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Seb is a masculine given name, often a shortened form (hypocorism) of Sebastian. It may refer to:
People:
Sebastian Vettel (born 1987), German racing driver, four-time Formula One world champion
Seb Brown (born 1989), English football goalkeeper
Sebastian Coe (born 1956), British politician and former middle-distance runner
Seb Dance (born 1981), British politician
Seb Feszczur-Hatchett (born 1995), English cricketer
Seb Gotch (born 1993), Australian cricketer
Seb Hines (born 1988), English footballer
Sebastian Larsson (born 1985), Swedish footballer
Seb Rochford, Scottish drummer and bandleader
Sebastian Rodger (born 1991), British hurdler and former decathlete
Seb Sanders (born 1971), English flat race jockey
Seb Stegmann (born 1989), English rugby union player
Seb Stewart-Taylor (born 1995), English cricketer
Seb Tape (born 1992), former Australian rules footballer
Fictional characters:
Seb Crossley, in the British television series The Evermoor Chronicles
Seb Miller, in the Australian soap opera Home and Away
See also
Geb, whose name was originally read as Seb
Masculine given names
Hypocorisms |
The Konbaung tombs are a collection of mausoleums built by Konbaung dynasty kings. They are scattered throughout the former royal capitals of Mandalay Region, including Mandalay, Amarapura, and Inwa.
Burial traditions
When a Burmese king died, his royal white umbrella was broken and the great drum and gong at the palace's bell tower (at the eastern gate of the palace), was struck. It was custom for members of the royal family, including the king, to be cremated: their ashes were put into a velvet bag and thrown into the river. King Mindon Min was the first to break tradition; his remains were not cremated, but instead were buried intact, according to his wishes, at the place where his tomb now stands. Before his burial, the King Mindon's body was laid in state before his throne at the Hmannandawgyi (Palace of Mirrors).
List of tombs
Amarapura
Tomb of King Bodawphaya (Amarapura) – King Bodawpaya reigned from 1781 to 1810, i.e., for 38 years. His was the longest reign among the kings of the Konbaung dynasty. He is remembered in history as the builder of the gigantic Mingun Pagoda, to which he dedicated a huge bell, which is the second largest in the world. His body was burnt on the site of the so-called "tomb," and the ashes were placed in a velvet bag and thrown into the Irrawaddy River.
Tomb of King Bagyidaw (Amarapura) – Bagyidaw was a grandson of Bodawpaya, being the son and heir of the Einshemin, who conquered Arakan in 1784 and brought away to Amarapura the celebrated Mahamuni image, the palladium of the Rakhine people. Bagyidaw was under the influence of Nanmadaw Me Nu, his notorious chief queen and her brother Minthagyi Maung O, through whose intrigues and machinations the First Anglo-Burmese War broke out in 1824. He reigned from 1819 to 1837. His body was cremated on the site of his "tomb" and the ashes were thrown into the Irrawaddy River.
Tomb of King Tharrawaddy Min (Amarapura) – Shwebo Min was the father of Kings Pagan and Mindon, and reigned from 1837 to 1846. He rebelled against his brother, Bagyidaw, and deposed him. His body was cremated on the site of his "tomb" and the ashes were thrown into the Irrawadd River. A wooden structure with a corrugated iron roof was constructed over the tomb. The structure was dismantled and replaced with a masonry pyatthat at a cost of 1,183 rupees.
Tomb of King Mindon's mother (Amarapura) – Erected in 1852. The old queen died just before the accession of her son, who was the wisest ruler of the Konbaung dynasty.
Mandalay
Tomb of King Mindon Min – King Mindon died in 1878. He was the tenth of the Konbaung dynasty, which was founded in 1753. Before he died, he left instructions that his body should be buried and not cremated, thus violating the time-honoured custom of burning the dead bodies of the members of the royal family. The mausoleum erected over his remains within the Mandalay Palace enclosure is a good specimen of Burmese work in glass mosaic.
Tomb of Queen Hsinbyumashin – Hsinbyumashin, the only daughter of the notorious Nanmadaw Me Nu, chief queen of King Bagyidaw, was the second queen of Mindon and mother-in-law of Thibaw. She died at Rangoon in 1900, and her body was permitted to be buried near Mindon's tomb.
Tomb of Medawgyi, mother-in-law of Mindon – Medawgyi, mother-in-law of Mindon, was the mother of King Pagan. She died in 1874.
Tomb of Nanmadawgyi – Nanmadawgyi, daughter of Medawgyi referred to in No 4, was the chief queen of Mindon. She was a wise princess and was learned especially in history and astrology, and was the constant adviser of her husband. She died in 1876 and was buried in the palace stockade. Her tomb was the third erected within the sacred precincts of the palace, the first being that of the Myauknandaw Queen, the favourite wife of King Mindon, and the second being No. 4.
Tomb of Medawgyi (Laungshe Queen), Queen of Mindon – The Laungshe Mibaya was a queen of Mindon and mother of King Thibaw. She was of Shan extraction, being a descendant of a daughter of the Sawbwa of Thibaw (Hsipaw). As queen dowager she enjoyed some power, and a White House was built for her residence. She died in 1881, that is, three years after the accession of her son.
Shwebo
Tomb of King Alaungpaya – His remains were interred at Shwebo. In 1898, a wooden pyatthat was erected over his tomb, and a marble tombstone was laid on the tomb at a cost of 833 rupees.
Ratnagiri
Tomb of King Thibaw – His remains are interred at a tomb in Ratnagiri, along with his second consort, Supayagalay. Descendants of the royal family announced in April 2017 to plan a mausoleum for Thibaw at Mandalay Palace.
Yangon
Tomb of Queen Supayalat – Her remains are interred in a mausoleum at the Kandawmin Garden Mausolea in Yangon.
Notes
References
Mausoleums in Myanmar
Konbaung dynasty
Buildings and structures in Mandalay Region |
Ijele the Traveler is the fifth studio album by Nigerian musician Flavour N'abania. The album was released on June 30, 2017, and artists like Sarkodie, Zoro, Terry Apala, Phyno, Semah G. Weifur and Chidinma are featured on some of the tracks. The record producers who worked on the project include Masterkraft, Tekno, Young John, Del'B, Illkeyz and Kezykleff.
Background
Ijele the Traveler follows his studio album titled Thankful released in 2014. Igbo masquerade culture, with its Ijele Masquerade, significantly influences the album. The album is composed of contemporary highlife and a blend of afro pop, hip hop, reggae and R&B sounds. The songs on the album were written in Igbo, English, and Pidgin. The song "Most High" features Semah Weifur, a blind Liberian boy who always wanted to meet Flavour.
Track listing
References
2017 albums
Flavour N'abania albums
Albums produced by Tekno |
Walsh Precinct is located in Randolph County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 454.
Geography
Walsh Precinct covers an area of .
References
Precincts in Randolph County, Illinois |
```makefile
# Makefile generated by XPJ for linux32
-include Makefile.custom
ProjectName = APEX_Destructible
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/DestructibleActorImpl.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/DestructibleActorJointImpl.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/DestructibleAssetImpl.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/DestructiblePreviewImpl.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/DestructibleRenderableImpl.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/DestructibleScene.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/DestructibleSceneSyncParams.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/DestructibleStructure.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/DestructibleStructureStressSolver.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/ModuleDestructibleImpl.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/autogen/CachedOverlaps.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/autogen/DestructibleActorChunks.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/autogen/DestructibleActorParam.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/autogen/DestructibleActorState.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/autogen/DestructibleAssetCollisionDataSet.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/autogen/DestructibleAssetParameters.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/autogen/DestructibleDebugRenderParams.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/autogen/DestructibleModuleParameters.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/autogen/DestructiblePreviewParam.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/autogen/MeshCookedCollisionStream.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/autogen/MeshCookedCollisionStreamsAtScale.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/autogen/SurfaceTraceParameters.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/src/autogen/SurfaceTraceSetParameters.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Actor.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Compound.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/CompoundCreator.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/CompoundGeometry.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Convex.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Delaunay2d.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Delaunay3d.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/FracturePattern.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/IceBoxPruning.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/IceRevisitedRadix.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/IslandDetector.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Mesh.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/MeshClipper.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/PolygonTriangulator.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Renderable.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/SimScene.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core/ActorBase.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core/CompoundBase.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core/CompoundCreatorBase.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core/CompoundGeometryBase.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core/ConvexBase.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core/Delaunay2dBase.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core/Delaunay3dBase.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core/FracturePatternBase.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core/IceBoxPruningBase.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core/IceRevisitedRadixBase.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core/IslandDetectorBase.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core/MeshBase.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core/MeshClipperBase.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core/PolygonTriangulatorBase.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core/SimSceneBase.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cppfiles += ./../../module/common/src/ModuleProfileCommon.cpp
APEX_Destructible_cpp_debug_dep = $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/debug/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.cpp, %.cpp.P, $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_cc_debug_dep = $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.cc, %.cc.debug.P, $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_c_debug_dep = $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/debug/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.c, %.c.P, $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_debug_dep = $(APEX_Destructible_cpp_debug_dep) $(APEX_Destructible_cc_debug_dep) $(APEX_Destructible_c_debug_dep)
-include $(APEX_Destructible_debug_dep)
APEX_Destructible_cpp_release_dep = $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/release/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.cpp, %.cpp.P, $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_cc_release_dep = $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.cc, %.cc.release.P, $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_c_release_dep = $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/release/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.c, %.c.P, $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_release_dep = $(APEX_Destructible_cpp_release_dep) $(APEX_Destructible_cc_release_dep) $(APEX_Destructible_c_release_dep)
-include $(APEX_Destructible_release_dep)
APEX_Destructible_cpp_profile_dep = $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/profile/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.cpp, %.cpp.P, $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_cc_profile_dep = $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.cc, %.cc.profile.P, $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_c_profile_dep = $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/profile/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.c, %.c.P, $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_profile_dep = $(APEX_Destructible_cpp_profile_dep) $(APEX_Destructible_cc_profile_dep) $(APEX_Destructible_c_profile_dep)
-include $(APEX_Destructible_profile_dep)
APEX_Destructible_cpp_checked_dep = $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/checked/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.cpp, %.cpp.P, $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_cc_checked_dep = $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.cc, %.cc.checked.P, $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_c_checked_dep = $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/checked/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.c, %.c.P, $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_checked_dep = $(APEX_Destructible_cpp_checked_dep) $(APEX_Destructible_cc_checked_dep) $(APEX_Destructible_c_checked_dep)
-include $(APEX_Destructible_checked_dep)
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths :=
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/filebuf
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/foundation
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/task
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/cudamanager
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/pvd
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/src/foundation/include
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/src/filebuf/include
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/src/fastxml/include
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/src/pvd/include
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../shared/general/shared
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../public
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/common
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/cooking
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/extensions
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/geometry
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/gpu
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/deformable
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/particles
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/characterkinematic
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/characterdynamic
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/vehicle
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Source/GeomUtils/headers
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Source/PhysXGpu/include
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../shared/general/RenderDebug/public
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../shared/general/shared/inparser/include
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../common/include
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../common/include/autogen
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../common/include/linux
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../shared/internal/include
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../module/common/include
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../NvParameterized/include
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../include
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../include/PhysX3
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../framework/include
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../framework/include/autogen
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../include/destructible
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../module/destructible/include
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../module/destructible/include/autogen
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../module/destructible/fracture
APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core
APEX_Destructible_debug_lpaths :=
APEX_Destructible_debug_lpaths += ./../../../PxShared/lib/makelinux32
APEX_Destructible_debug_lpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Lib/makelinux32
APEX_Destructible_debug_lpaths += ./../../NvParameterized/lib/linux32
APEX_Destructible_debug_lpaths += ./../../../PxShared/lib/linux32
APEX_Destructible_debug_lpaths += ./../../../PxShared/bin/linux32
APEX_Destructible_debug_defines := $(APEX_Destructible_custom_defines)
APEX_Destructible_debug_defines += PX_PHYSX_STATIC_LIB
APEX_Destructible_debug_defines += NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS=1
APEX_Destructible_debug_defines += ENABLE_TEST=0
APEX_Destructible_debug_defines += _DEBUG
APEX_Destructible_debug_defines += PX_DEBUG
APEX_Destructible_debug_defines += PX_CHECKED
APEX_Destructible_debug_libraries :=
APEX_Destructible_debug_libraries += NvParameterizedDEBUG
APEX_Destructible_debug_libraries += PsFastXmlDEBUG
APEX_Destructible_debug_libraries += PxFoundationDEBUG_x86
APEX_Destructible_debug_libraries += PxPvdSDKDEBUG_x86
APEX_Destructible_debug_libraries += PhysX3CommonDEBUG_x86
APEX_Destructible_debug_libraries += PhysX3DEBUG_x86
APEX_Destructible_debug_libraries += PhysX3ExtensionsDEBUG
APEX_Destructible_debug_common_cflags := $(APEX_Destructible_custom_cflags)
APEX_Destructible_debug_common_cflags += -MMD
APEX_Destructible_debug_common_cflags += $(addprefix -D, $(APEX_Destructible_debug_defines))
APEX_Destructible_debug_common_cflags += $(addprefix -I, $(APEX_Destructible_debug_hpaths))
APEX_Destructible_debug_common_cflags += -m32
APEX_Destructible_debug_common_cflags += -m32 -msse2 -mfpmath=sse -malign-double -fpic -ffast-math -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti -Wno-invalid-offsetof -Wno-unknown-pragmas -std=c++0x
APEX_Destructible_debug_common_cflags += -g3 -gdwarf-2
APEX_Destructible_debug_cflags := $(APEX_Destructible_debug_common_cflags)
APEX_Destructible_debug_cppflags := $(APEX_Destructible_debug_common_cflags)
APEX_Destructible_debug_lflags := $(APEX_Destructible_custom_lflags)
APEX_Destructible_debug_lflags += $(addprefix -L, $(APEX_Destructible_debug_lpaths))
APEX_Destructible_debug_lflags += -Wl,--start-group $(addprefix -l, $(APEX_Destructible_debug_libraries)) -Wl,--end-group
APEX_Destructible_debug_lflags += -lrt -pthread -z muldefs -Wl,-rpath=.
APEX_Destructible_debug_lflags += -m32
APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir = $(OBJS_DIR)/APEX_Destructible_debug
APEX_Destructible_debug_cpp_o = $(addprefix $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.cpp, %.cpp.o, $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_debug_cc_o = $(addprefix $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.cc, %.cc.o, $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_debug_c_o = $(addprefix $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.c, %.c.o, $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_debug_obj = $(APEX_Destructible_debug_cpp_o) $(APEX_Destructible_debug_cc_o) $(APEX_Destructible_debug_c_o)
APEX_Destructible_debug_bin := ./../../lib/linux32/libAPEX_DestructibleDEBUG.a
clean_APEX_Destructible_debug:
@$(ECHO) clean APEX_Destructible debug
@$(RMDIR) $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir)
@$(RMDIR) $(APEX_Destructible_debug_bin)
@$(RMDIR) $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/debug
build_APEX_Destructible_debug: postbuild_APEX_Destructible_debug
postbuild_APEX_Destructible_debug: mainbuild_APEX_Destructible_debug
mainbuild_APEX_Destructible_debug: prebuild_APEX_Destructible_debug $(APEX_Destructible_debug_bin)
prebuild_APEX_Destructible_debug:
$(APEX_Destructible_debug_bin): $(NvParameterized_debug_obj) $(PsFastXml_debug_obj) $(PxPvdSDK_debug_obj) $(APEX_Destructible_debug_obj) build_NvParameterized_debug build_PsFastXml_debug build_PxFoundation_debug build_PxPvdSDK_debug
mkdir -p `dirname ./../../lib/linux32/libAPEX_DestructibleDEBUG.a`
@$(AR) rcs $(APEX_Destructible_debug_bin) $(NvParameterized_debug_obj) $(PsFastXml_debug_obj) $(PxPvdSDK_debug_obj) $(APEX_Destructible_debug_obj)
$(ECHO) building $@ complete!
APEX_Destructible_debug_DEPDIR = $(dir $(@))/$(*F)
$(APEX_Destructible_debug_cpp_o): $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir)/%.o:
$(ECHO) APEX_Destructible: compiling debug $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles))...
mkdir -p $(dir $(@))
$(CXX) $(APEX_Destructible_debug_cppflags) -c $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles)) -o $@
@mkdir -p $(dir $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/debug/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles))))))
cp $(APEX_Destructible_debug_DEPDIR).d $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/debug/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles))))).P; \
sed -e 's/#.*//' -e 's/^[^:]*: *//' -e 's/ *\\$$//' \
-e '/^$$/ d' -e 's/$$/ :/' < $(APEX_Destructible_debug_DEPDIR).d >> $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/debug/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles))))).P; \
rm -f $(APEX_Destructible_debug_DEPDIR).d
$(APEX_Destructible_debug_cc_o): $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir)/%.o:
$(ECHO) APEX_Destructible: compiling debug $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles))...
mkdir -p $(dir $(@))
$(CXX) $(APEX_Destructible_debug_cppflags) -c $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles)) -o $@
mkdir -p $(dir $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles))))))
cp $(APEX_Destructible_debug_DEPDIR).d $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles))))).debug.P; \
sed -e 's/#.*//' -e 's/^[^:]*: *//' -e 's/ *\\$$//' \
-e '/^$$/ d' -e 's/$$/ :/' < $(APEX_Destructible_debug_DEPDIR).d >> $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles))))).debug.P; \
rm -f $(APEX_Destructible_debug_DEPDIR).d
$(APEX_Destructible_debug_c_o): $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir)/%.o:
$(ECHO) APEX_Destructible: compiling debug $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles))...
mkdir -p $(dir $(@))
$(CC) $(APEX_Destructible_debug_cflags) -c $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles)) -o $@
@mkdir -p $(dir $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/debug/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles))))))
cp $(APEX_Destructible_debug_DEPDIR).d $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/debug/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles))))).P; \
sed -e 's/#.*//' -e 's/^[^:]*: *//' -e 's/ *\\$$//' \
-e '/^$$/ d' -e 's/$$/ :/' < $(APEX_Destructible_debug_DEPDIR).d >> $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/debug/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_debug_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles))))).P; \
rm -f $(APEX_Destructible_debug_DEPDIR).d
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths :=
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/filebuf
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/foundation
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/task
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/cudamanager
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/pvd
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/src/foundation/include
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/src/filebuf/include
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/src/fastxml/include
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/src/pvd/include
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../shared/general/shared
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../public
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/common
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/cooking
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/extensions
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/geometry
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/gpu
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/deformable
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/particles
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/characterkinematic
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/characterdynamic
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/vehicle
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Source/GeomUtils/headers
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Source/PhysXGpu/include
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../shared/general/RenderDebug/public
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../shared/general/shared/inparser/include
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../common/include
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../common/include/autogen
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../common/include/linux
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../shared/internal/include
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../module/common/include
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../NvParameterized/include
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../include
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../include/PhysX3
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../framework/include
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../framework/include/autogen
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../include/destructible
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../module/destructible/include
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../module/destructible/include/autogen
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../module/destructible/fracture
APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core
APEX_Destructible_release_lpaths :=
APEX_Destructible_release_lpaths += ./../../../PxShared/lib/makelinux32
APEX_Destructible_release_lpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Lib/makelinux32
APEX_Destructible_release_lpaths += ./../../NvParameterized/lib/linux32
APEX_Destructible_release_lpaths += ./../../../PxShared/lib/linux32
APEX_Destructible_release_lpaths += ./../../../PxShared/bin/linux32
APEX_Destructible_release_defines := $(APEX_Destructible_custom_defines)
APEX_Destructible_release_defines += PX_PHYSX_STATIC_LIB
APEX_Destructible_release_defines += NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS=1
APEX_Destructible_release_defines += ENABLE_TEST=0
APEX_Destructible_release_defines += NDEBUG
APEX_Destructible_release_defines += APEX_SHIPPING
APEX_Destructible_release_libraries :=
APEX_Destructible_release_libraries += NvParameterized
APEX_Destructible_release_libraries += PsFastXml
APEX_Destructible_release_libraries += PxFoundation_x86
APEX_Destructible_release_libraries += PxPvdSDK_x86
APEX_Destructible_release_libraries += PhysX3Common_x86
APEX_Destructible_release_libraries += PhysX3_x86
APEX_Destructible_release_libraries += PhysX3Extensions
APEX_Destructible_release_common_cflags := $(APEX_Destructible_custom_cflags)
APEX_Destructible_release_common_cflags += -MMD
APEX_Destructible_release_common_cflags += $(addprefix -D, $(APEX_Destructible_release_defines))
APEX_Destructible_release_common_cflags += $(addprefix -I, $(APEX_Destructible_release_hpaths))
APEX_Destructible_release_common_cflags += -m32
APEX_Destructible_release_common_cflags += -m32 -msse2 -mfpmath=sse -malign-double -fpic -ffast-math -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti -Wno-invalid-offsetof -Wno-unknown-pragmas -std=c++0x
APEX_Destructible_release_common_cflags += -O3 -fno-strict-aliasing
APEX_Destructible_release_cflags := $(APEX_Destructible_release_common_cflags)
APEX_Destructible_release_cppflags := $(APEX_Destructible_release_common_cflags)
APEX_Destructible_release_lflags := $(APEX_Destructible_custom_lflags)
APEX_Destructible_release_lflags += $(addprefix -L, $(APEX_Destructible_release_lpaths))
APEX_Destructible_release_lflags += -Wl,--start-group $(addprefix -l, $(APEX_Destructible_release_libraries)) -Wl,--end-group
APEX_Destructible_release_lflags += -lrt -pthread -z muldefs -Wl,-rpath=.
APEX_Destructible_release_lflags += -m32
APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir = $(OBJS_DIR)/APEX_Destructible_release
APEX_Destructible_release_cpp_o = $(addprefix $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.cpp, %.cpp.o, $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_release_cc_o = $(addprefix $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.cc, %.cc.o, $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_release_c_o = $(addprefix $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.c, %.c.o, $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_release_obj = $(APEX_Destructible_release_cpp_o) $(APEX_Destructible_release_cc_o) $(APEX_Destructible_release_c_o)
APEX_Destructible_release_bin := ./../../lib/linux32/libAPEX_Destructible.a
clean_APEX_Destructible_release:
@$(ECHO) clean APEX_Destructible release
@$(RMDIR) $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir)
@$(RMDIR) $(APEX_Destructible_release_bin)
@$(RMDIR) $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/release
build_APEX_Destructible_release: postbuild_APEX_Destructible_release
postbuild_APEX_Destructible_release: mainbuild_APEX_Destructible_release
mainbuild_APEX_Destructible_release: prebuild_APEX_Destructible_release $(APEX_Destructible_release_bin)
prebuild_APEX_Destructible_release:
$(APEX_Destructible_release_bin): $(NvParameterized_release_obj) $(PsFastXml_release_obj) $(PxPvdSDK_release_obj) $(APEX_Destructible_release_obj) build_NvParameterized_release build_PsFastXml_release build_PxFoundation_release build_PxPvdSDK_release
mkdir -p `dirname ./../../lib/linux32/libAPEX_Destructible.a`
@$(AR) rcs $(APEX_Destructible_release_bin) $(NvParameterized_release_obj) $(PsFastXml_release_obj) $(PxPvdSDK_release_obj) $(APEX_Destructible_release_obj)
$(ECHO) building $@ complete!
APEX_Destructible_release_DEPDIR = $(dir $(@))/$(*F)
$(APEX_Destructible_release_cpp_o): $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir)/%.o:
$(ECHO) APEX_Destructible: compiling release $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles))...
mkdir -p $(dir $(@))
$(CXX) $(APEX_Destructible_release_cppflags) -c $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles)) -o $@
@mkdir -p $(dir $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/release/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles))))))
cp $(APEX_Destructible_release_DEPDIR).d $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/release/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles))))).P; \
sed -e 's/#.*//' -e 's/^[^:]*: *//' -e 's/ *\\$$//' \
-e '/^$$/ d' -e 's/$$/ :/' < $(APEX_Destructible_release_DEPDIR).d >> $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/release/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles))))).P; \
rm -f $(APEX_Destructible_release_DEPDIR).d
$(APEX_Destructible_release_cc_o): $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir)/%.o:
$(ECHO) APEX_Destructible: compiling release $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles))...
mkdir -p $(dir $(@))
$(CXX) $(APEX_Destructible_release_cppflags) -c $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles)) -o $@
mkdir -p $(dir $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles))))))
cp $(APEX_Destructible_release_DEPDIR).d $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles))))).release.P; \
sed -e 's/#.*//' -e 's/^[^:]*: *//' -e 's/ *\\$$//' \
-e '/^$$/ d' -e 's/$$/ :/' < $(APEX_Destructible_release_DEPDIR).d >> $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles))))).release.P; \
rm -f $(APEX_Destructible_release_DEPDIR).d
$(APEX_Destructible_release_c_o): $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir)/%.o:
$(ECHO) APEX_Destructible: compiling release $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles))...
mkdir -p $(dir $(@))
$(CC) $(APEX_Destructible_release_cflags) -c $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles)) -o $@
@mkdir -p $(dir $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/release/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles))))))
cp $(APEX_Destructible_release_DEPDIR).d $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/release/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles))))).P; \
sed -e 's/#.*//' -e 's/^[^:]*: *//' -e 's/ *\\$$//' \
-e '/^$$/ d' -e 's/$$/ :/' < $(APEX_Destructible_release_DEPDIR).d >> $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/release/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_release_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles))))).P; \
rm -f $(APEX_Destructible_release_DEPDIR).d
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths :=
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/filebuf
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/foundation
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/task
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/cudamanager
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/pvd
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/src/foundation/include
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/src/filebuf/include
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/src/fastxml/include
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/src/pvd/include
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../shared/general/shared
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../public
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/common
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/cooking
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/extensions
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/geometry
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/gpu
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/deformable
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/particles
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/characterkinematic
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/characterdynamic
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/vehicle
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Source/GeomUtils/headers
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Source/PhysXGpu/include
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../shared/general/RenderDebug/public
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../shared/general/shared/inparser/include
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../common/include
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../common/include/autogen
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../common/include/linux
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../shared/internal/include
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../module/common/include
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../NvParameterized/include
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../include
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../include/PhysX3
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../framework/include
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../framework/include/autogen
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../include/destructible
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../module/destructible/include
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../module/destructible/include/autogen
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../module/destructible/fracture
APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core
APEX_Destructible_profile_lpaths :=
APEX_Destructible_profile_lpaths += ./../../../PxShared/lib/makelinux32
APEX_Destructible_profile_lpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Lib/makelinux32
APEX_Destructible_profile_lpaths += ./../../NvParameterized/lib/linux32
APEX_Destructible_profile_lpaths += ./../../../PxShared/lib/linux32
APEX_Destructible_profile_lpaths += ./../../../PxShared/bin/linux32
APEX_Destructible_profile_defines := $(APEX_Destructible_custom_defines)
APEX_Destructible_profile_defines += PX_PHYSX_STATIC_LIB
APEX_Destructible_profile_defines += NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS=1
APEX_Destructible_profile_defines += ENABLE_TEST=0
APEX_Destructible_profile_defines += NDEBUG
APEX_Destructible_profile_defines += PX_PROFILE
APEX_Destructible_profile_libraries :=
APEX_Destructible_profile_libraries += NvParameterizedPROFILE
APEX_Destructible_profile_libraries += PsFastXmlPROFILE
APEX_Destructible_profile_libraries += PxFoundationPROFILE_x86
APEX_Destructible_profile_libraries += PxPvdSDKPROFILE_x86
APEX_Destructible_profile_libraries += PhysX3CommonPROFILE_x86
APEX_Destructible_profile_libraries += PhysX3PROFILE_x86
APEX_Destructible_profile_libraries += PhysX3ExtensionsPROFILE
APEX_Destructible_profile_common_cflags := $(APEX_Destructible_custom_cflags)
APEX_Destructible_profile_common_cflags += -MMD
APEX_Destructible_profile_common_cflags += $(addprefix -D, $(APEX_Destructible_profile_defines))
APEX_Destructible_profile_common_cflags += $(addprefix -I, $(APEX_Destructible_profile_hpaths))
APEX_Destructible_profile_common_cflags += -m32
APEX_Destructible_profile_common_cflags += -m32 -msse2 -mfpmath=sse -malign-double -fpic -ffast-math -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti -Wno-invalid-offsetof -Wno-unknown-pragmas -std=c++0x
APEX_Destructible_profile_common_cflags += -O3 -fno-strict-aliasing
APEX_Destructible_profile_cflags := $(APEX_Destructible_profile_common_cflags)
APEX_Destructible_profile_cppflags := $(APEX_Destructible_profile_common_cflags)
APEX_Destructible_profile_lflags := $(APEX_Destructible_custom_lflags)
APEX_Destructible_profile_lflags += $(addprefix -L, $(APEX_Destructible_profile_lpaths))
APEX_Destructible_profile_lflags += -Wl,--start-group $(addprefix -l, $(APEX_Destructible_profile_libraries)) -Wl,--end-group
APEX_Destructible_profile_lflags += -lrt -pthread -z muldefs -Wl,-rpath=.
APEX_Destructible_profile_lflags += -m32
APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir = $(OBJS_DIR)/APEX_Destructible_profile
APEX_Destructible_profile_cpp_o = $(addprefix $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.cpp, %.cpp.o, $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_profile_cc_o = $(addprefix $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.cc, %.cc.o, $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_profile_c_o = $(addprefix $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.c, %.c.o, $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_profile_obj = $(APEX_Destructible_profile_cpp_o) $(APEX_Destructible_profile_cc_o) $(APEX_Destructible_profile_c_o)
APEX_Destructible_profile_bin := ./../../lib/linux32/libAPEX_DestructiblePROFILE.a
clean_APEX_Destructible_profile:
@$(ECHO) clean APEX_Destructible profile
@$(RMDIR) $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir)
@$(RMDIR) $(APEX_Destructible_profile_bin)
@$(RMDIR) $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/profile
build_APEX_Destructible_profile: postbuild_APEX_Destructible_profile
postbuild_APEX_Destructible_profile: mainbuild_APEX_Destructible_profile
mainbuild_APEX_Destructible_profile: prebuild_APEX_Destructible_profile $(APEX_Destructible_profile_bin)
prebuild_APEX_Destructible_profile:
$(APEX_Destructible_profile_bin): $(NvParameterized_profile_obj) $(PsFastXml_profile_obj) $(PxPvdSDK_profile_obj) $(APEX_Destructible_profile_obj) build_NvParameterized_profile build_PsFastXml_profile build_PxFoundation_profile build_PxPvdSDK_profile
mkdir -p `dirname ./../../lib/linux32/libAPEX_DestructiblePROFILE.a`
@$(AR) rcs $(APEX_Destructible_profile_bin) $(NvParameterized_profile_obj) $(PsFastXml_profile_obj) $(PxPvdSDK_profile_obj) $(APEX_Destructible_profile_obj)
$(ECHO) building $@ complete!
APEX_Destructible_profile_DEPDIR = $(dir $(@))/$(*F)
$(APEX_Destructible_profile_cpp_o): $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir)/%.o:
$(ECHO) APEX_Destructible: compiling profile $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles))...
mkdir -p $(dir $(@))
$(CXX) $(APEX_Destructible_profile_cppflags) -c $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles)) -o $@
@mkdir -p $(dir $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/profile/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles))))))
cp $(APEX_Destructible_profile_DEPDIR).d $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/profile/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles))))).P; \
sed -e 's/#.*//' -e 's/^[^:]*: *//' -e 's/ *\\$$//' \
-e '/^$$/ d' -e 's/$$/ :/' < $(APEX_Destructible_profile_DEPDIR).d >> $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/profile/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles))))).P; \
rm -f $(APEX_Destructible_profile_DEPDIR).d
$(APEX_Destructible_profile_cc_o): $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir)/%.o:
$(ECHO) APEX_Destructible: compiling profile $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles))...
mkdir -p $(dir $(@))
$(CXX) $(APEX_Destructible_profile_cppflags) -c $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles)) -o $@
mkdir -p $(dir $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles))))))
cp $(APEX_Destructible_profile_DEPDIR).d $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles))))).profile.P; \
sed -e 's/#.*//' -e 's/^[^:]*: *//' -e 's/ *\\$$//' \
-e '/^$$/ d' -e 's/$$/ :/' < $(APEX_Destructible_profile_DEPDIR).d >> $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles))))).profile.P; \
rm -f $(APEX_Destructible_profile_DEPDIR).d
$(APEX_Destructible_profile_c_o): $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir)/%.o:
$(ECHO) APEX_Destructible: compiling profile $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles))...
mkdir -p $(dir $(@))
$(CC) $(APEX_Destructible_profile_cflags) -c $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles)) -o $@
@mkdir -p $(dir $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/profile/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles))))))
cp $(APEX_Destructible_profile_DEPDIR).d $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/profile/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles))))).P; \
sed -e 's/#.*//' -e 's/^[^:]*: *//' -e 's/ *\\$$//' \
-e '/^$$/ d' -e 's/$$/ :/' < $(APEX_Destructible_profile_DEPDIR).d >> $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/profile/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_profile_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles))))).P; \
rm -f $(APEX_Destructible_profile_DEPDIR).d
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths :=
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/filebuf
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/foundation
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/task
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/cudamanager
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/include/pvd
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/src/foundation/include
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/src/filebuf/include
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/src/fastxml/include
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PxShared/src/pvd/include
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../shared/general/shared
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../public
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/common
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/cooking
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/extensions
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/geometry
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/gpu
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/deformable
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/particles
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/characterkinematic
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/characterdynamic
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Include/vehicle
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Source/GeomUtils/headers
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Source/PhysXGpu/include
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../shared/general/RenderDebug/public
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../shared/general/shared/inparser/include
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../common/include
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../common/include/autogen
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../common/include/linux
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../shared/internal/include
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../module/common/include
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../NvParameterized/include
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../include
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../include/PhysX3
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../framework/include
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../framework/include/autogen
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../include/destructible
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../module/destructible/include
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../module/destructible/include/autogen
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../module/destructible/fracture
APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths += ./../../module/destructible/fracture/Core
APEX_Destructible_checked_lpaths :=
APEX_Destructible_checked_lpaths += ./../../../PxShared/lib/makelinux32
APEX_Destructible_checked_lpaths += ./../../../PhysX_3.4/Lib/makelinux32
APEX_Destructible_checked_lpaths += ./../../NvParameterized/lib/linux32
APEX_Destructible_checked_lpaths += ./../../../PxShared/lib/linux32
APEX_Destructible_checked_lpaths += ./../../../PxShared/bin/linux32
APEX_Destructible_checked_defines := $(APEX_Destructible_custom_defines)
APEX_Destructible_checked_defines += PX_PHYSX_STATIC_LIB
APEX_Destructible_checked_defines += NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS=1
APEX_Destructible_checked_defines += ENABLE_TEST=0
APEX_Destructible_checked_defines += NDEBUG
APEX_Destructible_checked_defines += PX_CHECKED
APEX_Destructible_checked_defines += PX_ENABLE_CHECKED_ASSERTS
APEX_Destructible_checked_libraries :=
APEX_Destructible_checked_libraries += NvParameterizedCHECKED
APEX_Destructible_checked_libraries += PsFastXmlCHECKED
APEX_Destructible_checked_libraries += PxFoundationCHECKED_x86
APEX_Destructible_checked_libraries += PxPvdSDKCHECKED_x86
APEX_Destructible_checked_libraries += PhysX3CommonCHECKED_x86
APEX_Destructible_checked_libraries += PhysX3CHECKED_x86
APEX_Destructible_checked_libraries += PhysX3ExtensionsCHECKED
APEX_Destructible_checked_common_cflags := $(APEX_Destructible_custom_cflags)
APEX_Destructible_checked_common_cflags += -MMD
APEX_Destructible_checked_common_cflags += $(addprefix -D, $(APEX_Destructible_checked_defines))
APEX_Destructible_checked_common_cflags += $(addprefix -I, $(APEX_Destructible_checked_hpaths))
APEX_Destructible_checked_common_cflags += -m32
APEX_Destructible_checked_common_cflags += -m32 -msse2 -mfpmath=sse -malign-double -fpic -ffast-math -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti -Wno-invalid-offsetof -Wno-unknown-pragmas -std=c++0x
APEX_Destructible_checked_common_cflags += -g3 -gdwarf-2 -O3 -fno-strict-aliasing
APEX_Destructible_checked_cflags := $(APEX_Destructible_checked_common_cflags)
APEX_Destructible_checked_cppflags := $(APEX_Destructible_checked_common_cflags)
APEX_Destructible_checked_lflags := $(APEX_Destructible_custom_lflags)
APEX_Destructible_checked_lflags += $(addprefix -L, $(APEX_Destructible_checked_lpaths))
APEX_Destructible_checked_lflags += -Wl,--start-group $(addprefix -l, $(APEX_Destructible_checked_libraries)) -Wl,--end-group
APEX_Destructible_checked_lflags += -lrt -pthread -z muldefs -Wl,-rpath=.
APEX_Destructible_checked_lflags += -m32
APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir = $(OBJS_DIR)/APEX_Destructible_checked
APEX_Destructible_checked_cpp_o = $(addprefix $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.cpp, %.cpp.o, $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_checked_cc_o = $(addprefix $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.cc, %.cc.o, $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_checked_c_o = $(addprefix $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(patsubst %.c, %.c.o, $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles)))))
APEX_Destructible_checked_obj = $(APEX_Destructible_checked_cpp_o) $(APEX_Destructible_checked_cc_o) $(APEX_Destructible_checked_c_o)
APEX_Destructible_checked_bin := ./../../lib/linux32/libAPEX_DestructibleCHECKED.a
clean_APEX_Destructible_checked:
@$(ECHO) clean APEX_Destructible checked
@$(RMDIR) $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir)
@$(RMDIR) $(APEX_Destructible_checked_bin)
@$(RMDIR) $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/checked
build_APEX_Destructible_checked: postbuild_APEX_Destructible_checked
postbuild_APEX_Destructible_checked: mainbuild_APEX_Destructible_checked
mainbuild_APEX_Destructible_checked: prebuild_APEX_Destructible_checked $(APEX_Destructible_checked_bin)
prebuild_APEX_Destructible_checked:
$(APEX_Destructible_checked_bin): $(NvParameterized_checked_obj) $(PsFastXml_checked_obj) $(PxPvdSDK_checked_obj) $(APEX_Destructible_checked_obj) build_NvParameterized_checked build_PsFastXml_checked build_PxFoundation_checked build_PxPvdSDK_checked
mkdir -p `dirname ./../../lib/linux32/libAPEX_DestructibleCHECKED.a`
@$(AR) rcs $(APEX_Destructible_checked_bin) $(NvParameterized_checked_obj) $(PsFastXml_checked_obj) $(PxPvdSDK_checked_obj) $(APEX_Destructible_checked_obj)
$(ECHO) building $@ complete!
APEX_Destructible_checked_DEPDIR = $(dir $(@))/$(*F)
$(APEX_Destructible_checked_cpp_o): $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir)/%.o:
$(ECHO) APEX_Destructible: compiling checked $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles))...
mkdir -p $(dir $(@))
$(CXX) $(APEX_Destructible_checked_cppflags) -c $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles)) -o $@
@mkdir -p $(dir $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/checked/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles))))))
cp $(APEX_Destructible_checked_DEPDIR).d $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/checked/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles))))).P; \
sed -e 's/#.*//' -e 's/^[^:]*: *//' -e 's/ *\\$$//' \
-e '/^$$/ d' -e 's/$$/ :/' < $(APEX_Destructible_checked_DEPDIR).d >> $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/checked/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cpp.o,.cpp, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cppfiles))))).P; \
rm -f $(APEX_Destructible_checked_DEPDIR).d
$(APEX_Destructible_checked_cc_o): $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir)/%.o:
$(ECHO) APEX_Destructible: compiling checked $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles))...
mkdir -p $(dir $(@))
$(CXX) $(APEX_Destructible_checked_cppflags) -c $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles)) -o $@
mkdir -p $(dir $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles))))))
cp $(APEX_Destructible_checked_DEPDIR).d $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles))))).checked.P; \
sed -e 's/#.*//' -e 's/^[^:]*: *//' -e 's/ *\\$$//' \
-e '/^$$/ d' -e 's/$$/ :/' < $(APEX_Destructible_checked_DEPDIR).d >> $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .cc.o,.cc, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_ccfiles))))).checked.P; \
rm -f $(APEX_Destructible_checked_DEPDIR).d
$(APEX_Destructible_checked_c_o): $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir)/%.o:
$(ECHO) APEX_Destructible: compiling checked $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles))...
mkdir -p $(dir $(@))
$(CC) $(APEX_Destructible_checked_cflags) -c $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles)) -o $@
@mkdir -p $(dir $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/checked/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles))))))
cp $(APEX_Destructible_checked_DEPDIR).d $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/checked/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles))))).P; \
sed -e 's/#.*//' -e 's/^[^:]*: *//' -e 's/ *\\$$//' \
-e '/^$$/ d' -e 's/$$/ :/' < $(APEX_Destructible_checked_DEPDIR).d >> $(addprefix $(DEPSDIR)/APEX_Destructible/checked/, $(subst ./, , $(subst ../, , $(filter %$(strip $(subst .c.o,.c, $(subst $(APEX_Destructible_checked_objsdir),, $@))), $(APEX_Destructible_cfiles))))).P; \
rm -f $(APEX_Destructible_checked_DEPDIR).d
clean_APEX_Destructible: clean_APEX_Destructible_debug clean_APEX_Destructible_release clean_APEX_Destructible_profile clean_APEX_Destructible_checked
rm -rf $(DEPSDIR)
export VERBOSE
ifndef VERBOSE
.SILENT:
endif
``` |
Mercedes Mason (formerly Masöhn; born 1982/1983) is a Swedish-born American actress and former model. She is known for playing the role of Zondra in the television series Chuck, and as Isabel Zambada in the procedural drama The Finder. She also starred in the 2011 American horror film Quarantine 2: Terminal, portrayed Louise Leonard in the supernatural drama series 666 Park Avenue (2012–2013), Talia Del Campo in NCIS: Los Angeles, and was a regular on AMC's television series Fear the Walking Dead from 2015 to 2017. In 2018 she also played Captain Zoe Anderson in ABC Police crime drama The Rookie
Early life
Mason was born in Linköping, Sweden, and grew up in the neighborhood of Ryd, Linköping. Her family had emigrated from Iran. She has one sister. She moved to the United States with her family at the age of 12 and was raised around the Chicago area.
Career
Mason started her career as Mercedes Masöhn on television with a minor one-episode role in the daytime soap opera One Life to Live in 2005; she returned to the series for two episodes in 2006 as the character Neery. From 2008 to 2011, Mason had various one-episode appearances in series such as NCIS, CSI:NY and Castle. She had her main role debut in film as Jenny of Quarantine 2: Terminal, the 2011 found footage horror movie sequel to Quarantine. Prior to that, she appeared in minor roles in The Break-Up (2006) and Red Sands (2009). In 2011, she also starred in the drama film Three Veils. Throughout the following years, Mason took part in various movies in minor or supporting roles.
In 2012, Mason was one of two lead actresses in The Finder during its lone season. She played Deputy U.S. Marshal Isabel Zambada, the romantic interest of title character Walter Sherman (Geoff Stults). Both she and Maddie Hasson filled the void left by the departure of Saffron Burrows, the female lead in the series' backdoor pilot which was the 19th episode of Season 6 of Bones. She also co-starred on the ABC supernatural drama series 666 Park Avenue in 2012, which was canceled midway through its season.
In spring 2014, she debuted her role of DEA Special Agent Talia Del Campo on the CBS series NCIS: Los Angeles, which has since become a recurring role, appearing in seven episodes from 2014 to 2022. In August 2015, Mason debuted in her role as Ofelia Salazar, on the Walking Dead companion series Fear the Walking Dead. In 2018, she played the role of Captain Zoe Andersen in the first season of the ABC series The Rookie.
Personal life
Mason married David Denman in September 2014. Their first child was born on 10 January 2018, a son named Caius Kane. Their second child, Sagan Cyrus, was born in May 2021. Mason came out as bisexual in December 2019.
Mason is a naturalized U.S. citizen, having taken the citizenship test in April 2016.
Mason speaks English, French, Spanish, and Persian; on the Swedish talk show Skavlan on 30 September 2016, she said that she no longer speaks Swedish but understands it.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
Living people
Actresses from Illinois
People from Linköping
Swedish television actresses
Swedish expatriates in the United States
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American television actresses
Swedish people of Iranian descent
American people of Iranian descent
Year of birth missing (living people)
1980s births
Bisexual actresses
LGBT people from Illinois
American bisexual actors
Swedish LGBT actors |
Elimelech Weisblum of Lizhensk (1717–March 11, 1787) was a rabbi and one of the founding Rebbes of the Hasidic movement. His hometown was Leżajsk () near Rzeszów in Poland. He was part of the inner "Chevraya Kadisha" (Holy Society) school of Dov Ber of Mezeritch (second leader of the Hasidic movement), who became the decentralised, third generation leadership after the passing of Dov Ber in 1772.
Elimelech wrote Noam Elimelech, which developed the Hasidic theory of the Tzaddik into the full doctrine of "Practical/Popular Tzaddikism". He was the founder of Hasidism in Poland-Galicia, and numerous leaders and Hasidic dynasties emerged from his disciples in the early 19th century, including the Chozeh of Lublin, the Maggid of Koznitz and Menachem Mendel of Rimanov, one of the three "Fathers of Polish Hasidism".
Biography
Elimelech was born in Tykocin (Poland).
He married Sprinza (Esperanza), daughter of Rabbi Aharon Rokach Margolioth, and they had five children. After her death Elimelech married Gittel, daughter of Rabbi Yaakov Margolioth.
He died in Leżajsk on the 21st of Adar.
Elimelech and his brother Zushya
Elimelech was a student of Dovber of Mezeritch, as was his brother Meshulam Zushya of Anipoli. Both brothers are important figures in Hasidic tradition. The two offered a contrast in the model of the Hasidic Rebbe, with Elimelech the ascetic scholar, and Zushya giving the impression of the charismatic "saintly simpleton", although he too was well versed in Hasidic philosophy.
