dependency_count_;
int public_dependency_count_;
int weak_dependency_count_;
int message_type_count_;
int enum_type_count_;
int service_count_;
int extension_count_;
Syntax syntax_;
bool is_placeholder_;
// Indicates the FileDescriptor is completed building. Used to verify
// that type accessor functions that can possibly build a dependent file
// aren't called during the process of building the file.
bool finished_building_;
mutable const FileDescriptor** dependencies_;
const string** dependencies_names_;
int* public_dependencies_;
int* weak_dependencies_;
Descriptor* message_types_;
EnumDescriptor* enum_types_;
ServiceDescriptor* services_;
FieldDescriptor* extensions_;
const FileOptions* options_;
const FileDescriptorTables* tables_;
const SourceCodeInfo* source_code_info_;
// IMPORTANT: If you add a new field, make sure to search for all instances
// of Allocate<FileDescriptor>() and AllocateArray<FileDescriptor>() in
// descriptor.cc and update them to initialize the field.
FileDescriptor() {}
friend class DescriptorBuilder;
friend class DescriptorPool;
friend class Descriptor;
friend class FieldDescriptor;
friend class internal::LazyDescriptor;
friend class OneofDescriptor;
friend class EnumDescriptor;
friend class EnumValueDescriptor;
friend class MethodDescriptor;
friend class ServiceDescriptor;
GOOGLE_DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(FileDescriptor);
};
// ===================================================================
// Used to construct descriptors.
//
// Normally you won't want to build your own descriptors. Message classes
// constructed by the protocol compiler will provide them for you. However,
// if you are implementing Message on your own, or if you are writing a
// program which can operate on totally arbitrary types and needs to load
// them from some sort of database, you might need to.
//
// Since Descriptors are composed of a whole lot of cross-linked bits of
// data that would be a pain to put together manually, the
// DescriptorPool class is provided to make the process easier. It can
// take a FileDescriptorProto (defined in descriptor.proto), validate it,
// and convert it to a set of nicely cross-linked Descriptors.
//
// DescriptorPool also helps with memory management. Descriptors are
// composed of many objects containing static data and pointers to each
// other. In all likelihood, when it comes time to delete this data,
// you'll want to delete it all at once. In fact, it is not uncommon to
// have a whole pool of descriptors all cross-linked with each other which
// you wish to delete all at once. This class represents such a pool, and
// handles the memory management for you.
//
// You can also search for descriptors within a DescriptorPool by name, and
// extensions by number.
class LIBPROTOBUF_EXPORT DescriptorPool {
public:
// Create a normal, empty DescriptorPool.
DescriptorPool();
// Constructs a DescriptorPool that, when it can't find something among the
// descriptors already in the pool, looks for it in the given
// DescriptorDatabase.
// Notes:
// - If a DescriptorPool is constructed this way, its BuildFile*() methods
// must not be called (they will assert-fail). The only way to populate
// the pool with descriptors is to call the Find*By*() methods.
// - The Find*By*() methods may block the calling thread if the
// DescriptorDatabase blocks. This in turn means that parsing messages
// may block if they need to look up extensions.
// - The Find*By*() methods will use mutexes for thread-safety, thus making
// them slower even when they don't have to fall back to the database.
// In fact, even the Find*By*() methods of descriptor objects owned by
// this pool will be slower, since they will have to obtain locks too.
// - An ErrorCollector may optionally be given to collect validation errors
// in files loaded from the database. If not given, errors will be printed
// to GOOGLE_LOG(ERROR). Remember that files are built on-demand, so this
// ErrorCollector may be called from any thread that calls one of the
// Find*By*() methods.
// - The DescriptorDatabase must not be mutated during the lifetime of
// the DescriptorPool. Even if the client takes care to avoid data races,
// changes to the content of the DescriptorDatabase may not be reflected
// in subsequent lookups in the DescriptorPool.
class ErrorCollector;
explicit DescriptorPool(DescriptorDatabase* fallback_database,
ErrorCollector* error_collector = NULL);
~DescriptorPool();
// Get a pointer to the generated pool. Generated protocol message classes
// which are compiled into the binary will allocate their descriptors in
// this pool. Do not add your own descriptors to this pool.
static const DescriptorPool* generated_pool();
// Find a FileDescriptor in the pool by file name. Returns NULL if not
// found.
const FileDescriptor* FindFileByName(const string& name) const;
// Find the FileDescriptor in the pool which defines the given symbol.
// If any of the Find*ByName() methods below would succeed, then this is
// equivalent to calling that method and calling the result's file() method.
// Otherwise this returns NULL.
const FileDescriptor* FindFileContainingSymbol(
const string& symbol_name) const;
// Looking up descriptors ------------------------------------------
// These find descriptors by fully-qualified name. These will find both
// top-level descriptors and nested descriptors. They return NULL if not
// found.
const Descriptor* FindMessageTypeByName(const string& name) const;
const FieldDescriptor* FindFieldByName(const string& name) const;
const FieldDescriptor* FindExtensionByName(const string& name) const;
const OneofDescriptor* FindOneofByName(const string& name) const;
const EnumDescriptor* FindEnumTypeByName(const string& name) const;
const EnumValueDescriptor* FindEnumValueByName(const string& name) const;
const ServiceDescriptor* FindServiceByName(const string& name) const;
const MethodDescriptor* FindMethodByName(const string& name) const;
// Finds an extension of the given type by number. The extendee must be
// a member of this DescriptorPool or one of its underlays.
const FieldDescriptor* FindExtensionByNumber(const Descriptor* extendee,
int number) const;
// Finds extensions of extendee. The extensions will be appended to
// out in an undefined order. Only extensions defined directly in
// this DescriptorPool or one of its underlays are guaranteed to be
// found: extensions defined in the fallback database might not be found
// depending on the database implementation.
void FindAllExtensions(const Descriptor* extendee,
std::vector<const FieldDescriptor*>* out) const;
// Building descriptors --------------------------------------------
// When converting a FileDescriptorProto to a FileDescriptor, various
// errors might be detected in the input. The caller may handle these
// programmatically by implementing an ErrorCollector.
class LIBPROTOBUF_EXPORT ErrorCollector {
public:
inline ErrorCollector() {}
virtual ~ErrorCollector();
// These constants specify what exact part of the construct is broken.
// This is useful e.g. for mapping the error back to an exact location
// in a .proto file.
enum ErrorLocation {
NAME, // the symbol name, or the package name for files
NUMBER, // field or extension range number
TYPE, // field type
EXTENDEE, // field extendee
DEFAULT_VALUE, // field default value
INPUT_TYPE, // method input type
OUTPUT_TYPE, // method output type
OPTION_NAME, // name in assignment
OPTION_VALUE, // value in option assignment
OTHER // some other problem
};
// Reports an error in the FileDescriptorProto. Use this function if the
// problem occurred should interrupt building the FileDescriptorProto.
virtual void AddError(
const string& filename, // File name in which the error occurred.
const string& element_name, // Full name of the erroneous element.
const Message* descriptor, // Descriptor of the erroneous element.
ErrorLocation location, // One of the location constants, above.
const string& message // Human-readable error message.
) = 0;
// Reports a warning in the FileDescriptorProto. Use this function if the
// problem occurred should NOT interrupt building the FileDescriptorProto.
virtual void AddWarning(
const string& /*filename*/, // File name in which the error occurred.
const string& /*element_name*/, // Full name of the erroneous element.
const Message* /*descriptor*/, // Descriptor of the erroneous element.
ErrorLocation /*location*/, // One of the location constants, above.
const string& /*message*/ // Human-readable error message.
) {}
private:
GOOGLE_DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(ErrorCollector);
};
// Convert the FileDescriptorProto to real descriptors and place them in
// this DescriptorPool. All dependencies of the file must already be in
// the pool. Returns the resulting FileDescriptor, or NULL if there were
// problems with the input (e.g. the message was invalid, or dependencies
// were missing). Details about the errors are written to GOOGLE_LOG(ERROR).
const FileDescriptor* BuildFile(const FileDescriptorProto& proto);
// Same as BuildFile() except errors are sent to the given ErrorCollector.
const FileDescriptor* BuildFileCollectingErrors(
const FileDescriptorProto& proto,
ErrorCollector* error_collector);
// By default, it is an error if a FileDescriptorProto contains references
// to types or other files that are not found in the DescriptorPool (or its
// backing DescriptorDatabase, if any). If you call
// AllowUnknownDependencies(), however, then unknown types and files
// will be replaced by placeholder descriptors (which can be identified by
// the is_placeholder() method). This can allow you to
// perform some useful operations with a .proto file even if you do not
// have access to other .proto files on which it depends. However, some
// heuristics must be used to fill in the gaps in information, and these
// can lead to descriptors which are inaccurate. For example, the
// DescriptorPool may be forced to guess whether an unknown type is a message
// or an enum, as well as what package it resides in. Furthermore,
// placeholder types will not be discoverable via FindMessageTypeByName()
// and similar methods, which could confuse some descriptor-based algorithms.
// Generally, the results of this option should be handled with extreme care.
void AllowUnknownDependencies() { allow_unknown_ = true; }
// By default, weak imports are allowed to be missing, in which case we will
// use a placeholder for the dependency and convert the field to be an Empty
// message field. If you call EnforceWeakDependencies(true), however, the
// DescriptorPool will report a import not found error.
void EnforceWeakDependencies(bool enforce) { enforce_weak_ = enforce; }
// Internal stuff --------------------------------------------------
// These methods MUST NOT be called from outside the proto2 library.
// These methods may contain hidden pitfalls and may be removed in a
// future library version.
// Create a DescriptorPool which is overlaid on top of some other pool.
// If you search for a descriptor in the overlay and it is not found, the
// underlay will be searched as a backup. If the underlay has its own
// underlay, that will be searched next, and so on. This also means that
// files built in the overlay will be cross-linked with the underlay's
// descriptors if necessary. The underlay remains property of the caller;
// it must remain valid for the lifetime of the newly-constructed pool.
//
// Example: Say you want to parse a .proto file at runtime in order to use
// its type with a DynamicMessage. Say this .proto file has dependencies,
// but you know that all the dependencies will be things that are already
// compiled into the binary. For ease of use, you'd like to load the types
// right out of generated_pool() rather than have to parse redundant copies
// of all these .protos and runtime. But, you don't want to add the parsed
// types directly into generated_pool(): this is not allowed, and would be
// bad design anyway. So, instead, you could use generated_pool() as an
// underlay for a new DescriptorPool in which you add only the new file.
//
// WARNING: Use of underlays can lead to many subtle gotchas. Instead,
// try to formulate what you want to do in terms of DescriptorDatabases.
explicit DescriptorPool(const DescriptorPool* underlay);
// Called by generated classes at init time to add their descriptors to
// generated_pool. Do NOT call this in your own code! filename must be a
// permanent string (e.g. a string literal).
static void InternalAddGeneratedFile(
const void* encoded_file_descriptor, int size);
// Disallow [enforce_utf8 = false] in .proto files.
void DisallowEnforceUtf8() { disallow_enforce_utf8_ = true; }
// For internal use only: Gets a non-const pointer to the generated pool.
// This is called at static-initialization time only, so thread-safety is
// not a concern. If both an underlay and a fallback database are present,
// the underlay takes precedence.
static DescriptorPool* internal_generated_pool();
// For internal use only: Changes the behavior of BuildFile() such that it
// allows the file to make reference to message types declared in other files
// which it did not officially declare as dependencies.
void InternalDontEnforceDependencies();
// For internal use only: Enables lazy building of dependencies of a file.
// Delay the building of dependencies of a file descriptor until absolutely
// necessary, like when message_type() is called on a field that is defined
// in that dependency's file. This will cause functional issues if a proto
// or one of it's dependencies has errors. Should only be enabled for the
// generated_pool_ (because no descriptor build errors are guaranteed by
// the compilation generation process), testing, or if a lack of descriptor
// build errors can be guaranteed for a pool.
void InternalSetLazilyBuildDependencies() {
lazily_build_dependencies_ = true;
// This needs to be set when lazily building dependencies, as it breaks
// dependency checking.
InternalDontEnforceDependencies();
}
// For internal use only.
void internal_set_underlay(const DescriptorPool* underlay) {
underlay_ = underlay;
}
// For internal (unit test) use only: Returns true if a FileDescriptor has
// been constructed for the given file, false otherwise. Useful for testing
// lazy descriptor initialization behavior.
bool InternalIsFileLoaded(const string& filename) const;
// Add a file to unused_import_track_files_. DescriptorBuilder will log
// warnings for those files if there is any unused import.
void AddUnusedImportTrackFile(const string& file_name);
void ClearUnusedImportTrackFiles();
private:
friend class Descriptor;
friend class internal::LazyDescriptor;
friend class FieldDescriptor;
friend class EnumDescriptor;
friend class ServiceDescriptor;
friend class MethodDescriptor;
friend class FileDescriptor;
friend class StreamDescriptor;
friend class DescriptorBuilder;
friend class FileDescriptorTables;
// Return true if the given name is a sub-symbol of any non-package
// descriptor that already exists in the descriptor pool. (The full
// definition of such types is already known.)
bool IsSubSymbolOfBuiltType(const string& name) const;
// Tries to find something in the fallback database and link in the
// corresponding proto file. Returns true if successful, in which case
// the caller should search for the thing again. These are declared
// const because they are called by (semantically) const methods.
bool TryFindFileInFallbackDatabase(const string& name) const;
bool TryFindSymbolInFallbackDatabase(const string& name) const;
bool TryFindExtensionInFallbackDatabase(const Descriptor* containing_type,
int field_number) const;
// Like BuildFile() but called internally when the file has been loaded from
// fallback_database_. Declared const because it is called by (semantically)
// const methods.
const FileDescriptor* BuildFileFromDatabase(
const FileDescriptorProto& proto) const;
// Helper for when lazily_build_dependencies_ is set, can look up a symbol
// after the file's descriptor is built, and can build the file where that
// symbol is defined if necessary. Will create a placeholder if the type
// doesn't exist in the fallback database, or the file doesn't build
// successfully.
Symbol CrossLinkOnDemandHelper(const string& name, bool expecting_enum) const;
// Create a placeholder FileDescriptor of the specified name
FileDescriptor* NewPlaceholderFile(const string& name) const;
FileDescriptor* NewPlaceholderFileWithMutexHeld(const string& name) const;
enum PlaceholderType {
PLACEHOLDER_MESSAGE,
PLACEHOLDER_ENUM,
PLACEHOLDER_EXTENDABLE_MESSAGE
};
// Create a placeholder Descriptor of the specified name
Symbol NewPlaceholder(const string& name,
PlaceholderType placeholder_type) const;
Symbol NewPlaceholderWithMutexHeld(const string& name,
PlaceholderType placeholder_type) const;
// If fallback_database_ is NULL, this is NULL. Otherwise, this is a mutex
// which must be locked while accessing tables_.
Mutex* mutex_;
// See constructor.
