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"18 Miles Out" is the tenth episode of the second season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead. It originally aired on AMC in the United States on February 26, 2012. The episode was written by Scott M. Gimple and series showrunner Glen Mazzara and directed by Ernest Dickerson. In the episode, Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) and Shane Walsh (Jon Bernthal) debate Randall (Michael Zegen)'s fate, leading to a physical battle between the two. Meanwhile, the survivors at the Greene farm deal with Beth Greene (Emily Kinney)'s suicidal behavior. In addition, this episode foreshadows the revelation that people do not need to be bitten to turn into walkers when Rick and Shane find two walkers without any sign of bite marks on them, although Rick dismisses the importance of this discovery.
Gimple added Rick and Shane's climactic fight scene into the episode's script, while Dickerson collaborated with stunt coordinator Lonnie Smith, Jr. on the choreography. An 800-pound motorcycle was used in the sequence, which was lightened by emptying the gas tank. "18 Miles Out" features recurring appearances from several actors and actresses including Lauren Cohan (Maggie Greene), Emily Kinney (Beth Greene), and Michael Zegen (Randall Culver).
"18 Miles Out" was well received by a number of television commentators, who praised the storyline and character development. Upon airing, it attained 7.04 million viewers and a 3.8 rating in the 18-49 demographic, according to Nielsen ratings. The episode became the second most-viewed cable telecast of the day, as well as the second most-watched cable television program of the week.
Plot
Randall, the teenager who Rick Grimes rescued, has fully recovered from his leg injury. Rick and Shane Walsh tie him up, gag him with duct tape and blindfold him, with plans to leave him at a school 18 miles from the farm. En route, Rick confronts Shane about what Lori has told him, including Shane's attraction to Lori and Shane's involvement in Otis' death.
At the school, they find a secure building and leave Randall there with a knife. As they leave, Randall pleads to take them back, and then says he had gone to school with Maggie Greene and knows her father Hershel, suggesting he knows the farm's location. Shane prepares to kill Randall, but Rick tackles him. During the fight that follows, Rick is able to defeat Shane, who angrily breaks a window that releases a horde of walkers in the building. Shane takes safety in a school bus while Rick rescues Randall back to their vehicle. After contemplating leaving Shane, Rick returns to help Shane get to safety as well. They tie up and gag Randall again and return with him to the farm. Rick tells Shane that he will need to follow his orders to remain part of the group.
At the farmhouse, Lori, Maggie, and Andrea are taking care of Maggie's younger sister Beth, who is now conscious. Maggie confides that Glenn has lost confidence because he feels their relationship made him lose focus at the shootout in the bar, hence Lori advises her to make Glenn "man up". The women eventually realize Beth has become suicidal and place her under suicide watch. Lori and Andrea argue; Andrea believes the decision to stay alive should be Beth's alone, while Lori strongly disagrees; Andrea and Lori criticize each other in the process.
Andrea then proceeds to take over responsibility for Beth, after convincing Maggie to take a break. She locks Beth inside the room, opens the bathroom door, and leaves Beth alone to make her own choice. She advises the pain will never subside, "but you make room for it". Beth attempts suicide by using a shard of broken mirror to cut her wrist, but Maggie and Lori manage to pry the bathroom door open in time to save Beth, who is bleeding profusely but relatively okay. Andrea returns to the house to check on Beth and is confronted by a furious Maggie. Andrea reasons that she allowed Beth to explore her choices, and Beth is now more convinced than ever that suicide is not an option. Maggie condemns Andrea's actions and forbids her from ever again setting foot inside the house.
Production
"18 Miles Out" was directed by Ernest Dickerson and co-written by Scott M. Gimple and showrunner Glen Mazzara. The storyline between Rick Grimes and Shane Walsh reaches a climax in "18 Miles Out", in which the two men get into a heated argument, ultimately engaging in a physical confrontation. Gimple conceived and wrote the scene into the episode's script. In the fight scene, the moves were choreographed. Dickerson collaborated with Lonnie Smith, Jr. who served as the stunt coordinator. Smith cast two stuntmen to demonstrate and act out the scene for Lincoln and Bernthal so they could duplicate the choreography. Jeremy Connors portrayed Rick, while Trent Bry played the role of Shane. In the fight sequence, Shane topples a motorcycle onto Rick's legs, temporarily immobilizing him. The motorcycle weighed an estimated 800 pounds; in order to decrease the weight of the vehicle, Dickerson and his team emptied the gas tank. This was rehearsed at the series' production studios. Scalan Backus, The Walking Deads special effects technician, rigged the vehicle's footpeg to prevent it from sliding and making contact with the actors' legs. Backus also added a rod with a secure stable so it would give further clearance to the actors and increase the motorcycle's height from the ground. The cameramen filmed the shots at an angle, creating the illusion that the vehicle did hit the actors' legs. Writer Robert Kirkman summated on the aftermath of the confrontation:
At the end of this week's episode, Rick is of the mind that they're square; they've got everything out in the open, they've each said their piece and they both know where each other stands, they've had their big blowout and they're riding back in that car and Rick thinks he's handled it. He doesn't necessarily think he's got his friend back, but he thinks the matters are settled. From the look of Shane in that car, I don't know that he's necessarily thinking that. For the most part, this conflict may be put on the back burner for the time being. It definitely seems like Shane still has a bone to pick.
While returning to Hershel's farm, Shane stares at a walker in an abandoned field. Kirkman stated the walker symbolizes the growing scope of the zombie virus. "We're really just trying to show that that kind of thing is inescapable," he said. "You're just driving down the street, you look over and, 'Oh, there you go, there’s a zombie.' We're trying to show that this world is becoming more and more populated by zombies. Our thinking is that large population centers like Atlanta are really where the heart of this began and as [Rick and crew] moved out to Hershel’s farm they didn’t really encounter very many walkers because they are moving out of the city center at a faster rate than the zombie population. And that zombie population is starting to catch up with them. The area is starting to become more and more dense with walkers."
Lori Grimes accuses Andrea of participating very little in household tasks. Kirkman avouched that since the initiation of the zombie apocalypse, many of the characters have reverted to traditional gender roles; "Lori is really just aggravated over a lot of things and she's lashing out. She was serious and she wants Andrea to pull her weight; certain people are stuck with certain tasks and to a certain extent people are retreating back into traditional gender roles because of how this survival-crazy world seems to work. Lori has a lot of things going on so she's definitely going to be behaving somewhat irrationally at times as she tries to cope with the pregnancy and the conflict between Rick and Shane as well as dealing with the fact that Rick was out on the road again. She's going through a lot of stuff."
Cultural references
"18 Miles Out" features several references to music, film, media, and other pop culture phenomena. The episode is structured similarly to the Breaking Bad episode "4 Days Out". Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote: "'18 Miles Out' has a title that's very similar to '4 Days Out', one of the most memorable episodes of Breaking Bad, and a structure that's relatively similar: our two leads go on a long drive together for what should be a routine bit of business, have a lot of conversations about where they are at this point, and then hit a major obstacle that might keep them from driving home alive." While driving in his car, Rick tells Shane of an incident with a close relative, who was sitting in blizzard-like conditions while listening to a narrative of The Lord of the Rings. A scene towards the end of the episode contains the song Driver's Seat by rock band Sniff 'n' the Tears. In the concluding scene of "18 Miles Out", the song "Civilian" by indie folk band Wye Oak can be heard playing in the background.
Reception
Ratings
"18 Miles Out" was originally broadcast on February 26, 2012, in the United States on AMC. Upon airing, the episode attained 7.04 million viewers and a 3.8 rating in the 18-49 demographic, according to Nielsen ratings. Although it obtained the highest-rating in the 18-49 demographic out of any cable telecast of the day, "18 Miles Out" was the second most-viewed cable television program of the week. Its total viewership was slightly below that of the 2012 NBA All-Star Game, which garnered 7.07 million viewers. The episode became the second highest-rated cable program of the week dated February 26. Ratings and total viewership increased moderately from the previous episode, "Triggerfinger", which received 6.89 million viewers and a 3.6 rating in the 18-49 demographic.
Critical response
"18 Miles Out" was critically acclaimed by television commentators. Bex Schwartz of Rolling Stone opined that the installment was an excellent and well-written episode, proclaiming that it "balanced zombie action with human drama". In his B grade review for the episode, Zack Halden of The A.V. Club felt that "18 Miles Out" was one of the second season's more solid attempts; "While there's no question this is still serialized, the story here had a clear beginning, middle, and end, and we stay focused the whole time on two plot arcs: Rick and Shane deciding what to do with Randall [...] while Lori, Maggie, and Andrea deal in their own individual ways with Beth’s desire to kill herself." Halden resumed that it made him hopeful of future installments of The Walking Dead. Matt Barone of Complex, Andrew Conrad of The Baltimore Sun, and IGN's Eric Goldman asserted that "18 Miles Out" was one of the series' best episodes, while The Star-Ledger Mark Mauer thought that it was redundant, ultimately concluding that "it indulged in another subplot centered on a petty argument". Goldman professed that the episodic direction was more focused than previous installments. Concluding his review, he gave the episode a 9.5 out of 10, signifying an "amazing" rating. SFX journalist Ian Berriman echoed analogous sentiments, inevitably issuing "18 Miles Out" a four-and-a-half star rating. He called it the season's best episode, and wrote that it was filled with "action, explosive arguments, [and] difficult decisions".
Aaron Rutkoff of The Wall Street Journal touted the installment; "The writers' oratorical impulses were mostly kept in check, giving us instead an action-filled A plot in the field and a suspenseful B plot on the farm, and both have serious stakes. The motif connecting the two plots: knives. This episode was all about knives." Gary Roszko of The Huffington Post stated that "18 Miles Out" was a nice transition from what he thought was the typical development of the show. Sepinwall asserted that the episode was the strongest telecast since the second-season premiere, "What Lies Ahead". While CraveOnline writer Blair Marnell felt that it was a good telecast, he declared that "18 Miles Out" was slightly inferior to its predecessor. New York Starlee Kine was critical of the flashbacks in the episode, who described the process as baffling. She wrote, "It was done in the oddest way, though, where the flashbacks didn’t add any additional information than that which we already knew. It was as though the writers thought a flashback could be used in place of their characters having backstories, instead of as a vehicle to convey them."
Critics lauded the development of the storyline between Shane and Rick. Writing for Best Week Ever, Dan Hopper stated that it presented a cold and eerie outlook on the future of the two men. Nate Rawlings of Time evaluated their physical confrontation as "darn good", and Alex Crumb of The Faster Times called it "wholly satisfying". Entertainment Weekly writer Darren Franich commended the fight scene; "The Shane/Rick fight was great, a brilliantly extended scuffle that started out with an air of boys-will-be-boys pettiness but quickly escalated into something genuinely homicidal." Goldman summated on the scene: "Of course, it was also gratifying to finally see that conflict turn physical, with a fight we've been waiting to see for a long time. Rick vs. Shane was appropriately brutal and did a very good job of representing the two men's different tactics—Rick was no doubt a formidable and dangerous guy in a fight, wailing on Shane with a series of punches. But Shane was going for the kill, using anything he could grab as a weapon, as he shoved a motorcycle onto Rick at one point and then threw a massive wrench at him in an effective, 'Holy S**t!' moment."
References
External links
"18 Miles Out" at AMC
2012 American television episodes
The Walking Dead (season 2) episodes
Television episodes directed by Ernest Dickerson |
Boreotrophon clathratus, common name the clathrate trophon, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
Description
The height of the shell varies between 12 mm and 97 mm. The fusiform shell has fourteen ribs. The whorls have numerous sharp, laminated varices. The canal is open and turned to the left. There is no umbilicus. The thin lip is smooth within.
Distribution
This species has a wide, usually boreal distribution. It occurs in European waters, the Baltic Sea, the Beaufort Sea, in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, in the Bering Strait, in the Yellow Sea, in the Pacific Ocean.
References
Further reading
Ziegelmeier, E. (1966). Die Schnecken (Gastropoda Prosobranchia) der deutsche Meeresgebiete und brackigen Küstengewässer [The Gastropoda Prosobranchia from the German seas and brackish coastal waters]. Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunters. 13: 1-66
Gosner, K.L. 1971. Guide to identification of marine and estuarine invertebrates: Cape Hatteras to the Bay of Fundy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 693 p.
Linkletter, L.E. 1977. A checklist of marine fauna and flora of the Bay of Fundy. Huntsman Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, N.B. 68 p
Backeljau, T. (1986). Lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van België [List of the recent marine molluscs of Belgium]. Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen: Brussels, Belgium. 106 pp
Turgeon, D.D., et al. 1998. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates of the United States and Canada. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26
de Kluijver, M.J.; Ingalsuo, S.S.; de Bruyne, R.H. (2000). Macrobenthos of the North Sea [CD-ROM]: 1. Keys to Mollusca and Brachiopoda. World Biodiversity Database CD-ROM Series. Expert Center for Taxonomic Identification (ETI): Amsterdam, the Netherlands. . 1 cd-rom pp
Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
Trott, T.J. 2004. Cobscook Bay inventory: a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years. Northeastern Naturalist (Special Issue 2): 261–324
Muller, Y. (2004). Faune et flore du littoral du Nord, du Pas-de-Calais et de la Belgique: inventaire. [Coastal fauna and flora of the Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Belgium: inventory]. Commission Régionale de Biologie Région Nord Pas-de-Calais: France. 307 pp.
Yakovis E. & Artemieva A. (2015). "Bored to Death: Community-Wide Effect of Predation on a Foundation Species in a Low-Disturbance Arctic Subtidal System". PLoS ONE 10(7): e0132973.
External links
Boreotrophon
Gastropods described in 1767
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
```c
/*
*
* This file is part of FFmpeg.
*
* FFmpeg is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
*
* FFmpeg is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
* Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
*/
#include "config.h"
#if HAVE_UNISTD_H
#include <unistd.h> /* getopt */
#endif
#include "libavutil/pixdesc.h"
#include "libavcodec/avcodec.h"
#include "libavutil/common.h"
#include "libavcodec/raw.h"
#undef printf
#undef fprintf
#if !HAVE_GETOPT
#include "compat/getopt.c"
#endif
static void usage(void)
{
printf("Show the relationships between rawvideo pixel formats and FourCC tags.\n");
printf("usage: fourcc2pixfmt [OPTIONS]\n");
printf("\n"
"Options:\n"
"-l list the pixel format for each fourcc\n"
"-L list the fourccs for each pixel format\n"
"-p PIX_FMT given a pixel format, print the list of associated fourccs (one per line)\n"
"-h print this help\n");
}
static void print_pix_fmt_fourccs(enum AVPixelFormat pix_fmt, const PixelFormatTag *pix_fmt_tags, char sep)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; pix_fmt_tags[i].pix_fmt != AV_PIX_FMT_NONE; i++) {
if (pix_fmt_tags[i].pix_fmt == pix_fmt) {
char buf[32];
av_get_codec_tag_string(buf, sizeof(buf), pix_fmt_tags[i].fourcc);
printf("%s%c", buf, sep);
}
}
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int i, list_fourcc_pix_fmt = 0, list_pix_fmt_fourccs = 0;
const PixelFormatTag *pix_fmt_tags = avpriv_get_raw_pix_fmt_tags();
const char *pix_fmt_name = NULL;
char c;
if (argc == 1) {
usage();
return 0;
}
while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "hp:lL")) != -1) {
switch (c) {
case 'h':
usage();
return 0;
case 'l':
list_fourcc_pix_fmt = 1;
break;
case 'L':
list_pix_fmt_fourccs = 1;
break;
case 'p':
pix_fmt_name = optarg;
break;
case '?':
usage();
return 1;
}
}
if (list_fourcc_pix_fmt) {
for (i = 0; pix_fmt_tags[i].pix_fmt != AV_PIX_FMT_NONE; i++) {
char buf[32];
av_get_codec_tag_string(buf, sizeof(buf), pix_fmt_tags[i].fourcc);
printf("%s: %s\n", buf, av_get_pix_fmt_name(pix_fmt_tags[i].pix_fmt));
}
}
if (list_pix_fmt_fourccs) {
for (i = 0; av_pix_fmt_desc_get(i); i++) {
const AVPixFmtDescriptor *pix_desc = av_pix_fmt_desc_get(i);
if (!pix_desc->name || pix_desc->flags & AV_PIX_FMT_FLAG_HWACCEL)
continue;
printf("%s: ", pix_desc->name);
print_pix_fmt_fourccs(i, pix_fmt_tags, ' ');
printf("\n");
}
}
if (pix_fmt_name) {
enum AVPixelFormat pix_fmt = av_get_pix_fmt(pix_fmt_name);
if (pix_fmt == AV_PIX_FMT_NONE) {
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid pixel format selected '%s'\n", pix_fmt_name);
return 1;
}
print_pix_fmt_fourccs(pix_fmt, pix_fmt_tags, '\n');
}
return 0;
}
``` |
Livingston is a town in and the county seat of Polk County, Texas. With a population of 5,640 at the 2020 census, it is the largest city in Polk County. It is located about 46 miles south of Lufkin and was originally settled in 1835 as Springfield. Its name was changed in 1846 to Livingston, when it was designated as the county seat of Polk County.
The Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation is located to the east of Livingston. This people traditionally occupied territory in what is now east Texas and Louisiana. The 2000 census reported a resident population of 480 persons within the reservation. The tribe has nearly 1200 enrolled members.
Geography
Livingston is located at (30.709518, –94.934443).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which, are land and 0.12% is covered by water. However, the town of Livingston is about east of Lake Livingston, which is the largest drinking-water reservoir in Texas.
Elevation: 148 ft
The zip code is 77351 for the general area of Livingston.
Demographics
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 5,640 people, 1,951 households, and 1,268 families residing in the town.
The population in the 2010 census was 5,335, and was estimated to be 5,128 in 2018.
As of the census of 2000, the population density was . The 2,358 housing units averaged 282.1 per square mile (108.9/km). The racial makeup of the town was 70.38% White, 18.50% African American, 0.64% Native American, 0.83% Asian, 8.08% from other races, and 1.56% from two or more races. About 13.90% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
Of the 2,048 households, 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.4% were married couples living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were not families. About 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.13.
In the town, the population was distributed as 27.7% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $31,424, and for a family was $37,868. Males had a median income of $30,318 versus $21,774 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,214. About 18.2% of families and 22.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.7% of those under age 18 and 17.4% of those age 65 or over.
In the 2010 Census, Livingston lost 1.8% of its population.2010 Census for Livingston, Texas
Government and infrastructure
The United States Postal Service operates the Livingston Post Office.
The Livingston Municipal Airport, operated by the City of Livingston, is located in West Livingston.
Nearby West Livingston has the Texas Department of Criminal Justice Allan B. Polunsky Unit. Since 1999 this prison has been the location of Texas's death row.
A few miles outside of Livingston is the IAH Polk County Secure Adult Detention Center, which houses around 700 immigrant men daily who have been detained by federal agents of Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Run by the private-prison company Community Education Centers, the facility has frequently been criticized for its subpar treatment of migrants. It is ranked as one of the 10 worst detention centers in the nation, which are the subject of a nationwide campaign by activists to close them.
Local government
Livingston has a manager-council system of government. It elects a mayor at-large, and has a city council made up of members elected from single-member districts. The city council hires a professional city manager to handle operations. The current mayor is Judy Cochran.
Economy
The major employers in Livingston are lumber operations and the Polunsky Unit state prison in West Livingston.
Livingston is the headquarters to two regional bank systems, the First National Bank and the First State Bank.
First State Bank has its main office in downtown Livingston and branches in Livingston (west side of town on Highway 190), Onalaska, and Shepherd.
First National Bank has its main office on Highway 190 and branches in downtown Livingston and Onalaska.
Transportation
The city's airport, Livingston Municipal Airport (LMA) is located to the southwest of the city. It is classified as a general-aviation facility serving private aircraft.
Major highways:
U.S. Highway 59
U.S. 59 is scheduled to be upgraded to Interstate 69.
U.S. Highway 190
State Highway 146
Education
The City of Livingston is served by the Livingston Independent School District.
The Texas Legislature designated Polk County as within the boundary of Angelina College's district. Polk County Community College opened in the fall of 2014. The college offers various classes and two-year associate degrees.
Recreation
Lake Evelyn is within the borders of Camp Cho-Yeh, which began operation in the 1940s; it continues to operate as a summer camp and retreat center. Cho-Yeh means 'land of tall pines', and was so named because of the large pine trees on the property. Cho-Yeh is also used by Texas A&M Galveston for their yearly Fish Camp to introduce TAMUG students to the traditions of the university system.
Notable people
Laci Kaye Booth, American Idol contestant 2019, top-five finalist
Paul Carr, NFL and University of Houston football player; he worked and lived in Livingston as the elementary school physical-education coach
Billy Eli, musician and songwriter
Clem Fain, Jr., Texas state senator, honorary chief of and Texas agent for the Alabama-Coushatta
Percy Foreman, criminal defense attorney
Annette Gordon-Reed, Harvard historian and law professor, winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History and the National Book Award for Nonfiction, was born here and grew up in nearby Conroe, Texas
Lyda Green, Alaska state senator for 14 years
Margo Jones, stage director who launched the careers of Tennessee Williams and Ray Walston, and directed Williams's The Glass Menagerie on Broadway
Long King, Principal chief of the Coushatta Indians
Sally Mayes, Award-winning Broadway actress and singer; Livingston named a street in her honor
Mark Moseley, Super Bowl XVII and the 1982 National Football League Most Valuable Player Award as a placekicker
Lt. James N. Parker, Jr., Co-pilot of crew number 9 in the Doolittle Raid (Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo), awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross
Gene Phillips, Professional basketball player
Isaac Newton Turner, Captain in the Civil War with Hood's Brigade
Samuel M. Whitside, Commanded Camp Livingston in the late 1860s during the reconstruction period
Brad Womack, star of ABC's The Bachelor seasons 11 and 15
Media
KCTL Television
KETX Television
STRYK TV – Video Country Locally owned & operated by Mouser Media
KETX Radio (1440 KETX (AM)
KEHH
PolkCountyToday.com (news website)
Polk County Enterprise (newspaper), East Texas News (online version of the "Polk County Enterprise")
Livingston Dunbar (1A-PVIL) state champions 1954
Livingston Dunbar (1A-PVIL) state champions 1958
Livingston Dunbar (1A-PVIL) state runner-up 1959
High-school basketball:
Livingston High (all schools in one division) 1939
Livingston Dunbar (1A-PVIL) Runner Up 1952
Tourism and recreation
Destinations
Lake Livingston
Lake Livingston State Park Lake Livingston State Park — Texas Parks & Wildlife Department
Pedigo Park
Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation
Attractions
Light of Saratoga at Bragg Road
391 Historical Markers
Polk County MuseumPOLK COUNTY MUSEUM – Polk County Historical Society
Swartout: Former River Ferry Town, now a ghost town
Events
Trinity Neches Livestock show and Rodeo (founded in 1945)
Polk County Fireworks on Lake Livingston
Annual Jingle Bell Fun Run and Walk
Hometown Christmas
5k Dam Run
Entertainment references
Lake Livingston was featured on the third episode of the first season of the television show, River Monsters, which aired 4/19/2009 on Animal Planet. The host, Jeremy Wade, was searching for alligator gar.
References
External links
Livingston City website
Livingston-Polk County Chamber of Commerce
Livingston ISD
Lake Livingston Recreational Home Page
Dentists In Livingston TX
Towns in Polk County, Texas
Towns in Texas
County seats in Texas
Populated places established in 1835 |
Winifred Ann Taylor, Baroness Taylor of Bolton, (born 2 July 1947) is a British politician and life peer who served in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2001. A member of the Labour Party, she was Member of Parliament (MP) for Bolton West from 1974 to 1983, and Dewsbury from 1987 to 2005.
Early life and education
Winifred Ann Taylor was born on 2 July 1947 in London, England. Her mother was born in Lancashire and her grandfather hailed from Motherwell, Scotland, serving as chairman of local Labour Party. Taylor was educated at Bolton School, where she was head girl. She studied at the University of Bradford, where she graduated with a BSc in Politics and History in 1969.
Political career
Taylor contested the marginal Bolton West constituency at the February 1974 general election, but lost to incumbent Conservative Robert Redmond by a majority of 603 votes. However, she was elected to represent the same constituency in October 1974, defeating Redmond with a majority of 903.
During her first term in Parliament, she served in the Callaghan government as an assistant whip from 1977 to 1979. Notably the first female whip in the UK Parliament, she was later depicted in the 2012 play This House.
Re-elected at the 1979 general election with a reduced majority of 600 votes, she unsuccessfully contested the new Bolton North East seat in 1983, defeated by Conservative Peter Thurnham. Taylor returned to Parliament upon her election to the Dewsbury constituency at the 1987 general election, representing the seat until her retirement in 2005.
When she returned to the House of Commons in 1987, Taylor became a shadow minister under Labour leader Neil Kinnock; covering education and science from 1979 to 1981 and the environment from 1981 to 1992. She then served in the Shadow Cabinets of John Smith and Tony Blair as Shadow Secretary of State for Education from 1992 to 1994, Shadow Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1994 to 1995 and Shadow Leader of the House of Commons from 1994 to 1997.
In the first Blair ministry, Taylor became the first woman to serve as Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Privy Council in 1997. After a 1998 cabinet reshuffle, she went on to become the first woman to serve as Government Chief Whip (Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury).
As a backbencher, Taylor served as chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee from 2001 to 2005. Her appointment to this post was criticised by opposition Liberal Democrats. She also sponsored a Private Member's Bill, the 'Succession to the Crown (no 2)' Bill, which sought to eliminate gender and religious discrimination in the royal succession.
On 13 May 2005 it was announced that Taylor was to be given a life peerage, and she was created Baroness Taylor of Bolton, of Bolton in the County of Greater Manchester, on 13 June 2005. She was made Minister for Defence Procurement on 7 November 2007, following Lord Drayson's decision to resign to compete in the American Le Mans Series; unlike her predecessor, she was paid. Following the Brown reshuffle of October 2008, she was moved to a new post at both the Ministry of Defence and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office as Minister for International Defence and Security.
In September 2022 she became a member of the House of Lords Appointments Commission, filling the quota for the Labour Party.
References
External links
Guardian Politics Ask Aristotle – Ann Taylor
They Work For You – Ann Taylor
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1947 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Bradford
English people of Scottish descent
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Female members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) life peers
Leaders of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Life peeresses created by Elizabeth II
Lord Presidents of the Council
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at Bolton School
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
20th-century British women politicians
21st-century British women politicians
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Bolton West
20th-century English women
20th-century English people
21st-century English women
21st-century English people |
Lambaréné is a town and the capital of Moyen-Ogooué in Gabon. It has a population of 38,775 as of 2013, and is located 75 kilometres south of the equator.
Lambaréné is based in the Central African Rainforest at the river Ogooué. This river divides the city into 3 districts: Rive Gauche, Ile Lambaréné and Rive Droite. The Albert Schweitzer Hospital and the districts Adouma and Abongo are located on Rive Droite. The districts Atongowanga, Sahoty, Dakar, Grand Village, Château, Lalala and Bordamur build the Ile Lambaréné. The majority of the people in Lambaréné live in the district Isaac located on Rive Gauche. This district hosts the Lambaréné Airport.
Today Lambaréné is inhabited mainly by Bantu ethnic groups such as the Fang, Bapounou, Eshira, and Myéné; these displaced the Pygmies to the east and north of Gabon. The main economic activity in the town is the fishery and a new port is under construction.
Albert Schweitzer hospital
The Franco-German Nobel Peace Prize winner Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965) founded his hospital in Lambaréné in 1913. Today, the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer comprises departments of Internal Medicine, Surgery, Paediatrics, a maternity clinic, a dentistry clinic and since 1981 a Medical Research Unit, which focuses on malaria research.
Climate
Lambaréné has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). The average temperature at Lambaréné is 27 °C. The rainy season starts in October and ends in June (including a short dry season in December/January). The long dry season is from July to September.
Notable residents
Albert Schwietzer, theologian, polymath, musician and music scholar, and physician, founded and supervised the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer in Lambaréné in 1913.
Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, Italo-French explorer and later colonial governor of French Equatorial Africa, resided at Lambaréné on several occasions.
Rose Francine Rogombé, Interim President following the death of Omar Bongo, was born in Lambaréné.
André Raponda Walker, the anthropologist and priest, worked nearby.
References
Bibliography
Maria Petringa, Brazza, A Life for Africa. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2006.
External links
Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital Lambaréné
Austrian Social Service in Lambaréne
Populated places in Moyen-Ogooué Province |
West Blean and Thornden Woods is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Canterbury in Kent. It is part of the Blean Woods Nature Conservation Review site (a Grade I site), and an area of is a nature reserve managed by the Kent Wildlife Trust. The woods form one of the largest areas of ancient woodland in the UK, with parts of it over 1,000 years old.
These woods have more than fifty species of breeding birds, and the diverse invertebrate fauna include five nationally rare and thirteen nationally scarce species. There is also a population of the declining and protected hazel dormouse.
In July 2022, as part of the Wilder Blean project, European bison were released in to West Blean and Thornden Woods. The reintroduction to the UK in 2022, the first time in 6000 years (apart from an unsuccessful project in Scotland in 2011), is to consist of a herd of 3 females and 1 male. The bisons’ natural behaviour is expected to transform an area of former commercial pine forest into a natural woodland. Exmoor ponies, iron age pigs and Longhorn cattle are also to be released into the woods.
There is access to the nature reserve but some areas are private land.
References
Kent Wildlife Trust
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Kent
Forests and woodlands of Kent
Rewilding in the United Kingdom |
William Nathaniel Ethridge Jr. (August 3, 1912 – July 29, 1971) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi from 1952 to 1971, serving as chief justice from 1966 until his death in 1971.
Born in Columbus, Mississippi, Ethridge was a second cousin of George H. Ethridge, who served as a justice on the state supreme court. Ethridge suffered from polio as a child, and required the use of a wheelchair. He attended the public schools of West Point, Mississippi, and received degrees from the University of Mississippi and the University of Southern California. He then engaged in private practice in Oxford, Mississippi, and Jackson, Mississippi, and taught at the University of Mississippi School of Law. In 1950, he published Modernizing Mississippi's Constitution.
In October 1950, Governor Fielding L. Wright appointed Ethridge, then 40 years old, to one of three newly-established seats on the state supreme court, likely making Ethridge the first judge appointed to the court with a physical handicap. Ethridge was then re-elected to the seat without opposition in 1952, and again in 1960. He became Chief Justice in 1966, winning re-election to that office in 1968, and serving in that capacity until his death.
Personal life and death
Ethridge married Laura Clark of Webb, Mississippi, with whom he had five children.
He died at Baptist Hospital in Jackson at the age of 58, from an apparent heart attack while recuperating from surgery to remove his gallbladder.
References
1912 births
1971 deaths
People from Columbus, Mississippi
University of Mississippi alumni
University of Southern California alumni
Justices of the Mississippi Supreme Court |
```smalltalk
Extension { #name : 'Slot' }
{ #category : '*Shout' }
Slot >> styleNameIn: aRBVariableNode [
^ #instVar
]
``` |
Landscape with the Fall of Icarus is a painting in oil on canvas measuring now in the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels. It was long thought to be by the leading painter of Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting, Pieter Bruegel the Elder. However, following technical examinations in 1996 of the painting hanging in the Brussels museum, that attribution is regarded as very doubtful, and the painting, perhaps painted in the 1560s, is now usually seen as a good early copy by an unknown artist of Bruegel's lost original, perhaps from about 1558. According to the museum: "It is doubtful the execution is by Bruegel the Elder, but the composition can be said with certainty to be his", although recent technical research has re-opened the question.
Largely derived from Ovid, the painting is described in W. H. Auden's famous poem "Musée des Beaux-Arts", named after the museum in Brussels which holds the painting, and became the subject of a poem of the same name by William Carlos Williams, as well as "Lines on Bruegel's 'Icarus'" by Michael Hamburger.
Though the world landscape, a type of work with the title subject represented by small figures in the distance, was an established type in Early Netherlandish painting, pioneered by Joachim Patinir, to have a much larger unrelated "genre" figure in the foreground is original and represents something of a blow against the emerging hierarchy of genres. Other landscapes by Bruegel, for example The Hunters in the Snow (1565) and others in that series of paintings showing the seasons, show genre figures in a raised foreground, but not so large relative to the size of the image, nor with a subject from a "higher" class of painting in the background.
However, paintings from the same period by the Antwerp artist Pieter Aertsen had large kitchen or market genre scenes, with large figures in the foreground, and in the distant background a glimpse of a scene from the Life of Christ. Giving more prominence to "low" subject-matter than "high" in the same work is a feature of some Northern Mannerist art, often called "Mannerist inversion". The traditional moral of the Icarus story, warning against excessive ambition, is reinforced by (literally) fore-grounding humbler figures who appear content to fill useful agricultural roles in life.