Hasidic Leadership
After the death of Dovber of Mezeritch the Hasidic movement avoided one centralised leader, as it had under the Baal Shem Tov and Dovber. Instead Dovber's students dispersed across Eastern Europe, from Poland to Russia, taking with them their different interpretations of Hasidism. He began the dissemination of Hasidism in Poland, which subsequently increased to a much greater extent under his foremost disciple, the Chozeh of Lublin.
Many of Elimelech's students (talmidim) went on to be rebbes themselves, including the Chozeh of Lublin, Menachem Mendel of Rimanov, the Kozhnitzer Maggid, the Apter Rov and Kalonymus Kalman Epstein, author of Maor Vashemesh.
His grave in Leżajsk, Poland, is visited by thousands of Hasidism, particularly on the anniversary of his death, the 21st of the Hebrew month of Adar (in leap years in Adar II). In 2012, approximately 6,000 pilgrims came to visit the site on the anniversary coming from Israel, Ukraine, Hungary, Germany, Holland, France, Great Britain, Canada and the USA. In most Chasidic minyanim, Tachanun is omitted on the Noam Elimelech's Yartzeit.
Noam Elimelech
As is common among prominent rabbis he is often known by the name of his best known book, in his case Noam Elimelech, a commentary on the Torah which is one of the principal works of Hasidism.
The book has asterisks or stars placed in seemingly random places within the text. Tradition has it that these stars were placed by the author intentionally and contain some meaning. They are therefore included in almost all subsequent printed editions of the work.
Elimelech also wrote Tzetl Koton, a seventeen-point program on how to be a good Jew, and Hanhagos HaAdam, a list of Minhagim (customs) for pious Jews to follow.
References
External links
Rabbi Elimelech of Lizhensk
Digitized 1st Edition Hebrew Noam Elimelech
Noam Elimelech text on Hebrew Wikisource
Noam Elimelech in English samples
Tefilah Kodem HaTefillah
A Hassidic Tune attributed to Rabbi Elimelech of Lizensk
Rebbe Elimelech Stories
Ohel Elimelech Hebrew Tales about Rebbe Elimelech
1717 births
1787 deaths
18th-century Polish rabbis
Hasidic rebbes
Rabbis from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Polish Hasidic rabbis
Students of Dov Ber of Mezeritch |
John Patrick (born February 29, 1968) is an American professional basketball coach and former professional basketball player.
Career
Patrick attended DeMatha Catholic High School, where he played under coach Morgan Wootten, before moving to Sidwell Friends School in Washington, D.C. He started his college career at Stanford University in 1987. Playing point guard for coach Mike Montgomery, he won the 1991 NIT Championship as a senior. Patrick led Stanford in assists per game in 1989-90 and 1990–91, while making the Pac-10 All-Academic Team his junior and senior year.
Upon graduation, Patrick had a 13-year career as a professional basketball player, mostly representing clubs in Japan and Germany. He had a number of tryouts with NBA team Golden State Warriors, but never made the roster. While sitting out the 1994–95 season with a knee injury, he served as an assistant coach of his team (Japan Energy Griffins), but later returned to the court and split time between playing and coaching in Japan in the following years.
In 2003, Patrick was appointed head coach of BG Göttingen, a second-division team from Germany. He coached the Violets until 2005 and then spent the 2005–06 season as head coach for Toyota Alvark in Japan. After one year, he returned to Göttingen and guided the team to promotion to Germany's top-flight Basketball Bundesliga in 2007. Counting on a fast-paced style of play, Patrick led the team to three Bundesliga playoff appearances in four years and to the 2010 EuroChallenge title, while earning Bundesliga Coach of the Year honors in 2009 and 2010.
He parted company with BG Göttingen at the conclusion of the 2010–11 season to take the reins as head coach at fellow Bundesliga team s.Oliver Würzburg. Patrick led Würzburg to the playoff semifinals in 2011–12, but parted ways with the club at the end of the season.
In January 2013, Patrick was hired as head coach by struggling MHP Riesen Ludwigsburg, but couldn't prevent them from being relegated from the Bundesliga. However, the Ludwigsburg organization was granted a wildcard to remain in the league. Patrick guided the team to playoff berths in 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. In the 2017–18 season, Patrick's Ludwigsburg team reached the semi-final stage of the Champions League, where they fell short to Monaco. He was presented with the Best Coach award for the 2017-18 Champions League season. In Bundesliga play, Patrick guided Ludwigsburg to a semifinal appearance, where his team lost to Alba Berlin in May 2018. In the 2018-19 season, Patrick's Ludwigsburg side finished the Bundesliga regular season in tenth place, thus missing the playoffs.
In the 2019–20 season, his Ludwigsburg team had a record of 17 wins and 4 losses, while sitting in second place in the German Bundesliga standings, when play was stopped due to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. At the Bundesliga finals tournament which was organized in June 2020, he guided Ludwigsburg to its first ever appearance in the Bundesliga finals, where his team took on Alba Berlin, but lost both games. In these two games, Patrick had to replace Marcos Knight due to injury. Knight was later named Bundesliga finals tournament MVP. During the tournament, Patrick's sons Johannes and Jacob were both players on his Ludwigsburg team.
Patrick guided Ludwigsburg to a 30–4 record in the 2020–21 Bundesliga regular season, entering the playoffs as the top seed. He garnered Bundesliga Coach of the Years honours for the third time that season. In the 2021-22 campaign, Patrick and his Ludwigsburg squad won a bronze medal in the Champions League. In Bundesliga play, Patrick coached Ludwigburg to a semifinal appearance in the 2021-22 season. After nine years as head coach of the MHP Riesen Ludwigsburg in the German Bundesliga, Patrick left the club on June 8, 2022
On July 6, 2022, Patrick was appointed head coach of the Chiba Jets Funabashi. He guided the Chiba Jets to the 2023 B1 League finals where they fell short to the Ryukyu Golden Kings. During the 2022-23 season, Patrick's team set a league record by winning 24 games in a row.
Head coaching record
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| style="text-align:left;"|Toyota Alvark
| style="text-align:left;"|2005-06
| 26||21||5|||| style="text-align:center;"|1st|||7||5||2||
| style="text-align:center;"|JBL Champions
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Notes
External links
Eurobasket.com profile
1968 births
Living people
Alvark Tokyo coaches
BG Göttingen coaches
Riesen Ludwigsburg coaches
American men's basketball coaches
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in Japan
American men's basketball players
DeMatha Catholic High School alumni
Point guards
Stanford Cardinal men's basketball players
Würzburg Baskets coaches |
The SRO GT Anniversary by Peter Auto was a one off auto racing event held at Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Belgium, on 28-30 July 2022. The races were contested with GT1, GT2 and GT3-spec cars. The event promoters are Peter Auto and the Stéphane Ratel Organisation (SRO).
Entry List
A 28-car field gathered to contest both race - 11 GT1 cars, 10 GT2 cars and 7 GT3 cars. 8 manufacterers were represented.
Practice and qualifying
Race 1
Race 2
References
External links
Auto races in Belgium
2022 in Belgian motorsport |
is a ryū of jujutsu founded by Seishiro Okazaki (1890–1951) in Hawaii. Danzan-ryū jujutsu is of mainly Japanese origin but is most common on the West Coast of the United States. The Danzan-ryū syllabus is syncretic and includes non-Japanese elements.
History
Seishiro Okazaki was born in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan in 1890. In 1906, he immigrated to the island of Hawaii. Soon after, he was afflicted with a pulmonary condition which may have been tuberculosis. During this time, young Okazaki began studying under a Yōshin-ryū jujutsu sensei by the name of Yoshimatsu Tanaka in Hilo, Hawaii. Okazaki assiduously pursued his studies under Tanaka and after some time found that his respiratory condition had gone into remission. Okazaki felt that the study of martial arts had played a large role in his physical recovery and as a result, he decided to dedicate his life to the study and teaching of jujitsu and related disciplines.
Okazaki later adopted the Western first name, Henry.
In 1924, Okazaki returned to Japan and undertook a study of the various schools, or ryū-ha, of the then most popular Jūjutsu styles of Yōshin-ryū, Namba-Shoshin Ryū, Iwaga Ryū, Kosogabe Ryū, Kōdōkan Jūdō, and several others. Later that year when he returned to the Hawaiian Islands, he continued the study of jūjutsu under the various masters who had emigrated from Japan to Hawaii. Incorporating not only traditional jūjutsu, but also Lua, Shōrin-ryū Karate, Eskrima, Boxing, Chin Na and Folk Wrestling, he began to synthesize the most effective aspects of these various styles into an eclectic system which he called Danzan Ryū. Okazaki used this name to honor his Chinese martial arts teacher, Wo Chong. The Chinese name for Hawai'i is T'an Shan (檀山). When used in Japanese, these kanji are pronounced Dan Zan. Their literal meaning is "sandalwood mountain".
First classes
Okazaki's school was founded in Hawaii. The name Kodenkan (古伝館) may be translated as 'The School of the Ancient Tradition'. Okazaki's method of instruction prescribed that senior students teach their junior students in the spirit of mutual assistance. Okazaki declared that this method of instruction was the foundational philosophy of the AJJF. He called it kokua, which in Hawaiian means to help one another. Okazaki was willing to teach his arts to both people of non-Asian extraction and women. This was frowned upon by parts of the Asian community in Hawaii at that time. By all accounts the original classes were grueling, and as below, Okazaki taught different courses to different individuals. Around the time of the founding of Kodenkan it took approximately four years to earn a Shodan ranking. During this time students trained 6–7 days a week.
Seifukujutsu
"Upon completing about a year of study," Okazaki wrote in his Esoteric Principles (contained in the Mokuroku scroll given to his pupils who mastered his system), "I acquired a body of iron" (paraphrased), so he dedicated his life to the study of martial arts and the healing techniques associated with each style he took up. Some among his students carried on his healing traditions. In 1984 third and fourth generation devotees standardized his style of massage from notes by Okazaki's students into the AJJF certification program in Okazaki Restorative Massage (recognized by the AOBTA as ORM, but also known as Okazaki Long Life, Nikko Restorative Massage).
World War II and later
Shortly after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941, Okazaki was allegedly interned for six months. This is alleged, but not substantiated through FOIA requests to the U.S. Government. It is possible that he was only held under arrest and not placed in an internment camp. He was released relatively quickly because of the intervention of Curley Freedman who used his FBI contacts to aid in Okazaki's release. Curley was the first tile contractor in Honolulu, and installed tile in the homes and businesses of many Japanese. Because of his craftsmanship, he was well- liked and widely known. The FBI asked Okazaki for his assistance in identifying Japanese fishing boats that may have been contacting Japanese submarines and relaying information about U.S. Navy activity in Pearl Harbor. The FBI would also ask Bud Estes, who worked for Curley in the tile business, to assist in identifying drug dealers on another island during the harvest period. As Bud had knowledge of the island from his Salvation Army missionary days, he agreed and assisted the FBI until his cover was blown.
Okazaki was also fortunate in that his dojo was unmolested, as his students protected it from looters who ransacked Japanese homes and businesses. Because of the preservation of his assets, he was able to lend aid to the Asian community, members of which had formerly shunned him. In this way he became accepted by them.
During wartime, Okazaki continued teaching and also assisted the US military in creating a hand-to-hand combat curriculum based largely on the 120 Commando Technique list. Ironically, at the same time, Gichin Funakoshi, the father of modern Karate, was responsible for hand-to-hand training of many members of the Japanese military. Okazaki is sometimes said to have been responsible for the WWII US Army Field Combatives Manual FM 21-150, but that manual credits members of the American Judo Club of New York City.
Illness and death
Okazaki suffered a stroke in July 1948, from which he recovered somewhat in 1949, when he continued teaching. Okazaki died on July 12, 1951, at the age of sixty-two.
Today
There are many other Danzan Ryū and DZR-influenced organizations which have developed over time and are now separated into various schools of thought. The most widely known international federations today are the American Jujitsu Institute, Jujitsu America, the American Judo and Jujitsu Federation, and Small Circle Jujitsu.
The American Jujitsu Institute
The original Danzan Ryū organization was the American Jujitsu Institute (AJI) founded by Okazaki in 1939. The AJI is the oldest martial arts organization in the United States. The AJI has continued to the present day, and is currently under the direction of its President, Professor Daniel W. Saragosa and Vice President Sensei Scott Horiuchi. Its patronage and sponsorship of the major Danzan Ryu projects over the past two decades have proved crucial to its success.
The American Judo and Jujitsu Federation
The American Judo and Jujitsu Federation (AJJF) was founded in 1948 by Bud Estes, Richard Rickerts, John Cahill and Ray Law. In 1958, the AJJF was incorporated in the State of California as a non-profit organization. (Active Cal. Corp. C0353438, 4/21/1958; Cal. Sec. State, Business Search 5/19/2008)
The AJJF promotes Danzan-ryū jujitsu with a standardized curriculum used by a variety of jujitsu, judo and other dojos. This curriculum is intended to combine martial arts training with an ethical and moral philosophy.
Small Circle Jujitsu
Wally Jay had studied boxing, weightlifting, judo and jujitsu from various instructors before 1944, when he received his black belt in Kodenkan Danzan Ryu Jujitsu from Okazaki. Small Circle Jujitsu™ evolved from combining many sources and elements, but owes its roots to Ken Kawachi, the Hawaiian judo champion for many years. Sensei Kawachi was a physically small man who stressed the use of the wrist action to gain superior leverage. So effective was he in using the subtleties of the grip and its leverage that he routinely dominated other judoka twice his mass and defeated many visiting wrestlers and other grapplers from the mainland. That wrist action became the key to Small Circle Jujitsu and continues to evolve as Jay and others enhance the style with their knowledge. In August 2002, Wally Jay held the ceremony officially handing the title of Grandmaster over to his son Leon Jay in his hometown of Alameda, California.
Kaito Gakko
Kaito Gakko was formed under David Kawaikoolihilihi Nu'uhiwa, who studied with Okazaki starting in 1938, and John Cahill, (Danzan-Ryu's sensei, during Okazaki's internment.) After a fighting career with more than 100 consecutive undefeated matches, Professor Nuuhiwa blended his real world fighting experiences, including death matches in Africa and Asia, with his training in Danzan-Ryu Jujitsu, Karate, Aikido, Makaho, and Lua, and started teaching self-defense classes under the name 'Kaito Gakko', a title he was given in Japan in 1958, upon receiving a 12th Dan in karate. Kaito literally means “The Best of the East and West.” He was awarded the legendary Red Belt in Japan. At the time, he was one of only five in the world to hold this rank and the first American ever to hold this honor. David was also an expert in the ancient Hawaiian fighting art of Lua and a healing arts practitioner. Many professional athletes, including Sugar Ray Leonard, came to Nu'uhiwa for pre-fight training, or physical therapy. David Nu'uhiwa Sr. died on January 21, 2005, in Honolulu, Hawai’i after a courageous battle with cancer. Today, his Kaito Gakko school, aloha and teachings are carried on by Professor Nu'uhiwa's students: Kalani Akui (President of Kaito Gakko), Alyxzander Bear (Vice President of Kaito Gakko), Bruce Keaulani of 'Kaito Gakko Nu'uhiwa Ryu' in Oahu, Hawaii, and Carlos Gallegos of 'Kaito Gakko Martial Arts' in Orange County, California.
Kodenkan Yudanshakai
The Kodenkan Yudanshakai, founded in 1967 by Joseph Holck, is a traditional martial arts association with locations in major metropolitan areas of Arizona. The Kodenkan Yudanshakai was founded by Joseph Holck and his family in 1967 to continue the school founded by Joseph's Brother Roy Holck in 1962. The Yudanshakai teaches such martial arts as Danzan Ryū Jūjutsu, Shorin-ryū Karate, Matsuno Ryu Goshinjitsu, Nihon Jujitsu, Kodenkan Bokkendo, Hiraido Jujitsu, Northern Praying Mantis Kung Fu, Judo, and other arts. The Kodenkan Yudanshakai has grown over the years and presently has dojos in Arizona, Hawaii, California and Montana, including six in the Tucson-Phoenix metro area. The organization continues its perpetuation of the martial arts under the guidance of Joseph Holck and his family; Vinson Holck, Barry Holck, Meleana Holck-Tomooka, Amy Holck, Aaron Holck, Emmet Holck, Joyce Holck, Wilbert Holck, and Willard Holck.
Shoshin Ryu Yudanshakai
Shoshin Ryu Yudanshakai was founded by Michael Chubb to provide an educational, athletic, and recreational outlet to aid the physical, moral, and social development of adults and children within the framework of the sport and martial art of Danzan Ryu Jujitsu. It was incorporated in 1987 in the State of California and has been instrumental in the creation and maintenance of several inter-organizational projects, including the Ohana weekends, the Danzan Ryu Hall of Fame and the H.S. Okazaki National Jujitsu Championships.
Jujitsu America
In 1978 Wally Jay, John Chow-Hoon, Carl Beaver and Willy Cahill created Jujitsu America. They seceded from the Hawaiian-based American Jujitsu Institute (which was the Kodenkan organization) after a conflict of ideologies and methodologies. This group represented the mainland jujitsuka who decided to break away from the old organization. The Hawaiian leaders wished to perpetuate the traditions of the Kodenkan system while the statesiders wanted to update and improve their fighting skills to reflect certain modern realities. The objects and purposes of Jujitsu America shall be to promote and foster the development and cultivation of a better understanding of the art and science of Jujitsu among its members; and to promote and propagate the teachings and philosophies of the recognized and established systems of Jujitsu in America and affiliate International Unions of Jujitsu. It is further the intent and purpose of Jujitsu America to encourage a systematic practice of modern Kodenkan Jujitsu and related arts, in honor of the founder of Kodenkan Jujitsu, Henry Okazaki. Jujitsu America has recently affiliated with the United States Judo Association (USJA) to promote their Sport Jujitsu programme.
KDRJA
The Kodenkan Danzan-Ryū Jujitsu Association (KDRJA) was proposed by Professor Kiehl in 1978. That same year, Professors Kiehl, Ancho and Kufferath founded the Kodenkan Danzan Ryu Jujitsu Association or KDRJA. The Founders established a Board of three (3) Elders to direct the organization. The original elders were Profs. Ancho, Kufferath and Janovich. It is now known as the Board of Professors, Profs Doug and Jane Kiehl and Prof. Tony Janovich. Other individuals awarded the title of “Professor” by the KDRJA serve to advise the Board of Professors.
The Founders’ objective was to create an organization whose collective consciousness reflected the spirit and teachings of Danzan Ryu. Its mission is: 1. To provide students with guidelines and a road map for understanding and practicing the ancient arts and sciences of Kodenkan Danzan Ryu Jujitsu as taught by H. Seishiro Okazaki. 2. To carry-on the teaching and perspective of the late Kufferath and Ancho. 3. Support the activities of the Danzan Alliance.
KODENKAN DANZAN RYU HOMBU DOJO
Founded by Prof. Ramon Ancho Jr in 1990 in Costa Rica, it was a martial arts teaching center and SEIFUKUJUTSU therapy center. Prof. Ancho had 4 students who made up the body of instructors: Shihan Moises Muñoz, Shihan Berny Carvajal, Shihan Fabián Merino and Shihan Randall Sanchez.
CARVAJAL´S MARTIAL ARTS DOJO
Founded by Shihan Berny Carvajal 23 years ago. Direct student of Professor Ramon Ancho Jr, he was the Technical Director of KODENKAN HOMBU in Costa Rica.
ASHIHARA KARATE HOMBU DOJO
Founded by Shihan Fabián Merino, direct student of Professor Ramon Ancho Jr. He was the youngest student to enter KODENKAN HOMBU in Costa Rica.
SEIFUKUJUTSU COSTA RICA INSTITUTE
Seifukujutsu study and therapy center. Shihan Randall Sanchez has run this center for more than 20 years in Costa Rica, providing rehabilitation and therapy to many athletes in the Central American region. He has dedicated his life to preserving the techniques, legacy and tradition of Professor Okazaki, who taught them to Prof. Ancho. Prof. Ancho had Shihan Randall as his disciple for more than 15 years and was able to teach him and prepare him for this delicate task. This preparation was taught at the KODENKAN HOMBU in Costa Rica.
Dojo Danzan Ryu Kodenkan Costa Rica
Sensei Luis Soto 5th Dan, student of Shinan Moises Muñoz, direct student of Prof. Ancho.
Bill Beach's Hawaiian Jiu-Jitsu System, Inc., as well as The Southern California Jujitsu Association founded in 1979 by James A. Marcinkus (deceased).
Christian Jujitsu Association
The Christian Jujitsu Association was founded by Gene Edwards. The Christian Jujitsu Association is a Danzan Ryū organization including the Christian religion.
KaishinKai
KaishinKai translates as 'gathering of open minds'. The goal of KaishinKai Dojo is to train quality instructors that will propagate the teachings of Henry S. Okazaki and the Kodenkan Danzan-ryu system of Jujitsu. KaishinKai was founded by Ron Jennings in 1978 and consists of affiliate dojos and students primarily in the Pacific Northwest. The KaishinKai Dojo itself is also registered with the American Jujitsu Institute, Jujitsu America, and the ShoshinRyu Yudanshakai.
The Bushidokan Federation
The Bushidokan Federation is a union of dojos from around the world practicing the art of Dan Zan Ryu Zenyo Bujitsu. This system was originated by Herb Lague (student of Bud Estes) who began his martial arts studies in 1950, studying Boxing, Judo, Savate, Aikido, Lama Pai, and Jujitsu. Dan Zan Ryu Zenyo Bujutsu was formulated from these systems and uses a framework of Danzan Ryu Jujitsu to teach the principles of Zenyo throughout the system. While upholding certain principles common to many dojos, each dojo in the Bushidokan Federation retains its own autonomy and recognizes the sensei of each dojo as the head instructor. Member dojos are currently in Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, Israel, Italy, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Serbia/Yugoslavia, and the United States (Alaska, California, Florida, Hawaii, Maine, Oklahoma, Georgia, and Nevada).
Quantum Jujitsu
Quantum Jujitsu was founded by Stephen Copping and developed by Jeremy Corbell.
Evolution Jujitsu
Evolution Jujitsu was founded by Alex Aquino Sensei in Pasadena California 1995, as an answer to the rise of the mixed martial arts phenomenon in the US. The focus of the group is simple: Use Danzan Ryu as a vehicle to go back to the combat tested roots of Jujutsu, and constantly evolve, and develop, through experimentation, and competition.
Kodenkan Ohana Alliance
The Kodenkan Ohana Alliance is a group of autonomous Kodenkan Danzan-Ryu Jujitsu and affiliated organizations dedicated to the principles handed down by Henry S. Okazaki and aligning themselves to the Ohana family and actively supporting the Ohana convention event. This group is responsible for planning and implementing the Ohana convention.
Zen Budokai Jujitsu
Zen Budokai Aiki Jujitsu was founded by Raymond "Duke" Moore who began his training in the 1940s with Ray Law. Moore received advanced black belts in karate, judo, and jujitsu and by the 1960s had formulated his system which was influenced by his direct training with Ray Law (jujitsu), George Yoshida (judo), Kiyose Nakae (jujitsu), Mitz Kimura (judo), Richard Kim (karate and jujitsu), Hidetaka Nishiyama (karate), and Masutatsu Oyama (karate). Today, the system consists of approximately a dozen schools most of which are in California and New England. Zen Budokai focuses on practical jujitsu and self-defense and is taught by 9th dan (and current system leader) Tim Delgman at the San Francisco dojo and 9th dan Jim Moses at Stanford University at the Stanford Jujitsu Club.
Kilohana Martial Arts Association
Kilohana Martial Arts Association is a non-profit organization founded in 1996 to perpetuate the teachings of Professor Sig Kufferath and Professor Seishiro Okazaki, as well as to promote the study of other martial disciplines.
Kilohana works diligently to foster a sense of community among martial organizations and schools. With this goal in mind, Kilohana sponsors and supports a number of tournaments and training events throughout the year, most of which are open to members and non-members alike. The diversity of these events represents our desire to share with all of our Ohana.
The name “Kilohana” means being made of the finest material, of being the best at what you do, and having superior character, honor and integrity. Our coat of arms denotes this spirit with the Hawaiian words “Mokomoko Ku’i Lima Po’okela Kilohana”. Roughly translated this means being the finest champion in the art of hand-to-hand combat. We are honored to have been gifted this name and image by Professor Sig Kufferath.
Events
The most focal event of the post-Okazaki era in Danzan-Ryū is the biannual Ohana Celebration. This event includes members from all of the organizations focused on the teachings of Okazaki. The organizations come together for a weekend of clinics, competition, and camaraderie to share the Kodenkan spirit. Ohana was founded in 1990 by Shoshin Ryu Yudanshakai instructors Mike Chubb, Bill Fischer and Roger Medlen, and is hosted by a different organization each time. It is usually held on Labor Day weekend.
Other past events include the two Kodenkan Okugi classes held in Santa Clara, CA. These two events, one in the summer of 1993 and one in the winter of 2003, brought a number of Danzan-Ryū instructors together to learn the system from Sig Kufferath and his senior student Tony Janovich. Kufferath had been a graduate of the same class held in 1948 under the direction of Okazaki. Over the many years, the methods of performing Okazaki's arts had diverged into a number of different styles. This class, whose contents were designed by Janovich under the direction of Kufferath, was designed to show interested instructors how the arts had been done by Okazaki according to Kufferath, and how he had modified several arts. Students were instructed in all of the combat arts as well as the eleven required methods of resuscitation. The students who graduated from these classes were awarded Kaiden no Sho, or complete transmission certificates, and were given the title of either Renshi (trainer), Kyoshi (teacher) or Shihan (master). Before Kufferath's death in 1999, he and Janovich had planned to hold a second class in 2003, ten years after the previous class. This had been the plan of Okazaki after his 1948 class, but his death in 1951 prevented this. Janovich carried out the plan and held this class in January and February 2003. There are tentative plans for the Kodenkan dojo to hold another class in the future.
Note 1: Other classes that have been called "okugi" have taken place, but were not sanctioned by Kufferath.
Note 2: Okazaki's 1948 class was called the "special Sunday class" and not the Okugi class. The name "Okugi Class" was coined and copyrighted by Tony Janovich.
References
External links
American Jujitsu Institute
American Judo and Jujitsu Federation
The Danzan-Ryu Jujutsu Homepage
Jujitsu America
https://kilohanausa.com/
Jujutsu
North American martial arts
Martial arts in the United States |
The Preston strike of 1853–1854 was a strike of English weavers which took place between 1853 and 1854 in Preston, Lancashire.
The strike lasted seven months and paralyzed the cotton industry in the city of Preston. The primary leaders were George Cowell and Mortimer Grimshaw.
It inspired two contemporary novelists. Charles Dickens spent several days in Preston in January 1854. Although he does not describe a strike in Hard Times, whose publication began in April 1854 in Household Words, he was inspired by Mortimer Grimshaw in creating the character of the union leader, Slackbridge, and the intransigence of the bosses inspired the character of Bounderby. Elizabeth Gaskell, in North and South, was inspired by the Preston strike in depicting one that takes place in Manchester in her novel.
See also
Preston Strike of 1842
References
Labour disputes in England
1850s labor disputes and strikes
Textile and clothing strikes
Preston, Lancashire
1853 in England
1854 in England |
María Guðmundsdóttir may refer to:
María Guðmundsdóttir (skier)
María Guðmundsdóttir (filmmaker)
María Guðmundsdóttir (actress) |
Richard Crawley (22 February 1831 – 27 February 1897) was an English cricketer. He played three first-class matches for Cambridge University Cricket Club between 1852 and 1854.
See also
List of Cambridge University Cricket Club players
References
External links
1831 births
1897 deaths
English cricketers
Cambridge University cricketers
Cricketers from Luton
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers |
The Storting ( ; ) is the supreme legislature of Norway, established in 1814 by the Constitution of Norway. It is located in Oslo. The unicameral parliament has 169 members and is elected every four years based on party-list proportional representation in nineteen multi-seat constituencies. A member of Stortinget is known in Norwegian as a stortingsrepresentant, literally "Storting representative".
The assembly is led by a president and, since 2009, five vice presidents: the presidium. The members are allocated to twelve standing committees as well as four procedural committees. Three ombudsmen are directly subordinate to parliament: the Parliamentary Intelligence Oversight Committee and the Office of the Auditor General.
Parliamentarianism was established in 1884, with the Storting operating a form of "qualified unicameralism", in which it divided its membership into two internal chambers making Norway a de facto bicameral parliament, the Lagting and the Odelsting. Following a constitutional amendment in 2007, this was abolished, taking effect following the 2009 election.
Following the 2021 election, ten parties are represented in parliament: the Labour Party (48), the Conservative Party (36), the Centre Party (28), the Progress Party (21), the Socialist Left Party (13), the Red Party (8), the Liberal Party (8), the Christian Democratic Party (3), the Green Party (3), and the Patient Focus Party (1). Since 2021, Masud Gharahkhani has been President of the Storting.
History
The parliament in its present form was first constituted at Eidsvoll in 1814, although its origins can be traced back to the allting, as early as the 9th century, a type of thing, or common assembly of free men in Germanic societies that would gather at a place called a thingstead and were presided over by lawspeakers. The alltings were where legal and political matters were discussed. These gradually were formalised so that the things grew into regional meetings and acquired backing and authority from the Crown, even to the extent that on occasions they were instrumental in effecting change in the monarchy itself.
As oral laws became codified and Norway unified as a geopolitical entity in the 10th century, the lagtings ("law things") were established as superior regional assemblies. During the mid-13th century, the by then archaic regional assemblies, the Frostating, the Gulating, the Eidsivating and the Borgarting, were amalgamated and the corpus of law was set down under the command of King Magnus Lagabøte. This jurisdiction remained significant until King Frederick III proclaimed absolute monarchy in 1660; this was ratified by the passage of the King Act of 1665, and this became the constitution of the Union of Denmark and Norway and remained so until 1814 and the foundation of the Storting.
The Parliament of Norway Building opened in 1866.
World War II
On 27 June 1940 the presidium signed an appeal to King Haakon, seeking his abdication. (The presidium then consisted of the presidents and vice-presidents of parliament, Odelstinget and Lagtinget. Ivar Lykke stepped in (according to mandate) in place of the president in exile, C. J. Hambro; Lykke was one [of the six] who signed.)
In September 1940 the representatives were summoned to Oslo, and voted in favour of the results of the negotiations between the presidium and the authorities of the German invaders. (92 voted for, and 53 voted against.) However, directives from Adolf Hitler resulted in the obstruction of "the agreement of cooperation between parliament and [the] occupation force".
Qualified unicameralism (1814–2009)
The Storting has always been de jure unicameral, but before a constitutional amendment in 2009 it was de facto bicameral. After an election, the Storting would elect a quarter of its membership to form the Lagting, a sort of "upper house" or revising chamber, with the remaining three-quarters forming the Odelsting or "lower house". The division was also used on very rare occasions in cases of impeachment. The original idea in 1814 was probably to have the Lagting act as an actual upper house, and the senior and more experienced members of the Storting were placed there. Later, however, the composition of the Lagting closely followed that of the Odelsting, so that there was very little that differentiated them, and the passage of a bill in the Lagting was mostly a formality.
Bills were submitted by the Government to the Odelsting or by a member of the Odelsting; members of the Lagting were not permitted to propose legislation by themselves. A standing committee, with members from both the Odelsting and Lagting, would then consider the bill, and in some cases hearings were held. If passed by the Odelsting, the bill would be sent to the Lagting for review or revision. Most bills were passed unamended by the Lagting and then sent directly to the king for royal assent. If the Lagting amended the Odelsting's draft, the bill would be sent back to the Odelsting. If the Odelsting approved the Lagting's amendments, the bill would be signed into law by the King. If it did not, then the bill would return to the Lagting. If the Lagting still proposed amendments, the bill would be submitted to a plenary session of the Storting. To be passed, the bill required the approval of a two-thirds majority of the plenary session. In all other cases a simple majority would suffice. Three days had to pass between each time a chamber voted on a bill. In all other cases, such as taxes and appropriations, the Storting would meet in plenary session.
A proposal to amend the constitution and abolish the Odelsting and Lagting was introduced in 2004 and was passed by the Storting on 20 February 2007 (159–1 with nine absentees). It took effect with the newly elected Storting in 2009.
Number of seats
The number of seats in the Storting has varied over the years. In 1882 there were 114 seats, increasing to 117 in 1903, 123 in 1906, 126 in 1918, 150 in 1921, 155 in 1973, 157 in 1985, 165 in 1989, and 169 as of 2005.
Procedure
Legislative
The legislative procedure goes through five stages. First, a bill is introduced to parliament either by a member of government or, in the case of a private member's bill, by any individual representative. Parliament will refer the bill to the relevant standing committee, where it will be subjected to detailed consideration in the committee stage. The first reading takes place when parliament debates the recommendation from the committee, and then takes a vote. If the bill is dismissed, the procedure ends. The second reading takes place at least three days after the first reading, in which parliament debates the bill again. A new vote is taken, and if successful, the bill is submitted to the King in Council for royal assent. If parliament comes to a different conclusion during the second reading, a third reading will be held at least three days later, repeating the debate and vote, and may adopt the amendments from the second reading or finally dismiss the bill.
Royal assent
Once the bill has reached the King in Council, the bill must be signed by the monarch and countersigned by the prime minister. It then becomes Norwegian law from the date stated in the Act or decided by the government.
Articles 77–79 of the Norwegian constitution specifically grant the King of Norway the right to withhold Royal Assent from any bill passed by the Storting. This right has never been exercised by any Norwegian monarch since the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 (though it was exercised by Swedish monarchs before then when they ruled Norway). Should the king ever choose to exercise this privilege, Article 79 provides a means by which his veto may be overridden if the Storting passes the same bill after a general election:
"If a Bill has been passed unaltered by two sessions of the Storting, constituted after two separate successive elections and separated from each other by at least two intervening sessions of the Storting, without a divergent Bill having been passed by any Storting in the period between the first and last adoption, and it is then submitted to the King with a petition that His Majesty shall not refuse his assent to a Bill which, after the most mature deliberation, the Storting considers to be beneficial, it shall become law even if the Royal Assent is not accorded before the Storting goes into recess."
Organisation
Presidium
The presidium is chaired by the President of the Storting, consisting of the president and five vice presidents of the Storting. The system with five vice presidents was implemented in 2009. Before this there was a single holder of the office.
Standing committees
The members of parliament are allocated into twelve standing committees, of which eleven are related to specific political topics. The last is the Standing Committee on Scrutiny and Constitutional Affairs. The standing committees have a portfolio that covers that of one or more government ministers.
Other committees
There are four other committees, that run parallel to the standing committees. The Enlarged Committee on Foreign Affairs consists of members of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence, the presidium, and the parliamentary leaders. The committee discusses important issues related to foreign affairs, trade policy, and national safety with the government. Discussions are confidential. The European Committee consists of the members of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence and the parliamentary delegation to the European Economic Area (EEA) and the European Free Trade Area (EFTA). The committee conducts discussions with the government regarding directives from the European Union.
The Election Committee consists of 37 members, and is responsible for internal elections within the parliament, as well as delegating and negotiating party and representative allocation within the presidium, standing committees, and other committees. The Preparatory Credentials Committee has 16 members and is responsible for approving the election.
Appointed agencies
Five public agencies are appointed by parliament rather than by the government. The Office of the Auditor General is the auditor of all branches of the public administration and is responsible for auditing, monitoring and advising all state economic activities. The Parliamentary Ombudsman is an ombudsman responsible for public administration. It can investigate any public matter that has not been processed by an elected body, the courts, or within the military. The Ombudsman for the Armed Forces is an ombudsman responsible for the military. The Ombudsman for Civilian National Servicemen is responsible for people serving civilian national service. The Parliamentary Intelligence Oversight Committee is a seven-member body responsible for supervising public intelligence, surveillance, and security services. Parliament also appoints the five members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that award the Nobel Peace Prize.
Administration
Parliament has an administration of about 450 people, led by Director of the Storting Marianne Andreassen, who assumed office in 2018. She also acts as secretary for the presidium.
Party groups
Each party represented in parliament has a party group. It is led by a board and chaired by a parliamentary leader. It is customary for the party leader to also act as parliamentary leader, but since party leaders of government parties normally sit as ministers, governing parties elect other representatives as their parliamentary leaders. The table reflects the results of the September 2017 election.
Elections
Members to Stortinget are elected based on party-list proportional representation in plural member constituencies. This means that representatives from different political parties are elected from each constituency. The constituencies are identical to the 19 former counties of Norway. Although county mergers have brought the number of counties down to 11, the 19 constituencies are unchanged. The electorate does not vote for individuals but rather for party lists, with a ranked list of candidates nominated by the party. This means that the person on top of the list will get the seat unless the voter alters the ballot. Parties may nominate candidates from outside their own constituency, and even Norwegian citizens currently living abroad.
The Sainte-Laguë method is used for allocating parliamentary seats to parties. As a result, the percentage of representatives is roughly equal to the nationwide percentage of votes. Still, a party with a high number of votes in only one constituency can win a seat there even if the nationwide percentage is low. This has happened several times in Norwegian history. Conversely, if a party's initial representation in Stortinget is proportionally less than its share of votes, the party may seat more representatives through leveling seats, provided that the nationwide percentage is above the election threshold, currently at 4%. In 2009, nineteen seats were allocated via the leveling system. Elections are held each four years (in odd-numbered years occurring after a year evenly divisible by four), normally on the second Monday of September.
Unlike most other parliaments, the Storting always serves its full four-year term; the Constitution does not allow snap elections. Substitutes for each deputy are elected at the same time as each election, so by-elections are rare.
Norway switched its parliamentary elections from single-member districts decided by two-round run-offs to multi-member districts with proportional representation in 1919.
Historical composition of the Storting
Norway parliamentary election (since 1921 - proportional election)
Members
The parliament has 169 members. If a member of parliament cannot serve (for instance because he or she is a member of the cabinet), a deputy representative serves instead. The deputy is the candidate from the same party who was listed on the ballot immediately behind the candidates who were elected in the last election.
In the plenary chamber, the seats are laid out in a hemicycle. Seats for cabinet members in attendance are provided on the first row, behind them the members of parliament are seated according to county, not party group. Viewed from the president's chair, Aust-Agder's representatives are seated near the front, furthest to the left, while the last members (Østfold) are seated furthest to the right and at the back.
1980s–present
List of members of the Parliament of Norway, 1981–1985
List of members of the Parliament of Norway, 1985–1989
List of members of the Parliament of Norway, 1989–1993
List of members of the Parliament of Norway, 1993–1997
List of members of the Parliament of Norway, 1997–2001
List of members of the Parliament of Norway, 2001–2005
List of members of the Parliament of Norway, 2005–2009
List of members of the Parliament of Norway, 2009–2013
List of members of the Parliament of Norway, 2013–2017
List of members of the Parliament of Norway, 2017–2021
List of members of the Parliament of Norway, 2021–2025
Code of conduct
Unparliamentary language includes: one-night stand, smoke screen government, pure nonsense, Molbo politics, may God forbid, lie, and "som fanden leser Bibelen".
Building
Since 5 March 1866, parliament has met in the Parliament of Norway Building at Karl Johans gate 22 in Oslo. The building was designed by the Swedish architect Emil Victor Langlet and is built in yellow brick with details and basement in light gray granite. It is a combination of several styles, including inspirations from France and Italy. Parliament do also include offices and meeting rooms in the nearby buildings, since the Parliament building is too small to hold all the current staff of the legislature. The buildings in Akersgata 18, Prinsens Gate 26, Akersgata 21, Tollbugata 31 and Nedre Vollgate 18 also contains parliamentary staff and members of Parliament.
See also
List of presidents of the Storting
References
External links
(in English)
Ekspert om opplysningsplikten: Slik er reglene for hva statsråder må fortelle i Stortinget [expert about opplysningsplikten (or obligation to disclose): Such are the rules for ministers, in regard to what (they) must tell Stortinget] (20 November 2020) Dagsavisen
1814 establishments in Norway
Organizations established in 1814
Norway
Norway
Norway |
The MLB London Series is an arrangement for Major League Baseball (MLB) to play select regular season games at London Stadium in London, England. The arrangement was initially for two years, 2019 and 2020, which was sponsored by Mitel and branded as Mitel & MLB Present London Series. The 2019 games were the first MLB contests ever played in Europe, and featured the Boston Red Sox hosting two games against the New York Yankees. Two games planned for 2020 between the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, the arrangement between MLB and Greater London was renewed for games in 2023, 2024 and 2026. Beginning with the 2023 season, the series is branded as the MLB World Tour: London Series, reflecting the new "MLB World Tour" name applied to games played outside the U.S. and Canada.
Background
On May 8, 2018, MLB announced a two-year agreement to hold baseball games at London Stadium during the 2019 and 2020 seasons. The inaugural series was played between the Red Sox and Yankees, longtime divisional rivals.
Outside of the contiguous United States and Canada, MLB has previously held regular season games in Australia, Japan, Mexico, and Puerto Rico, and has held spring training games in China, but has never held any games in Europe. The National Football League (NFL) has similarly held regular-season games in London—primarily at Wembley Stadium—under the banner of the NFL London Games. The NFL has developed a large fanbase in the United Kingdom, and as of 2018, the games at Wembley had attracted an average attendance of 85,031. The NBA has similarly held games in London as part of its Global Games series.
Kelhem Salter, MLB's director of growth and strategy in the EMEA region, noted that Europe was a "key growth market" for the league, and that Londoners were "big event-goers" and frequently sell-out events held there. Unlike the other countries where MLB has held international games, baseball is not as popular and established in the United Kingdom. Salter explained that the league wanted to differentiate its efforts in London from those of other leagues, by emphasizing a "connection to culture and the culture of the specific cities that our teams represent" to engage with new fans. In May 2018, the league began a year-long cultural program entitled "The 108" (referring to the number of stitches on a standard baseball) to promote the London games, encompassing a series of zines profiling MLB teams, as well as "The 108 Sessions" — a series of live concert events at local venues featuring acts representing the teams' cities. The campaign is designed to "build a genuine dialogue and relationship with cultural scenes that reflect those of the MLB home cities."
On May 9, 2022, commissioner Manfred and London mayor Sadiq Khan announced a long-term partnership between the league and the city that includes regular-season games in 2023, 2024 and 2026, along with other major events over the next five years.
Series history
2019
In June 2019, the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox played a two-game series, with the Red Sox the designated "home" team. The Yankees won the first game by a score of 17–13, and the second game by a score of 12–8.
2020
The 2020 series was scheduled to take place June 13–14, at London Stadium, with the St. Louis Cardinals hosting the Chicago Cubs. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the games were cancelled. Commissioner Rob Manfred stated that "it was unlikely the events would go forward, and timely cancellation allowed us to preserve important financial resources". The start of the 2020 season was delayed due to the pandemic, and MLB cancelled other planned games in Puerto Rico and Mexico for similar reasons.
2023
On August 4, 2022, the first matchup of the extended partnership between MLB and the City of London was announced, with the Cardinals and Cubs scheduled for a two-game series in London on June 24–25, 2023.
In June 2023, the Cardinals and Cubs played a two-game series, with the Cardinals the designated "home" team. The Cubs won the first game by a score of 9–1, and the Cardinals won the second game by a score of 7–5.
2024
On June 23, 2023, it was announced that the 2024 series would involve the New York Mets and the Philadelphia Phillies, scheduled for June 8–9, 2024.
2026
Teams for the 2026 edition have not yet been announced.
Venue
Locating a venue with the correct dimensions required for a baseball field was difficult, especially as the majority of stadiums in the London region are primarily designed for soccer. MLB officials had evaluated multiple options (including cricket fields such as The Oval), before finalizing London Stadium as the site. The facility was originally constructed for the 2012 Summer Olympics; in late-2015, it was reported that MLB officials had measured the stadium's dimensions and considered it potentially suitable for baseball, and had negotiated the possibility of holding games there.
MLB developed a plan to adapt London Stadium for the games to make it resemble an MLB ballpark, via installation of a new baseball field as an overlay on top of the stadium's existing running track and pitch, with a seating configuration to emulate the more "intimate" layout and fan experiences of MLB ballparks. Materials to construct the playing surface include approximately of FieldTurf, and clay for the pitcher's mound and home plate area sourced from Pennsylvania. As the facility's locker rooms are smaller and suited towards soccer, larger, MLB-style clubhouses were built within the stadium. As done at the Toronto Blue Jays' Rogers Centre, dimensions from home plate were posted in both feet and meters: to the foul poles and 385 feet (117.4 m) to center field, with a fence. The dimensions were described as being potentially hitter-friendly. The two points in left center and right center where the temporary fences join the wall in center field area are slightly closer than center, marked as . As the roof overhangs the home plate area, there is a ground rule that balls hitting the roof are considered dead.
For the 2023 series, the dimensions were extended by a few feet, to in the power alleys and to center field.
Broadcasting
In the United States, television rights for both series were split between Fox and ESPN. Fox would broadcast the Saturday afternoon game, and ESPN the Sunday afternoon game, with ESPN's broadcast typically produced as a special afternoon presentation of Sunday Night Baseball.
In the United Kingdom, the series will be shown by the BBC until 2026 and also on TNT Sports.
Series summary
See also
MLB China Series
MLB Japan All-Star Series
MLB Japan Opening Series 2008
MLB Mexico Series
MLB Puerto Rico Series
MLB Taiwan All-Star Series
References
External links
London Series at MLB.com
Baseball competitions in the United Kingdom
MLB
London Series
Major League Baseball international baseball competitions
MLB |
Netaji Nagar is a part of South West Delhi and comes under the New Delhi parliamentary area. It predominantly has official government residences/quarters. The community is located close to Shanti path which has several embassies. The Prime Minister's residence is approximately 2 km away. Delhi College of Arts and Commerce is situated in the locality. Some other nearby locations include Safdarjung Enclave, R.K. Puram Sector 13, Hyatt Regency hotel, Bhikaji Cama Place, Palika Bhawan, Leela Palace.The area is named in the memory of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose
There was an illegal slum there which was demolished on 19 September 2010.
References
Neighbourhoods in Delhi
Memorials to Subhas Chandra Bose |
Eugenijus Riabovas (born 3 February 1951) is a Lithuanian football manager.