DescriptorDatabase* fallback_database_;
ErrorCollector* default_error_collector_;
const DescriptorPool* underlay_;
// This class contains a lot of hash maps with complicated types that
// we'd like to keep out of the header.
class Tables;
google::protobuf::scoped_ptr<Tables> tables_;
bool enforce_dependencies_;
bool lazily_build_dependencies_;
bool allow_unknown_;
bool enforce_weak_;
bool disallow_enforce_utf8_;
std::set<string> unused_import_track_files_;
GOOGLE_DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(DescriptorPool);
};
// inline methods ====================================================
// These macros makes this repetitive code more readable.
#define PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(CLASS, FIELD, TYPE) \
inline TYPE CLASS::FIELD() const { return FIELD##_; }
// Strings fields are stored as pointers but returned as const references.
#define PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(CLASS, FIELD) \
inline const string& CLASS::FIELD() const { return *FIELD##_; }
// Arrays take an index parameter, obviously.
#define PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR(CLASS, FIELD, TYPE) \
inline TYPE CLASS::FIELD(int index) const { return FIELD##s_ + index; }
#define PROTOBUF_DEFINE_OPTIONS_ACCESSOR(CLASS, TYPE) \
inline const TYPE& CLASS::options() const { return *options_; }
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, name)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, full_name)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, file, const FileDescriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, containing_type, const Descriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, field_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, oneof_decl_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, nested_type_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, enum_type_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, field, const FieldDescriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, oneof_decl, const OneofDescriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, nested_type, const Descriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, enum_type, const EnumDescriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, extension_range_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, extension_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, extension_range,
const Descriptor::ExtensionRange*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, extension,
const FieldDescriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, reserved_range_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, reserved_range,
const Descriptor::ReservedRange*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, reserved_name_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_OPTIONS_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, MessageOptions)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(Descriptor, is_placeholder, bool)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, name)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, full_name)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, json_name)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, lowercase_name)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, camelcase_name)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, file, const FileDescriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, number, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, is_extension, bool)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, label, FieldDescriptor::Label)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, containing_type, const Descriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, containing_oneof,
const OneofDescriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, index_in_oneof, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, extension_scope, const Descriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_OPTIONS_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, FieldOptions)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, has_default_value, bool)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, has_json_name, bool)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, default_value_int32 , int32 )
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, default_value_int64 , int64 )
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, default_value_uint32, uint32)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, default_value_uint64, uint64)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, default_value_float , float )
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, default_value_double, double)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, default_value_bool , bool )
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(FieldDescriptor, default_value_string)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(OneofDescriptor, name)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(OneofDescriptor, full_name)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(OneofDescriptor, containing_type, const Descriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(OneofDescriptor, field_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_OPTIONS_ACCESSOR(OneofDescriptor, OneofOptions)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(EnumDescriptor, name)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(EnumDescriptor, full_name)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(EnumDescriptor, file, const FileDescriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(EnumDescriptor, containing_type, const Descriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(EnumDescriptor, value_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR(EnumDescriptor, value,
const EnumValueDescriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_OPTIONS_ACCESSOR(EnumDescriptor, EnumOptions)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(EnumDescriptor, is_placeholder, bool)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(EnumDescriptor, reserved_range_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR(EnumDescriptor, reserved_range,
const EnumDescriptor::ReservedRange*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(EnumDescriptor, reserved_name_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(EnumValueDescriptor, name)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(EnumValueDescriptor, full_name)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(EnumValueDescriptor, number, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(EnumValueDescriptor, type, const EnumDescriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_OPTIONS_ACCESSOR(EnumValueDescriptor, EnumValueOptions)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(ServiceDescriptor, name)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(ServiceDescriptor, full_name)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(ServiceDescriptor, file, const FileDescriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(ServiceDescriptor, method_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR(ServiceDescriptor, method,
const MethodDescriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_OPTIONS_ACCESSOR(ServiceDescriptor, ServiceOptions)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(MethodDescriptor, name)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(MethodDescriptor, full_name)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(MethodDescriptor, service, const ServiceDescriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_OPTIONS_ACCESSOR(MethodDescriptor, MethodOptions)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(MethodDescriptor, client_streaming, bool)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(MethodDescriptor, server_streaming, bool)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(FileDescriptor, name)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR(FileDescriptor, package)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FileDescriptor, pool, const DescriptorPool*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FileDescriptor, dependency_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FileDescriptor, public_dependency_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FileDescriptor, weak_dependency_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FileDescriptor, message_type_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FileDescriptor, enum_type_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FileDescriptor, service_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FileDescriptor, extension_count, int)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_OPTIONS_ACCESSOR(FileDescriptor, FileOptions)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR(FileDescriptor, is_placeholder, bool)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR(FileDescriptor, message_type, const Descriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR(FileDescriptor, enum_type, const EnumDescriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR(FileDescriptor, service,
const ServiceDescriptor*)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR(FileDescriptor, extension,
const FieldDescriptor*)
#undef PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ACCESSOR
#undef PROTOBUF_DEFINE_STRING_ACCESSOR
#undef PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR
// A few accessors differ from the macros...
inline bool Descriptor::IsExtensionNumber(int number) const {
return FindExtensionRangeContainingNumber(number) != NULL;
}
inline bool Descriptor::IsReservedNumber(int number) const {
return FindReservedRangeContainingNumber(number) != NULL;
}
inline bool Descriptor::IsReservedName(const string& name) const {
for (int i = 0; i < reserved_name_count(); i++) {
if (name == reserved_name(i)) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
// Can't use PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR because reserved_names_ is actually
// an array of pointers rather than the usual array of objects.
inline const string& Descriptor::reserved_name(int index) const {
return *reserved_names_[index];
}
inline bool EnumDescriptor::IsReservedNumber(int number) const {
return FindReservedRangeContainingNumber(number) != NULL;
}
inline bool EnumDescriptor::IsReservedName(const string& name) const {
for (int i = 0; i < reserved_name_count(); i++) {
if (name == reserved_name(i)) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
// Can't use PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR because reserved_names_ is actually
// an array of pointers rather than the usual array of objects.
inline const string& EnumDescriptor::reserved_name(int index) const {
return *reserved_names_[index];
}
inline FieldDescriptor::Type FieldDescriptor::type() const {
if (type_once_) {
type_once_->Init(&FieldDescriptor::TypeOnceInit, this);
}
return type_;
}
inline bool FieldDescriptor::is_required() const {
return label() == LABEL_REQUIRED;
}
inline bool FieldDescriptor::is_optional() const {
return label() == LABEL_OPTIONAL;
}
inline bool FieldDescriptor::is_repeated() const {
return label() == LABEL_REPEATED;
}
inline bool FieldDescriptor::is_packable() const {
return is_repeated() && IsTypePackable(type());
}
inline bool FieldDescriptor::is_map() const {
return type() == TYPE_MESSAGE && is_map_message_type();
}
// To save space, index() is computed by looking at the descriptor's position
// in the parent's array of children.
inline int FieldDescriptor::index() const {
if (!is_extension_) {
return static_cast<int>(this - containing_type()->fields_);
} else if (extension_scope_ != NULL) {
return static_cast<int>(this - extension_scope_->extensions_);
} else {
return static_cast<int>(this - file_->extensions_);
}
}
inline int Descriptor::index() const {
if (containing_type_ == NULL) {
return static_cast<int>(this - file_->message_types_);
} else {
return static_cast<int>(this - containing_type_->nested_types_);
}
}
inline const FileDescriptor* OneofDescriptor::file() const {
return containing_type()->file();
}
inline int OneofDescriptor::index() const {
return static_cast<int>(this - containing_type_->oneof_decls_);
}
inline int EnumDescriptor::index() const {
if (containing_type_ == NULL) {
return static_cast<int>(this - file_->enum_types_);
} else {
return static_cast<int>(this - containing_type_->enum_types_);
}
}
inline const FileDescriptor* EnumValueDescriptor::file() const {
return type()->file();
}
inline int EnumValueDescriptor::index() const {
return static_cast<int>(this - type_->values_);
}
inline int ServiceDescriptor::index() const {
return static_cast<int>(this - file_->services_);
}
inline const FileDescriptor* MethodDescriptor::file() const {
return service()->file();
}
inline int MethodDescriptor::index() const {
return static_cast<int>(this - service_->methods_);
}
inline const char* FieldDescriptor::type_name() const {
return kTypeToName[type()];
}
inline FieldDescriptor::CppType FieldDescriptor::cpp_type() const {
return kTypeToCppTypeMap[type()];
}
inline const char* FieldDescriptor::cpp_type_name() const {
return kCppTypeToName[kTypeToCppTypeMap[type()]];
}
inline FieldDescriptor::CppType FieldDescriptor::TypeToCppType(Type type) {
return kTypeToCppTypeMap[type];
}
inline const char* FieldDescriptor::TypeName(Type type) {
return kTypeToName[type];
}
inline const char* FieldDescriptor::CppTypeName(CppType cpp_type) {
return kCppTypeToName[cpp_type];
}
inline bool FieldDescriptor::IsTypePackable(Type field_type) {
return (field_type != FieldDescriptor::TYPE_STRING &&
field_type != FieldDescriptor::TYPE_GROUP &&
field_type != FieldDescriptor::TYPE_MESSAGE &&
field_type != FieldDescriptor::TYPE_BYTES);
}
inline const FileDescriptor* FileDescriptor::public_dependency(
int index) const {
return dependency(public_dependencies_[index]);
}
inline const FileDescriptor* FileDescriptor::weak_dependency(
int index) const {
return dependency(weak_dependencies_[index]);
}
inline FileDescriptor::Syntax FileDescriptor::syntax() const {
return syntax_;
}
// Can't use PROTOBUF_DEFINE_ARRAY_ACCESSOR because fields_ is actually an array
// of pointers rather than the usual array of objects.
inline const FieldDescriptor* OneofDescriptor::field(int index) const {
return fields_[index];
}
} // namespace protobuf
} // namespace google
#endif // GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_DESCRIPTOR_H__
``` |
Julinek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Leszno, north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and west of Warsaw.
References
Julinek |
```smalltalk
using O365Clinic.Function.Webhooks.Models;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace O365Clinic.Function.Webhooks
{
public interface ISharePointService
{
/// <summary>
/// Get Incidents
/// </summary>
/// <param name="siteUrl"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
//Task<List<IncidentItem>> GetTickets(string siteUrl);
Task GetListRecentChanges(string siteUrl, string cardPath);
}
}
``` |
The 2015 Big South Conference baseball tournament will be held from May 19 through 23. The top eight regular season finishers of the conference's twelve teams will meet in the double-elimination tournament to be held at John Henry Moss Stadium on the campus of Gardner–Webb University in Boiling Springs, North Carolina. The tournament champion will earn the conference's automatic bid to the 2015 NCAA Division I baseball tournament.
Seeding and format
The top eight finishers of the league's eleven teams qualify for the double-elimination tournament. Teams are seeded based on conference winning percentage, with the first tiebreaker being head-to-head record.
Bracket
References
Tournament
Big South Conference baseball tournament
Big South Conference baseball tournament
Big South Conference baseball tournament |
Richard Cordice Ollivierre (1880 – 5 June 1937) was a black West Indian cricketer who toured England in 1906. He was a right-handed batsman, right-arm fast bowler and useful wicket-keeper.
Life and career
Being from the small island of St Vincent, Ollivierre's chances to play in important cricket matches in the West Indies were limited. He made his debut in big matches playing with A. B. St Hill's team that played in Trinidad in 1898–99 scoring 60 in the second game, but was not selected for the 1900 tour to England. He played again in the next tour to Trinidad by A. B. St Hill's team in 1900–01, and in 1904–05 he was selected for the combined West Indies team and played in both matches against Lord Brackley's team.
He was chosen for the 1906 tour to England. Before the tour he was described as "an excellent bat, fine field; requires experience in first-class matches" and "he is one of the famous brotherhood and a hard hitter. He is quite the Jessop of the Indies, but combines the penchant of A. N. Hornby for short runs. Being the reserve wicketkeeper and a capital fast bowler, he is a good all-round exponent". He and Sydney Smith were the successes of the tour. He scored 480 in his 12 first class matches at an average of 20, led the bowling averages with 58 wickets at an average of 21.56, and even kept wicket on a few occasions. The highlight of his tour was the match against Yorkshire when he took 11 wickets in the West Indies victory.
He played for W. C. Shepherd's team that played in British Guiana and Trinidad in 1909–10 and had some success with his bowling. He did not play against the M.C.C. tourists in 1910–11 but did play for the combined West Indies in all three matches against the 1912–13 team and took 13 wickets in the matches and scored over 100 runs in the third match alone. Talking about the Cork Challenge Cup in the 1911–12 season 'Cricket' says that "The third tournament, in St. Vincent last year, came to a premature end, owing to the misbehaviour of the crowd, incensed at seeing its idol, Richard Ollivierre, given out l.b.w."
Soon after his 1912–13 success he emigrated to the United States and in August 1913 appeared for a 'West Indian Coloured Team' against the 1913 Australian tourists at Celtic Park, Brooklyn, New York City. Having recently played at a good standard he was clearly the best bowler in the side and took 7–57 in 19 overs, six of them bowled and the other caught and bowled. The West Indians were dismissed for 13 and 61 and beaten by an innings and 139 runs.
He was one of a family of cricketers which included his brothers Charles and Helon.
References
External links
CricketArchive stats
Cricinfo player profile
1880 births
1937 deaths
People from Kingstown
Pre-1928 West Indies cricketers
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines cricketers
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines emigrants to the United States |
Albert Byrd (November 28, 1915 – June 26, 1990) was an American cyclist. He competed in three events at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
In the 100KM road race Byrd suffered a broken chain near the Olympic Village and retired from the race. The pursuit team of Byrd, Charles Morton, William Logan and John Sinibaldi finished ninth.
After living most of his life in Chicago, he moved to Tampa, where he died in 1990. He was a World War II veteran, in which he was awarded both the Silver Star and the Purple Heart. After the war he worked as a construction engineer.
References
External links
1915 births
1990 deaths
American male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for the United States
Cyclists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Cyclists from Chicago |
Catherine Louise Murphy (born 26 September 1983) is a South African-born Irish former cricketer who played as a right-handed batter. She appeared in 2 Twenty20 Internationals for Ireland in 2008. She played in the Women's Super Series for Scorchers in 2017 and 2018.
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Irish women cricketers
Ireland women Twenty20 International cricketers
Irish people of South African descent
Cricketers from Johannesburg
Scorchers (women's cricket) cricketers |
An Esquire of the Body was a personal attendant and courtier to the Kings of England during the Late Middle Ages and the early modern period. The Knight of the Body was a related position, apparently sometimes merely an "Esquire" who had been knighted, as many were. The distinction between the two roles is not entirely clear, and probably shifted over time. The positions also existed in some lesser courts, such as that of the Prince of Wales.
The roles could be an important step up in the career of a courtier, politician or soldier. Ex-holders included such figures as William FitzWilliam, 1st Earl of Southampton, William Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys, John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, and John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk.