Description
In Greek mythology, Icarus succeeded in flying, with wings made by his father Daedalus, using feathers secured with beeswax. Ignoring his father's warnings, Icarus chose to fly too close to the sun, melting the wax, and fell into the sea and drowned. His legs can be seen in the water just below the ship. The sun, already half-set on the horizon, is a long way away; the flight did not reach anywhere near it. Daedalus does not appear in this version of the painting, though he does, still flying, in the van Buuren one (see left).
The ploughman, shepherd and angler are mentioned in Ovid's account of the legend; they are: "astonished and think to see gods approaching them through the aether", which is not entirely the impression given in the painting. The shepherd gazing into the air, away from the ship, may be explained by another version of the composition (see below); in the original work there was probably also a figure of Daedalus in the sky to the left, at which he stares. There is also a Flemish proverb (of the sort imaged in other works by Bruegel): "And the farmer continued to plough..." (En de boer ... hij ploegde voort") pointing out the ignorance of people to fellow men's suffering. The painting may, as Auden's poem suggests, depict humankind's indifference to suffering by highlighting the ordinary events which continue to occur, despite the unobserved death of Icarus.
Attribution
The painting is probably a version of a lost original by Bruegel. A date of c. 1558 has been suggested for the lost original, based on Bruegel's other works; the copy probably comes from the 1560s or soon after. It is in oils whereas Bruegel's other paintings on canvas are in tempera.
The work was unknown until it was bought by the museum in 1912; subsequently another version on panel, generally considered inferior, turned up, which was acquired in 1953 by Daniel van Buuren for his private house, today a museum in Brussels. In this, which excludes the far left and right sides of the composition, Icarus is in the water but Daedelus is still in the air, and the shepherd's gaze is directed at him, explaining one aspect of the composition of the other version. The original would have been Bruegel's only known painting of a mythological subject. The perspective of the ship and figures is not entirely consistent, although this may enhance the power of the composition. Bruegel also produced a design for an engraving with the ship and the two falling figures.
Since its acquisition by the Museum in 1912, its authenticity has been challenged by several specialists, mainly for two reasons: (i) the relatively weak quality of the painting compared to other Bruegels, although this question is complicated by later overpainting; (ii) it is an oil painting on canvas, an exception in the work of Peter Bruegel the Elder who made all his oil paintings on panel.
In 1963, Philippe Roberts-Jones, curator at the museum, and the Bruegel specialist Georges Marlier, hypothesized that an original panel painting had been later moved onto canvas, as was once common.
Scientific tests
In 1998, a mixed team of scientists from the Belgian Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage and the University of Utrecht attempted to solve the authenticity problem by a radiocarbon dating of the canvas that was supposed to be the original support. As mentioned here above, the conclusion of this dating was that P. Bruegel the Elder cannot have painted on this canvas. Later, in 2006, Prof. J. Reisse (Université libre de Bruxelles) challenged this dating on technical grounds.
A sample of blue paint taken from the right edge in 1973 was re-examined by performing analysis such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), which in connection with optical microscopy revealed the following structure and composition. From bottom to top:
Canvas (from transposition);
Oily lead white (adhesive);
Thick oily layer with azurite (repaint);
Chalk ground;
Oily lead white with scarce particles of charcoal;
Oily blue with azurite;
with layers 4 to 6 being original.
The presence of chalk ground under the original blue proves that this is a panel painting transposed on a canvas.
The original blue layer is lead white with azurite containing a few grains of ochre and charcoal. These structure and composition match perfectly those found on other certified panels of Peter Bruegel. Moreover, it is noticeable that the wood charcoal particles are very peculiar, being very long and acicular, exactly the same as those found only in The Census from the same Museum.
Recently, a study of the underdrawing using infrared reflectography has been published. Reflectography is based on the fact that the infrared light penetrates all colors except black. As a result, the drawing, mostly black, can be made visible. The interpretation of these reflectograms is of course more subjective, but in a global way, the drawing from the Fall of Icarus is not really different from other certified works from Peter Bruegel the Elder. This drawing is generally limited to a layout of the elements. Probably because the thin, weakly covering paint on white ground would hide imperfectly a detailed graphism.
A re-interpretation of the reflectograms in agreement with the other analysis suggested the conclusion that the work in the Museum of Fine Arts in Brussels is a panel painting transferred to canvas. The paint layer and maybe also the underdrawing have been severely damaged by this intervention as well as by two more relinings, responsible for the heavy overpainting. In the paint sample remains a fragment with structure and composition matching perfectly the technique of the large panels attributed to Peter Bruegel the Elder. It is therefore unlikely that this version of the Fall of Icarus might be from the hand of a copyist, except perhaps from P. Bruegel the Younger. Conversely, the Van Buuren copy with a different technique cannot be attributed to either Peter Bruegel.
Mentions in other media
The painting is shown in Nicolas Roeg's film The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976), where a character opens a book of paintings to an image of it. On the facing page a description points out that the scene remains calm, the event of the fall hardly noticed. The painting also figures into the Walter Tevis novel on which the film is based. The characters of Newton and Bryce discuss the painting near the end of chapter four, part two.
Eric Steele, whose film The Bridge (2006) documents the suicides of two-dozen people who jumped off the world's most popular suicide site – the Golden Gate Bridge – throughout 2004, has compared images captured in his documentary to those of Bruegel's Landscape With the Fall of Icarus, because the fatal leaps go almost unnoticed by passersby.
Composer Brian Ferneyhough's 1988 chamber work La Chute d'Icare was inspired by the painting:
What this piece attempts to suggest is ... less a reflection on the heroic-tragic dimension of the underlying myth than a transcription of the strange sensation of "already having been" which is brilliantly evoked by Breughel in the view of a world serenely pursuing its own concerns, completely
oblivious to the almost invisible tiny pair of legs waving pathetically out of the water, the only record of the apocalyptic event being a pair of feathers floating disconsolately down in the wake of their erstwhile owner.
The painting features prominently in Frank Ceruzzi's dystopian play Round Went the Wheel (2019), where children take control of the world and use the painting and the Icarus myth as a way to teach the adult population about hubris and the dangers of technology.
The painting was included in the 1980 television series 100 Great Paintings.
The painting is mentioned by W. H. Auden in his 1938 poem, "Musée des Beaux Arts", in which Icarus's fall is perceived by the ploughman as "not an important failure".
The painting is also the subject of the Titus Andronicus song "Upon Viewing Bruegel's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus":In the painting from the original song, in the corner, you see this tiny guy falling into the ocean. It's been interpreted as: It's a big world, and people go about their business, and little tragedies are happening all the time, and what are you going to do?
— Patrick Stickles, Titus Andronicus
The painting appears in a background of the music video for the song Blood Sweat & Tears by South Korean group BTS. The video opens in a museum with another Bruegel painting, "The Fall of the Rebel Angels" featured prominently.
References
Further reading
de Vries, Lyckle, "Bruegel's "Fall of Icarus": Ovid or Solomon?", Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art, Vol. 30, No. 1/2 (2003), pp. 4–18, Stichting voor Nederlandse Kunsthistorische Publicaties, JSTOR
External links
"Online exhibit" on the painting, from the Royal Museums via Google Arts and Culture
Museum & Gardens Van Buuren, home of the 2nd version
Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters
Ships in art
1550s paintings
Paintings about death
Paintings based on Metamorphoses
Dogs in art
Horses in art
Sheep in art
Maritime paintings |
```smalltalk
using System.Data.Common;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Query;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.TestUtilities;
using MySqlConnector;
using Xunit;
using Xunit.Abstractions;
namespace Pomelo.EntityFrameworkCore.MySql.FunctionalTests.Query;
public class NorthwindSqlQueryMySqlTest : NorthwindSqlQueryTestBase<NorthwindQueryMySqlFixture<NoopModelCustomizer>>
{
public NorthwindSqlQueryMySqlTest(NorthwindQueryMySqlFixture<NoopModelCustomizer> fixture, ITestOutputHelper testOutputHelper)
: base(fixture)
{
Fixture.TestSqlLoggerFactory.SetTestOutputHelper(testOutputHelper);
}
[ConditionalFact]
public virtual void Check_all_tests_overridden()
=> TestHelpers.AssertAllMethodsOverridden(GetType());
public override async Task SqlQueryRaw_over_int(bool async)
{
await base.SqlQueryRaw_over_int(async);
AssertSql(
"""
SELECT `ProductID` FROM `Products`
""");
}
public override async Task SqlQuery_composed_Contains(bool async)
{
await base.SqlQuery_composed_Contains(async);
AssertSql(
"""
SELECT `o`.`OrderID`, `o`.`CustomerID`, `o`.`EmployeeID`, `o`.`OrderDate`
FROM `Orders` AS `o`
WHERE `o`.`OrderID` IN (
SELECT `s`.`Value`
FROM (
SELECT `ProductID` AS `Value` FROM `Products`
) AS `s`
)
""");
}
public override async Task SqlQuery_composed_Join(bool async)
{
await base.SqlQuery_composed_Join(async);
AssertSql(
"""
SELECT `o`.`OrderID`, `o`.`CustomerID`, `o`.`EmployeeID`, `o`.`OrderDate`, CAST(`s`.`Value` AS signed) AS `p`
FROM `Orders` AS `o`
INNER JOIN (
SELECT `ProductID` AS `Value` FROM `Products`
) AS `s` ON `o`.`OrderID` = CAST(`s`.`Value` AS signed)
""");
}
public override async Task SqlQuery_over_int_with_parameter(bool async)
{
await base.SqlQuery_over_int_with_parameter(async);
AssertSql(
"""
p0='10'
SELECT `ProductID` FROM `Products` WHERE `ProductID` = @p0
""");
}
protected override DbParameter CreateDbParameter(string name, object value)
=> new MySqlParameter { ParameterName = name, Value = value };
private void AssertSql(params string[] expected)
=> Fixture.TestSqlLoggerFactory.AssertBaseline(expected);
}
``` |
Ali Firouzi (; born 11 March 1955 in Abadan, Iran) is an Iranian football coach and retired player who recently served as caretaker manager at Sanat Naft, in the absence of Acácio Casimiro due to a cancer illness. He formerly managed Sanat Naft twice, first from 1992 to 1994 when he promoted to the head coach after was assistant coach for two years and a returns in 1995 that ended in 1999. He was also head coach of Esteghlal Ahvaz for one season.
References
1955 births
Living people
Iranian men's footballers
Sanat Naft Abadan F.C. players
Men's association football forwards
Iranian football managers
Footballers from Abadan, Iran
Footballers at the 1982 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Iran
Sanat Naft Abadan F.C. managers
Iranian people of African descent |
The 2005 Team Speedway Junior World Championship was the 1st FIM Team Speedway Junior World Championship season. The Final took place on October 1 2005 in Pardubice, Czech Republic. World Championship was won by Poland team.
Calendar
Qualification
Semifinal 1
Semifinal 2
August 28, 2005
Holsted
Australia was replaced by Denmark B
Semifinal 3
August 28, 2005
Rybnik
France was replaced by Poland B
Final
October 1, 2005
Pardubice
References
See also
2005 Speedway World Cup
2005
World T J |
```xml
import { HardDriveIcon, LayersIcon } from 'lucide-react';
import { EditEdgeStackForm } from '@/react/edge/edge-stacks/ItemView/EditEdgeStackForm/EditEdgeStackForm';
import { useParamState } from '@/react/hooks/useParamState';
import { useIdParam } from '@/react/hooks/useIdParam';
import { NavTabs } from '@@/NavTabs';
import { PageHeader } from '@@/PageHeader';
import { Widget } from '@@/Widget';
import { useEdgeStack } from '../queries/useEdgeStack';
import { EnvironmentsDatatable } from './EnvironmentsDatatable';
export function ItemView() {
const idParam = useIdParam('stackId');
const edgeStackQuery = useEdgeStack(idParam);
const [tab = 'stack', setTab] = useParamState<'stack' | 'environments'>(
'tab'
);
if (!edgeStackQuery.data) {
return null;
}
const stack = edgeStackQuery.data;
return (
<>
<PageHeader
title="Edit Edge stack"
breadcrumbs={[
{ label: 'Edge Stacks', link: 'edge.stacks' },
stack.Name,
]}
reload
/>
<div className="row">
<div className="col-sm-12">
<Widget>
<Widget.Body className="!p-0">
<NavTabs<'stack' | 'environments'>
justified
type="pills"
options={[
{
id: 'stack',
label: 'Stack',
icon: LayersIcon,
children: (
<div className="p-5 pb-10">
<EditEdgeStackForm edgeStack={stack} />
</div>
),
},
{
id: 'environments',
icon: HardDriveIcon,
label: 'Environments',
children: <EnvironmentsDatatable />,
},
]}
selectedId={tab}
onSelect={setTab}
/>
</Widget.Body>
</Widget>
</div>
</div>
</>
);
}
``` |
```yaml
### YamlMime:FAQ
metadata:
title: Windows Enterprise multi-session FAQ - Azure
description: Frequently asked questions and best practices for using Windows Enterprise multi-session for Azure Virtual Desktop.
author: dknappettmsft
ms.topic: faq
ms.date: 08/02/2024
ms.author: daknappe
ms.custom: docs_inherited
title: Windows Enterprise multi-session FAQ
summary: This article answers frequently asked questions and explains best practices for Windows 10 Enterprise multi-session and Windows 11 Enterprise multi-session.
sections:
- name: Ignored
questions:
- question: What is Windows Enterprise multi-session?
answer: |
- question: How many users can simultaneously have an interactive session on Windows Enterprise multi-session?
answer: |
How many interactive sessions that can be active at the same time relies on your system's hardware resources (vCPU, memory, disk, and vGPU), how your users use their apps while signed in to a session, and how heavy your system's workload is. We suggest you validate your system's performance to understand how many users you can have on Windows Enterprise multi-session. To learn more, see [Azure Virtual Desktop pricing](path_to_url
- question: Why does my application report Windows Enterprise multi-session as a Server operating system?
answer: |
Windows Enterprise multi-session is a virtual edition of Windows Enterprise. One of the differences is that this operating system (OS) reports the [ProductType](/windows/win32/cimwin32prov/win32-operatingsystem) as having a value of 3, the same value as Windows Server. This property keeps the OS compatible with existing RDSH management tooling, RDSH multi-session-aware applications, and mostly low-level system performance optimizations for RDSH environments. Some application installers can block installation on Windows multi-session depending on whether they detect the ProductType is set to Client. If your app won't install, contact your application vendor for an updated version.
- question: Can I run Windows Enterprise multi-session outside of the Azure Virtual Desktop service?
answer: We don't allow customers to run Windows Enterprise multi-session in production environments outside of the Azure Virtual Desktop service. Only Microsoft or the Azure Virtual Desktop Approved Providers, Citrix and VMware, can provide access to the Azure Virtual Desktop service. It's against the licensing agreement to run Windows multi-session outside of the Azure Virtual Desktop service for production purposes. Windows multi-session also wont activate against on-premises Key Management Services (KMS).
- question: Can I upgrade a Windows VM to Windows Enterprise multi-session?
answer: No. It's not currently possible to upgrade an existing virtual machine (VM) that's running Windows Professional or Enterprise to Windows Enterprise multi-session. Also, if you deploy a Windows Enterprise multi-session VM and then update the product key to another edition, you won't be able to switch the VM back to Windows Enterprise multi-session and will need to redeploy the VM. Changing your Azure Virtual Desktop VM SKU to another edition is not supported.
- question: Does Windows Enterprise multi-session support Remote Desktop IP Virtualization?
answer: No. Azure Virtual Desktop [supported virtual machine OS images](prerequisites.md#operating-systems-and-licenses) do not support Remote Desktop IP Virtualization.
- question: How do I customize the Windows Enterprise multi-session image for my organization?
answer: |
You can start a VM in Azure with Windows Enterprise multi-session and customize it by installing LOB applications, sysprep/generalize, and then create an image using the Azure portal.
To get started, create a VM in Azure with Windows Enterprise multi-session. Instead of starting the VM in Azure, you can download the VHD directly. After that, you'll be able to use the VHD you downloaded to create a new Generation 1 VM on a Windows PC with Hyper-V enabled.
Customize the image to your needs by installing LOB applications and sysprep the image. When you're done customizing, upload the image to Azure with the VHD inside. After that, get Azure Virtual Desktop from the Azure Marketplace and use it to deploy a new host pool with the customized image.
- question: How do I manage Windows Enterprise multi-session after deployment?
answer: You can use any supported configuration tool, but we recommend Configuration Manager version 1906 because it supports Windows Enterprise multi-session or [Microsoft Intune](management.md) for Microsoft Entra joined or Microsoft Entra hybrid joined session hosts.
- question: Can Windows Enterprise multi-session be Microsoft Entra joined?
answer: |
Windows Enterprise multi-session can be Microsoft Entra joined. To get started, follow the steps to [Deploy Microsoft Entra joined virtual machines](deploy-azure-ad-joined-vm.md).
- question: Where can I find the Windows Enterprise multi-session image?
answer: |
Windows Enterprise multi-session can be conveniently selected in the Azure Virtual Desktop management interface while managing your environment. When needed, you can navigate to [**Azure Marketplace**](path_to_url search for the Windows 10 or Windows 11 offering, and select **Windows Enterprise multi-session plan**. For an image integrated with Microsoft 365 Apps for Enterprise, search with keyword **multi-session** to get to this offering. The marketplace images are updated monthly after the security patch release schedule of Windows Servicing & Delivery. The images with Microsoft 365 apps pre-installed are made available in the marketplace around the middle of the 3rd week of the month:
- [Windows 10 and 11 updates](path_to_url
- [Microsoft 365 Apps security updates](path_to_url and [feature updates](path_to_url
- Windows 365 gallery images include the latest Monthly Enterprise Channel release with the latest security updates.
- [Microsoft Teams updates](path_to_url
- question: Which Windows Enterprise multi-session versions are supported?
answer: Windows Enterprise multi-session, versions 1909 and later are supported and are available in the Azure gallery. These releases follow the same support lifecycle policy as Windows Enterprise, which means the March release is supported for 18 months and the September release for 30 months.
- question: Which profile management solution should I use for Windows Enterprise multi-session?
answer: |
We recommend you use FSLogix profile containers when you configure Windows Enterprise in non-persistent environments or other scenarios that need a centrally stored profile. FSLogix ensures the user profile is available and up-to-date for every user session. We also recommend you use your FSLogix profile container to store a user profile in any SMB share with appropriate permissions, but you can store user profiles in Azure page blob storage if necessary. Azure Virtual Desktop users can use FSLogix at no additional cost. FSLogix comes pre-installed on all Windows Enterprise multi-session images, but the IT admin is still responsible for configuring the FSLogix profile container.
For more information about how to configure an FSLogix profile container, see [Configure the FSLogix profile container](create-host-pools-user-profile.md#configure-the-fslogix-profile-container).
- question: Which license do I need to access Windows Enterprise multi-session?
answer: |
For a full list of applicable licenses, see [Azure Virtual Desktop pricing](path_to_url
- question: Why do my apps disappear after I sign out?
answer: This happens because you're using Windows Enterprise multi-session with a profile management solution like FSLogix. Your admin or profile solution configured your system to delete user profiles when users sign out. This configuration means that when your system deletes your user profile after you sign out, it also removes any apps you installed during your session. If you want to keep the apps you installed, you'll need to ask your admin to provision these apps for all users in your Azure Virtual Desktop environment.
- question: How do I make sure apps don't disappear when users sign out?
answer: |
Most virtualized environments are configured by default to prevent users from installing additional apps to their profiles. If you want to make sure an app doesn't disappear when your user signs out of Azure Virtual Desktop, you have to provision that app for all user profiles in your environment. For more information about provisioning apps, check out these resources:
- [Publish built-in apps in Azure Virtual Desktop](publish-apps.md)
- [DISM app package servicing command-line options](/windows-hardware/manufacture/desktop/your_sha256_hashions)
- [Add-AppxProvisionedPackage](/powershell/module/dism/add-appxprovisionedpackage)
- question: How do I make sure users don't download and install apps from the Microsoft Store?
answer: |
You can disable the Microsoft Store app to make sure users don't download extra apps beyond the apps you've already provisioned for them.
To disable the Store app:
1. Create and edit a new Group Policy Object.
2. Select **Computer Configuration** > **Policies** > **Administrative Templates** > **Windows Components** > **Store**.
3. Open the **Turn off the Store Application** setting.
4. Select the **Enabled** option.
5. Click the **Apply** button.
6. Click the **OK** button.
- question: Can Windows Enterprise multi-session and 11 Enterprise multi-session receive feature updates through Windows Server Update Services (WSUS)?
answer: |
Yes. You can update Windows Enterprise multi-session and Windows 11 Enterprise multi-session with the appropriate feature updates published to WSUS.
additionalContent: |
## Next steps
To learn more about Azure Virtual Desktop and Windows Enterprise multi-session:
- Read our [Azure Virtual Desktop documentation](overview.md)
- Visit our [Azure Virtual Desktop TechCommunity](path_to_url
- Set up your Azure Virtual Desktop deployment with the [Azure Virtual Desktop tutorials](./virtual-desktop-fall-2019/tenant-setup-azure-active-directory.md)
``` |
```xml
import { GeneratorTypes, PasswordTypes } from "../data/generator-types";
/** The kind of credential being generated. */
export type GeneratorType = (typeof GeneratorTypes)[number];
/** The kinds of passwords that can be generated. */
export type PasswordType = (typeof PasswordTypes)[number];
``` |
Basile Georges Casmoussa (born 25 October 1938 in Qaraqosh, Iraq) is a Syriac Catholic archbishop. He was Apostolic Visitor of the Syrian Catholics in Western Europe and Archbishop Emeritus of the Syrian Catholic Archeparchy of Mosul, Iraq.
Casmoussa was ordained as a priest in June 1962 and worked for three decades as the editor of Christian Source and was active in the International Union of the Catholic Press. He was elected Archbishop of the Syriac Catholic Archeparchy of Mosul in May 1999, taking up the post in December. The eparchy of Mosul has 35,000 Syriac Catholics, 36 priests, and 55 religious. Although many Iraqi Christians have left the country because of attacks following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Casmoussa chose to stay.
Casmoussa was kidnapped, reportedly by gunmen in Mosul, at the age of 66 on January 17, 2005. Although there were fears that this marked a new wave of attacks on Christians in Iraq, it appeared that the motive was principally for ransom, reportedly US$200,000. The kidnapping was widely condemned. The Archbishop was freed one day later on January 18 with no ransom being paid.
On Tuesday, March 1, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI, gave his consent to the canonical election (made by the Synod of Bishops of the Patriarchal Syriac Catholic Church) of Father Yohanna Petros Mouche, until now the Protosyncellus (Vicar General) of the Archeparchy of Mosul, as the new archbishop-elect of the Archeparchy of Mosul, succeeding Casmoussa. Casmoussa was transferred to the Syriac Catholic Patriarchal Curia.
On Monday, January 13, 2014, Pope Francis appointed him Apostolic Visitor of the Syriac Catholics in Western Europe.
On Wednesday, June 21, 2017, Pope Francis accepted his resignation as Apostolic Visitor of the Syriac Catholics in Western Europe and appointed Mgr. Rami Al-Kabalan as his successor.
Positions
References
External links
Interview with Catholic World News
BBC history of Iraqi Christians
Biography, from Catholic Hierarchy
1938 births
Living people
20th-century Eastern Catholic archbishops
21st-century Eastern Catholic archbishops
Syriac Catholic bishops
Iraqi Eastern Catholics
Iraqi archbishops
People from Mosul
People from Bakhdida
Kidnapped Iraqi people |
"No Matter What" is a song originally recorded by Badfinger for their album No Dice in 1970, written and sung by Pete Ham and produced by Mal Evans.
Recording
As a demo, "No Matter What" was originally recorded at a slower tempo by Ham on acoustic guitar (as heard on the posthumous Ham solo CD 7 Park Avenue). A group demo version, played at the same tempo as Ham's acoustic demo, was recorded by Badfinger on April 18, 1970 with Mal Evans producing. The song was recorded again in a rockier fashion, at a faster tempo, by the band in May 1970 at Abbey Road Studios, and it was this version that appeared on the album and single.
Although the song and recording was a favourite of Badfinger's shortly after it was completed, the hierarchy at Apple Records reportedly was not inclined to release it in any format. It was not until Al Steckler, the American director of Apple in New York, heard the tape in August 1970 and considered it a strong entry by the band, that it was remixed by engineer/producer Geoff Emerick and slotted for the upcoming LP and as a single release.
Lyrics and music
According to Allmusic critic Ritchie Unterberger, the lyrics of "No Matter What" are essentially "a pledge of eternal love." Unterberger says that these lyrics are "sung with great infectious lilting cheer, pioneering the 'power pop' style years before that was named by critics." Unterberger noted that the opening guitar chords are "not exactly hard rock and certainly not heavy metal, but dense and gripping." He also pointed out that similar to many Beatles songs, "the melody goes through a few different chord changes on the final line of the bridge than it does in the first half of the bridge, though retaining a similar progression."
The song has a false ending, after the final chorus, where, after a short pause, the last line is repeated twice before the final ending chord.
Release
The single was released in the United States (October 12, 1970), Canada, the Philippines and a few other countries, with the Tom Evans-Pete Ham song "Carry On Till Tomorrow" (the theme song for the movie The Magic Christian) as the B-side. This was an edited version of the recording that had appeared on Badfinger's previous album, Magic Christian Music. In all other countries, the single was backed with the Tom Evans-Joey Molland song "Better Days", which also appeared on No Dice.
Reception
It was the band's first UK Top 10 single to be composed by Badfinger, reaching number 5 in the UK in January 1971. In the US it peaked at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100. In South Africa it topped the charts. The band also scored with "Come and Get It", number 4 in the UK in January 1970, which was composed by Paul McCartney, and "Day After Day", number 10 in the UK in January 1972.
Cash Box described the song as sounding "as though it might have come from a '65 Beatles LP" with "bright vocals and strong instrumentals." Record World said that "millions are going to love Badfinger's new single. The boys have a certain vocal sound that sets them apart."
Allmusic critic Ritchie Unterberger said that "No Matter What" "boasted a strong McCartney-esque melody and very Beatlesque harmonies and guitars but felt that "derivative of McCartney it might have been, yet 'No Matter What' rocked a darn sight better than most of the songs McCartney himself put out in the early '70s."
Ultimate Classic Rock critic Michael Gallucci rated it as Badfinger's 3rd best song, saying that it "features one of pop's all-time mightiest hooks" and that "from the terrific opening riff to the false ending, it's pure pop heaven." Classic Rock critic Rob Hughes rated it as Badfinger's 4th best song, calling it "a declaration of loyalty and affection with a Beatlesy middle eight and the kind of hook that became synonymous with the soulful power pop of Big Star and The Raspberries." Hughes also praised Molland's guitar solo. Classic Rock History critic Janey Roberts also rated it as Badfinger's 4th best song.
The song is notable for being one of the first successful records associated with the power pop sound, using all of the elements attributed to the genre. A subsequent single released by Badfinger, "Baby Blue" (Billboard number 14, 1972), along with several album tracks in a similar vein, succeeded in categorizing the band themselves as power pop. This song is ranked number 1 on VH1's "20 Essential Power Pop Tracks That Will Be Stuck In Your Head Forever".
Personnel
Pete Ham – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Joey Molland – lead guitar, backing vocals
Tom Evans – bass, backing vocals
Mike Gibbins – drums
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Def Leppard version
British rock band Def Leppard covered "No Matter What" in 2005, recorded at Joe's Garage, Dublin and distributed by UML (Universal Music Group). It was included on their 2005 compilation album Rock of Ages: The Definitive Collection and also on its 2006 album, Yeah!.
Def Leppard began playing the song on their 2005 tour in support of their compilation album Rock of Ages: The Definitive Collection along with a cover of David Essex's "Rock On" which appeared on the album.
It reached the 24 place in the US Billboard Adult Top 40 Chart.
Personnel
Joe Elliot – lead vocals,
Phil Collen – lead guitar
Vivian Campbell - rhythm guitar
Rick Savage – bass
Rick Allen – drums
Ronan McHugh - engineer
Def Leppard, Ronan McHugh - producer
References
External links
1970 songs
1970 singles
2005 singles
Apple Records singles
Mercury Records singles
Badfinger songs
Def Leppard songs
Songs written by Pete Ham
Number-one singles in South Africa |
```c
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#define NAME "erfc"
#define ITERATIONS 1000000
#define REPEATS 3
/**
* Define prototypes for external functions.
*/
extern double erfc( double x );
/**
* Prints the TAP version.
*/
static void print_version( void ) {
printf( "TAP version 13\n" );
}
/**
* Prints the TAP summary.
*
* @param total total number of tests
* @param passing total number of passing tests
*/
static void print_summary( int total, int passing ) {
printf( "#\n" );
printf( "1..%d\n", total ); // TAP plan
printf( "# total %d\n", total );
printf( "# pass %d\n", passing );
printf( "#\n" );
printf( "# ok\n" );
}
/**
* Prints benchmarks results.
*
* @param elapsed elapsed time in seconds
*/
static void print_results( double elapsed ) {
double rate = (double)ITERATIONS / elapsed;
printf( " ---\n" );
printf( " iterations: %d\n", ITERATIONS );
printf( " elapsed: %0.9f\n", elapsed );
printf( " rate: %0.9f\n", rate );
printf( " ...\n" );
}
/**
* Returns a clock time.
*
* @return clock time
*/
static double tic( void ) {
struct timeval now;
gettimeofday( &now, NULL );
return (double)now.tv_sec + (double)now.tv_usec/1.0e6;
}
/**
* Generates a random number on the interval [0,1).
*
* @return random number
*/
static double rand_double( void ) {
int r = rand();
return (double)r / ( (double)RAND_MAX + 1.0 );
}
/**
* Runs a benchmark.
*
* @return elapsed time in seconds
*/
static double benchmark( void ) {
double elapsed;
double x;
double y;
double t;
int i;
t = tic();
for ( i = 0; i < ITERATIONS; i++ ) {
x = ( 2.0*rand_double() ) - 1.0;
y = erfc( x );
if ( y != y ) {
printf( "should not return NaN\n" );
break;
}
}
elapsed = tic() - t;
if ( y != y ) {
printf( "should not return NaN\n" );
}
return elapsed;
}
/**
* Main execution sequence.
*/
int main( void ) {
double elapsed;
int i;
// Use the current time to seed the random number generator:
srand( time( NULL ) );
print_version();
for ( i = 0; i < REPEATS; i++ ) {
printf( "# c::cephes::%s\n", NAME );
elapsed = benchmark();
print_results( elapsed );
printf( "ok %d benchmark finished\n", i+1 );
}
print_summary( REPEATS, REPEATS );
}
``` |
```objective-c
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
#pragma once
#include <functional>
#include "paddle/cinn/operator_fusion/pattern_node.h"
#include "paddle/cinn/operator_fusion/pir_graph_analyzing/dim_relation.h"
#include "paddle/cinn/operator_fusion/pir_graph_analyzing/shardable_axes_base.h"
#include "paddle/cinn/operator_fusion/policy/policy_base.h"
#include "paddle/cinn/operator_fusion/utils.h"
#include "paddle/common/enforce.h"
namespace cinn::fusion {
class RelativeJudgePolicy final : public PolicyBase {
public:
static constexpr PolicyKind Kind = PolicyKind::RelativeJudge;
RelativeJudgePolicy(const std::vector<pir::Operation*>& ops,
pir::ShapeConstraintIRAnalysis* shape_analysis)
: axes_info_(ops, shape_analysis) {
VLOG(4) << "[relative_judge_policy] Start AnalysisIndexExprRelation.";
index_expr_map_ = AnalysisIndexExprRelation(ops);
VLOG(4) << "[relative_judge_policy] End AnalysisIndexExprRelation.";
}
bool CanFuse(const PatternNodePtr& upstream,
const PatternNodePtr& downstream);
ShardableAxesInfoManager& GetAxesInfoManager() { return axes_info_; }
std::string Name() { return "RelativeJudgePolicy"; }
std::vector<size_t> GetFakeReduceIterIdx(const PatternNodePtr& upstream,
const PatternNodePtr& downstream);
bool IsRelated(DimUsage in, DimUsage out) {
return index_expr_map_[in].count(out) == 1;
}
private:
DimUsageRelation index_expr_map_;
ShardableAxesInfoManager axes_info_;
bool ReduceTreeGrownCanMerge(const PatternNodePtr&, const PatternNodePtr&);
bool ReducePlusTrivialCanMerge(const PatternNodePtr&, const PatternNodePtr&);
std::pair<std::vector<DimUsage>, std::vector<DimUsage>>
SplitFirstIfRelatedBySecond(const std::vector<DimUsage>& targets,
const std::vector<DimUsage>& related_with);
std::optional<ReducePattern> GetDownstreamFromCandidate(
const ReducePattern& upstream,
const std::vector<ReducePattern>& candidates);
bool IsDownstreamStmtDependReduceOp(pir::Operation* reduce,
const StmtPattern& downstream);
};
} // namespace cinn::fusion
``` |
```ruby
cask "invalid-generic-artifact-no-target" do
version "1.2.3"
sha256 your_sha256_hash
url "file://#{TEST_FIXTURE_DIR}/cask/caffeine.zip"
homepage "path_to_url"
artifact "Caffeine.app"
end
``` |
1st Surrey Rifles F.C. was an amateur football club, open to members of the corps, who featured in the early years of the FA Cup from 1872 to 1878. The first reported match played against external opposition was a 1-0 victory against the Lausanne club at the latter's Rosemary Branch ground in 1871.