Playing career
Prior to his coaching career, Riabovas played for Žalgiris Vilnius and 3 times was named as Best Footballer of Lithuania. Riabovas was once the captain of the Lithuanian SSR football team during the USSR era.
Managerial career
He was recently the manager of A Lyga side FBK Kaunas.
In November 2006 he was briefly attached to Scottish Premier League football club Heart of Midlothian FC, in an advisory capacity. On 14 November 2006 it was speculated by the Scottish press that Riabovas would be the replacement for temporary head coach Eduard Malofeev, but this was later denied and did not take place, with Valdas Ivanauskas returning to take up the position, following a period of illness.
References
External links
Profile at KLISF
Profile at Futbolinis.lt
1951 births
Living people
Soviet men's footballers
Lithuanian men's footballers
Lithuanian football managers
FK Atlantas players
FK Žalgiris players
FK Žalgiris managers
Men's association football midfielders
FBK Kaunas managers
Lithuanian people of Russian descent |
Reichstadt may refer to
Reichstadt Agreement, an 1876 pact between Austria-Hungary and Russia
The German name for Zákupy, a town in the Czech Republic
Reichstädt, a municipality in Thuringia, Germany
See also
Duke of Reichstadt
Reichsstadt
Reichstag (disambiguation) |
```java
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*
*/
package com.haulmont.cuba.core.app;
import com.haulmont.chile.core.model.MetaClass;
import com.haulmont.chile.core.model.MetaProperty;
import com.haulmont.cuba.core.entity.*;
import com.haulmont.cuba.core.global.*;
import com.haulmont.cuba.core.global.validation.EntityValidationException;
import com.haulmont.cuba.security.app.EntityLogAPI;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import javax.annotation.Nullable;
import javax.inject.Inject;
import javax.validation.ConstraintViolation;
import javax.validation.Validator;
import java.util.*;
@Component(DataManager.NAME)
public class DataManagerBean implements DataManager {
private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DataManagerBean.class);
@Inject
protected Metadata metadata;
@Inject
protected MetadataTools metadataTools;
@Inject
protected EntityStates entityStates;
@Inject
protected ServerConfig serverConfig;
@Inject
protected StoreFactory storeFactory;
@Inject
protected EntityLogAPI entityLog;
@Inject
protected BeanValidation beanValidation;
@Nullable
@Override
public <E extends Entity> E load(LoadContext<E> context) {
MetaClass metaClass = metadata.getClassNN(context.getMetaClass());
DataStore storage = storeFactory.get(getStoreName(metaClass));
E entity = storage.load(context);
if (entity != null)
readCrossDataStoreReferences(Collections.singletonList(entity), context.getView(), metaClass, context.isJoinTransaction());
return entity;
}
@Override
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public <E extends Entity> List<E> loadList(LoadContext<E> context) {
MetaClass metaClass = metadata.getClassNN(context.getMetaClass());
DataStore storage = storeFactory.get(getStoreName(metaClass));
List<E> entities = storage.loadList(context);
readCrossDataStoreReferences(entities, context.getView(), metaClass, context.isJoinTransaction());
return entities;
}
@Override
public long getCount(LoadContext<? extends Entity> context) {
MetaClass metaClass = metadata.getClassNN(context.getMetaClass());
DataStore storage = storeFactory.get(getStoreName(metaClass));
return storage.getCount(context);
}
@Override
public <E extends Entity> E reload(E entity, String viewName) {
Objects.requireNonNull(viewName, "viewName is null");
return reload(entity, metadata.getViewRepository().getView(entity.getClass(), viewName));
}
@Override
public <E extends Entity> E reload(E entity, View view) {
return reload(entity, view, null);
}
@Override
public <E extends Entity> E reload(E entity, View view, @Nullable MetaClass metaClass) {
return reload(entity, view, metaClass, entityHasDynamicAttributes(entity));
}
@Override
public <E extends Entity> E reload(E entity, View view, @Nullable MetaClass metaClass, boolean loadDynamicAttributes) {
if (metaClass == null) {
metaClass = metadata.getSession().getClass(entity.getClass());
}
LoadContext<E> context = new LoadContext<>(metaClass);
context.setId(entity.getId());
context.setView(view);
context.setLoadDynamicAttributes(loadDynamicAttributes);
E reloaded = load(context);
if (reloaded == null)
throw new EntityAccessException(metaClass, entity.getId());
return reloaded;
}
protected void validate(CommitContext context) {
if (CommitContext.ValidationMode.DEFAULT == context.getValidationMode() && serverConfig.getDataManagerBeanValidation()
|| CommitContext.ValidationMode.ALWAYS_VALIDATE == context.getValidationMode()) {
for (Entity entity : context.getCommitInstances()) {
validateEntity(entity, context.getValidationGroups());
}
}
}
protected void validateEntity(Entity entity, List<Class> validationGroups) {
Validator validator = beanValidation.getValidator();
Set<ConstraintViolation<Entity>> violations;
if (validationGroups == null || validationGroups.isEmpty()) {
violations = validator.validate(entity);
} else {
violations = validator.validate(entity, validationGroups.toArray(new Class[0]));
}
if (!violations.isEmpty())
throw new EntityValidationException(String.format("Entity %s validation failed.", entity.toString()), violations);
}
@Override
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public EntitySet commit(CommitContext context) {
validate(context);
Map<String, CommitContext> storeToContextMap = new TreeMap<>();
Set<Entity> toRepeat = new HashSet<>();
for (Entity entity : context.getCommitInstances()) {
MetaClass metaClass = metadata.getClassNN(entity.getClass());
String storeName = getStoreName(metaClass);
boolean repeatRequired = writeCrossDataStoreReferences(entity, context.getCommitInstances());
if (repeatRequired) {
toRepeat.add(entity);
}
CommitContext cc = storeToContextMap.get(storeName);
if (cc == null) {
cc = createCommitContext(context);
storeToContextMap.put(storeName, cc);
}
cc.getCommitInstances().add(entity);
View view = context.getViews().get(entity);
if (view != null)
cc.getViews().put(entity, view);
}
for (Entity entity : context.getRemoveInstances()) {
MetaClass metaClass = metadata.getClassNN(entity.getClass());
String storeName = getStoreName(metaClass);
CommitContext cc = storeToContextMap.get(storeName);
if (cc == null) {
cc = createCommitContext(context);
storeToContextMap.put(storeName, cc);
}
cc.getRemoveInstances().add(entity);
View view = context.getViews().get(entity);
if (view != null)
cc.getViews().put(entity, view);
}
Set<Entity> result = new LinkedHashSet<>();
for (Map.Entry<String, CommitContext> entry : storeToContextMap.entrySet()) {
DataStore dataStore = storeFactory.get(entry.getKey());
Set<Entity> committed = dataStore.commit(entry.getValue());
result.addAll(committed);
}
if (!toRepeat.isEmpty()) {
boolean logging = entityLog.isLoggingForCurrentThread();
entityLog.processLoggingForCurrentThread(false);
try {
CommitContext cc = new CommitContext();
cc.setJoinTransaction(context.isJoinTransaction());
for (Entity entity : result) {
if (toRepeat.contains(entity)) {
cc.addInstanceToCommit(entity, context.getViews().get(entity));
}
}
Set<Entity> committedEntities = commit(cc);
for (Entity committedEntity : committedEntities) {
if (result.contains(committedEntity)) {
result.remove(committedEntity);
result.add(committedEntity);
}
}
} finally {
entityLog.processLoggingForCurrentThread(logging);
}
}
return EntitySet.of(result);
}
@Override
public EntitySet commit(Entity... entities) {
return commit(new CommitContext(entities));
}
@Override
public <E extends Entity> E commit(E entity, @Nullable View view) {
return commit(new CommitContext().addInstanceToCommit(entity, view)).get(entity);
}
@Override
public <E extends Entity> E commit(E entity, @Nullable String viewName) {
if (viewName != null) {
View view = metadata.getViewRepository().getView(metadata.getClassNN(entity.getClass()), viewName);
return commit(entity, view);
} else {
return commit(entity, (View) null);
}
}
@Override
public <E extends Entity> E commit(E entity) {
return commit(entity, (View) null);
}
@Override
public void remove(Entity entity) {
CommitContext context = new CommitContext(
Collections.<Entity>emptyList(),
Collections.singleton(entity));
commit(context);
}
@Override
public List<KeyValueEntity> loadValues(ValueLoadContext context) {
DataStore store = storeFactory.get(getStoreName(context.getStoreName()));
return store.loadValues(context);
}
protected boolean entityHasDynamicAttributes(Entity entity) {
return entity instanceof BaseGenericIdEntity
&& ((BaseGenericIdEntity) entity).getDynamicAttributes() != null;
}
protected CommitContext createCommitContext(CommitContext context) {
CommitContext newCtx = new CommitContext();
newCtx.setSoftDeletion(context.isSoftDeletion());
newCtx.setDiscardCommitted(context.isDiscardCommitted());
newCtx.setAuthorizationRequired(context.isAuthorizationRequired());
newCtx.setJoinTransaction(context.isJoinTransaction());
newCtx.setValidationMode(context.getValidationMode());
newCtx.setValidationGroups(context.getValidationGroups());
return newCtx;
}
@Override
public DataManager secure() {
return new Secure(this, metadata);
}
@Override
public <E extends Entity<K>, K> FluentLoader<E, K> load(Class<E> entityClass) {
return new FluentLoader<>(entityClass, this);
}
@Override
public FluentValuesLoader loadValues(String queryString) {
return new FluentValuesLoader(queryString, this);
}
@Override
public <T> FluentValueLoader<T> loadValue(String queryString, Class<T> valueClass) {
return new FluentValueLoader<>(queryString, valueClass, this);
}
@Override
public <T extends Entity> T create(Class<T> entityClass) {
return metadata.create(entityClass);
}
@Override
public <T extends BaseGenericIdEntity<K>, K> T getReference(Class<T> entityClass, K id) {
T entity = metadata.create(entityClass);
entity.setId(id);
entityStates.makePatch(entity);
return entity;
}
protected boolean writeCrossDataStoreReferences(Entity entity, Collection<Entity> allEntities) {
if (Stores.getAdditional().isEmpty())
return false;
boolean repeatRequired = false;
MetaClass metaClass = metadata.getClassNN(entity.getClass());
for (MetaProperty property : metaClass.getProperties()) {
if (property.getRange().isClass() && !property.getRange().getCardinality().isMany()) {
MetaClass propertyMetaClass = property.getRange().asClass();
if (!Objects.equals(metadataTools.getStoreName(propertyMetaClass), metadataTools.getStoreName(metaClass))) {
List<String> relatedProperties = metadataTools.getRelatedProperties(property);
if (relatedProperties.size() == 0) {
continue;
}
if (relatedProperties.size() > 1) {
log.warn("More than 1 related property is defined for attribute {}, skip handling different data store", property);
continue;
}
String relatedPropertyName = relatedProperties.get(0);
if (PersistenceHelper.isLoaded(entity, relatedPropertyName)) {
Entity refEntity = entity.getValue(property.getName());
if (refEntity == null) {
entity.setValue(relatedPropertyName, null);
} else {
Object refEntityId = refEntity.getId();
if (refEntityId instanceof IdProxy) {
Object realId = ((IdProxy) refEntityId).get();
if (realId == null) {
if (allEntities.stream().anyMatch(e -> e.getId().equals(refEntityId))) {
repeatRequired = true;
} else {
log.warn("No entity with ID={} in the context, skip handling different data store", refEntityId);
}
} else {
entity.setValue(relatedPropertyName, realId);
}
} else if (refEntityId instanceof EmbeddableEntity) {
MetaProperty relatedProperty = metaClass.getPropertyNN(relatedPropertyName);
if (!relatedProperty.getRange().isClass()) {
log.warn("PK of entity referenced by {} is a EmbeddableEntity, but related property {} is not", property, relatedProperty);
} else {
entity.setValue(relatedPropertyName, metadataTools.copy((Entity) refEntityId));
}
} else {
entity.setValue(relatedPropertyName, refEntityId);
}
}
}
}
}
}
return repeatRequired;
}
protected void readCrossDataStoreReferences(Collection<? extends Entity> entities, View view, MetaClass metaClass,
boolean joinTransaction) {
if (Stores.getAdditional().isEmpty() || entities.isEmpty() || view == null)
return;
CrossDataStoreReferenceLoader crossDataStoreReferenceLoader = AppBeans.getPrototype(
CrossDataStoreReferenceLoader.NAME, metaClass, view, joinTransaction);
crossDataStoreReferenceLoader.processEntities(entities);
}
protected String getStoreName(MetaClass metaClass) {
return getStoreName(metadata.getTools().getStoreName(metaClass));
}
protected String getStoreName(@Nullable String storeName) {
return storeName == null ? StoreFactory.NULL_NAME : storeName;
}
private static class Secure extends DataManagerBean {
private DataManager dataManager;
public Secure(DataManager dataManager, Metadata metadata) {
this.dataManager = dataManager;
//noinspection ReassignmentInjectVariable
this.metadata = metadata;
}
@Nullable
@Override
public <E extends Entity> E load(LoadContext<E> context) {
context.setAuthorizationRequired(true);
return dataManager.load(context);
}
@Override
public <E extends Entity> List<E> loadList(LoadContext<E> context) {
context.setAuthorizationRequired(true);
return dataManager.loadList(context);
}
@Override
public List<KeyValueEntity> loadValues(ValueLoadContext context) {
context.setAuthorizationRequired(true);
return dataManager.loadValues(context);
}
@Override
public long getCount(LoadContext<? extends Entity> context) {
context.setAuthorizationRequired(true);
return dataManager.getCount(context);
}
@Override
public EntitySet commit(CommitContext context) {
context.setAuthorizationRequired(true);
return dataManager.commit(context);
}
}
}
``` |
Paradraga is a genus of flies in the family Stratiomyidae.
Distribution
Papua New Guinea.
Species
Paradraga omnihirta James, 1980
References
Stratiomyidae
Brachycera genera
Diptera of Australasia
Endemic fauna of Papua New Guinea |
Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing is an auto racing team that has participated in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship and the IndyCar Series. Headquartered in Brownsburg, Indiana and Hilliard, Ohio, it is co-owned by 1986 Indianapolis 500 winner Bobby Rahal, former television talk show host David Letterman, and businessman Mike Lanigan. The team won the Indianapolis 500 twice, first in 2004 with Buddy Rice driving and then in 2020 with Takuma Sato.
The team was established in 1991 as Rahal/Hogan Racing, became Team Rahal in 1996, and was known as Rahal Letterman Racing from May 2004 until December 2010. Throughout the team's history in IMSA with factory partner BMW, the team has run under the name BMW Team RLL.
CART IndyCar World Series (1991–2003)
Following the 1991 CART season, Bobby Rahal left the Galles-Kraco Racing team. Despite consistent top finishes, Rahal won only two races from 1989 to 1991. Likewise, Danny Sullivan left the Patrick Racing team, following a dismal season with the Alfa Romeo engine. The two drivers essentially swapped rides. Sullivan joined Galles, and Rahal signed with Patrick in September 1991.
By the winter of 1991, however, Patrick Racing started to collapse due to financial and legal issues regarding the Alfa Romeo engine. Ilmor had refused to supply the Chevy/A engine to Patrick due to rumors that one of the Chevrolet Indy car engines had been provided to Alfa-Romeo.
To ensure that Rahal would not be racing an uncompetitive engine in 1992, Patrick sold his assets to Rahal and his new partner Carl Hogan, who was able to secure a supply of Chevy engines. A new team was formed, known as Rahal/Hogan Racing, with key personnel from Patrick Racing, such as team manager Jim McGee, moving over to the new organization.
In 1992, the team won the IndyCar World Series title on their first try, with owner-driver Bobby Rahal driving a Lola T92/00 to 4 victories during the season.
In late 1992, Rahal/Hogan absorbed the Truesports racing team, which Rahal had started his CART career with. The team moved its headquarters from Indianapolis to Hilliard, into the old Truesports facility. Along with the acquisition, they took over the Truesports "All-American" chassis program. Rahal began the 1993 season with an updated version of the Truesports chassis, with the intention of introducing a brand-new Rahal/Hogan chassis later in the year.
A second-place finish at Long Beach offered some promise. The success was short-lived, however, as the chassis proved uncompetitive on ovals. After Rahal failed to qualify at Indianapolis, the team switched to a more conventional Lola, while team driver Mike Groff entered several more races in the R/H-001. Eventually, the team abandoned the chassis project.
In 1994, Rahal/Hogan introduced the Honda HRX Indy V-8 engine to the IndyCar World Series, having performed development testing for the engine throughout the 1993 season, but split with the manufacturer after Rahal finished a disappointing tenth place in the standings.
At Indianapolis, the engine proved uncompetitive, and Rahal risked missing the race for the second year in a row. He borrowed two Penske-Ilmor machines and finished third in the race. In 1996, Carl Hogan left the team and started his racing operation. As a result, the team changed its name to Team Rahal and Hogan started Hogan Racing.
In early 1996, Rahal's longtime friend, and avid race fan, comedian David Letterman, purchased a small share of the team.
Over the next few years, the team would employ Bryan Herta, Max Papis, Kenny Bräck, Jimmy Vasser and Michel Jourdain Jr., getting closest to another title in 2001, when Bräck finished 2nd in points. Rahal himself retired from driving at the end of 1998.
IndyCar Series
Full-time (2004–2008)
The team changed its name again to Rahal Letterman Racing in May 2004. For the 2005 season, RLR's three drivers were Buddy Rice, who won the 2004 Indianapolis 500 while driving for the team, Vítor Meira, who finished second in the 2005 & 2008 Indianapolis 500s, and Danica Patrick, who finished fourth in the 2005 Indianapolis 500 and had the highest finish of any female driver (3 previous) in the history of the Indianapolis 500. Also in the 2005 Indianapolis 500, former team member Kenny Bräck, who was replaced by Rice when he suffered a serious injury in 2003, replaced Rice when he was injured in pre-race practice. Rice was able to recover in time to race in the next IndyCar race.
The Rahal Letterman team had high hopes for 2006. Meira had left the team after the 2005 season to join Panther Racing. He was replaced by Paul Dana who brought an Ethanol sponsorship. The team placed three cars in the top eight for the Toyota Indy 300 during March 25, 2006, qualifying (Patrick third, Rice sixth, Dana ninth), and expected good things to come the next day for the race at Homestead-Miami Speedway.
During the final practice Sunday morning, Vision Racing's Ed Carpenter crashed in turn two and the car slid down the 20-degree banking. Dana, who seemed to not receive the signal from the spotter, ran into the gearbox section of Carpenter's car, sending Dana's car flying on the backstretch. Dana died in the hospital later that afternoon, and the entire team, including Patrick and Rice, withdrew immediately.
Patrick and Rice raced together at St. Petersburg with the third car vacant out of respect, but effective the Bridgestone Indy Japan 300 at Motegi, Japan, Jeff Simmons was added as the team's third driver. In mid-2006 the team switched from Panoz to Dallara chassis. Rice finished 15th in points, Patrick finished 9th, and Simmons finished 16th.
Before the 2006 Monterey Sports Car Championships, Rahal Letterman Racing announced that the team would be fielding a Porsche 997 GT3-RSR in the American Le Mans Series in 2007.
For the 2007 IndyCar Series, RLR fielded two cars, one for Simmons and one for IndyCar veteran Scott Sharp. They were unable to find sponsorship to field a third car for 2004 Indianapolis 500 champion Buddy Rice, who moved to Dreyer & Reinbold Racing. However, after 11 races, released Simmons and picked up former Champ Car driver Ryan Hunter-Reay, who earned a 7th-place finish at the Honda 200. Consistent finishes gave Ryan and the team the Rookie of the Year award despite making only six starts.
In the 2008 IndyCar Series season, RLR fielded just one car driven by Ryan Hunter-Reay. The team scored a win at the IndyCar Series event at Watkins Glen International and Hunter-Reay finished 8th in points. However at the end of the season, the team's ethanol promotion council sponsorship left and it was unable to find full-time sponsorship for 2009.
Part-time (2009–2011)
RLR did not participate full-time in the 2009 season due to a lack of sponsorship. With the sponsorship of DAFCA they participated in the 2009 Indianapolis 500, where driver Oriol Servià, after starting on the ninth row, advanced to tenth place but completed only 98 laps before being forced to quit due to mechanical problems.
In 2010, the team again failed to secure sponsorship for the full season. At the 2010 Indianapolis 500, the team arranged a one-race sponsorship entry for Graham Rahal. Rahal ran in the top ten until a blocking penalty shuffled him back in the standings, and he finished 12th.
In December 2010, Mike Lanigan, former co-owner of Newman-Haas-Lanigan Racing with Carl Haas and actor Paul Newman, became co-owner of what was renamed Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing.
The team signed Jay Howard to drive the #88 car with Service Central sponsorship for the 2011 Indy 500. Bertrand Baguette also joined the team at the 500. Howard finished 30th after losing a wheel following a pit stop on lap 61, while Baguette would lead 11 laps late in the race before needing to pit for fuel with 3 laps to go. He would finish 7th.
Full-time return (2012–present)
The team returned to full-time IndyCar competition for 2012, running a single Dallara-Honda for Takuma Sato, who achieved two podium finishes at São Paulo and Edmonton. Michel Jourdain Jr. returned to the team in a second car for the Indianapolis 500, where Sato came close to victory, crashing out on the final lap while attempting to pass Dario Franchitti for the lead.
On April 30, 2014, the team made history with Engage Mobile Solutions when four members of the RLL team including driver Graham Rahal and three members of the pit crew wore Google Glass to show an IndyCar Series pit stop from the unique perspective of each person on the racing team.
After rotating through a series of drivers, including Jourdain, Jay Howard, and Mike Conway, Graham Rahal returned to RLL to contest the full 2013 season. Rahal struggled during the 2013 and 2014 seasons with only four top-5 finishes. However, he would have a breakout year in 2015, snapping a six-year winless streak at Auto Club Speedway and dueling Justin Wilson to win at his home track at Mid-Ohio. Rahal would end the 2015 season fourth in points after consecutive bad races at Pocono and Sonoma.
For 2016, the team remained a single-car team but added Indy Lights champion Spencer Pigot to the lineup for three races. Rahal would take a win at Texas Motor Speedway by only .008 of a second.
During 2017 the team would watch another two wins, with Graham Rahal taking back-to-back victories at Detroit.
In 2018, RLL would re-sign Takuma Sato, who had previously won the 2017 Indianapolis 500 for Andretti Autosport. Sato would score his first win for the team at the 2018 Grand Prix of Portland, and would win twice more in the 2019 Indycar season, at Barber Motorsports Park and World Wide Technology Raceway at Gateway respectively. Sato won his second Indianapolis 500 in 2020, his first with RLL Racing. Rahal finished in 3rd position. The team also ran a third car for the first time in a race 2019 Indianapolis 500, with Jordan King finishing in 24th place.
In 2021 RLL again expanded to three cars, with Graham Rahal and Takuma Sato driving two full-time entries while several drivers would drive a third car on a part-time basis. The car would be backed by Hy-Vee, a supermarket chain in the Midwestern United States. Initially, the third car was only scheduled to run the 2021 Indianapolis 500 with Santino Ferrucci behind the wheel but after Ferucci's top ten finish in the 500 Hyvee gave additional sponsorship for the car to run at Detroit, Mid Ohio, and Nashville with Ferucci driving four races. After the Nashville round the team announced the third car would be run at the Big Machine Spiked Coolers Grand Prix and the final three races by different drivers in place of Ferrucci; Danish Formula 2 and current Alpine F1 Academy driver Christian Lundgaard would drive the car at the Big Machine Spiked Coolers Grand Prix on the IMS Road Course with the car backed by MiJack while Oliver Askew would drive the car at Portland, Laguna Seca, and Long Beach backed by Hy-Vee. During the season Ferrucci, Askew, and Lundgaard would all test the third car in shootout style tests to determine who would get the full time drive in the third car in 2022.
For 2022 Takuma Sato would depart the team. The #45 Hy-Vee car would be driven by Jack Harvey, who was signed from Meyer Shank Racing. The team announced on October 20, 2021, that Christian Lundgaard had won the opportunity to drive the #30 car full time and would sign a multi-year deal to compete with RLL full time from 2022 onward.
American Le Mans Series
2007 (Porsche)
In 2007, Rahal Letterman Racing fielded a Porsche 911 GT3 RSR for nine of the twelve races. The team's best results came as a second-place finish at Road America and a third-place finish at Petit Le Mans. The team finished 4th in the GT2 team championship with Tommy Milner and Ralf Kelleners 6th in the driver's championship.
2009–13 (BMW)
The team returned to the series in 2009 with factory support from BMW and thus held dual nationality team licenses (Germany and United States). The team fielded two M3 GT2's, the #90 driven by Joey Hand and Bill Auberlen and the #92 driven by Tommy Milner and Dirk Müller. After a troubled season, the #92 car finished second at the 2009 Petit Le Mans. The team finished 3rd in the team championship with Milner and Müller 4th in the driver's championship.
In 2010, the team continued their relationship with BMW and the American Le Mans Series. Despite only winning one race at Road America, Rahal Letterman Racing won the team championship while Bill Auberlen and Tommy Milner 3rd in the driver's championship.
2011 was an even more successful year for the team. After a one-two finish at the 2011 12 Hours of Sebring the RLL Racing team would win two more races. Despite fierce competition from Corvette, Ferrari, and Porsche, Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing claimed the GT Teams and Manufacturers championships, While Joey Hand and Dirk Müller won the drivers championship. This was the second team championship for the team with the M3.
In 2012, the team returned to the American Le Mans Series for their 4th year with the BMW M3. After winning their second 12 Hours of Sebring in a row, the team, lacking the speed to the brand new Porsches and Corvettes, would win only one more race at Road America. Despite their deficit in pace, the team finished the season 2nd in the championship with driver Dirk Muller finished 4th, the highest of the BMW team drivers.
Further developing their relationship with BMW Motorsport, the Rahal Letterman Lanigan team campaigned two brand new Z4 GTE cars, replacing the BMW M3 GT2's. Despite being their first season with the car, the team claimed several GT poles, a 1–2 victory at Long Beach, and a win at Lime Rock Park. The team finished the season 2nd in the Teams' and Manufacturers' Championships behind Corvette Racing.
IMSA SportsCar Championship
For 2014, the team continued with its Z4 GTE cars but under the newly formed United SportsCar Championship (which became the IMSA SportsCar Championship starting with the 2016 season). The team would manage four second-place finishes at Daytona and Laguna Seca with the #55 car and Long Beach and Road America for the #56 car. Dirk Müller and teammate John Edwards would finish seventh in the GTLM Drivers' Championship with Bill Auberlen and teammate Andy Priaulx eighth.
For 2015, the team would make several changes to its lineup, this time with ALMS champion Lucas Luhr replacing Müller in the No. 24, and Auberlen being teamed with Dirk Werner in the No. 25. Both teams would take wins during the season, with Edwards/Luhr winning at Laguna Seca, and Auberlen/Werner taking two wins at Long Beach and Austin. Auberlen/Werner would finish second in points to Porsche factory driver Patrick Pilet for the drivers championship. The 24 team also finished 2nd in the teams championship to the Porsche 911 team and BMW finished 2nd to Porsche in manufacturer championship.
For 2016, the team switched to the new BMW M6 GTLM, and the No. 24 team was assigned the Number 100 in celebration of BMW's 100th anniversary. The 25 team finished 7th in the drivers championship and the 100 team in 9th, with neither team winning.
In 2017, the 100 team reverted to the #24, with Martin Tomczyk replacing Luhr as Edwards' teammate, and Alexander Sims as Auberlen's new partner in the 25. The teams returned to their winning ways, with the 25 team (Auberlen/Sims) winning the 6 Hours of the Glen, Petit Le Mans and the Canadian Tire Motorsports Park event and finishing 2nd in the drivers championship. The 24 team (Edwards/Tomczyk) won at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, but finished 7th in the championship. The four victories also elevated BMW to 2nd in the 2017 GTLM Manufacturers championship, losing to Chevrolet by just 6 points.
In November 2017, Auberlen was named a BMW Brand Ambassador, and thus stepped down as a full-time driver for 2018. He was replaced by Connor De Phillippi as Sims' full-time partner in the 25 team. Edwards also had a partner change at the 24 team, with Jesse Krohn replacing Tomczyk. RLL also updated to the new BMW M8 GTE. The 25 team (Sims/De Phillippi) won at VIR and Laguna Seca and finished 6th in the 2018 drivers championship, while the 24 team (Edwards/Krohn) finished the season 8th with no race victories.
For 2019, the 24 driver team will remain intact, but Tom Blomqvist was announced to replace Sims as De Phillippi's full-season partner in the 25 team. However, due to delays with his U.S. Visa, Blomqvist had to miss the 2019 24 Hours of Daytona. He was replaced at Daytona by Augusto Farfus, who, along with co-drivers De Phillippi, Colton Herta and Philipp Eng, won the race in the GTLM class. However, the cars scored only three additional podiums combined, so they ranked 6th and 7th in the GTLM drivers standings.
In 2020, the #24 car won the 24 Hours of Daytona and got five additional points, ending second in points. Meanwhile, the #25 car won the 6 Hours of Atlanta plus three more podiums, placing fourth in points.
BMW reduced its budget for the 2021 season, so RLL only entered the four endurance races. In a depleted GTLM field, they scored six podiums combined but no wins.
IMSA dropped the GTLM class before the 2022 season. RLL joined the new GTD Pro class with the new BMW M4 GT3. The #25 runs full-time, whereas the #24 is an endurance-only entry.
The team was announced to join the IMSA GTP class in 2023 with two LMDh-spec BMW.
Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy
On 28 November 2017, it was announced that the team was to be the first to confirm entry to the I-PACE eTROPHY. The team confirmed that they will run two cars in the series. Katherine Legge and Bryan Sellers are part of the current line-up.
CART/Champ Car drivers
IndyCar drivers
IndyCar driver Paul Dana was fatally injured in final practice for the March 26, 2006 Toyota Indy 300 at Homestead-Miami Speedway, and never officially recorded a start in the IndyCar Series with the team. After sitting out the Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg, Jeff Simmons was named to drive the Ethanol #17 entry for the balance of the 2006 season. Midway through the 2007 season, Simmons was fired and replaced with Ryan Hunter-Reay.
Racing results
CART FedEx Championship Series results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position) (results in italics indicate fastest lap)
The Firestone Firehawk 600 was canceled after qualifying due to excessive g-forces on the drivers. Kenny Bräck was given one bonus point for qualifying on pole.
IndyCar Series results
(key)
* Season still in progress
Paul Dana was killed during the final practice session of the 2006 Toyota Indy 300.
Non-points-paying, exhibition race.
The final race at Las Vegas was canceled due to Dan Wheldon's death.
Run in conjunction with Scuderia Corsa.
IndyCar wins
Complete Global Rallycross Championship results
(key)
Supercar
Complete Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy results
(key)
Notes
* – Season still in progress.
References
External links
1991 establishments in Ohio
Auto racing teams in the United States
American Le Mans Series teams
Champ Car teams
Companies based in the Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area
David Letterman
Indy Lights teams
IndyCar Series teams
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Ohio
Global RallyCross Championship teams
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship teams
Atlantic Championship teams
BMW in motorsport
Auto racing teams established in 1991 |
```c
/* $OpenBSD: fileno.c,v 1.9 2015/08/31 02:53:57 guenther Exp $ */
/*-
* The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
*
* This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
* Chris Torek.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
* may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
* without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include "local.h"
/*
* A subroutine version of the macro fileno.
*/
#undef fileno
int
fileno(FILE *fp)
{
int ret;
FLOCKFILE(fp);
ret = __sfileno(fp);
FUNLOCKFILE(fp);
return (ret);
}
DEF_WEAK(fileno);
``` |
```python
import demistomock as demisto # noqa: F401
from CommonServerPython import * # noqa: F401
''' IMPORTS '''
import ast
from datetime import datetime
import json
import time
import dateparser # type: ignore
from luminateapi.luminate_python import LuminateV2Client
''' CONSTS '''
DEFAULT_FETCH_SIZE = 10
VERIFY_CERTIFICATE = True
MAX_ALERTS_FETCH = 500
''' FUNCTIONS '''
''' HELPER FUNCTIONS '''
def human_readable_string_to_epoch(data):
return int(dateparser.parse(data).strftime('%s')) * 1000
def make_table_header(header):
return header.replace("@", "").replace("_", " ").title()
def format_logs_output(data, context_path):
lines = [x['Data'] for x in data['Logs']]
md = tableToMarkdown('Access Logs', lines, headerTransform=make_table_header)
return {
'Type': entryTypes['note'],
'Contents': data,
'ContentsFormat': formats['json'],
'ReadableContentsFormat': formats['markdown'],
'HumanReadable': md,
'EntryContext': {
context_path: data
}
}
def format_bulk_result(result, context_path):
res = []
for status, idps in result.iteritems():
for k, v in idps.iteritems():
lines = [{"User": x} for x in v]
md = tableToMarkdown("{} {}".format(k.title(), status.title()), lines, ["User"])
res.append({
'Type': entryTypes['note'],
'Contents': result,
'ContentsFormat': formats['json'],
'ReadableContentsFormat': formats['markdown'],
'HumanReadable': md,
'EntryContext': {
context_path: result
}
})
return res
def get_http_access_logs_command():
args = demisto.args()
query = {}
if "free_text" in args:
query["free_text"] = args["free_text"]
if "from_date" in args:
query["from_date"] = human_readable_string_to_epoch(args["from_date"])
if "to_date" in args:
query["to_date"] = human_readable_string_to_epoch(args["to_date"])
search_after = None
if "search_after" in args:
search_after = ast.literal_eval(args["search_after"])
size = int(args.get("size", DEFAULT_FETCH_SIZE))
result = luminate_client.get_access_logs(size, query, search_after)
return format_logs_output(result, "Luminate.AccessLogs")
def get_ssh_access_logs_command():
args = demisto.args()
query = {}
if "free_text" in args:
query["free_text"] = args["free_text"]
if "from_date" in args:
query["from_date"] = human_readable_string_to_epoch(args["from_date"])
if "to_date" in args:
query["to_date"] = human_readable_string_to_epoch(args["to_date"])
search_after = None
if "search_after" in args:
search_after = ast.literal_eval(args["search_after"])
size = int(args.get("size", DEFAULT_FETCH_SIZE))
result = luminate_client.get_ssh_access_logs(size, query, search_after)
return format_logs_output(result, "Luminate.SshAccessLogs")
def block_user_by_email_command():
args = demisto.args()
user_email = args.get('user_email', "")
result = luminate_client.block_user_by_email(user_email)
return format_bulk_result(result, "Luminate.Blocked")
def unblock_user_by_email_command():
args = demisto.args()
user_email = args.get('user_email', "")
result = luminate_client.unblock_user_by_email(user_email)
return format_bulk_result(result, "Luminate.Unblocked")
def destroy_user_sessions_by_email_command():
args = demisto.args()
user_email = args.get('user_email', "")
result = luminate_client.destroy_user_sessions_by_email(user_email)
return format_bulk_result(result, "Luminate.DestroySession")
def alert_to_incident(line):
data = line.get("Data")
if not data:
raise Exception("no data")
tenant, rule_name, rule_severity = data.get('rule_name').split("##")[:3]
alert_time = data.get('alert_time', datetime.now().isoformat())
return {
'type': 'Luminate',
'name': rule_name,
'occurred': alert_time.split(".")[0] + "Z",
'severity': severity_to_level(rule_severity),
'rawJSON': json.dumps(data),
}
def severity_to_level(severity):
if severity.lower() == "high":
return 3
elif severity.lower() == "medium":
return 2
else:
return 1
def fetch_incidents():
last_run = demisto.getLastRun()
last_fetch = last_run.get('time')
# handle first time fetch
if last_fetch is None:
last_fetch = human_readable_string_to_epoch("5 days ago")
current_fetch = last_fetch
query = {"from_date": current_fetch}
result = luminate_client.get_alerts(MAX_ALERTS_FETCH, query, None)
incidents = []
# in case there is no alerts we move the last time to now.
temp_date = int(time.time() * 1000)
for data in result.get('Logs', []):
incident = alert_to_incident(data)
temp_date = human_readable_string_to_epoch(incident['occurred']) + 1000
incidents.append(incident)
demisto.setLastRun({'time': temp_date})
return incidents
''' EXECUTION CODE '''
LOG('command is {}'.format(demisto.command()))
try:
luminate_client = LuminateV2Client(demisto.params()['luminate_api_url'],
demisto.params()['api_key'],
demisto.params()['api_secret'],
VERIFY_CERTIFICATE)
if demisto.command() == 'test-module':
demisto.results('ok')
sys.exit(0)
if demisto.command() == 'fetch-incidents':
demisto.incidents(fetch_incidents())
sys.exit(0)
if demisto.command() == 'lum-block-user':
demisto.results(block_user_by_email_command())
elif demisto.command() == 'lum-unblock-user':
demisto.results(unblock_user_by_email_command())
elif demisto.command() == 'lum-destroy-user-session':
demisto.results(destroy_user_sessions_by_email_command())
elif demisto.command() == 'lum-get-http-access-logs':
demisto.results(get_http_access_logs_command())
elif demisto.command() == 'lum-get-ssh-access-logs':
demisto.results(get_ssh_access_logs_command())
except Exception as e:
LOG('{}: {}'.format(type(e), e.message))
if demisto.command() != 'test-module':
LOG.print_log()
demisto.results({
'Type': entryTypes['error'],
'ContentsFormat': formats['text'],
'Contents': 'error has occured: %s' % (e.message,),
})
``` |
Beveren-aan-de-IJzer (West Flemish: Bevern-a'n-Yzer) is a village in the municipality of Alveringem in the Belgian province of West Flanders. The village is located near the border with France, and was therefore called Beveren aan de Franse grens during the 19th century. Until 1971, Beveren-aan-de-IJzer was an independent municipality.
Overview
Beveren-aan-de-IJzer was first mentioned in 806 as Bebrona. It is one of the oldest parishes in the area. In 1232, a monastery was founded in the village, however it was destroyed in 1579 by the Geuzen, rebels fighting from an independent Netherlands. Until 1566, it was part of the diocese Terwaan.
Beveren-aan-de-IJzer is an agriculture community with a decreasing population. In 1902, it was home to 1,665 people, and by 1999, the population had decreased to 659. In 2017, there were no shops in the village, and therefore the villagers have opened a village shop where you can buy bread or have your bicycle fixed.
The Saint Audomarus Church is a three-aisled gothic church constructed in the 15th century. It has been declared a monument on 14 September 2009. The graveyard contains the graves of 20 Commonwealth servicemen from World War I, and eight from World War II. Two of the World War II graves are unidentified.
In 1971, the municipality was merged into Stavele which in turn was merged into Alveringem in 1976.
References
External links
Village website (in Dutch)
Alveringem
Populated places in West Flanders |
The Dundee Stock Exchange was established in 1879. In 1964, it merged into the Scottish Stock Exchange along with the Glasgow Stock Exchange, Edinburgh Stock Exchange, and Aberdeen Stock Exchange. It continued to operate as a local branch until 1971, when the local exchanges closed completely. By 1973, the Scottish Stock Exchange had merged into the London Stock Exchange.
The archives of the Dundee Stock Exchange are held by Archive Services at the University of Dundee.
References
1879 establishments in Scotland
1964 disestablishments in Scotland
Economy of Dundee
Organisations based in Dundee
Organizations established in 1879
Economic history of Scotland
Former stock exchanges in the United Kingdom |
Dian jang Ta' Koendjoeng Padam (Perfected spelling: Dian yang Tak Kunjung Padam, both of which mean The Undying Torch) is a 1932 novel by Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana. It was published by Balai Pustaka.
Background
Dian yang Tak Kunjung Padam was written by Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, a Minang writer from Natal, North Sumatra born in 1908. He spent three to four months writing it in 1930 while he worked at Balai Pustaka, the state-owned publisher of the Dutch East Indies. It was his second novel, after Tak Putus Dirundung Malang (Misfortune without End).
Plot
Yasin, a fatherless youth who lives with his mother, falls in love with Molek on first sight. Although the two are of different socio-economic backgrounds — Yasin is a commoner and Molek is of noble descent — they begin to exchange love letters; eventually, Molek falls in love with Yasin as well. However, they do not tell their parents.
Knowing that he will need to show he is capable of supporting Molek, Yasin works his garden and earns much money. He confides in his mother that he wishes to propose to Molek. Eventually the two go to Molek's father, Raden Mahmud, to ask for her hand in marriage. However, he and his wife Cek Sitti refuse the proposal, due to class differences.
Although the pair are forbidden from seeing each other, Yasin and Molek continue to exchange letters, even after Molek is married to Arab-Indonesian merchant Sayid Mustafa. Molek attempts to run away, and when this fails she pines for Yasin. While her parents go on the hajj to Mecca, Molek invites Yasin to her home. Posing as a pineapple seller, Yasin sneaks in and the two have a final meeting.
Soon afterwards, Molek dies. Yasin returns to his hometown, then banishes himself to a cabin near Lake Ranau after his mother dies. He never marries, but dreams of the day he will die and see Molek again.
Style
Socialist critic of Indonesian literature Bakri Siregar describes Dian yang Tak Kunjung Padam as having a sentimental, lyrical, romantic style, similar to that used by Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah in Tenggelamnya Kapal van der Wijck (The Sinking of the van der Wijck). He notes that the novel uses numerous old Malay forms and idioms. Alisjahbana later wrote that he felt the novel still resounded with teenage sentimentality, although not as much as Tak Putus Dirundung Malang.
Themes
Like most Indonesian novels published during the period, Dian yang Tak Kunjung Padam deals with conflict between traditional adults, who base their worldview on adat (Minangkabau tradition), and the youth, who have a Dutch education. Literary critics Maman S. Mahayana, Oyon Sofyan, and Achmad Dian write that Yasin and Molek achieve a spiritual victory, despite losing their physical struggle.
Siregar notes that Dian yang Tak Kunjung Padam continues the then-common practice of killing off main characters towards the end of the novel, one which Alisjahbana had previously used in Tak Putus Dirundung Malang.
Release and reception
Dian yang Tak Kunjung Padam was published by Balai Pustaka in 1932. Its twelfth printing was by Dian Rakyat.
Siregar described the novel as having good, lyrical, descriptions of nature, but with weak dialogue. He noted that Alisjahbana's later work, Layar Terkembang (With Sails Unfurled), had much technical improvement. Dutch critic of Indonesian literature A. Teeuw writes that, although the novel has several shortcomings, including several overly melodramatic scenes, it is worth reading and studying. In 1972 Alisjahbana wrote that he considered his later works to be better.
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
1932 novels
Novels by Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana
Indonesian romance novels
Novels set in Indonesia
Balai Pustaka books |
```go
/*
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
// Code generated by applyconfiguration-gen. DO NOT EDIT.
package v2beta1
import (
v2beta1 "k8s.io/api/autoscaling/v2beta1"
)
// MetricStatusApplyConfiguration represents a declarative configuration of the MetricStatus type for use
// with apply.
type MetricStatusApplyConfiguration struct {
Type *v2beta1.MetricSourceType `json:"type,omitempty"`
Object *ObjectMetricStatusApplyConfiguration `json:"object,omitempty"`
Pods *PodsMetricStatusApplyConfiguration `json:"pods,omitempty"`
Resource *ResourceMetricStatusApplyConfiguration `json:"resource,omitempty"`
ContainerResource *ContainerResourceMetricStatusApplyConfiguration `json:"containerResource,omitempty"`
External *ExternalMetricStatusApplyConfiguration `json:"external,omitempty"`
}
// MetricStatusApplyConfiguration constructs a declarative configuration of the MetricStatus type for use with
// apply.
func MetricStatus() *MetricStatusApplyConfiguration {
return &MetricStatusApplyConfiguration{}
}
// WithType sets the Type field in the declarative configuration to the given value
// and returns the receiver, so that objects can be built by chaining "With" function invocations.
// If called multiple times, the Type field is set to the value of the last call.
func (b *MetricStatusApplyConfiguration) WithType(value v2beta1.MetricSourceType) *MetricStatusApplyConfiguration {
b.Type = &value
return b
}
// WithObject sets the Object field in the declarative configuration to the given value
// and returns the receiver, so that objects can be built by chaining "With" function invocations.
// If called multiple times, the Object field is set to the value of the last call.
func (b *MetricStatusApplyConfiguration) WithObject(value *ObjectMetricStatusApplyConfiguration) *MetricStatusApplyConfiguration {
b.Object = value
return b
}
// WithPods sets the Pods field in the declarative configuration to the given value
// and returns the receiver, so that objects can be built by chaining "With" function invocations.
// If called multiple times, the Pods field is set to the value of the last call.
func (b *MetricStatusApplyConfiguration) WithPods(value *PodsMetricStatusApplyConfiguration) *MetricStatusApplyConfiguration {
b.Pods = value
return b
}
// WithResource sets the Resource field in the declarative configuration to the given value
// and returns the receiver, so that objects can be built by chaining "With" function invocations.
// If called multiple times, the Resource field is set to the value of the last call.
func (b *MetricStatusApplyConfiguration) WithResource(value *ResourceMetricStatusApplyConfiguration) *MetricStatusApplyConfiguration {
b.Resource = value
return b
}
// WithContainerResource sets the ContainerResource field in the declarative configuration to the given value
// and returns the receiver, so that objects can be built by chaining "With" function invocations.
// If called multiple times, the ContainerResource field is set to the value of the last call.
func (b *MetricStatusApplyConfiguration) WithContainerResource(value *ContainerResourceMetricStatusApplyConfiguration) *MetricStatusApplyConfiguration {
b.ContainerResource = value
return b
}
// WithExternal sets the External field in the declarative configuration to the given value
// and returns the receiver, so that objects can be built by chaining "With" function invocations.
// If called multiple times, the External field is set to the value of the last call.
func (b *MetricStatusApplyConfiguration) WithExternal(value *ExternalMetricStatusApplyConfiguration) *MetricStatusApplyConfiguration {
b.External = value
return b
}
``` |
The locomotive that came to form VR Class Vk4 was originally one of a pair of 0-4-0T locomotives ordered from Rheinmetall Borsig Lokomotiv Werke (AEG), Germany to work at Ino fortress at Terijoki on the Karelian Isthmus. The locomotives had 2 axles, they were the wet-steam type, and used a slip-Walschaert valve gear. Production numbers and years were 7268/1909 and 7858/1910.