There was an element of the bodyguard in the role, but it also might be awarded to companions the king liked, or to regional gentry to bind them to the king's "affinity" of retainers. To some extent it equated to the French valet de chambre and similar roles in Continental Europe.
History
Esquires in Ordinary of the King's Body, often abbreviated to Esquires of the Body, became a formal position and title in the English royal household. The Liber Niger (the management manual of the English Royal Household from the reign of Edward IV through to the reign of Henry VIII) states that the Esquire of the Body should be "attendant upon the king's person, to array and unray him, and to watch day and night" to be ready to help the King because "no man else [is] to set hands on the king". It was considered a great honour to be granted the position and because of the intimate and frequent access it gave to the king, it could become a position of considerable influence.
For example, while George Boleyn did dress Henry VIII and certainly had the King's ear.
By the time of Henry VIII, the position holders were usually knights (who were entitled to the help of two esquires and a page boy), of which at least two would always be in attendance on the King.
There were six such courtiers, with a barber and a page, to attend on the King in his bedchamber when he arose in the morning. They were responsible for dressing the King in his undergarments before he entered the privy chamber to finish dressing attended by the Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber. While the King ate two Esquires would sit at his feet while at least two served the food, and another served drink in a cup which had been handed to him by the Chief Butler, and others presented the ewer and basin. At other times the Esquires would be on hand to help the King with menial tasks such as carrying his cloak.
During the night the duty Esquires of the Body had complete control of the King's household and combined in one office the functions which during the day were shared between the Lord Great Chamberlain, the Vice-Chamberlain, Gentleman Ushers and the Esquires of the Body. No night-time household business could be conducted and no dispatches could be delivered to the King without the permission of the duty Esquire.
Eventually the position in the English royal household became more formal and did not necessarily involve dressing and undressing the monarch. The function clearly needed to change in the case of a female monarch, for example the poet and dramatist John Lyly was appointed an honorary Esquire of the Body in the late 1580s to Queen Elizabeth I in recognition of his services to her as an entertainer. Ladies-in-waiting performed the intimate tasks for the Queen which the Esquires had done for her father.
The position of Esquire of the Body also existed in some other courts, such as that of the Prince of Wales. For example, Sir Robert Fullhurst served as an Esquire of the Body to Edward, Prince of Wales, son of King Henry VI.
At the time of the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660 four Esquires of the Body were appointed. This number was reduced to two on the accession of King James II in 1685. The position was eliminated in the English royal household on the accession of Queen Anne in 1702.
Knights of the Body
In addition to Esquires of the Body, there were also Knights of the Body in late medieval English royal households. The eighteenth-century antiquarian Samuel Pegge wrote that Knights of the Body were Esquires of the Body who had been knighted and that sometimes one Knight of the Body could stand in for two Esquires of the Body. Josiah Wedgwood and Anne Holt also state in their History of Parliament ... 1439–1509 that Esquires of the Body who were knighted became Knights of the Body. In the mid-fourteenth century, Knights of the Body outranked Esquires of the Body; however, Rosemary Horrox points out that "their social background was very similar and promotion from one to the other was not uncommon". The Black Book of c. 1471–72 suggests that both Knights and Esquires of the Body were respectively more superior than those who were King's Knights or King's Esquires (also known as Knights of the Household or Esquires of the Household), but in practice the latter titles were used inconsistently, or generically used to refer to any member of the household not a Knight or Esquire of the Body who was nevertheless a Knight or Esquire. In 1454, the Knights of the Body were attended by a yeoman; the figure had been two in the reign of Edward III.
Chris Given-Wilson has argued that the Knights of the Body emerged in the mid-fourteenth century as part of a wider process by which the chamber (at the expense of the hall) became increasingly important in the organisation of the royal household. As such, the household knights declined in importance, while a new body of "chamber knights" emerged as preeminent: "During the fifteenth century they [the chamber knights] came to be known as 'knights of the body', though both their numbers and duties remained similar". Over the course of the late fifteenth century, the number of Knights of the Body grew from the ten who occupied the position in the first decade of Edward IV's reign (1460–70) to the thirty men who were Knights of the Body by the end of his reign, in 1483. According to Horrox, this was due to Edward "regrading" members of his household, with King's Knights increasingly being promoted to be Knights of the Body or Carvers. In Richard III's household (r. 1483–85), there were fifty Knights of the Body. According to Narasingha Prosad Sil, the Knights of the Body were merged with Esquires of the Household to form the office of Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber in 1518.
By the late period, the title was often given to men who were important regional gentry, and already held roles such as Justice of the Peace or Sheriff of their county. They probably spent little time at court. Later court roles often rotated among several holders, who attended the monarch on a fixed timetable, for periods such as two months every year; there may have been similar arrangements here. The role was partly as a bodyguard, with many professional soldiers holding it. In wartime it probably often equated to the modern aide-de-camp or staff officer.
Notes
References
Further reading
— Includes a description of how Queen Elizabeth I arranged her household, including the position of Esquire of the Body, mentioning Rodger Manners as a case study.
— A primary source describing the role of the office of Esquire of the Body written in the reigns of Henry VII and VIII.
— Latin text of Black Book of the Exchequer of Henry II.
— This contains a collection of primary sources, including the Liber Nigra of Edward IV. |
Joseph Symonds might refers to the following individuals:
Joseph Symonds (pastor) ( ? - 1652), British pastor and Puritan
Joseph W. Symonds (1840 - 1918), American judge and a justice of Maine Supreme Judicial Court
Joseph B. Symonds (1900 - 1985), British politician and Member of Parliament
|
is a former Japanese competitive figure skater. He currently competes in pair skating with Narumi Takahashi.
Personal life
Shibata was born on February 24, 1987 in Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
The Japanese media called Shibata "the Japanese Johnny Weir". He was able to perform a Biellmann spin in competition.
Career
Competing in men's singles, Shibata won two gold medals on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series and qualified to two ISU Junior Grand Prix Finals. He appeared at the 2003 and 2006 World Junior Championships, finishing 12th both times, and at three senior Grand Prix events. He retired in 2010.
On May 18, 2016, it was announced that Shibata had teamed up with pair skater, Narumi Takahashi, and that they would train in Geneva, Illinois under Stefania Berton and Rockne Brubaker.
As a team, Takahashi/Shibata won the bronze medal at the 2017 Asian Open Trophy and the silver medal at the 2017–18 Japan Championships.
In March 2018, Takahashi announced her retirement from competitive figure skating and Shibata ultimately announced his retirement in July that same year.
Programs
Pairs skating with Takahashi
Singles skating
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
Pairs with Takahashi
Men's singles
References
External links
Japanese male single skaters
Japanese male pair skaters
Figure skaters at the 2017 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games competitors for Japan
1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Hokkaido
People from Kushiro, Hokkaido |
The Garden That Tilts (French: Le Jardin qui bascule) is a 1974 French drama film directed by Guy Gilles.
Cast
Philippe Chemin ... Roland
Guy Bedos ... Maurice Garcia
Caroline Cartier ... Sophie
Pierre Fabre ... L'homme du banc
Anouk Ferjac ... Nanou Garcia
Sami Frey ... Michel
Patrick Jouané ... Karl
Ludovic Lutard ... Titi
Jeanne Moreau ... Maria
Jean-Marie Proslier ... Le patron du bistrot
Delphine Seyrig ... Kate
Howard Vernon ... Paul
External links
1974 films
1970s French-language films
1974 drama films
Films directed by Guy Gilles
French drama films
1970s French films |
Frea flavosparsa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1914 and is known from Tanzania.
References
Endemic fauna of Tanzania
flavosparsa
Beetles described in 1914 |
Porter Edward Sargent (June 6, 1872 – March 27, 1951), born in Brooklyn, New York, was a prominent educational critic and founder of Porter Sargent Publishers in Boston in 1915. In 1949, he was described as "probably the most outstanding and consistent critic of the American educational scene."
Early life
In his youth, Sargent's family moved to a ranch in San Bernardino, California. In 1892, he became principal of a San Bernardino grammar school. The next year he went to study at Harvard University, where he obtained his bachelor's (1896) and masters (1897). Among the professors who influenced him were William James, Nathaniel Shaler, Charles Eliot Norton, and William Gilson Farlow. After graduation, Sargent taught school in Cambridge, and did graduate research on neurology, publishing 10 scientific papers, but quitting before he received his doctorate. For a decade beginning in 1904, Sargent ran a travel school for boys, in which he led tours to Europe and other parts of the world.
Publishing and educational criticism
In 1915, Sargent began publishing the Handbook of Private Schools. Moehlman wrote that Sargent's "annual Forewords to the Handbook of Private Schools gradually evolved into the most comprehensive critiques of education published anywhere. His candid treatment of vested interests, of educational cant, of stuffed shirts, of the tradition-encrusted academic mind and, above all, the sacred cows of privilege and tradition brought them into more prominence with each succeeding edition." Because other publishers feared libel suits, Sargent was "forced to become his own
publisher."
The Handbook'''s fourth edition (1918) was more than 700 pages in length, had dozens of chapters in four long sections entitled 1. "Introductory," (e.g., 'History of the private school,' 'The new school movement,' 'vocational education,' etc.), 2. "Critical Description of Schools and Summer Camps" (by gender, curriculum, region), 3. "Comparative Tables," and 4. "Educational Directories." Immediately after the table of contents, it also contained the following invitation to readers:
Parents and Prospective Patrons of the Private Schools are cordially invited to call upon or write Mr. Sargent for intimate information and unprejudiced advice. Please state the Problem clearly. No Fees are accepted.
Sargent's interests gradually expanded into many fields. Moehlman wrote that in the 1940s, because of Sargent's writings,
the annual critiques and other solid books, including one of poetry, that pour steadily from Porter Sargent's pen have developed a growing and regular audience. More than ten thousand people buy his books every year, and an estimated forty thousand more look over their shoulders to read without meeting the admission price.
Reviewing one of Sargent's books in 1947, Edmund A. Opitz wrote that
what Porter Sargent says ... is important, but not so important as what he is. He is an independent and intelligent dissenter, a type once thought to be rather characteristic of New England and of which we were justly proud. It is our misfortune and the country's that this type is now rare ... He keeps his thinking open at both ends ... He is one of our best provokers of thought".
The Saturday Review of Literature, reviewing Sargent's War and Education in 1943, wrote that "Every guild needs its gadfly, and none more than the teaching profession." It stated that readers of the book "will be shocked or delighted according to their temperaments."
In 1949, Arthur B. Moehlman, also referring to Sargent as having the "role of a gadfly," wrote that
Probably the most outstanding and consistent critic of the American educational scene since 1914 has been Porter Sargent of Boston, who is also a national authority on the private school. Always interesting, always stimulating, Charles A. Beard complained that he "keeps me up at night following the shooting stars and wondering what is to come next."
After Sargent's death in 1951, his son F. Porter Sargent (1915–1975) assumed leadership of the Porter Sargent publishing house.
Written works (selected)New immoralities: clearing 'the way for a new ethics. Boston:Porter Sargent, 1935. What makes lives. Boston:Porter Sargent, 1940. War and education. Boston:Porter Sargent, 1943. Between two wars; the failure of education, 1920–1940. Boston:Porter Sargent, 1945. The future of education''. Boston:Porter Sargent, 1945.
References
1872 births
1951 deaths
American educational theorists
Harvard University alumni
People from Brooklyn |
```php
<?php
/**
*/
namespace OC\Files\ObjectStore;
use OCP\Files\ObjectStore\IObjectStore;
use OCP\Files\Storage\IStorage;
use function is_resource;
/**
* Object store that wraps a storage backend, mostly for testing purposes
*/
class StorageObjectStore implements IObjectStore {
/** @var IStorage */
private $storage;
/**
* @param IStorage $storage
*/
public function __construct(IStorage $storage) {
$this->storage = $storage;
}
/**
* @return string the container or bucket name where objects are stored
* @since 7.0.0
*/
public function getStorageId() {
$this->storage->getId();
}
/**
* @param string $urn the unified resource name used to identify the object
* @return resource stream with the read data
* @throws \Exception when something goes wrong, message will be logged
* @since 7.0.0
*/
public function readObject($urn) {
$handle = $this->storage->fopen($urn, 'r');
if (is_resource($handle)) {
return $handle;
}
throw new \Exception();
}
public function writeObject($urn, $stream, ?string $mimetype = null) {
$handle = $this->storage->fopen($urn, 'w');
if ($handle) {
stream_copy_to_stream($stream, $handle);
fclose($handle);
} else {
throw new \Exception();
}
}
/**
* @param string $urn the unified resource name used to identify the object
* @return void
* @throws \Exception when something goes wrong, message will be logged
* @since 7.0.0
*/
public function deleteObject($urn) {
$this->storage->unlink($urn);
}
public function objectExists($urn) {
return $this->storage->file_exists($urn);
}
public function copyObject($from, $to) {
$this->storage->copy($from, $to);
}
}
``` |
Turlough O'Donnell, PC (5 August 1924 – 21 April 2017) was an Irish lawyer and judge. He was a Lord Justice of Appeal of Northern Ireland from 1979 to 1989.
Biography
O'Donnell was born in Newry to a Catholic family, the son of Charles and Eileen O'Donnell. He was educated at Abbey Grammar School, Newry and Queen's University Belfast, where he took a LLB. He was called to the Bar of Northern Ireland in 1947. He was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1964. As a lawyer, he defended Robert McGladdery, the last man to be hanged in Northern Ireland.
In 1971, O'Donnell was appointed a Justice of the High Court of Northern Ireland. In 1979, he was promoted a Lord Justice of Appeal and was sworn of the Privy Council, having declined the customary knighthood. He retired in 1989.
O'Donnell was one of the few senior Catholic judges on the Northern Irish bench and he frequently came under threat. In 1979, he tried the Shankill Butchers and gave out 42 life sentences, a record in British legal history.
He was Chairman of the Northern Ireland Bar Council from 1970 to 1971 and of the Council of Legal Education (Northern Ireland) from 1980 to 1990.
Family
O'Donnell married Eileen McKinley (died 2008) in 1954; they had two sons and two daughters. Of his sons, Turlough O'Donnell SC was Chairman of the General Council of the Bar of Ireland from 2016 to 2018, and Donal O'Donnell was directly appointed from the Irish Bar to the Supreme Court of Ireland in 2010, before becoming Chief Justice of Ireland in 2021.
References
https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2017/04/22/news/turlough-o-donnell-judge-who-jailed-shankill-butchers-dies-after-a-life-courageously-lived--1004553/
https://www.dundalkdemocrat.ie/news/obituaries/250290/obituary-renowned-judge-turlough-o-donnell-was-admired-and-respected-for-his-courage.html
https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-28756
https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/senior-judge-turlough-odonnell-who-presided-over-notorious-troubles-trials-buried-35650459.html
Barristers from Northern Ireland
2017 deaths
People from Newry
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
Northern Ireland King's Counsel
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
High Court judges of Northern Ireland
Lords Justice of Appeal of Northern Ireland
Lawyers from County Down
Lawyers from County Armagh
20th-century Irish judges |
Fructolysis refers to the metabolism of fructose from dietary sources. Though the metabolism of glucose through glycolysis uses many of the same enzymes and intermediate structures as those in fructolysis, the two sugars have very different metabolic fates in human metabolism. Unlike glucose, which is directly metabolized widely in the body, fructose is almost entirely metabolized in the liver in humans, where it is directed toward replenishment of liver glycogen and triglyceride synthesis. Under one percent of ingested fructose is directly converted to plasma triglyceride. 29% - 54% of fructose is converted in liver to glucose, and about a quarter of fructose is converted to lactate. 15% - 18% is converted to glycogen. Glucose and lactate are then used normally as energy to fuel cells all over the body.