The club's first Cup tie, in 1872-73, resulted in a 2-0 win over Upton Park F.C., in poor weather, the second goal coming near the close of play.
The club did not win again in the competition until 1877-78, beating Forest School at Flodden Road in Camberwell. The only goal came after "Allport, calling on his men for a sort of infantry charge, went bodily through the ranks of his enemies, and Kirkpatrick,taking advantage of an opportunity that presented itself, made a splendid long kick, and although Littlewood tried hard to turn aside the ball with his hand,it bounded off and went under the tape." R. L. Allport, the club captain, had started the game in goal, but soon swapped out.
The club's second-round defeat to the Old Harrovians was its last in the competition; both Allport and John Maynard played in the club's first and last matches in the Cup.
Colours
The club's colours, according to the Charles Alcock annuals, were as follows:
1870-75: scarlet cap, blue jersey (with a gold bugle specified from 1872)
1875-76: red and black
1876-78: red & black cap, white shirt, white knickers, red & black stockings
1884-87: red & black
Notable players
W. J. (John) Maynard, who played in the first-ever official football international and earned two caps while with the Riflemen.
References
Association football clubs established in 1869
Surrey Rifles |
Dowling College was a private college on Long Island, New York. It was established in 1968 and had its main campus located in Oakdale, New York on the site of William K. Vanderbilt's mansion Idle Hour. Dowling also included a campus in Shirley, which contained the college's aviation program and athletic complexes, and small campuses in Melville and Manhattan.
Dowling was composed of four schools: the School of Arts & Sciences, the School of Education, the Townsend School of Business, and the School of Aviation. Largely enrolling local Long Island students, the college offered a variety of bachelor's degree programs in the arts, sciences, and business, master's degree programs in education and business, and a doctorate in education.
After years of financial difficulties, frequently changing leadership, declining enrollment, and a failed search to find an academic partner, Dowling's accreditation was revoked by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education and the college ceased operations on August 31, 2016.
History
Idle Hour
Gilded Age estates were a feature of Oakdale's past and in 1882 Vanderbilt built the most noted one, Idle Hour, a estate on the Connetquot River. The lavish, wooden 110-room home was destroyed by fire April 15, 1899, while his son, William Kissam Vanderbilt II, was honeymooning there. Willie and his new wife escaped. It was rebuilt of red brick and gray stone, with exquisite furnishings, for $3 million. The building at the time was considered among the finest homes in America. His daughter Consuelo also honeymooned there when she married the Duke of Marlborough in 1895.
After Vanderbilt's death in 1920, the mansion went through several phases and visitors, including a brief stay during Prohibition by gangster Dutch Schultz. Around that time, cow stalls, pig pens and corn cribs on the farm portion of Idle Hour were converted into a short-lived bohemian artists' colony that included figures such as George Elmer Browne and Roman Bonet-Sintas. The estate became home to Dowling College until it closed in August 2016.
Founding
In 1955 Adelphi College began offering extension classes in Port Jefferson, Riverhead, and Sayville, New York. In 1959 Adelphi Suffolk became the first four-year, degree-granting liberal arts institution in Suffolk County, housed in an old public school building in Sayville. In January 1963, Adelphi purchased the former William K. Vanderbilt estate in Oakdale. Adelphi spun the campus off in 1968 as Dowling College, named after city planner and philanthropist Robert W. Dowling, who provided an endowment of over $3 million.
Operation
The Racanelli Learning Resource Center was constructed in 1974 to house the library, cafeteria and additional classrooms. A month later, a fire damaged the Vanderbilt mansion. The Hunt Room, the Foyer and Ballroom were all substantially damaged. A College committee, led by Alan Fortunoff, Dowling Trustee and son of Fortunoff founder Max Fortunoff, guided the restoration of the ornate woodwork, precious marble, and the elaborately carved stonework. The mansion was renamed to Fortunoff Hall to honor Paul and Emily Fortunoff.
Dr. Victor P. Meskill became president in 1977 and served in the position for 23 years. Dr. Meskill attempted to shift the focus of the college from a small, locally focused institution to a global university, with an emphasis on the aviation focused Brookhaven Campus which opened in October 1994. A shakeup occurred in June 1999 when Meskill fired five top-ranking college officials on the same day as a cost-cutting measure, after Dowling's debt had increased to $34 million and the school's credit rating had been downgraded. Meskill was one of the most highly compensated college presidents in the country. Months later, Meskill was forced to step down by trustees and the officials he fired were reinstated.
Former Suffolk County Executive Robert Gaffney was made president in October 2006. Gaffney resigned in May 2010, then later in 2014 the college paid Gaffney over $400,000 in a settlement. In August 2013, the Brookhaven Campus dormitory, bookstore, and cafeteria were closed due to the college's financial struggles. However, these facilities reopened in September 2014 following a deal with Stony Brook University which allowed Dowling students to live in the dormitory alongside Stony Brook students.
After Gaffney stepped down, Dowling College went through a series of six presidents in five years, with the last being Albert Inserra, who became president in the fall of 2014. As of 2016, the college enrolled 2,256 total students, down from a high of 6,746 in 1999. Dowling College was approximately $54 million in debt with an endowment of under $2 million, its credit rating was "Ca", and it was in default on bond payments.
Closure
Dowling College was accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. In November 2015, Middle States required Dowling to show cause as to why the school's accreditation should not be revoked due to the college's finances, a final warning before such action would be taken. In March 2016 Dowling announced that they had secured a partnership with Global University Systems, allowing the college to continue operating. On May 23, five days before the Class of 2016's graduation ceremony, the agreement with Global University Systems stalled and Dowling needed an emergency infusion of cash to survive until graduation.
In a total surprise to many students, faculty, and staff, on May 31 Dowling announced that the school would be closing in three days. Nearly all employees were laid off. The closing date was later pushed back to June 8. On that day, president Albert Inserra announced that negotiations had restarted and the motion to close the school was rescinded. A teach-out plan, required by Middle States, to help students transition to other institutions, was put into effect in partnership with Molloy College. However, since Dowling remained open, the teach-out plan was canceled and students were left on their own. On July 13, the board of trustees announced that they had failed to reach an agreement with Global University Systems, and the college would close on August 31, when Middle States would revoke its accreditation. Dowling College granted its last degrees and closed on August 31, then filed for bankruptcy protection on November 29, 2016. LIU has taken over as successor custodian of Dowling College's transcript records.
Campus
Rudolph Campus
Located about 50 miles east of Manhattan in Oakdale, New York, the Rudolph Campus was the original and primary campus of Dowling College. The campus sat along the Connetquot River, where Dowling's rowing team practiced and competed. The former Vanderbilt Mansion was divided into two buildings: Fortunoff Hall, which housed administration and hosted college events, and the Kramer Science Center, which contained the school's laboratory classrooms and where science, mathematics, and computer science classes were held. The other large building on campus was the Racanelli Learning Resource Center, where the school's library, cafeteria, and many classrooms were located, including the School of Business on the top floor.
Other buildings housed classrooms for education, music, and theater classes, including a small theater space in the Music and Arts building. Art created by students and local artists was displayed in the Anthony Giordano Gallery.
The Oakdale Residence Hall accommodated up to 207 undergraduate students, with a study lounge available to all residents 24 hours a day. Adjacent to the Residence Hall was the Curtin Student Center, which contained the campus gym. Upstairs was the Lion's Den, a place for students to unwind and socialize.
Brookhaven Campus
Established in October 1994, The Brookhaven Campus was located on William Floyd Parkway in Shirley, New York. Dowling's aviation program was located there, making use of the Brookhaven Calabro Airport. The campus also was the site of Dowling's sports complex, featuring a multi-purpose stadium, baseball and softball fields. It included a 289-bed dormitory, computer labs, a cafeteria, bookstore, and library.
Melville Center
Dowling's Melville Center, in Melville, New York, housed administrative offices for the Dowling Institute, as well as classrooms where select undergraduate and graduate courses were offered, a library, and a conference room.
Dowling College Manhattan
Dowling College Manhattan was located in the Standard Oil Building in the Financial District. It offered programs for international students, such as an internship-based MBA, a first-year American college experience, and courses in international Studies, global Marketing and philosophy.
Academics
Dowling College was made up of four schools:
School of Arts and Sciences
The School of Arts of Sciences had three divisions: Arts & Humanities, Social Sciences, and Natural Sciences & Mathematics. The School of Arts and Sciences offered a variety of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees, along with a Master of Arts degree in Liberal Studies and Integrated Mathematics and Science Education.
School of Aviation
The School of Aviation offered Bachelor of Science degrees in Aerospace Systems Technology, Aviation Management, and participated in the FAA Air Traffic Control Collegiate Training Initiative (AT-CTI) program, which is the primary source for hiring air traffic controllers. The School of Aviation maintained a fleet of aircraft which included nine Piper Warriors, an Arrow, and a twin engine Seminole. A Virtual Airport Operations System, built with a 5 million-dollar grant from NASA, and Three Frasca flight simulators were located at the Brookhaven campus on the grounds of the Brookhaven Calabro Airport. Students could obtain training necessary for Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Private and Commercial certificates, the Instrument and Multi-Engine ratings, the Certified Flight Instructor (CFI) certificate and CFI Instrument and CFI Multi-Engine ratings.
Townsend School of Business
The School of Business offered Bachelor of Business Administration degrees in Accounting, Finance, Management and Leadership and Marketing, as well as Bachelor of Science in Computer Information Systems and Sport Management. At the graduate level, Master of Business Administration degrees were offered in Aviation Management, Management and Leadership, Healthcare Management, Corporate Finance, and Public Management. Also, Dowling College and Touro Law Center partnered to offer a dual J.D./M.B.A. degree. The Townsend School of Business was accredited by the International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education (IACBE).
School of Education
Dowling's School of Education offered Bachelor of Arts degrees in Elementary Education and Early Childhood Education and Bachelor of Science degrees in Physical Education, Special Education and Sports Management. Master of Science and Doctor of Educational Administration degrees were offered for graduate students. Approximately 5,000 teachers and administrators on Long Island received their teaching certification through Dowling College. The School of Education was accredited by The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE).
Athletics
The Dowling athletics teams were called the Golden Lions. The college was a member of the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the East Coast Conference (ECC; formerly known as the New York Collegiate Athletic Conference (NYCAC) until after the 2005–06 school year) from 1989–90 to 2015–16 for all sports (with the exception of men's golf and field hockey, which competed as independents).
Dowling competed in 15 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports included baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer and tennis; while women's sports included basketball, cross country, field hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, tennis and volleyball. The school also offered cheerleading as a club sport.
Accomplishments
The Golden Lions were the NCAA National Champions in men's soccer in 2006 and men's lacrosse in 2012.
Notable alumni
Thomas S. Bianchi, Endowed Professor at University of Florida, oceanographer
Will Brown, head men's basketball coach, SUNY Albany
Corey Glover, lead singer of Living Colour and actor
Mark Mathabane, South African writer and human rights activist
Bill McDermott, CEO of ServiceNow
Goran Nedeljkovic, former rower and Olympian (Athens, Greece, 2004) world champion, Dad Vail champion (2002) in the eight, member of well known Balkan Express eight, born in 1982
Boban Rankovic, former rower and Olympian (Sydney, Australia, 2000), world champion, Dad Vail champion (2002) in the eight, member of well known Balkan Express eight, born in 1979
Scott Rudolph, American entrepreneur and founder of Piping Rock Health Products. Former CEO and president of Nature's Bounty, Inc.
Ben Sliney, former FAA National Operations Manager responsible for grounding all U.S. air traffic on September 11, 2001
References
External links
Official Athletics website
Defunct private universities and colleges in New York (state)
Universities and colleges in Suffolk County, New York
Universities and colleges on Long Island
Universities and colleges established in 1955
Educational institutions disestablished in 2016
1955 establishments in New York (state)
2016 disestablishments in New York (state) |
Aliyu Mohammed Gusau (born 18 May 1943) is a Nigerian general and statesman. He has held several high level national security, military and intelligence offices, and has participated in several military coups, playing a central role in founding the Fourth Nigerian Republic.
He was most recently the Minister of Defence, and has served as National Security Adviser to three presidents; he was also the Chief of Army Staff during Ernest Shonekan and briefly Sani Abacha's regime, headed different intelligence agencies, and was commandant of the Nigerian Defence Academy.
Early life
Aliyu Mohammed was born on 18 May 1943 in Gusau, Zamfara State. The army added his birthplace to his name, making "Aliyu Mohammed Gusau", to distinguish him from another General, Aliyu Mohammed. Although Aliyu does not himself use "Gusau" in his name, it has been widely adopted by the media.
Military career
In 1964, he enrolled as an officer cadet at the Nigerian Defence Academy and was commissioned three years into the Nigerian Army as a second lieutenant. In 1967, he fought during the Nigerian Civil War.
He was Commander of 9 Infantry Brigade, Abeokuta (April 1976 – July 1978), Adjutant General of 2 Mechanised Division (July 1978 – September 1979) and Director of Personnel Services, Army Headquarters (October 1979 – November 1979).
Second Republic
From November 1979 to December 1983, Aliyu was Director of Military Intelligence (DMI). He played an important role in the coup that ousted President Shehu Shagari and the Second Nigerian Republic on 31 December 1983 and brought General Muhammadu Buhari to power.
Military juntas of 1983–1993
Following the coup he was proposed as overall head of Intelligence, with the support of Chief of Army Staff Ibrahim Babangida, but the appointment was opposed by Buhari. Buhari confirmed Shagari's appointee Muhammadu Lawal Rafindadi as director of the National Security Organization (NSO), and dismissed Aliyu from the DMI, replacing him with Colonel Halilu Akilu. Aliyu was sent on a training course at the Royal College of Defence Studies in the United Kingdom.
Aliyu was a player in the coup of 27 August 1985, when Babangida replaced Buhari. In the lead-up, due to the influence he had acquired as DMI, Aliyu was placed under intense surveillance and in turn placed pressure on the coup leaders to act swiftly.
After the coup, Aliyu was appointed Director of the Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) and Acting Director-General of the National Security Organisation (NSO) from September 1985 to August 1986, then Coordinator on National Security from August 1986 to December 1989. He reorganised the security and intelligence apparatuses, which had fallen in disarray under Rafindadi during the Buhari regime, breaking up the NSO into three organisations: State Security Services (SSS), National Intelligence Agency (NIA) and the Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA).
Aliyu was appointed General Officer Commanding 2 Mechanised Division in Ibadan from December 1989 to August 1990; and Chief of Administration, Defence Headquarters, in Lagos from August 1990 to February 1992. He was Commandant of the Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna from February 1992 to January 1993.
Aliyu became National Security Advisor in January 1993, and was promoted to Chief of Army Staff when Babangida passed control to the short-lived civilian government of the Nigerian Third Republic in August 1993.
In November 1993, in a bid to consolidate his power General Sani Abacha removed Aliyu as Chief of Army Staff replacing him with General Chris Alli.
Staying power
Retiring from the army, Aliyu became chairman & chief executive of Alpha Public Affairs Consultancy from December 1993 to May 1999. With wide influence in both civilian and military circles, Aliyu played a central role in ensuring that the transition to democracy in May 1999 went smoothly.
Aliyu was the National Security Advisor in the crucial period when former political office holders in the armed forces were retired in June 1999, helping Obasanjo assume control of the armed forces as a civilian President. He remained National Security Advisor during most of Obasanjo's presidency. He left office to compete in the 2006 People's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries for presidential candidate, coming third. The winner, Umaru Yar'Adua, went on to be elected president.
On 8 March 2010, Acting President Goodluck Jonathan announced that he was removing Major-General Sarki Mukhtar as National Security Adviser and replacing him with Aliyu. A few days later, Aliyu met with the service chiefs in Abuja to discuss the Jos crisis and the security situation in the country. There were rumours that a review of senior army and police assignments could be underway.
Speaking at a seminar in April 2010, Aliyu said the legal system seemed to promote crime and the law enforcement agencies appeared overwhelmed. He also said that efforts to fight corruption were perceived as selective and ineffective, and some of the agencies had credibility problems since their leaders had been accused of corruption. In April 2010, Aliyu announced his presidential nomination to be a candidate in the 2011 presidential elections.
Personal life
His son Mahdi Mohammed Gusau (born 1981) served as deputy governor of Zamfara State from 2019 till his impeachment in 2022.
Honours
National honours
Foreign honours
Legacy
Gusau Institute
Aliyu founded the Gusau Institute in Kaduna, donating his private library and publications, to the research centre to promote national development.
References
1943 births
Living people
Directors General of the National Security Organization
Nigerian security personnel
National Security Organization staff
Nigerian Defence Academy Commandants
Nigerian Defence Academy people
Chiefs of Army Staff (Nigeria)
People from Zamfara State
Defence ministers of Nigeria |
The following lists events that happened during 1924 in Afghanistan.
Incumbents
Monarch – Amanullah Khan
January 1924
After long delay, the Afghan government at length took energetic measures to arrest the lawless gangs which, after committing several murders of British officials and their wives across the border, had found refuge on Afghan territory. The so-called "Kohat gang" was captured on January 13 and brought to Kabul, and of the "Landi-Kotal" murderers one was killed a few days afterwards and the other wounded, but not captured. The prisoners were subsequently deported to Turkestan. At the same time the Afghan government desisted from employing Wazir tribesmen from British territory in its army, thus showing a less unfriendly spirit to Britain than had characterized it for some time previously.
End of April 1924
The amir had to, as in the previous year, meet a serious rebellion, the Khost rebellion, due to discontent with the reforms which he was seeking to introduce. The centre of the revolt was the Khost district, and the chief tribe engaged was the Mangals. The rebels threatened Matun, and a considerable force was sent by the amir to relieve it. A sharp engagement took place near the city in May, with indecisive result. The revolt gained strength, and in July the rebels proclaimed Abd-al Karim as amir, professing to be a grandson of amir Shir Ali. The Indian government, however, claimed he was the illegitimate Indian-born son of amir Yakub Khan, who disowned him as a disgrace to the Afghan community.
In August, the amir purchased two aeroplanes from the British for use against the rebels, and his consort stimulated the enthusiasm of his soldiers by distributing large rewards to all who served under his flag. Nevertheless, the struggle with the rebels, who had been joined by other tribes, continued for some time. In October the rebels began to show signs of demoralization; a severe defeat was inflicted on them at Logar, and by November the insurrection in the Khost had generally subsided. The government, however, still maintained a strong force in the Khost.
Earlier in the year Russian envoys at Kabul sought to excite anti-British feeling, and in particular to accuse Britain of fomenting the rebellion. In spite of this, relations between Afghanistan and Britain improved considerably.
Births
March 10 – Ludwig W. Adamec, Afghan-born Austrian historian (died 2019)
Afghanistan
Years of the 20th century in Afghanistan
Afghanistan
1920s in Afghanistan |
Damu Cherry (born November 29, 1977, in Tampa, Florida) is an American hurdler. Her personal best time is 12.44 seconds, achieved in July 2006 in Lausanne.
Cherry competed for the University of South Florida in college. She finished seventh at the 2006 World Indoor Championships and second at the 2006 World Athletics Final. She qualified for the 2008 Olympic team and ended up taking fourth in the hurdles final.
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
American female hurdlers
African-American female track and field athletes
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Doping cases in athletics
American sportspeople in doping cases
Sportspeople from Tampa, Florida
Track and field athletes from Florida
People from Winter Garden, Florida
Sportspeople from Orange County, Florida
University of South Florida olympians
South Florida Bulls women's track and field athletes
21st-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people |
This is the all-time medal table of the World Games as of the 2022 edition. In the history of the games, Russia (2001, 2005, 2009 and 2017) has led the total medal count four times, and Italy (1985, 1989 and 2013) three times. The United States have claimed that honor twice (1981 and 1997), while Germany (West Germany in the first three editions) also led the overall count twice in 1993 and in 2022. Ranked by gold, then silver, then bronze:
References
World Games
All time medal table |
```html
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<a name="boost.proto.or_.impl"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
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<h2><span class="refentrytitle">Struct template impl</span></h2>
<p>boost::proto::or_::impl</p>
</div>
<h2 xmlns:rev="path_to_url~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" class="refsynopsisdiv-title">Synopsis</h2>
<div xmlns:rev="path_to_url~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" class="refsynopsisdiv"><pre class="synopsis"><span class="comment">// In header: <<a class="link" href="../../../proto/reference.html#header.boost.proto.matches_hpp" title="Header <boost/proto/matches.hpp>">boost/proto/matches.hpp</a>>
</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <a class="link" href="../../../Expr.html" title="Concept Expr">Expr</a><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> State<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Data<span class="special">></span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <a class="link" href="impl.html" title="Struct template impl">impl</a> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword"></span> <a class="link" href="../transform_impl.html" title="Struct template transform_impl">proto::transform_impl</a>< Expr, State, Data > <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// types</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <em class="replaceable"><code><span class="identifier">unspecified</span></code></em> <a name="boost.proto.or_.impl.result_type"></a><span class="identifier">result_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">// <a class="link" href="impl.html#id-1_3_33_5_32_2_1_4_5_4-bb">public member functions</a></span>
<span class="identifier">result_type</span> <a class="link" href="impl.html#id-1_3_33_5_32_2_1_4_5_4_1-bb"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="special">)</span></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">impl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">expr_param</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">impl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">state_param</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">impl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">data_param</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span><span class="special">;</span></pre></div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a name="id-1.3.33.5.34.7.4.5.4"></a><h2>Description</h2>
<div class="refsect2">
<a name="id-1.3.33.5.34.7.4.5.4.2"></a><h3>
<a name="id-1_3_33_5_32_2_1_4_5_4-bb"></a><code class="computeroutput">impl</code> public member functions</h3>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem">
<pre class="literallayout"><span class="identifier">result_type</span> <a name="id-1_3_33_5_32_2_1_4_5_4_1-bb"></a><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">impl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">expr_param</span> expr<span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">impl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">state_param</span> state<span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">impl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">data_param</span> data<span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span></pre>
<div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Parameters:</span></p></td>
<td><div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term"><code class="computeroutput">data</code></span></p></td>
<td><p>A data of arbitrary type </p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term"><code class="computeroutput">expr</code></span></p></td>
<td><p>An expression </p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term"><code class="computeroutput">state</code></span></p></td>
<td><p>The current state </p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Returns:</span></p></td>
<td><p>
<code class="computeroutput">
G<sub>x</sub>()(expr, state, data)
</code>, where
<code class="computeroutput">x</code> is the lowest number such that
<code class="computeroutput">
<a class="link" href="../matches.html" title="Struct template matches">proto::matches</a><Expr, G<sub>x</sub>>::value
</code>
is <code class="computeroutput">true</code>.
</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</li></ol></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="path_to_url~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="path_to_url" target="_top">path_to_url
</p>
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``` |
Hilde Hofherr (born 20 April 1930) is an Austrian alpine skier. She competed at the 1956 Winter Olympics and the 1960 Winter Olympics.
References
1930 births
Living people
Austrian female alpine skiers
Olympic alpine skiers for Austria
Alpine skiers at the 1956 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1960 Winter Olympics
People from Reutte District
Skiers from Tyrol (state)
20th-century Austrian women |
```go
package git
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"path/filepath"
)
// Status represents the current status of a Worktree.
// The key of the map is the path of the file.
type Status map[string]*FileStatus
// File returns the FileStatus for a given path, if the FileStatus doesn't
// exists a new FileStatus is added to the map using the path as key.
func (s Status) File(path string) *FileStatus {
if _, ok := (s)[path]; !ok {
s[path] = &FileStatus{Worktree: Untracked, Staging: Untracked}
}
return s[path]
}
// IsUntracked checks if file for given path is 'Untracked'
func (s Status) IsUntracked(path string) bool {
stat, ok := (s)[filepath.ToSlash(path)]
return ok && stat.Worktree == Untracked
}
// IsClean returns true if all the files aren't in Unmodified status.
func (s Status) IsClean() bool {
for _, status := range s {
if status.Worktree != Unmodified || status.Staging != Unmodified {
return false
}
}
return true
}
func (s Status) String() string {
buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
for path, status := range s {
if status.Staging == Unmodified && status.Worktree == Unmodified {
continue
}
if status.Staging == Renamed {
path = fmt.Sprintf("%s -> %s", path, status.Extra)
}
fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%c%c %s\n", status.Staging, status.Worktree, path)
}
return buf.String()
}
// FileStatus contains the status of a file in the worktree
type FileStatus struct {
// Staging is the status of a file in the staging area
Staging StatusCode
// Worktree is the status of a file in the worktree
Worktree StatusCode
// Extra contains extra information, such as the previous name in a rename
Extra string
}
// StatusCode status code of a file in the Worktree
type StatusCode byte
const (
Unmodified StatusCode = ' '
Untracked StatusCode = '?'
Modified StatusCode = 'M'
Added StatusCode = 'A'
Deleted StatusCode = 'D'
Renamed StatusCode = 'R'
Copied StatusCode = 'C'
UpdatedButUnmerged StatusCode = 'U'
)
``` |
Chang Khlan () is a tambon (subdistrict) of Mueang Chiang Mai District in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, and a neighbourhood of the city of Chiang Mai. It lies east and southeast of the historic walled city, alongside the west bank of the Ping River, with its main throughfare Chang Khlan Road running north–south through the area. The neighbourhood is home to several historic ethnic communities, especially that of Yunannese Muslims, and is a major tourism hub, being home to several large hotels as well as the Chiang Mai Night Bazaar.
References
Further reading
Tambon of Chiang Mai province
Populated places in Chiang Mai province |
Hans Philipp (17 March 1917 – 8 October 1943) was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace during World War II. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. He is credited with 206 enemy aircraft shot down in over 500 combat missions. The majority of his victories were claimed over the Eastern Front, with 29 claims over the Western Front.
Born in Meissen, Philipp grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany as the only child of a single parent, Alma Philipp. He was raised under challenging financial circumstances, and volunteered for military service in the Wehrmacht in 1936. Following flight training, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 76 (JG 76—76th Fighter Wing) of the Luftwaffe and participated in the invasion of Poland and as a Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) in the Battle of France. His unit was reformed as II./Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) in June 1940. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 22 October 1940 during the Battle of Britain. He then fought in the aerial battles of the Balkans Campaign and Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves after 62 aerial victories on 24 August 1941 and the Swords () to his Knight's Cross on 12 March 1942, his score now at 86 aerial victories. He claimed his 100th victory on 31 March 1942, the fourth fighter pilot to achieve this mark, and his 150th aerial victory on 14 January 1943. Philipp claimed four aircraft shot down on 17 March 1943 taking his total to 203 aerial victories. He thus surpassed Hermann Graf as the leading German fighter pilot at the time, and six months after Graf, became the second pilot to claim more than 200 victories.
Philipp was promoted to Major (major) and given command as the Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing) on 1 April 1943, conducting Defense of the Reich operations against the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). He was promoted to Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel) on 1 October 1943 and was killed in action a week later on 8 October during an attack on Bremen. It is believed that he was shot down by the P-47 Thunderbolt pilot Robert S. Johnson. Philipp managed to bail out but his parachute failed to open.
Childhood and education
Johannes "Hans" Fritz Philipp was born on 17 March 1917 at 22:45 at Gustav-Graf-Straße 5 in Meissen, in the Kingdom of Saxony, part of the German Empire. His mother Alma Philipp was not married. His father was Leopold Gushurst whom his mother had met while serving at the hospital at Meissen-Zaschendorf. Gushurst had studied medicine at the universities in Erlangen (1912–14) and Freiburg (1914–16) and served as battalion doctor with the heavy artillery on the Western and Eastern Fronts of World War I. He attained his doctorate in the field of radiology in April 1920 and opened his medical practice in Plauen. In the 1920s, his social status as a doctor did not allow him to disclose his relationship with the unmarried mother of his child.
Philipp's mother, who never married, was the eighth child of relatively poor parents. Her father made a living as a driver and as a laborer in the construction business. The financial situation was always tight, and taught everyone in the family discipline and to work hard to survive. To support the family, Alma worked as an accountant and clerk. Philipp's father paid a monthly alimony of until 1933. Initially he had to be reminded by his mother of his obligations. Philipp was baptized on 29 July 1917, taking the name Johannes Fritz, and was confirmed in 1931.
In 1924, Philipp attended the 4. Volksschule (Pestalozzischule—4th elementary school) in Meissen. Philipp was a very good student. His mother understood that education was essential to Philipp's future. She worked very hard to raise the funds to pay for higher education in order to send Philipp to a Gymnasium (secondary school). In 1927, she managed to have Philipp admitted to the Franziskaneum in Meissen, the Realgymnasium—a secondary school built on the mid-level Realschule to achieve the Abitur (university entry qualification)—in Meissen. Alma, desperate to secure her son's schooling, wrote to the city council of Meissen in 1932 asking if the school fees could be waived.
Philipp participated in various sporting events organized by the Christlicher Verein Junger Männer (CVJM—the German equivalent of YMCA) such as hiking, bicycling, skiing, paddling and rowing. He also was a member of the Hitlerjugend (HJ—Hitler Youth) and received the HJ-Ehrenzeichen (Honor Badge). Philipp learned to fly glider aircraft in the Hitler Youth and received his A and B glider license, leading the local HJ-Fliegerschar (Flying Squad) in Meissen. Adolf Hitler officially re-established the Luftwaffe in March 1935. Following this event, Philipp then changed his mind and decided he did not want to become a journalist. He passed his physical examination to become a pilot, observer, aircraft mechanic and or radio operator on 6 September 1935 in Dresden. The financial situation of the Philipp family was always a cause for concern. When Alma's mother was paralyzed and required nursing care, the financial situation became severe. Alma's monthly income was and the annual school fee of was a big burden. She wrote to the city council multiple times asking for the fees to be waived. By early 1935, the family was behind on their payments which had accumulated to a debt of by 31 March 1935. Philipp's graduation from school was at risk as he was threatened with expulsion on financial grounds. Philipp's decision to opt for military service in the Wehrmacht eased the financial tension. He was permitted to graduate, provided that his mother paid back the debt in instalments of per month.
Early career
Following his graduation from school, Philipp had to complete his compulsory six months in the Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD—Reich Labor Service). He began his RAD service on 2 January 1936 in Lager 5/150 (Camp 5/150) in Riesa. He was released early and started his military training as a Fahnenjunker (cadet) on 6 April 1936 at the 2nd Air Warfare School (Luftkriegsschule 2) at Gatow, on the south-western outskirts of Berlin. Among his classmates were Werner Baumbach, who became a bomber pilot, and Helmut Lent, a nightfighter pilot. Philipp, as a member of the 4. Schülerkompanie (4th Student Company), completed Lehrgang I (1st course) by 4 August 1936, Lehrgang II (2nd course) by 31 May 1937, and the final Lehrgang III (3rd course) by 31 August 1937. He received the Pilot's Badge after completing these courses. During this training period he was promoted to Fahnenjunker-Gefreiter (cadet-private) on 1 October 1936, Fahnenjunker-Unteroffizier (cadet-corporal) on 1 December 1936, Fähnrich (ensign) on 1 April 1937 and Oberfähnrich (senior ensign) on 1 December 1937. Philipp was promoted to the officer rank of Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 24 February 1938, with the effective date was backdated to 1 January 1938. His commanding officer released him with the words, "I release you with great concern for your own career, but with even greater concern for the Air Force as a whole"—apparently Philipp had been aware that his promotion was at risk for his opposition to the monotony of the training system. Just prior to his promotion he had started looking for an alternative employment with the Maschinenfabrik Pekrun (machine factory Pekrun) in Coswig, which his dance partner, Margarete Strunz, had helped to arrange.
Philipp was transferred to the I. Gruppe of Kampfgeschwader 253 (I./KG 253—1st group of the 253rd Bomber Wing) on 1 March 1938. This assignment did not suit Philipp, and on 1 May 1938 he managed to get himself transferred to the Jagdfliegerschule Werneuchen (fighter pilot school) in Werneuchen, then under the command of Oberst (Colonel) Theodor Osterkamp. The Anschluß, the 1938 occupation and annexation of Austria into the German Reich, spawned the rapid expansion of the Luftwaffe. Philipp's fighter pilot career benefited from this expansion and he was transferred to the I./Jagdgeschwader 138 (I./JG 138—1st group of the 138th Fighter Wing) stationed in Wien-Schwechat on 1 July 1938. Here he underwent flight conversion training from the Heinkel He 51 biplane to the then modern Messerschmitt Bf 109. This posed challenges, and on 21 June and again 19 July 1939, he damaged his Bf 109 during takeoff and landing. In 1939, Philipp bought a DKW Meisterklasse automobile. With this car he went on a tour through Italy where he met his future fiancée Katharina Egger from South Tyrol. On 1 May 1939, his unit I./JG 138 was re-designated I./Jagdgeschwader 76 (I./JG 76—1st group of the 76th Fighter Wing).