The fortress was in Finnish hands when Finland became independent.
The fortress was not needed after the Treaty of Tartu in 1920. It was therefore decided to cancel the order for the locomotives. But this was not possible so it was decided to use the locomotives in the dismantling of the fortress. In 1919, the second locomotive, 7858/1910, was sold to as an industrial locomotive. The first locomotive continued to work dismantling the fort until 1922 when it was acquired by a building company in Hanko. After this the locomotive was sold to Enqvist Ltd Ab, Tampere who scrapped it in 1951.
The second locomotive was purchased by the VR Kuopio depot and given the running number 68. The locomotive was still running in the 1960s. The locomotive was used until 1962 and finally withdrawn in 1967.
In the early 1980s it was restored externally and placed in the Kuopio locomotive shed. It was discovered in 1986 by Savo Steam Transport Museum. Unfortunately, the museum project floundered and the locomotive was plinthed outside a restaurant.
In 2008 it was decided to restore the locomotive. On 24 March 2009, the locomotive was moved to Hyvinkää workshop, where ultrasound measurements were taken. The final restoration was carried out by ABB Services and the Jokioinen Museum Railway, where the locomotive arrived on 8 May 2009. The locomotive was presented to the public on 17 June 2010.
The locomotive is currently situated at the Finnish Railway Museum, and is steamed up several times every summer.
References
Resiina 3/2010: Sakari K Salo: Kulttuuriteko - Vk4 LEENA, s. 26 - 31
http://yle.fi/alueet/hame/2010/06/leena_on_pieni_hidas_ja_tehoton_1776781.html Finnish Website about Vk4
Sakari K. Salo: Höyryveturikirja, s. 14. Helsinki: Kustantaja Laaksonen, 2009. .
Pölhö, Eljas – Pykälä-Aho, Mia: Suomen juna- ja raitiovaunukuvasto / Finnish Motive Power 1.1.1996., 1996. . Finnish / English
Katajisto, Juhani. (1985). Eilispäivän kulkuneuvoja.. Hämeenlinna:Tietoteos. .
https://web.archive.org/web/20130516182252/http://www.rautatie.org/web/en/default.asp Finnish Railway Museum Official website
http://www.srhs.fi/index4.htm Finnish website with locomotive technical data
See also
Finnish Railway Museum
VR Group
List of Finnish locomotives
Jokioinen Museum Railway
History of rail transport in Finland
VR Class Pr1
VR Class Hr1
VR Class Tk3
Vk4
Vk4
0-4-0T locomotives |
Elijah Barrett Prettyman Jr. (June 1, 1925 – November 4, 2016) was an American lawyer.
Early life and education
Prettyman was born in Washington, D.C. His father was United States federal judge E. Barrett Prettyman.
Prettyman graduated from St. Albans School in Washington, D.C. He then served in the United States Army in Europe during World War II. In 1949, he graduated from Yale University. He then worked as a journalist for two years in Rhode Island. In 1953, he received a law degree from the University of Virginia Law School.
Career
Prettyman served as law clerk to United States Supreme Court justices Robert H. Jackson, Felix Frankfurter, and John Marshall Harlan II. He then practiced law in Washington, D.C. In 1962, he negotiated an agreement with Fidel Castro to secure the release of prisoners involved in the Bay of Pigs invasion. He served as special counsel to the United States House of Representatives Ethics Committee in the 1980s involving the Abscam investigation.
Death
Prettyman died in a hospital in Washington, D.C. from a respiratory ailment. He is buried at Rockville Cemetery in Rockville, Maryland.
See also
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 9)
Notes
External links
E. Barrett Prettyman papers at the University of Maryland Libraries
1925 births
2016 deaths
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Military personnel from Washington, D.C.
St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) alumni
Yale University alumni
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
Journalists from Rhode Island
20th-century American lawyers
Burials in Maryland |
Kineta () is a beach town in West Attica, Greece. It is part of the municipality Megara.
Geography
Kineta is situated on the northern coast of the Saronic Gulf, south of the Geraneia mountains. The rocks of Kakia Skala lie to the east. The nearest towns are Agioi Theodoroi (8 km to the southwest) and Megara (12 km to the east). Corinth is 25 km to the west, and Athens is 45 km to the east. The old Greek National Road 8 and the new Motorway 8, both connecting Athens with Corinth and the Peloponnese, pass through the town. The Kineta railway station is served by Proastiakos trains between Athens International Airport and Kiato (Peloponnese).
History
The name "Kineta" is said to be taken from a small lagoon or marsh on the beach, which produces such swarms of gnats in the autumn as to almost amount to a plague.
The lagoon does not exist anymore but Kineta still has (2010) more than its share of gnats.
"To the east of Crommyon, at the western extremity of the Scironian rocks, was a temple of Apollo Latous, which marked the boundaries of the Corinthia and Megaris in the time of Pausanias. This temple must have been near the modern village of Kineta, a little above which the road leads over the Scironian rocks to Megara."
"His (Pausanias) Corinthiacs, therefore, open at the western extremity of the Scironides, near a temple of Apollo Latous. Here began a succession of narrow valleys at the foot of the mountains Oneia, extending twelve miles along the shore of the Saronic gulf, as far as the port Schoenous, or eastern extremity of the Isthmus properly so called. All this track appears to have been called Crommyonia. The only place mentioned in it by Pausanias is Crommyon; but we know from other authors, that there was likewise a town or fortress, named Sidus, between Crommyon and the Isthmus. It sufficiently appears, from Thucydides, Strabo, and Pausanias, that Crommyon itself was not far from the Scironides, which, as we have already seen, were the boundary of the Megaris. Near Kineta, a village not far from the western termination of the rocks, which is built like Megara with flat roofs, and is situated in a valley planted with olives, there are some vestiges which indicate that Crommyon occupied nearly the same site. Sidus appears to have been at Kassidhi, midway between Kineta and port Kalamaki, the ancient Schoenus".
On 23 July 2018, a wildfire developed in the area, which burned a few houses in Kineta.
Historical population
Gallery
See also
Communities of Attica
References
Populated places in West Attica
Acropolis Rally |
The Rhyndaston Tunnel is a , 1-in-40-grade (2.5%) railway tunnel in southern Tasmania. The northern end of the tunnel is from the Hobart railway yards. It was built as part of the Tasmanian Main Line Company's track from Hobart to Western Junction which was completed in 1876.
International containers
The original tunnel was too small to take the original international containers. The tunnel was widened between 1964 and 1965 using a tunnel boring machine mounted on railway wheels, nicknamed 'The Mole' and which was maneuvered into place between trains to excavate a few metres at a time. Enlarging the tunnel had the effect of creating a 'keyhole' shape, and also destroyed the original northern portal, consequently truncating its overall length by several metres.
The later and larger containers may again be too big.
Due to poor ventilation, diesel trains occasionally lose oxygen and fail to make it up the tunnel. In the 1920s M Class Garratt steam locomotives were banned from running north through the tunnel smoke box first, to prevent exhaust accumulating in the crew cab.
The tunnel is located .
See also
Rail transport in Tasmania
References
Railway tunnels in Tasmania
Tunnels completed in 1876 |
Campiglossa dirlbekorum is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Campiglossa of the family Tephritidae.
Distribution
The species is found in Mongolia.
References
Tephritinae
Insects described in 1999
Diptera of Europe |
Daisuke Ryu (Japanese: 隆大介, Korean: 장명남, Jang Myeong-nam, hanja: 張明男; 14 January 1957 – 11 April 2021) was a Japanese actor of Korean descent.
He won the Japanese "best new actor" Blue Ribbon Award for his performance as the warlord Oda Nobunaga in Akira Kurosawa's Kagemusha. His other notable performances include Saburo Ichimonji in another Kurosawa epic, Ran, and the legendary yamabushi, Musashibo Benkei, in Sogo Ishii's critically acclaimed Gojoe: Spirit War Chronicle. In 'The Ginger Tree' (based on the novel by Oswald Wynd), Daisuke Ryu played Count Kentaro Kurihama.
On March 21, 2015, Ryu travelled to Taiwan, where he was to perform in the Martin Scorsese film Silence. Upon arrival at Taoyuan International Airport, he was stopped by immigration officials due to having an incomplete entry form. Ryu, who was intoxicated at the time, engaged in an altercation with one of the officers, who sustained a fractured leg. He was indicted and prohibited from leaving Taiwan, and subsequently fired from the production of Silence. In May, 2015, Ryu reconciled with the injured official and publicly apologized for his actions. In June, he was fined by Taiwanese courts for his part in the incident and allowed to return to Japan.
References
External links
1957 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Japanese male actors
Japanese male film actors
Japanese male television actors
21st-century Japanese male actors
Japanese male actors of Korean descent
Male actors from Tokyo |
Griebnitzsee (, from the Slavic Grib, Mushroom) is a lake at the south-western outskirts of Berlin, the capital city of Germany. At an elevation of 29.4 m, its surface area is ca. 0.592 km². The lake forms the border between the German states of Berlin and Brandenburg. It is bordered in the north by the Wannsee district of Berlin, and in the south and west by the Babelsberg district of Potsdam in Brandenburg.
Overview
At its eastern end, near Kohlhasenbrück in Berlin, the Griebnitzsee receives water from the Teltow Canal. One third of this water flows into the adjacent Griebnitz Canal and through a chain of lakes towards the Großer Wannsee. The remaining water flows through the Griebnitzsee to its western end, where it flows into the River Havel near Potsdam.
The length of the Griebnitzsee is navigable, and forms part of the Teltow Canal route that links the River Havel with the River Spree and the Oder-Spree Canal, bypassing the reach of the River Spree through central Berlin. The navigable Griebnitz Canal provides an alternative link from the Griebnitzsee to the River Havel via the Großer Wannsee.
During the time of the Berlin Wall, the border between Berlin and East Germany ran down the middle of the lake. A patrol path existed for border guards along the southern and western shore. After German reunification, this path became a public lake-side promenade. In 2009, however, many new owners of lakeside properties began blocking public access by fencing off their properties down to the water's edge.
References
External links
Lakes of Brandenburg
Lakes of Berlin
Geography of Potsdam
Steglitz-Zehlendorf
LGriebnitzsee |
It Was All a Dream may refer to:
A common phrase uttered to describe a dream sequence in storytelling
It Was All a Dream (Dream album), 2001
It Was All a Dream (Lil' Keke album), 1999
"It Was All a Dream" (Atlanta) |
```objective-c
#pragma once
#include <cstdint>
#include <functional>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include "envoy/config/endpoint/v3/endpoint_components.pb.h"
#include "envoy/server/process_context.h"
#include "envoy/service/discovery/v3/discovery.pb.h"
#include "source/common/tls/context_manager_impl.h"
#include "test/common/grpc/grpc_client_integration.h"
#include "test/config/utility.h"
#include "test/integration/autonomous_upstream.h"
#include "test/integration/fake_upstream.h"
#include "test/integration/integration_tcp_client.h"
#include "test/integration/server.h"
#include "test/integration/utility.h"
#include "test/mocks/buffer/mocks.h"
#include "test/mocks/server/transport_socket_factory_context.h"
#include "test/test_common/environment.h"
#include "test/test_common/test_time.h"
#include "test/test_common/utility.h"
#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
#include "absl/types/optional.h"
#if defined(ENVOY_CONFIG_COVERAGE)
#define DISABLE_UNDER_COVERAGE return
#else
#define DISABLE_UNDER_COVERAGE \
do { \
} while (0)
#endif
#ifndef ENVOY_ADMIN_FUNCTIONALITY
#define DISABLE_IF_ADMIN_DISABLED return
#else
#define DISABLE_IF_ADMIN_DISABLED \
do { \
} while (0)
#endif
namespace Envoy {
struct ApiFilesystemConfig {
std::string bootstrap_path_;
std::string cds_path_;
std::string eds_path_;
std::string lds_path_;
std::string rds_path_;
};
/**
* Test fixture for all integration tests.
*/
class BaseIntegrationTest : protected Logger::Loggable<Logger::Id::testing> {
public:
using InstanceConstSharedPtrFn = std::function<Network::Address::InstanceConstSharedPtr(int)>;
static const InstanceConstSharedPtrFn defaultAddressFunction(Network::Address::IpVersion version);
BaseIntegrationTest(const InstanceConstSharedPtrFn& upstream_address_fn,
Network::Address::IpVersion version,
const envoy::config::bootstrap::v3::Bootstrap& bootstrap);
// Creates a test fixture with an upstream bound to INADDR_ANY on an unspecified port using the
// provided IP |version|.
BaseIntegrationTest(Network::Address::IpVersion version,
const std::string& config = ConfigHelper::httpProxyConfig());
// Creates a test fixture with a specified |upstream_address| function that provides the IP and
// port to use.
BaseIntegrationTest(const InstanceConstSharedPtrFn& upstream_address_fn,
Network::Address::IpVersion version,
const std::string& config = ConfigHelper::httpProxyConfig());
virtual ~BaseIntegrationTest() = default;
// Initialize the basic proto configuration, create fake upstreams, and start Envoy.
virtual void initialize();
// Set up the fake upstream connections. This is called by initialize() and
// is virtual to allow subclass overrides.
virtual void createUpstreams();
// Create a single upstream, based on the supplied config.
void createUpstream(Network::Address::InstanceConstSharedPtr endpoint,
FakeUpstreamConfig& config);
// Finalize the config and spin up an Envoy instance.
virtual void createEnvoy();
// Sets upstream_protocol_ and alters the upstream protocol in the config_helper_
void setUpstreamProtocol(Http::CodecType protocol);
// Sets fake_upstreams_count_
void setUpstreamCount(uint32_t count) { fake_upstreams_count_ = count; }
// Skip validation that ensures that all upstream ports are referenced by the
// configuration generated in ConfigHelper::finalize.
void skipPortUsageValidation() { config_helper_.skipPortUsageValidation(); }
// Make test more deterministic by using a fixed RNG value.
void setDeterministicValue(uint64_t value = 0) { deterministic_value_ = value; }
// Get socket option for a specific listener's socket.
bool getSocketOption(const std::string& listener_name, int level, int optname, void* optval,
socklen_t* optlen, int address_index = 0);
Http::CodecType upstreamProtocol() const { return upstream_config_.upstream_protocol_; }
absl::optional<uint64_t> waitForNextRawUpstreamConnection(
const std::vector<uint64_t>& upstream_indices, FakeRawConnectionPtr& fake_upstream_connection,
std::chrono::milliseconds connection_wait_timeout = TestUtility::DefaultTimeout);
IntegrationTcpClientPtr
makeTcpConnection(uint32_t port,
const Network::ConnectionSocket::OptionsSharedPtr& options = nullptr,
Network::Address::InstanceConstSharedPtr source_address =
Network::Address::InstanceConstSharedPtr(),
absl::string_view destination_address = "");
// Test-wide port map.
void registerPort(const std::string& key, uint32_t port);
uint32_t lookupPort(const std::string& key);
// Set the endpoint's socket address to point at upstream at given index.
void setUpstreamAddress(uint32_t upstream_index,
envoy::config::endpoint::v3::LbEndpoint& endpoint) const;
Network::ClientConnectionPtr makeClientConnection(uint32_t port);
virtual Network::ClientConnectionPtr
makeClientConnectionWithOptions(uint32_t port,
const Network::ConnectionSocket::OptionsSharedPtr& options);
void registerTestServerPorts(const std::vector<std::string>& port_names) {
registerTestServerPorts(port_names, test_server_);
}
void registerTestServerPorts(const std::vector<std::string>& port_names,
IntegrationTestServerPtr& test_server);
void createGeneratedApiTestServer(const std::string& bootstrap_path,
const std::vector<std::string>& port_names,
Server::FieldValidationConfig validator_config,
bool allow_lds_rejection);
void createApiTestServer(const ApiFilesystemConfig& api_filesystem_config,
const std::vector<std::string>& port_names,
Server::FieldValidationConfig validator_config,
bool allow_lds_rejection);
void createGeneratedApiTestServer(const std::string& bootstrap_path,
const std::vector<std::string>& port_names,
Server::FieldValidationConfig validator_config,
bool allow_lds_rejection,
IntegrationTestServerPtr& test_server);
Event::TestTimeSystem& timeSystem() { return time_system_; }
Stats::IsolatedStoreImpl stats_store_;
Stats::Scope& stats_scope_{*stats_store_.rootScope()};
Api::ApiPtr api_;
Api::ApiPtr api_for_server_stat_store_;
MockBufferFactory* mock_buffer_factory_; // Will point to the dispatcher's factory.
// Enable the listener access log
void useListenerAccessLog(absl::string_view format = "");
// Returns all log entries after the nth access log entry, defaulting to log entry 0.
// By default will trigger an expect failure if more than one entry is returned.
// If client_connection is provided, flush pending acks to enable deferred logging.
std::string waitForAccessLog(const std::string& filename, uint32_t entry = 0,
bool allow_excess_entries = false,
Network::ClientConnection* client_connection = nullptr);
std::string listener_access_log_name_;
// Last node received on an xDS stream from the server.
envoy::config::core::v3::Node last_node_;
// Functions for testing reloadable config (xDS)
virtual void createXdsUpstream();
void createXdsConnection();
void cleanUpXdsConnection();
// See if a port can be successfully bound within the given timeout.
ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT AssertionResult waitForPortAvailable(
uint32_t port, std::chrono::milliseconds timeout = TestUtility::DefaultTimeout);
// Helpers for setting up expectations and making the internal gears turn for xDS request/response
// sending/receiving to/from the (imaginary) xDS server. You should almost always use
// compareDiscoveryRequest() and sendDiscoveryResponse(), but the SotW/delta-specific versions are
// available if you're writing a SotW/delta-specific test.
AssertionResult compareDiscoveryRequest(
const std::string& expected_type_url, const std::string& expected_version,
const std::vector<std::string>& expected_resource_names,
const std::vector<std::string>& expected_resource_names_added,
const std::vector<std::string>& expected_resource_names_removed, bool expect_node = false,
const Protobuf::int32 expected_error_code = Grpc::Status::WellKnownGrpcStatus::Ok,
const std::string& expected_error_message = "", FakeStream* stream = nullptr);
template <class T>
void
sendDiscoveryResponse(const std::string& type_url, const std::vector<T>& state_of_the_world,
const std::vector<T>& added_or_updated,
const std::vector<std::string>& removed, const std::string& version,
const absl::flat_hash_map<std::string, ProtobufWkt::Any>& metadata = {},
FakeStream* stream = nullptr) {
if (sotw_or_delta_ == Grpc::SotwOrDelta::Sotw ||
sotw_or_delta_ == Grpc::SotwOrDelta::UnifiedSotw) {
sendSotwDiscoveryResponse(type_url, state_of_the_world, version, stream, metadata);
} else {
sendDeltaDiscoveryResponse(type_url, added_or_updated, removed, version, stream, {},
metadata);
}
}
AssertionResult compareDeltaDiscoveryRequest(
const std::string& expected_type_url,
const std::vector<std::string>& expected_resource_subscriptions,
const std::vector<std::string>& expected_resource_unsubscriptions,
const Protobuf::int32 expected_error_code = Grpc::Status::WellKnownGrpcStatus::Ok,
const std::string& expected_error_message = "", bool expect_node = true) {
return compareDeltaDiscoveryRequest(expected_type_url, expected_resource_subscriptions,
expected_resource_unsubscriptions, xds_stream_.get(),
expected_error_code, expected_error_message, expect_node);
}
AssertionResult compareDeltaDiscoveryRequest(
const std::string& expected_type_url,
const std::vector<std::string>& expected_resource_subscriptions,
const std::vector<std::string>& expected_resource_unsubscriptions, FakeStream* stream,
const Protobuf::int32 expected_error_code = Grpc::Status::WellKnownGrpcStatus::Ok,
const std::string& expected_error_message = "", bool expect_node = true);
AssertionResult compareSotwDiscoveryRequest(
const std::string& expected_type_url, const std::string& expected_version,
const std::vector<std::string>& expected_resource_names, bool expect_node = false,
const Protobuf::int32 expected_error_code = Grpc::Status::WellKnownGrpcStatus::Ok,
const std::string& expected_error_message = "", FakeStream* stream = nullptr);
template <class T>
void sendSotwDiscoveryResponse(const std::string& type_url, const std::vector<T>& messages,
const std::string& version, FakeStream* stream = nullptr) {
sendSotwDiscoveryResponse(type_url, messages, version, stream, {});
}
template <class T>
void
sendSotwDiscoveryResponse(const std::string& type_url, const std::vector<T>& messages,
const std::string& version, FakeStream* stream,
const absl::flat_hash_map<std::string, ProtobufWkt::Any>& metadata) {
if (stream == nullptr) {
stream = xds_stream_.get();
}
envoy::service::discovery::v3::DiscoveryResponse discovery_response;
discovery_response.set_version_info(version);
discovery_response.set_type_url(type_url);
for (const auto& message : messages) {
if (!metadata.empty()) {
envoy::service::discovery::v3::Resource resource;
resource.mutable_resource()->PackFrom(message);
resource.set_name(intResourceName(message));
resource.set_version(version);
for (const auto& kvp : metadata) {
auto* map = resource.mutable_metadata()->mutable_typed_filter_metadata();
(*map)[std::string(kvp.first)] = kvp.second;
}
discovery_response.add_resources()->PackFrom(resource);
} else {
discovery_response.add_resources()->PackFrom(message);
}
}
static int next_nonce_counter = 0;
discovery_response.set_nonce(absl::StrCat("nonce", next_nonce_counter++));
stream->sendGrpcMessage(discovery_response);
}
template <class T>
void
sendDeltaDiscoveryResponse(const std::string& type_url, const std::vector<T>& added_or_updated,
const std::vector<std::string>& removed, const std::string& version) {
sendDeltaDiscoveryResponse(type_url, added_or_updated, removed, version, xds_stream_.get(), {},
{});
}
template <class T>
void
sendDeltaDiscoveryResponse(const std::string& type_url, const std::vector<T>& added_or_updated,
const std::vector<std::string>& removed, const std::string& version,
FakeStream* stream, const std::vector<std::string>& aliases = {}) {
sendDeltaDiscoveryResponse(type_url, added_or_updated, removed, version, stream, aliases, {});
}
template <class T>
void
sendDeltaDiscoveryResponse(const std::string& type_url, const std::vector<T>& added_or_updated,
const std::vector<std::string>& removed, const std::string& version,
const absl::flat_hash_map<std::string, ProtobufWkt::Any>& metadata) {
sendDeltaDiscoveryResponse(type_url, added_or_updated, removed, version, xds_stream_, {},
metadata);
}
template <class T>
void
sendDeltaDiscoveryResponse(const std::string& type_url, const std::vector<T>& added_or_updated,
const std::vector<std::string>& removed, const std::string& version,
FakeStream* stream, const std::vector<std::string>& aliases,
const absl::flat_hash_map<std::string, ProtobufWkt::Any>& metadata) {
auto response = createDeltaDiscoveryResponse<T>(type_url, added_or_updated, removed, version,
aliases, metadata);
if (stream == nullptr) {
stream = xds_stream_.get();
}
stream->sendGrpcMessage(response);
}
// Sends a DeltaDiscoveryResponse with a given list of added resources.
// Note that the resources are expected to be of the same type, and match type_url.
void sendExplicitResourcesDeltaDiscoveryResponse(
const std::string& type_url,
const std::vector<envoy::service::discovery::v3::Resource>& added_or_updated,
const std::vector<std::string>& removed) {
xds_stream_->sendGrpcMessage(
createExplicitResourcesDeltaDiscoveryResponse(type_url, added_or_updated, removed));
}
envoy::service::discovery::v3::DeltaDiscoveryResponse
createExplicitResourcesDeltaDiscoveryResponse(
const std::string& type_url,
const std::vector<envoy::service::discovery::v3::Resource>& added_or_updated,
const std::vector<std::string>& removed);
template <class T>
envoy::service::discovery::v3::DeltaDiscoveryResponse
createDeltaDiscoveryResponse(const std::string& type_url, const std::vector<T>& added_or_updated,
const std::vector<std::string>& removed, const std::string& version,
const std::vector<std::string>& aliases,
const absl::flat_hash_map<std::string, ProtobufWkt::Any>& metadata) {
std::vector<envoy::service::discovery::v3::Resource> resources;
for (const auto& message : added_or_updated) {
envoy::service::discovery::v3::Resource resource;
resource.mutable_resource()->PackFrom(message);
resource.set_name(intResourceName(message));
resource.set_version(version);
for (const auto& alias : aliases) {
resource.add_aliases(alias);
}
for (const auto& kvp : metadata) {
auto* map = resource.mutable_metadata()->mutable_typed_filter_metadata();
(*map)[std::string(kvp.first)] = kvp.second;
}
resources.emplace_back(resource);
}
return createExplicitResourcesDeltaDiscoveryResponse(type_url, resources, removed);
}
private:
template <class T> std::string intResourceName(const T& m) {
// gcc doesn't allow inline template function to be specialized, using a constexpr if to
// workaround.
if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, envoy::config::endpoint::v3::ClusterLoadAssignment>) {
return m.cluster_name();
} else {
return m.name();
}
}
Event::GlobalTimeSystem time_system_;
public:
Event::DispatcherPtr dispatcher_;
/**
* Open a connection to Envoy, send a series of bytes, and return the
* response. This function will continue reading response bytes until Envoy
* closes the connection (as a part of error handling) or (if configured true)
* the complete headers are read.
*
* @param port the port to connect to.
* @param raw_http the data to send.
* @param response the response data will be sent here.
* @param disconnect_after_headers_complete if the connection should be terminated once "\r\n\r\n"
* has been read.
* @param transport_socket the transport socket of the created client connection.
**/
void sendRawHttpAndWaitForResponse(int port, const char* raw_http, std::string* response,
bool disconnect_after_headers_complete = false,
Network::TransportSocketPtr transport_socket = nullptr);
/**
* Helper to create ConnectionDriver.
*
* @param port the port to connect to.
* @param initial_data the data to send.
* @param data_callback the callback on the received data.
**/
std::unique_ptr<RawConnectionDriver> createConnectionDriver(
uint32_t port, const std::string& initial_data,
std::function<void(Network::ClientConnection&, const Buffer::Instance&)>&& data_callback,
Network::TransportSocketPtr transport_socket = nullptr) {
Buffer::OwnedImpl buffer(initial_data);
return std::make_unique<RawConnectionDriver>(port, buffer, data_callback, version_,
*dispatcher_, std::move(transport_socket));
}
/**
* Helper to create ConnectionDriver.
*
* @param port the port to connect to.
* @param write_request_cb callback used to send data.
* @param data_callback the callback on the received data.
* @param transport_socket transport socket to use for the client connection
**/
std::unique_ptr<RawConnectionDriver> createConnectionDriver(
uint32_t port, RawConnectionDriver::DoWriteCallback write_request_cb,
std::function<void(Network::ClientConnection&, const Buffer::Instance&)>&& data_callback,
Network::TransportSocketPtr transport_socket = nullptr) {
return std::make_unique<RawConnectionDriver>(port, write_request_cb, data_callback, version_,
*dispatcher_, std::move(transport_socket));
}
FakeUpstreamConfig configWithType(Http::CodecType type) const {
FakeUpstreamConfig config = upstream_config_;
config.upstream_protocol_ = type;
if (type != Http::CodecType::HTTP3) {
config.udp_fake_upstream_ = absl::nullopt;
}
return config;
}
FakeUpstream& addFakeUpstream(Http::CodecType type) {
auto config = configWithType(type);
fake_upstreams_.emplace_back(std::make_unique<FakeUpstream>(0, version_, config));
return *fake_upstreams_.back();
}
// Adds a fake upstream to the integration test setup. If `autonomous_upstream` is true, then a
// AutonomousUpstream instance will be created instead of a FakeUpstream instance. If
// `autonomous_upstream` is true, then `autonomous_allow_incomplete_streams` determines whether
// an end-of-stream is required on connections between the Envoy and the fake upstream. If
// `autonomous_upstream` is false, then `autonomous_allow_incomplete_streams` is ignored.
FakeUpstream&
addFakeUpstream(Network::DownstreamTransportSocketFactoryPtr&& transport_socket_factory,
Http::CodecType type, bool autonomous_upstream,
bool autonomous_allow_incomplete_streams = false) {
auto config = configWithType(type);
if (autonomous_upstream) {
fake_upstreams_.emplace_back(
std::make_unique<AutonomousUpstream>(std::move(transport_socket_factory), 0, version_,
config, autonomous_allow_incomplete_streams));
} else {
fake_upstreams_.emplace_back(
std::make_unique<FakeUpstream>(std::move(transport_socket_factory), 0, version_, config));
}
return *fake_upstreams_.back();
}
void setDrainTime(std::chrono::seconds drain_time) { drain_time_ = drain_time; }
protected:
static std::string finalizeConfigWithPorts(ConfigHelper& helper, std::vector<uint32_t>& ports,
bool use_lds);
void setUdpFakeUpstream(absl::optional<FakeUpstreamConfig::UdpConfig> config) {
upstream_config_.udp_fake_upstream_ = config;
}
bool initialized() const { return initialized_; }
// Right now half-close is set globally, not separately for upstream and
// downstream.
void enableHalfClose(bool value) { upstream_config_.enable_half_close_ = value; }
bool enableHalfClose() { return upstream_config_.enable_half_close_; }
FakeUpstreamConfig& upstreamConfig() { return upstream_config_; }
void setMaxRequestHeadersKb(uint32_t value) { upstream_config_.max_request_headers_kb_ = value; }
void setMaxRequestHeadersCount(uint32_t value) {
upstream_config_.max_request_headers_count_ = value;
}
void setServerBufferFactory(Buffer::WatermarkFactorySharedPtr proxy_buffer_factory) {
ASSERT(!test_server_, "Proxy buffer factory must be set before test server creation");
proxy_buffer_factory_ = proxy_buffer_factory;
}
void mergeOptions(envoy::config::core::v3::Http2ProtocolOptions& options) {
upstream_config_.http2_options_.MergeFrom(options);
}
void mergeOptions(envoy::config::listener::v3::QuicProtocolOptions& options) {
upstream_config_.quic_options_.MergeFrom(options);
}
void checkForMissingTagExtractionRules();
// Sets the timeout to wait for listeners to be created before invoking
// registerTestServerPorts(), as that needs to know about the bound listener ports.
// Needs to be called before invoking createEnvoy() (invoked during initialize()).
void setListenersBoundTimeout(const std::chrono::milliseconds& duration) {
listeners_bound_timeout_ms_ = duration;
}
std::unique_ptr<Stats::Store> upstream_stats_store_;
// Make sure the test server will be torn down after any fake client.
// The test server owns the runtime, which is often accessed by client and
// fake upstream codecs and must outlast them.
IntegrationTestServerPtr test_server_;
// The IpVersion (IPv4, IPv6) to use.
Network::Address::IpVersion version_;
// IP Address to use when binding sockets on upstreams.
InstanceConstSharedPtrFn upstream_address_fn_;
// The config for envoy start-up.
ConfigHelper config_helper_;
// The ProcessObject to use when constructing the envoy server.
ProcessObjectOptRef process_object_{absl::nullopt};
// Steps that should be done before the envoy server starting.
std::function<void(IntegrationTestServer&)> on_server_ready_function_;
// Steps that should be done in parallel with the envoy server starting. E.g., xDS
// pre-init, control plane synchronization needed for server start.
std::function<void()> on_server_init_function_;
// A map of keys to port names. Generally the names are pulled from the v2 listener name
// but if a listener is created via ADS, it will be from whatever key is used with registerPort.
TestEnvironment::PortMap port_map_;
// The DrainStrategy that dictates the behaviour of
// DrainManagerImpl::drainClose().
Server::DrainStrategy drain_strategy_{Server::DrainStrategy::Gradual};
// Member variables for xDS testing.
FakeUpstream* xds_upstream_{};
FakeHttpConnectionPtr xds_connection_;
FakeStreamPtr xds_stream_;
bool create_xds_upstream_{false};
bool tls_xds_upstream_{false};
bool use_lds_{true}; // Use the integration framework's LDS set up.
bool upstream_tls_{false};
Network::DownstreamTransportSocketFactoryPtr
createUpstreamTlsContext(const FakeUpstreamConfig& upstream_config);
testing::NiceMock<ThreadLocal::MockInstance> thread_local_;
testing::NiceMock<Server::Configuration::MockTransportSocketFactoryContext> factory_context_;
testing::NiceMock<Server::Configuration::MockServerFactoryContext> server_factory_context_;
Extensions::TransportSockets::Tls::ContextManagerImpl context_manager_{server_factory_context_};
// The fake upstreams_ are created using the context_manager, so make sure
// they are destroyed before it is.
std::vector<std::unique_ptr<FakeUpstream>> fake_upstreams_;
Grpc::SotwOrDelta sotw_or_delta_{Grpc::SotwOrDelta::Sotw};
spdlog::level::level_enum default_log_level_;
// Timeout to wait for listeners to be created before invoking
// registerTestServerPorts(), as that needs to know about the bound listener ports.
// Using 2x default timeout to cover for slow TLS implementations (no inline asm) on slow
// computers (e.g., Raspberry Pi) that sometimes time out on TLS listeners, or when
// the number of listeners in a test is large.
std::chrono::milliseconds listeners_bound_timeout_ms_{2 * TestUtility::DefaultTimeout};
// Target number of upstreams.
uint32_t fake_upstreams_count_{1};
// The duration of the drain manager graceful drain period.
std::chrono::seconds drain_time_{1};
// The number of worker threads that the test server uses.
uint32_t concurrency_{1};
// If true, use AutonomousUpstream for fake upstreams.
bool autonomous_upstream_{false};
// If true, allow incomplete streams in AutonomousUpstream
// This does nothing if autonomous_upstream_ is false
bool autonomous_allow_incomplete_streams_{false};
// If this member is not empty, the test will use a fixed RNG value specified
// by it.
absl::optional<uint64_t> deterministic_value_{};
// Set true when your test will itself take care of ensuring listeners are up, and registering
// them in the port_map_.
bool defer_listener_finalization_{false};
// By default the test server will use custom stats to notify on increment.
// This override exists for tests measuring stats memory.
bool use_real_stats_{};
// If true, skip checking stats for missing tag-extraction rules.
bool skip_tag_extraction_rule_check_{true};
// By default, node metadata (node name, cluster name, locality) for the test server gets set to
// hard-coded values in the OptionsImpl ("node_name", "cluster_name", etc.). Set to true if your
// test specifies the node metadata in the Bootstrap configuration and that's what you want to use
// for node info in Envoy.
bool use_bootstrap_node_metadata_{false};
private:
// Configuration for the fake upstream.
FakeUpstreamConfig upstream_config_{time_system_};
// True if initialize() has been called.
bool initialized_{};
// Optional factory that the proxy-under-test should use to create watermark buffers. If nullptr,
// the proxy uses the default watermark buffer factory to create buffers.
Buffer::WatermarkFactorySharedPtr proxy_buffer_factory_;
};
} // namespace Envoy
``` |
During the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, many people began to spread false or un-confirmed data and information. This included politicians and other government officials from administrations in several countries. Misinformation about the virus includes its origin, how it spreads, and methods of preventing and curing the disease. Some downplayed the threat of the pandemic, and made false statements about preventative measures, death rates and testing within their own countries. Some have also spread COVID-19 vaccine misinformation. Changing policies also created confusion and contributed to the spread of misinformation. For example, the World Health Organization (WHO) originally discouraged use of face masks by the general public in early 2020, advising "If you are healthy, you only need to wear a mask if you are taking care of a person with suspected 2019-nCoV infection," although the WHO later changed their advice to encourage public wearing of face masks.
Argentina
Argentinian president Alberto Fernández and health minister Ginés García have been accused of spreading misinformation related to COVID-19 multiple times.
In a radio interview Fernández recommended drinking warm drinks since "heat kills the virus". Scientific studies proved that this information is false. Fernández, in response to criticism, later said: "It's a virus that, according to all medical reports in the world, dies at 26°C. Argentina was in a climatic scenario where temperature was around 30°C so it would be hard for the virus to survive." He later added: "The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends us to drink warm drinks since heat kills the virus"; however, the WHO did not recommend that at all.
In June, in a press conference, Buenos Aires Province governor Axel Kicillof falsely stated that Spain was in an extremely strict lockdown at that time. A few hours later, the Spanish embassy in Argentina denied it.
Brazil
Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro openly attempted to force state and municipal governments to revoke social isolation measures they had begun by launching an anti-lockdown campaign called "o Brasil não pode parar" (Brazil can't stop). It received massive backlash both from the media and from the public, and was blocked by the Supreme Court justice.
Even after the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency approved the usage of CoronaVac and the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, Bolsonaro said "these are experimental vaccines with no scientific evidence". Bolsonaro also rails against face mask usage and is commonly seen in public without wearing a mask.
In spite of studies showing the ineffectiveness of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19, the Brazilian president continued to peddle the drug in posts and live webinars on social media.
Some analysts have noted that Bolsonaro's positions mimic those of former US president Donald Trump, who during his administration also tried to downplay the pandemic and then pressured states to abandon social distancing.
Cambodia
Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen downplayed the risk of the virus and demanded the public not wear face masks during a press conference while the initial outbreak in China was ongoing.
China
Cuba
Cuban president Miguel Díaz Canel claimed on Twitter that Cuban Interferon alfa-2b was being used to treat and cure COVID-19 in China, linking to an article written by state-owned newspaper Granma. The Chinese embassy in Cuba also made similar claims. Several Latin American news outlets relayed the story, which was also relayed on social media, and the claims were eventually translated to Portuguese and French. In reality, the interferon was made by a Chinese company, in China, using Cuban technology, and it was under clinical trials in China as a potential cure, but it was not actively being used as such, as the claims suggested.
Egypt
Twitter suspended thousands of accounts linked to El Fagr, an Egypt-based media group "taking direction from the Egyptian government" to "amplify messaging critical of Iran, Qatar and Turkey."
Estonia
On 27 February 2020, the Estonian Minister of the Interior Mart Helme said at a government press conference that the common cold had been renamed as the coronavirus and that in his youth nothing like that existed. He recommended wearing warm socks and mustard patches as well as spreading goose fat on one's chest as treatments for the virus. Helme also said the virus would pass within a few days to a week, just like the common cold.
India
The Ministry of AYUSH recommended homeopathic drug Arsenicum album 30 as a preventive drug for COVID-19. The claim was without any scientific basis or evidence and was widely criticised. A strong consensus prevails among the scientific community that homeopathy is a pseudo-scientific, unethical and implausible line of treatment.
Minister of State for AYUSH Shripad Naik claimed that an Ayurveda practitioner cured Prince Charles when he tested positive for the Covid-19. This claim was rubbished by United Kingdom officials. The theory and practice of Ayurveda is pseudoscientific.
Arvind Kejriwal, the Chief Minister of Delhi, said in May 2021 that there was "a new variant of coronavirus found in Singapore" which "is being said to be very dangerous for children". However, there is no known Singaporean variant of COVID-19; a recent report discussing the threat of COVID-19 to Singaporean children was discussing a variant of COVID-19 first detected in India: B.1.617. Many of the recent COVID-19 cases in Singapore were of B.1.617. Experts such as Gavin Smith, a viral evolutionary biologist in Singapore, and Chandrakanth Lahariya, an epidemiologist in India, state that a new Singapore variant is "unlikely" as the level of cases and transmission in Singapore has not been high as of May 2021.
Indonesia
Former Health Minister Terawan Agus Putranto addressed the citizens to relax and avoid working overtime to avoid contracting the disease and falsely claimed that flu had a higher mortality rate. Several Indonesian civil society groups called for his dismissal. In the beginning of 2020, Terawan also informed to the people that masks are only worn for sick people and healthy people are not obliged to.
Iran
Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei said the US created "a special version" of the virus that is "specifically built for Iran using the genetic data of Iranians which they have obtained through different means".
Bahrain accused Iran of "biological aggression that is criminalised by international law" by lying about the extent of the outbreak in Iran.
Madagascar
On 18 April, the president Andry Rajoelina diffused a 17 minutes documentary on national television and social networks retracing the travels of a Brazilian "phophet" that came in Madagascar because that's where the cure to a future biological war will be. Few days later, a herbal tonic made of Artemisia annua called "Covid Organic" was distributed to the Madagascan public and promoted by several officials, included President Andry Rajoelina, as a "miracle cure" for COVID-19. Medical experts, the country's national medical academy and the World Health Organization cautioned that there was no evidence to support the drink's efficacy against the disease. Despite efforts from the WHO, orders of the herbal drink were sent to Niger, Equatorial Guinea, Niger and Guinea-Bissau. The BBC reported in August 2020 that the President remained supportive of the tonic after it failed to stop the virus from spreading.
In May 2021, the South African variant reach the island and the president Andry Rajoelina affirmed that no vaccine was effective against it despite the scientific data available at the time saying otherwise.
Malaysia
Newly appointed Health Minister Adham Baba falsely claimed during his first television interview in the role on 19 March that drinking warm water could "flush" away SARS-CoV-2, where it would be killed by stomach acid. The clip went viral and received widespread criticism. His statements were refuted by Health Director-General Noor Hisham Abdullah, who said "the practice of the Ministry of Health, whether for treatment or management, is based on evidence." Noor Hisham later took over press briefings and leadership through the pandemic in Malaysia after Baba was sidelined by the government for his early statements.
Mexico
In late March 2020, the governor of the Mexican state of Puebla, Miguel Barbosa Huerta, caused controversy by claiming that COVID-19 affected only "wealthy people". This came amid wider criticism of the federal government and President Andrés Manuel López Obrador for their alleged downplayed response to the pandemic, threatening Mexicans' health and the Mexican economy.
Myanmar
Chief Minister of Tanintharyi U Myint Mg shared a Burmese Facebook post on his account that falsely claimed that eating onions is a way to prevent spread of COVID-19, and that the Chinese government were encouraging this during their outbreak.
North Korea
North Korean officials have continued to report that there are no confirmed cases in the country. It was reported that doctors had been told to not discuss COVID-19 as to not damage the reputation and image of Kim Jong-un.
Russia
The European Union watchdog group EUvsDisinfo reported that Russia was pushing what they believe was false information related to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic through "pro-Kremlin outlets". On 18 March, Russian presidential spokesman Dmitry Peskov denounced the findings. Mark Galeotti, a RUSI Senior Associate Fellow, questioned these claims and wrote that "it seems strange that the Kremlin itself would launch and push a disinformation campaign at the very time it is clearly launching a soft-power charm offensive on the back of the pandemic."
A social media joke suggesting lions had been freed to keep people off the streets in Moscow was passed around as if it were true.
Serbia
As the number of infections rose throughout Europe, on 26 February 2020 president Aleksandar Vučić called a press conference where he addressed the possibility of the virus impacting Serbia. This news conference made headlines after a pulmonologist, Dr. Branimir Nestorović, made joking statements about the virus, calling it "the most laughable virus in the history of mankind" and suggested that women should travel to then virus-affected Italy for shopping because "estrogen protects them". The president, who was visible in the background expressing amusement and chuckling at this during the TV broadcast, later denied any accusations of portraying the virus as such by Dr. Nestorović.
In April 2020, a decree that limited access to public information about COVID-19 was announced and a journalist was arrested for writing an article on alleged shortages of medical equipment and neglect of medical staff, but after public outcry and reactions from the EU, RSF, and IPI, charges were dropped and the journalist released. The declared goal of the decree was to limit the spread of fake news about SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in Serbia. On 21 April 2020, Dr. Predrag Kon, a guest on the Ćirilica TV show on Happy TV, confirmed the lack of medical supplies.
On 22 June, the BIRN (Balkan Investigative Reporting Network) released an official document from the government's COVID-19 database stating that from 19 March to 1 June, there were 632 COVID-19-related deaths, compared to 244–388 more than officially reported. The database also showed there to have been more new daily cases, between 300 and 340 compared to the official 97. Throughout the pandemic, many government critics and opposition leaders have accused the government of purposely downscaling the numbers so the vote turnout would surpass the 50% percent for the parliamentary elections.
During an interview on RTS 1, Vučić showed pictures of hospital beds, oxygen canisters and ventilators, accusing political opponents of spreading fake news to the effect that hospitals in Novi Pazar and Tutin did not have the medical equipment they needed. On 5 July, a syndicate of pharmacists and doctors accused the president of spreading untrue statements regarding the equipment and of taking credit for combating the pandemic, denying facts from Raška oblast, and presenting a false impression of the state of the Serbian healthcare system. They state that the photographs were taken on 6 April when Vučić personally had the ventilators delivered to the region. None of those photographs show ventilators in use, or the 10 ventilators claimed.
Sweden
Officials from Sweden misrepresented data from a 7 July 2020 report comparing Sweden to Finland to claim that the "closing of schools had no measurable effect on the number of cases of COVID-19 among children," neglecting that testing among Swedish children was almost non-existent when compared to Finnish children. However, the Public Health Agency and the Minister of Education still cited this report as justification for not closing schools.
In April 2020, scientists and physicians criticized the Swedish government for the 105 deaths per day in the country at the time, but the Public Health Agency and Anders Tegnell (the Public Health Agency epidemiologist in charge of the country's pandemic response) wrongly claimed that the actual number was 60 deaths per day in response. The revised government figures later showed that the critics were right.
Tanzania
Authorities stopped reporting case numbers in May 2020 after President John Magufuli alleged that the national laboratory was returning false positives. On 4 May, President John Magufuli suspended the head of testing at Tanzania's national health laboratory and fired its director after accusing the lab of returning false positive test results. Magufuli said he'd deliberately submitted biological samples from a papaya, a quail and a goat to test the laboratory's accuracy; he claimed that the lab diagnosed these samples as positive for coronavirus. In June 2020, he declared that COVID-19 has been "eliminated by God" as the government stopped publishing data on the spread of the disease in the country. In January 2021 the President also falsely described vaccines as "dangerous".