Fructose is a dietary monosaccharide present naturally in fruits and vegetables, either as free fructose or as part of the disaccharide sucrose, and as its polymer inulin. It is also present in the form of refined sugars including granulated sugars (white crystalline table sugar, brown sugar, confectioner's sugar, and turbinado sugar), refined crystalline fructose , as high fructose corn syrups as well as in honey. About 10% of the calories contained in the Western diet are supplied by fructose (approximately 55 g/day).
Unlike glucose, fructose is not an insulin secretagogue, and can in fact lower circulating insulin. In addition to the liver, fructose is metabolized in the intestines, testis, kidney, skeletal muscle, fat tissue and brain, but it is not transported into cells via insulin-sensitive pathways (insulin regulated transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4). Instead, fructose is taken in by GLUT5. Fructose in muscles and adipose tissue is phosphorylated by hexokinase.
Fructolysis and glycolysis are independent pathways
Although the metabolism of fructose and glucose share many of the same intermediate structures, they have very different metabolic fates in human metabolism. Fructose is metabolized almost completely in the liver in humans, and is directed toward replenishment of liver glycogen and triglyceride synthesis, while much of dietary glucose passes through the liver and goes to skeletal muscle, where it is metabolized to CO2, H2O and ATP, and to fat cells where it is metabolized primarily to glycerol phosphate for triglyceride synthesis as well as energy production. The products of fructose metabolism are liver glycogen and de novo lipogenesis of fatty acids and eventual synthesis of endogenous triglyceride. This synthesis can be divided into two main phases: The first phase is the synthesis of the trioses, dihydroxyacetone (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde; the second phase is the subsequent metabolism of these trioses either in the gluconeogenic pathway for glycogen replenishment and/or the complete metabolism in the fructolytic pathway to pyruvate, which enters the Krebs cycle, is converted to citrate and subsequently directed toward de novo synthesis of the free fatty acid palmitate.
The metabolism of fructose to DHAP and glyceraldehyde
The first step in the metabolism of fructose is the phosphorylation of fructose to fructose 1-phosphate by fructokinase (Km = 0.5 mM, ≈ 9 mg/100 ml), thus trapping fructose for metabolism in the liver. Hexokinase IV (Glucokinase), also occurs in the liver and would be capable of phosphorylating fructose to fructose 6-phosphate (an intermediate in the gluconeogenic pathway); however, it has a relatively high Km (12 mM) for fructose and, therefore, essentially all of the fructose is converted to fructose-1-phosphate in the human liver. Much of the glucose, on the other hand, is not phosphorylated (Km of hepatic glucokinase (hexokinase IV) = 10 mM), passes through the liver directed toward peripheral tissues, and is taken up by the insulin-dependent glucose transporter, GLUT 4, present on adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.
Fructose-1-phosphate then undergoes hydrolysis by fructose-1-phosphate aldolase (aldolase B) to form dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde; DHAP can either be isomerized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by triosephosphate isomerase or undergo reduction to glycerol 3-phosphate by glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The glyceraldehyde produced may also be converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by glyceraldehyde kinase or converted to glycerol 3-phosphate by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The metabolism of fructose at this point yields intermediates in gluconeogenic pathway leading to glycogen synthesis, or can be oxidized to pyruvate and reduced to lactate, or be decarboxylated to acetyl CoA in the mitochondria and directed toward the synthesis of free fatty acid, resulting finally in triglyceride synthesis.
Synthesis of glycogen from DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
The synthesis of glycogen in the liver following a fructose-containing meal proceeds from gluconeogenic precursors. Fructose is initially converted to DHAP and glyceraldehyde by fructokinase and aldolase B. The resultant glyceraldehyde then undergoes phosphorylation to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Increased concentrations of DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the liver drive the gluconeogenic pathway toward glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate and glycogen formation. It appears that fructose is a better substrate for glycogen synthesis than glucose and that glycogen replenishment takes precedence over triglyceride formation. Once liver glycogen is replenished, the intermediates of fructose metabolism are primarily directed toward triglyceride synthesis.
Synthesis of triglyceride from DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Carbons from dietary fructose are found in both the FFA and glycerol moieties of plasma triglycerides (TG). Excess dietary fructose can be converted to pyruvate, enter the Krebs cycle and emerges as citrate directed toward free fatty acid synthesis in the cytosol of hepatocytes. The DHAP formed during fructolysis can also be converted to glycerol and then glycerol 3-phosphate for TG synthesis. Thus, fructose can provide trioses for both the glycerol 3-phosphate backbone, as well as the free fatty acids in TG synthesis. Indeed, fructose may provide the bulk of the carbohydrate directed toward de novo TG synthesis in humans.
Fructose induces hepatic lipogenic enzymes
Fructose consumption results in the insulin-independent induction of several important hepatic lipogenic enzymes including pyruvate kinase, NADP+-dependent malate dehydrogenase, citrate lyase, acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, as well as pyruvate dehydrogenase. Although not a consistent finding among metabolic feeding studies, diets high in refined fructose have been shown to lead to hypertriglyceridemia in a wide range of populations including individuals with normal glucose metabolism as well as individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. The hypertriglyceridemic effects observed are a hallmark of increased dietary carbohydrate, and fructose appears to be dependent on a number of factors including the amount of dietary fructose consumed and degree of insulin resistance.
‡ = Mean ± SEM activity in nmol/min per mg protein
§ = 12 rats/group
* = Significantly different from control at p < 0.05
Abnormalities in fructose metabolism
The lack of two important enzymes in fructose metabolism results in the development of two inborn errors in carbohydrate metabolism – essential fructosuria and hereditary fructose intolerance. In addition, reduced phosphorylation potential within hepatocytes can occur with intravenous infusion of fructose.
Inborn errors in fructose metabolism
Essential fructosuria
The absence of fructokinase results in the inability to phosphorylate fructose to fructose-1-phosphate within the cell. As a result, fructose is neither trapped within the cell nor directed toward its metabolism. Free fructose concentrations in the liver increase and fructose is free to leave the cell and enter plasma. This results in an increase in plasma concentration of fructose, eventually exceeding the kidneys' threshold for fructose reabsorption resulting in the appearance of fructose in the urine. Essential fructosuria is a benign asymptomatic condition.
Hereditary fructose intolerance
The absence of fructose-1-phosphate aldolase (aldolase B) results in the accumulation of fructose 1 phosphate in hepatocytes, kidney and small intestines. An accumulation of fructose-1-phosphate following fructose ingestion inhibits glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen) and gluconeogenesis, resulting in severe hypoglycemia. It is symptomatic resulting in severe hypoglycemia, abdominal pain, vomiting, hemorrhage, jaundice, hepatomegaly, and hyperuricemia eventually leading to liver and/or kidney failure and death. The incidence varies throughout the world, but it is estimated at 1:55,000 (range 1:10,000 to 1:100,000) live births.
Reduced phosphorylation potential
Intravenous (i.v.) infusion of fructose has been shown to lower phosphorylation potential in liver cells by trapping inorganic phosphate (Pi) as fructose 1-phosphate. The fructokinase reaction occurs quite rapidly in hepatocytes trapping fructose in cells by phosphorylation. On the other hand, the splitting of fructose 1 phosphate to DHAP and glyceraldehyde by Aldolase B is relatively slow. Therefore, fructose-1-phosphate accumulates with the corresponding reduction of intracellular Pi available for phosphorylation reactions in the cell. This is why fructose is contraindicated for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions and is never given intravenously as a source of carbohydrate. It has been suggested that excessive dietary intake of fructose may also result in reduced phosphorylation potential. However, this is still a contentious issue. Dietary fructose is not well absorbed and increased dietary intake often results in malabsorption. Whether or not sufficient amounts of dietary fructose could be absorbed to cause a significant reduction in phosphorylating potential in liver cells remains questionable and there are no clear examples of this in the literature.
References
External links
The Entry of Fructose and Galactose into Glycolysis, Chapter 16.1.11. Biochemistry, 5th edition, Jeremy M Berg, John L Tymoczko, and Lubert Stryer, New York: W H Freeman; 2002.
Biochemistry
Carbohydrates
Cellular respiration
Metabolic pathways |
1000X is a 10" EP/CDEP released by Man or Astro-man?. The 10" was released in 1997, by Touch and Go Records on clear vinyl and on black vinyl and features seven tracks in the genre of Surf rock.
Reception
In his review for Allmusic Mike DaRonco commented that "Man or Astro-man? could be the house band for every Star Trek convention across the country, sharing their love for sci-fi by incorporating it with nostalgic '60s surf rock. Lots of twangy guitar riffs mixed with B-movie samples and a high energy level cranked to 11 are spaced throughout 1000x" and concluded that the track "... Man Made of CO2 is worth the price of this album alone".
In his review for The A.V. Club John Krewson considered that "... there are more vocals than usual—true singing, not just the requisite scientific soundbites. It's a little edgier than usual for this band, and perhaps a fraction meaner, although the M.O. is still fast, fun and frenetic. Like all Man...Or Astro-Man? music, 1000X is an absolute blast."
Track listing
"The Miracle of Genuine Pyrex" – 3:00
"Specify Gravity" – 3:05
"Like a Giant Microwave" – 3:23
"Man made of CO2" – 2:14
"Universe City" – 1:45
"100 Individual Magnets" – 3:20
"With Automatic Shutoff" – 3:34
References
Man or Astro-man? EPs
1997 EPs
Touch and Go Records EPs |
Shankharikathi massacre () refers to the killings of unarmed Hindu men by the Razakars in Shankharikathi market, Alukdia village of greater Khulna district in Bangladesh on 4 November 1971. 42 Hindus were killed in the massacre.
Background
Shankharikathi market is located in Alukdia village, which now falls under Kachua Upazila in Bagerhat District of Khulna Division. In 1971 it was within the Bagerhat sub-division of erstwhile greater Khulna district. During the Bangladesh Liberation War, Jamaat-e-Islami leader AKM Yusuf Ali formed the Razakar force at Khan Jahan Ali Road in Khulna with 96 Jamaat members. The Razakars had set up camp all over erstwhile greater Khulna, including the Daibagyahati camp in present-day Bagerhat District. In the middle of July a group of Razakars forcibly converted around 200 Hindus to Islam at the Shankharikathi market. The Hindus were given Islamic names and forced to consume beef, an act considered a sacrilege for Hindus.
Killings
On 3 November, the Mukti Bahini had attacked a Razakar camp in Daibagyahati, now in Morrelganj Upazila of Bagerhat District. During the attack, the Razakars captured Mahadev Saha, who happened to be from Alukdia village. On the afternoon of 4 November, a contingent of armed Razakar from the Daibagyahati Razakar camp, led by Commander Mujibur Rahman Mollah, arrived in Alukdia village with Mahadev Saha in captivity. They encircled the Shankharikathi market from three sides and rounded up around 90 Hindu males of various ages. The captive Hindus were tied up in pairs and made to stand in a line. With the blow of a whistle, they were shot by the Razakars. 42 Hindus died while the rest survived with injuries. The Razakars looted some of the adjacent Hindu villages and set them on fire.
On the evening of 6 November, the local villagers rescued the wounded from the Shankharikathi market. Later the Razakars forced the villagers to take the corpses of the deceased to the banks of Bishkhali River, where they were buried.
Commemoration
On 4 November 2010, the victims of the massacre were officially commemorated for the first time through a ceremony. Later a plaque with the names of the victims on it were erected at the site of the killings.
Investigations
On 9 January 2013, a nine-member team of the International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh) visited Shankharikathi to investigate the war crimes committed by A. K. M. Yusuf. The massacre in Shankharikathi was committed by a unit of the Razakar forced founded by Yusuf. According to investigating officer Mohammad Helal Uddin, Sirajul Islam Master was the platoon commander of the Razakar unit.
See also
Chuknagar massacre
Dakra massacre
References
1971 in Bangladesh
Massacres of Bengali Hindus in East Pakistan
Massacres in 1971
1971 in Pakistan
1971 Bangladesh genocide
Massacres committed by Pakistan in East Pakistan
Massacres of men
November 1971 events in Asia
Violence against men in Asia |
36206 is the sixth full-length album of the Seattle rock band Sledgeback. Released in 2016 by Grundrecords, the sound of the album is general punk rock.