World War II
The German invasion of Poland began on 1 September 1939, and marked the beginning of World War II in Europe. Philipp's unit was tasked with bomber escort and ground attack as well as combat air patrol missions. He was credited with his first aerial victory on 5 September 1939 over a PZL P.24 south of Radomsko. Philipp maneuvered himself into a favorable attack position and aimed carefully. Just as he was about to open fire, the enemy pilot bailed out without firing a single shot. Nevertheless, he was given credit for the destruction of the aircraft and was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (), which was presented to him on 10 October 1939. He lost his wingman during the Phoney War air skirmishes with the Armée de l'Air (French Air Force) in late November 1939.
Case Yellow (Fall Gelb), the invasion of France and the Low Countries on 10 May 1940, marked the beginning of the Battle of France. Philipp claimed four victories in the early phase of the campaign which earned him the Iron Cross 1st Class () on 31 May 1940. The next day, 1 June, he was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) and appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader). His unit was tasked with bomber escort missions against the British Expeditionary Force in the Battle of Dunkirk and was relocated to airbases in the vicinity of Paris on 3 June. Following the armistice on 22 June I./JG 76 was moved to Eindhoven and Schiphol where they were tasked with the aerial defense of the Netherlands. On 5 July 1940, I./JG 76 was renamed II./Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing), 1./JG 76 became 4./JG 54, and at the same time relocated at Campagne, south of Calais. On 25 August 1940, the Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 4. Staffel of JG 54, Oberleutnant Dietrich Hrabak, was appointed Gruppenkommandeur of II./JG 54. In consequence, Philipp was given command of 4./JG 54.
Battle of Britain
Aerial operations in what would become the Battle of Britain began for his unit on 12 July 1940. The fighting reached a climax on 7 August when Eagle Day was launched (code name Adlertag). Hitler had issued Führer Directive no. 17 (Weisung Nr. 17) on 1 August 1940; the strategic objective was to engage and defeat the Royal Air Force (RAF) to achieve air supremacy, or at least air superiority, in preparation for Operation Sea Lion (Unternehmen Seelöwe), the proposed amphibious invasion of Great Britain. From 7 September onwards, the Luftwaffe switched to attack British towns and cities, with London coming under particularly heavy attack, during what was dubbed The Blitz by the British. In total, Philipp flew 130 missions over England. His number of aerial victories increased, including his 12th to 15th on 27 September, which led to the presentation of the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe () on 28 September 1940. He claimed his 20th victory on 20 October, and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (). He was the second pilot of JG 54 to receive this award. The first was his Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) Hauptmann Hrabak, who received the award one day earlier.
The German air offensive against England was a failure, and only resulted in heavy losses. To replenish these, II./JG 54 was withdrawn from the Channel Front on 3 December 1940 and stationed at Delmenhorst. The pilots were sent on a ski vacation at Kitzbühl and given home leave. Philipp made a public propaganda appearance at his Franziskaneum home school on 16 December, speaking of his actions as fighter pilot. On 15 January 1941, his unit was moved to Le Mans, southwest of Paris, to protect the airspace over Normandy. Here they stayed until 29 March 1941 when they were ordered to Graz-Thalerhof in preparation for the attack on Yugoslavia.
Balkans campaign and Operation Barbarossa
The Balkans campaign began on 6 April 1941, with multiple objectives. Operation Marita was the codename for the German invasion of Greece, while JG 54's Stab, II. Gruppe, and III. Gruppe were committed to the invasion of Yugoslavia. During the early missions, JG 54 engaged the Bf 109s of the Jugoslovensko Kraljevsko Ratno Vazduhoplovstvo (JKRV—Yugoslav Royal Air Force) in numerous air battles. Philipp claimed two JKRV Bf 109s shot down during a Stuka escort mission on the second day of operations on 7 April, taking his total to 25 aerial victories. 4./JG 54 made four claims in total. Philipp's opponents were from 32 Grupa which suffered eight Yugoslav-flown Bf 109s shot down. Five pilots were killed—Captain Miha Klavova, 104 Eskadrila; Second Lieutenant Jovan Kapesic, 103 Eskadrila; Warrant Officer Branislav Todorovic, 103 Eskadrila, Sergeant Vladimir Gorup, 103 Eskadrila and Sergeant Milivoje Boskovic, 104 Eskadrila.
Following the surrender of the Royal Yugoslav Army on 17 April 1941, while stationed at an airfield at Zemun near Belgrade, the Geschwader received orders on 3 May 1941 to turn over all Bf 109-Es so they could receive the new Bf 109-F variant. Transition training was completed at Airfield Stolp-Reitz in Pomerania. Following intensive training, the Geschwader was moved to airfields in Eastern Prussia. On 22 June at 03:05, 120 aircraft of the Geschwader crossed into Soviet airspace in support of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. Philipp, like many other German fighter pilots, enjoyed superiority over his Soviet adversaries in the early phase of Barbarossa, both in terms of the training he had received and the aircraft that he flew. He quickly accumulated further victories and on account of his 31st to 33rd victories achieved on 4 July was mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht radio report, the first of five such mentions, on 7 July.
Philipp claimed his 62nd victory on 24 August 1941, an achievement which earned him the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (). He was the 33rd member of the German armed forces to be so honored. The presentation was made on 27 August 1941 by Hitler at the Führer Headquarter Wolfsschanze (Wolf's Lair) in Rastenburg (now Kętrzyn in Poland). Following the loss of Hauptmann Franz Eckerle, who had been reported as missing in action since 14 February 1942, Philipp, who had claimed his 77th victory, was appointed Gruppenkommandeur of I./JG 54 on 17 February 1942. On 23 February, Philipp shot down his 82nd opponent, the 158 IAP's (158th Fighter Aviation Regiment) Leytenant Mikhail Satalkin, who was posted as missing in action.
Eastern Front
Following his 86th victory claimed on 12 March 1942, Philipp became the first member of the Geschwader to receive the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (). The Swords had been awarded only seven times before. The presentation on 5 April 1942 was again made by Hitler himself at the Wolfsschanze. By this date his total had increased further. On 31 March 1942, he became only the fourth Luftwaffe fighter pilot to achieve 100 victories.
Following the presentation of the Swords, Philipp went on home leave. Again he was asked to make a number of propaganda appearances. On 1 May 1942, he spoke before his home school and before the Meissen youth at the Hamburger Hof. He, his mother and his fiancée were also invited to Meissen Town Hall on 30 April. Among other officials, present were the NSDAP-Kreisleiter (county leader) Helmut Böhme and the mayor of Meissen, Walter Kaule. Philipp was granted the privilege of signing the Meissen Golden Book (Goldenes Buch)—a book signed in German communities and cities by special guests of honor.
Philipp returned to the Eastern Front at Krasnogwardejsk south of Leningrad and claimed his 101st to 103rd victories on 6 June 1942, which were mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht on 7 June. His third mention in the Wehrmachtbericht on 27 June came after he achieved his 108th to 110th victories on 26 June. In addition to the references in the Wehrmachtbericht he received the German Cross in Gold () on 29 June 1942. He also received the Croatian Order of the Crown of King Zvonimir () 2nd Class with Swords on 15 September 1942 for his work with the Croatian Air Force Legion's fighter unit commanded by Franjo Džal. On 14 January 1943, he claimed his 150th aerial victory. This led to the presentation of the Picture of the Reichsmarschall in Silver Frame () on 16 February 1943. His unit received the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 in February 1943. He quickly accumulated further victories, and on 17 March 1943, his 26th birthday, he claimed his 200th to 203rd enemy aircraft shot down, recognized by his fourth mention in the Wehrmachtbericht. He was the second pilot after Hermann Graf to achieve this mark, and at the time was the most successful fighter pilot of the Luftwaffe.
Wing commander of JG 1 and death
In April 1943, Philipp was transferred to Defense of the Reich duties as Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing), flying high altitude interception operations against the USAAF Eighth Air Force over the North Sea and northern Germany. He succeeded Oberstleutnant Erich Mix who was transferred. Philipp claimed his 204th victory on 2 May, and his 205th on 18 May before falling ill with appendicitis. This required hospitalization in Meissen. On 4 October 1943, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring is said to have issued the following instructions after another attack by the Eighth Air Force.
There are no meteorological conditions which would prevent fighters from taking off and engaging in combat.
Every fighter pilot returning in a machine not showing any sign of combat, or without having recorded a victory will be prosecuted by a court-martial.
In the case of where a pilot uses up his ammunition, or if his weapons are unusable, he should ram the enemy bomber.
Philipp's response was "As far as I'm concerned, I categorically refuse to allow myself to be held to such advice; I know what I have to do!"
On 8 October 1943, the US Eighth Air Force attacked targets in Bremen and Vegesack with 156 bombers. The bombers were escorted by more than 250 Thunderbolts from six different fighter groups. Phillipp's flight was intercepted by P-47s of the 56th Fighter Group. The Stab Flight of the Geschwader heard Philipp announce a victory over a Thunderbolt. The last transmission from him was, "Reinhardt, attack!", Feldwebel Hans-Günther Reinhardt was Philipp's wingman on this day. He last saw the Kommodore's aircraft disappear in a cloud. Reinhardt was wounded after colliding with an enemy aircraft, but made a successful forced landing. Later that evening, the Geschwader learned that their Geschwaderkommodore had been shot down and killed in his Fw 190 A-6 "Red 6" (Werknummer 530407—factory number).
The report filed by Reinhardt on 10 October 1943 stated that he and Philipp had taken off at 14:11 on a mission against enemy bombers in the vicinity of Bremen. The group led by Y-Verfahren (Y-Control) had sighted a formation of about 30 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses southwest of Bremen at 15:12. The bombers had already completed their bomb run and were returning to England. Philipp started his attack from the right, driving the attack to pointblank range, flaming one of the B-17s which crashed at 15:32. Philipp then flew under the formation to the left when he was hit from the defensive fire of a rear gunner on one of the B-17s which was lagging behind. Philipp then went into a dive and Rheinhardt asked by radio "what has happened?" His response was "Reinhardt, attack". Reinhardt, who had seen that Philipp had been hit, followed Philipp down until he disappeared in a lower cloud layer. More recent research has suggested that Philipp may also have been hit by a P-47 "Thunderbolt" piloted by Robert S. Johnson of the 61st Fighter Squadron. Philipp tried to return to his airfield, but was forced to bail out at low altitude at 15:45 between Hardenberg and Itterbeck, near Wielen (). His parachute failed to open and the jump from an altitude of about mortally wounded him. His body was recovered and examined in the field hospital in Rheine the next day. The post mortem examination revealed extensive burns, particularly to the face, a laceration on the back of his head, multiple broken bones and flesh wounds as well as a particularly deep injury to his upper abdomen and inner organs.
From Rheine, on 10 October 1943 Philipp's body was transported to Meissen by train where it arrived the next day. The Wehrmachtbericht announced his death on 12 October. The funeral at the Trinitatisfriedhof (Trinitatis Cemetery) in Meissen, on 14 October 1943, was dominated by military, public and Nazi officials. His coffin, which was draped in the national flag of Nazi Germany along with his honors and decorations on a velvet cushion, was put on display on the entry steps of the town hall in Meissen. Present at the funeral along with his mother, his fiancée and other members of the family, were Oberstleutnant Hannes Trautloft and Generaloberst Alfred Keller, who delivered the eulogy. Philipp's mother died on 7 May 1973, her urn was buried next to her son.
Summary of career
Aerial victory claims
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Philipp was credited with 206 aerial victories. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 193 aerial victory claims, plus nine further unconfirmed claims. This figure includes 171 claims on the Eastern Front, two during the Balkan Campaign, and 20 claims on the Western Front, including one four-engined bomber. Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock list 206 aerial victory claims plus one further unconfirmed claim. This number includes up to two further unconfirmed claims on 31 March 1942.
Awards
Wound Badge in Black
Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Fighter Pilots
in Gold (19 May 1941)
with Pennant (4 October 1942)
Combined Pilots-Observation Badge
Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 28 September 1940
Iron Cross (1939)
2nd Class (10 October 1939)
1st Class (31 May 1940)
German Cross in Gold on 18 June 1942 as Hauptmann in the II./Jagdgeschwader 54
Eastern Front Medal (8 August 1942)
Croatian Order of the Crown of King Zvonimir 2nd Class with Swords (15 September 1942)
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Knight's Cross on 22 October 1940 Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 4./Jagdgeschwader 54
33rd Oak Leaves on 24 August 1941 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 4./Jagdgeschwader 54
8th Swords on 12 March 1942 Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the I./Jagdgeschwader 54
Five named references in the Wehrmachtbericht on (7 July 1941, 7 June 1942, 27 June 1942, 18 March 1943 and 12 October 1943)
Dates of rank
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
1917 births
1943 deaths
People from Meissen
Hitler Youth members
Luftwaffe pilots
German World War II flying aces
Luftwaffe personnel killed in World War II
Recipients of the Order of the Crown of King Zvonimir
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Military personnel from the Kingdom of Saxony
Aviators killed by being shot down
Reich Labour Service members
Military personnel from Saxony |
```go
package controlapi
import (
"context"
"fmt"
"io"
"testing"
"github.com/moby/swarmkit/v2/api"
cautils "github.com/moby/swarmkit/v2/ca/testutils"
"github.com/moby/swarmkit/v2/identity"
"github.com/moby/swarmkit/v2/log"
raftutils "github.com/moby/swarmkit/v2/manager/state/raft/testutils"
"github.com/moby/swarmkit/v2/manager/state/store"
"github.com/moby/swarmkit/v2/testutils"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
"google.golang.org/grpc/grpclog"
)
func createNode(t *testing.T, ts *testServer, id string, role api.NodeRole, membership api.NodeSpec_Membership, state api.NodeStatus_State) *api.Node {
node := &api.Node{
ID: id,
Spec: api.NodeSpec{
Membership: membership,
},
Status: api.NodeStatus{
State: state,
},
Role: role,
}
err := ts.Store.Update(func(tx store.Tx) error {
return store.CreateNode(tx, node)
})
assert.NoError(t, err)
return node
}
func TestGetNode(t *testing.T) {
ts := newTestServer(t)
defer ts.Stop()
_, err := ts.Client.GetNode(context.Background(), &api.GetNodeRequest{})
assert.Error(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, codes.InvalidArgument, testutils.ErrorCode(err))
_, err = ts.Client.GetNode(context.Background(), &api.GetNodeRequest{NodeID: "invalid"})
assert.Error(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, codes.NotFound, testutils.ErrorCode(err))
node := createNode(t, ts, "id", api.NodeRoleManager, api.NodeMembershipAccepted, api.NodeStatus_READY)
r, err := ts.Client.GetNode(context.Background(), &api.GetNodeRequest{NodeID: node.ID})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, node.ID, r.Node.ID)
}
func TestListNodes(t *testing.T) {
ts := newTestServer(t)
defer ts.Stop()
r, err := ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Empty(t, r.Nodes)
createNode(t, ts, "id1", api.NodeRoleManager, api.NodeMembershipAccepted, api.NodeStatus_READY)
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, 1, len(r.Nodes))
createNode(t, ts, "id2", api.NodeRoleWorker, api.NodeMembershipAccepted, api.NodeStatus_READY)
createNode(t, ts, "id3", api.NodeRoleWorker, api.NodeMembershipPending, api.NodeStatus_READY)
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, 3, len(r.Nodes))
// List by role.
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(),
&api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
Roles: []api.NodeRole{api.NodeRoleManager},
},
},
)
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, 1, len(r.Nodes))
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(),
&api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
Roles: []api.NodeRole{api.NodeRoleWorker},
},
},
)
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, 2, len(r.Nodes))
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(),
&api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
Roles: []api.NodeRole{api.NodeRoleManager, api.NodeRoleWorker},
},
},
)
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, 3, len(r.Nodes))
// List by membership.
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(),
&api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
Memberships: []api.NodeSpec_Membership{api.NodeMembershipAccepted},
},
},
)
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, 2, len(r.Nodes))
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(),
&api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
Memberships: []api.NodeSpec_Membership{api.NodeMembershipPending},
},
},
)
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, 1, len(r.Nodes))
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(),
&api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
Memberships: []api.NodeSpec_Membership{api.NodeMembershipAccepted, api.NodeMembershipPending},
},
},
)
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, 3, len(r.Nodes))
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(),
&api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
Roles: []api.NodeRole{api.NodeRoleWorker},
Memberships: []api.NodeSpec_Membership{api.NodeMembershipPending},
},
},
)
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, 1, len(r.Nodes))
}
func TestListNodesWithLabelFilter(t *testing.T) {
ts := newTestServer(t)
defer ts.Stop()
// satify these test cases:
// Filtering on engine labels
// - returns all nodes with matching engine labels
// - does not return nodes with matching node labels
// - does not return nodes with non-matching engine labels
// Filtering on nodes:
// - returns all nodes with matching node labels
// - does not return nodes with matching engine labels
// - does not return nodes with non-matching node labels
// we'll need 3 nodes for this test.
nodes := make([]*api.Node, 3)
nodes[0] = &api.Node{
ID: "node0",
Spec: api.NodeSpec{
Annotations: api.Annotations{
Labels: map[string]string{
"allcommon": "node",
"nodelabel1": "shouldmatch",
"nodelabel2": "unique1",
},
},
},
Description: &api.NodeDescription{
Engine: &api.EngineDescription{
Labels: map[string]string{
"allcommon": "engine",
"enginelabel1": "shouldmatch",
"enginelabel2": "unique1",
},
},
},
}
nodes[1] = &api.Node{
ID: "node1",
Spec: api.NodeSpec{
Annotations: api.Annotations{
Labels: map[string]string{
"allcommon": "node",
"nodelabel1": "shouldmatch",
"nodelabel2": "unique2",
},
},
},
Description: &api.NodeDescription{
Engine: &api.EngineDescription{
Labels: map[string]string{
"allcommon": "engine",
"enginelabel1": "shouldmatch",
"enginelabel2": "unique2",
},
},
},
}
nodes[2] = &api.Node{
ID: "node2",
Spec: api.NodeSpec{
Annotations: api.Annotations{
Labels: map[string]string{
"allcommon": "node",
"nodelabel1": "shouldnevermatch",
"nodelabel2": "unique1",
},
},
},
Description: &api.NodeDescription{
Engine: &api.EngineDescription{
Labels: map[string]string{
"allcommon": "engine",
"enginelabel1": "shouldnevermatch",
"enginelabel2": "unique1",
},
},
},
}
// createNode gives us a bunch of fields we don't care about. instead, do a
// store update directly
err := ts.Store.Update(func(tx store.Tx) error {
for _, node := range nodes {
if err := store.CreateNode(tx, node); err != nil {
return err
}
}
return nil
})
require.NoError(t, err, "error creating nodes")
// now try listing nodes
// listing with an empty set of labels should return all nodes
t.Log("list nodes with no filters")
r, err := ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{},
})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 3)
t.Log("list nodes with allcommon=engine engine label filter")
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
Labels: map[string]string{"allcommon": "engine"},
},
})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 3)
t.Log("list nodes with allcommon=node engine label filter")
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
Labels: map[string]string{"allcommon": "node"},
},
})
// nothing should be returned; allcommon=engine on engine labels
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 0)
t.Log("list nodes with allcommon=node node filter")
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
NodeLabels: map[string]string{"allcommon": "node"},
},
})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 3)
t.Log("list nodes with allcommon=engine node filter")
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
NodeLabels: map[string]string{"allcommon": "engine"},
},
})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 0)
t.Log("list nodes with nodelabel1=shouldmatch node filter")
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
NodeLabels: map[string]string{"nodelabel1": "shouldmatch"},
},
})
// should only return the first 2 nodes
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 2)
assert.Contains(t, r.Nodes, nodes[0])
assert.Contains(t, r.Nodes, nodes[1])
t.Log("list nodes with enginelabel1=shouldmatch engine filter")
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
Labels: map[string]string{"enginelabel1": "shouldmatch"},
},
})
// should only return the first 2 nodes
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 2)
assert.Contains(t, r.Nodes, nodes[0])
assert.Contains(t, r.Nodes, nodes[1])
t.Log("list nodes with node two engine filters")
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
Labels: map[string]string{
"enginelabel1": "shouldmatch",
"enginelabel2": "unique1",
},
},
})
// should only return the first node
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 1)
assert.Contains(t, r.Nodes, nodes[0])
t.Log("list nodes with node two node filters")
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
NodeLabels: map[string]string{
"nodelabel1": "shouldmatch",
"nodelabel2": "unique1",
},
},
})
// should only return the first node
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 1)
assert.Contains(t, r.Nodes, nodes[0])
t.Log("list nodes with both engine and node filters")
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
// all nodes pass this filter
Labels: map[string]string{
"enginelabel1": "",
},
// only 0 and 2 pass this filter
NodeLabels: map[string]string{
"nodelabel2": "unique1",
},
},
})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 2)
assert.Contains(t, r.Nodes, nodes[0])
assert.Contains(t, r.Nodes, nodes[2])
}
func TestRemoveNodes(t *testing.T) {
ts := newTestServer(t)
defer ts.Stop()
ts.Store.Update(func(tx store.Tx) error {
store.CreateCluster(tx, &api.Cluster{
ID: identity.NewID(),
Spec: api.ClusterSpec{
Annotations: api.Annotations{
Name: store.DefaultClusterName,
},
},
})
return nil
})
r, err := ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Empty(t, r.Nodes)
createNode(t, ts, "id1", api.NodeRoleManager, api.NodeMembershipAccepted, api.NodeStatus_READY)
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 1)
createNode(t, ts, "id2", api.NodeRoleWorker, api.NodeMembershipAccepted, api.NodeStatus_READY)
createNode(t, ts, "id3", api.NodeRoleWorker, api.NodeMembershipPending, api.NodeStatus_UNKNOWN)
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 3)
// Attempt to remove a ready node without force
_, err = ts.Client.RemoveNode(context.Background(),
&api.RemoveNodeRequest{
NodeID: "id2",
Force: false,
},
)
assert.Error(t, err)
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(),
&api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
Roles: []api.NodeRole{api.NodeRoleManager, api.NodeRoleWorker},
},
},
)
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 3)
// Attempt to remove a ready node with force
_, err = ts.Client.RemoveNode(context.Background(),
&api.RemoveNodeRequest{
NodeID: "id2",
Force: true,
},
)
assert.NoError(t, err)
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(),
&api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
Roles: []api.NodeRole{api.NodeRoleManager, api.NodeRoleWorker},
},
},
)
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 2)
clusterResp, err := ts.Client.ListClusters(context.Background(), &api.ListClustersRequest{})
assert.NoError(t, err)
require.Len(t, clusterResp.Clusters, 1)
require.Len(t, clusterResp.Clusters[0].BlacklistedCertificates, 1)
_, ok := clusterResp.Clusters[0].BlacklistedCertificates["id2"]
assert.True(t, ok)
// Attempt to remove a non-ready node without force
_, err = ts.Client.RemoveNode(context.Background(),
&api.RemoveNodeRequest{
NodeID: "id3",
Force: false,
},
)
assert.NoError(t, err)
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(),
&api.ListNodesRequest{
Filters: &api.ListNodesRequest_Filters{
Roles: []api.NodeRole{api.NodeRoleManager, api.NodeRoleWorker},
},
},
)
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 1)
}
func init() {
grpclog.SetLoggerV2(grpclog.NewLoggerV2(io.Discard, io.Discard, io.Discard))
log.L.Logger.SetOutput(io.Discard)
}
func getMap(t *testing.T, nodes []*api.Node) map[uint64]*api.ManagerStatus {
m := make(map[uint64]*api.ManagerStatus)
for _, n := range nodes {
if n.ManagerStatus != nil {
m[n.ManagerStatus.RaftID] = n.ManagerStatus
}
}
return m
}
func TestListManagerNodes(t *testing.T) {
t.Parallel()
tc := cautils.NewTestCA(t)
defer tc.Stop()
ts := newTestServer(t)
defer ts.Stop()
nodes, clockSource := raftutils.NewRaftCluster(t, tc)
defer raftutils.TeardownCluster(nodes)
// Create a node object for each of the managers
assert.NoError(t, nodes[1].MemoryStore().Update(func(tx store.Tx) error {
assert.NoError(t, store.CreateNode(tx, &api.Node{ID: nodes[1].SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID()}))
assert.NoError(t, store.CreateNode(tx, &api.Node{ID: nodes[2].SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID()}))
assert.NoError(t, store.CreateNode(tx, &api.Node{ID: nodes[3].SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID()}))
return nil
}))
// Assign one of the raft node to the test server
ts.Server.raft = nodes[1].Node
ts.Server.store = nodes[1].MemoryStore()
// There should be 3 reachable managers listed
r, err := ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.NotNil(t, r)
managers := getMap(t, r.Nodes)
assert.Len(t, ts.Server.raft.GetMemberlist(), 3)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 3)
// Node 1 should be the leader
for i := 1; i <= 3; i++ {
if i == 1 {
assert.True(t, managers[nodes[uint64(i)].Config.ID].Leader)
continue
}
assert.False(t, managers[nodes[uint64(i)].Config.ID].Leader)
}
// All nodes should be reachable
for i := 1; i <= 3; i++ {
assert.Equal(t, api.RaftMemberStatus_REACHABLE, managers[nodes[uint64(i)].Config.ID].Reachability)
}
// Add two more nodes to the cluster
raftutils.AddRaftNode(t, clockSource, nodes, tc)
raftutils.AddRaftNode(t, clockSource, nodes, tc)
raftutils.WaitForCluster(t, clockSource, nodes)
// Add node entries for these
assert.NoError(t, nodes[1].MemoryStore().Update(func(tx store.Tx) error {
assert.NoError(t, store.CreateNode(tx, &api.Node{ID: nodes[4].SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID()}))
assert.NoError(t, store.CreateNode(tx, &api.Node{ID: nodes[5].SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID()}))
return nil
}))
// There should be 5 reachable managers listed
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.NotNil(t, r)
managers = getMap(t, r.Nodes)
assert.Len(t, ts.Server.raft.GetMemberlist(), 5)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 5)
for i := 1; i <= 5; i++ {
assert.Equal(t, api.RaftMemberStatus_REACHABLE, managers[nodes[uint64(i)].Config.ID].Reachability)
}
// Stops 2 nodes
nodes[4].Server.Stop()
nodes[4].ShutdownRaft()
nodes[5].Server.Stop()
nodes[5].ShutdownRaft()
// Node 4 and Node 5 should be listed as Unreachable
assert.NoError(t, testutils.PollFunc(clockSource, func() error {
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{})
if err != nil {
return err
}
managers = getMap(t, r.Nodes)
if len(r.Nodes) != 5 {
return fmt.Errorf("expected 5 nodes, got %d", len(r.Nodes))
}
if managers[nodes[4].Config.ID].Reachability == api.RaftMemberStatus_REACHABLE {
return fmt.Errorf("expected node 4 to be unreachable")
}
if managers[nodes[5].Config.ID].Reachability == api.RaftMemberStatus_REACHABLE {
return fmt.Errorf("expected node 5 to be unreachable")
}
return nil
}))
// Restart the 2 nodes
nodes[4] = raftutils.RestartNode(t, clockSource, nodes[4], false)
nodes[5] = raftutils.RestartNode(t, clockSource, nodes[5], false)
raftutils.WaitForCluster(t, clockSource, nodes)
assert.Len(t, ts.Server.raft.GetMemberlist(), 5)
// All the nodes should be reachable again
assert.NoError(t, testutils.PollFunc(clockSource, func() error {
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{})
if err != nil {
return err
}
managers = getMap(t, r.Nodes)
for i := 1; i <= 5; i++ {
if managers[nodes[uint64(i)].Config.ID].Reachability != api.RaftMemberStatus_REACHABLE {
return fmt.Errorf("node %x is unreachable", nodes[uint64(i)].Config.ID)
}
}
return nil
}))
// Stop node 1 (leader)
nodes[1].Server.Stop()
nodes[1].ShutdownRaft()
newCluster := map[uint64]*raftutils.TestNode{
2: nodes[2],
3: nodes[3],
4: nodes[4],
5: nodes[5],
}
// Wait for the re-election to occur
raftutils.WaitForCluster(t, clockSource, newCluster)
var leaderNode *raftutils.TestNode
for _, node := range newCluster {
if node.IsLeader() {
leaderNode = node
}
}
// Switch the raft node used by the server
ts.Server.raft = leaderNode.Node
// Node 1 should not be the leader anymore
assert.NoError(t, testutils.PollFunc(clockSource, func() error {
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{})
if err != nil {
return err
}
managers = getMap(t, r.Nodes)
if managers[nodes[1].Config.ID].Leader {
return fmt.Errorf("expected node 1 not to be the leader")
}
if managers[nodes[1].Config.ID].Reachability == api.RaftMemberStatus_REACHABLE {
return fmt.Errorf("expected node 1 to be unreachable")
}
return nil
}))
// Restart node 1
nodes[1].ShutdownRaft()
nodes[1] = raftutils.RestartNode(t, clockSource, nodes[1], false)
raftutils.WaitForCluster(t, clockSource, nodes)
// Ensure that node 1 is not the leader
assert.False(t, managers[nodes[uint64(1)].Config.ID].Leader)
// Check that another node got the leader status
var leader uint64
leaderCount := 0
for i := 1; i <= 5; i++ {
if managers[nodes[uint64(i)].Config.ID].Leader {
leader = nodes[uint64(i)].Config.ID
leaderCount++
}
}
// There should be only one leader after node 1 recovery and it
// should be different than node 1
assert.Equal(t, 1, leaderCount)
assert.NotEqual(t, leader, nodes[1].Config.ID)
}
func TestUpdateNode(t *testing.T) {
tc := cautils.NewTestCA(t)
defer tc.Stop()
ts := newTestServer(t)
defer ts.Stop()
nodes := make(map[uint64]*raftutils.TestNode)
nodes[1], _ = raftutils.NewInitNode(t, tc, nil)
defer raftutils.TeardownCluster(nodes)
nodeID := nodes[1].SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID()
// Assign one of the raft node to the test server
ts.Server.raft = nodes[1].Node
ts.Server.store = nodes[1].MemoryStore()
_, err := ts.Client.UpdateNode(context.Background(), &api.UpdateNodeRequest{
NodeID: nodeID,
Spec: &api.NodeSpec{
Availability: api.NodeAvailabilityDrain,
},
NodeVersion: &api.Version{},
})
assert.Error(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, codes.NotFound, testutils.ErrorCode(err))
// Create a node object for the manager
assert.NoError(t, nodes[1].MemoryStore().Update(func(tx store.Tx) error {
assert.NoError(t, store.CreateNode(tx, &api.Node{
ID: nodes[1].SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID(),
Spec: api.NodeSpec{
Membership: api.NodeMembershipAccepted,
},
Role: api.NodeRoleManager,
}))
return nil
}))
_, err = ts.Client.UpdateNode(context.Background(), &api.UpdateNodeRequest{})
assert.Error(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, codes.InvalidArgument, testutils.ErrorCode(err))
_, err = ts.Client.UpdateNode(context.Background(), &api.UpdateNodeRequest{NodeID: "invalid", Spec: &api.NodeSpec{}, NodeVersion: &api.Version{}})
assert.Error(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, codes.NotFound, testutils.ErrorCode(err))
r, err := ts.Client.GetNode(context.Background(), &api.GetNodeRequest{NodeID: nodeID})
assert.NoError(t, err)
if !assert.NotNil(t, r) {
assert.FailNow(t, "got unexpected nil response from GetNode")
}
assert.NotNil(t, r.Node)
_, err = ts.Client.UpdateNode(context.Background(), &api.UpdateNodeRequest{NodeID: nodeID})
assert.Error(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, codes.InvalidArgument, testutils.ErrorCode(err))
spec := r.Node.Spec.Copy()
spec.Availability = api.NodeAvailabilityDrain
_, err = ts.Client.UpdateNode(context.Background(), &api.UpdateNodeRequest{
NodeID: nodeID,
Spec: spec,
})
assert.Error(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, codes.InvalidArgument, testutils.ErrorCode(err))
_, err = ts.Client.UpdateNode(context.Background(), &api.UpdateNodeRequest{
NodeID: nodeID,
Spec: spec,
NodeVersion: &r.Node.Meta.Version,
})
assert.NoError(t, err)
r, err = ts.Client.GetNode(context.Background(), &api.GetNodeRequest{NodeID: nodeID})
assert.NoError(t, err)
if !assert.NotNil(t, r) {
assert.FailNow(t, "got unexpected nil response from GetNode")
}
assert.NotNil(t, r.Node)
assert.NotNil(t, r.Node.Spec)
assert.Equal(t, api.NodeAvailabilityDrain, r.Node.Spec.Availability)
version := &r.Node.Meta.Version
_, err = ts.Client.UpdateNode(context.Background(), &api.UpdateNodeRequest{NodeID: nodeID, Spec: &r.Node.Spec, NodeVersion: version})
assert.NoError(t, err)
// Perform an update with the "old" version.