Turkmenistan
Reporters Without Borders reported that the government of Turkmenistan had banned the word "coronavirus" and that people could be arrested for wearing masks or discussing the pandemic. The organization later corrected their report, clarifying that the word itself was not banned, but maintaining it had been removed from informational brochures and the government was restricting information about the virus and providing "very one-sided information". According to Chronicles of Turkmenistan, state media did not begin reporting on the measures that had been taken until 25 March. The BBC quoted an anonymous Turkmen citizen who said citizens may get into trouble for suggesting that COVID-19 had spread to Turkmenistan. The BBC article also states that the Turkmen government is working to control a possible outbreak.
United Kingdom
In April 2020, the UK Statistics Authority criticised Secretary of State of Health and Social Care Matt Hancock for claiming that the target of 100,000 tests per day had been reached, when this was only achieved through changing the method by which tests were counted. In June 2020, the independent body renewed its criticism, with Chair David Norgrove saying "the aim seems to be to show the largest possible number of tests, even at the expense of understanding".
The government's official response to an April 2020 investigation by The Sunday Times, which criticised the government's pandemic preparation during the early months of the pandemic and revealed Boris Johnson had not attended five COBR meetings, was accused of misrepresentation by the investigation's authors, as well as the editor of The Lancet Richard Horton and scientist Martin Hibberd which the response quoted. The journalists George Arbuthnott and Jonathon Calvert critiqued the government's response point-by-point in a follow-up article. Horton described the government's response as "Kremlinesque".
United States
Venezuela
In a 27 February 2020 announcement, Nicolás Maduro warned that the COVID-19 disease might be a "biological weapon" created against China and the rest of the world.
Through social media, Maduro has supported the use of herbal infusions to cure COVID-19. In March, Twitter deleted a tweet by Maduro that quoted the works of Sergio Quintero, a Venezuelan doctor that claims having found a natural antidote against the sickness, as well as argued that the virus was created by the United States as a biological weapon. The Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC) rejected his publication, and both Agence France-Presse and other fact checking sites have described Quintero's publications as false and misleading.
Maduro's administration has authorized the use of chloroquine, a medication to treat malaria that can cause heart problems if not used properly, and interferon alfa-2b, an antiviral used on a small scale in China that has been promoted by Cuba's government, labeled sometimes even as a "vaccine". Chloroquine and interferon alfa-2b's efficacy against COVID-19 has not been demonstrated by international organizations.
On 24 March, Maduro accused Colombia of promoting the "intentional infection" of Venezuelan migrants that returned to their country, saying they were "biological weapon" and threatening them with quarantine. Local authorities have repeated the accusations since.
Notes
References
2020 hoaxes
2020 in politics
National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
COVID-19 misinformation
Disinformation operations |
```python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Using Multiple Devices
#----------------------------------
#
# This function gives us the ways to use
# multiple devices (executors) in TensorFlow.
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
ops.reset_default_graph()
# To find out where placement occurs, set 'log_device_placement'
sess = tf.Session(config=tf.ConfigProto(log_device_placement=True))
a = tf.constant([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0], shape=[2, 3], name='a')
b = tf.constant([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0], shape=[3, 2], name='b')
c = tf.matmul(a, b)
# Runs the op.
print(sess.run(c))
# If we load a graph and want device placement to be forgotten,
# we set a parameter in our session:
config = tf.ConfigProto()
config.allow_soft_placement = True
sess_soft = tf.Session(config=config)
# GPUs
#---------------------------------
# Note that the GPU must have a compute capability > 3.5 for TF to use.
# path_to_url#compute-capability
# Careful with GPU memory allocation, TF never releases it. TF starts with almost
# all of the GPU memory allocated. We can slowly grow to that limit with an
# option setting:
config.gpu_options.allow_growth = True
sess_grow = tf.Session(config=config)
# Also, we can limit the size of GPU memory used, with the following option
config.gpu_options.per_process_gpu_memory_fraction = 0.4
sess_limited = tf.Session(config=config)
# How to set placements on multiple devices.
# Here, assume we have three devies CPU:0, GPU:0, and GPU:1
if tf.test.is_built_with_cuda():
with tf.device('/cpu:0'):
a = tf.constant([1.0, 3.0, 5.0], shape=[1, 3])
b = tf.constant([2.0, 4.0, 6.0], shape=[3, 1])
with tf.device('/gpu:1'):
c = tf.matmul(a,b)
c = tf.reshape(c, [-1])
with tf.device('/gpu:2'):
d = tf.matmul(b,a)
flat_d = tf.reshape(d, [-1])
combined = tf.multiply(c, flat_d)
print(sess.run(combined))
``` |
Dmitry Alexeyevich Davydov (; born 23 January 1978) is a former Russian professional association football player. He also holds Ukrainian citizenship as Dmytro Oleksiyovych Davydov ().
Club career
He played 4 seasons in the Russian Football National League for FC SKA-Energiya Khabarovsk.
References
External links
1978 births
People from Novomoskovsk
Living people
Men's association football goalkeepers
Russian men's footballers
Ukrainian men's footballers
FC Metalurh Novomoskovsk players
FC Spartak Tambov players
FC SKA-Khabarovsk players
FC Spartak Sumy players
FC Tambov players
FC Lukhovitsy players
Ukrainian First League players
Ukrainian Second League players
Footballers from Dnipropetrovsk Oblast |
```java
/*
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
* questions.
*/
package org.graalvm.visualizer.view.impl;
import org.graalvm.visualizer.data.ChangedEvent;
import org.graalvm.visualizer.data.ChangedListener;
import org.graalvm.visualizer.data.GraphContainer;
import org.graalvm.visualizer.data.Group;
import org.graalvm.visualizer.data.InputGraph;
import org.graalvm.visualizer.data.InputNode;
import org.graalvm.visualizer.util.ListenerSupport;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.function.Predicate;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
/**
* Collects a single type of graph from another container. The graphs are picked
* up by a {@link Predicate} passed to the constructor. The object refires any
* changed notifications of the original.
*
* @author sdedic
*/
public class GraphTypeContainer implements GraphContainer {
private final GraphContainer delegate;
private final Predicate<InputGraph> acceptor;
private final ChangedEvent<GraphContainer> changeEvent = new ChangedEvent<>(this);
private final String type;
private final ChangedListener<GraphContainer> refireListener = (e) -> {
filteredGraphs = null;
changeEvent.fire();
};
// @GuardedBy(this)
private volatile List<InputGraph> filteredGraphs;
@Override
public int hashCode() {
int hash = 5;
hash = 97 * hash + Objects.hashCode(this.delegate);
hash = 97 * hash + Objects.hashCode(this.acceptor);
hash = 97 * hash + Objects.hashCode(this.type);
return hash;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj) {
return true;
}
if (obj == null) {
return false;
}
if (getClass() != obj.getClass()) {
return false;
}
final GraphTypeContainer other = (GraphTypeContainer) obj;
if (!Objects.equals(this.type, other.type)) {
return false;
}
if (!Objects.equals(this.delegate, other.delegate)) {
return false;
}
if (!Objects.equals(this.acceptor, other.acceptor)) {
return false;
}
return true;
}
/**
* Creates a type container for a specific graph type.
* The container may optionally use an "accptor" to filter contained graphs. If "acceptor" is null,
* the default filter based on {@link InputGraph#getGraphType()} will be used. {@code null} graph
* type will accept all graph types. When acceptor is provided, it must ensure its results
* comply with the type.
* <p/>
* If the acceptor is provided, it is compared using {@link Objects#equals(java.lang.Object, java.lang.Object)} -
* <b>beware of using method references</b> or lambdas as their identity are subject to caching and
* equals semantics is not defined.
* @param delegate the underlying container
* @param graphType type of graphs, use {@code null} to accept all of them
* @param acceptor
*/
public GraphTypeContainer(GraphContainer delegate, String graphType, Predicate<InputGraph> acceptor) {
this.delegate = delegate;
this.type = graphType;
this.acceptor = acceptor;
ListenerSupport.addWeakListener(refireListener, this.delegate.getChangedEvent());
}
@Override
public Group getContentOwner() {
return delegate.getContentOwner();
}
@Override
public ChangedEvent<GraphContainer> getChangedEvent() {
return changeEvent;
}
@Override
public boolean accept(InputGraph g) {
if (acceptor != null) {
return acceptor.test(g);
}
return type == null || type.equals(g.getGraphType());
}
@Override
public String getType() {
return type;
}
@Override
public String getName() {
return getContentOwner().getName();
}
private List<InputGraph> findGraphs() {
List<InputGraph> res = filteredGraphs;
if (res != null) {
return res;
}
List<InputGraph> graphs = new ArrayList<>(delegate.getGraphs());
for (Iterator<InputGraph> itg = graphs.iterator(); itg.hasNext();) {
InputGraph g = itg.next();
if (!accept(g)) {
itg.remove();
}
}
synchronized (this) {
if (filteredGraphs == null) {
filteredGraphs = graphs;
}
return graphs;
}
}
@Override
public int getGraphsCount() {
return findGraphs().size();
}
@Override
public Set<Integer> getChildNodeIds() {
return getGraphs().parallelStream().flatMap((e) -> e.getNodeIds().stream()).collect(Collectors.toSet());
}
@Override
public Set<InputNode> getChildNodes() {
return getGraphs().parallelStream().flatMap((e) -> e.getNodes().stream()).collect(Collectors.toSet());
}
@Override
public List<InputGraph> getGraphs() {
return Collections.unmodifiableList(findGraphs());
}
@Override
public InputGraph getLastGraph() {
List<InputGraph> gs = findGraphs();
return gs.isEmpty() ? null : gs.get(gs.size() - 1);
}
@Override
public boolean isNodeChanged(InputGraph base, InputGraph to, int nodeId) {
List<InputGraph> graphs = getGraphs();
int fromIndex = graphs.indexOf(base);
int toIndex = graphs.indexOf(to);
assert fromIndex != -1 && toIndex >= fromIndex;
if (fromIndex == toIndex) {
return false;
}
for (int i = fromIndex + 1; i <= toIndex; i++) {
InputGraph g = graphs.get(i);
if (g.isDuplicate()) {
continue;
}
if (g.isNodeChanged(nodeId)) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
}
``` |
In typography (specifically Typeface anatomy), a stroke can end in a number of ways. Examples include:
The serif, including:
The regular serif
The bracketed serif
The half-serif
The terminal, which is any stroke that does not end in a serif
The , a tapered or curved end
The , an extended or decorative flourish that replaces a serif or terminal on a letter
The (or teardrop), as found in Caslon, Galliard, and Baskerville
The , as found in Bodoni and Clarendon
The , a sharp spur, as found in Perpetua, Pontifex, and Ignatius. Also defined as the triangular serifs on the straight lines of capitals like E, F and Z.
Hooked
Pear-shaped
References
Typography |
İğciler is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Polatlı, Ankara Province, Turkey. Its population is 484 (2022).
References
Neighbourhoods in Polatlı District |
Chunox is a village located in the Corozal District of Belize, with a population of 1,143 people. It is primarily an agricultural community surrounded by sugar cane fields, and is located on the east bank of Laguna Seca. The official language is English, but most residents speak Spanish due to their Maya Mestizo ancestry. St. Viator Vocational High School serves the village. There are several Maya residential mound groups in Chunox from the Classic Period. Copper Bank, a fishing village, is situated across the lagoon from Chunox.
Demographics
At the time of the 2010 census, Chunox had a population of 1,375. Of these, 95.1% were Mestizo, 1.3% Mixed, 1.1% African, 1.0% Creole, 0.7% Ketchi Maya, 0.2% Caucasian, 0.2% Mennonite, 0.1% Mopan Maya and 0.1% others.
In terms of languages spoken (multiple answers allowed), 98.9% spoke Spanish, 24.0% English, 1.3% Creole, 0.2% Yucatec Maya and 0.1% German; 0.3% could not speak.
References
Populated places in Corozal District
Corozal South East |
Christian Hejnal Addams (born June 3, 1969) is an American visual effects producer and the guitarist and occasional vocalist of the Los Angeles-based rock band Scarling.
Musical career
In the early 1990s, he played in bands such as Candyhateful (previously known as the Brats) and The Drummed. Candyhateful's song "Stay Down" was featured in the 2000 film adaptation of Anne Rice's "Queen of the Damned",
In 2001 Hejnal began work on a solo album. He invited singer Jessicka, whom he had met some months before at a Los Angeles club through mutual friend Lisa Leveridge, to perform vocals on a track he had written; they began recording and rehearsing together and eventually recruited the musicians who would form Scarling. in 2002.
In the autumn of 2004, after releasing their first album Sweet Heart Dealer, Scarling. was invited to join the lineup of the Robert Smith-curated Curiosa Festival, performing on select West Coast dates alongside Interpol, The Rapture, Mogwai, and he and Jessicka's long-time favorite, The Cure. Smith described the band's music as "dark, desperate, chaotic, gorgeous pop music, the sound of the end of the world" and Sweet Heart Dealer was nominated for the 2004 Shortlist Music Prize.
After a series of 7-inch singles on Sympathy, Scarling. announced in early 2005 that their second album, So Long, Scarecrow, would appear later that year; it was preceded by the single "We Are The Music Makers" and was released on August 23, 2005. Scarecrow was co-produced by Rob Campanella and received several favorable reviews.
Alternative Press gave the album a 5 out of 5 rating and described Hejnal as a, "guitar physicist who holds court over these atmospheric rockers' second album, approximating everything from space-station climates to sperm whales rollin' on E, all while delivering solid songs."
In 2006 Hejnal continued to tour in the US and Europe with Scarling. Along the way, touring with such bands as UK shoegaze outfit Amusement Parks on Fire and opening for The Wedding Present and Depeche Mode. Scarling. are currently working on their new album.
Film career
In addition to his work with Scarling, since 1999, Hejnal has worked for Sony Pictures Imageworks, starting out as a production assistant on The Ninth Gate and Hollow Man. In 2000 he became a visual effects coordinator on the film Charlie's Angels, and completed work as the visual effects plate coordinator on Spider-Man, and as a Digital Production Manager for the films Spider-Man 2, Darkness Falls and The Prize Winner of Defiance, Ohio which stars Julianne Moore and Woody Harrelson. Currently, he is working as a digital effects film producer and is credited as such on the films Grandma's Boy, the Adam Sandler film Click, Spider-Man 3, Hancock. Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland, 2011's The Green Hornet, Here Comes the Boom, Oz the Great and Powerful, 22 Jump Street, Pixels and Ghostbusters.
Christian was the co- producer for Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse. The film was critically well received.
Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse won Best Animated Feature Film at the 76th Golden Globe Awards, it won the same award at the 24th Critics' Choice Awards, and won the Best Animated Feature at the 91st Academy Awards, among several other awards and nominations. It was the first non-Disney or Pixar film to win the Oscar for Best Animated Feature since Rango (2011), becoming the 6th non-Disney/Pixar film to win this award.
Christian won a Visual Effects Society award for 'Outstanding Animated Character' in an Animated Feature Motion Picture: 2018, Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse ("Miles Morales").
Critics at New York Magazine listed it at 9 on their list of the best films of the decade.
In July 2022, Christian was one of the digital effects producers for The Sea Beast for Netflix. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100 based on 20 critics, indicating favorable reviews. The following month, Hejnal rejoined the crew as an executive digital producer of Beyond the Spider-Verse set to be released in 2023.
Personal life
On February 14, 2006, (Valentine's Day) while on a break from touring, he and Jessicka were engaged. Their wedding took place on October 13, 2007, at the Oviatt Penthouse in Los Angeles and was attended by numerous celebrities. The couple took Addams as their new surname.
Discography
Albums
Scarling., Sweet Heart Dealer (2004) – writer, guitar, bass, vocals
Scarling., So Long, Scarecrow (2005) – writer, producer, guitar, vocals
Singles and EPs
Scarling., "Band Aid Covers the Bullet Hole" (7-inch, Sympathy for the Record Industry 2003) – writer, vocals
Scarling., "Band Aid Covers the Bullet Hole" (CD, Sympathy for the Record Industry, 2003) – guitar, vocals
Scarling., "Crispin Glover" (7-inch, Sympathy for the Record Industry, 2004) – guitar, vocals
Scarling., "Crispin Glover" (7-inch, Sympathy for the Record Industry, 2004) – guitar, vocals
Scarling., "Scarling. / The Willowz" (split 7-inch, Sympathy for the Record Industry, 2005) – guitar, vocals
Scarling., "Staring to the Sun" (CD, Sympathy for the Record Industry 2006 – guitar, vocals, producer
References
External links
Sony Pictures Imageworks profile
Christian Hejnal on IMDB
Scarling. official website
1969 births
Living people
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American male singers
Record producers from Illinois
American rock singers
American indie rock musicians
Singers from Illinois
Sympathy for the Record Industry artists
American film producers
Guitarists from Illinois
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
Scarling. members |
John Hargrave (−1833) was an Irish architect who was active mainly in Ireland in the early 19th century. Born in Cork , Hargrave was the third son of architect Abraham Addison Hargrave (1755−1808).
John Hargrave was responsible for the design of a number of manor houses in Ireland, including Castle Forbes (), Doory Hall (), Drenagh (), and Favour Royal (1825). A number of churches, gaols and courthouses are also attributed to him, including Omagh Courthouse (1814) and Mullingar Courthouse (1828). His architectural practice had an office on Talbot Street in Dublin.
Several other members of Hargave's family were also involved in architecture and construction, including his brother Abraham Addison Hargrave (d.1838).
John Hargrave died, along with his wife and children, in a yachting accident in Cardigan Bay on 30 August 1833.
References
19th-century Irish architects
1780s births
1833 deaths
Architects from County Cork |
```smalltalk
/*
This file is part of the iText (R) project.
Authors: Apryse Software.
This program is offered under a commercial and under the AGPL license.
For commercial licensing, contact us at path_to_url For AGPL licensing, see below.
AGPL licensing:
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
along with this program. If not, see <path_to_url
*/
using System;
using iText.IO.Font.Woff2.W3c;
namespace iText.IO.Font.Woff2.W3c.Decoder {
public class ValidationOff088Test : W3CWoff2DecodeTest {
protected internal override String GetFontName() {
return "validation-off-088";
}
protected internal override String GetTestInfo() {
return "Valid WOFF file from the fire format tests, the decoded file should run through a font validator to confirm the OFF structure validity.";
}
protected internal override bool IsFontValid() {
return true;
}
}
}
``` |
```emacs lisp
;; init-buffer.el --- Initialize ibuffer configurations. -*- lexical-binding: t -*-
;; Author: Vincent Zhang <seagle0128@gmail.com>
;; URL: path_to_url
;; This file is not part of GNU Emacs.
;;
;; This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
;; published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or
;; (at your option) any later version.
;;
;; This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
;;
;; along with this program; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
;; the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth
;; Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
;;
;;; Commentary:
;;
;; IBuffer configurations.
;;
;;; Code:
(eval-when-compile
(require 'init-custom))
(use-package ibuffer
:ensure nil
:bind ("C-x C-b" . ibuffer)
:init (setq ibuffer-filter-group-name-face '(:inherit (font-lock-string-face bold))))
;; Display icons for buffers
(use-package nerd-icons-ibuffer
:hook (ibuffer-mode . nerd-icons-ibuffer-mode)
:init (setq nerd-icons-ibuffer-icon centaur-icon))
;; Group ibuffer's list by project
(use-package ibuffer-project
:hook (ibuffer . (lambda ()
"Group ibuffer's list by project."
(setq ibuffer-filter-groups (ibuffer-project-generate-filter-groups))
(unless (eq ibuffer-sorting-mode 'project-file-relative)
(ibuffer-do-sort-by-project-file-relative))))
:init (setq ibuffer-project-use-cache t)
:config
(defun my-ibuffer-project-group-name (root type)
"Return group name for project ROOT and TYPE."
(if (and (stringp type) (> (length type) 0))
(format "%s %s" type root)
(format "%s" root)))
(if (icons-displayable-p)
(progn
(advice-add #'ibuffer-project-group-name :override #'my-ibuffer-project-group-name)
(setq ibuffer-project-root-functions
`((ibuffer-project-project-root . ,(nerd-icons-octicon "nf-oct-repo" :height 1.2 :face ibuffer-filter-group-name-face))
(file-remote-p . ,(nerd-icons-codicon "nf-cod-radio_tower" :height 1.2 :face ibuffer-filter-group-name-face)))))
(progn
(advice-remove #'ibuffer-project-group-name #'my-ibuffer-project-group-name)
(setq ibuffer-project-root-functions
'((ibuffer-project-project-root . "Project")
(file-remote-p . "Remote"))))))
(provide 'init-ibuffer)
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;; init-ibuffer.el ends here
``` |
Andhra Pradesh is a state in the southern part of India. It was created on 2 June 2014, with the passing of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act. Andhra Pradesh is bordered by the Bay of Bengal to the east, Karnataka to the west, Telangana to the north-west Odisha and Chhattisgarh are to the north and Tamil Nadu to the south. The state covers an area of 162,975 km2 (62,925 sq mi), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It comprises 26 districts. Telugu is the primary official language of Andhra Pradesh and spoken as a native language by about 89.21% of the people. Other ethnic minorities in the state as of 2001 are Urdu people (6.55%), Tamil people (1.04%).
Telugu people
The Telugu people form the dominant ethnic group in Andhra Pradesh, making up to 83.88% (as per 2001 census) of the total population of the state. They are the native speakers of the Telugu language. Telugu is one of the official languages of India and the official and administrative language of the state of Andhra Pradesh.
Urdu
Urdu is spoken by 6.55% of the total population, majority of whom are Muslims. People who speak Urdu as their mother tongue mostly hail from the districts of Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Warangal and Khammam in the Telangana region and Kurnool, Ananthapur, Prakasam of Andhra Pradesh, which were part of the erstwhile Hyderabad state.
Tamil people
According to the 2001 census, speakers of Tamil language formed the third largest ethnic group in Andhra Pradesh (1.04% of the total population). The 2011 census indicates that there were 1113,848 Tamils living in Andhra Pradesh. The speakers of Tamil language form the native ethnic group of Tamil Nadu, the neighbouring state of Andhra Pradesh.
The taluk of Tirutani and Pallipattu sub-taluk of Chittoor district (large Tamil speaking community) of Andhra Pradesh were transferred to Madras State in exchange for territories from the Chingelput (Chengalpattu) and Salem Districts on 1 April 1961 as per the Andhra Pradesh and Madras Alteration of Boundaries Act 1959.
Marathi people
According to the 2001 census, Marathi is spoken as mother tongue by 0.7% of the total population of Andhra Pradesh, 1.3 % of in Telangana population. Though there are substantial populations distributed all over the northwestern parts of the state, Marathis are mainly concentrated in South and north parts of the Telangana districts. Majorly in Adilabad, Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Warangal, Medak and Sangareddi districts. As well as Parts of Rayalaseema region and coastal Andhra also found large number of Maratha origin population.
Odia people
Speakers of Odia language make up 0.44% of the total population of Andhra Pradesh. They are concentrated in the districts of Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam and Vizianagaram.
References
Ethnic groups in Andhra Pradesh |
Thomas Koch may refer to:
Thomas Koch (ice hockey) (born 1983), Austrian ice hockey player
Thomas F. Koch (born 1942), American politician who currently serves in the Vermont House of Representatives
Thomaz Koch (born 1945), Brazilian tennis player
Thomas P. Koch (born 1963), mayor of Quincy, Massachusetts |
Crataegus harbisonii is a rare species of hawthorn. Once common in the Nashville area, its population has been reduced significantly in modern times. It is now currently known only from small populations in Davidson and Obion County, Tennessee. This species has been taken into cultivation. It forms a vigorous shrub to 8 m in height with hairy leaves, attractive flowers and round reddish fruit.
It is closely related to Crataegus ashei and Crataegus triflora.
See also
Thomas Grant Harbison
References
harbisonii
Flora of Northern America |
The Democratic Alliance (, AD), originally called Democratic Republican Alliance (, ARD), was a French political party created in 1901 by followers of Léon Gambetta such as Raymond Poincaré, who would be president of the Council in the 1920s. The party was originally formed as a centre-left gathering of moderate liberals, independent Radicals who rejected the new left-leaning Radical-Socialist Party, and Opportunist Republicans (Gambetta and the like), situated at the political centre and to the right of the newly formed Radical-Socialist Party. However, after World War I and the parliamentary disappearance of monarchists and Bonapartists it quickly became the main centre-right party of the Third Republic. It was part of the National Bloc right-wing coalition which won the elections after the end of the war. The ARD successively took the name "Democratic Republican Party" (, PRD), and then "Social and Republican Democratic Party" (), before becoming again the AD.
The ARD was largely discredited after supporting the Vichy regime during World War II, an option strongly supported by its major leader Pierre-Étienne Flandin and other members such as Joseph Barthélemy. The centre-right party tried to reform itself under the direction of Joseph Laniel, who had taken part in the Resistance. It temporarily joined the Rally of Republican Lefts (, RGR) before merging into the National Center of Independents and Peasants (, CNIP). The AD, which in contrast to the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) or the French Communist Party (PCF), never became a mass political party founded on voting discipline (in these left-wing parties deputies usually vote in agreement with the party's consensus), turned at that time in little more than an intellectual circle whose members met during suppers. However, it was dissolved in only 1978, long after its effective disappearance from the political scene.
Under the Third Republic, the majority of the AD's deputies sat in the Left Republicans () group, the main centre-right parliamentary formation (due to a particularity called sinistrisme right-wing politicians took some time to accept the label 'right-wing', as republicanism was traditionally associated with the left-wing and the right-wing traditionally meant some form of monarchism: see Legitimist and Orléanist).
History
Early years
In 1901, it supported the Bloc des gauches around Waldeck-Rousseau, even if it tried to stand out by 1902. However, it supported the policy of the bloc until 1907, when the presidency was entrusted to Émile Combes (1902–1905), who imposed for the first time the left-right divide. The Alliance demonstrated its difference from the right (the Republican Federation and the ALP) by supporting the 1905 law. Above all, the ARD encouraged political circles including Alliancists and Radicals.
Faced with the disintegration of the bloc and the emergence of socialism, the Alliance sought to establish in 1907 a democratic bloc with the right which demonstrated its willingness to reinstate the discredited right to power in France. Between 1912 and 1914, the ARD supported the right-wing governments which included Raymond Poincaré, Aristide Briand and Louis Barthou. During the same period, the Alliance operated a shift to the right on the political spectrum and ended the policy of mutual withdrawals with the Radical-Socialists in electoral runoffs.
Meanwhile, the Alliance was transformed into a real party in 1911 by becoming the Republican Democratic Party (PRD). This strengthening of its structures was accompanied by an increase in its number of parliamentarians (from 39 MPs in 1902 to 125 1910 and fifty senators in 1910) and that of its supporters (around 30,000 at the beginning of the 1910s). Several leaders of the ARD in 1914 tried to form with Aristide Briand and the moderate left a Federation of the Lefts.
Undoubtedly, the Alliance weighed heavily on national policy as shown by the presence of its members in high cabinet positions (Émile Loubet, Armand Fallières and Raymond Poincaré as Presidents of the Republic and Louis Barthou and Raymond Poincaré as Presidents of the council as well as many ministries).
Government partner
At the end of the war, the Alliance promoted new goals developed during its creation, namely that of creating a concentration of the centers. With its 140 MPs, it organized and led in this direction the National Bloc (1919–1924). The experience was not successful because the Alliance became a prisoner of the right which constituted the bulk of the parliamentary majority, thus the failure of Aristide Briand cabinet (1921–1922) convinced its leaders to find practical ways to realize the doctrine of the just-middle despite the fact that one of its members, Raymond Poincaré, occupied the post of President of the Council between 1922 and 1924.
The Alliance focused its political doctrine in line with that which prevailed when it was created, even though the generation of pre-war faded (Adolphe Carnot, Charles Pallu de la Barrière and so forth) and that a new generation took over, such as Charles Jonnart its new president in 1920. Known as the PRDS, the Alliance professed its willingness to co-operate with the Radical-Socialist Party.
The party became the backbone of government including the Radical-Socialist Party following the fall of the Cartel des Gauches. Nevertheless, the Alliance could not get the Radicals to rally around a centrist party, the opposition crystallizing around the issue of secularism, the intervention of the state or in terms of foreign policy (contrast between Aristide Briand and Raymond Poincaré).
Decline
Pierre-Étienne Flandin took the chair of the Alliance in 1933 with the aim to reorganize the party in a way which Louis Marin had done ten years earlier with the Republican Federation. Until then a grouping more than a party, the Alliance became a party which established a hierarchy and became more centralized. The party expanded its regional structures and increased the number of member to about 20,000 in 1936.
Flandin's leadership marked the end of the Alliance's overtures to the Radicals. However, the Alliance was torn on the doctrinal front. Common ground on the base of the defense of institutions, the middle class and the rejection of the extremes disintegrated due to divergent views adopted by the personalities of the Alliance, namely those of Pierre-Étienne Flandin around the group of Republicans of the Left, those of René Besse around the Independents of the Left and those of Paul Reynaud and André Tardieu around the Republican Centre. These divergences were apparent during the Léon Blum government where Alliance members ranged from moderate support of the laws of the left-wing Popular Front, the division of the party was sensitive by 1938 between a pacifist majority (Flandin) supporting the Munich Agreement and the hawkish minority (Reynaud) opposing the Agreement
. More profoundly, this division also reflected the significant oppositions within the party concerning the reform of the state and institutions between 1933 and 1934.
Since then, the Alliance struggled to maintain a centrist position in a Republic no longer managed by the centre. It became on the contrary a party which showed the different opinions chosen by the men from the Republican and parliamentary rights to address the social and political crises of the thirties.
Doctrine
The Democratic Alliance was a centre-right party which occupied between 1901 and 1940 a central position on the political spectrum and this despite the iron rule of French politics developed by René Rémond which said that each party would evolve further to the left or right due to the development of new political movements. Thus, even if the leaders of the Alliance saw the party as the incarnation of the centre-left in the wake of the parliamentary group formed by Léon Say (1871–1896), the party shifted to the right in Parliament due to two factors, namely the downfall of the monarchist and Bonapartist right and the rise of the new left (socialism and later communism) as well as new centrist parties such as the League of the Young Republic and the Popular Democratic Party).
By its values and behaviors, the AD opposed the socialist left, but also the right (Popular Liberal Action and later the Republican Federation). Like the Radical-Socialist Party, the Alliance adhered to the Republic and what constituted the Republic, that is the law of separation of church and state in 1905 or the quest for truth in the Dreyfus affair. Unlike the Rad-Soc doctrine, it aspired to unite all Republicans and to impose the right and left a third way, that of the combination of centers around the phrase "no reaction nor revolution".
Its political culture was resolutely centrist, incorporating values of both left (the reference to the French Revolution, the defense of freedom and a reformist agenda) and right (law and order, the defense of liberalism and opposition to statism and collectivism). The theme of gradual reform was seen by the Alliance as the antidote to the opponents of the Republic, that is the collectivists (the French Section of the Workers' International and the French Communist Party)
Party platform
Its creation reflects the will to oppose the polarization due to the progressive division during the Dreyfus affair and impose a three-party system leading to the Republic of the just-middle theorized by François Guizot.
The ARD was created by the progressives who supported Captain Alfred Dreyfus and opposed those who followed Jules Méline in opposition to the President of the Council Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau. At the instigation of the latter, the Democratic Republican Alliance was founded on 23 October 1901 by engineer Adolphe Carnot (brother of former French President Sadi Carnot), the deputies Henry Blanc, Edmond Halphen and publicist Charles Pallu de la Barrière. The Alliance built strong support networks with the Ligue des droits de l'homme (including Paul Stapfer), the League of Education and former political networks around Jules Ferry, Léon Gambetta and Léon Say.
Its initial recruitment is that of the Parisian elite (including scientists) and the provincial notables. Even if the party's principal leaders were often related to business, the majority of its elected officials opposed the wishes of businessmen, in particular on social policies.
Names
Democratic Republican Alliance (, ARD): 1901–1911
Republican Democratic Party (, PRD): 1911–1917
Democratic Republican Alliance (, ARD): 1917–1920
Democratic, Republican, and Social Party (, PRDS); 1920–1926
Democratic Alliance (, AD); 1926–1949
See also
Liberalism and radicalism in France
France in the twentieth century
Independent Radicals
Radical Party (France)
Sinistrisme
References
Bibliography
Rosemonde Samson (2003). L'Alliance républicaine démocratique, une formation de centre. Presses universitaires de Rennes, coll. Carnot.
1901 establishments in France
Centre-right parties in Europe
Conservative liberal parties
Defunct political parties in France
Defunct liberal political parties
Liberal parties in France
Liberal conservative parties
Republican parties
Republicanism in France
Political parties of the French Third Republic
Political parties established in 1901
Opportunist Republicans |
Earl of Wharncliffe, in the West Riding of the County of York, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.
History
The earldom was created in 1876 for Edward Montagu-Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, 3rd Baron Wharncliffe. He was a descendant of Edward Wortley Montagu (grandson of Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich,) and his wife, the author Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Their daughter Mary married the future Prime Minister John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute. Their second son, James Stuart, succeeded to the Wortley estates in Yorkshire and Cornwall through his mother and assumed the additional surname of Wortley, becoming James Stuart-Wortley. In 1803, he also inherited the Scottish estates of his uncle James Stuart-Mackenzie and assumed the additional surname of Mackenzie. His second son, James Stuart-Wortley, was a soldier and prominent Tory politician. In 1826, he was raised to the Peerage of the United Kingdom as Baron Wharncliffe, of Wortley in the County of York.
The first baron was succeeded by his eldest son, John. He represented Bossiney, Perth, and the West Riding of Yorkshire in the House of Commons. On his death, the peerage passed to his eldest son, Edward, the third Baron. He was Chairman of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway, which under his leadership became the Great Central Railway. In 1876 he was created Viscount Carlton, of Carlton in the West Riding of the County of York, and Earl of Wharncliffe, in the West Riding of the County of York, with remainder to his younger brother the Hon. Francis Dudley Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie (1829–1893). These titles are all in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. In 1880, Lord Wharncliffe assumed the additional surname of Montagu. He was succeeded in the viscountcy and earldom, by virtue of the special remainder, by his nephew Francis, the second Earl, the eldest son of the Hon. Francis Dudley Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie. This line of the family failed on the death of his grandson, the fourth Earl, in 1987. He was succeeded by a second cousin once removed, the fifth and present Earl, Richard Alan Montagu-Stuart-Wortley, of Portland, Maine, the elder son of Alan Ralph Montagu-Stuart-Wortley, only son of Ralph Montagu-Stuart-Wortley, only son of the Hon. Ralph Granville Montagu-Stuart-Wortley, younger brother of the second Earl.
Other notable family members
Several other members of this branch of the Stuart family have also gained distinction. John Stuart-Wortley, younger brother of the first Baron, sat as Member of Parliament for Bossiney. The Hon. Charles Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, second son of the first Baron, was also Member of Parliament for Bossiney. His daughter Victoria, Lady Welby, was a philosopher of language. Charles Stuart-Wortley, 1st Baron Stuart of Wortley, was the son of the Hon. James Stuart-Wortley, third son of the first Baron (see the Baron Stuart of Wortley for more information on this branch of the family). The Hon. Edward James Montague-Stuart-Wortley (1857–1934), second son of the Hon. Francis, second son of the second Baron, was a Major-General in the British Army. The Hon. Sir (Alan) Richard Montagu-Stuart-Wortley (1868–1949), younger son of the Hon. Francis, second son of the second Baron, was a Lieutenant-General in the British Army. The Hon. James Stuart-Wortley, third son of the second Baron, was a member of the first Parliament of New Zealand.
Family seat
Until the Second World War, the family seat was Wortley Hall. In 1950, it was sold by the third Earl. He kept ownership of the estate and built a new family seat, Wharncliffe House, about a mile south of Wortley, South Yorkshire, considerably smaller than the old one, with only five bedrooms, sitting in woodland on the estate. The fourth Earl continued to live there until his death.
Barons Wharncliffe (1826)
James Archibald Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, 1st Baron Wharncliffe (1776–1845)
John Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, 2nd Baron Wharncliffe (1801–1855)
Edward Montagu Stuart Granville Montagu-Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, 3rd Baron Wharncliffe (1827–1899) (created Earl of Wharncliffe in 1876)
Earls of Wharncliffe (1876)
Edward Montagu Stuart Granville Montagu-Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, 1st Earl of Wharncliffe (1827–1899)
Francis John Montagu-Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Wharncliffe (1856–1926)
Archibald Ralph Montagu-Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Wharncliffe (1892–1953) married on 24 March 1918 Lady Maud Lillian Elfreda Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, a daughter of William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 7th Earl Fitzwilliam
Alan James Montagu-Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, 4th Earl of Wharncliffe (1935–1987) married on 25 July 1957 Aline Margaret Bruce
Richard Alan Montagu Stuart Wortley, 5th Earl of Wharncliffe (born 1953)
Present peer
Richard Alan Montagu Stuart Wortley, 5th Earl of Wharncliffe (born 1953), is an American distant cousin of the fourth Earl, a grandson of Ralph Granville Montagu-Stuart-Wortley (1864–1927), a younger brother of the second earl, and succeeded to the peerages in 1987. At the time, he was a construction foreman from Cumberland, Maine. The fourth Earl separated the peerages from what was left of the estate, leaving it to his immediate family. In July 1987, the new peer arrived in Yorkshire as a tourist, to visit the family seat, which he had never seen. He commented “I am just an ordinary guy.” The estate was ultimately inherited by Lady Rowena Wortley-Hunt, only surviving child of the fourth earl, who took it over on her mother’s death in 2001.
The heir apparent to the peerages is the present holder's eldest son, Reed Montagu Stuart Wortley, Viscount Carlton (born 1980).
Line of succession
John Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, 2nd Baron Wharncliffe (1801–1855)
Edward Montagu-Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, 1st Earl of Wharncliffe (1827–1899)
Hon. Francis Dudley Montagu-Stuart-Wortley (1829–1893)
Ralph Granville Montagu-Stuart-Wortley (1864–1927)
Ralph Montagu-Stuart-Wortley (1897–1961)
Alan Ralph Montagu-Stuart-Wortley (1927–1986)
Richard Montagu-Stuart-Wortley, 5th Earl of Wharncliffe (b. 1953)
(1). Reed Montagu-Stuart-Wortley, Viscount Carlton (b. 1980)
(2). Evan Caid Montagu-Stuart-Wortley (b. 2002)
(3). Quinlan James Montagu-Stuart-Wortley (b. 2008)
(4). Hon. Christopher James Montagu-Stuart-Wortley (b. 1983)
(5). Oliver Charles Montagu-Stuart-Wortley (b. 2014)
(6). Asher Reed Montagu-Stuart-Wortley (b. 2017)
(7). Hon. Otis Alexander Montagu-Stuart-Wortley (b. 1991)
(8). William Ralph Montagu-Stuart-Wortley (b. 1959)
(9). Brian Alan Montagu-Stuart-Wortley (b. 1987)
(10). Michael Riley Montagu-Stuart-Wortley (b. 1993)
See also
Marquess of Bute
Baron Stuart of Wortley
Baron Stuart de Rothesay
Baron Stuart de Decies
Wortley Hall
Earl of Sandwich
References
Kidd, Charles & Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
External links
Earldoms in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1876
Peerages created with special remainders
1876 establishments in the United Kingdom |
Barbara Wersba (August 19, 1932 Chicago - February 18, 2018 Englewood, New Jersey) was an American youth and children's book author.
Life
Barbara Wersba grew up in California and later in New York City, where she attended a private school and attended theater workshops. She studied at Bard College. After graduation, she returned to Greenwich Village and took acting lessons with Paul Mann. After several years at the theater, she began writing in the 1960s.
She is the author of thirty children's and teen books. The Dream Watcher was first published in 1968. In 1973, she won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis (German Children's Literature Award) for Run softly, go fast, and in 1985, she was nominated for the award for The carnival in my mind.
In 1977 she was nominated for the prestigious National Book Award for Tunes for a Small Harmonica. In addition, Wersba worked for many years as an author for the New York Times Review of Books. In 1994, she founded her own, small publishing house with The Bookman Press.
She is best known for her work for young adolescents. At the center of her novels are often sensitive, often artistically gifted young people who feel misunderstood in their family environment, and find encouragement and self-affirmation in friendships with more unconventional, sometimes significantly older people.
Works
Tunes for a small harmonica New York, N.Y. : Harper & Row, 1976. ,
The crystal child, New York, N.Y. : Harper & Row, 1982. ,
Crazy vanilla, London : Pan Books, 1988. ,
Let me fall before I fly, Sag Harbor, N.Y. : Bookman Press, 2001.
The dream watcher, New York: Atheneum, 1968; Asheville, N.C. : Front Street, 2007. ,
References
External links
https://canios.wordpress.com/2018/02/21/remembering-barbara-wersba/
1932 births
2018 deaths
American writers
Writers from Chicago |
New Zealanders (), colloquially known as Kiwis (), are people associated with New Zealand, sharing a common history, culture, and language (New Zealand English). People of various ethnicities and national origins are citizens of New Zealand, governed by its nationality law.
Originally composed solely of the indigenous Māori, the ethnic makeup of the population has been dominated since the 19th century by New Zealanders of European descent, mainly of English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish ancestry, with smaller percentages of other European and Middle Eastern ancestries such as Greek, Turkish, Italian, Lebanese and other groups such as Arab, German, Dutch, Scandinavian, South Slavic and Jewish, with Western European groups predominating. Today, the ethnic makeup of the New Zealand population is undergoing a process of change, with new waves of immigration, higher birth rates and increasing interracial marriage resulting in the New Zealand population of Māori, Asian, Pasifika and multiracial descent growing at a higher rate than those of solely European descent, with such groups projected to make up a larger proportion of the population in the future. New Zealand has an estimated resident population of around Over one million New Zealanders recorded in the 2013 New Zealand census were born overseas, and by 2021 over a quarter of New Zealanders are estimated to be foreign born. Rapidly increasing ethnic groups vary from being well-established, such as Indians and Chinese, to nascent ones such as African New Zealanders.
While most New Zealanders are resident in New Zealand, there is also a significant diaspora, estimated at around 750,000. Of these, about 640,800 lived in Australia (), which was equivalent to of the resident population of New Zealand. Other communities of New Zealanders abroad are heavily concentrated in other English-speaking countries, specifically the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, with smaller numbers located elsewhere. New Zealanders have had a cultural influence on a global scale, through film, language, te ao Māori, art, science, music and technology, and founded the modern women's suffrage and anti-nuclear movements. Technological and scientific achievements of New Zealanders stem back as far as Kupe and the earliest Polynesian navigators, who used sophisticated astral methods that helped laid the groundwork for both navigation and modern astronomy. Modern trench warfare is often argued to have originated in New Zealand among Māori in the 19th century. New Zealanders also pioneered nuclear physics (Ernest Rutherford), the women's suffrage movement (Kate Sheppard), modern Western conceptions of gender identity (John Money) and plastic surgery (Harold Gillies).
New Zealand culture is essentially a Western culture influenced by the unique environment and geographic isolation of the islands, and the cultural input of the Māori and the various waves of multiethnic migration which followed the British colonisation of New Zealand.
Ethnic origins
The table above shows the broad ethnic composition of the New Zealand population at the 1961 census compared to that from the most recent data of the 2013 census. People of European descent constituted the majority of the 4.2 million people living in New Zealand, with 2,969,391 or 74.0% of the population in the 2013 New Zealand census. Those of full or part-Māori ancestry comprise 14.9% of New Zealanders. The residual "others" ethnic group consists largely of Asians and Pacific Islanders.
European
Most European New Zealanders have British and/or Irish ancestry, with smaller percentages of other European ancestries such as Germans, Poles (historically noted as "Germans" due to Partitions of Poland), French, Dutch, Scandinavian and South Slavs. In 1961, the census showed that 91.8% of New Zealanders self-identified as being of European descent, down from 95% in 1926.
The Māori-language loanword Pākehā came into use to refer to European New Zealanders, although some European New Zealanders reject this appellation. Twenty-first century New Zealanders increasingly use the word "Pākehā" to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders.
The first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were the Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman and his crew in 1642. Māori killed several of the crew, and no more Europeans went to New Zealand until British explorer James Cook's voyage of 1768–71. Cook reached New Zealand in 1769 and mapped almost the entire coastline. Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American whaling, sealing, exploring and trading ships. They traded European food and goods, especially metal tools and weapons, for Māori timber, food, artefacts and water. On occasion, Europeans and Māori traded goods for sex. Some early European arrivals integrated closely with the indigenous Māori people and became known as Pākehā Māori. James Belich characterises many of the very early European settlers as forerunners of a "crew culture" – as distinct from the majority of later European immigrants.
The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed in the Bay of Islands on 6 February 1840. Confusion and disagreement continue to surround the Treaty. However, most New Zealanders still regard "the Treaty" as marking New Zealand's foundation as a nation.
In response to attempts by the New Zealand Company to establish a separate colony in Wellington, and mindful of French claims in Akaroa, Hobson, appointed as Lieutenant-Governor on 14 January 1840, declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840. He published two proclamations published in the New Zealand Advertiser and Bay Of Islands Gazette issue of 19 June 1840. One "assert[s] on the grounds of Discovery, the Sovereign Rights of Her Majesty over the Southern Islands of New Zealand, commonly called 'The Middle Island' (South Island) and 'Stewart's Island' (Stewart Island/Rakiura); and the Island, commonly called 'The Northern Island', having been ceded Sovereignty to Her Majesty". The second proclamation expanded on how sovereignty over the "Northern Island" had been ceded under the treaty signed that February.
Following the formalising of sovereignty, an organised and structured flow of migrants from Great Britain and Ireland began, and by 1860 more than 100,000 British and Irish settlers lived throughout New Zealand. The Otago Association actively recruited settlers from Scotland, generating a definite Scottish influence in Murihiku, while the Canterbury Association recruited settlers from the south of England, giving a definite English influence to the "Canterbury Settlement". By 1870 the non-Māori population reached over 250,000.
Other settlers came from Germany, Scandinavia, and other parts of Europe as well as from China and the Indian subcontinent, but British and Irish settlers made up the vast majority, and did so for the next 150 years.
Between 1881 and the 1920s, the New Zealand Parliament passed legislation that intended to limit Asiatic migration to New Zealand, and prevented Asians from naturalising.