Track listing
"Unchosen" - 1.28
"Éjjeli Járat" - 3:25
"Kids of the street" - 2:58
"Kirakatfeleség" - 2:43
"Múló Állapot" - 2:41
"System" - 2:56
"Búcsúlevél" - 3:31
"Maradék Élet" - 3:12
"No destination" - 2:49
"Hagyj Élni" - 3:04
"Jól Vagyok" - 2:50
"Wasted" - 2:16
"Úton" - 3:32
"Gotti" - 1:02
"The hate" - 3.18
Catalog number
Catalog number: GR060
References
Sledgeback albums
2016 albums
Punk rock albums by American artists |
```go
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
// THE SOFTWARE.
package searcher
import (
"testing"
"github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
"github.com/m3db/m3/src/m3ninx/index"
"github.com/m3db/m3/src/m3ninx/postings"
"github.com/m3db/m3/src/m3ninx/postings/roaring"
"github.com/m3db/m3/src/m3ninx/search"
)
func TestConjunctionSearcher(t *testing.T) {
mockCtrl := gomock.NewController(t)
defer mockCtrl.Finish()
firstReader := index.NewMockReader(mockCtrl)
secondReader := index.NewMockReader(mockCtrl)
// First searcher.
firstPL1 := roaring.NewPostingsList()
require.NoError(t, firstPL1.Insert(postings.ID(42)))
require.NoError(t, firstPL1.Insert(postings.ID(50)))
firstPL2 := roaring.NewPostingsList()
require.NoError(t, firstPL2.Insert(postings.ID(64)))
firstSearcher := search.NewMockSearcher(mockCtrl)
// Second searcher.
secondPL1 := roaring.NewPostingsList()
require.NoError(t, secondPL1.Insert(postings.ID(53)))
require.NoError(t, secondPL1.Insert(postings.ID(50)))
secondPL2 := roaring.NewPostingsList()
require.NoError(t, secondPL2.Insert(postings.ID(64)))
require.NoError(t, secondPL2.Insert(postings.ID(72)))
secondSearcher := search.NewMockSearcher(mockCtrl)
// Third searcher.
thirdPL1 := roaring.NewPostingsList()
require.NoError(t, thirdPL1.Insert(postings.ID(42)))
require.NoError(t, thirdPL1.Insert(postings.ID(53)))
thirdPL2 := roaring.NewPostingsList()
require.NoError(t, thirdPL2.Insert(postings.ID(64)))
require.NoError(t, thirdPL2.Insert(postings.ID(89)))
thirdSearcher := search.NewMockSearcher(mockCtrl)
gomock.InOrder(
// Get the postings lists for the first Reader.
firstSearcher.EXPECT().Search(firstReader).Return(firstPL1, nil),
secondSearcher.EXPECT().Search(firstReader).Return(secondPL1, nil),
thirdSearcher.EXPECT().Search(firstReader).Return(thirdPL1, nil),
// Get the postings lists for the second Reader.
firstSearcher.EXPECT().Search(secondReader).Return(firstPL2, nil),
secondSearcher.EXPECT().Search(secondReader).Return(secondPL2, nil),
thirdSearcher.EXPECT().Search(secondReader).Return(thirdPL2, nil),
)
var (
searchers = []search.Searcher{firstSearcher, secondSearcher}
negations = []search.Searcher{thirdSearcher}
)
s, err := NewConjunctionSearcher(searchers, negations)
require.NoError(t, err)
// Test the postings list from the first Reader.
var expected postings.List = firstPL1
expected, err = expected.Intersect(secondPL1)
require.NoError(t, err)
expected, err = expected.Difference(thirdPL1)
require.NoError(t, err)
pl, err := s.Search(firstReader)
require.NoError(t, err)
require.True(t, pl.Equal(expected))
// Test the postings list from the second Reader.
expected = firstPL2
expected, err = expected.Intersect(secondPL2)
require.NoError(t, err)
expected, err = expected.Difference(thirdPL2)
require.NoError(t, err)
pl, err = s.Search(secondReader)
require.NoError(t, err)
require.True(t, pl.Equal(expected))
}
func TestConjunctionSearcherError(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
name string
searchers search.Searchers
negations search.Searchers
}{
{
name: "empty list of searchers",
},
}
for _, test := range tests {
t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
_, err := NewConjunctionSearcher(test.searchers, test.negations)
require.Error(t, err)
})
}
}
``` |
Borje () is a village in the municipality of Foča, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
References
Villages in Republika Srpska
Populated places in Foča |
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./style.css">
</head>
<body>
<div id="app"></div>
<script src="../dist/yox.js"></script>
<script>
let Custom = {
propTypes: {
name: {
type: ['string', 'number'],
value: 'musicode',
},
counter: {
type: 'number',
value: 0,
}
},
template: `
<div id="custom-component">
{{name}} -> {{counter}}
</div>
`
};
var instance = new Yox({
el: '#app',
data: {
name: 1,
counter: 1,
},
template: `
<div id="root">
<button on-click="increase('counter')">
increase
</button>
<Custom name="{{name}}" counter="{{counter}}" />
</div>
`,
watchers: {
counter: function (counter) {
console.log(counter)
}
},
components: {
Custom: Custom
},
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
``` |
The wildlife of Greece includes the diverse flora, fauna, and funga of Greece, a country in southern Europe. The country is mostly mountainous with a very long, convoluted coastline, consisting of peninsulas and many islands. The climate ranges from Mediterranean through temperate to alpine, and the habitats include mountains, hills, forests, rivers, lakes, coasts and cultivated land.
Geography
Greece is a country in the Balkan Peninsula of southern Europe, and lies to the south of Albania, North Macedonia and Bulgaria, and west of Turkey. It has a long coastline with the Mediterranean Sea and the Aegean Sea, and includes the island of Crete and many smaller islands. Mainland Greece covers about 80% of the total territory and is largely mountainous. The largest mountain group is the Pindus Range which forms the spine of the Greek mainland, with the highest peak rising to above sea level. The country's tallest mountain, Mount Olympus is further east, and rises to above sea level. The large Peloponnese peninsula, in the south of the country, is separated from the rest of the Greek mainland by the Corinthian and Saronic Gulfs, but joined by the Isthmus of Corinth.
Climate
Much of the country experiences a Mediterranean climate with warm or hot, dry summers and the rainfall falling in winter. The islands mostly have a Mediterranean climate, with the climate of Crete being particularly influenced by its maritime surroundings and proximity to Africa. Higher regions of the western and central parts of the country, and the mountainous parts of the Peloponnese, experience an Alpine climate. The climate is very varied across the country; snow may still be lying near the peaks in June while the lowlands are experiencing high temperatures.
Flora
Greece includes a great diversity of vascular plants among its flora. In 2013, there were 5,752 species and 1,893 subspecies of native and introduced plants, for a total of 6,620 taxa, including 1,278 endemic species and 452 endemic subspecies. By June 2018, the number of species had been revised upwards with 6,695 taxa being listed, consisting of 5,828 species and 1,982 subspecies, belonging to 1,073 genera and 185 families.
Much of Greece lies within the Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests ecoregion. This is characterised by maquis shrubland which includes the evergreen oak and the Greek strawberry tree, as well as the kermes oak, the strawberry tree, green olive, the bay laurel, the cedar, the Spanish broom and others. Intensive land use has reduced these forests to remnants. Of the deciduous species most common are the ash, the elm, the Montpellier maple, the Judas tree, the terebinth, the smoke tree and others. Greece was connected to western Turkey during the Pliocene era, and the two countries include many identical plants among their flora. The Cretan date palm has a very restricted range in southern Greece and Crete, with a few stands in Turkey.
Fauna
Larger, carnivorous mammals found in Greece include the European wildcat, the Balkan lynx, the red fox, the golden jackal, the grey wolf, the Eurasian brown bear, the American mink, the least weasel, the European polecat, the marbled polecat, the beech marten, the European pine marten, the European badger, the Eurasian otter and about twenty species of bat. The island of Gyaros is the breeding area for the largest population of the endangered Mediterranean monk seal, and about fifteen species of whales, dolphins and porpoises are reported in Greek waters.
Ungulates found in Greece include the wild boar, the red deer, the fallow deer, the roe deer, the chamois and the endangered Cretan ibex. Also present are the European rabbit and the European hare, the southern white-breasted hedgehog and the northern white-breasted hedgehog, the European mole, some ten species of shrew and around thirty species of rodent (squirrels, dormice, mice, rats and voles).
With its varied topography and habitats, Greece has a rich bird fauna. It is a meeting point for birds of three continents, the southern limit for some species and the northern limit for others. Beside the resident bird populations, many migratory species visit the country as they move seasonally between their breeding grounds and their overwintering areas. About 450 species of bird have been recorded in Greece. The Dadia Forest in the northeast is an important area for birds of prey, where four species of vulture are among the thirty-six diurnal species of raptor that have been recorded.
Birds commonly found in the maquis shrubland include the eastern subalpine and Rüppell's warblers, the cirl, rock and black-headed buntings, and the rock, red-legged and chukar partridges. Wetland birds are well catered for by a number of Ramsar sites such as Lake Kerkini, the Nestos Delta, and the Evros Delta and their freshwater marshes, lakes, brackish lagoons, saltmarshes and mudflats.
Greece's rivers are brimming with aquatic wildlife too, with a diverse range of endemic freshwater fishes, around 160 species were listed in 2015. There are also several species of lampreys, notably three species of lamprey endemic to Greece; the Epirus brook lamprey, Greek brook lamprey and Almopaios brook lamprey. Lake inhabitants include the endemic Macedonian shad, formerly a fish that was commercially fished. Within the cyprinid fishes, there is an endemic barbel; the Evia barbel, found only on Evia Island, critically endangered and suffering from increasing droughts and barriers to movement.
References
Greece
Biota of Greece |
The 2012 Kazakhstan Hockey Cup was the 10th edition of the Kazakhstan Hockey Cup, the national ice hockey cup competition in Kazakhstan. Ten teams participated and Arlan Kokshetau won its 1st cup.
First round
Group A
Group B
Final round
Match for 3rd place:
HC Almaty - Yertis Pavlodar 2-5
Final:
Beibarys Atyrau - Arlan Kokshetau 3-4 (OT)
References
2012–13 in Kazakhstani ice hockey
Kazakhstan Hockey Cup |
ChoCo1 (Korean: 초코1; RR: ChoCo1; stylized with two capital Cs and no space before the one) is a South Korean boy group formed by ChoCo Entertainment. ChoCo Entertainment is an IP company that discovers individuals, aiding their growth as artists. They were produced by K-Pop producer Junghun Cho (better known as ChoPD) who produced artists like PSY and Zico. He plans to expand the group with members from different countries. The group consists of three members: Jake, TJ, and Sean.
History
Members Jake, TJ, and Sean are all official trainees under the group ChoCo1. They were scouted by ChoCo Entertainment to join the group. Jake is the leader of ChoCo1. They are trained in multiple musical fields including drumming, DJing, etc.
On May 12, 2023, the first episode of "ChoCo in Hollywood", a reality show about ChoCo's development as artists filmed over the course of five years, premiered on CJ ENM's Mnet digital subsidiary channel M2. The ChoCo trainees, including ChoCo1, feature in the documentary-styled program as they are trained by industry experts. The show was produced by Hollywood TV producer, Jojo Ryder, in collaboration with ChoCo Entertainment, and features appearances from Hollywood stars like American actor and singer, Jamie Foxx.
On May 25, 2023, ChoCo1 released the digital LP "ChoCo Takes Hollywood" through various online music platforms. The LP is an album that contains the songs found in each episode of the reality show "ChoCo In Hollywood" and consists of 10 tracks.
Members
Jake
TJ
Sean
Discography
Extended Plays
Videography
Music videos
Filmography
Reality Shows
Awards and nominations
References
South Korean boy bands |
Worship Again is Michael W. Smith's seventeenth album. This is Smith's second album of worship music. The bulk of the album was recorded on July 19, 2002 at Southeast Christian Church in Middletown, Kentucky before a live audience. The album won Smith his third Grammy Award for Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards.
Track listing
Music video
The video for "There She Stands", is a tribute to the people who suffered in the September 11 attacks.
Personnel
Live set
Michael W. Smith – lead vocals, acoustic piano
David Hamilton – keyboards, music director
Jim Daneker – keyboards, Hammond B3 organ
Glenn Pearce – electric guitars
Sarah McIntosh – acoustic guitar, backing vocals, lead vocal (verse 2 on "Lord Have Mercy")
Brent Milligan – bass, cello
Raymond Boyd – drums, percussion
David Davidson – violin, viola
Skip Cleavinger – Irish flutes, pipes
Carissima Joseph – backing vocals
Kristee Mays – backing vocals
Calvin Nowell – backing vocals
Tiffany Palmer – backing vocals
Daniel Palmore – backing vocals
Leanne Palmore – backing vocals
Studio cuts (tracks 12–14)
Michael W. Smith – lead vocals, acoustic piano, keyboards, Hammond B3 organ, acoustic guitars
Jim Daneker – programming (12, 14)
Glenn Pearce – electric guitars
Matt Pierson – bass
Raymond Boyd – drums
The Nashville String Machine – orchestra
Carl Gorodetzky – contractor
David Hamilton – string arrangements and conductor
Amy Grant – lead vocal on verse 2 of "Lord Have Mercy"
Carissima Joseph – backing vocals
Kristee Mays – backing vocals
Calvin Nowell – backing vocals
Leanne Palmore – backing vocals
Jerard Woods – backing vocals
Jovaun Woods – backing vocals
Production
Michael W. Smith – producer
Eric Elwell – event producer
Joey Ciccoline – event manager
Shane Hamill – production manager, monitor engineer
Beverly Bartsch – production assistant
Josh Fieldhouse – lighting and set design
Sean O'Rourke – keyboard technician
Jan Schneider – drum technician
Dave Graef – guitar technician
Jeff Murray – audio technician
Tommy Rodgers – front of house mix engineer
Ronnie Brookshire – recording engineer, orchestra recording engineer at Masterfonics Tracking Room, Nashville, Tennessee, mixing at "The Groove Room", Soundstage Studios, Nashville, Tennessee
Joel Singer – recording engineer
Rob Burrell – recording engineer, editing,
"There She Stands" recorded at Deer Valley Studios, Franklin, Tennessee, and Masterfonics Tracking Room, Nashville, Tennessee
Hank Williams – mastering at MasterMix, Nashville, Tennessee
Jason McArthur – A&R coordination
Scott Hughes – art direction
Laurie Melick – label production coordination
Arnholt - Fox – graphic design
Russ Harrington – photography
Glen Rose – photography
Jimmy Abegg – cover illustration
Stephanie McBrayer – creative director, stylist
Carol Maxwell – hair, make-up
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
2002 live albums
Michael W. Smith live albums
Grammy Award for Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album
Reunion Records albums
Middletown, Kentucky |
VirtuSphere is a spherical virtual reality device. It consists of a 10-foot hollow sphere, which is placed on a special platform that allows the sphere to rotate freely in any direction according to the user’s steps. It works with computer based simulations and virtual worlds, and rotates as the user walks, allowing for an unlimited plane upon which the user can walk. A wireless head-mounted display with gyroscopes is used to both track the user's head movement as well as display the environment of the virtual world. VirtuSphere can serve many purposes, including exercise, video gaming, military training, and virtual museum tours.
The VirtuSphere is a creation of Ray and Nurulla Latypov, whose company, VirtuSphere Inc, is based in Binghamton, New York.
Applications
Markets and applications for Virtusphere include:
Military, law enforcement, and other dangerous occupations that require a safe training environment
Gaming and entertainment
Health and fitness
Museums and other educational installations
Virtual tours of architectural and construction projects
Lockheed Martin has used the VirtuSphere as an input device in a manned simulator at the Mounted Warfare TestBed (MWTB) at Fort Knox, KY. This simulator incorporates the sphere into a single-soldier simulator that is compatible with the Distributed Interactive Simulation and High level architecture protocols. The simulator is composed of the sphere, a pair of infrared mice to track the sphere’s movements, Intersense trackers on the user’s head and weapon, an image generator on a laptop, display goggles for the user, and a simulator host computer, all on a wireless network. Using this simulator, the user can interact with other simulated entities, whether provided by separate manned simulators like the Advanced Concepts Research Tool (ACRT), or by computer-generated forces systems like OneSAF. The simulator is used at the MWTB for experiments that examine future weapon systems and tactics and for evaluating soldiers.
See also
Virtual reality
Omnidirectional treadmill
References
External links
Official Site
Cybersphere, a similar device developed by the University of Warwick and virtual reality company VR Systems UK.
7 min. video and interview with creators of VirtuSphere and transcript.