_, err = ts.Client.UpdateNode(context.Background(), &api.UpdateNodeRequest{NodeID: nodeID, Spec: &r.Node.Spec, NodeVersion: version})
assert.Error(t, err)
}
func testUpdateNodeDemote(t *testing.T) {
tc := cautils.NewTestCA(t)
defer tc.Stop()
ts := newTestServer(t)
defer ts.Stop()
nodes, clockSource := raftutils.NewRaftCluster(t, tc)
defer raftutils.TeardownCluster(nodes)
// Assign one of the raft node to the test server
ts.Server.raft = nodes[1].Node
ts.Server.store = nodes[1].MemoryStore()
// Create a node object for each of the managers
assert.NoError(t, nodes[1].MemoryStore().Update(func(tx store.Tx) error {
assert.NoError(t, store.CreateNode(tx, &api.Node{
ID: nodes[1].SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID(),
Spec: api.NodeSpec{
DesiredRole: api.NodeRoleManager,
Membership: api.NodeMembershipAccepted,
},
Role: api.NodeRoleManager,
}))
assert.NoError(t, store.CreateNode(tx, &api.Node{
ID: nodes[2].SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID(),
Spec: api.NodeSpec{
DesiredRole: api.NodeRoleManager,
Membership: api.NodeMembershipAccepted,
},
Role: api.NodeRoleManager,
}))
assert.NoError(t, store.CreateNode(tx, &api.Node{
ID: nodes[3].SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID(),
Spec: api.NodeSpec{
DesiredRole: api.NodeRoleManager,
Membership: api.NodeMembershipAccepted,
},
Role: api.NodeRoleManager,
}))
return nil
}))
// Stop Node 3 (1 node out of 3)
nodes[3].Server.Stop()
nodes[3].ShutdownRaft()
// Node 3 should be listed as Unreachable
assert.NoError(t, testutils.PollFunc(clockSource, func() error {
members := nodes[1].GetMemberlist()
if len(members) != 3 {
return fmt.Errorf("expected 3 nodes, got %d", len(members))
}
if members[nodes[3].Config.ID].Status.Reachability == api.RaftMemberStatus_REACHABLE {
return fmt.Errorf("expected node 3 to be unreachable")
}
return nil
}))
// Try to demote Node 2, this should fail because of the quorum safeguard
r, err := ts.Client.GetNode(context.Background(), &api.GetNodeRequest{NodeID: nodes[2].SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID()})
assert.NoError(t, err)
spec := r.Node.Spec.Copy()
spec.DesiredRole = api.NodeRoleWorker
version := &r.Node.Meta.Version
_, err = ts.Client.UpdateNode(context.Background(), &api.UpdateNodeRequest{
NodeID: nodes[2].SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID(),
Spec: spec,
NodeVersion: version,
})
assert.Error(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, codes.FailedPrecondition, testutils.ErrorCode(err))
// Restart Node 3
nodes[3] = raftutils.RestartNode(t, clockSource, nodes[3], false)
raftutils.WaitForCluster(t, clockSource, nodes)
// Node 3 should be listed as Reachable
assert.NoError(t, testutils.PollFunc(clockSource, func() error {
members := nodes[1].GetMemberlist()
if len(members) != 3 {
return fmt.Errorf("expected 3 nodes, got %d", len(members))
}
if members[nodes[3].Config.ID].Status.Reachability == api.RaftMemberStatus_UNREACHABLE {
return fmt.Errorf("expected node 3 to be reachable")
}
return nil
}))
raftMember := ts.Server.raft.GetMemberByNodeID(nodes[3].SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID())
assert.NotNil(t, raftMember)
// Try to demote Node 3, this should succeed
r, err = ts.Client.GetNode(context.Background(), &api.GetNodeRequest{NodeID: nodes[3].SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID()})
assert.NoError(t, err)
spec = r.Node.Spec.Copy()
spec.DesiredRole = api.NodeRoleWorker
version = &r.Node.Meta.Version
_, err = ts.Client.UpdateNode(context.Background(), &api.UpdateNodeRequest{
NodeID: nodes[3].SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID(),
Spec: spec,
NodeVersion: version,
})
assert.NoError(t, err)
newCluster := map[uint64]*raftutils.TestNode{
1: nodes[1],
2: nodes[2],
}
ts.Server.raft.RemoveMember(context.Background(), raftMember.RaftID)
raftutils.WaitForCluster(t, clockSource, newCluster)
// Server should list 2 members
assert.NoError(t, testutils.PollFunc(clockSource, func() error {
members := nodes[1].GetMemberlist()
if len(members) != 2 {
return fmt.Errorf("expected 2 nodes, got %d", len(members))
}
return nil
}))
demoteNode := nodes[2]
lastNode := nodes[1]
raftMember = ts.Server.raft.GetMemberByNodeID(demoteNode.SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID())
assert.NotNil(t, raftMember)
// Try to demote a Node and scale down to 1
r, err = ts.Client.GetNode(context.Background(), &api.GetNodeRequest{NodeID: demoteNode.SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID()})
assert.NoError(t, err)
spec = r.Node.Spec.Copy()
spec.DesiredRole = api.NodeRoleWorker
version = &r.Node.Meta.Version
_, err = ts.Client.UpdateNode(context.Background(), &api.UpdateNodeRequest{
NodeID: demoteNode.SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID(),
Spec: spec,
NodeVersion: version,
})
assert.NoError(t, err)
ts.Server.raft.RemoveMember(context.Background(), raftMember.RaftID)
// Update the server
ts.Server.raft = lastNode.Node
ts.Server.store = lastNode.MemoryStore()
newCluster = map[uint64]*raftutils.TestNode{
1: lastNode,
}
raftutils.WaitForCluster(t, clockSource, newCluster)
assert.NoError(t, testutils.PollFunc(clockSource, func() error {
members := lastNode.GetMemberlist()
if len(members) != 1 {
return fmt.Errorf("expected 1 node, got %d", len(members))
}
return nil
}))
// Make sure we can't demote the last manager.
r, err = ts.Client.GetNode(context.Background(), &api.GetNodeRequest{NodeID: lastNode.SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID()})
assert.NoError(t, err)
spec = r.Node.Spec.Copy()
spec.DesiredRole = api.NodeRoleWorker
version = &r.Node.Meta.Version
_, err = ts.Client.UpdateNode(context.Background(), &api.UpdateNodeRequest{
NodeID: lastNode.SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID(),
Spec: spec,
NodeVersion: version,
})
assert.Error(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, codes.FailedPrecondition, testutils.ErrorCode(err))
// Propose a change in the spec and check if the remaining node can still process updates
r, err = ts.Client.GetNode(context.Background(), &api.GetNodeRequest{NodeID: lastNode.SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID()})
assert.NoError(t, err)
spec = r.Node.Spec.Copy()
spec.Availability = api.NodeAvailabilityDrain
version = &r.Node.Meta.Version
_, err = ts.Client.UpdateNode(context.Background(), &api.UpdateNodeRequest{
NodeID: lastNode.SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID(),
Spec: spec,
NodeVersion: version,
})
assert.NoError(t, err)
// Get node information and check that the availability is set to drain
r, err = ts.Client.GetNode(context.Background(), &api.GetNodeRequest{NodeID: lastNode.SecurityConfig.ClientTLSCreds.NodeID()})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, r.Node.Spec.Availability, api.NodeAvailabilityDrain)
}
func TestUpdateNodeDemote(t *testing.T) {
t.Parallel()
testUpdateNodeDemote(t)
}
// TestRemoveNodeAttachments tests the unexported orphanNodeTasks
func TestOrphanNodeTasks(t *testing.T) {
// first, set up a store and all that
ts := newTestServer(t)
defer ts.Stop()
ts.Store.Update(func(tx store.Tx) error {
store.CreateCluster(tx, &api.Cluster{
ID: identity.NewID(),
Spec: api.ClusterSpec{
Annotations: api.Annotations{
Name: store.DefaultClusterName,
},
},
})
return nil
})
// make sure before we start that our server is in a good (empty) state
r, err := ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Empty(t, r.Nodes)
// create a manager
createNode(t, ts, "id1", api.NodeRoleManager, api.NodeMembershipAccepted, api.NodeStatus_READY)
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 1)
// create a worker. put it in the DOWN state, which is the state it will be
// in to remove it anyway
createNode(t, ts, "id2", api.NodeRoleWorker, api.NodeMembershipAccepted, api.NodeStatus_DOWN)
r, err = ts.Client.ListNodes(context.Background(), &api.ListNodesRequest{})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Len(t, r.Nodes, 2)
// create a network we can "attach" to
err = ts.Store.Update(func(tx store.Tx) error {
n := &api.Network{
ID: "net1id",
Spec: api.NetworkSpec{
Annotations: api.Annotations{
Name: "net1name",
},
Attachable: true,
},
}
return store.CreateNetwork(tx, n)
})
require.NoError(t, err)
// create some tasks:
err = ts.Store.Update(func(tx store.Tx) error {
// 1.) A network attachment on the node we're gonna remove
task1 := &api.Task{
ID: "task1",
NodeID: "id2",
DesiredState: api.TaskStateRunning,
Status: api.TaskStatus{
State: api.TaskStateRunning,
},
Spec: api.TaskSpec{
Runtime: &api.TaskSpec_Attachment{
Attachment: &api.NetworkAttachmentSpec{
ContainerID: "container1",
},
},
Networks: []*api.NetworkAttachmentConfig{
{
Target: "net1id",
Addresses: []string{}, // just leave this empty, we don't need it
},
},
},
// we probably don't care about the rest of the fields.
}
if err := store.CreateTask(tx, task1); err != nil {
return err
}
// 2.) A network attachment on the node we're not going to remove
task2 := &api.Task{
ID: "task2",
NodeID: "id1",
DesiredState: api.TaskStateRunning,
Status: api.TaskStatus{
State: api.TaskStateRunning,
},
Spec: api.TaskSpec{
Runtime: &api.TaskSpec_Attachment{
Attachment: &api.NetworkAttachmentSpec{
ContainerID: "container2",
},
},
Networks: []*api.NetworkAttachmentConfig{
{
Target: "net1id",
Addresses: []string{}, // just leave this empty, we don't need it
},
},
},
// we probably don't care about the rest of the fields.
}
if err := store.CreateTask(tx, task2); err != nil {
return err
}
// 3.) A regular task on the node we're going to remove
task3 := &api.Task{
ID: "task3",
NodeID: "id2",
DesiredState: api.TaskStateRunning,
Status: api.TaskStatus{
State: api.TaskStateRunning,
},
Spec: api.TaskSpec{
Runtime: &api.TaskSpec_Container{
Container: &api.ContainerSpec{},
},
},
}
if err := store.CreateTask(tx, task3); err != nil {
return err
}
// 4.) A regular task on the node we're not going to remove
task4 := &api.Task{
ID: "task4",
NodeID: "id1",
DesiredState: api.TaskStateRunning,
Status: api.TaskStatus{
State: api.TaskStateRunning,
},
Spec: api.TaskSpec{
Runtime: &api.TaskSpec_Container{
Container: &api.ContainerSpec{},
},
},
}
if err := store.CreateTask(tx, task4); err != nil {
return err
}
// 5.) A regular task that's already in a terminal state on the node,
// which does not need to be updated.
task5 := &api.Task{
ID: "task5",
NodeID: "id2",
DesiredState: api.TaskStateRunning,
Status: api.TaskStatus{
// use TaskStateCompleted, as this is the earliest terminal
// state (this ensures we don't actually use <= instead of <)
State: api.TaskStateCompleted,
},
Spec: api.TaskSpec{
Runtime: &api.TaskSpec_Container{
Container: &api.ContainerSpec{},
},
},
}
return store.CreateTask(tx, task5)
})
require.NoError(t, err)
// Now, call the function with our nodeID. make sure it returns no error
err = ts.Store.Update(func(tx store.Tx) error {
return orphanNodeTasks(tx, "id2")
})
require.NoError(t, err)
// Now, make sure only tasks 1 and 3, the tasks on the node we're deleting
// removed, are removed
ts.Store.View(func(tx store.ReadTx) {
tasks, err := store.FindTasks(tx, store.All)
require.NoError(t, err)
require.Len(t, tasks, 5)
// and the list should not contain task1 or task2
for _, task := range tasks {
require.NotNil(t, task)
if task.ID == "task1" || task.ID == "task3" {
require.Equal(t, task.Status.State, api.TaskStateOrphaned)
} else {
require.NotEqual(t, task.Status.State, api.TaskStateOrphaned)
}
}
})
}
``` |
The Libro d'Oro (The Golden Book), originally published between 1315 and 1797, is the formal directory of nobles in the Republic of Venice (including the Ionian Islands). It has been resurrected as the Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà Italiana (The Golden Book of Italian Nobility), a privately published directory of the nobility of Italy. The book lists some of Italy's noble families and their cadet branches.
History
Venetian Libro d'oro
In the oligarchic Republic of Venice the series of restrictions to eligibility for membership in the Great Council that began in 1297 with the decreed Serrata del Maggior Consiglio, or closing of the Great Council, resulted in 1315 in the compiling of a directory of members of eligible families, the Libro d'Oro or "Golden Book". The book was permanently closed in 1797, with the fall of the Venetian Republic.
19th century
In 1896 the Libro d'oro was founded. Its members were families who had obtained decrees granting, renewing or confirming a title of nobility by the king or royal decrees or ministerial recognition of a noble title.
It was intended to avoid abuses and usurpations in the maintenance of existing titles in the pre-unification states, and was responsible for keeping a "record of noble titles" in which membership was compulsory for the public use of the titles.
In 1889 a list of families who had obtained decrees granting or recognition of titles of nobility after the unification of Italy was drawn up, as were 14 regional lists, where families were already recorded in the official lists of states pre-unification.
It was initially an official register kept in the State Central State in Rome compiled by the heraldry consultants of the Kingdom of Italy, a government body established in 1869 at the Ministry of the Interior.
Early 20th century
First published in its current form in 1910, it includes some 2,500 families, and may not be considered exhaustive. Included are those listed in the earlier register of the Libro d’Oro della Consulta Araldica del Regno d’Italia and the later Elenchi Ufficiali Nobiliari of 1921 and of 1933.
In 1921 it was decreed as the “Official list of noble and titled families of the Kingdom of Italy". The list included all family members already in the regional registers, but it marked with an asterisk those who had obtained title by royal or ministerial decree. In 1933 a second '"Official List of the Italian nobility" was decreed, to which was attached a list of requirements to establish nobility. Those enrolled in the Italian Official lists of nobility (1921–1933 and SUPL. 1934–36) had three years to provide documentation for inclusion in the Golden Book of 1933, so this is much shorter than the 1921 edition.
After the Second World War
Following the Second World War and the decision by a referendum to abolish its monarchy, the new Italian Republic officially ended its recognition of titles and hereditary honours in its new constitution of Italy, so ceased to maintain the Consulta Araldica, an official government body regulating the nobility which had been a department of the Ministry of the Interior. No titles are now recognized. Only those families bearing titles before 28 October 1922 (i.e. before the rise to power of Fascism) were permitted to use predicates of such titles as a part of their names. These laws did not apply to the Papal nobility of Rome, insofar as their titles had been created by the Pope, when he was a sovereign head of state of the Papal States (i.e. until the Capture of Rome on 20 September 1870). After a period of uncertainty, the Italian aristocracy continued to use their titles in the same way as they had in previous centuries. This behaviour was cemented by the continued publication of Il Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà Italiana, published as much to prevent self-styled aristocrats from social climbing as to list the established nobility.
Current status
The Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà Italiana ("Golden Book of the Italian Nobility") is regularly published by the Collegio Araldico of Rome. It should not be confused with a social register - wealth, status and social contacts are of no consideration on the decision as to whether a person may be included in the book, the only consideration is the blood or marital relationship to the head of a noble family. Nor is it a peerage reference such as those published in Great Britain (e.g., Debrett's Peerage & Baronetage, Burke's Peerage). The currently published Libro d'Oro is not an official publication of the Italian state, which currently does not have a civic office to recognise titles of nobility or personal coats of arms. The most recent (25th) edition of Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà Italiana was published in 2014 http://www.collegioaraldicoromano.it/libro-d-oro
It is structured in volumes divided into two series:
Golden Book of the Italian nobility, old series in 11 volumes
Golden Book of the Italian nobility, new series, in 30 volumes
States and cities
In addition to the Libro d'oro of Venice, such books had existed in many of the Italian states and cities before the unification of Italy. For example, the Libro d'Oro of Murano, the glass-making island in the Venetian Lagoon, was instituted in 1602, and from 1605 the heads of the Council of Ten granted the title cittadino di Murano to those heads of families born on the island or resident there for at least twenty-five years. A Libro d'Oro was also compiled on each of the Venetian Ionian Islands as a nobiliary of the members of local Community Councils (Zante 1542, Corfu 1572 and Cephalonia 1593). After the Ionian Islands were conquered and annexed by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797, the Libro d'Oro was ceremoniously burned.
In the reformed Republic of Genoa of 1576 the Genoese Libro d'Oro, which had been closed in 1528, was reopened to admit new blood.
By extension, a Libro d'Oro is a by-name for any nobiliary directory, as when Al. N. Oikonomides refers to "the recently published 'libro d'oro' of the wealthy ancient Athenians (J.K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families 600-200 B.C. (Oxford 1971)".
See also
Annuario della Nobiltà Italiana
Burke's Peerage, the UK equivalent analogue
Debrett's
Consulta araldica
Nobility of Italy
Almanach de Gotha
Carnet Mondain of Belgium
High Life de Belgique
Powerlist
Social Register
Kulavruttanta
Notes
References
Libro d'oro at Collegio Araldico (in Italian). Retrieved 5 November 2010
Heraldry in Italy at Heraldica (in English). Retrieved 11 May 2007
Explanation of Italian noble rank at Regalis (in English. Retrieved 8 July 2007
Biographical dictionaries |
Physocephala nigra is a species of fly from the genus Physocephala in the family Conopidae. Their larvae are endoparasites of bumble bees of the genus Bombus.
References
Parasitic flies
Parasites of bees
Conopidae
Insects described in 1776
Muscomorph flies of Europe
Endoparasites
Taxa named by Charles De Geer |
Asia Rugby, formerly the Asian Rugby Football Union (ARFU), is the governing body of rugby union in Asia under the authority of World Rugby.
Founded in 1968 by eight charter nations, the Union today has 36 member unions in countries across Asia, stretching from Kazakhstan to Guam.
The aim of Asia Rugby is "to raise physical and moral standards in Asia by education in the healthy pursuit of Rugby Football and to promote friendship among Asian countries".
Members
Asia Rugby has 36 member unions. Not all member unions are members of World Rugby. Asia Rugby members are listed below, with the year each union joined World Rugby shown in brackets. World Rugby associates are shown in italics.
There are 19 World Rugby members, and 9 World Rugby associates:
There are 9 members not affiliated with World Rugby
Other unions not affiliated with Asia Rugby
Several rugby governing bodies for countries in Asia (partially, largely or entirely) – such as , , , , and – are members of the European body, Rugby Europe. Conversely, , which is administered by European associations in other sports (such as within the football governing body, FIFA) is administered as part of Asia Rugby. In addition, Asia Rugby includes Guam (the organized unincorporated territory of the United States), which is arguably not in Asia, but in Oceania, and one transcontinental country, Indonesia.
A former member, the Arabian Gulf Rugby Football Union, represented Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE until it was dissolved at the end of 2010 to allow separate national unions administer the game in each country. The new governing body for the UAE became the 100th full member of World Rugby in November 2012. In 2020, Qatar became an associate member of World Rugby and Saudi Arabia became an associate member of Asia Rugby. The other three countries do not yet have a national governing body affiliated with Asia Rugby.
Notes
* Denotes World Rugby associate membership date.
Cambodia regained associate membership of Asia Rugby in 2020, after being suspended in 2016 for not complying with membership criteria.
Vietnam is not currently a member of Asia Rugby.
Competitions
Asia Rugby supports regional and pan-Asian tournaments for men's and women's teams in fifteen-a-side and seven-a-side rugby, including:
Men
Asia Rugby Championship
Asia Rugby Sevens Series
Asia Rugby U19 Championship
Women
Asia Rugby Women's Championship
Asia Rugby Women's Sevens Series
Sevens Series
The Asian Sevens Series is similar to the HSBC World Sevens Series, but at a regional level.
World Rugby Rankings
Organisation structure
The member unions form the Council which is Asia Rugby’s ultimate decision-making body. The Council meets twice a year, including for the Annual General Meeting (AGM) at the end of each year where the 12-person executive committee (Exco) is elected.
, the president of Asia Rugby is Qais Al-Dhalai of the United Arab Emirates.
Management and staff of Asia Rugby, headed by CEO Johny Stavrinou and General Manager Ross Mitchell, are based at Olympic House, Causeway Bay in Hong Kong.
Also, Asia Rugby has contracted with a number of Officers in Asia for Development.
See also
Rugby union in Asia
References
External links
Official website
Sports organizations established in 1968 |
```objective-c
/* Automatically generated by version.sh, do not manually edit! */
#ifndef AVUTIL_FFVERSION_H
#define AVUTIL_FFVERSION_H
#define FFMPEG_VERSION "git-2016-01-14-19b4974"
#endif /* AVUTIL_FFVERSION_H */
``` |
```shell
#!/bin/bash -eu
#
#
# path_to_url
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
#
################################################################################
pip3 install .
# Build fuzzers in $OUT.
for fuzzer in $(find $SRC -name 'fuzz_*.py'); do
# Add relevant data and two hidden modules
compile_python_fuzzer $fuzzer \
--add-data ./connexion/resources/schemas/:connexion/resources/schemas/ \
--add-data $SRC/jsonschema_specifications/jsonschema_specifications/schemas:jsonschema_specifications/schemas \
--hidden-import=asgiref \
--hidden-import=flask
done
``` |
A stake is a large wooden or metal implement designed to be driven into the ground and may refer to:
Tools
Archer's stake, a defensive stake carried by medieval longbowmen
Survey stakes, markers used by surveyors
Sudis (stake) (Latin for "stake"), a fortification carried by Roman legionaries
Torture stake, a method of execution similar to crucifixion, tying or nailing the victim to an upright pole in lieu of a cross
Steel fence post, a kind of stake
Side stakes used on flatcars etc
Entertainment
Stake: Fortune Fighters, a 2003 video game
The Stake, a 1915 silent short film
"The Stake", a 1977 song by The Steve Miller Band from Book of Dreams
Stakes (miniseries), a Cartoon Network miniseries, aired as part of the seventh season of Adventure Time
Stake (band)
People
Dagnija Staķe (born 1951), Latvian politician
Robert E. Stake (born 1927), Professor Emeritus of Education at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Betting and gambling
Stakes, the amount one buys in for while gambling
Stakes race, a type of horse race
Graded stakes race
Companies
Stake (platform), an Australian financial services company
Stake.com, an online casino
@stake, a computer services company
Other uses
Equity (finance) stake, the part of a company or business owned by a shareholder
Stake (Latter Day Saints), a regional organization in some Latter Day Saint churches
Hill of Stake, a hill on the boundary between North Ayrshire and Renfrewshire, Scotland
See also
Staking (manufacturing), a process for connecting two components
Staker
Staking (disambiguation)
Poker staking, financially backing a player
Steak (disambiguation) |
Andrea Gómez y Mendoza (November 19, 1926 - November 2012) was a Mexican graphic artist and muralist, a member of the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana.
Life
Her maternal grandmother was Juana Belén Gutiérrez Chávez of the state of Durango, a liberal who ran a newspaper denouncing working conditions of miners in Coahuila in the 1900s before the government shut it down. Her mother was Laura Mendoza. Her father was Rosendo Gómez Lorenzo from Villahermosa, Tabasco. Although born in Mexico City, her family moved to Morelia, Michoacán when she was young, where she eventually began art studies at the Universidad de San Nicolás. In 1940, she returned to Mexico City to continue her studies at the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas, where she remained for two years. She then went to study lithography at the Escuela de Artes del Libro under José Chávez Morado.
She traveled extensively through Italy, France, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Armenia, Cuba, and the Soviet Union, where she studied fresco painting at the Stroganovskaya Uchilitsa in Moscow.
Until her death, she lived in Temixco, Morelos and continued to create artworks, dedicating herself to painting portraits and studying Flemish painting.
Career
At school, Gómez met Mariana Yampolsky, who invited her to joun the Taller de Gráfica Popular. She worked as an illustrator on various projects, including those of the National Indigenous Institute, which allowed her to travels to various parts of Mexico. She also worked with the Secretariat of Public Education to produce free textbooks and she worked with newspaper culture magazines such as El Nacional and México en la Cultura.
In addition to graphic works, she created a number of fresco murals including Maternidad y El agua at the Hospital Civil in Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo, México Indígena at the Instituto Nacional Indigenista in Chiapas, Latinoamérica in Havana, Cuba and El Maíz, a portable mural which was created for the Museo Nacional de Culturas Populares in Mexico City.
She founded art centers such as the Casa de cultura del Pueblo and the Taller de Dibujo Infantil Arco Iris in Texmico, Morelos.
In 1956, her graphic work La niña de basura won Mexico's National Engraving Prize. Another of her works called Madre contra la guerra from 1956, received international recognition. In 2011, the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana, of which she was a member, hosted a retrospective of her work.
References
1926 births
2012 deaths
Mexican muralists
Mexican women painters
Mexican women muralists
Artists from Mexico City
20th-century Mexican painters
20th-century Mexican women artists |
Janie Schaffer (born 25 December 1961) is a British businesswoman, founder of Knickerbox, and bought the Italian brand Fiorucci in 2015.
Early life
Born Janie Godber, she attended the London School of Fashion.
Business career
Working in her early years as a designer, Janie Schaffer joined Marks & Spencer in 1983 as a trainee buyer.
Knickerbox
In October 1986 Janie Schaffer and her future spouse Stephen Schaffer launched lingerie chain Knickerbox with a £75,000 investment loan, opening their first store on Regent Street, London. By 1992 the business had expanded to 70 stores. In 1995, with Knickerbox consisting of 140 stores across Britain, Europe and the Far East, the duo decided to sell the company. After taking time out to be with her triplet daughters, Janie Schaffer consulted for The Oasis Group, developing and launching the Odille lingerie line.
2008 - 2015
In January 2008 Janie Schaffer accepted a role as Chief Creative Officer with US retailer Victoria's Secret, a subsidiary of Fortune 500 firm Limited brands Inc with 1,025 stores worldwide. Janie Schaffer returned to London to take up a full-time position as Director of lingerie and beauty for Marks & Spencer.
Fiorucci
In 2015 Janie bought the Italian brand Fiorucci. With her business partner Stephen Schaffer, the brand was relaunched in the summer of 2017 with a new Fiorucci website. A three storey flagship store opened on Brewer Street in Soho in September during London Fashion Week.
References
British businesspeople
British fashion designers
1961 births
Living people |
William James Weighell (born 28 January 1994) is an English cricketer who has played for Durham, Leicestershire and Glamorgan. He made his first-class debut in 2015. Primarily a left-handed batsman, he also bowls right-arm medium. He made his List A debut for Durham in the 2017 Royal London One-Day Cup on 27 April 2017. He made his Twenty20 debut for Durham in the 2017 NatWest t20 Blast on 7 July 2017.
Durham announced in July 2020 that Weighell would leave the club when his contract expired. Leicestershire stated on 6 August 2020, that they had signed Weighell on loan until the end of the 2020 season. He joined Glamorgan for the 2021 season.
References
External links
1994 births
Living people
English cricketers
Cricketers from Middlesbrough
Durham cricketers
Northumberland cricketers
Leicestershire cricketers
English cricketers of the 21st century
Glamorgan cricketers |
A Train Leaves in Every Hour () is a 1961 Belgian drama film directed by André Cavens. It was entered into the 12th Berlin International Film Festival.
Cast
Evelyne Axell as Isabelle
Cécile Brandt
Henri De Bruder
Nicole Denise
Irena Fensie
Stig Gerson as Eric
Gaston Joostens
Magda Stevens
Piero Vitali
References
External links
1961 films
1960s French-language films
1961 drama films
Belgian black-and-white films
Rail transport films
Belgian drama films
French-language Belgian films |
Brasidas (, died 422 BC) was the most distinguished Spartan officer during the first decade of the Peloponnesian War. He died during the Second Battle of Amphipolis while winning one of his most spectacular victories.
Biography
Brasidas was the son of Tellis (Τέλλις) and Argileonis, and won his first laurels by leading the relief of Methone, which was besieged by the Athenians (431 BC). During the following year he seems to have been eponymous ephor, and in 429 BC he was sent out as one of the three commissioners to advise the admiral Cnemus. As trierarch he distinguished himself in the assault on the Athenian position at the Battle of Pylos, during which he was severely wounded.
In 424 BC, while Brasidas mustered a force at Corinth for a campaign in Thrace, he frustrated an Athenian attack on Megara. Immediately afterwards he marched through Thessaly at the head of 1,700 hoplites (700 helots and 1000 Peloponnesian mercenaries) and joined Perdiccas II of Macedon. The Macedonian king tried to use the Peloponnesian task force against the Lyncestians, a Macedonian tribe that had fallen out with their king, but Brasidas refused to be made a tool for the furtherance of Perdiccas's ambitions; he ignored the king's objections and received and negotiated with Arrhabaeus, the leader of the Lyncestians.
After he settled with Arrhabaeus, Brasidas set about accomplishing his main objective. Partly by the rapidity and boldness of his movements, partly by his personal charm and the moderation of his demands, he succeeded during the course of the winter in winning over the important cities of Acanthus, Amphipolis (the main objective), Stagirus and Toroni as well as a number of minor towns, and most of the Chalcidic peninsulas. An attack on Eion was foiled by the arrival of Thucydides (the famous historian of the war, who at this time was serving as one of the Athenian generals) at the head of an Athenian squadron. In the spring of 423 BC a truce was concluded between Athens and Sparta, but it was at once imperilled by the city of Scione, which it transpired had come over to Brasidas two days after the truce began, which led to the Athenian requiring it to be returned to them. Brasidas refused to return Scione while encouraging the revolt of Mende shortly afterwards. The Scionians granted Brasidas a golden crown and named him the liberator of Hellas.
An Athenian fleet under Nicias and Nicostratus recovered Mende and blockaded Scione, which fell two years later (421 BC). Meanwhile, Perdiccas forced Brasidas to join him in a campaign against Arrhabaeus and the Lyncestians. They soon met the Lyncestians in a pitched battle and were victorious, driving Arrhabaeus into the mountains. On the approach of a body of Illyrians, who, though summoned by Perdiccas, unexpectedly declared for Arrhabaeus, the Macedonians fled, and Brasidas's force was rescued from a critical position only by his coolness and ability (Battle of Lyncestis). This brought to a head the quarrel between Brasidas and Perdiccas (I.G. i. 42).
In April 422 BC, the truce with Sparta expired, and in the same summer Cleon was dispatched to Thrace, where he stormed Toroni and Galepsus and prepared for an attack on Amphipolis, the most important Athenian subject city in Chalcidice. When Cleon brought part of his army forward to probe the defences, Brasidas recognized an opportunity to defeat his superior force in detail. Brasidas' plan for his final victory was typical of his campaigns in Thrace. It was a boldly aggressive surprise attack aimed at throwing the enemy into confusion and it made the best possible use of both his small force of Spartan hoplites and his allies who made up the bulk of his army, in this case mostly Edonians from the city of Myrkinos.
Brasidas personally led the Spartans in a sudden charge from Amphipolis, routing the left wing of the Athenian army. His allies sallied from the north-eastern gate and attacked from the north, breaking the enemy's right wing. Edonian and Chalcidian cavalry and light infantry pursued the fleeing Athenians, killing 600 men, including Cleon. On the Spartan side only seven fatalities are reported, but one of them was Brasidas, who was mortally wounded while at the head of his Spartan troops. He was buried at Amphipolis within the city limits (an extraordinary honour among the ancient Greeks) with impressive pomp, and was subsequently regarded as the founder (oikistes) of the city and honoured with yearly games and sacrifices. At Sparta a cenotaph was erected in his memory near the tombs of Pausanias and Leonidas, and yearly speeches were made and games celebrated in their honour, in which only Spartiates could compete.