In particular, the New Zealand government levied a poll tax on Chinese immigrants up until the 1930s, when Japan went to war with China. New Zealand finally abolished the poll tax in 1944.
An influx of Jewish refugees from central Europe came in the 1930s.
Many of the persons of Polish origin in New Zealand arrived as orphans from Eastern Poland via Siberia and Iran in 1944 during World War II.
Post-Second World War European immigration
With the agencies of the United Nations dealing with humanitarian efforts following the Second World War, New Zealand accepted about 5,000 refugees and displaced persons from Europe, and more than 1,100 Hungarians between 1956 and 1959 (see Refugees in New Zealand). The post-WWII immigration included more persons from Greece, Italy, Poland and the former Yugoslavia.
New Zealand limited immigration to those who would meet a labour shortage in New Zealand. To encourage those to come, the Government introduced free and assisted passages in 1947, a schema expanded by the First National Government in 1950. However, when it became clear that not enough skilled migrants would come from the British Isles alone, recruitment began in Northern European countries. New Zealand signed a bilateral agreement for skilled migrants with the Netherlands, and a large number of Dutch immigrants arrived in New Zealand. Others came in the 1950s from Denmark, Germany, Switzerland and Austria to meet needs in specialised occupations.
By the 1960s, the policy of excluding people based on nationality yielded a population overwhelmingly European in origin. By the mid-1960s, a desire for cheap unskilled labour led to ethnic diversification.
Māori
The Māori people are most likely descended from people who emigrated from Taiwan to Melanesia and then travelled east through to the Society Islands. After a pause of 70 to 265 years, a new wave of exploration led to the discovery and settlement of New Zealand in about AD 1250–1300, making New Zealand one of the most recently settled major landmasses. Some researchers have suggested an earlier wave of arrivals dating to as early as AD 50–150; these people then either died out or left the islands.
Over the following centuries the Polynesian settlers developed into a distinct culture now known as Māori. The population was divided into iwi (tribes) and hapū (subtribes) which would cooperate, compete and sometimes fight with each other. At some point a group of Māori migrated to the Chatham Islands where they developed their distinct Moriori culture.
Due to New Zealand's geographic isolation, 500 years passed before the next phase of settlement, the arrival of Europeans. Only then did the indigenous inhabitants need to distinguish themselves from the new arrivals, using the term "Māori" which means "normal" or "ordinary".
Between the mid-1840s through to the 1860s, disputes over questionable land purchases led to the New Zealand Wars, which resulted in large tracts of tribal land being confiscated by the colonial government. Settlements such as Parihaka in Taranaki have become almost legendary because of injustices done there. With the loss of much of their land coupled with high fatality rate due to introduced diseases and epidemics, Māori went into a period of decline, and in the late 19th century it was believed that the Māori population would cease to exist as a separate race and would be assimilated into the European population.
However, the predicted decline did not occur, and numbers recovered. Despite a high degree of intermarriage between Māori and European populations, Māori were able to retain their cultural identity and in the 1960s and 1970s Māoridom underwent a cultural revival.
The Māori population has seen stability in the 21st century. In the 2013 Census, 598,602 people identified as being part of the Māori ethnic group, accounting for 14.9% of the New Zealand population, while 668,724 people (17.5%) claimed Māori descent. 278,199 people identified as of sole Māori ethnicity, while 291,015 identified as of both European and Māori ethnicity (with or without a third ethnicity), due to a high rate of intermarriage between the two cultures. Under the Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1974, a Māori is defined as "a person of the Māori race of New Zealand; and includes any descendant of such a person", replacing an earlier legal application based on an arbitrarily defined "degree of Maori blood".
According to the 2006 census, the largest iwi by population is Ngāpuhi (125,601), followed by Ngāti Porou (71,049), Ngāi Tahu (54,819) and Waikato (40,083). However, over 110,000 people of Māori descent in the 2013 census could not identify their iwi. Outside of New Zealand, a large Māori population exists in Australia, estimated at 155,000 in 2011. The Māori Party has suggested a special seat should be created in the New Zealand parliament representing Māori in Australia. Smaller communities also exist in the United Kingdom (approx. 8,000), the United States (up to 3,500) and Canada (approx. 1,000).
The most common region this group lived in was Auckland Region (23.9 percent or 142,770 people). They are the second-largest ethnic group in New Zealand, after European New Zealanders. In addition, more than 120,000 Māori live in Australia.
The Māori language (known as Te Reo Māori) is still spoken to some extent by about a fifth of all Māori, representing 3% of the total population. Many New Zealanders regularly use Māori words and expressions, such as "kia ora", while speaking English. Māori are active in all spheres of New Zealand culture and society, with independent representation in areas such as media, politics and sport.
Asian
In the 2013 Census, Asian ancestries total was 11.8% of the population, Chinese remained the largest Asian ethnic group in 2013, with 171,411 people while Indian was the second-largest Asian ethnic group in 2013, with 155,178 with Filipino a distant third with 40,350 people.
The Asian component actually predates the Pacific component. There had been people of Asian ethnicity living in New Zealand from the early days of European settlement, albeit in very small numbers. During the period of gold rushes later in the nineteenth century the number of Chinese temporary settlers both from China and from Australia and America increased sharply. This was an interlude in many respects, though there was a small population which remained and settled permanently. However, a century later in the 1980s and 1990s the number of people of Asian ethnicities grew rapidly, and they are likely to exceed the Pacific population within the next few years.
Pacific Islanders
In the 1950s and 1960s, New Zealand encouraged migrants from the South Pacific. The country had a large demand for unskilled labour in the manufacturing sector. As long as this demand continued, migrants were encouraged by the government to come from the South Pacific, and many overstayed. However, when the boom times stopped, some blamed the migrants for the economic downturn affecting the country, and many of those people suffered dawn raids from 1974.
Middle Eastern, Latin American and African
This component was 1.2% of the total population in the 2013 census. The Latin American ethnic group almost doubled in size between the 2006 and 2013 censuses, increasing from 6,654 people to 13,182. A more recent component comprises refugees and other settlers from Africa and the Middle East, most recently from Somalia. While there had been previous settlers from the Middle East, such as Syrians, people from Equatorial Africa have been very few in the past.
Middle Eastern ethnic group – 20,406
African ethnic group – 13,464
Others
In 2013, 67,752 people or 1.7% self-identified with one or more ethnicities other than European, Māori, Pacific, Asian, Middle Eastern, Latin American, and African. The vast majority of these people, 65,973 people, identified only as 'New Zealander'.
Race and ethnic relations
After 1840, many issues to do with sovereignty and land ownership remained unresolved and, for a long time, invisible while Māori lived in rural communities. When Māori and Pākehā (Europeans) began living in closer proximity, the belief that the country had "the best race relations in the world" was tested. The first Race Relations Concilitator was appointed in 1971 to help combat racial discrimination among New Zealanders.
Agitation regarding Treaty of Waitangi violations intensified in the 1970s. The Waitangi Tribunal was set up in 1975 to consider alleged breaches, and in 1984 was empowered to look back to 1840.
In general, New Zealanders of European descent consider themselves to be mostly free of racial prejudice, perceiving the country to be a more inclusive society, a notion that has been challenged especially by members of ethnic minority groups. According to research published in 2018, which analysed New Zealand adults' reported experience of racism over a 10-year period, reported recent racist experiences were highest among Asian participants followed by Māori and Pacific peoples, with Europeans reporting the lowest experience of racism.
Culture
New Zealand culture is essentially a Western culture influenced by the unique environment and geographic isolation of the islands, and the cultural input of the Māori and the various waves of multiethnic migration which followed the British colonisation of New Zealand. British settlers brought a legal, political, and economic system that has flourished, along with the British system of agriculture that has transformed the landscape.
The development of a New Zealand identity and national character, separate from the British colonial identity, is most often linked with the period surrounding the First World War, which gave rise to the concept of the Anzac spirit. However, cultural links between New Zealand and Great Britain are maintained by a common language, sustained immigration from the UK, and the fact that many young New Zealanders spend time in Britain on "overseas experience", known as "OE". New Zealanders also identify closely with Australians, as a result of the two nations' shared historical, cultural and geographic characteristics.
The New Zealand government promotes Māori culture by supporting Māori-language schools, by ensuring the language is visible in government departments and literature, by insisting on traditional Māori welcomes (pōwhiri) at government functions and state school award programs, and by having Māori run the welfare services targeted at their people.
New Zealanders are distinctive for their twangy dialect of English and propensity to travel long distances, and are quickly associated with the All Blacks rugby team and the haka. A tradition of resourcefulness came from the pioneering backgrounds of both Māori and non-Māori.
National personifications
Zealandia is a national personification of New Zealand and New Zealanders. In her stereotypical form, Zealandia appears as a woman of European descent who is dressed in flowing robes (or gown). She is similar in dress and appearance to Britannia (the female personification of Britain), who is said to be the mother of Zealandia.
As a rhetorical evocation of a New Zealand national identity, Zealandia appeared on postage stamps, posters, cartoons, war memorials, and New Zealand government publications most commonly during the first half of the 20th century. The personification was a commonly used symbol of the New Zealand Centennial Exhibition, which was held in Wellington in 1939 and 1940. Two large Zealandia statues serve as war memorials that honour the casualties of the Second Boer War: one is in Waimate and the other is in Palmerston. Some smaller statues exist in museums and in private hands.
The female figure who appears on the left side of the national coat of arms has been identified as Zealandia (in a "cut down nightie").
Inventions
Māori, and other Polynesians, have been credited by many historians as being the world's foremost navigators prior to the modern age. Polynesians made contact with nearly every island within the vast Polynesian Triangle, inventing the catamaran and conceiving some of the most complex astronomy in the world to help navigate the Pacific. The continuance of this knowledge after the immediate settlement of New Zealand is evident in the non-tangible 360° compass developed and used by Māori long before European settlement. Māori compasses were divided into 32 different whare, or houses, between north, south, east, and west. This helped navigators memorise upwards of 200 stars. Memorisation was integral to Māori knowledge, which had no written language. Oral tradition was maintained in New Zealand by guilds for centuries after Māori arrival, despite later colonial efforts to suppress it.
In the New Zealand Wars (1845–1872), the Māori developed elaborate trench and bunker systems as part of the already-existent fortified areas known as pā, employing them successfully as early as the 1840s to withstand British artillery bombardments. These systems included firing trenches, communication trenches, tunnels, and anti-artillery bunkers. The Ngāpuhi pā Ruapekapeka is often considered to be the most technologically impressive by historians, and was described in 2017 as "one of the most sophisticated military installations" the British Empire had ever tackled, by broadcaster Mihingarangi Forbes for RNZ. There has been an academic debate surrounding this since the 1980s, when in his book The New Zealand Wars, historian James Belich claimed that Northern Māori had effectively invented trench warfare during the first stages of the New Zealand Wars. However, given that trenches of some form or another have always been present in human warfare, this conclusion has been contentious and criticised by other historians.
New Zealanders in the modern era have been prolific innovators. Instant coffee, today a staple drink across the world, was first invented in Invercargill in 1890 by food chemist David Strang. Katherine Sheppard, a suffragette, is regarded as the mother of the modern women's suffrage movement. Her efforts within the Women's Christian Temperance Union New Zealand led to New Zealand becoming the first nation in the world to enact universal suffrage.
Sexologist John Money, recognised today as a contentious figure for his experiments regarding children and the David Reimer case, was a pioneer of modern gender identity studies. Money's theory that gender is learnt has become outdated and even condemned, although his terms gender role and sexual orientation remain common in modern parlance. He also established the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic, the first clinic in the United States to perform sexual reassignment surgeries. Surgeon and otolaryngologist Harold Gillies is regarded as the father of modern plastic surgery, which he pioneered on soldiers physically dismembered beyond regular care during the First World War.
Language
English (New Zealand English) is the dominant language spoken by New Zealanders, and a de facto official language of New Zealand. According to the 2013 New Zealand census, 96.1% of New Zealanders spoke English. The country's de jure official languages are Māori (Te Reo) and New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL). Other languages are also used by ethnic communities.
Religion
Just under half of the population at the 2013 census declared an affiliation to Christianity. However, regular church attendance is probably closer to 15%. Before European colonisation the religion of the indigenous Māori population was animistic, but the subsequent efforts of missionaries such as Samuel Marsden resulted in many Māori converting to Christianity.
Religious affiliation has been collected in the New Zealand census since 1851. One of the many complications in interpreting religious affiliation data in New Zealand is the large proportion who object to answering the question, roughly 173,000 in 2013. Most reporting of percentages is based on the total number of responses, rather than the total population.
See also
Kiwi (nickname)
Demographics of New Zealand
Lists of New Zealanders
List of prime ministers of New Zealand
References
External links
Demographics of New Zealand's Pacific Population—Statistics New Zealand
Population clock—Statistics New Zealand
Ethnic groups in New Zealand |
Margaret Thomas also known as Margaret Thomas Lee was a free Black woman and domestic worker who was employed by George Washington.
Thomas first joined Washington at his Cambridge, Massachusetts headquarters in February of 1776. She traveled with Washington and was present at military encampments during the American Revolutionary War where she mended clothes and linens and worked as a laundress within Washington's household.
Thomas worked for Washington at Valley Forge from 1777 to 1778.
Thomas met William Lee, George Washington's enslaved valet, during her time with the General. The couple married in Philadelphia. After the war, Lee returned to Mount Vernon with Washington and Thomas remained in Philadelphia where she lived with Washington's former cooks, Hannah and Isaac Till.
Virginia did not recognize marriages of enslaved people. Lee petitioned Washington to allow Thomas to join him and Washington agreed. It is unclear if Thomas ever made it to Mount Vernon.
References
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Patriots in the American Revolution
George Washington
American domestic workers
18th-century African-American people |
Raquel Filipa Tavares (born 12 February 1985) is a Portuguese Fado singer.
Career
Tavares won a popular Fado song contest in Portugal, known as "Grande Noite do Fado”.
Tavares sings regularly at “Bacalhau de Molho”, one of the most famous Fado houses in Lisbon. She has performed all over Europe, including Paris, Rome and Madrid.
Her first album was released in 2006, in the same year that she won the Amália Rodrigues Revelation Prize.
Her second album, Bairro, was released in May 2008.
In January 2020, she took a break from her professional career to pursue a life away from the stage.
She was named one of the most representative Fado singers of the new generation.
Curiosities
In 2004, Raquel played a small part as a Fado singer in Mário Barroso's film "O Milagre Segundo Salomé" ("The Miracle According to Salomé").
She entered in the Eurovision Dance Contest 2008 with João Tiago, placing 8th.
Discography
Albums
1999 - Porque Canto Fado (Metro-Som)
2006 - Raquel Tavares (Movieplay)
2008 - Bairro (Movieplay)
2016 - Raquel (Sony Music)
References
External links
Raquel Tavares on Facebook
1985 births
Living people
Singers from Lisbon
Portuguese fado singers
21st-century Portuguese women singers
Golden Globes (Portugal) winners |
Lance Lenoir (born February 9, 1995) is an American football wide receiver who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Western Illinois.
Early years
Lenoir attended Crete-Monee High School, where he was a three-time All-Conference and a two-time All-Area selection at wide receiver. One of his teammates was future NFL wide receiver Laquon Treadwell. As a senior, he helped his team win the Class 6A state championship and received All-state honors.
He finished his high school career with 140 receptions for 1,971 yards, 31 receiving touchdowns and 2 touchdowns on punt returns. He also played baseball 3 year varsity starter.
College career
Lenoir accepted a football scholarship from Western Illinois University. As a freshman, he started all 12 games and became the first freshman in school history to lead the team in receiving yards (489). He also had 39 receptions (second on the team) and 7 receiving touchdowns (freshman record).
As a sophomore, he became one of only five players in school history to register 1,000 receiving yards (1,030) in a single-season, and the only non-senior to reach that milestone. He also had 75 receptions (school record) and 7 touchdowns. Against Northern Arizona University, he made 8 receptions for 132 yards and 2 touchdowns. Against Illinois State University, he had 12 receptions for 195 yards and 2 touchdowns.
As a junior, he recorded 83 receptions (school record), 1,184 receiving yards (school record) and 10 touchdowns. Against Eastern Illinois University, he had a career-high 280 all-purpose yards, of which 156 yards came on kickoff and punt returns, setting the school single-game record with a 52.5-yard average on kickoff returns.
As a senior, he posted 76 receptions for 1,093 yards and 7 touchdowns. Against Northern Arizona University, he set a career-high with 231 receiving yards on 11 receptions and one touchdown. Against Indiana State University, he had 11 receptions for 204 yards and 2 touchdowns. Against Missouri State University, he made 7 receptions for 142 yards. Against the University of South Dakota, he had his first punt returned for a touchdown. Against Illinois State University, he made 11 receptions for 131 yards. He also broke the Missouri Valley Football Conference All-time record for most receptions and finished third in receiving yardage.
He finished his career with 47 starts out of 48 games, becoming the school leader in receptions (273), receiving yards (3,796), touchdowns (31), 100-yard games (14), 200-yard games (2), and consecutive games with a reception (41).
Professional career
On December 21, 2016, it was announced that Lenoir accepted his invitation to play in the NFLPA Collegiate Bowl. On January 21, 2017, Lenoir played in the NFLPA Collegiate Bowl and caught one pass for 12-yards, as he played for Jim Zorn's American team that lost 27–7 to the National. Unfortunately, Lenoir didn't receive an invitation to the NFL Scouting Combine. On March 14, 2017, Lenoir attended Northwestern's Pro Day and performed all of the combine drills. He also attended Western Illinois' pro day on March 30. During the draft process, Lenoir had private workouts and visits with multiple teams, that included the Chicago Bears, Green Bay Packers, Kansas City Chiefs, Oakland Raiders, Miami Dolphins, and Baltimore Ravens. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Lenoir was projected to go undrafted and be signed as an undrafted free agent. He was ranked the 113th wide receiver in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com.
Dallas Cowboys
On June 13, 2017, Lenoir was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Dallas Cowboys after the 2017 NFL Draft. Throughout training camp, Lenoir competed for a roster spot as the fifth or sixth wide receiver on the depth chart. He competed against Brice Butler, Lucky Whitehead, Andy Jones, and Noah Brown. He was waived by the Cowboys on September 2, and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on December 29.
On September 1, 2018, Lenoir was waived by the Cowboys and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on November 9. He was waived on December 24, and re-signed to the practice squad. On January 8, he was promoted back to the active roster after wide receiver Allen Hurns was placed on the injured reserve list.
In 2019, he got injured in training camp. He was waived with a knee injury on August 7. He was placed on the injured reserve list on August 9. After the 2019 season, Lenoir was waived by the Cowboys on April 21, 2020.
Seattle Seahawks
On August 31, 2020, Lenoir signed with the Seattle Seahawks. He was waived on September 5, 2020, and signed to the practice squad the next day. He was released from the practice squad on September 17. He was re-signed to the practice squad on September 24. He was released on October 7, 2020.
Buffalo Bills
On May 26, 2021, Lenoir signed with the Buffalo Bills. He was waived on August 24, 2021.
Michigan Panthers
Lenoir was selected with the third pick of the 14th round of the 2022 USFL draft by the Michigan Panthers. He was named a starter at wide receiver, registering 52 receptions (led the league), 484 receiving yards (second on the league) and 2 receiving touchdowns.
Philadelphia Eagles
On July 27, 2022, Lenoir was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles. On August 16, he was waived/injured and reverted to the injured reserve. On August 22, he was waived with an injury settlement.
Los Angeles Rams
On December 22, 2022, Lenoir signed with the practice squad of the Los Angeles Rams. His practice squad contract expired when the team's season ended on January 9, 2023.
Orlando Guardians
Lenoir signed with the Orlando Guardians of the XFL on February 23, 2023. He was placed on the team's reserve list on March 27. He was removed from the roster after the 2023 season.
References
External links
Western Illinois Leathernecks bio
1995 births
Living people
People from Crete, Illinois
Players of American football from Will County, Illinois
American football wide receivers
Western Illinois Leathernecks football players
Dallas Cowboys players
Seattle Seahawks players
Buffalo Bills players
Michigan Panthers (2022) players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Los Angeles Rams players
Orlando Guardians players |
John Abraham (born 17 December 1972) is an Indian actor and film producer who works in Hindi films. Known for his stoic action hero persona, he is a recipient of a National Film Award along with nominations for four Filmfare Awards. Abraham has appeared in Forbes India Celebrity 100 list since 2017.
After a successful modelling career, Abraham made his acting debut with the erotic thriller film Jism (2003), a sleeper hit. He gained success with the action film Dhoom (2004) and expanded to comedic roles in Garam Masala (2005), Taxi No. 9211 (2006), and Dostana (2008). He also starred in the critically acclaimed dramas Water (2005), Kabul Express (2006) and New York (2009). In the subsequent decade, Abraham's career fluctuated commercially. He had successes in the ensemble films Housefull 2 (2012), Race 2 (2013), and Welcome Back (2015), and in the acclaimed political thriller Madras Cafe (2013). Abraham subsequently had his biggest commercial successes as a leading man in the action dramas Parmanu (2018), Satyameva Jayate (2018) and Batla House (2019). In 2023, Abraham starred in his highest-grossing release, the action film Pathaan.
Abraham ventured into film production under his banner J.A. Entertainment with Vicky Donor (2012), which won him the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment. He has since produced several of his films, and also wrote the story of Attack: Part 1 (2022). Outside of his film career, he is the co-owner of the Indian Super League football team NorthEast United FC. He is also a vegetarian, and is an advocate for animal rights.
Early life and family
Abraham was born in Bombay, Maharashtra on 17 December 1972 into a family of mixed religious and ethnic heritage. His father is a Malayali Syrian Christian from Kerala and his mother is an Irani Zoroastrian, who has many relatives living in Iran. Abraham's Zoroastrian name is "Farhan", but he was baptised with the name "John." He has a younger brother named Alan Abraham. He considers himself a spiritual person but does not follow any particular religion. Abraham grew up in Mumbai and studied at the Bombay Scottish School in Mumbai. He attended Jai Hind College, University of Mumbai, and then got an MBA degree from NMIMS, Mumbai. His cousin Susy Matthew is an author and has written novels like In a Bubble of Time.
Career
Modelling career
Abraham started his modelling career appearing in the music video of the song "Surma" by Punjabi singer Jazzy B. He then joined the media firm and Time & Space Media Entertainment Promotions Ltd., which however got closed because of financial crisis. Later, he worked for Enterprises-Nexus as a media planner. In 1999, he won the Gladrags Manhunt Contest and went to the Philippines for Manhunt International, where he won second place. He later modelled in Hong Kong, London and New York City, and appeared in a number of commercial advertisements and other music videos for singers including Pankaj Udhas, Hans Raj Hans and Babul Supriyo. To improve his acting skills, Abraham joined Kishore Namit Kapoor Acting Institute and completed an acting course while juggling modelling assignments.
Early work and struggle (2003)
Considered "the top model of India before he ventured into films", Abraham made his acting debut with Jism in 2003, an erotic thriller film which according to Box Office India, was "Hit" grossing . He portrayed the role of Kabir Lal, a poor, alcoholic and wayward lawyer who falls in love with Sonia Khanna (played by Bipasha Basu), a wife of a travelling millionaire, who plots to kill her own husband with the company of Kabir. The film met with mixed to positive reviews. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama commented: "Supermodel John Abraham makes a confident debut. The actor rises beyond his looks and registers a strong impact with his performance, more so towards the second half. His dashing looks and excellent physique only add to his persona".
In the same year, Abraham appeared in Anurag Basu's horror paranormal romance film Saaya alongside Tara Sharma and Mahima Chaudhry. The film garnered mixed to negative reviews, and underperformed at the box office. Taran Adarsh wrote: "Saaya clearly belongs to John. No two opinions on that! Enacting a very difficult role, the newcomer actually performs like a veteran and delivers a performance that's bound to win him nominations in the awards categories. His growth as an actor is tremendous!"
In 2003, he appeared in Pooja Bhatt's directorial debut film Paap alongside Udita Goswami. He portrayed the role of Shiven, a police officer, who falls for a Buddhist girl, Kaaya. The film underperformed at the box office, receiving mixed reviews, and also was premiered at the Kara Film Festival. That same year, he appeared in Ahmed Khan's film Lakeer – Forbidden Lines, co-starring Nauheed Cyrusi with other stars such as Sunny Deol, Sunil Shetty and Sohail Khan, which also underperformed at the box office.
Recognition and commercial success (2004–2009)
In 2004, Abraham played Kabir, the main antagonist in Dhoom, an action film directed by Sanjay Gadhvi, and produced by Yash Raj Films, multi-starring Abhishek Bachchan, Esha Deol, Uday Chopra and Rimi Sen. The film was the third highest-grossing film of the year, which gained him a Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role nomination.
In 2005, he starred in the action thrillers Elaan and Karam, both of which failed at the box office. He followed with the supernatural thriller Kaal and the comedy Garam Masala, both of which did well at the box office. Later that year, he had a role in Water, which portrayed the tragic fate of Hindu widows in British India of the 1930s. The film was written and directed by independent Canadian film-maker Deepa Mehta. It was popular internationally, and was nominated for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 79th Academy Awards. Abraham attended the ceremony along with the film's crew and makers but the film lost to Germany's The Lives of Others.
In the summer of 2006, Abraham performed at the "Rockstars Concert" along with fellow Bollywood actors Salman Khan, Zayed Khan, Kareena Kapoor, Esha Deol, Shahid Kapoor and Mallika Sherawat. In that same year, he starred in the films Zinda, Taxi No. 9211, Baabul and Kabul Express. Among these Taxi No. 9211 and Kabul Express were substantially successful. Abraham's performance in Taxi No. 9211 was praised by critics, noting that his performances to be maturing with each new film. Nikhil Advani's multi-starrer Salaam-e-Ishq was Abraham's first release in 2007. The movie failed to do well at the Indian box office, though it did well in the overseas markets. His last two 2007 releases included the thriller No Smoking, and the sports film Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal, in which he sported a new look. The song "Ishq Ka Kalma" with his then-girlfriend Bipasha Basu was a hit song of that year.
In 2008, Abraham starred alongside Abhishek Bachchan and Priyanka Chopra in Dostana, his only release that year. His first release of 2009 was a production by Yash Raj Films, New York. Dostana was a commercial success and grossed 871 million Indian Rupees Worldwide. This was a turning point in his career.
Established actor and critical acclaim (2010–2019)
He has a fashion line – branded JA Clothes – which primarily features his favourite article of clothing, jeans.
In 2010, he was seen in the films Aashayein and Jhootha Hi Sahi. Both of the films turned out to be box office failures. Lately, Abraham has appeared in the films Force (2011), Desi Boyz (2011) and Housefull 2 (2012). Force and Housefull 2 were huge successes at the box office. Force earned 1.5 billion Indian Rupees Worldwide and Housefull 2 earned 1.86 billion Indian Rupees Worldwide. His first film of 2013 was the multi-starrer Race 2 which was commercially successful earning over 1.8 billion Indian Rupees Worldwide though his second release, the coming-of-age romantic comedy I, Me Aur Main, underperformed at the box office. His next release was Shootout at Wadala, in which he portrayed the role of a gangster Manya Surve, which gained positive reviews. The film emerged as a success at the box office. Then his movie Madras Cafe, which was also a second movie for him as a producer, garnered much critical acclaim, also the collections of the movie saw an upward trend after terrific word-of-mouth. His next release was Welcome Back, which was successful at the box office earning about 1.7 Billion Indian Rupees Worldwide.
In 2016, his first release was Rocky Handsome which was an average grosser at the box office. Then, his second release of the year was Dishoom, and despite mixed to negative reviews, the film was a commercial success and made almost 1.2 billion Indian Rupees Worldwide. His next release of the year was Force 2, the sequel of the 2011 film Force. Force 2 became the highest opening film for Abraham and opened with mixed to positive reviews. Abraham's performance received praise from the audience and critics. His next films in 2018 were the action films Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran with Diana Penty & Boman Irani and Satyameva Jayate with Manoj Bajpayee & Neha Sharma's younger sister Aisha Sharma. Satyameva Jayate was commercially successful earning 1.10 billion Indian Rupees Worldwide. In 2019, he starred in the action thrillers Romeo Akbar Walter and he played Mrunal Thakur's husband DCP Sanjeev Kumar Yadav in Nikkhil Advani's Batla House, based on the 2008 Batla House encounter case.
Abraham said in 2016 that he had spurned multiple offers for Hollywood films since 2006. He told an interviewer he wanted to focus on making "world standard" Indian films, though he did not rule out international films if an interesting offer came along.
Few setbacks and Pathaan (2020–present)
In 2021, Abraham appeared in Mumbai Saga and Satyameva Jayate 2, both of which were box office disasters. He did a cameo in his own production Sardar Ka Grandson alongside Arjun Kapoor and Aditi Rao Hydari, that streamed on Netflix. He produced, wrote and acted in the story of science-fiction actioner Attack: Part 1 (2022), where he co-starred with Rakul Preet Singh and Jacqueline Fernandez. The film released threatically on April 2022 with mixed reviews from critics who praised the action sequences while criticising the screenplay, Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama wrote, "Attack: Part 1 works due to the novel concept, action, VFX and John Abraham's first-rate performance". The film grossed crore in India and crore overseas, for a worldwide gross collection of crore eventually bombing at the box office.
In his second release of 2022, he starred as Bhairav Purohit co-starring Disha Patani, Arjun Kapoor and Tara Sutaria in Mohit Suri's psychological thriller Ek Villain Returns. The film released theatrically on July 2022 and opened to mixed reviews from critics. Sukanya Vema of Rediff wrote, "Ek Villain Returns falls back on the popularity of the Galliyan track to boost its appeal". It grossed 49.63 crores in India and 19.01 crore overseas, for a worldwide gross collection of and was a box office flop. In November 2022, he produced along with Bhushan Kumar and Krishan Kumar the romantic comedy film Tara Vs Bilal starring Harshvardhan Rane and Sonia Rathee.
His first release of 2023 came with Siddharth Anand's mass action thriller Pathaan produced by YRF, co-starring Shah Rukh Khan and Deepika Padukone. It is the fourth instalment in the YRF Spy Universe. Principal photography for Pathaan began in November 2020. The film was shot over various locations. Pathaan was released in India on 25 January 2023, coinciding with the Republic Day. It received positive reviews from critics and broke several box-office records, including the biggest opening day and opening weekend for a Bollywood film. Abraham's performance was highly praised with critics calling him one of the biggest highlights in the movie . Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama termed the film a "complete entertainer replete with action, emotions, patriotism, humour, thrill, and of course, the star power of Shah Rukh Khan". Pathaan had a Worldwide gross collection of .
Abraham has other releases of 2023 are Tehran directed by Arun Gopalan and produced by Dinesh Vijan.
Producer
Abraham's debut as a producer was titled Vicky Donor (2012) and the film featured Ayushmann Khurrana, Annu Kapoor and Yami Gautam in lead roles. Abraham also appeared in an item-number for the film. It opened to positive response, and turned out to be a critical and commercial success. His second production, Madras Cafe which was also directed by Shoojit Sircar, opened to overwhelming response from the critics. In 2018, he produced the Marathi film Savita Damodar Paranjpe.
Personal life
During the filming of Jism in 2002, Abraham began to date his co-star Bipasha Basu. They were in a relationship until early 2011. While together, the two were often referred to as a supercouple in the Indian media. Abraham once stated, "I have always kept quiet about my personal life and will continue to maintain a dignified silence. It's just the way my parents raised me. I rather leave it at speculation." The couple broke up in 2011.
Abraham is now married to Priya Runchal, an Indian-American financial analyst and investment banker from the United States but native to McLeod Ganj, whom he met in Mumbai, in December 2010. They married on 3 January 2014. Runchal is also the chairperson of NorthEast United FC.
Abraham is a fitness model and he abstains from smoking, consuming alcohol and any intoxicants. Due to this, he often avoids many parties and functions. Abraham is a sport bike collector.
Off-screen work and media image
Abraham is widely known as one of the most popular "Action Heroes" in Bollywood. Rediff.com noted that Abraham is an actor who is "well aware of his limitations and scores high on both -- disarming modesty and sharp career moves". Forbes India noted, "Abraham has had an unconventional but successful career." Filmfare stated, "John's macho charm, sculpted body and a dynamic screen presence hasn’t faded over the years." It termed him a "reliable draw at the box office". Verve termed him "good-natured, down-to-earth star" and stated, "John has reinvented himself to emerge as a stronger performer on celluloid".
Abraham made his debut in Forbes India Celebrity 100 list of 2017, ranking 52nd with an annual income of . He peaked to 42nd place in 2018 with an annual income of and in 2019, he ranked 46th with an annual income of . Abraham was named the "Sexiest Asian Men" by Eastern Eye in 2008. In the same list, he ranked 7th in 2011 and 8th in 2012. In the Times' 50 Most Desirable Men list, he ranked 29th in 2017 and 17th in 2018. In Rediff.coms "Top Bollywood Actors" list, Abraham was placed 11th in 2006.
Abraham also takes an active interest in the United Way, based in Denver, United States. In January 2009, he flagged off the Mumbai Marathon, an annual event organised to benefit the United Way. He did not run the marathon, but encouraged the participants by waving at them from the start line. Abraham is an animal lover and takes an interest in PETA and Habitat for Humanity. In April 2013, on behalf of PETA, Abraham wrote a letter to the Minister for Environment and Forests, Jayanthi Natarajan, asking that she make all circuses in India animal-free. Abraham is also the celebrity supporter of UNHCR India, and promotes the cause of refugees in India. According to his website, he donated to the Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai.
Filmography
Accolades
Notes
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
21st-century Indian male actors
Film producers from Mumbai
Hindi film producers
Indian male film actors
Indian male models
Irani (India) people
Jai Hind College alumni
Malayali people
Male actors from Mumbai
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Producers who won the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award
International Indian Film Academy Awards winners
Zee Cine Awards winners
Indian football chairmen and investors |
Richard Hennahane (born 2 January 1981) is a British Paralympic archer from Great Sutton, Cheshire, originally from Kent.
He competed in the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, being knocked out of the men's compound in the last 16.
References
Paralympic archers for Great Britain
Archers at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Living people
English male archers
1981 births |
Planaxidae, commonly called planaxids or clusterwinks, are a taxonomic family of small and minute sea snails, pantropical marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cerithoidea. They live on rocky shores in the littoral zone of the tropics and subtropics.
Characteristics
Planaxids are known as clusterwinks because of their habit of clustering together in concealed, moist locations when the tide is out. They have conical shells resembling periwinkles, except for the wide, shallow anterior canals. They brood their embryos in a chamber behind their heads, releasing them into the sea as veliger larvae to form part of the plankton.
Subfamilies
The following two subfamilies are recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):
Planaxinae Gray, 1850
Fossarinae A. Adams, 1860 - previously in a family of its own, named Fossaridae
Genera
The family Planaxidae comprises the following genera:
The following genera are recognised:
Planaxinae
† Cabania Lozouet & Senut, 1985
Fissilabia Macgillivray, 1836
Halotapada Iredale, 1936
Hinea Gray, 1847
Holcostoma H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853
† Leioplanaxis Lozouet & Maestrati, 1994
† Orthochilus Cossmann, 1889
Planaxis Lamarck, 1822
Simulathena Houbrick, 1992
Supplanaxis Thiele, 1929
Synonyms
Angiola Dall, 1926: synonym of Hinea Gray, 1847
Leucostoma Swainson, 1840: synonym of Fissilabia MacGillivray, 1836 (invalid: junior homonym of Leucostoma Meigen, 1803 [Diptera])
Quoyia Gray, 1839: synonym of Fissilabia MacGillivray, 1836
Fossarinae
Anafossarus Iredale, 1936
Chilkaia Preston, 1915
Fossarus Philippi, 1841
Larinopsis J. H. Gatliff & C. J. Gabriel, 1916
† Medoriopsis Cossmann, 1888
† Vouastia Raspail, 1909
Synonyms
Fossar Gray, 1847: synonym of Fossarus Philippi, 1841 (invalid: unjustified emendation of Fossarus)
Maravignia Aradas & Maggiore, 1844: synonym of Fossarus Philippi, 1841
References
Strong E.E., Colgan D.J., Healy J.M., Lydeard C., Ponder W.F. & Glaubrecht M. (2011) Phylogeny of the gastropod superfamily Cerithioidea using morphology and molecules. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162: 43–89.
Bouchet P., Rocroi J.P., Hausdorf B., Kaim A., Kano Y., Nützel A., Parkhaev P., Schrödl M. & Strong E.E. (2017). Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia. 61(1-2): 1–526.
External links
Gray, M. E., Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, London. Vol. 4, iv + 219 pp. (August)
Houbrick R.S. 1987. Anatomy, Reproductive Biology, and Phylogeny of the Planaxidae (Cerithiacea: Prosobranchia). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 445: 1-57
Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
GBIF
Gastropod families
Taxa named by John Edward Gray
Pantropical fauna |
The Erskine Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge in West Alexander, Pennsylvania.
It is designated as a historic bridge by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation.
References
External links
[ National Register nomination form]
Covered bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Covered bridges in Washington County, Pennsylvania
Bridges completed in 1845
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Pennsylvania
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Wooden bridges in Pennsylvania
Queen post truss bridges in the United States |
Erkki Puolakka (17 May 1925 – 22 December 2008) was a Finnish long-distance runner. He competed in the marathon at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1925 births
2008 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Finnish male long-distance runners
Finnish male marathon runners
Olympic athletes for Finland
People from Tervo
Sportspeople from North Savo |
The 1984 Virginia Slims of New Orleans was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the UNO Lakefront Arena in New Orleans, Louisiana in the United States that was part of the 1984 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from September 24 through September 30, 1984. First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title.
Finals
Singles
Martina Navratilova defeated Zina Garrison 6–4, 6–3
It was Navratilova's 12th singles title of the year and the 98th of her career.
Doubles
Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver defeated Wendy Turnbull / Sharon Walsh 6–4, 6–1
It was Navratilova's 21st title of the year and the 200th of her career. It was Shriver's 12th title of the year and the 61st of her career.
References
External links
ITF tournament edition details
Tournament edition datasheet
Virginia Slims of New Orleans
Virginia Slims of New Orleans
Virginia Slims of New Orleans
Virginia Slims of New Orleans
Virginia Slims of New Orleans |
Digitalis ciliata, commonly called hairy foxglove is a member of the genus Digitalis. It has thimble-shaped, yellow to cream colored flowers produced on perennial plants with evergreen foliage. It is native to the Caucasus and is grown as an ornamental in other parts of the world. The species name is derived from the fine hairs that cover the plants stems and flowers.
Description
Individuals of these species are herbs that grow from anywhere between 30 cm and 60 cm tall. They have an alternate leaf pattern with small green lanceolate leaves that are known for both their medicinal purposes and high toxicity when ingested. The flowers are located at the terminal ends of the stems, and are arranged in a inflorescence pattern known as a 'raceme'.
Flowers and fruit
The flowers of Digitalis ciliata are a distinguishing feature that gave the entire genus its name, as it has a campanulate structure that also resembles a thimble and fits on the tip of the finger. The perianth has five parts and the color of the corolla is a pale-yellow. The species epithet, ciliata, is indicative of the tiny “hairs” that are apparent on the upper and lower lips of the corolla. There are also tiny hairs that cover the leaves of the plant. The fruit is a capsule.
Distribution
Digitalis ciliata is native to the Caucasus area.
Ecology
Digitalis ciliata can be found in meadows, pastures, in the margins of forests, and also on slopes, as it is indigenous to mountainous terrain.
Uses
Horticulture
It can also be grown throughout the world where there is warm enough weather and well-drained yet moist soil. It can be grown as an ornamental plant in both Europe and North America.
Medicinal
Digitalis ciliata is used to isolate cardenolide glycolosides and is abundant in basically all of the glycosides that the Digitalis genus is known for. These common glycosides include digitoxigenin, gitoxigenin, digoxigenin, gitaloxigenin, and diginatigenin.
The seeds of D. ciliata are rich in the steroid glycoside digitonin, along with other lipids that are important in cardiac treatments.
Not only is D. ciliata useful in the cardiac sector of medicine, but its anti-proliferative roles are also being looked into for its possible role in suppressing tumors. There may be evidence that the saponins found in this species have an anti-tumor effect by aiding in cell cycle arrest and cell death, or apoptosis.
References
ciliata |
Zeeshan Pervez (Urdu: ذیشان پرویز) is a Pakistani Music Artist.
Zeeshan Parwez is a filmmaker / music producer based in Peshawar, Pakistan and he has been responsible for producing tracks for a couple of underground bands and some mainstream artists.
He is primarily involved with his band "Sajid and Zeeshan" and he has produced two full length albums titled “One Light Year At Snail Speed” and "The Harvest". He is also the founder of a post production / music studio, Zeepar Studios in Peshawar, established in 2004. Since then, he’s been busy making music videos, documentaries, movies for educational institutions and creating music. Zeeshan has been the video producer for Coke Studio Seasons 2,3 and 4 and Director for Ufone Uth Records. He has directed videos for many mainstream artists like Atif Aslam Ali Azmat and Mekaal Hasan Band. Zeeshan Parwez is also a session player and plays live keyboards and synths for Ali Azmat, Atif Aslam and many other artists.
Singles
King Of Self
Freestyle Dive
My Happiness
Have To Let Go Sometimes
Start With A Scratch
Walk On Air
Sanity
Albums
One Light Year At Snail Speed (August, 2006)
The Harvest (December 2011)
See also
Ali Azmat
Atish Raj
Nadeem F. Paracha
Fasi Zaka
Sajid Ghafoor
Jehangir Aziz Hayat
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Pashtun people
Pakistani male singers
Musicians from Peshawar
University of Peshawar alumni
Pakistani rock keyboardists |
Occupational exposure banding, also known as hazard banding, is a process intended to quickly and accurately assign chemicals into specific categories (bands), each corresponding to a range of exposure concentrations designed to protect worker health. These bands are assigned based on a chemical’s toxicological potency and the adverse health effects associated with exposure to the chemical. The output of this process is an occupational exposure band (OEB). Occupational exposure banding has been used by the pharmaceutical sector and by some major chemical companies over the past several decades to establish exposure control limits or ranges for new or existing chemicals that do not have formal OELs. Furthermore, occupational exposure banding has become an important component of the Hierarchy of Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs).
The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has developed a process that could be used to apply occupational exposure banding to a broader spectrum of occupational settings. The NIOSH occupational exposure banding process utilizes available, but often limited, toxicological data to determine a potential range of chemical exposure levels that can be used as targets for exposure controls to reduce risk among workers. An OEB is not meant to replace an OEL, rather it serves as a starting point to inform risk management decisions. Therefore, the OEB process should not be applied to a chemical with an existing OEL.
Purpose
Occupational exposure limits (OELs) play a critical role in protecting workers from exposure to dangerous concentrations of hazardous material. In the absence of an OEL, determining the controls needed to protect workers from chemical exposures can be challenging. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Substance Inventory as of 2014 contained over 85,000 chemicals that are commercially available, but a quantitative health-based OEL has been developed for only about 1,000 of these chemicals. Furthermore, the rate at which new chemicals are being introduced into commerce significantly outpaces OEL development, creating a need for guidance on thousands of chemicals that lack reliable exposure limits.
The NIOSH occupational exposure banding process has been created to provide a reliable approximation of a safe exposure level for potentially hazardous and unregulated chemicals in the workplace. Occupational exposure banding uses limited chemical toxicity data to group chemicals into one of five bands.
Occupational exposure bands:
Define a set range of exposures expected to protect worker health
Identify potential health effects and target organs with 9 toxicological endpoints
Provide critical information on chemical potency
Inform decisions on control methods, hazard communication, and medical surveillance
Identify areas where health effects data is lacking
Require less time and data than developing an OEL
Assignment process
The NIOSH occupational exposure banding process utilizes a three-tiered approach. Each tier of the process has different requirements for data sufficiency, which allows stakeholders to use the occupational exposure banding process in many different situations. Selection of the most appropriate tier for a specific banding situation depends on the quantity and quality of the available data and the training and expertise of the user.
The process places chemicals into one of five bands, designated A through E. Each band is associated with a specific range of exposure concentrations. Band E represents the lowest range of exposure concentrations, while Band A represents the highest range. Assignment of a chemical to a band is based on both the potency of the chemical and the severity of the health effect. Band A and band B include chemicals with reversible health effects or produce adverse effects at only high concentration levels. Band C, band D, or band E include chemicals with serious or irreversible effects and those that cause problems at low concentration ranges. The resulting airborne concentration target ranges are shown in the graphic:
Tier 1, the qualitative tier, produces an occupational exposure band (OEB) assignment based on qualitative data from the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS); it involves assigning the OEB based on criteria aligned with specific GHS hazard codes and categories. These hazard codes are typically pulled from GESTIS, ECHA Annex VI, or safety data sheets. The Tier 1 process can be performed by a health and safety generalist, and takes only minutes to complete with the NIOSH OEB e-tool. The e-tool is free to use and can be accessed through the NIOSH website.
Tier 2, the semi-quantitative tier, produces an OEB assignment based on quantitative and qualitative data from secondary sources; it involves assigning the OEB on the basis of key findings from prescribed literature sources, including use of data from specific types of studies. Tier 2 focuses on nine toxicological endpoints. The Tier 2 process can be performed by an occupational hygienist but requires some formal training. Tier 2 banding is also incorporated into the NIOSH OEB e-tool but can take hours instead of minutes to complete for a given chemical. However, the resulting band is considered more robust than a Tier 1 band due to the in-depth retrieval of published data. NIOSH recommends users complete at least the Tier 2 process to produce reliable OEBs.
Tier 3, the expert judgement tier, relies on expert judgement to produce a band based on primary and secondary data that is available to the user. This level of OEB would require the advanced knowledge and experience held by a toxicologist or veteran occupational hygienist. The Tier 3 process allows the professional to incorporate their own raw data in conjunction with the availability of data drawn from published literature.
Reliability
Since unveiling the occupational exposure banding technique in 2017, NIOSH has sought feedback from its users and has evaluated the reliability of this tool. There has been an overwhelming response of positive feedback. Users have described Tier 1 as a helpful screening tool, Tier 2 as a basic assessment for a new chemical on the worksite, and Tier 3 as a personalized in-depth analysis. During pilot testing, NIOSH evaluated the Tier 1 and Tier 2 protocols using chemicals with OELs and compared the banding results to OELs. For >90% of these chemicals, the resultant Tier 1 and Tier 2 bands were found to be equally or more stringent than the OELs. This demonstrates the confidence health & safety professionals can have in the OEB process when making risk management decisions for chemicals without OELs.