Virtual reality |
```shell
#!/usr/bin/env bash
CURDIR=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)
# shellcheck source=../shell_config.sh
. "$CURDIR"/../shell_config.sh
# shellcheck source=./mergetree_mutations.lib
. "$CURDIR"/mergetree_mutations.lib
${CLICKHOUSE_CLIENT} --query="DROP TABLE IF EXISTS table_with_empty_part"
${CLICKHOUSE_CLIENT} --query="CREATE TABLE table_with_empty_part
(
id UInt64,
value UInt64
)
ENGINE = MergeTree()
ORDER BY id
PARTITION BY id
SETTINGS vertical_merge_algorithm_min_rows_to_activate=0, vertical_merge_algorithm_min_columns_to_activate=0, remove_empty_parts = 0, min_bytes_for_wide_part=0, min_bytes_for_full_part_storage = 0
"
${CLICKHOUSE_CLIENT} --query="INSERT INTO table_with_empty_part VALUES (1, 1)"
${CLICKHOUSE_CLIENT} --query="INSERT INTO table_with_empty_part VALUES (2, 2)"
${CLICKHOUSE_CLIENT} --mutations_sync=2 --query="ALTER TABLE table_with_empty_part DELETE WHERE id % 2 == 0"
${CLICKHOUSE_CLIENT} --query="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT value) FROM table_with_empty_part"
${CLICKHOUSE_CLIENT} --query="ALTER TABLE table_with_empty_part MODIFY COLUMN value Nullable(UInt64)"
${CLICKHOUSE_CLIENT} --query="SELECT COUNT(distinct value) FROM table_with_empty_part"
${CLICKHOUSE_CLIENT} --query="OPTIMIZE TABLE table_with_empty_part FINAL"
${CLICKHOUSE_CLIENT} --query="DROP TABLE IF EXISTS table_with_empty_part"
``` |
The tornado outbreak sequence of June 3–11, 2008 was a series of tornado outbreaks affecting most of central and eastern North America from June 3–11, 2008. 192 tornadoes were confirmed, along with widespread straight–line wind wind damage. Seven people were killed from a direct result of tornadoes; four in Iowa, two in Kansas, and one in Indiana. Eleven additional people were killed across five states by other weather events including lightning, flash flooding, and straight-line winds. Severe flooding was also reported in much of Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa as a result of the same thunderstorms, while high heat and humidity affected much of eastern North America; particularly along the eastern seaboard of the United States from New York City to the Carolinas.
Meteorological synopsis
June 3
Several clusters of thunderstorms developed during the morning from eastern Nebraska across Iowa into Illinois, taking place along a warm front. The front remained over the same areas during the day, as daytime heating and southwesterly surface winds brought warm and unstable air northward, resulting in severe weather development. The presence of strong winds aloft aided in development of multiple clusters and lines of thunderstorms that produced damaging wind, hail and tornadoes across Missouri, Illinois and Indiana.
A moderate risk of severe weather was issued by the Storm Prediction Center for parts of Indiana, Kentucky, Illinois, Ohio and West Virginia on June 3, Two particular tornadoes, rated EF2 and EF3 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale, caused extensive damage across portions of central Indiana. The EF3 tornado damaged 34 structures in Rush County, of which 27 of them were in Middletown. Eight people were injured in Rush County, including a 67-year-old woman who was impaled in the chest by a large tree limb and later died as a result of her injury on August 17. A 19th century landmark covered bridge in Moscow was destroyed, as well as severe damage to dozens of homes, including some that were swept completely off the foundation. The EF2 tornado damaged 20 to 30 homes in Brown County, 40 buildings at Camp Atterbury in Johnson County and 59 buildings in Edinburgh.
June 4
A moderate risk of severe weather was issued for northern Kansas into southern Nebraska and from eastern West Virginia through Virginia, Maryland and Delaware. An ongoing line of thunderstorms moved east across West Virginia as the atmosphere began to destabilize. The thunderstorms resulted in a threat for isolated tornadoes in eastern sections of West Virginia, Virginia, Delaware and Maryland. In the central Great Plains region, a warm front extended northeast in northeastern Kansas from a surface low in central sections of Kansas. Strong instability occurred in the vicinity of the area as a result of surface heating. An intensifying low-level jet stream broke the cap in the region and resulted in the development of thunderstorms. During the afternoon, numerous thunderstorms formed across the Mid-Atlantic States. An EF0 tornado was produced from one of the thunderstorms that impacted portions of Chesapeake Beach, tearing off sections of roof and siding from 10 to 20 single family homes. EF1 tornadoes were produced in Culpeper, Clarke and Stafford counties in Virginia. Several other EF0 and EF1 tornadoes formed throughout the Great Plains region.
June 5
A strong jet stream moved northeast across the Great Plains region and a strong surface low in western Kansas strengthened as it moved to the Nebraska-South Dakota border. Ahead of the low, very warm and moist air spread throughout the South Central United States into Nebraska, eastern sections of South Dakota and the upper Mississippi Valley. The combination of strong winds and warm and moist air created conditions favorable for strong thunderstorms. On June 5, a high risk of severe weather was issued for six different states in the Midwestern United States, with a moderate risk area surrounding the high risk area. Forecasters had warned of a potentially historic outbreak, as computer forecasting models for June 5 resembled those on June 8, 1974, when 39 tornadoes struck the southern Great Plains and killed 22 people. Wichita State University canceled evening classes because of the weather predictions. Severe weather began developing across eastern Colorado and northwestern Kansas during the morning and into the early afternoon, producing several weak tornadoes in the process. An EF1 tornado impacted a campground near Kellogg, Iowa and injured two people. Despite extremely favorable conditions, severe weather for the day was limited and the tornadoes generally caused minimal damage.
June 6
During the morning hours of June 6, two strong tornadoes caused damage throughout Wadena and Hubbard counties in Minnesota. The first tornado, rated EF2 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale, touched down south of Stocking Lake and downed several trees onto cabins, vehicles and storage sheds. It also toppled an irrigation system in a field north of the lake. The tornado moved to the north and expanded to its maximum width of and reached estimated peak winds of . Eight turkey barns were destroyed, killing an estimated 15 to 20 thousand turkeys. The tornado swept a home north of the area in Hubbard County off its foundation, as well as causing damage to several homes along with hundreds of acres of forest. One man working at a turkey barn was injured. The storm then produced an EF3 tornado, which eventually grew to a width of and reached wind speeds of . At Pickerel Lake, it nearly flattened every tree in the area, while destroying a trailer home, a camper, a garage and a house. At northern sections of Pickerel Lake, one home had its roof torn off and numerous trees were snapped onto other residences and farm buildings. The tornado began to lose its intensity but continued to topple trees, damage storage structures and toss debris before dissipating in Emmaville.
June 7–8
A series of impulses moved from the central Rocky Mountains into the central Great Plains. Opulent moisture formed over the Missouri and Mississippi Valleys with dew points reaching near . Strong low level winds over the area created favorable wind shear for supercells. During the afternoon, a supercell developed in western portions of Illinois and moved northeast reaching Lake Michigan around the Illinois-Indiana border in the Chicago metropolitan area, during which it produced eight tornadoes along its path. At 4:21 pm (2121 UTC), an EF0 tornado occurred east of Cornell in Livingston County. The tornado occurred in an open field with no damage observed. At 4:31 pm CDT (2131 UTC), an EF1 tornado touched down southwest of Dwight in Livingston County, snapping power poles and damaging trees and roofs; this tornado lifted at 4:45 pm CDT (2145 UTC). From 5:18 pm CDT (2218 UTC) to 5:46 pm CDT (2246 UTC), an EF2 tornado traveled across southwestern Will County and extreme northwestern Kankakee County, near Wilmington, uprooting trees, damaging homes and destroying sheds. At 5:51 pm CDT (2251 UTC), an EF2 tornado likely EF2+ if more populated areas were impacted touched down for three minutes in central Will County near Wilton Center, destroying a garage and severely damaging a metal building. From 5:55 pm CDT (2255 UTC) to 6:08 pm CDT (2308 UTC), a high end EF2 tornado occurred west of Monee, leveling barns, garages, and outbuildings and damaging homes.
An EF2 tornado re-formed at 6:13 pm CDT (2313 UTC) near the intersection of Ridgeland Avenue and Dralle Road, destroying two buildings, taking down four high voltage power poles, and injuring six people as it crossed Interstate 57. The tornado moved into University Park, Illinois destroying a warehouse, completely leveling a portion of the building.
As the tornado moved into Richton Park, much of Southern Cook County, including parts of Chicago were under a tornado warning. The tornado produced extensive EF2 damage to homes and commercial properties in Richton Park, an apartment building had its roof completely torn off and a car wash was severely damaged. The tornado then skirted through Park Forest uprooting trees, before dissipating near the intersection of Lincoln Highway and Western Avenue at 6:30 pm CDT (2330 UTC). At approximately 6:32 pm CDT (2332 UTC), an EF1 tornado hit Chicago Heights, causing minor damage to several homes, with two homes sustaining significant damage. At 6:49 pm CDT (2349 UTC), an EF0 tornado touched down in Lansing, damaging tree limbs.
In Wisconsin, five people suffered minor injuries after an EF2 tornado went through Columbia County. This tornado is the fifth widest in American history. Further west, a new complex of storms produced two tornadoes inside the Omaha metropolitan area during the early hours of June 8. A total of 539 homeowners reported damage from the tornadoes. Seven homes were destroyed and 21 others sustained major damage. The two tornadoes that hit the region were rated EF1 and EF2. The EF2 tornado was the strongest to strike the Omaha metropolitan area since 1975.
June 11
A storm system moved to the northern and central Great Plains region during the day, as strong winds helped push a moist air mass northward ahead of the system. Thunderstorms developed during the afternoon ahead of a cold front from southeast South Dakota into central Kansas. Strong winds along with instability in the atmosphere created favorable conditions for supercell development with the potential to produce strong tornadoes. At approximately 6:35 pm CDT (2335 UTC) a tornado hit the Little Sioux Scout Ranch in Little Sioux, Iowa, killing four Boy Scouts after a chimney collapsed on them and injuring 48 others. The camp received a tornado warning 12 minutes before it struck. There were 93 campers and 25 staff members at the camp. The campers were between 13 and 18 years old and were attending a leadership training camp. The tornado was rated EF3 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale.
Tornadoes also caused major damage in Kansas. In Chapman, one person was killed and three others were critically injured after an EF3 tornado struck the town. About 80 percent of Chapman suffered serious damage, with minor damage occurring to the downtown area. 70 homes in Chapman were destroyed with 215 receiving damage. Two churches were demolished and the town's elementary, middle and high schools were severely damaged. Manhattan was also heavily impacted by a tornado that was rated EF4 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale. Forty-five residences in Manhattan were destroyed, as well as two mobile homes and three businesses. An additional 67 residences, three multi-family homes, one mobile home and 10 businesses suffered significant damage. Also, 75 single-family residences, three multi-family structures and 20 businesses sustained minor damage, and 637 residences, 93 multi-family structures, 20 mobile homes and 10 businesses were partially affected. An elementary school was also heavily damaged in Manhattan. There was also damage to Kansas State University, where the Wind Erosion Lab was damaged. Also suffering severe damage was the engineering complex, the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity house, Waters, Call and Cardwell halls as well as Ward Hall, which houses the university's nuclear reactor. One person was also killed near the town of Soldier in Jackson County from an EF2 tornado. 32 homes were damaged in Jackson County. The southern outskirts of Salina near the junction of Interstate 135 was also hard hit by an EF3 tornado. Several homes, outbuildings, trees and power lines were damaged in the area.
Confirmed tornadoes
Note: Four tornadoes in Canada were rated according to the Fujita scale, but are included in the table using their corresponding number rating.
Little Sioux, Iowa
In Nebraska, center pivot irrigation systems were flipped and trees sustained damage in the area. Fallen tree limbs damaged homes and blocked roads and some roof damage and broken windows were noted. The storm tracked northeast and crossed the Missouri River and Interstate 29 near mile marker 97, continuing into Harrison county Iowa. In Harrison county, the tornado flipped a tractor trailer. In Monona county the tornado entered the Little Sioux Scout Ranch, destroying the rangers home near the entrance of the park giving it a rating of EF3. A tornado warning was issued 12 minutes before the tornado struck the camp. It also destroyed their pickup truck sending it flying . The storm then blew down trees and destroyed bunk houses at the camp. Four scouts: Sam Thomsen, Ben Pertzkilla, Josh Fennen and Aaron Eilerts, were killed in one bunk house when a brick chimney collapsed on them. In total 48 people were injured at the camp. The tornado continued to topple trees as it tracked into Preparation Canyon State Park. Just before it entered the park a farmstead sustained damage. The tornado hit another farmstead about southwest of Moorhead where trees were blown down and sheds damaged. The tornado then began to weaken and finally lifted about southwest of Moorhead.
On September 8, 2008, the Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska, Rick Sheehy presented the first–ever Be Prepared Local Hero award to the Mid-America Council Pahuk Pride Class of 2008 because of their preparation for and taking care of each other during and after the tornado struck. On September 13, 2008, those who died in the storm were presented the Spirit of the Eagle Award, a posthumous award from the Boy Scouts of America. Also on September 13, 2008, the Boy Scouts of America's National Court of Honor awarded 121 medals for heroism to Scouts and Scout leaders for their actions during the tornado: 75 Medals of Merit, 30 Heroism awards, 7 Honor Medals, and 9 Honor Medals with Crossed Palm. After the tornado struck, a safe room was built. This was because it was proven that the welcome center did not provide enough tornado safety.
Manhattan, Kansas
The only EF4 tornado of this outbreak, this tornado touched down to the southwest of Manhattan on a farm, and first destroyed a large machine shed, and threw a grain cart into an adjacent field. The tornado then tracked to the northeast and destroyed several homes that were in the process of being built. 15 well-built homes were completely destroyed. Nearby in the Amherst residential area, approximately 30 homes were damaged. A local newspaper reported that 45 residences in Manhattan were destroyed, 142 were damaged, and 637 were affected by the tornado. 93 apartments or duplexes, 20 mobile homes, and 10 total businesses were impacted. Thereafter, the windows at the Little Apple Honda/Toyota car dealership were blown out, and several cars on the lots were tossed. A nearby hardware store and several self-storage units were demolished. Other nearby businesses were also damaged. The Lee Elementary School was then damaged. The tornado continued toward the Kansas State University campus. However, by this point, the tornado had weakened to EF1 intensity. There, the roof was blown off a fraternity house, windows were blown out of buildings, the USDA Wind Erosion Laboratory roof was damaged, and debris from damage to the southwest was blown across the campus. Damages from the tornado are estimated to be over $66 million, with $37 million occurring on the campus of the Kansas State University. Amazingly, no one was injured by the tornado. After the tornado, students from the university were expected to help clean up debris, and alumni from the college also helped clean up tornado debris. Around a year after the event, an event opened up called “Blown Away”, which was dedicated to the 2008 tornado.