Legacy
Chaido Koukouli-Chrysanthaki, in her three-decade research at Amphipolis, offers evidence of the recovery and identification of Brasidas' burial at the ancient Amphipolis' agora. According to the Greek historian Thucydides, Brasidas's grave was placed in front of the new, relocated agora of Amphipolis. An archaeological dig at Amphipolis unearthed the foundations of a small building, and a cist grave containing the remains of a silver ossuary accompanied by a gold wreath, believed to hold the remains of Brasidas. This ossuary is currently located in the Archaeological Museum of Amphipolis. The grave itself was a hole dug into the existing rock, with limestone blocks and mortar used to create the cist grave.
Thucydides' characterisation of Brasidas suggests that Brasidas combined typical Spartan courage with those virtues in which regular Spartans were most signally lacking. Brasidas was apparently quick in forming his plans and carried them out without delay or hesitation. Furthermore, the rhetoric in the speech of Brasidas to the Acanthians is of noticeably higher quality than the other Spartan speeches recorded by Thucydides (Thuc. iv. 84-89). It appears that Brasidas's un-Spartan virtues raised jealousy and suspicion in Sparta. (See in particular Thucydides; what Diodorus xii. adds is mainly oratorical elaboration or pure invention.)
A fuller account is contained in the histories of Greece (e.g. those of George Grote, Karl Julius Beloch, Georg Busolt, Eduard Meyer) and in Gustav Schimmelpfeng, De Brasidae Spartani rebus gestis atque ingenio (Marburg, 1857).
In popular culture
Brasidas appears in the 2018 video game Assassin's Creed Odyssey. Brasidas is portrayed in the game as a powerful warrior and close friend of the protagonist.
Quotes
"Make no show of cowardice then on your part, seeing the greatness of the issues at stake, and I will show that what I preach to others I can practice myself" (Strassler 307/5.9.10).
"Not a bad speaker either, for a Spartan" (Thucydides 4.84)
"He did the Lacedaemonians very great service" (Thucydides 4.81)
See also
History of the Peloponnesian War
References
External links
Brasidas by Jona Lendering
422 BC deaths
Ancient Spartan generals
5th-century BC Spartans
Spartans of the Peloponnesian War
Ancient Greeks killed in battle
Ancient Amphipolis
Year of birth unknown
Ephors |
```swift
//
// Lexer.swift
// Parsing
//
// Created by Nick Lockwood on 03/09/2018.
//
import Foundation
// MARK: interface
public enum Token: Equatable {
case assign // = operator
case plus // + operator
case identifier(String) // letter followed by one or more alphanumeric chars
case number(Double) // any valid floating point number
case string(String) // a string literal surrounded by ""
case `let` // let keyword
case print // print keyword
}
public enum LexerError: Error, Equatable {
case unrecognizedInput(String)
}
public func tokenize(_ input: String) throws -> [Token] {
let whitespace = try NSRegularExpression(pattern: "(\\s|\\n)+")
let assign = try NSRegularExpression(pattern: "=")
let plus = try NSRegularExpression(pattern: "\\+")
let identifier = try NSRegularExpression(pattern: "[a-z][a-z0-9]*", options: .caseInsensitive)
let number = try NSRegularExpression(pattern: "[0-9.]+")
let string = try NSRegularExpression(pattern: "\"(\\\\\"|\\\\\\\\|[^\"\\\\])*\"") // !!!
// this part is nasty because NSRange indices don't map directly to String indices
var range = NSRange(location: 0, length: input.utf16.count)
func readToken(_ regex: NSRegularExpression) -> String? {
guard let match = regex.firstMatch(in: input, options: .anchored, range: range) else {
return nil
}
range.location += match.range.length
range.length -= match.range.length
return (input as NSString).substring(with: match.range)
}
func readToken() -> Token? {
_ = readToken(whitespace) // skip whitespace
if readToken(assign) != nil {
return .assign
}
if readToken(plus) != nil {
return .plus
}
if let name = readToken(identifier) {
switch name {
case "let":
return .let
case "print":
return .print
default:
return .identifier(name)
}
}
let start = range
if let digits = readToken(number), let double = Double(digits) {
return .number(double)
} else {
range = start
}
if let string = readToken(string) {
let unescapedString = String(string.dropFirst().dropLast())
.replacingOccurrences(of: "\\\"", with: "\"")
.replacingOccurrences(of: "\\\\", with: "\\")
return .string(unescapedString)
}
return nil
}
var tokens: [Token] = []
while let token = readToken() {
tokens.append(token)
}
if range.length != 0 {
throw LexerError.unrecognizedInput((input as NSString).substring(with: range))
}
return tokens
}
``` |
```css
th {
color: #337AB7;
}
``` |
Christkindlesmarkt is a Christmas market that is held annually in Nuremberg, Germany. It takes place during Advent in the Hauptmarkt, the central square in Nuremberg’s old town, and in adjoining squares and streets. With about two million visitors a year the Nürnberger Christkindlesmarkt is one of the largest Christmas markets in Germany and one of the most famous in the world. Every year the Christmas market begins on the Friday preceding the first Sunday in Advent and ends on 24 December unless that day is a Sunday.
History
Despite intense investigations carried out by several historians and people interested in local history, the origins of the Nürnberger Christkindlesmarkt are unknown. The oldest piece of evidence relating to it is a box made of coniferous wood. On the bottom can be found the following inscription: "Regina Susanna Harßdörfferin from the virgin Susanna Eleonora Erbsin (or Elbsin) sent to the Kindles-Marck in 1628". The box is currently in the possession of the Germanic National Museum in Nuremberg.
In official documents, the words Kindleinbescheren (handing out presents to children) or Weihnachtszeit (Christmas time) are used from 1610 onwards. It is not clear, however, whether these words have anything to do with the Christkindlesmarkt. Historians assume that the market has its origins in traditional sales at the weekly market between 1610 and 1639 and that it gradually evolved into an independent market. Originally, the market opened on Thomas’ Day, 4 December. Due to the large number of visitors, opening day was rescheduled to the Friday before the start of Advent in 1973 and has remained so ever since. There were no markets between 1939 and 1948.
Location
The original location of the Christkindlesmarkt was the Nuremberg Hauptmarkt. It was, however, relocated to other places such as the Fleischbrücke or the island Schütt between 1898 and 1933. In 1933, the market returned to its original venue in front of the Frauenkirche church.
Christkind
Christkindlesmarkt could be translated word for word as "Christ Child Market". The Nuremberg Christkind, or Christ Child, a young woman dressed in white and gold, with curly blond hair, a tall golden crown and angel-wing-like long golden sleeves, is an important part of the market. Initially impersonated by an actress, since 1969 the Christkind has been elected every second year among local girls between 16 and 19 years of age. A large number of competitors enter via the Internet, finally, a jury chooses the next Christkind out of several finalists who have to be at least 1,60m tall and free from giddiness as the Christkind has to make her speech from the church balcony, secured with a rope, possibly in inclement winter weather. Besides the opening speech on every Friday evening, the Christkind appears in schools, hospitals etc. In 2015 Barbara Otto succeeded Teresa Treuheit.
Prologue
The Christkindlesmarket is opened with a prologue speech by the Christkind from the balcony of the Frauenkirche church. This solemn event attracts thousands of people to the Hauptmarkt. The prologue, written by Friedrich Bröger for the first post-war market in 1948, was modified several times since as the largely destroyed city was rebuilt and the hungry population became prosperous again. It begins, and ends, with an invitation to the ladies and gentlemen who have been children once and to the little ones at the beginning of the journey of life, and compares short-term events like the temporary market little city made of wood and cloth to timeless values, memories and traditions.
Sister city market
In Rathausplatz the sister city market has taken place since 1998. The sister cities provide booths with local specialties. These cities are: Antalya (Turkey), Atlanta (USA), Vienna (Austria), Kharkiv (Ukraine), Gera (Thuringia, Germany), Glasgow (Scotland), Kavala (Greece), Cracow (Poland), Nice (France), Prague (Czech Republic), San Carlos (Nicaragua), Shenzhen (China), Skopje (Macedonia), Venice (Italy) and Limousin (French region). Moreover, there are friend cities like Bar (Montenegro), Kalkudah (Sri Lanka), Verona (Italy) present at the market.
See also
List of Christmas markets
References
External links
Official website
Video: Christkindlesmarkt
How the christmas market in Nuremberg feels like [german]
Nuremberg, Christkindlesmarkt
Nuremberg
Tourist attractions in Nuremberg |
Bernard Karfiol (May 6, 1886 – August 16, 1952) was an American painter and watercolorist. His work was indebted to French modernism and wished to synthesize Hellenic classical painting and modernist abstract concerns.
Biography
Bernard Karfiol was born in Budapest, Hungary (where his parents, residents of Boston were then travelling), but grew up in Brooklyn. Before the age of fifteen he attended the Pratt Institute and was awarded a scholarship to study at the National Academy of Design.
In 1902, he left for Paris where he attended Jean-Paul Laurens classes at the Académie Julian and the École des Beaux-Arts while discovering the artistic trends of the time. André Derain is a notable example, while Renoir, Cézanne and Picasso’s early manner also contributed to his artistic formation. In 1904, he participated in the Paris Salon d’Automne.
He then traveled through England and the rest of Europe; upon his return to Paris he met Henri Matisse and Henri Rousseau at Gertrude and Leo Stein’s.
In 1906, he was back in New York City, working as a teacher in the studio provided by his friend, sculptor Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney. He also joined the Ridgefield Artists Colony. Connoisseur and art collector Hamilton Easter Field noticed his work at the Armory Show in New York in 1913. Field bought some of his paintings and invited him to teach at the school he had just opened in the coastal village of Ogunquit, Maine. Field organized his first major exhibition in 1917, it was followed by three solo exhibitions of his work at the Brummer Gallery (New York); he was later represented by Edith Gregor Halpert’s Downtown Gallery and participated in several exhibitions organized by the Museum of Modern Art.
When Seated Figure was exhibited in 1925–26 at the First Pan-American Exhibition of Oil Paintings in Los Angeles, it was awarded an honorable mention.
In 1927, Karfiol took part in the 26th International Exhibition of the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and won an honorable mention in the Carnegie Prize. In 1928, he won the gold medal at the Corcoran.
Karfiol is a figurative painter influenced by Impressionism and Post-Impressionism and known for his tenderness towards his subjects, sensual forms and a soft palette of roses, oranges and dusty blues. His later travels to Cuba, Jamaica and Mexico in the 1930s inspired new subjects with stronger and more intense colors.
Karfiol died in Irvington, New York, he leaves portraits of children, nudes, landscapes and marines.
In addition to the MoMa, his works can be found in the collections of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Phillips Collection, the Whitney Museum of American Art, and the National Gallery of Art or the Brooklyn Museum.
Bibliography
References
External links
Bernard Karfiol on Artnet
Bernard Karfiol, Fricks Art Reference Library
Bernard Karfiol on Forum Gallery
1886 births
1952 deaths
Painters from Brooklyn
Pratt Institute alumni
National Academy of Design alumni
Académie Julian alumni
20th-century American painters
Artists from Budapest |
The Funston Limestone is a Permian geologic formation in Kansas having various significant beds of limestone with some shale. This formation was named for Camp Funston, Riley County, Kansas, in 1931 by Condra, G.E., and Upp, J.E.. Adjoining the old camp, some of the oldest buildings in Ogden, Kansas, are built with near-white Funston Limestone.
See also
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
Paleontology in Kansas
References
Permian Kansas |
```python
"""
Tutorial - Multiple methods.
This tutorial shows you how to link to other methods of your request
handler.
"""
import os.path
import cherrypy
class HelloWorld:
"""Hello world app."""
@cherrypy.expose
def index(self):
"""Produce HTTP response body of hello world app index URI."""
# Let's link to another method here.
return 'We have an <a href="show_msg">important message</a> for you!'
@cherrypy.expose
def show_msg(self):
"""Render a "Hello world!" message on ``/show_msg`` URI."""
return 'Hello world!'
tutconf = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'tutorial.conf')
if __name__ == '__main__':
# CherryPy always starts with app.root when trying to map request URIs
# to objects, so we need to mount a request handler root. A request
# to '/' will be mapped to HelloWorld().index().
cherrypy.quickstart(HelloWorld(), config=tutconf)
``` |
Nina Byers (January 19, 1930 – June 5, 2014) was a theoretical physicist, research professor and professor of physics emeritus in the department of physics and astronomy, UCLA, and Fellow of Somerville College, Oxford.
Contributions
Byers received a B.A. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1950 and a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1956.
Byers made phenomenological analyses of experimental observations leading to theoretical advances in particle physics and the theory of superconductivity. In "Theoretical considerations concerning quantized magnetic flux in superconductors," she showed that observation of flux quantization in superconductors in units of hc/2e is experimental evidence for the Cooper pairing of electrons proposed by the BCS theory of superconductivity (Byers-Yang theorem).
In addition to scientific papers, Byers published papers and edited a book on original and important contributions to modern physics by 20th century female physicists. She developed the website Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics (CWP website), which documents original and important contributions to physics by over 80 female physicists of the 20th century. With Gary Williams, she edited a book based on data from the website that expands the biographies and describes more fully the scientific contributions of forty distinguished 20th century female physicists.
Byers was elected to many offices in The American Physical Society (APS) and American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), including President of the APS Forum on History of Physics (2004–2005), APS Forum on Physics and Society (1982), and APS Councilor-at-large of the Society (1977–81).
Works
Selected scientific publications
Nina Byers, "Einstein and Women", APS News Jun 2005.
Nina Byers, "Physicists and the 1945 Decision to Drop The Bomb", CERN Courier Oct 2002. (e-Print Archive: physics/0210058)
Nina Byers, Fermi and Szilard" in ed. James Cronin (ed) Fermi Remembered, U. of Chicago Press 2004 (e-Print Archive: physics/0207094)
Nina Byers, "E. Noether's Discovery of the Deep Connection Between Symmetries and Conservation Laws" Invited talk in Symposium on the Heritage of Emmy Noether, Ramat-Gan, Israel, 2–4 Dec 1996. Israel Mathematical Conference Proceedings Vol. 12, 1999 (e-Print Archive: physics/9807044)
Book
References
1930 births
2014 deaths
American women physicists
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Chicago alumni
20th-century American physicists
20th-century American women scientists
Fellows of Somerville College, Oxford
Fellows of the American Physical Society
21st-century American women scientists
20th-century women physicists |
Parmursa is a genus of tardigrades, in the subfamily Euclavarctinae which is part of the family Halechiniscidae. The genus was named and described by Jeanne Renaud-Mornant in 1984.
Species
The genus includes two species:
Parmursa fimbriata Renaud-Mornant, 1984
Parmursa torquata Hansen, 2007
References
Publications
Renaud-Mornant, 1984: Halechiniscidae (Heterotardigrada) de la campagne Benthedi, Canal du Mozambique. [Halechiniscidae (Heterotardigrada) from the Benthedi campaign, Mozambique Channel] Bulletin of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Section A: Zoology, Biology and Animal Ecology, vol. 6, no 1, p. 67-88.
Tardigrade genera
Halechiniscidae |
The Kröhnke pyridine synthesis is reaction in organic synthesis between α-pyridinium methyl ketone salts and α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds used to generate highly functionalized pyridines. Pyridines occur widely in natural and synthetic products, so there is wide interest in routes for their synthesis. The method is named after Fritz Kröhnke.
Reaction development
Discovery
In his work at the University of Giessen, Kröhnke observed condensation of α-pyridinium methyl ketone salts 1 with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds 2 via a Michael reaction when treated with ammonium acetate to give 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyridines in high yields under mild reaction conditions. The proposed intermediates, 1, 5-dicarbonyl compound 3, have not been isolated. Since its discovery, the Kröhnke synthesis has enjoyed broad applicability to the preparation of di-,tri- and tetrapyridine derivatives, demonstrating a number of advantages over related reactions such as the Hantzsch pyridine synthesis.
Mechanism
The mechanism of the Kröhnke pyridine synthesis begins with enolization of α-pyridinium methyl ketone 4 followed by 1,4-addition to the α, β-unsaturated ketone 5 to form the Michael adduct 6, which immediately tautomerizes to the 1,5-dicarbonyl 7. Addition of ammonia to 7 followed by dehydration via 8 generates the imine intermediate 9., The imine intermediate is then deprotonated to enamine 10 and cyclizes with the carbonyl to generate intermediate 11. The pyridinium cation is then eliminated to form hydroxy-dienamine 12. Aromatization of 12 via subsequent loss of water generates the desired pyridine heterocycle 13.
Reagent synthesis and reaction conditions
The starting materials for the Kröhnke synthesis are often trivial to prepare, lending to the convenience and broad scope of the method. Preparation of the α-pyridinium methyl ketone salts can be easily achieved by treatment of the corresponding bromomethyl ketone with pyridine. The α,β-unsaturated ketones are often available commercially or can be prepared using a number of known methods. Additionally, Mannich bases can also be utilized as the Michael acceptor for the scheme, further diversifying the scope of starting materials that can be incorporated into the Kröhnke scheme.
The reaction conditions for the Kröhnke synthesis are generally facile and the reactions often proceed in high yields with reaction temperatures generally not exceeding 140 °C. The Kröhnke synthesis is generally performed in either glacial acetic acid or methanol, but it can also be done under aqueous conditions, and more recently under solvent-free conditions.
1,3-dicarbonyl compounds have also been shown to be viable starting materials in place of the α-pyridinium methyl ketone salts. For example, treatment of 1,3-diketone 14 with base in ethanol followed by ammonium acetate, acetic acid, the corresponding enone and a Lewis acid yields 3-acyltriarylpyridines of the form 15. These acyl pyridine are attractive intermediates because they have an electrophilic handle that allows for additional functionality to be incorporated into the molecule. This allows for straightforward construction of complex polyaryl systems, an attractive method for library synthesis of drug targets containing functionalized pyridine moieties.
Advantages over other methods
The Kröhnke synthesis for making pyridines possesses a number of succinct advantages over other methods. Unlike the Hantzsch synthesis, the Kröhnke method does not require oxidation to generate the desired product since the α-pyridinium methyl ketone already possesses the correct oxidation state.
Another advantage of the Kröhnke synthesis is its high atom economy. For example, the Chichibabin synthesis requires 2 equivalents of unsaturated starting material. Additionally, the byproducts of the Kröhnke synthesis is water and pyridine, which allow for easy workup and purification protocols. Unlike comparable methods for pyridine synthesis, the Kröhkne synthesis benefits from being a high-yielding one pot synthesis, which ultimately allows for abbreviation of synthetic pathways and further simplifies combinatorial library cataloging.
Scope and limitations
The broad scope of the Kröhnke pyridine synthesis has made it particularly useful for the synthesis of poly aryl systems including pyridyl, thienyl, and furanyl moieties as well. The method tolerates a broad array of aryl substitiuents on both the α-pyridinium methyl ketone fragment and the α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and can thus be used to generate a wide catalog of poly-aryl systems. Additionally, electron-withdrawing groups and electron-donating groups on the incoming aryl substituents are both well tolerated. The Kröhnke synthesis can also employ alkyl and vinyl substituents giving moderated to good yields as well. Due to its broad scope, the Kröhnke method has seen wide applicability to for the synthesis of bipyridines (16), terpyridines (17), quaterpyridines (18) and even up to septipyridines (19) as shown below.
Variations and combinatorial studies
The Kröhnke method is featured in a solvent-free synthesis of triarylpyridines that proceeds via a homo-coupling of two diaryl substituted α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. This strategy offers a facile means for preparation of pyridnyl aryl systems that are important fragments of many useful drug scaffolds.
In 1992, Robinson and co-workers developed a similar pyridine synthesis using enamino nitriles as one of the three-carbon fragments in place of an α-pyridinium methyl ketone. This improvement increases the reactivity of the system and allows for formation of fully substituted pyridines whereas use of an α-pyridinium methyl ketone requires that the 3- or 5- position on the resulting pyridine be unsubstituted. Kröhnke condensation of enamino nitrile 20 with enone 21 yielded fused pyridine 22.
The mechanism of this Kröhnke-type reaction likely proceeds via a vinylogous cyanamide 23 which undergoes elimination of hydrocyanic acid, deprotonation to form enamine 24 and cyclization to form intermediate 25, which is then dehydrated to form the desired pyridine product.
A clean one-pot Kröhnke method in aqueous media generates 4’-aryl-2,2’:6’, 2’’-terpyridines. Reaction of aryl aldehyde 26 with two equivalents of 2-acetylpyridine (27) yielded terpyridines of the form 28.
In addition to variations on the original method, a number of combinatorial studies using the Kröhnke synthesis and its variations have been employed to synthesize vast libraries of highly functionalized pyridines. Janda and co-workers utilized the general Kröhnke reaction scheme to generate a 220 compound library. Various methyl ketones 29 and aldehydes 30 were coupled via aldol condensation to give enones of the form 31. These compounds were then reacted with various α-pyridinium methyl ketones 32 to give the desired tri-substituted pyridine 33.
In 2009, Tu and coworkers developed a 3 fragment, one-pot combinatorial strategy for developing 3-cyanoterpyridines 34and 1-amino-2-acylterpyridines 35. These combinatorial variations of the Kröhnke reaction provide an efficient synthetic strategy to poly arylpyridine scaffolds. This methodology would also be advantageous for biological assays and screening experiments.
Synthetic applications to ligands and biologically active molecules
The Kröhnke methodology has also been utilized to generate a number of interesting metal-binding ligands since polypyridyl complexes such as bipyridine (bipy) have been used extensively as ligands. The Kröhnke synthesis was used to prepare a family of tetrahydroquinoline-based N, S-type ligands. 2-thiophenylacetophenone (36) was reacted with iodine gas and pyridine in quantitative yield to generate acylmethylpyridinium iodide 37. Reaction with a chiral cyclic α, β-unsaturated ketone derived from 2-(+)-carene yielded the desired N, S-type ligand 38.
Novel, chiral P, N-ligands have been prepared using the Kröhnke method. α-pyridinium acyl ketone salt 39 was cyclized with pinocarvone derivative 40 to generate pyridine 41. The benzylic position of 41 was methylated and subsequent SnAr reaction with potassium diphenylphosphide to generate ligand 42.
The Kröhnke reaction has also enjoyed applicability to the synthesis of a number of biologically active compounds in addition to ones cataloged in combinatorial studies. Kelly and co-workers developed a route to cyclo-2,2′:4′,4′′:2′′,2′′′:4′′′,4′′′′:2′′′′,2′′′′′:4′′′′′,4-sexipyridine utilizing the Kröhnke reactions as the key macrocyclization step. Polypyridine complex 43 was treated with N-Bromosuccinimide in wet tetrahydrofuran followed by pyridine to generate the acylmethylpyridinium salt 44 which can then undergo the macrocyclization under standard conditions to yield the desired product 45. The Kröhnke method in this synthesis was crucial due to the failure of other cyclization techniques such as the Glaser coupling or Ullmann coupling.
Another use of the Kröhnke pyridine synthesis was the generation of a number of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyridines that were investigated as potential topoisomerase 1 inhibitors. 2-acetylthiophene (46) was treated with iodine and pyridine to generate α-pyridinium acyl ketone 47. Reaction with Michael acceptor 48 under standard conditions yielded functionalized pyridine 49 in 60% overall yield.
Ultimately, the Kröhnke pyridine synthesis offers a facile and straightforward approach to the synthesis of a wide breadth of functionalized pyridines and poly aryl systems. The Kröhnke methodology has been applied to a number of strategies towards interesting ligands and biologically relevant molecules. Additionally, the Kröhnke reaction and its variations offer a number of advantages than alternative methods to pyridine synthesis ranging from one-pot, organic solvent-free variations to high atom economy.
See also
Hantzsch pyridine synthesis
Gattermann–Skita synthesis
Chichibabin pyridine synthesis
Ciamician-Dennstedt rearrangement
Bönnemann cyclization
References
Pyridine forming reactions
Heterocycle forming reactions
Name reactions
Organic reactions |
Slabsides is the log cabin built by naturalist John Burroughs and his son on a nine-acre (3.6 ha) wooded and hilly tract in 1895 one mile (1.6 km) west of Riverby, his home in West Park, New York. From the time of its construction to the last year of his life, Burroughs received many visitors at the cabin, ranging from Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Ford to students from Vassar College, just across the Hudson River.
Building and site
Slabsides is a one-story log cabin with an open floor plan with a partitioned bedroom. It is located in a relatively low stretch of the Marlboro Mountains, perched on the west side of a hill in the wooded John Burroughs Nature Sanctuary. There is no direct access by motor vehicle; to reach it, visitors must park on the gravel road up the hill and follow a gated logging road slightly downhill, then level, roughly 0.3 mile (500 m) to the cabin.
History
"Life has a different flavor here", Burroughs wrote of the cabin in his essay "Far and Near". "It is reduced to simpler terms; its complex equations all disappear." The name "Slabsides" came from the rough bark-covered lumber strips covering its outer walls. "I might have given it a prettier name, but not one more fit, of more in keeping with the mood that brought me thither". Much of the cabin remains as he and his son built it, including the red cedar posts holding up the porch.
After his death in 1921, the property was presented to the John Burroughs Association, which had just been formed to preserve his legacy. When nearby logging operations and proposed development threatened the property in the mid-1960s, the association purchased the properties with money raised from supporters. This has resulted in an expansion of the property into the 170 acre (68 ha) John Burroughs Sanctuary. The cabin was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1968, joining Riverby and Woodchuck Lodge as Burroughs-associated properties carrying that designation.
Access
To reach the cabin, visitors must park at the base of the road to it on Burroughs Drive and walk up a half-mile (800 m). The cabin itself, furnished exactly as it was when Burroughs left it, is only open to visitors twice a year, from noon to 4:30 p.m. on the third Saturday in May and the first one in October. Hiking trails have been constructed for visitors to enjoy for themselves the woods that inspired Burroughs. The sanctuary is open year-round.
See also
Riverby
Woodchuck Lodge
References
External links
John Burroughs Association: Slabsides
Virtual Photo Tour of Slabsides
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Houses in Ulster County, New York
National Historic Landmarks in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Ulster County, New York
Houses completed in 1895
Museums in Ulster County, New York
Historic house museums in New York (state)
Biographical museums in New York (state)
Marlboro Mountains |
is a Japanese footballer who plays as a defender for club Gamba Osaka.
Career statistics
Club
.
References
External links
2000 births
Living people
Association football people from Nagasaki Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
J1 League players
J2 League players
V-Varen Nagasaki players
Gamba Osaka players |
```java
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package org.activiti.engine.impl;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
/**
* @author Tom Baeyens
*/
public class Direction {
private static final Map<String, Direction> directions = new HashMap<>();
public static final Direction ASCENDING = new Direction("asc");
public static final Direction DESCENDING = new Direction("desc");
private String name;
public Direction(String name) {
this.name = name;
directions.put(name, this);
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public static Direction findByName(String directionName) {
return directions.get(directionName);
}
}
``` |
Paul Chocheprat (11 June 1855 – 31 March 1928) was a French naval officer who served during the First World War.
Early life
He was born in Périgny, Allier.
Career
He entered the (Naval School) in October 1871 and left it as an in October 1874. He then joined the gunnery training ship-of-the-line and then on the ironclad in an evolution squadron in 1875 before serving on the ironclad to the Pacific Naval Division (1876) where he proved to be a remarkable hydrographer.
Ensign in August 1877 on the ironclad in a squadron of evolutions, he went in 1878 on the aviso as a maneuver officer at French Senegal and participated in expeditions on the Haut-Fleuve. Surviving a very violent bout of yellow fever, he entered in 1880 on the cruiser in the flying and training division of Cherbourg and proved himself an excellent instructor.
Promoted to lieutenant in January 1882, he commanded the battery on the unprotected cruiser then was sent to the general majority of Toulon. Officer of Admiral Benjamin Jaurès, he was appointed to the command of the evolutions squadron on the Richelieu in 1884 then became an instructor of the school of application for aspirants on the training cruiser in 1885.
Major (1887) of the School of Torpedo Officers in Toulon, commander of the torpedo-boat Couleuvrine in evolution wing then adjutant of division on the cruisers and in Newfoundland (1889–1890) was promoted to frigate captain in May 1891.
He then served as a maneuver officer on the ironclad . Second of the ironclad in the division of the Mediterranean and the Levant, it passes on the Vauban in 1893 then on the ironclad in 1894 where its qualities of maneuver are again noticed.
Commander of the aviso-transport Aube and the local station of Tahiti in 1895, he participated in the operations of Raïatea and Tahaa in January–February 1897 as well as missions to Samoa and New Hebrides.
In 1898, he was assigned to the staff at Cherbourg and in August became (Captain). Commander of the pre-dreadnought battleship in the Mediterranean (1899) then of the pre-dreadnought in 1902, he carried out missions in Greece and on the coasts of Morocco before being promoted to chief of general staff of the naval army during the maneuvers from 1905–1906. He then worked on the signal books and naval tactics redesign commission with (Admiral) François Ernest Fournier.
Rear-admiral in March 1907, he commanded the 4th division in the Mediterranean, then was promoted to vice-admiral and maritime prefect of Brest in October 1911. Maritime prefect of Toulon (November 1913), in 1914 he commanded the 1st wing in the army naval with flag on the semi-dreadnought battleship and is then one of the main collaborators of Boué de Lapeyrère.
Member in 1916 of the Superior Council of the Navy, he accompanied Joffre on a mission to the United States and passed to the reserve cadre in June 1917.
From 1920 to 1922 he chaired the Société des Œuvres de mer.
Awards and distinctions
Knight (June 29, 1886), officer (11 July 1896), commander (12 July 1910) and grand officer of the Legion of Honor (31 December 1913)
Public education officer (1917).
References
Bibliography
1855 births
1928 deaths
French Navy admirals
French military personnel of World War I
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Admirals of World War I |
L. Randolph Lowry III, also known as Randy Lowry, (born 1951/1952) is an American academic administrator. He was the President of Lipscomb University in Nashville, Tennessee from 2005 to 2021.
Early life
Lowry was born in Oregon and grew up in Long Beach, California. He graduated with a B.A. in political science and an M.A. in public administration from Pepperdine University. He obtained his J.D. from Hamline University.
Career
Lowry started his career by working in the president's office at both Hamline University and Willamette University. From 1986 onwards, he taught law at Pepperdine University, where he established the Straus Institute for Dispute Resolution. He has also taught at Vermont Law School, the City University of Hong Kong, Shantou University in Beijing, China, Bond University in Gold Coast, Australia, Hamline University in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and the University of Modena in Modena, Italy.
In 2005, Lowry became President of Lipscomb University. In September 2017, he apologized after hosting a dinner at his home for African-American students where the menu was "mac n cheese, collard greens, corn bread" and the centerpieces "contained stalks of cotton," a symbol of slavery in the United States.
Personal life
Lowry and his wife, Rhonda, live in Nashville. They have three children together.