Limitations
Although occupational exposure banding holds a great deal of promise for the occupational hygiene profession, there are potential limitations that should be considered. As with any analysis, the outcome of the NIOSH occupational exposure banding process – the OEB – is dependent upon the quantity and the quality of data used and the expertise of the individual using the process. In order to maximize data quality, NIOSH has compiled a list of NIOSH-recommended sources which can provide data that can be used for banding. Furthermore, for some chemicals the amount of quality data may not be sufficient to derive an OEB. It is important to note that the lack of data does not indicate that the chemical is safe. Other risk management strategies, such as control banding, can then be applied.
Control banding versus exposure banding
The NIOSH occupational exposure banding process guides a user through the evaluation and selection of critical health hazard information to select an OEB from among five categories of severity. For OEBs, the process uses only hazard-based data (e.g., studies on human health effects or toxicology studies) to identify an overall level of hazard potential and associated airborne concentration range for chemicals with similar hazard profiles. While the output of this process can be used by informed occupational safety and health professionals to make risk management and exposure control decisions, the process does not supply such recommendations directly.
In contrast, control banding is a strategy that groups workplace risks into control categories or bands based on combinations of both hazard and exposure information. Control banding combines hazard banding with exposure risk management to directly link hazards to specific control measures. Various toolkit models for control banding have been developed in the UK, Germany, and the Netherlands. COSHH Essentials was the first widely adopted banding scheme. Other banding schemes are also available, such as Stoffenmanager, EMKG, and International Chemical Control Toolkit of the ILO. Evaluation of these and other control banding systems have yielded varying results. Occupational exposure banding has emerged as a helpful supplementary exposure assessment tool.
When conducting a workplace hazard assessment, occupational hygienists may find it useful to start with occupational exposure banding to identify potential hazards and exposure ranges, before moving on to control banding. Together, these tools will aid the health & safety professional in selecting the appropriate risk mitigation strategies.
See also
References
External links
The NIOSH Occupational Exposure Banding Process: Guidance for the Evaluation of Chemical Hazards Current Intelligence Bulletin
The NIOSH Occupational Exposure Banding Topic Page
The NIOSH Occupational Exposure Banding e-Tool
Occupational Exposure Banding – A Conversation with Lauralynn Taylor McKernan, ScD CIH
The NIOSH Control Banding Topic Page
Hands-on Activity Demonstration: Identifying Occupational Exposure Bands
Occupational Exposure Control Banding Pharmaceuticals
Control Recommendations by Esco Pharma based on OEB Classification
Occupational safety and health
Chemical safety
Risk management
Industrial hygiene
Hazard analysis
Occupational hazards |
Tower Lake is a natural freshwater lake located on the north edge of Haines City, Florida. All references to it but one have it named as Tower Lake. In the Wikimapia website, it is called Lake Tower. This lake has a surface area. On the west it is bordered by Highway US 27, on the southwest by vacant land, on the southeast by Osprey Drive (which is part of the Blue Heron Bay residential community), on the northeast by the Calabay Park gated community and on the north by Bates Road. The southeast section of Tower Lake is inside the city limits of Haines City.
Tower Lake has two public areas where boats can be launched. One is a concrete boat ramp on the southeast, accessed by Osprey Drive in Blue Heron Bay. The other is not improved, but is a dirt track access on the north side along Bates Road. Calabay Park has a private boat ramp that cannot be accessed by the general public. This lake has no public swimming area. It can be fished by boat or from the shore along a large part of the north side, along the entire west side and along the southeast. The Hook and Bullet website says Tower Lake contains warmouth, crappie and gar.
References
Lakes of Polk County, Florida
Haines City, Florida |
The Paul Daniels Magic Show is a British magic show presented by entertainer and magician Paul Daniels that aired on BBC1 from 9 June 1979 to 18 June 1994. At its peak in the 1980s, the show regularly attracted viewing figures of 15 million and was sold to 43 countries.
Series 1 consisted of 4 regular episodes and 1 Christmas Special.
Episodes
References
1979 British television seasons |
```ruby
require_relative '../../spec_helper'
require_relative 'shared/comparison'
require_relative 'shared/greater_than'
describe "Hash#>" do
it_behaves_like :hash_comparison, :>
it_behaves_like :hash_greater_than, :>
it "returns false if both hashes are identical" do
h = { a: 1, b: 2 }
(h > h).should be_false
end
end
describe "Hash#>" do
before :each do
@hash = {a:1, b:2}
@bigger = {a:1, b:2, c:3}
@unrelated = {c:3, d:4}
@similar = {a:2, b:3}
end
it "returns false when receiver size is smaller than argument" do
(@hash > @bigger).should == false
(@unrelated > @bigger).should == false
end
it "returns false when receiver size is the same as argument" do
(@hash > @hash).should == false
(@hash > @unrelated).should == false
(@unrelated > @hash).should == false
end
it "returns true when argument is a subset of receiver" do
(@bigger > @hash).should == true
end
it "returns false when keys match but values don't" do
(@hash > @similar).should == false
(@similar > @hash).should == false
end
end
``` |
```c++
#pragma once
#include "BasicGraphicsScene.hpp"
#include "DataFlowGraphModel.hpp"
#include "Export.hpp"
namespace QtNodes {
/// @brief An advanced scene working with data-propagating graphs.
/**
* The class represents a scene that existed in v2.x but built wit the
* new model-view approach in mind.
*/
class NODE_EDITOR_PUBLIC DataFlowGraphicsScene : public BasicGraphicsScene
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
DataFlowGraphicsScene(DataFlowGraphModel &graphModel, QObject *parent = nullptr);
~DataFlowGraphicsScene() = default;
public:
std::vector<NodeId> selectedNodes() const;
public:
QMenu *createSceneMenu(QPointF const scenePos) override;
public Q_SLOTS:
bool save() const;
bool load();
Q_SIGNALS:
void sceneLoaded();
private:
DataFlowGraphModel &_graphModel;
};
} // namespace QtNodes
``` |
Theodor Fischer was a German épée and foil fencer. He fenced in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and won two medals in fencing at the 1932 Maccabiah Games in Mandatory Palestine.
Biography
Fischer competed in the individual and team épée events at the 1928 Summer Olympics. In each, Fischer was eliminated in the second round (the quarter-finals). He came in 12th in individual epee. He defeating reigning Olympic épée champion Charles Delporte from Belgium, Elie Adda of Egypt, Georgios Ambet of Greece, Josef Jungmann of Czechoslovakia, Frederico Paredes of Portugal, and lost to among others gold-medal-winning Lucien Gaudin of France, Bertie Childs of Great Britain, Édouard Fitting of Switzerland, and Dan Gheorghiu of Romania.
Fischer finished eighth at the 1928 German Fencing Championships. He fenced for Dresdener Fechtclub.
He fenced at the 1932 Maccabiah Games in Mandatory Palestine, winning a silver medal in men's foil and a bronze medal in épée.
References
Year of birth missing
Possibly living people
Competitors at the 1932 Maccabiah Games
Fencers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
German épée fencers
German male fencers
German foil fencers
German Jews
Maccabiah Games competitors for Germany
Maccabiah Games silver medalists
Maccabiah Games bronze medalists
Maccabiah Games medalists in fencing
Jewish male épée fencers
Jewish male foil fencers
Olympic fencers for Germany |
```protocol buffer
syntax = "proto3";
package tests.bcr.proto;
option go_package = "example.com/foo_proto";
import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
message Foo {
int64 value = 1;
google.protobuf.Empty empty = 2;
}
service Fooer {
rpc RoundTripFoo (Foo) returns (Foo) {}
}
``` |
Dawns Are Kissing () is a 1978 Soviet comedy film directed by Sergey Nikonenko.
Plot
The film tells about the collective farmer and tractor driver who go to the city and end up in various ridiculous situations.
Cast
Boris Saburov
Ivan Ryzhov
Andrey Smolyakov
Mariya Skvortsova
Yelena Rubtsova
Ekaterina Voronina
Anatoliy Pereverzev
Mikhail Kokshenov
Boris Levinson
Sergey Nikonenko
References
External links
1978 films
1970s Russian-language films
Soviet comedy films
1978 comedy films |
Sybra varians is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1939.
References
varians
Beetles described in 1939 |
J.J. McDonnell & Co, Inc. is a wholesale fresh and frozen seafood distributor on the U.S. East Coast. The company was established in 1945 and originally located in the Baltimore Seafood Market. The company is headquartered in Elkridge, Maryland.
History
The company was established in July 1945 by J.J. McDonnell in Baltimore. In 1984, the company relocated its operations to Jessup, Maryland, and in 2016, the company headquarters was relocated to a 60,000 square foot facility in Elkridge, Maryland. In 1986, the company was purchased by George McManus III.
As of 2020, the company has over 200 employees and a fleet of 30 delivery trucks.
The company is a member of the Restaurant Association of Maryland, Maryland Waterman's Association, Global Seafood Alliance, Better Seafood Board, National Fisheries Institute, Sea Pact, British Retail Consortium, Marine Stewardship Council, Oyster Recovery Partnership, and FishChoice.
The company has business operations and activities in Maryland, Virginia, Washington, D.C., and Pennslyvania, and has national distribution lines. The company is a supplier to Wegmans, Eddie's, Graul's, Seamore's, and various other markets and restaurant chains.
References
External links
Official website
1945 establishments in Maryland
American companies established in 1945
Privately held companies based in Maryland
Seafood companies of the United States |
Sala (also transliterated Srala) is a village in Kak Commune in northeast Cambodia. As of 1998, it had a population of 245 in 37 households and a sex ratio of 1.15 men to 1 woman. Its chief was Sev Yun as of 2006. Village chiefs are selected by consensus by elders and other villagers in a discussion that can take two to three days. Some leaders are selected based on visions in dreams. After a chief is appointed, a ceremony is held so that the new chief can gain recognition and trust from the villagers.
References
Populated places in Ratanakiri province
Villages in Cambodia |
Gnorismoneura mesotoma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Japan (the island of Shikoku) and Korea.
The wingspan is 14–18 mm.
The larvae have been recorded feeding on the dead leaves of Quercus cerris.
References
Moths described in 1975
Archipini |
```ruby
require_relative '../../spec_helper'
require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
describe "StringIO#string" do
it "returns the underlying string" do
io = StringIO.new(str = "hello")
io.string.should equal(str)
end
end
describe "StringIO#string=" do
before :each do
@io = StringIO.new("example\nstring")
end
it "returns the passed String" do
str = "test"
(@io.string = str).should equal(str)
end
it "changes the underlying string" do
str = "hello"
@io.string = str
@io.string.should equal(str)
end
it "resets the position" do
@io.pos = 1
@io.string = "other"
@io.pos.should eql(0)
end
it "resets the line number" do
@io.lineno = 1
@io.string = "other"
@io.lineno.should eql(0)
end
it "tries to convert the passed Object to a String using #to_str" do
obj = mock("to_str")
obj.should_receive(:to_str).and_return("to_str")
@io.string = obj
@io.string.should == "to_str"
end
it "raises a TypeError when the passed Object can't be converted to an Integer" do
-> { @io.seek(Object.new) }.should raise_error(TypeError)
end
end
``` |
Sargent is a surname of Latin (possibly Etruscan), early medieval English and Old French origin, and has also been used as a given name.
Background
The surname of Sargent in the various ways in which it is spelled is said to have come from the Latin phrase, "servientes armorum" (men discharging a military service) and therefore, soldiers [Sergeant] ("Serjens d'Armes"); and "Serjiant of the Law" [Serjeant-at-law] ("Serviens ad Legem") was also a term in very early use. The English translation of Serviens into Sargent did not appear until the reign of Henry III or Edward I. Today, the surname has many variant spellings ranging from Sargant, Sargeant and Seargeant to Sergant, Searjeant and Sergeaunt.
Surname
Notable people with the name include:
In arts and entertainment
Alvin Sargent (1927–2019), American screenwriter
Carl Sargent (1952–2018), British author of role-playing games
Dick Sargent (1930–1994), American actor known for his role in Bewitched
Edward Sargent (architect) (1842–1914), American Architect
Frances Sargent Osgood (née Locke) (1811–1850), American poet
Henry Sargent (1770–1845), American painter and soldier
Herb Sargent (1923–2005), American television writer and producer
John Singer Sargent (1856–1925), portrait artist
Joseph Sargent (1925–2014), American film director
Judith Sargent Murray (1751–1820), American women's rights advocate and writer
Kenny Sargent, American musician and disc jockey
Kevin Sargent (composer), film and television composer
Lia Sargent, American voice actress
Malcolm Sargent (1895–1967), British conductor, organist and composer
Margaret Holland Sargent (born 1927), American portrait artist
Martin Sargent (born 1975), American television personality
Pamela Sargent (born 1948), American science fiction writer
Richard Sargent (1911–1978), American illustrator
Robert F. Sargent (), American war photographer
Roger Sargent (photographer) (born 1970), a British photographer
G.F. Sargent, British painter
Politicians
Aaron A. Sargent (1827–1887) American journalist, lawyer, politician and diplomat
Eddie Sargent (1915–1998), Canadian politician
Francis W. Sargent (1915–1998), American politician
John Sargent (1714–1791), British Member of Parliament for West Looe and Midhurst
John Sargent (1750–1831), British Member of Parliament for Seaford, Bodmin and Queenborough
John Sargent (merchant) (1792–1874), Canadian merchant, farmer and politician
John Sargent (1799–1880), American politician
Narciso Joseph Alegre y Sargent (1911–1980), Filipino civil liberties advocate
Trevor Sargent (born 1960), Irish politician
Winthrop Sargent (1753–1820), American politician
Scientists and engineers
Anneila Sargent (born 1942), Scottish–American astronomer
Bernice Weldon Sargent (1906–1993), Canadian physicist
Charles Sprague Sargent (1841–1927), American botanist
Oswald Hewlett Sargent (1880–1952), Australian botanist and plant collector
Roger Sargent (1926–2018), chemical engineer
Thomas J. Sargent (born 1943), American economist
Wallace L. W. Sargent (1935–2012), British-American astronomer
Winifred Sargent (1905–1979), English mathematician
Edward H. Sargent, Canadian scientist
Soldiers
John Sargent (Loyalist) (1750–1824), Loyalist officer during the American Revolutionary War
John Neptune Sargent (1826–1893), commander of British troops in China, Hong Kong and the Straits Settlements
Paul Dudley Sargent (baptized 1745–died 1828), privateer and soldier in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War
Ruppert L. Sargent (1938–1967), American soldier
In sports
April Sargent, American figure skater
Bill Sargent (1907–1963), American football coach
Danyelle Sargent (born ), American sports television reporter
Frank Sargent (sports executive) (1902–1988), a Canadian executive in ice hockey and curling
Gary Sargent (born 1954), Native American Hockey Player
George Sargent (golfer) (1882–1962), English golfer
James Sargent (born 1973), American hockey player
Kevin Sargent (American football) (born 1969), American football player
Josh Sargent (born 2000), American soccer player
Mark Sargent (born 1964), Australian rugby league footballer
Mekhi Sargent (born 1997), American football player
Mitchell Sargent (born 1979), Australian rugby league footballer
Murray Sargent (1928–2012), Australian cricketer
Other
Alonzo Sargent (1866–1942), American locomotive engineer
Amanda (Aimee) Sargent (1885–1945), spouse of Philippines Senator Juan B. Alegre
Ben Sargent (born 1948), American editorial cartoonist
C. B. R. Sargent (1906–1943), British educator and clergyman
Charlie Sargent, British criminal
Cornelia Sargent, lawyer, chair of the Albert Einstein Institution
Daniel Wycliffe Sargent (1850–1902), British explorer
David Sargent (born 1929), American lawyer and academic
Dwight E. Sargent (1917–2002), American journalist
Frank P. Sargent (1854–1908), American trade union functionary
George Sargent (businessman) (1859–1921), Australian businessman
Henry Winthrop Sargent (1810–1882), American landscape gardener
Irene Sargent (1852–1932), American art historian
John G. Sargent (1860–1939), American lawyer and U.S. Attorney General
John Turner Sargent (born ), American publisher
Kevin Sargent, several people
Lucius Manlius Sargent (1786–1867), American author, antiquarian and temperance advocate
Lydia Sargent (1942–2020), American feminist
Mark K. Sargent, American proponent of the flat Earth conspiracy theory
Sir Orme Sargent (1884–1962), British diplomat and civil servant
Shirley Sargent (1927–2004), American local historian
Fictional characters
John Sargent, alter ego of the DC Comics character Sargon the Sorcerer c. 1941His grandson David Sargent inherited this alter ego.
Joe Sargent, a bus driver in the horror novella The Shadow over Innsmouth by H.P. Lovecraft.
Given name
Sargent Kahanamoku (1910–1993), Native Hawaiian aquatic athlete
Robert Sargent Shriver (1915–2011), American politician and activist
See also
Sargant (surname)
Sergeant (surname)
Sergius (name)
References
English-language surnames
Occupational surnames
English-language occupational surnames |
"Cabaret" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Justin Timberlake for his fourth studio album, The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2 (2013). Featuring a rap verse by Canadian rapper Drake, the song was written and produced by Timberlake, Timothy "Timbaland" Mosley, Jerome "J-Roc" Harmon and Daniel Jones, with additional writing from James Fauntleroy and Drake. "Cabaret" is a pop and soul song which features beatboxing, handclapping, guitars and keyboards in its composition. Music critics noted its similarity to Timbaland's earlier works with singer Aaliyah and Timberlake's 2006 single "My Love". Lyrically, it finds the singer comparing his love to a burlesque and features sexually oriented lyrics.
"Cabaret" received generally positive reviews from contemporary critics who praised Timbaland's production as well as Drake's rap verse on the song. As a result of the strong digital downloads following the release of the album, the track debuted on the charts in South Korea and the United States. It peaked at number 18 on the US R&B Songs chart and number 50 on the South Korean Gaon Chart, selling over 3,800 digital copies for the week in the latter country. Timberlake included "Cabaret" on the set list of his fourth worldwide concert tour entitled The 20/20 Experience World Tour (2013-2014).
Writing and production
"Cabaret" was written by Timberlake, Timothy "Timbaland" Mosley, Aubrey Graham, Jerome "J-Roc" Harmon, James Fauntleroy and Daniel Jones. The song was produced by Timbaland, Timberlake and Harmon while Jones provided additional production. Elliot Ives recorded the song at the Jungle City Studios in New York City. Timberlake arranged and produced his vocals. Harmon provided keyboards for the song, while Ives played the guitar. The track was engineered by Chris Godbey and mixed by Jimmy Douglass, Godbey and Timberlake; for the process they were assisted by Matt Webber. The keyboards were provided by Harmon and Jones.
Composition and lyrical interpretation
"Cabaret" is a pop and soul song with a length of four minutes and thirty-three seconds (the shortest song on The 20/20 Experience - 2 of 2) that features "stuttering beatboxing". Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly noted that the song builds a symphony of mouth noises and compared it to Aaliyah's 1998 single "Are You That Somebody?" Brad Stern of MTV Buzzworthy agreed with Anderson, however, labeled "Cabaret" "as a much more 'dirty-minded'" version of the former. ABC News' Allan Raible noticed the song's beat has a classic sounding Timbaland beat, which—according to him— "the kind of beat Aaliyah used to turn into gold". Arasia Graham of HipHopDX stated that "Cabaret" sounds like a 2013 answer to Timberlake's 2006 single "My Love".
Mikael Wood of Los Angeles Times stated that "Cabaret" is a "percolating bedroom jam that depicts sex as a form of at-home theater". Boston Globe'''s Sarah Rodman called the song a "sexed-up jam". HitFix's Melinda Newman described the song as a "loop-driven to getting down with your lady, who's taking off her clothes as quickly as she can". According to Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine, in "Cabaret", Timberlake compares the love to a burlesque and noted that the song resembles producer Timbaland's earlier work. Andy Kellman of Allmusic wrote that the song features Timbaland's signature sound and finds Timberlake proclaiming more "clever/nauseating" lyrics: "If sex is a contest, then you're coming first"; "'Cause I got you saying Jesus so much, it's like we're laying in a manger." The chorus consists of Timberlake singing "It's a cabaret" while being accompanied by Timbaland, who repeats "Put on a show, get on the floor". According to Stern, in his part with a duration about two minutes, Drake raps raunchy and fast-talking lines, "I'mma fuck you like we're having an affair". Nick Krewen of Toronto Star wrote that Drake raps lines "about a sexual tête-à-tête amidst a melee of scattershot rhythms". HotNewHipHop's Trevor Smith noticed the reference on Drake's verses to Lil Boosie's "Let Me Ease Your Mind".
Critical reception
"Cabaret" received generally positive reviews from music critics. Even though giving mixed review to the album, Kellman of Allmusic called the song a "standout". Anderson of Entertainment Weekly chose "Cabaret" as the best song on the album, labeling it a "slick drum orgy with a ferocious Drake cameo". Similarly, Julia Leconte of Now selected the song as a top track on the album and stated that it has catchy hook and cheesy lyrics which only Timberlake can pull off. Mesfin Fekadu of The Huffington Post wrote that "the song is smooth and has an addictive hook". John Meagher of Irish Independent labelled the song "highly potent" and noted that it features Timberlake's "typical heavy-hitting approach".Los Angeles Times's Wood praised Drake's verse and wrote that he "takes the sex talk to a level that Timberlake the boy-band veteran still can't". HitFix's Newman graded the song with a "B−" mark, and wrote that "Drake comes in for a rap that works perfectly with the song in their first collaboration". Dave Hanratty of Drowned in Sound stated that "Cabaret" feels "navel-gazing" as a result of Drake's braggadocios appearance and the mechanical input given by Timbaland. Entertainmentwise's Amy Gravelle stated that Drake is featured on the track to add substance and style and proves that he was the "hottest" rapper at the moment. A reviewer of Capital FM stated that the song proves why Drake was the rapper on everyone's lips and further described "Cabaret" as a smart team-up between the artists backed by Timbaland's classic beats. On the negative side, Lanre Bakare of The Guardian criticized the rapper's verse calling it "predictably self-indulgent". Vibe's Stacy-Ann Ellis noted that although Drake gives some "lover-boy swag" to the song, Jay-Z outperformed him with his verse on "Murder".
In a review of The 20/20 Experience - 2 of 2, Craig Manning of website AbsolutePunk wrote that even though the song features "a rapidfire" rap verse by Drake, both "Cabaret" and the lead single, "Take Back the Night", "feel somehow less impressive than a lot of the songs Timberlake was slinging last time around, if only because they don't add up to an 'experience' greater than the sum of their parts." According to Brice Ezell of PopMatters, "for whatever reason [the song] never gets off of the ground." Lydia Jenkin of New Zealand Herald opined that the song would be a lot of sexier without the overpowering bass pulses in its production and "some odd lyrics". Adelle Platon from Billboard dubbed the song "frisky" and Drake's verse "fit for a nightclub rendezvous." HotNewHipHop's Trevor Smith said "Cabaret" "it's a fitting addition to a solid catalogue that Timberlake has been developing since stepping foot (sic) in the game."
Live performances
Timberlake included "Cabaret" on the set list of his 2013-14 worldwide tour entitled The 20/20 Experience World Tour. In a review of the concert that took place at the United Center in Chicago on February 16, Claudia Perry of the Chicago Tribune wrote "the whole apparatus returned to the A position (hey, Timberlake likes golf) while he performed 'Cabaret' and 'Take Back the Night'."
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2.
Locations
Vocals recorded and mixed at Jungle City Studios, New York City
Personnel
Timothy "Timbaland" Mosley — production
Justin Timberlake — vocals, mixing, production, vocal production, vocal arrangement
Jerome "J-Roc" Harmon — keyboards, production
Drake — vocals
Daniel Jones — keyboards
Chris Godbey — engineering, mixing
Jimmy Douglass — mixing
Elliot Ives — recording, guitar
Charts
Following the release of The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2'', "Cabaret" debuted on charts in South Korea and the US. The song debuted at number 50 in South Korea, with sales of 3,800 copies for that week ending October 5, 2013. Additionally, it debuted and peaked at number 18 on the US R&B Songs chart.
References
2013 songs
Justin Timberlake songs
Drake (musician) songs
Song recordings produced by Jerome "J-Roc" Harmon
Song recordings produced by Justin Timberlake
Song recordings produced by Timbaland
Songs written by James Fauntleroy
Songs written by Jerome "J-Roc" Harmon
Songs written by Justin Timberlake
Songs written by Timbaland
Songs written by Drake (musician) |
The INTERSALT Study was a 1988 international observational study which investigated the link between dietary salt, as measured by urinary excretion, and blood pressure. The study was based on a sample of 10,079 men and women aged 20–59 sampled from 52 populations around the world. The authors of the study attempted to provide a widespread international investigation of the correlation between dietary salt intake and blood pressure in a systematic and standardized way with regards for relevant confounding variables, beyond just age and sex.
Results
The study claimed to have found a significant causal relationship between dietary salt intake and blood pressure.
Reception and Criticism
The results were disputed by the Salt Institute (the salt producers' trade organisation), who demanded that the results be handed over for re-analysis. A re-analysis was published in 1996 and the results were the same. The results have since been confirmed by the TOHP I and TOHP II studies.
In 1997 the journalist Gary Taubes, published an article in Science, which was heavily critical of the statistical analysis published by Intersalt. He criticized the failure to account for population heterogeneity in establishing the weak association between salt intake and blood pressure and the assumptions made when deploying regression dilution bias. He also cited the TOHP II study as showing only "negligible benefit of salt reduction".
In 2001, the statisticians David A. Freedman and Diana Pettiti published an article showing that the positive correlation between blood pressure and salt consumption observed in the InterSalt study was entirely driven by four outlying data points of the 52 total data points. These four communities had much lower salt consumption than the average community, as well as much lower blood pressure. When these four points were excluded, the correlation was in fact negative, contradicting the original interpretation of the data by the researchers. Freedman and Pettiti raised questions about why the researchers had failed to apply even basic robustness checks, and criticised the overly simplistic view presented by medical researchers and policymakers of the role of salt in blood pressure outcomes.
References
Clinical trials |
```go
/*
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package session
import (
"context"
"net/url"
"os"
"github.com/vmware/govmomi/property"
"github.com/vmware/govmomi/vim25"
"github.com/vmware/govmomi/vim25/methods"
"github.com/vmware/govmomi/vim25/mo"
"github.com/vmware/govmomi/vim25/types"
)
// Locale defaults to "en_US" and can be overridden via this var or the GOVMOMI_LOCALE env var.
// A value of "_" uses the server locale setting.
var Locale = os.Getenv("GOVMOMI_LOCALE")
func init() {
if Locale == "_" {
Locale = ""
} else if Locale == "" {
Locale = "en_US"
}
}
type Manager struct {
client *vim25.Client
userSession *types.UserSession
}
func NewManager(client *vim25.Client) *Manager {
m := Manager{
client: client,
}
return &m
}
func (sm Manager) Reference() types.ManagedObjectReference {
return *sm.client.ServiceContent.SessionManager
}
func (sm *Manager) SetLocale(ctx context.Context, locale string) error {
req := types.SetLocale{
This: sm.Reference(),
Locale: locale,
}
_, err := methods.SetLocale(ctx, sm.client, &req)
return err
}
func (sm *Manager) Login(ctx context.Context, u *url.Userinfo) error {
req := types.Login{
This: sm.Reference(),
Locale: Locale,
}
if u != nil {
req.UserName = u.Username()
if pw, ok := u.Password(); ok {
req.Password = pw
}
}
login, err := methods.Login(ctx, sm.client, &req)
if err != nil {
return err
}
sm.userSession = &login.Returnval
return nil
}
func (sm *Manager) LoginExtensionByCertificate(ctx context.Context, key string, locale string) error {
req := types.LoginExtensionByCertificate{
This: sm.Reference(),
ExtensionKey: key,
Locale: locale,
}
login, err := methods.LoginExtensionByCertificate(ctx, sm.client, &req)
if err != nil {
return err
}
sm.userSession = &login.Returnval
return nil
}
func (sm *Manager) Logout(ctx context.Context) error {
req := types.Logout{
This: sm.Reference(),
}
_, err := methods.Logout(ctx, sm.client, &req)
if err != nil {
return err
}
sm.userSession = nil
return nil
}
// UserSession retrieves and returns the SessionManager's CurrentSession field.
// Nil is returned if the session is not authenticated.
func (sm *Manager) UserSession(ctx context.Context) (*types.UserSession, error) {
var mgr mo.SessionManager
pc := property.DefaultCollector(sm.client)
err := pc.RetrieveOne(ctx, sm.Reference(), []string{"currentSession"}, &mgr)
if err != nil {
// It's OK if we can't retrieve properties because we're not authenticated
if f, ok := err.(types.HasFault); ok {
switch f.Fault().(type) {
case *types.NotAuthenticated:
return nil, nil
}
}
return nil, err
}
return mgr.CurrentSession, nil
}
func (sm *Manager) TerminateSession(ctx context.Context, sessionId []string) error {
req := types.TerminateSession{
This: sm.Reference(),
SessionId: sessionId,
}
_, err := methods.TerminateSession(ctx, sm.client, &req)
return err
}
// SessionIsActive checks whether the session that was created at login is
// still valid. This function only works against vCenter.
func (sm *Manager) SessionIsActive(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
if sm.userSession == nil {
return false, nil
}
req := types.SessionIsActive{
This: sm.Reference(),
SessionID: sm.userSession.Key,
UserName: sm.userSession.UserName,
}
active, err := methods.SessionIsActive(ctx, sm.client, &req)
if err != nil {
return false, err
}
return active.Returnval, err
}
func (sm *Manager) AcquireGenericServiceTicket(ctx context.Context, spec types.BaseSessionManagerServiceRequestSpec) (*types.SessionManagerGenericServiceTicket, error) {
req := types.AcquireGenericServiceTicket{
This: sm.Reference(),
Spec: spec,
}
res, err := methods.AcquireGenericServiceTicket(ctx, sm.client, &req)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &res.Returnval, nil
}
func (sm *Manager) AcquireLocalTicket(ctx context.Context, userName string) (*types.SessionManagerLocalTicket, error) {
req := types.AcquireLocalTicket{
This: sm.Reference(),
UserName: userName,
}
res, err := methods.AcquireLocalTicket(ctx, sm.client, &req)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &res.Returnval, nil
}
func (sm *Manager) AcquireCloneTicket(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
req := types.AcquireCloneTicket{
This: sm.Reference(),
}
res, err := methods.AcquireCloneTicket(ctx, sm.client, &req)
if err != nil {
return "", err
}
return res.Returnval, nil
}
func (sm *Manager) CloneSession(ctx context.Context, ticket string) error {
req := types.CloneSession{
This: sm.Reference(),
CloneTicket: ticket,
}
res, err := methods.CloneSession(ctx, sm.client, &req)
if err != nil {
return err
}
sm.userSession = &res.Returnval
return nil
}
``` |
Polylepis incana is a species of plant in the family Rosaceae. It is found in Ecuador, Peru, and possibly Colombia. It is threatened by habitat loss.
References
incana
Flora of the Andes
Páramo flora
Vulnerable plants
Trees of Peru
Trees of Ecuador
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Larrosa is an unpopulated settlement and a former municipality of Spain, belonging to the present municipality of Jaca, in the comarca of Jacetania, province of Huesca, Aragon.
Geography
Larrosa is located at the head of the valley of the Ijuez river, a tributary of the Aragon river, in the valley of the Garcipollera, like Acín, Villanovilla, Bescós de Garcipollera and Yosa de Garcipollera.
History
The houses and fields of the municipality of Larrosa were expropriated in the 1960s, due to the construction of the Yesa Reservoir, in order to use their forests for planting pine trees to prevent the rapid silting of the new reservoir by the sediments carried by the rains.
The church dedicated to San Bartolomé has well preserved its Romanesque structure.
Demography
Locality
Demographic data of the town of Larrosa since 1900:
It has not been included in the Nomenclature since 1970.
Data refer to the de jure population.
Former municipality
Demographic data of the municipality of Larrosa since 1842:
Between the 1857 Census and the previous one, this municipality disappears because it is integrated into the municipality of Villanovilla.
Data refer to the de jure population, except in the 1857 and 1860 Censuses, which refer to the de facto population.
See also
Villanovilla
Bescós de Garcipollera
Bergosa
Acín
Yosa de Garcipollera
References
Huesca
Aragon |
```javascript
import ComponentModalBase from 'elementor-api/modules/component-modal-base';
import ModalLayout from './modal-layout';
export default class Component extends ComponentModalBase {
getNamespace() {
return 'shortcuts';
}
defaultShortcuts() {
return {
'': {
keys: 'ctrl+?, shift+?',
exclude: [ 'input' ],
},
};
}
getModalLayout() {
return ModalLayout;
}
}
``` |
Batalo Šantić (; before 1391–1404), who is simply known as Batalo, in some research also Batal, was a medieval Bosnian nobleman from Lašva. He was the holder of the medieval Bosnian title of "tepčija". In Medieval Bosnia the title of tepčija appeared some time during 13th century and was in use until second half of the 14th century. The function of a tepčija was to oversee the country's feudal estates.
Life
Batalo belonged to a medieval Bosnian Šantić family, who were lords of Lašva region. He married Resa Vukčić of the Vukčić noble family, cadet branch of Hrvatinić, and sister of Bosnian Grand Duke, Hrvoje Vukčić, and had three sons, Vuk, Stefan and Ostoja, who were known by their last name Šantić or Tepčić.
Marrying the sister of the Bosnian Grand Duke elevated Batalo's status and gave him lordship over the medieval Sana region, or at least over some of its parts and gave him and his family the title Duke of Split. His seat was at the fortress of Toričan, above the contemporary Varošluk village near Travnik.
He was the great-granduncle of Matija Vojsalić (Titular King of Bosnia).
The first mention of Batalo is found in a deed issued by King Stjepan Dabiša to the government of Dubrovnik, and dated 17 July 1392. In it, Batalo was named in it as a witness to the deed in capacity of tepčija. He was also, among others, a major influence at Bosnian Court and an adviser to Bosnian rulers from late 14th century, as well as a confidant of duke Hrvoje Vukčić. Batalo was also recognized by historians as one of the many other major Bosnian noblemen, who were followers of the Bosnian Church.
Batalo's Gospel
Batalo's Gospel is dated to 1393. The gospel was written by the scribe (in medieval Bosnia called dijak) Stanko Kromirijanin. The tepčija Batalo Šantić was the scribe's patron. Four pages of the gospel are preserved, and are held in National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg. On the third preserved page the scribe Stanko states that he was writing an ornate gospel for Batalo, dating its completion to 1393, two years after Tvrtko I death, during the reign of Dabiša. Here we also learn about his fortress Toričan, and his dominion over Sana, as well as name of his wife, Resa of Bosnia, sister of Grand Duke of Bosnia and King of Bosnia, Hrvoje Vukčić.
On page two, there is a list of djed of the Bosnian Church. Researchers call this list „Red gospodina Rastudija“ (Order of Bishop Rastudije) and is understood as a list of names of all Bosnian Church bishops before and after him.
Tepčija
There were two, maybe even three levels of the office: the "Veliki Tepčija" (Grand), "Tepčija" and "Mali Tepčija" (Lower). "Veliki Tepčija" took care of the royal estates and held office at the ruler's (Ban, later King) court. "Tepčija", if there was "Lower Tepčija", administrated of all major feudal estates except that which belonged to the Court, where "Lower Tepčija" would than take care of rest of the land.
Batalo's mausoleum
Batalo's crypt and mausoleum was discovered in 1915 by Captain Teplý of the Austro-Hungarian army, on a hill called Crkvine. The Crkvine locality is multi-layered archaeological site, with cultural and historical continuity dating back to the neolithic, through early Roman and late antiquity, to end of the 14th century.
At the entrance large block of limestone called a stećak. Frontal stone plate, dimension 17 x 24 cm, carried inscription in Bosančica:
Original in Bosančica script: Асє ʌєжн ɣӡʍожɴн ʍɣж mєпvнѣɖ Бɖmɖʌо ɖ пнɖ РɖΔоʍнʌ Δнѣɖк. Transliterated into Latin script: Ase leži] uzmo [žni] muž' t [ep']čija Batal[o] bosan'ski a pisa Radomil' dijak.Translated into English: Here lies mighty man Bosnian tepčija Batalo so is writing Radomil the dijak*.
dijak=scribe, and / or apprentice, disciple
Status and protection
Sometime between WWI and WWII a church was built near the tomb, but was demolished during the WWII, and in 1970 it was again built on the remaining foundations. The structure was declared a national monument in Bosnia and Hercegovina. This was confirmed on 25 January 2005 by KONS declared mausoleum, archaeological site and movable property, found and stored in National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Literature
Amir Kliko, Tepčija Batalo, gospodar župa Sane i Lašve, Divan 45, časopis Bošnjačke zajednice kulture "Preporod", Općinsko društvo Travnik, 2004.
Blagojević, M., Tepčija, Leksikon srpskog srednjeg veka, Knowledge, Beograd, 1999.,728.
Truhelka, dr. Ćiro i Patsch, dr. Karlo, Iskopine u dolini Lašve 1893, Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu V, Sarajevo, 1893., 685.-707.
Truhelka, dr. Ćiro, Grobnica bosanskog tepčije Batala, obretena kod Gornjeg Turbeta (Kotar Travnik), Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu XXVII, 1915., 365. -374.
Petrović, Jozo, Lubanja (calvarium) i dijelovi kostura bosanskoga velmože Batala, Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu XXXV, Sarajevo, 1923., 177. – 182.
Mandić, Mihovil, Turbe kod Travnika, Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu XXXVI, Sarajevo, 1924., 83. – 903.
Petrović, Jozo, S arheologom kroz Travnik, posebni otisak iz VI knjige "Narodne starine", Zagreb, 1931.
Sergejevski, Dušan, Kasno-antički mauzolej u Turbetu, Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu VI, 1951., 135.-145.
Korošec, Josip, Neolitska naseobina na Crkvinama u Turbetu kod Travnika, Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu XII, Sarajevo, 1957., 5. – 18.
Mazalić, Đoko, Konzervatorski zahvat na Batalovoj grobnici i njezin današnji izgled, "Naše starine" VI, Sarajevo, 1959., 239.-242.
Bešlagić, Šefik, Stećci, kataloško-topografski pregled, Sarajevo, 1971., 142.-143.
Blagojević, M., Tepčije u srednjovekovnoj Srbiji, Bosni i Hrvatskoj, Istorijski glasnik, 1–2, Beograd, 1976., 7.-47.
Bešlagić, Šefik, Stećci-kultura i umjetnost, Sarajevo, 1982., 49.-50,116.
Maslić, Fatima, Starine i muzeji Travnika, Turistički savez Travnik, Zagreb, 1990.
Vrana, Vladimir, Književna nastojanja u sredovječnoj Bosni, Povijest Bosne i Hercegovine, knjiga I, HKD "Napredak", Sarajevo, 1942. – 1991., 794.-822.
See also
List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian Church
Stećak
References
External links
The archaeological site of Batalo’s Tomb in Turbe near Travnik – Commission to preserve national monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (KONS)
National monuments and memorials
National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian Church
Tepčija in medieval Bosnia
1404 deaths
Medieval Bosnian nobility
Grand Knyazs of Bosnia |
```javascript
'use strict'
module.exports = require('npm-package-arg')
``` |
Power electronics is the application of electronics to the control and conversion of electric power.
The first high-power electronic devices were made using mercury-arc valves. In modern systems, the conversion is performed with semiconductor switching devices such as diodes, thyristors, and power transistors such as the power MOSFET and IGBT. In contrast to electronic systems concerned with the transmission and processing of signals and data, substantial amounts of electrical energy are processed in power electronics. An AC/DC converter (rectifier) is the most typical power electronics device found in many consumer electronic devices, e.g. television sets, personal computers, battery chargers, etc. The power range is typically from tens of watts to several hundred watts. In industry, a common application is the variable speed drive (VSD) that is used to control an induction motor. The power range of VSDs starts from a few hundred watts and ends at tens of megawatts.
The power conversion systems can be classified according to the type of the input and output power:
AC to DC (rectifier)
DC to AC (inverter)
DC to DC (DC-to-DC converter)
AC to AC (AC-to-AC converter)
History
Power electronics started with the development of the mercury arc rectifier. Invented by Peter Cooper Hewitt in 1902, it was used to convert alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). From the 1920s on, research continued on applying thyratrons and grid-controlled mercury arc valves to power transmission. Uno Lamm developed a mercury valve with grading electrodes making them suitable for high voltage direct current power transmission. In 1933 selenium rectifiers were invented.
Julius Edgar Lilienfeld proposed the concept of a field-effect transistor in 1926, but it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that time. In 1947, the bipolar point-contact transistor was invented by Walter H. Brattain and John Bardeen under the direction of William Shockley at Bell Labs. In 1948 Shockley's invention of the bipolar junction transistor (BJT) improved the stability and performance of transistors, and reduced costs. By the 1950s, higher power semiconductor diodes became available and started replacing vacuum tubes. In 1956, the silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) was introduced by General Electric, greatly increasing the range of power electronics applications. By the 1960s, the improved switching speed of bipolar junction transistors had allowed for high frequency DC/DC converters.
R. D. Middlebrook made important contributions to power electronics. In 1970, he founded the Power Electronics Group at Caltech. He developed the state-space averaging method of analysis and other tools crucial to modern power electronics design.
Power MOSFET
A breakthrough in power electronics came with the invention of the MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959. Generations of MOSFET transistors enabled power designers to achieve performance and density levels not possible with bipolar transistors. Due to improvements in MOSFET technology (initially used to produce integrated circuits), the power MOSFET became available in the 1970s.
In 1969, Hitachi introduced the first vertical power MOSFET, which would later be known as the VMOS (V-groove MOSFET). From 1974, Yamaha, JVC, Pioneer Corporation, Sony and Toshiba began manufacturing audio amplifiers with power MOSFETs. International Rectifier introduced a 25 A, 400 V power MOSFET in 1978. This device allows operation at higher frequencies than a bipolar transistor, but is limited to low voltage applications.
The power MOSFET is the most common power device in the world, due to its low gate drive power, fast switching speed, easy advanced paralleling capability, wide bandwidth, ruggedness, easy drive, simple biasing, ease of application, and ease of repair. It has a wide range of power electronic applications, such as portable information appliances, power integrated circuits, cell phones, notebook computers, and the communications infrastructure that enables the Internet.
In 1982, the insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) was introduced. It became widely available in the 1990s. This component has the power handling capability of the bipolar transistor and the advantages of the isolated gate drive of the power MOSFET.
Devices
The capabilities and economy of power electronics system are determined by the active devices that are available. Their characteristics and limitations are a key element in the design of power electronics systems. Formerly, the mercury arc valve, the high-vacuum and gas-filled diode thermionic rectifiers, and triggered devices such as the thyratron and ignitron were widely used in power electronics. As the ratings of solid-state devices improved in both voltage and current-handling capacity, vacuum devices have been nearly entirely replaced by solid-state devices.
Power electronic devices may be used as switches, or as amplifiers. An ideal switch is either open or closed and so dissipates no power; it withstands an applied voltage and passes no current or passes any amount of current with no voltage drop. Semiconductor devices used as switches can approximate this ideal property and so most power electronic applications rely on switching devices on and off, which makes systems very efficient as very little power is wasted in the switch. By contrast, in the case of the amplifier, the current through the device varies continuously according to a controlled input. The voltage and current at the device terminals follow a load line, and the power dissipation inside the device is large compared with the power delivered to the load.
Several attributes dictate how devices are used. Devices such as diodes conduct when a forward voltage is applied and have no external control of the start of conduction. Power devices such as silicon controlled rectifiers and thyristors (as well as the mercury valve and thyratron) allow control of the start of conduction but rely on periodic reversal of current flow to turn them off. Devices such as gate turn-off thyristors, BJT and MOSFET transistors provide full switching control and can be turned on or off without regard to the current flow through them. Transistor devices also allow proportional amplification, but this is rarely used for systems rated more than a few hundred watts. The control input characteristics of a device also significantly affect design; sometimes, the control input is at a very high voltage with respect to ground and must be driven by an isolated source.
As efficiency is at a premium in a power electronic converter, the losses generated by a power electronic device should be as low as possible.
Devices vary in switching speed. Some diodes and thyristors are suited for relatively slow speed and are useful for power frequency switching and control; certain thyristors are useful at a few kilohertz. Devices such as MOSFETS and BJTs can switch at tens of kilohertz up to a few megahertz in power applications, but with decreasing power levels. Vacuum tube devices dominate high power (hundreds of kilowatts) at very high frequency (hundreds or thousands of megahertz) applications. Faster switching devices minimize energy lost in the transitions from on to off and back but may create problems with radiated electromagnetic interference. Gate drive (or equivalent) circuits must be designed to supply sufficient drive current to achieve the full switching speed possible with a device. A device without sufficient drive to switch rapidly may be destroyed by excess heating.
Practical devices have a non-zero voltage drop and dissipate power when on, and take some time to pass through an active region until they reach the "on" or "off" state. These losses are a significant part of the total lost power in a converter.
Power handling and dissipation of devices is also critical factor in design. Power electronic devices may have to dissipate tens or hundreds of watts of waste heat, even switching as efficiently as possible between conducting and non-conducting states. In the switching mode, the power controlled is much larger than the power dissipated in the switch. The forward voltage drop in the conducting state translates into heat that must be dissipated. High power semiconductors require specialized heat sinks or active cooling systems to manage their junction temperature; exotic semiconductors such as silicon carbide have an advantage over straight silicon in this respect, and germanium, once the main-stay of solid-state electronics is now little used due to its unfavorable high-temperature properties.
Semiconductor devices exist with ratings up to a few kilovolts in a single device. Where very high voltage must be controlled, multiple devices must be used in series, with networks to equalize voltage across all devices. Again, switching speed is a critical factor since the slowest-switching device will have to withstand a disproportionate share of the overall voltage. Mercury valves were once available with ratings to 100 kV in a single unit, simplifying their application in HVDC systems.