Non–tornadic events
On June 3, the communications tower at a courthouse in Shelbyville, Missouri was struck by lightning, damaging computers for the 911 system and the sheriff's office, radio consoles, and various other electronic equipment. In Oklahoma, high winds in excess of caused major damage to five to six barns in Cherokee and destroyed one barn in Ingersoll. Three people were injured in Frontenac, Kansas after a tree was blown down on a vehicle. The next day, the inclement weather moved into the Mid-Atlantic States. A 57-year-old man was killed in Annandale, Virginia after a large tree crushed his vehicle. More than 250,000 customers lost power in Virginia. Washington Monument State Park suffered extensive damage after thunderstorms knocked out phone, electricity, and water service. Fallen trees and branches blocked the main road and the hiking trail to the monument in several places. The museum and water treatment buildings were severely damaged, and as a result, the park was closed for two weeks. A total 70 severe thunderstorm, marine, and tornado warnings were issued in the Baltimore/Washington region. In Bloomington, Indiana, two people had lightning strikes near them and were taken to the hospital for lighting related injuries. The cell phone of another individual was struck while the person was talking on the phone and was also taken to the hospital for treatment.
On June 5, a storm system caused damage throughout the Great Plains. The most substantial damage occurred in Altus, Oklahoma, where 179 homes sustained some form of damage, with two destroyed, five with major damage, 43 with minor damage and 129 affected. Seventeen businesses were damaged, with two destroyed, four with major damage and eight with minor damage. A school in Mulvane, Kansas had roof damage and there was significant roof damage to the terminal building at an airport near Winfield. In Lawrence, The Wakarusa Music and Camping Festival shut down while the storm passed through. On June 8, thunderstorms affected areas across the Great Lakes region. Two people were killed in Ottawa County, Michigan due to the straight-line winds that toppled trees; one onto a pedestrian and another onto a car. In Eaton County, a woman was killed by winds which blew a large trailer on to her. Over 300,000 people in Michigan were left without power due to the storm.
On June 10, a powerful squall line of thunderstorms with embedded supercells developed across New York and moved northeast through parts of northern New England and Quebec. Particularly hard hit was the Montreal region and its southern suburbs including Longueuil, Châteauguay, Brossard and Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu. Barns were reported damaged and other structures sustained roof and siding damage; particularly in the Saint-Blaise-sur-Richelieu area where one home was pushed from its foundation. In Sainte-Catherine, the roof of an office was blown into a nearby residence punching a large hole on the back wall. On Montreal's Champlain Bridge, eight tractor trailers were overturned forcing the closure of the entire bridge in both directions. In addition, a window washing platform tumbled from a high rise building in downtown Montreal. The workers were able to get inside.
Severe thunderstorms also affected the Saint-Hyacinthe, Sherbrooke, Trois-Rivières and Quebec City where winds as strong as were reported with locally higher gusts while hail from golf ball to baseball size were reported in Mont-Saint-Hilaire and Belœil breaking windows from homes and vehicles. The roof of a 65 unit apartment complex in Sainte-Foy was heavily damaged. The Quebec Bridge linking the city to the suburb of Levis was also temporarily shut down because of a collapsed scaffolding. About 300,000 Hydro-Québec customers across the province lost power, particularly in the Quebec City, Montérégie and Montreal regions with outages occurring in the Eastern Townships and Mauricie regions. Schools in some areas were closed on June 11 due to the power outages. The tractor trailer accidents resulted in two minor injuries during the storms. According to a report from the Insurance Bureau of Canada, insured damage amounts were estimated at $56 million (2008 CAD), and up to 16,000 insurance claims were filed for damage to homes and automobiles.
The severe weather extended south into the Eastern Seaboard of the United States where it ended a prolonged period of intense heat. Temperatures had reached the mid to upper 90s °F (mid 30s °C) for several days in a row, with some areas exceeding . About 150,000 customers in New Jersey, 140,000 in Pennsylvania and 50,000 in northern New York lost power. One person was killed in Lewis County, New York by fallen trees during the storm.
Flooding
The same series of systems contributed to a significant flooding event in many parts of the Midwest. Several counties in this region in Iowa, Illinois and Wisconsin were declared disaster areas. Over fell in areas over the course of a week, and in Indiana some rivers approached levels similar to flooding in 1913 which killed 200 people. In Franklin, Indiana, water at one point reached the first level of the area hospital, and buildings at Franklin College were damaged. Flooding was reported also in Columbus, Helmsburg and Terre Haute, Indiana. US Coast Guard units were deployed in assistance for rescue efforts. Parts of Interstate 65 and U.S. Route 31 were temporarily shut down. Thirty thousand people in Indiana lost power during the storms, and several counties filed disaster declarations.
Beginning on June 8, flooding also started occurring across parts of Iowa following several round of thunderstorms and heavy rains. In Parkersburg, Iowa, a levee burst, flooding three nearby highways. In New Hartford, which was also hit by the same tornado, water gushed over a levee forcing the evacuation of 650 people. The flood waters also damaged a water treatment plant leaving Mason City without drinking water. Up to of rain fell in parts of the state. Mandatory evacuations were also made in Cedar Falls and Waterloo. Several entire blocks in Cedar Rapids were under water (which was at times as high as stop signs) after the Cedar River overflowed its banks. Flooding later affected the Iowa City area along the Iowa River where 20 buildings on the University of Iowa campus were affected. Many other towns across the state became flooded as well as the rising water levels slowly made their way into the Mississippi River across southeastern Iowa, western Illinois and northeastern Missouri.
Flooding was also reported north of Mason City in southeastern Minnesota, where several inches of rain closed roads and forced evacuations. Gays Mills, Wisconsin was evacuated for the second time in ten months when the Kickapoo River flooded the town. These same areas were also affected by the 2007 Midwest flooding. From June 3 to June 11 eight people were killed due to flooding; three in Indiana, three in Michigan, and one in Illinois and Minnesota.
See also
List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
References
External links
Rainfall amounts for June 6-7 in Indiana (NWS Indianapolis)
Eastern Wisconsin rainfall amounts (NWS Milwaukee)
Western Wisconsin rainfall amounts (NWS La Crosse)
Storm damage image gallery from southern Quebec on June 10 (La Presse)
Video of E4 Manhattan tornado hitting Kansas State University
Tornadoes of 2008
F4 tornadoes by date
Tornadoes in Illinois
Tornadoes in Indiana
Tornadoes in Iowa
Tornadoes in Kansas
Tornadoes in Minnesota
Tornadoes in Nebraska
2008 natural disasters in the United States
June 2008 events in the United States |
A log house moulder is a machine to prepare logs to be suitable for building a log home. In general, the logs are first sawn to a square beam, then the moulder makes the groove. Often fitted to a portable sawmill that enables direct profiling of round or squared logs. The log house moulder is usually powered by electricity, but for portable sawmills they are sometimes using a chainsaw as power head. One of the more common, especially in Europe, is the
Logosol log house moulder.
Other type of log house moulder is a log through-pass machine. Through-pass log home moulders are highly productive and mighty machines able to turn truck load of logs into house logs during a work shift. Barked or debarked green or dry logs are fed into such machine one after other on one side and the machine processes logs, turning them into profiled roundish or squarish house logs, taken from outfeed of the machine. Such log home milling machine can shape logs into different profiles: Swedish cope, Tongue&groove, D-log, bevel-edged logs, etc.
One of moulders of through-pass type are Woodlandia' Rotary Log Moulders (USA, Canada, Russia)
Woodworking |
Thynnus zonatus is a species of wasp found in Australia.
Description
Range
Habitat
Ecology
Etymology
Taxonomy
References
Insects of Australia
Thynnidae |
Chalchiuhtecolotl was a night owl god from Aztec mythology. His name means "precious owl."
References
Aztec gods |
Limbdi railway station is a railway station serving in Surendranagar district of Gujarat State of India. It is under Bhavnagar railway division of Western Railway Zone of Indian Railways. Limbdi railway station is 28 km far away from . Passenger, Express and Superfast trains halt here.
Major trains
The following trains halt at Limbdi railway station in both directions:
12945/46 Surat - Mahuva Superfast Express
12971/72 Bhavnagar Terminus - Bandra Terminus SF Express
19579/80 Bhavnagar Terminus - Delhi Sarai Rohilla Link Express
See also
Bhavnagar State Railway
References
Railway stations in Surendranagar district
Bhavnagar railway division |
```smalltalk
#if (NETFX_CORE || WINDOWS_UWP)
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Markup;
#else
using System;
using System.Windows.Markup;
#endif
namespace MahApps.Metro.IconPacks
{
#if (NETFX_CORE || WINDOWS_UWP)
[MarkupExtensionReturnType(ReturnType = typeof(PackIconMaterialDesign))]
#else
[MarkupExtensionReturnType(typeof(PackIconMaterialDesign))]
#endif
public class MaterialDesignExtension : BasePackIconExtension
{
public MaterialDesignExtension()
{
}
#if !(NETFX_CORE || WINDOWS_UWP)
public MaterialDesignExtension(PackIconMaterialDesignKind kind)
{
this.Kind = kind;
}
[ConstructorArgument("kind")]
#endif
public PackIconMaterialDesignKind Kind { get; set; }
#if (NETFX_CORE || WINDOWS_UWP)
protected override object ProvideValue()
#else
public override object ProvideValue(IServiceProvider serviceProvider)
#endif
{
return this.GetPackIcon<PackIconMaterialDesign, PackIconMaterialDesignKind>(this.Kind);
}
}
}
``` |
Layleen Xtravaganza Cubilette-Polanco was a 27-year-old Afro-Latina transgender woman who died at Rikers Island, New York City's main jail complex, on June 7, 2019, in solitary confinement after staff failed to provide her with medical care that could have saved her life for 47 minutes following an epileptic seizure. After a six-month investigation, the New York City Department of Investigation (DOI) and Bronx District Attorney Darcel Clark claimed that staff members were not responsible for Polanco's death. Records indicate that officers had extensive knowledge of Polanco's epilepsy, having already suffered multiple seizures at Rikers.
A video of the incident revealed that multiple staff members knocked on Polanco's cell door and that she was unresponsive. In the presence of her unresponsive body, officers could be seen laughing. The DOI stated that officers thought Polanco was napping and that the laughter was unrelated. A wrongful death lawsuit was filed by David Shanies, the attorney for the Polanco family. Polanco's death reignited conversations about banning cash bail and pretrial detention. Melania Brown, Polanco's sister, and many others called for banning solitary confinement in New York City after Polanco's death.
Life
Polanco's family home was in Yonkers, New York. Polanco was part of New York City's ballroom scene as a member of the House of Xtravaganza and was a friend of Pose (2018) star Indya Moore.
Polanco had last been home in April. According to her sister, Melania Brown, although usually bubbly, Polanco "became very depressed. She tried to look for jobs. She tried to go to school. She tried just to get life together." Polanco faced difficulties receiving employment. Brown stated that "she was turned away from every door she tried to walk in."
Death
Polanco was arrested in April 2019 on misdemeanor assault charges and held on $500 bail from a 2017 drug and sex work charge. Polanco was sent to the jail because she could not afford the bail.
On May 14, Polanco was sentenced to 20 days in solitary confinement for a physical altercation with another individual in custody at the Transgender Housing Unit dormitory. On May 15, she exhibited intense feelings of psychological distress, including suicidal ideation, hallucinations, and panic attacks. In the notes section of a report, an "officer wrote 'inmate randomly crying, shouting. While in a distressed state, Polanco reportedly assaulted an officer on the arm "with her fist out." She was sent for a nine-day stay in Elmhurst Hospital for "psychosis/mania", eight of which were spent in a psychiatric prison ward.
On May 24, Polanco returned to Rikers. Correction staff debated where to place her. The department's tour commander wrote that a psychiatrist could not authorize solitary confinement for Polanco because of her seizure disorder. However, Polanco was placed in solitary confinement on May 30 after clearance from a Correctional Health Services medical doctor. The Board of Correction found that the jail's housing policy to not place trans women with cisgender women created "increased pressure" to isolate Polanco. However, officials did consider placing Polanco in a men's facility.
Although officers knew of her epilepsy and Polanco had already suffered multiple seizures at the facility, she was ultimately "cleared" for solitary confinement, where she spent 17 hours a day in a cell. The doctor wrote that, despite her medical history, "her condition has been stable." On the day of Polanco's death she was left alone for periods of 57 minutes, 47 minutes and 41 minutes, even though "DOC policy stipulates that inmates placed in solitary confinement should be observed every 15 minutes." As a result, Shanies described the conditions which led to Polanco's death as follows:When an epileptic person has a seizure, they are at great risk of injury or death and unable to help themselves. They can fall, suffer trauma, or stop breathing, among other things. That is exactly how Layleen died. By leaving her locked in a cell, unmonitored, the jail created the risk of Layleen's suffering a fatal seizure. This is not a case of a mistake or a medical problem that slipped through the cracks. This was a thought-out decision to put a person in a situation where the risks of injury and death were obvious and known.The seizure was Polanco's third while in custody. The DOI published Polanco's deadname in an official report following her death and later apologized for doing so.
Aftermath
The first report of Polanco's death was a four-sentence report by the New York Post that did not mention Polanco's name. In response, the New York City Anti-Violence Project organized a rally for Polanco on June 10, in which 600 people attended, including Janet Mock and Indya Moore. On June 26, the New York AVP issued a letter of demands to Governor Andrew M. Cuomo and Mayor Bill de Blasio, which included "the expedition of the results of Layleen's autopsy; the disbandment of solitary confinement and restrictive housing units in New York state; the decriminalization of sex work in the state; and housing, health care, and employment programs for TGNCNB people across New York." Melania Brown and about twenty of Polanco's friends and family members marched with the New York City Anti-Violence Project at New York Pride in July 2019.
On June 14, 2020, during the coronavirus outbreak, about 15,000 protesters marched down Brooklyn's Eastern Parkway in solidarity with black trans lives, organized by The Okra Project, which provides meals to black trans people, and the Marsha P. Johnson Institute. Brown was in attendance and stated, "My sister is not here to fight for herself, but I'm here. We're here, and they've got to make room for us. And if they don't, we're taking it." Video footage of Polanco's death released in June provoked public outrage. The footage, featuring officers laughing in the presence of Polanco's unresponsive body, was disturbing and deeply troubling to the Polanco family. Family attorney David Shanies described it as "the last bit of indifference that we saw toward a person who obviously needed help."
See also
Kawaski Trawick
References
Violence against trans women
African-American LGBT people
Neurological disease deaths in New York (state)
LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people
Deaths by person in New York City
African–Hispanic and Latino American relations
Deaths from epilepsy
People with epilepsy
Transgender women
Rikers Island
Violence against LGBT people in the United States
21st-century American LGBT people
Women in New York City
History of women in New York City |
Bisheh Mahalleh (, also Romanized as Bīsheh Maḩalleh) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 207, in 58 families.
References
Populated places in Babol County |
```javascript
import { useState } from 'react'
import { createContext } from 'react'
import { useEffect, useImperativeHandle } from 'react'
import {
Component,
createFactory,
PureComponent,
useDeferredValue,
useInsertionEffect,
useLayoutEffect,
useReducer,
useRef,
useSyncExternalStore,
} from 'react'
import { experimental_useOptimistic as useOptimistic } from 'react'
export default function () {
return null
}
``` |
St. Stephen's College, one of the prominent colleges accredited under University of Kerala, is situated at Pathanapuram, Kollam, Kerala. The Institution was founded in 1964 by Mar Thoma Dionysius, whose objective was to improve the cultural condition of the people in this remote backward area. The college is affiliated with Kerala University.