References
Living people
People from Oregon
People from Long Beach, California
Educators from Nashville, Tennessee
American members of the Churches of Christ
Academic staff of Bond University
Hamline University alumni
Hamline University faculty
Lipscomb University presidents
Pepperdine University alumni
Pepperdine University faculty
Willamette University people
Year of birth uncertain
Year of birth missing (living people) |
```java
package easymvp.compiler.generator.decorator;
import com.squareup.javapoet.ClassName;
import com.squareup.javapoet.MethodSpec;
import easymvp.compiler.generator.DelegateClassGenerator;
import static easymvp.compiler.generator.AndroidLoaderUtils.getLoader;
import static easymvp.compiler.generator.AndroidLoaderUtils.getLoaderCallbacks;
import static easymvp.compiler.generator.AndroidLoaderUtils.getLoaderManager;
import static easymvp.compiler.generator.AndroidLoaderUtils.getPresenterLoader;
/**
* @author Saeed Masoumi (s-masoumi@live.com)
*/
public class ConductorControllerDecorator extends BaseDecorator {
public ConductorControllerDecorator(DelegateClassGenerator delegateClassGenerator) {
super(delegateClassGenerator);
}
@Override
public MethodSpec getLoaderManagerMethod(MethodSpec.Builder methodSignature) {
return methodSignature.addStatement("return view.getActivity().getLoaderManager()")
.returns(getLoaderManager())
.build();
}
@Override
public String createContextField(String viewField) {
return "final $T context = " + viewField + ".getActivity().getApplicationContext()";
}
@Override
protected void implementInitializer(MethodSpec.Builder method) {
}
@Override
protected String addStatementInOnDestroyMethod() {
return "if (view.getActivity() == null) return;\n"
+ "getLoaderManager(view).destroyLoader(loaderId)";
}
@Override
protected ClassName getPresenterLoaderClass() {
return getPresenterLoader();
}
@Override
protected ClassName getLoaderCallbacksClass() {
return getLoaderCallbacks();
}
@Override
protected ClassName getLoaderClass() {
return getLoader();
}
}
``` |
```xml
import i18next from 'i18next';
import {
TRANSLATION_BG_BG,
TRANSLATION_DE_DE,
TRANSLATION_EN_US,
TRANSLATION_ES_ES,
TRANSLATION_FR_FR,
TRANSLATION_HU_HU,
TRANSLATION_IT_IT,
TRANSLATION_JA_JP,
TRANSLATION_KO_KR,
TRANSLATION_NL_NL,
TRANSLATION_PL_PL,
TRANSLATION_PT_BR,
TRANSLATION_RU_RU,
TRANSLATION_SK_SK,
TRANSLATION_ZH_CN,
TRANSLATION_ZH_TW,
TRANSLATION_KA_GE
} from '../../locales';
class I18nEngine {
private static instance: I18nEngine;
private constructor() {}
public static getInstance() {
if (!I18nEngine.instance) {
I18nEngine.instance = new I18nEngine();
}
return I18nEngine.instance;
}
private availablesLanguages = {
'bg-BG': 'bg-BG',
'de-DE': 'de-DE',
'en-US': 'en-US',
'es-ES': 'es-ES',
'fr-FR': 'fr-FR',
'hu-HU': 'hu-HU',
'it-IT': 'it-IT',
'ja-JP': 'ja-JP',
'ka-GE': 'ka-GE',
'ko-KR': 'ko-KR',
'nl-NL': 'nl-NL',
'pl-PL': 'pl-PL',
'pt-BR': 'pt-BR',
'ru-RU': 'ru-RU',
'sk-SK': 'sk-SK',
'zh-CN': 'zh-CN',
'zh-TW': 'zh-TW'
};
public fallbackLanguage = 'en-US';
public init(language: string) {
i18next.init({
lng: language,
fallbackLng: this.fallbackLanguage,
interpolation: {
skipOnVariables: false
}
});
i18next.addResources('de-DE', 'translation', TRANSLATION_DE_DE);
i18next.addResources('en-US', 'translation', TRANSLATION_EN_US);
i18next.addResources('es-ES', 'translation', TRANSLATION_ES_ES);
i18next.addResources('fr-FR', 'translation', TRANSLATION_FR_FR);
i18next.addResources('hu-HU', 'translation', TRANSLATION_HU_HU);
i18next.addResources('it-IT', 'translation', TRANSLATION_IT_IT);
i18next.addResources('ja-JP', 'translation', TRANSLATION_JA_JP);
i18next.addResources('ka-GE', 'translation', TRANSLATION_KA_GE);
i18next.addResources('ko-KR', 'translation', TRANSLATION_KO_KR);
i18next.addResources('nl-NL', 'translation', TRANSLATION_NL_NL);
i18next.addResources('pl-PL', 'translation', TRANSLATION_PL_PL);
i18next.addResources('pt-BR', 'translation', TRANSLATION_PT_BR);
i18next.addResources('ru-RU', 'translation', TRANSLATION_RU_RU);
i18next.addResources('sk-SK', 'translation', TRANSLATION_SK_SK);
i18next.addResources('zh-CN', 'translation', TRANSLATION_ZH_CN);
i18next.addResources('zh-TW', 'translation', TRANSLATION_ZH_TW);
}
public translate(key: string): string {
return i18next.t(key);
}
public exists(key: string): boolean {
return i18next.exists(key);
}
public supportLanguage(language: string): boolean {
return typeof this.availablesLanguages[language] !== 'undefined';
}
}
export default I18nEngine.getInstance();
``` |
Lienemann is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
David Lienemann (born 1982/83, American photographer
Klaus Lienemann (born 1947), German footballer
Manfred Lienemann (born 1946), German footballer and manager
Marie-Noëlle Lienemann (born 1951), French politician
Timo Lienemann (born 1985), German racing driver |
The Caledonia-1 Representative District is a one-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.
The Caledonia-1 District includes all of the Caledonia County towns of Barnet, Ryegate, and Waterford.
As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The one member Caledonia-1 District had a population of 3,944 in that same census, 2.83% below the state average.
District Representative
Leigh Larocque, Republican
See also
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session
Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012
External links
Vermont Statute defining legislative districts
Vermont House districts -- Statistics
Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012
Barnet, Vermont
Ryegate, Vermont
Waterford, Vermont |
Shoptime is a Brazilian home shopping channel, currently owned by B2W Digital. The channel was founded on November 6, 1995. It is the most-watched shopping channel in Brazil.
Ciro Bottini is a key-person in the channel, one of the longest-lasting presenters, presenting a program of computer and electronics since 1995.
Current Programs
Assim é Fácil ("That's Easy")
Casa & Conforto ("Home & Comfort")
Conectados ("Connected")
Muda Tudo Shoptime ("Change Everything Shoptime")
Vida Leve ("Light Life")
Você Sempre Mais ("You Always More")
Current Presenters
Adriana Tolentino
André Saporetti
Andréa Bueno
Barbara Marttins
Ciro Bottini
Davi Lopes
Fabiana Boal
Flavia Bonato
Raphaela Palumbo
Old Programs
EletroInfo
Mundo Feminino ("Female World")
Prime Time
TV UD ("TV Household")
Top 10
Saúde e Beleza ("Health & Beauty")
Infoshop
Old Presenters
Carlos Takeshi
Gabriel Taco
Guilherme Almeida
Juliana Coelho
Marcos Veras
Mauro Jardim
Milton Waley
Monique Evans
Ramon Gonçalves
Reinaldo Rocha
Roberta Close
Rodolfo Bottino
Viviane Romanelli
External links
- Shoptime at LyngSat Address
References
Television networks in Brazil
Shopping networks
Companies based in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Portuguese-language television stations in Brazil
Television channels and stations established in 1995
Mass media in Rio de Janeiro (city) |
```smalltalk
/****************************************************************************
*
* path_to_url
* path_to_url
* path_to_url
* path_to_url
****************************************************************************/
#if UNITY_EDITOR
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using UnityEditor;
using UnityEngine;
using UnityEngine.Networking;
namespace QFramework
{
public class MDHandlerImages
{
public string CurrentPath;
Texture mPlaceholder = null;
List<ImageRequest> mActiveRequests = new List<ImageRequest>();
Dictionary<string, Texture> mTextureCache = new Dictionary<string, Texture>();
List<AnimatedTexture> mAnimatedTextures = new List<AnimatedTexture>();
class AnimatedTexture
{
public string URL = string.Empty;
public int CurrentFrame = 0;
public double FrameTime = 0.0f;
public List<Texture2D> Textures = new List<Texture2D>();
public List<float> Times = new List<float>();
public AnimatedTexture(string url)
{
URL = url;
FrameTime = EditorApplication.timeSinceStartup;
}
public void Add(Texture2D tex, float delay)
{
Textures.Add(tex);
Times.Add(delay);
}
public bool Update()
{
var span = EditorApplication.timeSinceStartup - FrameTime;
if (span < Times[CurrentFrame])
{
return false;
}
FrameTime = EditorApplication.timeSinceStartup;
CurrentFrame = (CurrentFrame + 1) % Textures.Count;
return true;
}
}
class ImageRequest
{
public string URL; // original url
public UnityWebRequest Request;
public bool IsGif;
public ImageRequest(string url)
{
URL = url;
if (url.EndsWith(".gif", System.StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
{
IsGif = true;
Request = UnityWebRequest.Get(url);
}
else
{
IsGif = false;
Request = UnityWebRequestTexture.GetTexture(url);
}
Request.SendWebRequest();
}
public AnimatedTexture GetAnimatedTexture()
{
var decoder = new Decoder(Request.downloadHandler.data);
var img = decoder.NextImage();
var anim = new AnimatedTexture(URL);
while (img != null)
{
anim.Add(img.CreateTexture(), img.Delay / 1000.0f);
img = decoder.NextImage();
}
return anim;
}
public Texture GetTexture()
{
var handler = Request.downloadHandler as DownloadHandlerTexture;
return handler?.texture;
}
}
//your_sha256_hash--------------
private string RemapURL(string url)
{
if (Regex.IsMatch(url, @"^\w+:", RegexOptions.Singleline))
{
return url;
}
var projectDir = Path.GetDirectoryName(Application.dataPath);
if (url.StartsWith("/"))
{
return $"file:///{projectDir}{url}";
}
var assetDir = Path.GetDirectoryName(CurrentPath);
return "file:///" + MDUtils.PathNormalise(string.Format("{0}/{1}/{2}", projectDir, assetDir, url));
}
//your_sha256_hash--------------
public Texture FetchImage(string url)
{
url = RemapURL(url);
Texture tex;
if (mTextureCache.TryGetValue(url, out tex))
{
return tex;
}
if (mPlaceholder == null)
{
var style = GUI.skin.GetStyle("btnPlaceholder");
mPlaceholder = style != null ? style.normal.background : null;
}
mActiveRequests.Add(new ImageRequest(url));
mTextureCache[url] = mPlaceholder;
return mPlaceholder;
}
//your_sha256_hash--------------
public bool UpdateRequests()
{
var req = mActiveRequests.Find(r => r.Request.isDone);
if (req == null)
{
return false;
}
#if UNITY_2020_2_OR_NEWER
if( req.Request.result == UnityWebRequest.Result.ProtocolError )
#else
if (req.Request.isHttpError)
#endif
{
Debug.LogError(string.Format("HTTP Error: {0} - {1} {2}", req.URL, req.Request.responseCode,
req.Request.error));
mTextureCache[req.URL] = null;
}
#if UNITY_2020_2_OR_NEWER
else if( req.Request.result == UnityWebRequest.Result.ConnectionError )
#else
else if (req.Request.isNetworkError)
#endif
{
Debug.LogError(string.Format("Network Error: {0} - {1}", req.URL, req.Request.error));
mTextureCache[req.URL] = null;
}
else if (req.IsGif)
{
var anim = req.GetAnimatedTexture();
if (anim != null && anim.Textures.Count > 0)
{
mTextureCache[req.URL] = anim.Textures[0];
if (anim.Textures.Count > 1)
{
mAnimatedTextures.Add(anim);
}
}
}
else
{
mTextureCache[req.URL] = req.GetTexture();
}
mActiveRequests.Remove(req);
return true;
}
//your_sha256_hash--------------
public bool UpdateAnimations()
{
var update = false;
foreach (var anim in mAnimatedTextures)
{
if (anim.Update())
{
mTextureCache[anim.URL] = anim.Textures[anim.CurrentFrame];
update = true;
}
}
return update;
}
//your_sha256_hash--------------
public bool Update()
{
return UpdateRequests() || UpdateAnimations();
}
}
}
#endif
``` |
```java
/*
This file is part of the iText (R) project.
Authors: Apryse Software.
This program is offered under a commercial and under the AGPL license.
For commercial licensing, contact us at path_to_url For AGPL licensing, see below.
AGPL licensing:
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
along with this program. If not, see <path_to_url
*/
package com.itextpdf.kernel.events;
import com.itextpdf.kernel.pdf.PdfDocument;
import com.itextpdf.kernel.pdf.PdfPage;
/**
* Event dispatched by PdfDocument.
*/
public class PdfDocumentEvent extends Event {
/**
* Dispatched after page is created.
*/
public static final String START_PAGE = "StartPdfPage";
/**
* Dispatched after page is inserted/added into a document.
*/
public static final String INSERT_PAGE = "InsertPdfPage";
/**
* Dispatched after page is removed from a document.
*/
public static final String REMOVE_PAGE = "RemovePdfPage";
/**
* Dispatched before page is flushed to a document.
* This event isn't necessarily dispatched when a successive page has been created.
* Keep it in mind when using with highlevel iText API.
*/
public static final String END_PAGE = "EndPdfPage";
/**
* The PdfPage associated with this event.
*/
protected PdfPage page;
/**
* The PdfDocument associated with this event.
*/
private PdfDocument document;
/**
* Creates a PdfDocumentEvent.
*
* @param type type of the event that fired this event
* @param document document that fired this event
*/
public PdfDocumentEvent(String type, PdfDocument document) {
super(type);
this.document = document;
}
/**
* Creates a PdfDocumentEvent.
*
* @param type type of the event that fired this event
* @param page page that fired this event
*/
public PdfDocumentEvent(String type, PdfPage page) {
super(type);
this.page = page;
this.document = page.getDocument();
}
/**
* Returns the PdfDocument associated with this event.
*
* @return the PdfDocument associated with this event
*/
public PdfDocument getDocument() {
return document;
}
/**
* Returns the PdfPage associated with this event. Warning: this can be null.
*
* @return the PdfPage associated with this event
*/
public PdfPage getPage() {
return page;
}
}
``` |
```javascript
Asynchronous Code
Working with Promises
Mocha Hooks
Pending and Disabling Tests
Timeouts
``` |
Sir Christopher Kingston Howes (born 30 January 1942) is a British Chartered Surveyor. A specialist in the study of land and buildings, with careers in the public, private, and academic sectors, he has worked in city planning, land use, and environmental management.
After ten years as Director of Land and Property at the Department of the Environment, Howes was Chief Executive of the Crown Estate from 1989 to 2001. He was a member of the councils of the Duchy of Lancaster and the Duchy of Cornwall.
Early life
The younger son of Leonard Howes OBE and Marion Howes (née Bussey), he was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, and the University of London, where he graduated BSc in estate management in 1965. His father was Lord Mayor of Norwich for 1963–1964. He became an Associate of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors in 1966 and graduated as a master of philosophy at the University of Reading in 1975.
Career
Howes's career has spanned the public and private sectors. In 1965 to 1967 he worked in the Valuation and Planning Department of the Greater London Council, then from 1967 to 1978 he was Steward and Honorary Surveyor to the Dean and Chapter of Norwich Cathedral.
At the beginning of 1969 he joined the family firm of Percy Howes & Co., Surveyors and Valuers, of Cathedral Close, Norwich. Also becoming a member of Norwich City Council, by 1974 he was a Justice of the Peace for Norfolk. In Norwich he was a founding member of the Theatre Royal Trust, the Cotman Housing Association, and the Third World Centre.
From 1979 to 1989, Howes was Deputy Director of Land Economy and then Director of the Land and Property Division at the Department of the Environment. He was also a Visiting Professor at University College London from 1983 to 2001; Chairman of the World Land Policy Conference 1984, and the OECD's Urban Policy Group 1985.
From 1992 to 1999, Howes was a trustee of the Prince of Wales's Institute of Architecture; from 1995 to 1998 a Member of the Secretary of State for the Environment's Thames Advisory Board, and a Member of the Court of Advisers of St Paul's Cathedral.
From 1989 to 2001, he was the Second Commissioner and Chief Executive of the Crown Estate. This owns large area of Central London including Regent Street, over half of Britain's forests, hundreds of farms and other rural estates, and the whole of the British seabed between the coast and the twelve-mile international limit. In 2006, the annual income of the Crown Estate was around £200 million. He also served as a member of the Prince’s Council, the Duchy of Cornwall, and as a Council member of the Duchy of Lancaster.
From 2001 to 2017 Howes was an adviser to Barclays Capital and a member of the advisory board and Senior Adviser to Barclays Private Bank. He is a member of the Council of the Duchy of Cornwall; Deputy Chairman of Howard de Walden Estates; adviser to the Marcol Group; a member of the Investment Committee of St Paul's Cathedral; a board member of the British Architectural Trust; a trustee of the Suffolk Historic Churches Trust; a trustee of the Norfolk Archaeological Trust, and patron of the Heatherley School of Fine Art.
Career outline
1965 to 1967: The Greater London Council
1967 to 1979: Professional practice in Norwich and London
1979 to 1989: Director of Land and Property Division of the Department of the Environment
1982 to 1989: Second Commissioner of the Crown Estate
1989 to 2000: Chief Executive of the Crown Estate
1993 to 2005: Member of Council of the Duchy of Lancaster
1998 to 2004: Non-executive director of the Norwich and Peterborough Building Society
2005 to 2007: Non-executive Chairman of the Barclays Bank Property Finance Team
1990 to 2011: Member of the Prince’s Council of the Duchy of Cornwall
2001 to 2013: Member Advisory Board Barclays Private Bank
2001 to 2017: Advisor Barclays Property Finance Team
2001 to date: Director of the Howard de Walden Estate
2010 to date: Deputy Chairman of the Howard de Walden Estate
2002 to 2016: Director of the Colville Estate Ltd
2001 to 2016: Director of Compco PLC
2013 to 2017: Senior Adviser Barclays Wealth and Investment Management
2016 to date: Trustee Britten Pears Foundation
2018 to date: Director the Britten Estate Limited
Academic appointments
1975: Senior Visiting Fellow, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia
1976-1981: part-time lecturer, Department of Land Economy, the University of Cambridge
1974–1980: Visiting Lecturer, University of Reading
1982: Visiting Lecturer, University of Aberdeen
1983: Visiting Lecturer, UCLA and USC
1984 to 2001: Visiting Professor, The Bartlett School of Architecture and Planning, University College London .
1985: Visiting Lecturer, Harvard University
1985: Visiting Lecturer, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill and University of Miami
1990 to date: Member of the Court of the University of East Anglia
Honours
1993: Companion of the Order of the Bath
1995: Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects
1997: Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
1999: Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
2000: Honorary DLitt degree, University of East Anglia
2002: College of Estate Management Property Award
Publications
Acquiring Office Space (1975) (joint author)
Value Maps: A Survey Into the Production and Use of Land and Property Value Maps (University of Reading Department of Land Management and Development, 1976)
Value Maps: aspects of land and property values (Geo Books, 1979)
Innovations in Urban Revitalization: Papers Presented to the World Congress on Land Policy, 1986 (Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 1987)
"Urban regeneration initiatives in England" in Land Development Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 1988, pp. 57-65
Economic Regeneration (monograph, 1988)
Urban Revitalization (monograph, 1988)
Papers in learned journals
References
External links
Christopher Howes Pictures
Christopher Howes news
Duchy of Cornwall
Institute of Continuing Professional Development
Norwich & Peterborough Building Society
1942 births
Academics of University College London
Academics of the University of Aberdeen
Alumni of the University of London
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Councillors in Norfolk
Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Living people
People educated at Gresham's School
People associated with the University of East Anglia |
The Musée historique de Mulhouse is a municipal history museum and archaeology museum in Mulhouse, France.
It is housed since 1969 in Mulhouse's Old Town Hall, a Northern Renaissance building dating mainly from 1552, which is protected as a Monument historique since 1929.
The interiors of the Old Town Hall with their intact original decoration are an integral part of the museum. The museum's medieval sculptures are on display in the neighbouring Museum of Fine Arts, such as a Saint George Slaying the Dragon from 1490, originally from Tyrol. That work, as well as many others, is on permanent loan to the municipal collections of Mulhouse by the Société industrielle de Mulhouse (SIM), a learned society established in 1826 by local industrialists such as Dollfus, Koechlin, and Schlumberger which had begun collecting artworks in 1831.
Gallery
References
External links
Official website
Musée Historique de Mulhouse (68) on Musées Grand Est
Museums established in 1874
Mulhouse
Mulhouse
Mulhouse
Mulhouse |
Ro48-8684 is a water-soluble benzodiazepine derivative developed by Hoffman-LaRoche in the 1990s, which was designed along with Ro48-6791 as an improved replacement for midazolam, but ultimately proved to have little advantages over the parent drug and has not been introduced into clinical practice.
See also
Benzodiazepine
References
Abandoned drugs
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Hoffmann-La Roche brands
Imidazobenzodiazepines
Lactams
Fluoroarenes
Oxazoles |
The cycle rickshaw is a small-scale local means of transport. It is a type of hatchback tricycle designed to carry passengers on a for-hire basis. It is also known by a variety of other names such as bike taxi, velotaxi, pedicab, bikecab, cyclo, beca, becak, trisikad, sikad, tricycle taxi, trishaw, or hatchback bike.
As opposed to rickshaws pulled by a person on foot, cycle rickshaws are human-powered by pedaling. Another type of rickshaw is the auto rickshaw.
Overview
The first cycle rickshaws were built in the 1880s, and they were first used widely in 1929 in Singapore. Six years later they outnumbered pulled rickshaws. By 1950 cycle rickshaws were found in every south and east Asian country. By the late 1980s there were an estimated 4 million cycle rickshaws in the world.
The vehicle is generally pedal-driven by a driver, though some are equipped with an electric motor to assist the driver.
The vehicle is usually a tricycle, though some quadracycle models exist, and some bicycles with trailers are configured as cycle rickshaws. Some cycle rickshaws have gas or electric motors.
Passenger configuration
The configuration of driver and passenger seats varies. Generally the driver sits in front of the passengers to pedal the rickshaw. There are some designs, though, where the cyclist driver sits behind the passengers. In many Asian countries, like Bangladesh, India, and China, the passenger seat is located behind the driver, while in Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, and Vietnam the driver sits behind the passenger seat. In the Philippines, the passenger seats are usually located beside the driver in a side car. Similarly, in the trishaw in Singapore and the sai kaa in Burma the passengers sit alongside the driver.
Nomenclature
The cycle rickshaw is known by a variety of other names, including:
velotaxi (used in Germany)
pussuss (used in parts of France)
velotram (used in parts of France)
bikecab
cyclo (used in Vietnam and Cambodia)
pedicab (used in the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada)
bike taxi (used in Buffalo, New York)
bicitaxi (used in Mexico)
taxi ecologico (used in Mexico)
trishaw
beca (used in Malaysia)
becak (used in Indonesia)
helicak (used in Indonesia) it is another version of becak but with engines, not manual pedals
traysikad, trisikad, sikad, or padyak (used in the Philippines)
Country overview
Cycle rickshaws are used in Asian countries, but also in countries outside Asia, such as large European and some North America cities. They are used primarily for their novelty value, as an entertaining form of transportation for tourists and locals, but they also have environmental benefits and may be quicker than other forms of transport if traffic congestion is high. Cycle rickshaws used outside Asia often are mechanically more complex, having multiple gears, more powerful brakes, and in some cases electrical motors to provide additional power.
Africa
Madagascar
In Madagascar rickshaws, including cycle rickshaws or cyclo-pousse, are a common form of transportation in a number of cities. Rickshaws are known as pousse-pousse, meaning push-push, reportedly for the pulled rickshaws that required a second person to push the vehicles up hills. Cycles are more common in the hillier areas, like Toamasina.
Americas
Canada
In Canada there are pedicabs in operation in Victoria, British Columbia, and Vancouver, British Columbia. They are regulated in Toronto, Ontario, and Vancouver, British Columbia.
Mexico
In Mexico, they are called or (literally "ecological taxi").
United States
In many major cities, pedicabs can be found rolling about city centers, nightlife districts, park lands, sports stadiums, and tourist-heavy areas. Myriad uses have been discovered in the states, including car-park-to-event transport at large events nationwide. Thousands of pedicabs today operate on streets in locales including Green Bay and Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Austin, Texas; Manhattan, New York; Chicago, Illinois; San Diego and San Francisco, California; Boston, Massachusetts; Miami, Florida; Washington, D.C.; Denver, Colorado; Portland, Oregon; Seattle, Washington; Charleston, South Carolina; New Orleans, Louisiana; Nashville, Tennessee; Phoenix, Arizona; Salt Lake City, Utah; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and dozens of other hot spots. Manhattan sports the largest collection of pedicabs operating within city limits, and the City of New York itself has mandated that approximately 850 pedicabs always sport operating permits issued by the city.
Pedicabs in the United States seem to have gotten their start at the 1962 World's Fair in Seattle.
Asia
Bangladesh
Cycle rickshaws (রিকশা riksha) are the most popular modes of transport in Bangladesh and are available for hire throughout the country including the capital city Dhaka, known as the "Rickshaw Capital of the World". They are either pedal or motor-powered. They were introduced here about 1938 and by the end of the 20th century there were 300,000+ cycle rickshaws in Dhaka.
Approximately 400,000 cycle rickshaws run each day. Cycle rickshaws in Bangladesh are also more convenient than the other public modes of transports in the country namely auto rickshaws, cabs and buses. They are mostly convertible, decorated, rickshaws with folding hoods and are the only kind of vehicles that can be driven in many neighbourhoods of the city with narrow streets and lanes. However, increasing traffic congestion and the resulting collisions have led to the banning of rickshaws on many major streets in the city. Urban employment in Bangladesh also largely depend on cycle rickshaws. Because of inflation and unemployment in the rural areas, people from villages crowd in the cities to become rickshaw drivers locally called the riksha-wala (রিকশাওয়ালা).
Cambodia
Cycle rickshaws are known as cyclo (pronounced see-clo) in Cambodia, derived from the French .
China
Since the 1950s, when the pulled rickshaw was phased out, mid-city and large city passengers may travel using three-wheeled pedicabs, or cycle rickshaws. The Chinese term for the conveyance is sanlunche (三轮车). The vehicles may be pedal- or motor-powered. In Shanghai, most of the vehicles are powered by electricity.
Tourists are warned to beware of over-charging vendors, especially who wear an "old fashioned costume" or are located near tourist locations.
Whilst many local tourism authorities still issue licences for rickshaw drivers to carry passengers, authorities in China are tightening rules in order to alleviate cheating of tourists and to reduce traffic congestion (e.g. a typical Chinese cycle-rickshaw will travel at less than 10 and is wide enough to fill an entire motor or bicycle lane and therefore are blamed as a major cause of traffic congestion), and have been banned in many cities already.
India
The first attempt of improving the existing cycle rickshaws and then converting them to electric ones was done by the Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute in the late 1990s.
Service availability
Cycle rickshaws were used in Kolkata starting about 1930 and are now common in rural and urban areas of India.
Ecocabs and similar service
Navdeep Asija started a dial-a-cycle rickshaw concept known as Ecocabs, Environmental friendly Ecocabs operate in the Punjab towns of Fazilka, Amritsar. Central Delhi and Kolkata. Passengers may call to request transport service, similar to dial-up taxi cab operations.
In November 2010, Patiala GreenCABS, similar to Ecocabs, were introduced in the city by the local non governmental organisation (NGO) the Patiala Foundation.
Financing
In West Bengal the Rotaract Club of Serampore finances cycle rickshaw purchases so that unemployed people can begin their own rickshaw business. The loans are repaid from the workers' earnings. When paid in full, the rickshaw workers own their rickshaw and other unemployed individuals are entered into the program.
Soleckshaw
The Soleckshaw is a battery-electric assisted cycle rickshaw. The battery is designed to be charged or exchanged at centralised solar-powered charging stations. Developed by the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, it was launched in Delhi in October 2008. However, in September 2010 it was reported that no Soleckshaws had been sold on a commercial basis, and the approximately 30 demonstration units, initially deployed in Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Delhi, Dhanbad, Durgapur, Jaipur, and Kolkata, were "not in operation due to various local administrative and management problems", and the charging stations "are not being used at this point of time as the vehicles are not in operation at those locations".
The 2010 Union budget of India had a concessional excise duty of 4% on solar cycle rickshaws.
Indonesia
Cycle rickshaws in Indonesia are called becak (pronounced ). They began being used in Jakarta about 1936. Becak were considered an icon of the capital city of Jakarta prior to its ban in the 1970s. Citing concerns of public order, the city government forbade them on the city's main streets. Scenes of the anti-becak campaign appear in the 1971 Canadian film Wet Earth and Warm People, a documentary by Michael Rubbo. Despite the attempts at eradication, however, many becak still operate near slums throughout the city. Attempts at reinforcing the ban resulted in large-scale seizures of the vehicle in the late 1990s and in 2007. In 2018, Governor Anies Baswedan attempted to allow becak again because of a political contract with becak drivers during his campaign.
There are two types of "becak" in Indonesia: the first type is the driver sitting behind the passenger (similar to Dutch-style cargo bikes), the other one which mainly found in Sumatra is the driver sitting beside the passenger. "Becak" is still being used in various part of Indonesia, especially in smaller cities and town.
Malaysia
In Malaysia, pedestrian-pulled rickshaws were gradually replaced by cycle rickshaws ( in Malay, from Hokkien bé-chhia 馬車 "horse cart"). Cycle rickshaws were ubiquitous up to the 1970s in cities. Since then, rapid urbanisation has increased demand for more efficient public transport, resulting in dwindling cycle rickshaw numbers. Today, cycle rickshaws are operated mostly as a tourist attraction, with small numbers operating in Malacca, Penang, Kelantan, and Terengganu.
Myanmar
In Myanmar, cycle rickshaws or trishaws (, directly pronounced as in the English word 'side car') came first into wide use in 1938, when the year-1300 revolution, which originated from the Chauk oil-field strike, inspired the people in Mandalay to have a consciousness of nationalism and to boycott British goods and services. The auto body technician Saya Nyo built the first trishaw in Mandalay by attaching a side-car to the side of an old bicycle. So two passengers are on the right of the driver.
Only two forms of transportation were then available in the city; the cab and the electric train. The latter could run only on six-mile tracks. Trishaws could reach every nook and cranny, so the spirit of nationalism plus the advantage of trishaws reaching everywhere made them so popular among Mandalayans that even the train company had to stop its business.
Nepal
In the Terai region of Nepal, cycle rickshaws are still the most popular means of public transport for short-distance commuting. Most big cities in the Terai have hundreds of cycle rickshaws that carry local commuters and travellers, and are also used for carrying goods. Since the Terai region is bordered with India, cycle rickshaws are also popular means for shoppers, businessmen and travellers to travel in and out of the country freely. The free border between India and Nepal enable the rickshaw owners from both countries to operate across the border without any restriction.
However, in Hilly regions of Nepal, cycle rickshaws are primarily used to attract tourists who can relax and travel around the popular streets and markets at reasonable fares. Cycle rickshaws are particularly popular among tourists to roam around the popular streets and markets of Thamel, Kathmandu.
Pakistan
The Cycle and Pulled rickshaw were banned in Pakistan in November 1991.
Philippines
In the Philippines, it is called a pedicab, traysikad, trisikad—or simply sikad or padyak, from the Philippine word meaning to tramp or stamp one's feet. It is made by mounting a sidecar to a regular bicycle. They are used mainly to ferry passengers short distances along smaller, more residential streets, often to or from jeepneys or other public utility vehicles. They are also used for transporting cargo too heavy to carry by hand and over a distance too short or roads too congested for motor transport, such as a live pig. During rainy seasons, they are useful as a way to avoid walking through flood waters. Along with the jeepney, the motorcycle-powered tricycle, and the engine-powered kuliglig, the open-air pedicab provides shade when needed.
Thailand
In Thailand, any three-wheeler is called (), whether motorised or not, including pedicabs, motorcycles with attached vending carts or sidecars, etc. The driver is also called .
Vietnam
Cycle rickshaws are known as (pronounced sick-low, from the French ) in Vietnam. Cyclo was an invention of a french named P. Coupeaid, which was introduced in Cambodia and Saigon in 1939. From 2008 to 03/2012, due to the traffic obstruction, cyclos were totally forbidden in Ho Chi Minh City and other provinces, except cyclo tours organised by tourist agencies. Another similar vehicle, a pedicab called xe lôi of the Mekong Delta, are now rarely found in some provinces such as Sóc Trăng, Vĩnh Long, and Châu Đốc. They are on their way to disappear.
Cyclo, a 1995 film about a cyclo driver, won the Golden Lion at the 52nd Venice International Film Festival.
Europe
Cycle rickshaws, also called pedicabs, are used in most large continental European cities.
Denmark
Copenhagen and Odense have pedicab service.
Finland
Cycle rickshaws are available for rent at Kaivopuisto in Helsinki. The rental company brought the vehicles from the city of Lappeenranta in 2009.
France
Most French cities have one or more pedicabs, locally known as PussPuss or VeloTaxi. Most common in Paris, Nantes, Lyon, Montpellier and Valence, these cities operate one or more units. France have pedicab vendors.
Germany
Lake Constance, Berlin, Frankfurt, Dresden, and Hamburg offer cycle rickshaw, also called pedicab, service.
Velotaxi
In the 1990s, German-made cycle rickshaws called velotaxis were created. They are about 1/3 to 1/2 the cost of regular taxis. Velotaxis are three-wheeled vehicles with a "space-age lightweight plastic cab that is open on both sides", a space for a driver, and behind the driver, space for two passengers. They have been made in Berlin, Germany, by Ludger Matuszewski, the founder of "Velotaxi GmbH" company. Velotaxis are often used for group functions like weddings. Under German traffic laws, transporting people on bicycles was forbidden.
Electric assist pedicabs
Berlin's Senate, police, and taxi associations finally agreed that the "cult-flitzer" could be integrated into the city's traffic flow. Germany's highest court later ruled that transporting people on bikes was legal. It is a modern and newly designed pedicab (CityCruiser) with a 500-watt electric assist motor. Although these electric-assist pedicabs were engineered in Germany they are manufactured in the Czech Republic and some clones are now also produced in China. The Chinese clone can be purchased for about 3,000 US dollars; the German original is around 6,000 US dollars (the newest version, 9000+ €). The batteries last about 4 hours with a full charge. As with a few recumbent and semi-recumbent designs, some drivers may suffer with knee and joint pain due to the weight of the vehicle (145 kg).