The current rating of a semiconductor device is limited by the heat generated within the dies and the heat developed in the resistance of the interconnecting leads. Semiconductor devices must be designed so that current is evenly distributed within the device across its internal junctions (or channels); once a "hot spot" develops, breakdown effects can rapidly destroy the device. Certain SCRs are available with current ratings to 3000 amperes in a single unit.
DC/AC converters (inverters)
DC to AC converters produce an AC output waveform from a DC source. Applications include adjustable speed drives (ASD), uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS), voltage compensators, and photovoltaic inverters. Topologies for these converters can be separated into two distinct categories: voltage source inverters and current source inverters. Voltage source inverters (VSIs) are named so because the independently controlled output is a voltage waveform. Similarly, current source inverters (CSIs) are distinct in that the controlled AC output is a current waveform.
DC to AC power conversion is the result of power switching devices, which are commonly fully controllable semiconductor power switches. The output waveforms are therefore made up of discrete values, producing fast transitions rather than smooth ones. For some applications, even a rough approximation of the sinusoidal waveform of AC power is adequate. Where a near sinusoidal waveform is required, the switching devices are operated much faster than the desired output frequency, and the time they spend in either state is controlled so the averaged output is nearly sinusoidal. Common modulation techniques include the carrier-based technique, or Pulse-width modulation, space-vector technique, and the selective-harmonic technique.
Voltage source inverters have practical uses in both single-phase and three-phase applications. Single-phase VSIs utilize half-bridge and full-bridge configurations, and are widely used for power supplies, single-phase UPSs, and elaborate high-power topologies when used in multicell configurations. Three-phase VSIs are used in applications that require sinusoidal voltage waveforms, such as ASDs, UPSs, and some types of FACTS devices such as the STATCOM. They are also used in applications where arbitrary voltages are required, as in the case of active power filters and voltage compensators.
Current source inverters are used to produce an AC output current from a DC current supply. This type of inverter is practical for three-phase applications in which high-quality voltage waveforms are required.
A relatively new class of inverters, called multilevel inverters, has gained widespread interest. The normal operation of CSIs and VSIs can be classified as two-level inverters, due to the fact that power switches connect to either the positive or to the negative DC bus. If more than two voltage levels were available to the inverter output terminals, the AC output could better approximate a sine wave. It is for this reason that multilevel inverters, although more complex and costly, offer higher performance.
Each inverter type differs in the DC links used, and in whether or not they require freewheeling diodes. Either can be made to operate in square-wave or pulse-width modulation (PWM) mode, depending on its intended usage. Square-wave mode offers simplicity, while PWM can be implemented in several different ways and produces higher quality waveforms.
Voltage Source Inverters (VSI) feed the output inverter section from an approximately constant-voltage source.
The desired quality of the current output waveform determines which modulation technique needs to be selected for a given application. The output of a VSI is composed of discrete values. In order to obtain a smooth current waveform, the loads need to be inductive at the select harmonic frequencies. Without some sort of inductive filtering between the source and load, a capacitive load will cause the load to receive a choppy current waveform, with large and frequent current spikes.
There are three main types of VSIs:
Single-phase half-bridge inverter
Single-phase full-bridge inverter
Three-phase voltage source inverter
Single-phase half-bridge inverter
The single-phase voltage source half-bridge inverters are meant for lower voltage applications and are commonly used in power supplies. Figure 9 shows the circuit schematic of this inverter.
Low-order current harmonics get injected back to the source voltage by the operation of the inverter. This means that two large capacitors are needed for filtering purposes in this design. As Figure 9 illustrates, only one switch can be on at a time in each leg of the inverter. If both switches in a leg were on at the same time, the DC source would be shorted out.
Inverters can use several modulation techniques to control their switching schemes. The carrier-based PWM technique compares the AC output waveform, vc, to a carrier voltage signal, vΔ. When vc is greater than vΔ, S+ is on, and when vc is less than vΔ, S- is on. When the AC output is at frequency fc with its amplitude at vc, and the triangular carrier signal is at frequency fΔ with its amplitude at vΔ, the PWM becomes a special sinusoidal case of the carrier based PWM. This case is dubbed sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM).For this, the modulation index, or amplitude-modulation ratio, is defined as .
The normalized carrier frequency, or frequency-modulation ratio, is calculated using the equation .
If the over-modulation region, ma, exceeds one, a higher fundamental AC output voltage will be observed, but at the cost of saturation. For SPWM, the harmonics of the output waveform are at well-defined frequencies and amplitudes. This simplifies the design of the filtering components needed for the low-order current harmonic injection from the operation of the inverter. The maximum output amplitude in this mode of operation is half of the source voltage. If the maximum output amplitude, ma, exceeds 3.24, the output waveform of the inverter becomes a square wave.
As was true for Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM), both switches in a leg for square wave modulation cannot be turned on at the same time, as this would cause a short across the voltage source. The switching scheme requires that both S+ and S- be on for a half cycle of the AC output period. The fundamental AC output amplitude is equal to .
Its harmonics have an amplitude of .
Therefore, the AC output voltage is not controlled by the inverter, but rather by the magnitude of the DC input voltage of the inverter.
Using selective harmonic elimination (SHE) as a modulation technique allows the switching of the inverter to selectively eliminate intrinsic harmonics. The fundamental component of the AC output voltage can also be adjusted within a desirable range. Since the AC output voltage obtained from this modulation technique has odd half and odd quarter-wave symmetry, even harmonics do not exist. Any undesirable odd (N-1) intrinsic harmonics from the output waveform can be eliminated.
Single-phase full-bridge inverter
The full-bridge inverter is similar to the half bridge-inverter, but it has an additional leg to connect the neutral point to the load. Figure 3 shows the circuit schematic of the single-phase voltage source full-bridge inverter.
To avoid shorting out the voltage source, S1+, and S1- cannot be on at the same time, and S2+ and S2- also cannot be on at the same time. Any modulating technique used for the full-bridge configuration should have either the top or the bottom switch of each leg on at any given time. Due to the extra leg, the maximum amplitude of the output waveform is Vi, and is twice as large as the maximum achievable output amplitude for the half-bridge configuration.
States 1 and 2 from Table 2 are used to generate the AC output voltage with bipolar SPWM. The AC output voltage can take on only two values, either Vi or –Vi. To generate these same states using a half-bridge configuration, a carrier based technique can be used. S+ being on for the half-bridge corresponds to S1+ and S2- being on for the full-bridge. Similarly, S- being on for the half-bridge corresponds to S1- and S2+ being on for the full bridge. The output voltage for this modulation technique is more or less sinusoidal, with a fundamental component that has an amplitude in the linear region of less than or equal to one .
Unlike the bipolar PWM technique, the unipolar approach uses states 1, 2, 3, and 4 from Table 2 to generate its AC output voltage. Therefore, the AC output voltage can take on the values Vi, 0 or –V [1]i. To generate these states, two sinusoidal modulating signals, Vc and –Vc, are needed, as seen in Figure 4.
Vc is used to generate VaN, while –Vc is used to generate VbN. The following relationship is called unipolar carrier-based SPWM .
The phase voltages VaN and VbN are identical, but 180 degrees out of phase with each other. The output voltage is equal to the difference of the two-phase voltages, and do not contain any even harmonics. Therefore, if mf is taken, even the AC output voltage harmonics will appear at normalized odd frequencies, fh. These frequencies are centered on double the value of the normalized carrier frequency. This particular feature allows for smaller filtering components when trying to obtain a higher quality output waveform.
As was the case for the half-bridge SHE, the AC output voltage contains no even harmonics due to its odd half and odd quarter-wave symmetry.
Three-phase voltage source inverter
Single-phase VSIs are used primarily for low power range applications, while three-phase VSIs cover both medium and high power range applications. Figure 5 shows the circuit schematic for a three-phase VSI.
Switches in any of the three legs of the inverter cannot be switched off simultaneously due to this resulting in the voltages being dependent on the respective line current's polarity. States 7 and 8 produce zero AC line voltages, which result in AC line currents freewheeling through either the upper or the lower components. However, the line voltages for states 1 through 6 produce an AC line voltage consisting of the discrete values of Vi, 0 or –Vi.
For three-phase SPWM, three modulating signals that are 120 degrees out of phase with one another are used in order to produce out-of-phase load voltages. In order to preserve the PWM features with a single carrier signal, the normalized carrier frequency, mf, needs to be a multiple of three. This keeps the magnitude of the phase voltages identical, but out of phase with each other by 120 degrees. The maximum achievable phase voltage amplitude in the linear region, ma less than or equal to one, is . The maximum achievable line voltage amplitude is
The only way to control the load voltage is by changing the input DC voltage.
Current source inverters
Current source inverters convert DC current into an AC current waveform. In applications requiring sinusoidal AC waveforms, magnitude, frequency, and phase should all be controlled. CSIs have high changes in current over time, so capacitors are commonly employed on the AC side, while inductors are commonly employed on the DC side. Due to the absence of freewheeling diodes, the power circuit is reduced in size and weight, and tends to be more reliable than VSIs. Although single-phase topologies are possible, three-phase CSIs are more practical.
In its most generalized form, a three-phase CSI employs the same conduction sequence as a six-pulse rectifier. At any time, only one common-cathode switch and one common-anode switch are on.
As a result, line currents take discrete values of –ii, 0 and ii. States are chosen such that a desired waveform is output and only valid states are used. This selection is based on modulating techniques, which include carrier-based PWM, selective harmonic elimination, and space-vector techniques.
Carrier-based techniques used for VSIs can also be implemented for CSIs, resulting in CSI line currents that behave in the same way as VSI line voltages. The digital circuit utilized for modulating signals contains a switching pulse generator, a shorting pulse generator, a shorting pulse distributor, and a switching and shorting pulse combiner. A gating signal is produced based on a carrier current and three modulating signals.
A shorting pulse is added to this signal when no top switches and no bottom switches are gated, causing the RMS currents to be equal in all legs. The same methods are utilized for each phase, however, switching variables are 120 degrees out of phase relative to one another, and the current pulses are shifted by a half-cycle with respect to output currents. If a triangular carrier is used with sinusoidal modulating signals, the CSI is said to be utilizing synchronized-pulse-width-modulation (SPWM). If full over-modulation is used in conjunction with SPWM the inverter is said to be in square-wave operation.
The second CSI modulation category, SHE is also similar to its VSI counterpart. Utilizing the gating signals developed for a VSI and a set of synchronizing sinusoidal current signals, results in symmetrically distributed shorting pulses and, therefore, symmetrical gating patterns. This allows any arbitrary number of harmonics to be eliminated. It also allows control of the fundamental line current through the proper selection of primary switching angles. Optimal switching patterns must have quarter-wave and half-wave symmetry, as well as symmetry about 30 degrees and 150 degrees. Switching patterns are never allowed between 60 degrees and 120 degrees. The current ripple can be further reduced with the use of larger output capacitors, or by increasing the number of switching pulses.
The third category, space-vector-based modulation, generates PWM load line currents that equal load line currents, on average. Valid switching states and time selections are made digitally based on space vector transformation. Modulating signals are represented as a complex vector using a transformation equation. For balanced three-phase sinusoidal signals, this vector becomes a fixed module, which rotates at a frequency, ω. These space vectors are then used to approximate the modulating signal. If the signal is between arbitrary vectors, the vectors are combined with the zero vectors I7, I8, or I9. The following equations are used to ensure that the generated currents and the current vectors are on the average equivalent.
Multilevel inverters
A relatively new class called multilevel inverters has gained widespread interest. Normal operation of CSIs and VSIs can be classified as two-level inverters because the power switches connect to either the positive or the negative DC bus. If more than two voltage levels were available to the inverter output terminals, the AC output could better approximate a sine wave. For this reason multilevel inverters, although more complex and costly, offer higher performance. A three-level neutral-clamped inverter is shown in Figure 10.
Control methods for a three-level inverter only allow two switches of the four switches in each leg to simultaneously change conduction states. This allows smooth commutation and avoids shoot through by only selecting valid states. It may also be noted that since the DC bus voltage is shared by at least two power valves, their voltage ratings can be less than a two-level counterpart.
Carrier-based and space-vector modulation techniques are used for multilevel topologies. The methods for these techniques follow those of classic inverters, but with added complexity. Space-vector modulation offers a greater number of fixed voltage vectors to be used in approximating the modulation signal, and therefore allows more effective space vector PWM strategies to be accomplished at the cost of more elaborate algorithms. Due to added complexity and the number of semiconductor devices, multilevel inverters are currently more suitable for high-power high-voltage applications.
This technology reduces the harmonics hence improves overall efficiency of the scheme.
AC/AC converters
Converting AC power to AC power allows control of the voltage, frequency, and phase of the waveform applied to a load from a supplied AC system . The two main categories that can be used to separate the types of converters are whether the frequency of the waveform is changed. AC/AC converter that don't allow the user to modify the frequencies are known as AC Voltage Controllers, or AC Regulators. AC converters that allow the user to change the frequency are simply referred to as frequency converters for AC to AC conversion. Under frequency converters there are three different types of converters that are typically used: cycloconverter, matrix converter, DC link converter (aka AC/DC/AC converter).
AC voltage controller: The purpose of an AC Voltage Controller, or AC Regulator, is to vary the RMS voltage across the load while at a constant frequency. Three control methods that are generally accepted are ON/OFF Control, Phase-Angle Control, and Pulse-Width Modulation AC Chopper Control (PWM AC Chopper Control). All three of these methods can be implemented not only in single-phase circuits, but three-phase circuits as well.
ON/OFF Control: Typically used for heating loads or speed control of motors, this control method involves turning the switch on for n integral cycles and turning the switch off for m integral cycles. Because turning the switches on and off causes undesirable harmonics to be created, the switches are turned on and off during zero-voltage and zero-current conditions (zero-crossing), effectively reducing the distortion.
Phase-Angle Control: Various circuits exist to implement a phase-angle control on different waveforms, such as half-wave or full-wave voltage control. The power electronic components that are typically used are diodes, SCRs, and Triacs. With the use of these components, the user can delay the firing angle in a wave, which will only cause part of the wave to be in output.
PWM AC Chopper Control: The other two control methods often have poor harmonics, output current quality, and input power factor. In order to improve these values PWM can be used instead of the other methods. What PWM AC Chopper does is have switches that turn on and off several times within alternate half-cycles of input voltage.
Matrix converters and cycloconverters: Cycloconverters are widely used in industry for ac to ac conversion, because they are able to be used in high-power applications. They are commutated direct frequency converters that are synchronised by a supply line. The cycloconverters output voltage waveforms have complex harmonics with the higher-order harmonics being filtered by the machine inductance. Causing the machine current to have fewer harmonics, while the remaining harmonics causes losses and torque pulsations. Note that in a cycloconverter, unlike other converters, there are no inductors or capacitors, i.e. no storage devices. For this reason, the instantaneous input power and the output power are equal.
Single-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverters: Single-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverters started drawing more interest recently because of the decrease in both size and price of the power electronics switches. The single-phase high frequency ac voltage can be either sinusoidal or trapezoidal. These might be zero voltage intervals for control purpose or zero voltage commutation.
Three-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverters: There are two kinds of three-phase to single-phase cycloconverters: 3φ to 1φ half wave cycloconverters and 3φ to 1φ bridge cycloconverters. Both positive and negative converters can generate voltage at either polarity, resulting in the positive converter only supplying positive current, and the negative converter only supplying negative current.
With recent device advances, newer forms of cycloconverters are being developed, such as matrix converters. The first change that is first noticed is that matrix converters utilize bi-directional, bipolar switches. A single phase to a single phase matrix converter consists of a matrix of 9 switches connecting the three input phases to the tree output phase. Any input phase and output phase can be connected together at any time without connecting any two switches from the same phase at the same time; otherwise this will cause a short circuit of the input phases. Matrix converters are lighter, more compact and versatile than other converter solutions. As a result, they are able to achieve higher levels of integration, higher temperature operation, broad output frequency and natural bi-directional power flow suitable to regenerate energy back to the utility.
The matrix converters are subdivided into two types: direct and indirect converters. A direct matrix converter with three-phase input and three-phase output, the switches in a matrix converter must be bi-directional, that is, they must be able to block voltages of either polarity and to conduct current in either direction. This switching strategy permits the highest possible output voltage and reduces the reactive line-side current. Therefore, the power flow through the converter is reversible. Because of its commutation problem and complex control keep it from being broadly utilized in industry.
Unlike the direct matrix converters, the indirect matrix converters has the same functionality, but uses separate input and output sections that are connected through a dc link without storage elements. The design includes a four-quadrant current source rectifier and a voltage source inverter. The input section consists of bi-directional bipolar switches. The commutation strategy can be applied by changing the switching state of the input section while the output section is in a freewheeling mode. This commutation algorithm is significantly less complex, and has higher reliability as compared to a conventional direct matrix converter.
DC link converters: DC Link Converters, also referred to as AC/DC/AC converters, convert an AC input to an AC output with the use of a DC link in the middle. Meaning that the power in the converter is converted to DC from AC with the use of a rectifier, and then it is converted back to AC from DC with the use of an inverter. The end result is an output with a lower voltage and variable (higher or lower) frequency. Due to their wide area of application, the AC/DC/AC converters are the most common contemporary solution. Other advantages to AC/DC/AC converters is that they are stable in overload and no-load conditions, as well as they can be disengaged from a load without damage.
Hybrid matrix converter: Hybrid matrix converters are relatively new for AC/AC converters. These converters combine the AC/DC/AC design with the matrix converter design. Multiple types of hybrid converters have been developed in this new category, an example being a converter that uses uni-directional switches and two converter stages without the dc-link; without the capacitors or inductors needed for a dc-link, the weight and size of the converter is reduced. Two sub-categories exist from the hybrid converters, named hybrid direct matrix converter (HDMC) and hybrid indirect matrix converter (HIMC). HDMC convert the voltage and current in one stage, while the HIMC utilizes separate stages, like the AC/DC/AC converter, but without the use of an intermediate storage element.
Applications: Below is a list of common applications that each converter is used in.
AC voltage controller: Lighting control; domestic and industrial heating; speed control of fan, pump or hoist drives, soft starting of induction motors, static AC switches (temperature control, transformer tap changing, etc.)
Cycloconverter: High-power low-speed reversible AC motor drives; constant frequency power supply with variable input frequency; controllable VAR generators for power factor correction; AC system interties linking two independent power systems.
Matrix converter: Currently the application of matrix converters are limited due to the non-availability of bilateral monolithic switches capable of operating at high frequency, complex control law implementation, commutation, and other reasons. With these developments, matrix converters could replace cycloconverters in many areas.
DC link: Can be used for individual or multiple load applications of machine building and construction.
Simulations of power electronic systems
Power electronic circuits are simulated using computer simulation programs such as SIMBA, PLECS, PSIM, SPICE, and MATLAB/simulink. Circuits are simulated before they are produced to test how the circuits respond under certain conditions. Also, creating a simulation is both cheaper and faster than creating a prototype to use for testing.
Applications
Applications of power electronics range in size from a switched mode power supply in an AC adapter, battery chargers, audio amplifiers, fluorescent lamp ballasts, through variable frequency drives and DC motor drives used to operate pumps, fans, and manufacturing machinery, up to gigawatt-scale high voltage direct current power transmission systems used to interconnect electrical grids. Power electronic systems are found in virtually every electronic device. For example:
DC/DC converters are used in most mobile devices (mobile phones, PDA etc.) to maintain the voltage at a fixed value whatever the voltage level of the battery is. These converters are also used for electronic isolation and power factor correction. A power optimizer is a type of DC/DC converter developed to maximize the energy harvest from solar photovoltaic or wind turbine systems.
AC/DC converters (rectifiers) are used every time an electronic device is connected to the mains (computer, television etc.). These may simply change AC to DC or can also change the voltage level as part of their operation.
AC/AC converters are used to change either the voltage level or the frequency (international power adapters, light dimmer). In power distribution networks, AC/AC converters may be used to exchange power between utility frequency 50 Hz and 60 Hz power grids.
DC/AC converters (inverters) are used primarily in UPS or renewable energy systems or emergency lighting systems. Mains power charges the DC battery. If the mains fails, an inverter produces AC electricity at mains voltage from the DC battery. Solar inverter, both smaller string and larger central inverters, as well as solar micro-inverter are used in photovoltaics as a component of a PV system.
Motor drives are found in pumps, blowers, and mill drives for textile, paper, cement and other such facilities. Drives may be used for power conversion and for motion control. For AC motors, applications include variable-frequency drives, motor soft starters and excitation systems.
In hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), power electronics are used in two formats: series hybrid and parallel hybrid. The difference between a series hybrid and a parallel hybrid is the relationship of the electric motor to the internal combustion engine (ICE). Devices used in electric vehicles consist mostly of dc/dc converters for battery charging and dc/ac converters to power the propulsion motor. Electric trains use power electronic devices to obtain power, as well as for vector control using pulse-width modulation (PWM) rectifiers. The trains obtain their power from power lines. Another new usage for power electronics is in elevator systems. These systems may use thyristors, inverters, permanent magnet motors, or various hybrid systems that incorporate PWM systems and standard motors.
Inverters
In general, inverters are utilized in applications requiring direct conversion of electrical energy from DC to AC or indirect conversion from AC to AC. DC to AC conversion is useful for many fields, including power conditioning, harmonic compensation, motor drives, renewable energy grid integration, and spacecraft solar power systems.
In power systems it is often desired to eliminate harmonic content found in line currents. VSIs can be used as active power filters to provide this compensation. Based on measured line currents and voltages, a control system determines reference current signals for each phase. This is fed back through an outer loop and subtracted from actual current signals to create current signals for an inner loop to the inverter. These signals then cause the inverter to generate output currents that compensate for the harmonic content. This configuration requires no real power consumption, as it is fully fed by the line; the DC link is simply a capacitor that is kept at a constant voltage by the control system. In this configuration, output currents are in phase with line voltages to produce a unity power factor. Conversely, VAR compensation is possible in a similar configuration where output currents lead line voltages to improve the overall power factor.
In facilities that require energy at all times, such as hospitals and airports, UPS systems are utilized. In a standby system, an inverter is brought online when the normally supplying grid is interrupted. Power is instantaneously drawn from onsite batteries and converted into usable AC voltage by the VSI, until grid power is restored, or until backup generators are brought online. In an online UPS system, a rectifier-DC-link-inverter is used to protect the load from transients and harmonic content. A battery in parallel with the DC-link is kept fully charged by the output in case the grid power is interrupted, while the output of the inverter is fed through a low pass filter to the load. High power quality and independence from disturbances is achieved.
Various AC motor drives have been developed for speed, torque, and position control of AC motors. These drives can be categorized as low-performance or as high-performance, based on whether they are scalar-controlled or vector-controlled, respectively. In scalar-controlled drives, fundamental stator current, or voltage frequency and amplitude, are the only controllable quantities. Therefore, these drives are employed in applications where high quality control is not required, such as fans and compressors. On the other hand, vector-controlled drives allow for instantaneous current and voltage values to be controlled continuously. This high performance is necessary for applications such as elevators and electric cars.
Inverters are also vital to many renewable energy applications. In photovoltaic purposes, the inverter, which is usually a PWM VSI, gets fed by the DC electrical energy output of a photovoltaic module or array. The inverter then converts this into an AC voltage to be interfaced with either a load or the utility grid. Inverters may also be employed in other renewable systems, such as wind turbines. In these applications, the turbine speed usually varies, causing changes in voltage frequency and sometimes in the magnitude. In this case, the generated voltage can be rectified and then inverted to stabilize frequency and magnitude.
Smart grid
A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity.
Electric power generated by wind turbines and hydroelectric turbines by using induction generators can cause variances in the frequency at which power is generated. Power electronic devices are utilized in these systems to convert the generated ac voltages into high-voltage direct current (HVDC). The HVDC power can be more easily converted into three phase power that is coherent with the power associated to the existing power grid. Through these devices, the power delivered by these systems is cleaner and has a higher associated power factor. Wind power systems optimum torque is obtained either through a gearbox or direct drive technologies that can reduce the size of the power electronics device.
Electric power can be generated through photovoltaic cells by using power electronic devices. The produced power is usually then transformed by solar inverters. Inverters are divided into three different types: central, module-integrated, and string. Central converters can be connected either in parallel or in series on the DC side of the system. For photovoltaic "farms", a single central converter is used for the entire system. Module-integrated converters are connected in series on either the DC or AC side. Normally several modules are used within a photovoltaic system, since the system requires these converters on both DC and AC terminals. A string converter is used in a system that utilizes photovoltaic cells that are facing different directions. It is used to convert the power generated to each string, or line, in which the photovoltaic cells are interacting.
Power electronics can be used to help utilities adapt to the rapid increase in distributed residential/commercial solar power generation. Germany and parts of Hawaii, California, and New Jersey require costly studies to be conducted before approving new solar installations. Relatively small-scale ground- or pole-mounted devices create the potential for a distributed control infrastructure to monitor and manage the flow of power. Traditional electromechanical systems, such as capacitor banks or voltage regulators at substations, can take minutes to adjust voltage and can be distant from the solar installations where the problems originate. If voltage on a neighborhood circuit goes too high, it can endanger utility crews and cause damage to both utility and customer equipment. Further, a grid fault causes photovoltaic generators to shut down immediately, spiking the demand for grid power. Smart grid-based regulators are more controllable than far more numerous consumer devices.
In another approach, a group of 16 western utilities called the Western Electric Industry Leaders called for the mandatory use of "smart inverters." These devices convert DC to household AC and can also help with power quality. Such devices could eliminate the need for expensive utility equipment upgrades at a much lower total cost.
See also
Multi-port power electronic interface
FET amplifier
Power management integrated circuit
RF power amplifier
Notes
References
Issa Batarseh, "Power Electronic Circuits" by John Wiley, 2003.
S.K. Mazumder, "High-Frequency Inverters: From Photovoltaic, Wind, and Fuel-Cell based Renewable- and Alternative-Energy DER/DG Systems to Battery based Energy-Storage Applications", Book Chapter in Power Electronics handbook, Editor M.H. Rashid, Academic Press, Burlington, Massachusetts, 2010.
V. Gureich "Electronic Devices on Discrete Components for Industrial and Power Engineering", CRC Press, New York, 2008, 418 p.
Editor: Semikron, Authors: Dr. Ulrich Nicolai, Dr. Tobias Reimann, Prof. Jürgen Petzoldt, Josef Lutz: Application Manual IGBT- and MOSFET-power modules, 1. edition, ISLE Verlag, 1998, online version
R. W. Erickson, D. Maksimovic, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, 2nd Ed., Springer, 2001,
External links
Electronics industry |
Julie L. Lockwood is an American ecologist who is a professor in the Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources at Rutgers University. She is the Director of the Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences. Her research investigates how invasive species impact natural ecosystems. In 2022, she was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Early life and education
Lockwood was an undergraduate student in biology at Georgia Southern University. Her masters research investigated passerine communities. She moved to the University of Tennessee for her doctorate in zoology, where she studied the assembly of ecological communities.
Research and career
Lockwood studies how invasive species impact their environments. She has studied how humans have impacted biodiversity, and designed interventions to slow the rate of species extinctions. Her research has contributed to the protection of native species across the United States. She served as Champion of "Rutgers Earth 2100", a research activity that will monitor regional weather dynamics as a model to manage climate change. She proposed that Earth 2100 would work with decision makers to link science to policy action, protecting the biological rich and culturally diverse communities of New Jersey.
In 2022, Lockwood was made Chair of the Rutgers University Climate Change Task Force. She was named Director of the Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences in 2022.
Awards and honors
2018 Rutgers University in Research Excellence Award
2020 Excellence in Mentoring of Graduate Students
2020 Elected a Fellow of the Ecological Society of America
2022 Elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Selected publications
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
American ecologists
Georgia Southern University alumni
University of Tennessee alumni
Rutgers University faculty
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
American women scientists
Women ecologists
20th-century American scientists
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century American scientists
21st-century American women scientists |
Jeremy Henley Burroughes (born August 1960) is a British physicist and engineer, known for his contributions to the development of organic electronics through his work on the science of semiconducting polymers and molecules and their application. He is the Chief Technology Officer of Cambridge Display Technology, a company specialising in the development of technologies based on polymer light-emitting diodes.
Education
Burroughes earned his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1989. His thesis was entitled The physical processes in organic semiconducting polymer devices.
Work
Early in his career, Burroughes discovered that certain conjugated polymers were capable of emitting light when an electric current passed through them. The discovery of this previously unknown form of electroluminescence led to the foundation of Cambridge Display Technology where Burroughes has been responsible for a number of technology innovations, including the direct printing of full-colour OLED displays.
Awards and honours
Burroughes was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2012. His certificate of election reads:
References
1960 births
Living people
British physicists
Electronic engineering
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society |
Satish Kumar is an Indian footballer who is currently playing for Bangalore Independents in the Bangalore Super Division as a midfielder.
References
External links
http://mohunbaganac.com/SEPT08/news_details.php?newsid=633
http://mohunbaganac.com/SEPT08/playerdetails.php?playerId=121
1988 births
Living people
Indian men's footballers
I-League players
Footballers from Bangalore
Men's association football midfielders
Mohun Bagan SG players |
```objective-c
// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
// path_to_url
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
#ifndef GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_UTIL_CONVERTER_DATAPIECE_H__
#define GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_UTIL_CONVERTER_DATAPIECE_H__
#include <string>
#include <google/protobuf/stubs/common.h>
#include <google/protobuf/stubs/stringpiece.h>
#include <google/protobuf/stubs/statusor.h>
namespace google {
namespace protobuf {
class Enum;
} // namespace protobuf
namespace protobuf {
namespace util {
namespace converter {
// Container for a single piece of data together with its data type.
//
// For primitive types (int32, int64, uint32, uint64, double, float, bool),
// the data is stored by value.
//
// For string, a StringPiece is stored. For Cord, a pointer to Cord is stored.
// Just like StringPiece, the DataPiece class does not own the storage for
// the actual string or Cord, so it is the user's responsiblity to guarantee
// that the underlying storage is still valid when the DataPiece is accessed.
class LIBPROTOBUF_EXPORT DataPiece {
public:
// Identifies data type of the value.
// These are the types supported by DataPiece.
enum Type {
TYPE_INT32 = 1,
TYPE_INT64 = 2,
TYPE_UINT32 = 3,
TYPE_UINT64 = 4,
TYPE_DOUBLE = 5,
TYPE_FLOAT = 6,
TYPE_BOOL = 7,
TYPE_ENUM = 8,
TYPE_STRING = 9,
TYPE_BYTES = 10,
TYPE_NULL = 11, // explicit NULL type
};
// Constructors and Destructor
explicit DataPiece(const int32 value)
: type_(TYPE_INT32), i32_(value), use_strict_base64_decoding_(false) {}
explicit DataPiece(const int64 value)
: type_(TYPE_INT64), i64_(value), use_strict_base64_decoding_(false) {}
explicit DataPiece(const uint32 value)
: type_(TYPE_UINT32), u32_(value), use_strict_base64_decoding_(false) {}
explicit DataPiece(const uint64 value)
: type_(TYPE_UINT64), u64_(value), use_strict_base64_decoding_(false) {}
explicit DataPiece(const double value)
: type_(TYPE_DOUBLE),
double_(value),
use_strict_base64_decoding_(false) {}
explicit DataPiece(const float value)
: type_(TYPE_FLOAT), float_(value), use_strict_base64_decoding_(false) {}
explicit DataPiece(const bool value)
: type_(TYPE_BOOL), bool_(value), use_strict_base64_decoding_(false) {}
DataPiece(StringPiece value, bool use_strict_base64_decoding)
: type_(TYPE_STRING),
str_(StringPiecePod::CreateFromStringPiece(value)),
use_strict_base64_decoding_(use_strict_base64_decoding) {}
// Constructor for bytes. The second parameter is not used.
DataPiece(StringPiece value, bool dummy, bool use_strict_base64_decoding)
: type_(TYPE_BYTES),
str_(StringPiecePod::CreateFromStringPiece(value)),
use_strict_base64_decoding_(use_strict_base64_decoding) {}
DataPiece(const DataPiece& r) : type_(r.type_) { InternalCopy(r); }
DataPiece& operator=(const DataPiece& x) {
InternalCopy(x);
return *this;
}
static DataPiece NullData() { return DataPiece(TYPE_NULL, 0); }
virtual ~DataPiece() {
}
// Accessors
Type type() const { return type_; }
bool use_strict_base64_decoding() { return use_strict_base64_decoding_; }
StringPiece str() const {
GOOGLE_LOG_IF(DFATAL, type_ != TYPE_STRING) << "Not a string type.";
return str_;
}
// Parses, casts or converts the value stored in the DataPiece into an int32.
util::StatusOr<int32> ToInt32() const;
// Parses, casts or converts the value stored in the DataPiece into a uint32.
util::StatusOr<uint32> ToUint32() const;
// Parses, casts or converts the value stored in the DataPiece into an int64.
util::StatusOr<int64> ToInt64() const;
// Parses, casts or converts the value stored in the DataPiece into a uint64.
util::StatusOr<uint64> ToUint64() const;
// Parses, casts or converts the value stored in the DataPiece into a double.
util::StatusOr<double> ToDouble() const;
// Parses, casts or converts the value stored in the DataPiece into a float.
util::StatusOr<float> ToFloat() const;
// Parses, casts or converts the value stored in the DataPiece into a bool.
util::StatusOr<bool> ToBool() const;
// Parses, casts or converts the value stored in the DataPiece into a string.
util::StatusOr<string> ToString() const;
// Tries to convert the value contained in this datapiece to string. If the
// conversion fails, it returns the default_string.
string ValueAsStringOrDefault(StringPiece default_string) const;
util::StatusOr<string> ToBytes() const;
// Converts a value into protocol buffer enum number. If the value is a
// string, first attempts conversion by name, trying names as follows:
// 1) the directly provided string value.
// 2) the value upper-cased and replacing '-' by '_'
// 3) if use_lower_camel_for_enums is true it also attempts by comparing
// enum name without underscore with the value upper cased above.
// If the value is not a string, attempts to convert to a 32-bit integer.
// If none of these succeeds, returns a conversion error status.
util::StatusOr<int> ToEnum(const google::protobuf::Enum* enum_type,
bool use_lower_camel_for_enums) const;
private:
// Disallow implicit constructor.
DataPiece();
// Helper to create NULL or ENUM types.
DataPiece(Type type, int32 val)
: type_(type), i32_(val), use_strict_base64_decoding_(false) {}
// For numeric conversion between
// int32, int64, uint32, uint64, double, float and bool
template <typename To>
util::StatusOr<To> GenericConvert() const;
// For conversion from string to
// int32, int64, uint32, uint64, double, float and bool
template <typename To>
util::StatusOr<To> StringToNumber(bool (*func)(StringPiece, To*)) const;
// Decodes a base64 string. Returns true on success.
bool DecodeBase64(StringPiece src, string* dest) const;
// Helper function to initialize this DataPiece with 'other'.
void InternalCopy(const DataPiece& other);
// Data type for this piece of data.
Type type_;
typedef ::google::protobuf::internal::StringPiecePod StringPiecePod;
// Stored piece of data.
union {
int32 i32_;
int64 i64_;
uint32 u32_;
uint64 u64_;
double double_;
float float_;
bool bool_;
StringPiecePod str_;
};
// Uses a stricter version of base64 decoding for byte fields.
bool use_strict_base64_decoding_;
};
} // namespace converter
} // namespace util
} // namespace protobuf
} // namespace google
#endif // GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_UTIL_CONVERTER_DATAPIECE_H__
``` |
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<style name="block_canary_BlockCanary.Base" parent="android:Theme">
</style>
</resources>
``` |
Players and pairs who neither have high enough rankings nor receive wild cards may participate in a qualifying tournament held one week before the annual Wimbledon Tennis Championships.
Seeds
Jonas Björkman (first round)
Kenny Thorne (second round)
Chris Pridham (second round)
Jörn Renzenbrink (first round)
Mauricio Hadad (first round)
Patrick Baur (qualifying competition)
Andrew Sznajder (qualifying competition)
Gilad Bloom (first round)
Christian Saceanu (qualifying competition)
Chris Garner (first round)
Laurence Tieleman (qualified)
Greg Rusedski (qualified)
David Witt (qualifying competition)
Dirk Dier (second round)
Dave Randall (qualified)
Maurice Ruah (first round)
Jean-Philippe Fleurian (first round)
Fernando Roese (first round)
Pat Rafter (qualified)
Sébastien Lareau (qualified)
Tomas Nydahl (qualifying competition)
Dimitri Poliakov (second round)
David Nainkin (qualified)
Jan Apell (second round)
Steve Bryan (qualified)
Lan Bale (first round)
Roger Smith (first round)
Simon Youl (qualified)
Leander Paes (first round)
Danilo Marcelino (first round)
Gary Muller (qualifying competition)
Mark Knowles (qualifying competition)
Qualifiers
Grant Doyle
Brian Joelson
Brian Devening
Fernon Wibier
Todd Nelson
Simon Youl
Peter Moraing
Steve Bryan
David Nainkin
Mark Keil
Laurence Tieleman
Greg Rusedski
Sébastien Lareau
Pat Rafter
Dave Randall
Paul Kilderry
Qualifying draw
First qualifier
Second qualifier
Third qualifier
Fourth qualifier
Fifth qualifier
Sixth qualifier
Seventh qualifier
Eighth qualifier
Ninth qualifier
Tenth qualifier
Eleventh qualifier
Twelfth qualifier
Thirteenth qualifier
Fourteenth qualifier
Fifteenth qualifier
Sixteenth qualifier
External links
1993 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles Qualifying
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles qualifying |
Monis is a surname of the following people:
Ernest Monis (1846–1929), French politician
Hank Monis (1923–2011), Canadian musician
Judah Monis (1683–1784), North America's first college instructor of Hebrew language
Man Haron Monis (1964–2014) Iranian-Australian Islamic extremist
Other meanings:
Moni people, indigenous people of Western New Guinea |
Friedrich Christian Laukhard (7 June 1757 – 28 April 1822) was a German novelist, philosopher, historian and theologian.
From 1783 to 1794 he volunteered in the Prussian army as a musketeer. During the War of the first coalition his regiment (v. Thadden) campaigned in Valmy.
Laukhard's military diary is of great interest for historical research on the Prussian army and the French revolutionary wars.
Due to his licentious and extrovert lifestyle, "Magister Laukhard" soon became a notorious figure.
Life
Youth
Laukhard was born in Wendelsheim, where his father Philipp Burkhard Laukhard served as pastor. He was trained in Latin, Hebrew and Philosophy from an early age. Laukhards father, himself a Pantheist, was a great admirer of Christian von Wolff and Baruch Spinoza, always encouraging Laukhard to query canonical dogmata to become a freethinker.
Though his intellectual breeding was highly excitatory, his parents completely disregarded any further educational surveillance. As a result, Laukhard got in bad company and became an alcoholic in early years.
Studies
At his father's urging, Laukhard began to study theology at the university of Gießen in 1771.
After his graduation in 1774, Laukhard served for a while as Vikar, but he lost this position quickly on account of his overly liberal sermons.
In 1781, supported by his father's friend Johann Salomo Semler, he resumed his studies in Halle. In 1783 he finally earned his doctorate and served for short while at the University of Halle.
Army
Due to his bohemian and costly lifestyle, Laukhard got plunged in debt and had to enter the Prussian army. In 1792 he took part in the battle of Valmy.
In 1794 he was captured by the French and henceforth became a member of the Sansculottes.
Influence
Laukhards autobiographic writings are of historical interest. In his lifetime he made a contribution to the spread of humanist ideas and thus can be seen as part of the enlightenment movement.
Works
Leben und Schicksale von ihm selbst beschrieben, 5 Bände, 1792–1802
Der Mosellaner- oder Amicisten-Orden nach seiner Entstehung, inneren Verfassung und Verbreitung auf den deutschen Universitäten dargestellt, Halle 1799
Leben und Schicksale von ihm selbst beschrieben, herausgegeben von Karl Wolfgang Becker, 1989 Koehler u. Amelang, München,
F. C. Laukhard, ein abenteuerliches Leben während der Französischen Revolution, herausgegeben von Franz Dobmann, 1969 Heidenheimer Verlagsanst.,
Leben und Taten des Rheingrafen Carl Magnus, den Joseph II. auf zehn Jahre ins Gefängnis nach Königstein schickte, 1798, herausgegeben von Lothar Baus, Asclepios Verlag,
Friedrich Christian Laukhard (1757–1822) : Band I: Nachrichten aus der wirklichen Welt - Studien zu Laukhards politischen Romanen. Band II: Kommenti ... und Materialien. Band III: Ausgewählte Texte, hg. von Christoph Weiss, Karl Richter, Gerhard Sauter, Gerhard Schmidt-Henkel, Röhrig Universitätsverlag GmbH,
Friedrich Christian Laukhard: Ein bemerkenswerter Wendelsheimer, von Jakob Schwind und Richard Wilhelm, Rheinhessische Druckwerkst.,
External links
Friedrich Christian Laukhard Gesellschaft
1757 births
1822 deaths
People from Alzey-Worms
German diarists
18th-century German novelists
19th-century German novelists
German travel writers
German non-fiction writers
German philosophers
Prussian Army personnel
University of Giessen alumni
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni
German male novelists
19th-century German male writers
19th-century German writers
German male non-fiction writers
18th-century German male writers
People of the War of the First Coalition |
Spiridon Eristovich Zhevakhov () or Spiridon Javakhishvili () (1768 – 25 July 1815) was a Russian general of Georgian noble descent and a participant of the Napoleonic Wars.
Zhevakhov was born in the émigré Georgian family of Prince Javakhishvili who had an estate in Ukraine. He enlisted in the Leib-Guard Preobrazhensky regiment in 1779 and took part in the war against the Turkey (1787-1792), Poland (1794), Persia (1796), and Suvorov’s campaign in Switzerland (1799). In 1797, he joined the Pavlograd hussar regiment of which he would become a commander in 1810. He fought against Napoleonic France from 1805 to 1807 and was promoted to a colonel in 1807. During the French invasion of Russia in 1812, Zhevakhov served in the 3rd Army of the West and successfully commanded cavalry units. He distinguished himself in the 1813 Battle of Leipzig and was made a major-general. In 1813, he contributed to the Allies’ victory in the Netherlands. After the end of the hostilities with France, he commanded a brigade in the 3rd hussar division.
References
1768 births
1815 deaths
Russian people of Georgian descent
Nobility of Georgia (country)
Imperial Russian Army generals
Georgian generals in the Imperial Russian Army
Georgian major generals (Imperial Russia)
Russian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Russian people of the Kościuszko Uprising
People of the Russo-Persian Wars
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree |
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE configuration
PUBLIC "-//mybatis.org//DTD Config 3.0//EN"
"path_to_url">
<configuration>
<mappers>
<mapper class="com.baomidou.mybatisplus.core.MybatisXMLConfigBuilderTest$EntityMapper"/>
</mappers>
</configuration>
``` |
```html+erb
<% if policy(Article).create? %>
<div class="crayons-card crayons-card--content-rows" id="rss">
<div class="grid gap-4">
<h2 class="crayons-subtitle-1">
<%= t("views.settings.extensions.rss.heading", community: community_name) %>
</h2>
<% if @users_setting.feed_url.present? %>
<%= form_for @users_setting, url: users_settings_path do |f| %>
<%= f.hidden_field :feed_url, value: @users_setting.feed_url %>
<%= f.hidden_field :tab, value: @tab %>
<div class="flex items-center">
<button type="submit" class="crayons-btn crayons-btn--secondary"><%= t("views.settings.extensions.rss.fetch") %></button>
<p class="pl-2"><%= t("views.settings.extensions.rss.last_html", time: tag.time(id: "rss-fetch-time", datetime: @users_setting.user.feed_fetched_at.iso8601)) %></p>
</div>
<% end %>
<% end %>
<p>
<%= t("views.settings.extensions.rss.desc1_html", dashboard: link_to(t("views.settings.extensions.rss.dashboard"), "/dashboard")) %>
</p>
<p><%= t("views.settings.extensions.rss.desc2") %></p>
<p>
<%= t("views.settings.extensions.rss.desc3_html", guide: link_to(t("views.settings.extensions.rss.guide"), publishing_from_rss_guide_path)) %>
</p>
<p>
<%= t("views.settings.extensions.rss.desc4") %>
<%= t("contact_prompts.if_any_questions_html") %>
</p>
<p><%= t("views.settings.extensions.rss.desc5_html") %></p>
<p><em><%= t("views.settings.extensions.rss.desc6") %></em></p>
</div>
<%= form_for @users_setting, url: users_settings_path, html: { class: "grid gap-6" } do |f| %>
<div class="crayons-field">
<%= f.label :feed_url, "RSS Feed URL", class: "crayons-field__label" %>
<%= f.url_field :feed_url, placeholder: "path_to_url", class: "crayons-textfield" %>
</div>
<div class="crayons-field crayons-field--checkbox">
<%= f.check_box :feed_mark_canonical, class: "crayons-checkbox" %>
<%= f.label :feed_mark_canonical, t("views.settings.extensions.rss.mark_canonical_html"), class: "crayons-field__label" %>
</div>
<div class="crayons-field crayons-field--checkbox">
<%= f.check_box :feed_referential_link, class: "crayons-checkbox" %>
<%= f.label :feed_referential_link, t("views.settings.extensions.rss.referential_html", community: community_name), class: "crayons-field__label" %>
</div>
<%= f.hidden_field :tab, value: @tab, id: nil %>
<% button_text = @users_setting.feed_url.present? ? t("views.settings.extensions.rss.save") : t("views.settings.extensions.rss.submit") %>
<button class="crayons-btn w-max" type="submit"><%= button_text %></button>
<% end %>
</div>
<% end %>
``` |
```css
.root {
padding-left: 16px;
margin-top: 64px;
height: calc(100% - 60px) !important;
}
.root span {
font-size: 20px !important;
font-weight: 200 !important;
}
.link {
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
}
.activeLink {
color: #00ABE0;
font-weight: bold;
}
.link:hover {
font-weight: bold;
}
.sublink {
font-size: 16px;
margin-left: 10px;
user-select: none;
}
.disabled {
display: none;
}
``` |
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