The College was declared open by Mar Beselios Augen 1 Catholicose of the East on 8 July 1964. T.C.Joseph, Professor of Botany, Union Christian College, Alwaye, was appointed Principal and the junior College started functioning at Mount Tabor premises Pathanapuram. In 1968 the College was shifted to its present site, in the serene village of Maloor, 6 km. away from Pathanapuram. The College was upgraded in 1978 and now offers Degree and Post graduate courses.
Two of the College's lecturers were ordained; Catholicose Designate and present Manager of the College, Thomas Mar Thimotheos and the Metropolitan of Delhi, Job Mar Philoxenos, Joseph Mar Dionysius were serving the College as Head of the Department of English when they were called up on for Ordination.
Courses offered under various streams
St Stephen's college offers courses under different streams varying under 3 years and 2 years durations.
3 years courses includes Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology and Biological Techniques and Specimen Preparation, Economics, English, BCom Finance.
2 years courses are lying on master's degrees and it includes MSc in Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry and Zoology (Environmental biology).
Central Library and Information and Digital Library
The Central Library supports the teaching and research activities of the College. It is the centre of all academic activities of all undergraduate, post -graduate and research studies. The total carpet area of the Central Library is 300 square meters. This consist of reading space with 100 reading seats, stack section, reference section, Journal section and digital library
Co-curricular and extracurricular activities
St Stephen's college is enriched with wide variety of extracurricular activities for their students listed below:
College Union
Career guidance
Associations
College union
Career guidance cell
Former student's association
Literary Club
Reader Forum
Summer Internship programme in Library and Information
Extension programme for Rural High School Students
Grievance redressal cell
Legal forum
Music Club
M.G.O.C.S.M.
Nature Club
National Cadet Corps (NCC)
National Service Scheme (NSS)
Parent Teacher Association (PTA)
Students guidance and counselling cell
Science forum.
Sargavedi
Tourism club
The women's cell
Tutorials
Yoga club
Notable alumni
Mathew Samuel, Journalist
References
External links
Colleges in Kerala
Universities and colleges in Kollam district
Educational institutions established in 1964
1964 establishments in Kerala
Arts and Science colleges in Kerala
Colleges affiliated to the University of Kerala |
Mifflin Township is a township in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,088 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Williamsport Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History
Mifflin Township was formed in 1803 by dividing Lycoming Township. It is named in honor of Thomas Mifflin, the first governor of Pennsylvania.
Early settlers
When colonial settlers first arrived in what is now Mifflin Township, they were outside the western boundary of what was then the Province of Pennsylvania. These settlers were not under the jurisdiction or protection of any type from any of the Thirteen Colonies. They became known as the Fair Play Men. These men established their own form of government, known as the "Fair Play System", with three elected commissioners who ruled on land claims and other issues for the group. In a remarkable coincidence, the Fair Play Men made their own Declaration of Independence from Britain on July 4, 1776, beneath the "Tiadaghton Elm" on the banks of Pine Creek.
Mifflin Township is located within the Larrys Creek watershed. This area was densely covered with trees and brush until about 1790, when the first settlers attempted to clear some of the land that surrounds Larrys Creek. John Murphy was the first settler to establish a permanent homestead. He cleared some land along the creek and built a home. His daughter, Sarah, is thought to have been the first white child to have been born in Mifflin Township. Murphy was soon followed by other settlers who also built cabins, cleared some land for farming and built sawmills. Lumber was soon to become the dominant industry in Mifflin Township.
Lumber industry
As timber and lumber became a major industry in the mid-19th century, Larrys Creek was a source of power for sawmills and other mills. The first sawmill on the creek was built in 1799. The relatively low flow of water in the creek did not allow rafts of logs to be floated downstream to the river and the lumber boom at Williamsport.
This and the lack of logging railroads along the creek led to the development of many small sawmills. Twelve sawmills were on the Second Fork, six on the First Fork, one each on Canoe Run, and the rest were on Larrys Creek itself. By 1903 just two mills were still standing and only one of those was operating.
Lumbering removed the tree trunks, but left many flammable limbs, branches, and stumps behind. On May 2, 1872, a large forest fire destroyed the villages of Carter and Gould, north of Salladasburg on Larrys Creek in Mifflin Township. Presently there are large tracts of second-growth forest, and small lumber companies still operate in the township.
Geography
Mifflin Township is in western Lycoming County and is bordered by Cogan House Township to the north, Anthony Township to the east, Woodward Township at one point to the southeast, Piatt Township to the south, Porter Township to the southwest, and Watson and Cummings townships to the west. Mifflin Township surrounds the borough of Salladasburg, a separate municipality.
Pennsylvania Route 287 passes through the township and Salladasburg, leading north to Hoytville and south to U.S. Route 220 at the West Branch Susquehanna River. Pennsylvania Route 973 crosses PA-287 in Salladasburg and leads east to Hepburnville and southwest to Pennsylvania Route 44 in the valley of Pine Creek. Williamsport, the Lycoming county seat, is to the southeast via Routes 287 and 220.
According to the United States Census Bureau, Mifflin Township has a total area of , of which are land , or 0.36%, are water. Larrys Creek is the main waterway through the township, flowing southward to the West Branch Susquehanna River in Piatt Township.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,145 people, 438 households, and 335 families residing in the township. The population density was . There were 470 housing units at an average density of 16.9/sq mi (6.5/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.78% White, 0.17% African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.17% Asian, and 0.61% from two or more races.
There were 438 households, out of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.9% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.3% were non-families. 18.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 2.95.
In the township the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 100.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.8 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $36,205, and the median income for a family was $42,125. Males had a median income of $30,484 versus $21,319 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,941. About 7.0% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.8% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
Townships in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
Populated places established in 1790
1790 establishments in Pennsylvania |
```javascript
import Icon from '../components/Icon.vue'
Icon.register({
trash: {
width: 448,
height: 512,
paths: [
{
d: 'M432 32c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16v32c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16h-416c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16v-32c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16h120l9.4-18.7c3.9-7.9 11.9-13.3 21.3-13.3h0.1 114.3c0 0 0 0 0 0 9.4 0 17.6 5.4 21.5 13.3l9.4 18.7h120zM53.2 467l-21.2-339h384l-21.2 339c-1.6 25.1-22.4 45-47.9 45h-245.8c-25.5 0-46.3-19.9-47.9-45z'
}
]
}
})
``` |
The Nightmare Factory: Volume 2, 2008, is the second volume in The Nightmare Factory series of graphic collections from Fox Atomic Comics, based on the individual short stories of Thomas Ligotti.
Contents
"Gas Station Carnivals", adapted by Joe Harris and Vasilis Lolos
"The Clown Puppet", adapted by Joe Harris and Bill Sienkiewicz
"The Chymist", adapted by Stuart Moore and Toby Cypress
"The Sect of the Idiot", adapted by Stuart Moore and Nick Stakal
External links
Fox Atomic Comics
2008 graphic novels
American graphic novels
Comics based on fiction
Horror comics |
Tunis is a village in Sohag Governorate, Egypt located in the Sohag Markaz. In 2006 it was inhabited by 19 495 people.
Notes
References
Villages in Egypt
Populated places in Sohag Governorate |
Sudi, is a panchayat town in the Gadag District of Karnataka, India. It is about 30 km from Badami, 12 km from Gajendragad and 3 km from Itagi Bhimambika temple. In the past it was an important town of the Kalyani Chalukyas during 1000 AD. It is notable for rare stone carved monuments like Twin towered temple, Mallikarjuna temple and nagakunda (large well built of stone and carvings), and few other structural temples. For long time these structures were abandoned, but recently they caught the eye of the Indian Archaeological Department (ASI - Archaeological Survey of India).
History
Sudi belongs to the core area of Western Chalukya architectural activity in modern Karnataka (particularly North Karnataka).
Padevala Taila (son of Nagadeva), continued to serve under Satyashraya (succeeded his father Taila in 997 AD) and his mother Attiyabbe made a grant in 1005 A.D. Satyashraya had two daughters. Vradhamabbarasi and Akkadevi and one son Kundin
(Kundiraja). Akkadevi was a good administrator and was governing some division
during the time of Satyashraya and his successors. Kundiraja was placed in charge of divisions like Banavasi 12,000 and Santalige 1,000.
Akkadevi and Kundin, continued to govern (dating 8_October_1013 AD) some provinces of the Chalukya Empire during the reign of Vikramaditya.
Sudi was the capital of the Kalyani Chalukyas in 1100 AD. Kalyani Chalukyas king's daughter Akkadevi ruled the place. There are also historical records indicating that coins were manufactured (mint) in this town during that time.
Coinage
During Western Chalukyas (973 – 1189 south), The Alupas, a feudatory, minted coins with the Kannada and Nagari legend Sri Pandya Dhanamjaya. Lakkundi and Sudi in Gadag district were the main mints (Tankhashaley) .
Their heaviest gold coin was Gadyanaka (weighed 96 grains), Dramma (weighted 65 grains), Kalanju
(48 grains), Kasu (15 grains), Manjadi (2.5 grains), Akkam (1.25 grains) and Pana (9.6 grain).
Shaivism, Pasupata school
Shaivism gained importance and Jainism lost towards the closing years of the Chalukya rule. Shaivism was dominant, and had several sects like Shaiva, Pasupata or Lakula, Kalamukha and Kapaliaka. The Pasupata school was important and had important centers at Balligavi, Sudi, Srisailam and other places.
Inscriptions
The Cholas claim to have captured a large number of Chalukya feudatory princes with their women and sacked and burnt Mannandippai. The Chalukya reverses are admitted in a Sudi inscription, dated in 1050 A.D., of the reign of Someshvara. It says that the 7 ministers granted the settis renewal of their corporate constitution (which had partly broken down in the stress of the war with the Cholas).
The Chola king was killed at Koppam, but the Chalukyas were also pushed back from
there by Rajendra. Soon after the Chalukyas raided Kanchi, the Chola capital,
burnt the city and defeated the Cholas once again. A Sudi inscription (Thursday, 20_January_1060 AD), records that king Trailokyamalla was halting at his camp Puli, a town within Sindavadi division after having made a victorious expedition to the southern region and conquered the Chola.
Sudi has several stone temples built by Maha Samanthadhipati Naga Deva in 1100 AD that have caught the attention of the Karnataka State Archeological Department. Quite a few of these structures have been cleaned up. Besides age-old structures there is also a tower (called Hude in native language) located in the center of the village. The richness of these temples can be viewed in the images posted here.
Tourism
Twin Towered Shiva Temple
Twin Towered, Two Vimana, Jodakalasa Temple
Later Chalukya monument, Before 1059-60, by Nageshwara by General Nagadeva administering Sudi.
Shri Chidambara Panchangam
Chidambara Panchanga is publishing from Sudi for many years. It was started by Late.Vedabrahma Shri Ramashastri Joshi.
Shri Shiva Chidambareshwara temple
Adjacent to the Shri Shiva Chidambareshwara temple there is a 29-feet Lord Shiva statue in a standing position which is rare in India & it was inaugurated by Shri Vishwesha Tirtharu, Pejawara Matha, Udupi.
Mallikarjuna Temple
Mallikarjuna temple at Sudi is a later Chalukya (Kalyani Chalukyas) monument, 1054, Founded under princess Akkadevi Governor of Sudi
Naga Kunda (Well)
Nagakunda literally means King cobra tank at Sudi is a carved (Inner wall) temple tank.
This is totally neglected by the people, ASI and Govt. of Karnataka. There is need of immediate conservation work to protect this monument.
Other monuments at Sudi
Large Ganapati Statue
Ishwara Linga in a stone made shelter
Large Shiva linga
Hude (Tower)
Other monuments at Sudi include a large Ganapati Statue and Nandi statue inside mantapa and a large Shiva linga.
Geography
It has an average elevation of . It is located adjacent to 2 streams called Hirehalla and Doddahalla and has total area of the town is .
It is located from Karnataka, 42 kilometres from Gadag and 450 kilometres from Bangalore, the state capital.
Climate
The temperature ranges from minimum 23 degrees to 45 degrees during summer and from 15 to 29 degrees in winter. The rainfall of the area is 50 centimeters. Best time to visit is between low humid season from November and March.
Transport
The nearest airport is Hubli about 100 kilometres away. It is east of Hubli-Sholapur rail route, and the rail station (Mallapur) is 25 kilometres from the town. It is also connected by road to Hubli and Gadag. Sudi is reachable from Bangalore by a 12-hour bus ride, or with a combination of an overnight train journey from Bangalore to Ron followed by a short bus ride from Ron to Sudi.
Demographics
India census, Sudi had a population of 6,000. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Sudi has an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 59% of the males and 41% of females literate. 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.
See also
Aihole
Pattadakal
Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)
Ron
Notes
References
Sudi Kalanelege kayakalpa, Dr. D. V. Devaraj, Director, Karnataka State Archeology, Mysore, publication in Sudha Magazine
Chalukya dynasty
Shiva temples in Karnataka
Western Chalukya Empire
Archaeological sites in Karnataka
Cities and towns in Gadag district |
Alejandro San Cristóbal Sánchez (born 18 January 1997), known as Álex Sancris, is a Spanish footballer who plays mainly as a right winger for Burgos CF.
Club career
Born in Madrid, Sancris represented Getafe CF and CF Trival Valderas as a youth. He made his senior debut with the latter's reserves in the 2015–16 season, in the regional leagues, and started to feature with the main squad in Tercera División in 2016.
On 7 July 2018, after becoming a regular starter for Trival during the campaign, Sancris signed a contract with CD Leganés, being assigned to the reserves also in the fourth division. The following 27 June, he renewed his contract with the club, and subsequently became a captain of the B-team as they achieved promotion to Segunda División RFEF in 2021.
On 13 July 2022, Sancris agreed to a deal with Primera Federación side Linares Deportivo. An undisputed starter for the side, he contributed with four goals and 10 assists in 40 matches overall, as the club narrowly missed out a play-off spot.
On 5 June 2023, Sancris was announced at Burgos CF in Segunda División, after signing a two-year contract. He made his professional debut at the age of 26 on 13 August, coming on as a second-half substitute for Miki Muñoz in a 1–1 home draw against SD Huesca.
References
External links
1997 births
Living people
Footballers from Madrid
Spanish footballers
Men's association football wingers
Segunda División players
Primera Federación players
Segunda Federación players
Tercera División players
Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol players
CF Trival Valderas players
CD Leganés B players
Linares Deportivo footballers
Burgos CF footballers |
Eric Cartman is a central character from the adult animated series South Park.
Cartman may also refer to:
Cartman (band), an Australian band 1997–2003
Cartman (surname), a surname
South Park
Other characters in South Park with the surname Cartman
Liane Cartman, a central character from the adult animated series South Park
See also
Carman (disambiguation)
Carmen (disambiguation)
Cartmanland |
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