Hungary
Pedicab service is available in Budapest.
Ireland
Pedicabs operate in Cork and Dublin, Ireland.
Italy
Pedicab service is available in Florence, Milan, Rome, Bari.
The Netherlands
Pedicab service is available in Amsterdam, The Hague and in the Caribbean, at Willemstad.
Thomas Lundy of Amsterdam adapted his battery-electric assisted cycle rickshaw to become what he terms "semi-solar powered", resulting in a video report on Reuters.
Norway
Pedicab service is available in Oslo, Fredrikstad, Bergen, Porsgrunn, and Tønsberg.
Poland
During World War II, when Poland was under Nazi German occupation, the German authorities confiscated most privately owned cars and many of the streetcars and buses. Because of that, public transport was partially replaced by cycle rickshaws, at first improvised and with time mass-produced by bicycle factories. Cycle rickshaws became popular in Warsaw and by the start of the Warsaw Uprising were a common sight on the city's streets.
Pedicabs still can be found in most large cities in Poland from Łódź to Warsaw.
Spain
Alicante, Barcelona, Zaragoza, Málaga, San Sebastian, and Seville have pedicab service.
United Kingdom
Cycle rickshaws operate in central London, including Soho, Piccadilly, Leicester Square, and Covent Garden. Pedal Me is a pedicab company using electric cargo bikes to transport passengers and cargo across Central and Inner London.
Rickshaws and pedicabs are found in the centre of Edinburgh where vendors are hired like taxis and provide tours. Pedicabs and their variants are also available in Oxford.
Oceania
Australia
Two companies operate pedicabs in Sydney. Pedapod operate 'pod' styled cabs from Queen Victoria Buildings to Circular Quay. Tikki Tikki Australia operate more advanced 'classic' styled cabs from the Central Railway Station to Circular Quay and up to Kings Cross and down to Star City Casino.Tikki Tikki also has pedicabs and rickshaws in London and Vancouver
Pedicabs are also found in Brisbane, Melbourne, Darwin, Perth, Gold Coast, Cairns, Townsville, Newcastle, and Byron Bay.
New Zealand
New Zealand has had pedicabs since the early 1990s. Auckland currently has 19 bikes mainly run by Bikeman and a few owner-operators.
Queenstown also has a fleet of Danish-made rickshaws run by a local entrepreneur.
Economic, social and political aspects
Economics
In many Asian cities where they are widely used, cycle rickshaw driving provides essential employment for recent immigrants from rural areas, generally impoverished men. One study in Bangladesh showed that cycle rickshaw driving was connected with some increases in income for poor agricultural labourers who moved to urban areas, but that the extreme physical demands of the job meant that these benefits decreased for long-term drivers. In Jakarta, most cycle rickshaw drivers in the 1980s were former landless agricultural labourers from rural areas of Java.
In 2003, Dhaka cycle rickshaw drivers earned an estimated average of Tk 143 (US$2.38) per day, of which they paid about Tk 50 (US$0.80) to rent the cycle rickshaw for a day. Older, long-term drivers earned substantially less. A 1988–89 survey found that Jakarta drivers earned a daily average of Rp. 2722 (US$1.57). These wages, while widely considered very low for such physically demanding work, do in some situations compare favourably to jobs available to unskilled workers.
In many cities, most drivers do not own their own cycle rickshaws; instead, they rent them from their owners, some of whom own many cycle rickshaws. Driver-ownership rates vary widely. In Delhi, a 1980 study found only one per cent of drivers owned their vehicles, but ownership rates in several other Indian cities were much higher, including fifteen per cent in Hyderabad and twenty-two per cent in Faridabad. A 1977 study in Chiang Mai, Thailand found that 44% of cycle rickshaw drivers were owners. In Bangladesh, driver-ownership is usually highest in rural areas and lowest in the larger cities. Most cycle rickshaws in that country are owned by individuals who have only one or two of them, but some owners in the largest cities own several hundred.
Social aspects
In 2012 Ole Kassow, a resident of Copenhagen, wanted to help the elderly get back on their bicycles, but he had to find a solution to their limited mobility. The answer was a cycle rickshaw, and he started offering free cycle rickshaw rides to residents of a nearby nursing home. He then got in touch with a civil society consultant at the City of Copenhagen, Dorthe Pedersen, who was intrigued by the idea, and together they bought five cycle rickshaws and launched an organisation called Cycling Without Age, which has now spread to all corners of Denmark, and since 2015 to another 50 countries around the world.
Legislation
Some countries and cities have banned or restricted cycle rickshaws. They are often prohibited in congested areas of major cities. For example, they were banned in Bangkok in the mid-1960s as not fitting the modern image of the city being promoted by the government. In Dhaka and Jakarta, they are no longer permitted on major roads, but are still used to provide transportation within individual urban neighbourhoods. They are banned entirely in Pakistan. While they have been criticised for causing congestion, cycle rickshaws are also often hailed as environmentally-friendly, inexpensive modes of transportation.
In Taiwan, the Road Traffic Security Rules require pedicabs to be registered by their owners with the police before they can be legally driven on public roads, or risk an administrative fine of 300 new Taiwan dollars (TWD). Their drivers must carry the police registration documents or risk a fine of 180 TWD, but no driver licence is required. The administrative fines are based on Articles 69 and 71 of the Act Governing the Punishment of Violation of Road traffic Regulations. As Taiwanese road traffic is now heavily motorised, most pedicabs have been replaced by taxicabs, but they can still be found at limited places, such as Cijin District of Kaohsiung City.
Electric-assist pedicabs were banned in New York City in January 2008, the city council decided to allow pedicabs propelled only by muscle power. The city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, has decided not to issue permits to electric-assist pedicabs.
Arts
As a key part of the urban landscape in many cities, cycle rickshaws have been the subject of films and other artwork, as well as being extensively decorated themselves. The cycle rickshaw in Dhaka is especially well known as a major medium for Bengali folk art, as plasticine cutouts and handpainted figures adorn many cycle rickshaws.
Films featuring cycle rickshaws and their drivers include Kickboxer and Sammo Hung's 1989 martial arts film Pedicab Driver, which dealt with a group of pedicab drivers and their problems with romance and organised crime. Cyclo, a 1995 film by Vietnamese director Tran Anh Hung, is centered on a cycle rickshaw driver. Tollywood films with cycle rickshaw themes include Orey Rickshaw ("Orey" literally means "Hey", in a derogatory tone), which tells a story sympathising with the downtrodden, and Rickshavodu ("Rickshaw Guy").
Gallery
See also
Rickshaws
Auto rickshaw
Pulled rickshaw
Rickshaw
Rickshaw art
Designer
George Bliss (pedicab designer)
Other human-powered transport
Bicycle trailer
Boda-boda (bicycle taxi)
Cargo bike
Quadracycle
Utility cycling
Cycles
Bicycle
Electric bicycle
Outline of cycling
Party Bike
Tandem bicycle
Trailer bike
Tricycle
Notes
References
External links
Becak Yogya
Cycle types
Vehicles for hire
Taxi vehicles
Rickshaws |
```swift
// MARK: - Edge
public class Edge: Equatable {
public var neighbor: Node
public init(neighbor: Node) {
self.neighbor = neighbor
}
}
public func == (lhs: Edge, rhs: Edge) -> Bool {
return lhs.neighbor == rhs.neighbor
}
// MARK: - Node
public class Node: CustomStringConvertible, Equatable {
public var neighbors: [Edge]
public private(set) var label: String
public var distance: Int?
public var visited: Bool
public init(label: String) {
self.label = label
neighbors = []
visited = false
}
public var description: String {
if let distance = distance {
return "Node(label: \(label), distance: \(distance))"
}
return "Node(label: \(label), distance: infinity)"
}
public var hasDistance: Bool {
return distance != nil
}
public func remove(_ edge: Edge) {
neighbors.remove(at: neighbors.index { $0 === edge }!)
}
}
public func == (lhs: Node, rhs: Node) -> Bool {
return lhs.label == rhs.label && lhs.neighbors == rhs.neighbors
}
// MARK: - Graph
public class Graph: CustomStringConvertible, Equatable {
public private(set) var nodes: [Node]
public init() {
self.nodes = []
}
public func addNode(_ label: String) -> Node {
let node = Node(label: label)
nodes.append(node)
return node
}
public func addEdge(_ source: Node, neighbor: Node) {
let edge = Edge(neighbor: neighbor)
source.neighbors.append(edge)
}
public var description: String {
var description = ""
for node in nodes {
if !node.neighbors.isEmpty {
description += "[node: \(node.label) edges: \(node.neighbors.map { $0.neighbor.label})]"
}
}
return description
}
public func findNodeWithLabel(_ label: String) -> Node {
return nodes.filter { $0.label == label }.first!
}
public func duplicate() -> Graph {
let duplicated = Graph()
for node in nodes {
_ = duplicated.addNode(node.label)
}
for node in nodes {
for edge in node.neighbors {
let source = duplicated.findNodeWithLabel(node.label)
let neighbour = duplicated.findNodeWithLabel(edge.neighbor.label)
duplicated.addEdge(source, neighbor: neighbour)
}
}
return duplicated
}
}
public func == (lhs: Graph, rhs: Graph) -> Bool {
return lhs.nodes == rhs.nodes
}
``` |
Dagenham Dock is an industrial district in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham in London, England. It is located to the south of Dagenham and is on the River Thames. It was once the site of a large coaling port and continues to be the location of a small terminal licensed to handle coal off-loading. Today the site is used for a number of river-related operations including a TDG (now XPO Logistics) depot with around 200 tanks for the storage of petrol, distillates, aviation fuel, biofuels, tallow, ethanol, fertilisers, and urea.
History
The dock was constructed at the site of Dagenham Breach, an area of flooded marsh caused by the breaching of the sea wall in 1707, and repeatedly flooded in the 18th-century. After a number of failed attempts, in 1865 Sir John Rennie built a jetty and a branch railway, but the company failed financially. The site was acquired and Dagenham Dock was constructed over from 1887 by Samuel Williams. Historic records of Samuel Williams & Sons and John Hudson Ltd are held at Barking and Dagenham Archive Service, Valence House Museum although the full collection has not yet been fully catalogued.
Early in the 20th-century, HMS Thunderer, the last major warship built on the Thames, was fitted out at a new jetty, still known as the Thunderer Jetty.
Wholesale market
Barking Reach Power Station was constructed between 1992 and 1995 on Chequers Lane, and was the first major generating station to be built in London for many years. Decommissioning of the power station started in 2018.
In December 2018, the City of London Corporation acquired Barking Power Ltd along with the Barking Reach Power Station site. The historic City of London Corporation is obliged to provide wholesale markets through legislation enacted in the Victorian era. It proposes to relocate Billingsgate Fish Market (currently in Poplar), Smithfield Meat Market (in Central London) and New Spitalfields Market (currently in Leyton) to a new consolidated site.
The corporation considered potential sites in Silvertown, Fairlop, Thurrock and Dagenham Dock and the possible expansion of the New Spitalfields site in Leyton. The Barking Reach Power Station site was selected in April 2019. In March 2021, Barking and Dagenham Council gave outline planning permission for the City of London Corporation proposals. On 28 November 2022, the corporation submitted a private bill to allow the relocation of Smithfield and Billingsgate markets.
In February 2023, Havering Council attempted to use the 1247 market rights of Romford Market to block the opening of the consolidated wholesale market to the general public.
The new consolidated market is expected to become operational in 2027/2028.
Geography
The area is located in the London Riverside section of the Thames Gateway zone. It includes the London Sustainable Industries Park, an environmentally sustainable business cluster.
Expansion of the little-used Dagenham Dock railway station is expected to aid the development including services on the Docklands Light Railway and East London Transit.
East of Dagenham Dock is Hornchurch Marshes, west past The Gores waterway is Barking Riverside, to the south is the River Thames and to the north is the Merrielands Retail Park and the Becontree and Rylands estates.
See also
Port of London
References
Thames Gateway
Areas of London
Districts of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
Port of London
Districts of London on the River Thames
Dagenham |
Doti Palace (Nepali: डोटी दरबार) is a historical palace located in Doti district of western Nepal. The palace was built during 15th century. Currently, the palace is in ruins.
History
The palace was built during the reign of king Bhupati Shah to conduct state administrative works in the era of Baisya-Chaubisya states. The palace was then used by his son, king Deep Shahi, however he was defeated by the Gorkhali Army led by Amar Singh Thapa in 1847 BS.
During Rana reign, the palace was used for administrative work and resident of the officials. When Bahadhur Shumsher was the in charge of Doti district, he sold the palace to local citizen name Surat Bahadur at around 1990 BS in NPR 10,000. After the demise of Surat Bahadur, the palace was inherited by his son Basanta Amatya and later to his sons. Currently, the Palace is owned by Niranjan, Nirakar, Kamala and Nirbikar Amatya.
After it was sold, the palace was used by various governmental offices such as Land Reform Department, Doti Court and Doti Municipality. In 2038 BS, it was used by Seti Project and in 2041 BS, it was proposed to be technical school and later by Doti Campus. However, Amatya family were reluctant to sell the palace due to land dispute. A road was also proposed passing though the palace land, however court ordered to stop the construction.
Architecture
The palace is built in a land area of about 46 Ropanis with two main buildings and a temple of Bhairava. The walls are constructed with stones measuring up to 11 feet long. The walls are cladded with brick masonry and the roof is tiled with slate. A tunnel from the palace is connected to Seti River which served for queen to reach Seti river for a bath. The tunnel has been buried now.
The palace had 40 rooms, servant quarters, entertainment hall and alter rooms.
Conservation effort
Owing to lack of protection, the stones, wood and roofing materials have been stolen. However, now, the palace is being renovated by the Department of Archaeology (Nepal). Awareness programs are also conducted by organizing festivals around the palace.
See also
Garva Palace
References
Palaces in Nepal
Buildings and structures in Doti District |
```go
// Code generated by smithy-go-codegen DO NOT EDIT.
package ec2
import (
"context"
"fmt"
awsmiddleware "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/middleware"
"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ec2/types"
"github.com/aws/smithy-go/middleware"
smithyhttp "github.com/aws/smithy-go/transport/http"
)
// Modifies the specified Amazon Web Services Verified Access group policy.
func (c *Client) ModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicy(ctx context.Context, params *ModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicyInput, optFns ...func(*Options)) (*ModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicyOutput, error) {
if params == nil {
params = &ModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicyInput{}
}
result, metadata, err := c.invokeOperation(ctx, "ModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicy", params, optFns, c.addOperationModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicyMiddlewares)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
out := result.(*ModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicyOutput)
out.ResultMetadata = metadata
return out, nil
}
type ModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicyInput struct {
// The ID of the Verified Access group.
//
// This member is required.
VerifiedAccessGroupId *string
// A unique, case-sensitive token that you provide to ensure idempotency of your
// modification request. For more information, see [Ensuring idempotency].
//
// [Ensuring idempotency]: path_to_url
ClientToken *string
// Checks whether you have the required permissions for the action, without
// actually making the request, and provides an error response. If you have the
// required permissions, the error response is DryRunOperation . Otherwise, it is
// UnauthorizedOperation .
DryRun *bool
// The Verified Access policy document.
PolicyDocument *string
// The status of the Verified Access policy.
PolicyEnabled *bool
// The options for server side encryption.
SseSpecification *types.VerifiedAccessSseSpecificationRequest
noSmithyDocumentSerde
}
type ModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicyOutput struct {
// The Verified Access policy document.
PolicyDocument *string
// The status of the Verified Access policy.
PolicyEnabled *bool
// The options in use for server side encryption.
SseSpecification *types.VerifiedAccessSseSpecificationResponse
// Metadata pertaining to the operation's result.
ResultMetadata middleware.Metadata
noSmithyDocumentSerde
}
func (c *Client) addOperationModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicyMiddlewares(stack *middleware.Stack, options Options) (err error) {
if err := stack.Serialize.Add(&setOperationInputMiddleware{}, middleware.After); err != nil {
return err
}
err = stack.Serialize.Add(&awsEc2query_serializeOpModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicy{}, middleware.After)
if err != nil {
return err
}
err = stack.Deserialize.Add(&awsEc2query_deserializeOpModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicy{}, middleware.After)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if err := addProtocolFinalizerMiddlewares(stack, options, "ModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicy"); err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("add protocol finalizers: %v", err)
}
if err = addlegacyEndpointContextSetter(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addSetLoggerMiddleware(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addClientRequestID(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addComputeContentLength(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addResolveEndpointMiddleware(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addComputePayloadSHA256(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRetry(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRawResponseToMetadata(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRecordResponseTiming(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addClientUserAgent(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = smithyhttp.AddErrorCloseResponseBodyMiddleware(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = smithyhttp.AddCloseResponseBodyMiddleware(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addSetLegacyContextSigningOptionsMiddleware(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addTimeOffsetBuild(stack, c); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addUserAgentRetryMode(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addIdempotencyToken_opModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicyMiddleware(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addOpModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicyValidationMiddleware(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = stack.Initialize.Add(newServiceMetadataMiddleware_opModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicy(options.Region), middleware.Before); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRecursionDetection(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRequestIDRetrieverMiddleware(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addResponseErrorMiddleware(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRequestResponseLogging(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addDisableHTTPSMiddleware(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
return nil
}
type idempotencyToken_initializeOpModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicy struct {
tokenProvider IdempotencyTokenProvider
}
func (*idempotencyToken_initializeOpModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicy) ID() string {
return "OperationIdempotencyTokenAutoFill"
}
func (m *idempotencyToken_initializeOpModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicy) HandleInitialize(ctx context.Context, in middleware.InitializeInput, next middleware.InitializeHandler) (
out middleware.InitializeOutput, metadata middleware.Metadata, err error,
) {
if m.tokenProvider == nil {
return next.HandleInitialize(ctx, in)
}
input, ok := in.Parameters.(*ModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicyInput)
if !ok {
return out, metadata, fmt.Errorf("expected middleware input to be of type *ModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicyInput ")
}
if input.ClientToken == nil {
t, err := m.tokenProvider.GetIdempotencyToken()
if err != nil {
return out, metadata, err
}
input.ClientToken = &t
}
return next.HandleInitialize(ctx, in)
}
func addIdempotencyToken_opModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicyMiddleware(stack *middleware.Stack, cfg Options) error {
return stack.Initialize.Add(&idempotencyToken_initializeOpModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicy{tokenProvider: cfg.IdempotencyTokenProvider}, middleware.Before)
}
func newServiceMetadataMiddleware_opModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicy(region string) *awsmiddleware.RegisterServiceMetadata {
return &awsmiddleware.RegisterServiceMetadata{
Region: region,
ServiceID: ServiceID,
OperationName: "ModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicy",
}
}
``` |
Monticalia myrsinites is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is found only in Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
References
myrsinites
Flora of Ecuador
Least concern plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN |
Gumières () is a commune in the Loire department in central France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Loire department
References
Communes of Loire (department) |
```c
/*
NitroHax -- Cheat tool for the Nintendo DS
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
along with this program. If not, see <path_to_url
*/
#include <string.h>
#include <nds/ndstypes.h>
#include <nds/arm9/exceptions.h>
#include <nds/arm9/cache.h>
#include <nds/bios.h>
#include <nds/system.h>
#include <nds/dma.h>
#include <nds/interrupts.h>
#include <nds/ipc.h>
#include <nds/timers.h>
#include <nds/fifomessages.h>
#include <nds/memory.h> // tNDSHeader
#include "module_params.h"
#include "ndma.h"
#include "tonccpy.h"
#include "hex.h"
#include "igm_text.h"
#include "nds_header.h"
#include "cardengine.h"
#include "locations.h"
#include "cardengine_header_arm9.h"
#include "unpatched_funcs.h"
#define ROMinRAM BIT(1)
#define isSdk5 BIT(5)
#define cacheFlushFlag BIT(7)
#define cardReadFix BIT(8)
#define cacheDisabled BIT(9)
//#ifdef DLDI
#include "my_fat.h"
#include "card.h"
//#endif
extern cardengineArm9* volatile ce9;
extern vu32* volatile sharedAddr;
extern tNDSHeader* ndsHeader;
extern aFile* romFile;
extern u32 cacheDescriptor[];
extern int cacheCounter[];
extern int accessCounter;
extern int romMapLines;
extern u32 romMap[4][3];
extern void callEndReadDmaThumb(void);
extern void disableIrqMask(u32 mask);
bool isDma = false;
bool dmaOn = true;
bool dmaDirectRead = false;
#ifndef TWLSDK
static bool dataSplit = false;
void endCardReadDma() {
if (dmaDirectRead && dmaOn && (ndmaBusy(0) || (dataSplit && ndmaBusy(1)))) {
IPC_SendSync(0x3);
return;
}
if (ce9->patches->cardEndReadDmaRef) {
VoidFn cardEndReadDmaRef = (VoidFn)ce9->patches->cardEndReadDmaRef;
(*cardEndReadDmaRef)();
} else if (ce9->thumbPatches->cardEndReadDmaRef) {
callEndReadDmaThumb();
}
}
#endif
extern bool IPC_SYNC_hooked;
extern void hookIPC_SYNC(void);
extern void enableIPC_SYNC(void);
#ifndef DLDI
#ifdef ASYNCPF
static u32 asyncSector = 0;
//static u32 asyncQueue[5];
//static int aQHead = 0;
//static int aQTail = 0;
//static int aQSize = 0;
#endif
bool dmaReadOnArm7 = false;
bool dmaReadOnArm9 = false;
extern int allocateCacheSlot(void);
extern int getSlotForSector(u32 sector);
//extern int getSlotForSectorManual(int i, u32 sector);
extern vu8* getCacheAddress(int slot);
extern void updateDescriptor(int slot, u32 sector);
/*#ifdef ASYNCPF
void addToAsyncQueue(sector) {
asyncQueue[aQHead] = sector;
aQHead++;
aQSize++;
if(aQHead>4) {
aQHead=0;
}
if(aQSize>5) {
aQSize=5;
aQTail++;
if(aQTail>4) aQTail=0;
}
}
u32 popFromAsyncQueueHead() {
if(aQSize>0) {
aQHead--;
if(aQHead == -1) aQHead = 4;
aQSize--;
return asyncQueue[aQHead];
} else return 0;
}
#endif*/
#ifdef ASYNCPF
static void waitForArm7(bool ipc) {
extern void sleepMs(int ms);
if (!ipc) {
IPC_SendSync(0x4);
}
while (sharedAddr[3] != (vu32)0) {
if (ipc) {
IPC_SendSync(0x4);
sleepMs(1);
}
}
}
void triggerAsyncPrefetch(sector) {
if(asyncSector == 0) {
int slot = getSlotForSector(sector);
// read max 32k via the WRAM cache
// do it only if there is no async command ongoing
if(slot==-1) {
//addToAsyncQueue(sector);
// send a command to the arm7 to fill the main RAM cache
u32 commandRead = (isDma ? 0x020FF80A : 0x020FF808);
slot = allocateCacheSlot();
vu8* buffer = getCacheAddress(slot);
cacheDescriptor[slot] = sector;
cacheCounter[slot] = 0x0FFFFFFF; // async marker
asyncSector = sector;
// write the command
sharedAddr[0] = buffer;
sharedAddr[1] = ce9->cacheBlockSize;
sharedAddr[2] = sector;
sharedAddr[3] = commandRead;
IPC_SendSync(0x4);
// do it asynchronously
/*waitForArm7();*/
}
}
}
void processAsyncCommand() {
if(asyncSector != 0) {
int slot = getSlotForSector(asyncSector);
if(slot!=-1 && cacheCounter[slot] == 0x0FFFFFFF) {
// get back the data from arm7
if(sharedAddr[3] == (vu32)0) {
updateDescriptor(slot, asyncSector);
asyncSector = 0;
}
}
}
}
void getAsyncSector() {
if(asyncSector != 0) {
int slot = getSlotForSector(asyncSector);
if(slot!=-1 && cacheCounter[slot] == 0x0FFFFFFF) {
// get back the data from arm7
waitForArm7(true);
updateDescriptor(slot, asyncSector);
asyncSector = 0;
}
}
}
#endif
static inline bool checkArm7(void) {
IPC_SendSync(0x4);
return (sharedAddr[3] == (vu32)0);
}
#ifndef TWLSDK
static u32 * dmaParams = NULL;
static int currentLen = 0;
//static int currentSlot = 0;
void continueCardReadDmaArm9() {
if(dmaReadOnArm9) {
if (ndmaBusy(0)) {
IPC_SendSync(0x3);
return;
}
dmaReadOnArm9 = false;
vu32* volatile cardStruct = (vu32*)ce9->cardStruct0;
//u32 dma = cardStruct[3]; // dma channel
u32 commandRead=0x025FFB0A;
u32 src = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? dmaParams[3] : cardStruct[0]);
u8* dst = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? (u8*)(dmaParams[4]) : (u8*)(cardStruct[1]));
u32 len = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? dmaParams[5] : cardStruct[2]);
// Update cardi common
if (ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) {
dmaParams[3] = src + currentLen;
dmaParams[4] = (vu32)(dst + currentLen);
dmaParams[5] = len - currentLen;
} else {
cardStruct[0] = src + currentLen;
cardStruct[1] = (vu32)(dst + currentLen);
cardStruct[2] = len - currentLen;
}
src = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? dmaParams[3] : cardStruct[0]);
dst = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? (u8*)(dmaParams[4]) : (u8*)(cardStruct[1]));
len = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? dmaParams[5] : cardStruct[2]);
u32 sector = (src/ce9->cacheBlockSize)*ce9->cacheBlockSize;
#ifdef ASYNCPF
processAsyncCommand();
#endif
if (len > 0) {
accessCounter++;
// Read via the main RAM cache
//int slot = getSlotForSectorManual(currentSlot+1, sector);
int slot = getSlotForSector(sector);
vu8* buffer = getCacheAddress(slot);
#ifdef ASYNCPF
u32 nextSector = sector+ce9->cacheBlockSize;
#endif
// Read max CACHE_READ_SIZE via the main RAM cache
if (slot == -1) {
#ifdef ASYNCPF
getAsyncSector();
#endif
// Send a command to the ARM7 to fill the RAM cache
slot = allocateCacheSlot();
buffer = getCacheAddress(slot);
//fileRead((char*)buffer, *romFile, sector, ce9->cacheBlockSize);
/*u32 len2 = (src - sector) + len;
u16 readLen = ce9->cacheBlockSize;
if (len2 > ce9->cacheBlockSize*3 && slot+3 < ce9->cacheSlots) {
readLen = ce9->cacheBlockSize*4;
} else if (len2 > ce9->cacheBlockSize*2 && slot+2 < ce9->cacheSlots) {
readLen = ce9->cacheBlockSize*3;
} else if (len2 > ce9->cacheBlockSize && slot+1 < ce9->cacheSlots) {
readLen = ce9->cacheBlockSize*2;
}*/
// Write the command
sharedAddr[0] = (vu32)buffer;
sharedAddr[1] = ce9->cacheBlockSize;
sharedAddr[2] = sector;
sharedAddr[3] = commandRead;
dmaReadOnArm7 = true;
IPC_SendSync(0x4);
updateDescriptor(slot, sector);
/*if (readLen >= ce9->cacheBlockSize*2) {
updateDescriptor(slot+1, sector+ce9->cacheBlockSize);
}
if (readLen >= ce9->cacheBlockSize*3) {
updateDescriptor(slot+2, sector+(ce9->cacheBlockSize*2));
}
if (readLen >= ce9->cacheBlockSize*4) {
updateDescriptor(slot+3, sector+(ce9->cacheBlockSize*3));
}
currentSlot = slot;*/
return;
}
#ifdef ASYNCPF
if(cacheCounter[slot] == 0x0FFFFFFF) {
// prefetch successfull
getAsyncSector();
triggerAsyncPrefetch(nextSector);
} else {
int i;
for(i=0; i<5; i++) {
if(asyncQueue[i]==sector) {
// prefetch successfull
triggerAsyncPrefetch(nextSector);
break;
}
}
}
#endif
updateDescriptor(slot, sector);
u32 len2 = len;
if ((src - sector) + len2 > ce9->cacheBlockSize) {
len2 = sector - src + ce9->cacheBlockSize;
}
/*if (len2 > 512) {
len2 -= src % 4;
len2 -= len2 % 32;
}*/
// Copy via dma
ndmaCopyWordsAsynch(0, (u8*)buffer+(src-sector), dst, len2);
dmaReadOnArm9 = true;
currentLen = len2;
//currentSlot = slot;
IPC_SendSync(0x3);
} else {
//disableIrqMask(IRQ_DMA0 << dma);
//resetRequestIrqMask(IRQ_DMA0 << dma);
//disableDMA(dma);
isDma = false;
endCardReadDma();
}
}
}
void continueCardReadDmaArm7() {
if(dmaReadOnArm7) {
if(!checkArm7()) return;
dmaReadOnArm7 = false;
vu32* volatile cardStruct = (vu32*)ce9->cardStruct0;
u32 src = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? dmaParams[3] : cardStruct[0]);
u8* dst = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? (u8*)(dmaParams[4]) : (u8*)(cardStruct[1]));
u32 len = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? dmaParams[5] : cardStruct[2]);
/* if ((ce9->valueBits & cacheDisabled) && (u32)dst >= 0x02000000 && (u32)dst < 0x03000000) {
endCardReadDma();
} else { */
u32 sector = (src/ce9->cacheBlockSize)*ce9->cacheBlockSize;
u32 len2 = len;
if ((src - sector) + len2 > ce9->cacheBlockSize) {
len2 = sector - src + ce9->cacheBlockSize;
}
/*if (len2 > 512) {
len2 -= src % 4;
len2 -= len2 % 32;
}*/
//vu8* buffer = getCacheAddress(currentSlot);
vu8* buffer = getCacheAddress(getSlotForSector(sector));
// TODO Copy via dma
ndmaCopyWordsAsynch(0, (u8*)buffer+(src-sector), dst, len2);
dmaReadOnArm9 = true;
currentLen = len2;
IPC_SendSync(0x3);
// }
}
}
#endif
void cardSetDma(u32 * params) {
#ifdef TWLSDK
/* u32 src = params[3];
u8* dst = (u8*)params[4];
u32 len = params[5];
disableIrqMask(IRQ_CARD);
disableIrqMask(IRQ_CARD_LINE);
cardRead(NULL, dst, src, len);
endCardReadDma(); */
#else
isDma = true;
dmaDirectRead = false;
vu32* cardStruct = (vu32*)ce9->cardStruct0;
if (ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) {
dmaParams = params;
}
u32 src = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? dmaParams[3] : cardStruct[0]);
u8* dst = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? (u8*)(dmaParams[4]) : (u8*)(cardStruct[1]));
u32 len = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? dmaParams[5] : cardStruct[2]);
// Simulate ROM mirroring
while (src >= ce9->romPaddingSize) {
src -= ce9->romPaddingSize;
}
if (ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) {
dmaParams[3] = src;
} else {
cardStruct[0] = src;
}
#ifndef TWLSDK
dataSplit = false;
#endif
bool romPart = false;
//int romPartNo = 0;
if (!(ce9->valueBits & ROMinRAM)) {
/*for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
if (ce9->romPartSize[i] == 0) {
break;
}
romPart = (src >= ce9->romPartSrc[i] && src < ce9->romPartSrc[i]+ce9->romPartSize[i]);
if (romPart) {
romPartNo = i;
break;
}
}*/
romPart = (ce9->romPartSize > 0 && src >= ce9->romPartSrc && src < ce9->romPartSrc+ce9->romPartSize);
}
if (dmaOn && ((ce9->valueBits & ROMinRAM) || romPart)) {
dmaDirectRead = true;
disableIrqMask(IRQ_CARD);
disableIrqMask(IRQ_CARD_LINE);
enableIPC_SYNC();
// Copy via dma
// ndmaCopyWordsAsynch(0, (u8*)ce9->romLocation/*[romPartNo]*/+src, dst, len);
u32 len2 = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < ce9->romMapLines; i++) {
if (!(src >= ce9->romMap[i][0] && (i == ce9->romMapLines-1 || src < ce9->romMap[i+1][0])))
continue;
u32 newSrc = (ce9->romMap[i][1]-ce9->romMap[i][0])+src;
if (newSrc+len > ce9->romMap[i][2]) {
do {
len--;
len2++;
} while (newSrc+len != ce9->romMap[i][2]);
ndmaCopyWordsAsynch(1, (u8*)newSrc, dst, len);
src += len;
dst += len;
#ifndef TWLSDK
dataSplit = true;
#endif
} else {
ndmaCopyWordsAsynch(0, (u8*)newSrc, dst, len2==0 ? len : len2);
break;
}
}
IPC_SendSync(0x3);
return;
} else if (!dmaOn || ce9->patches->sleepRef || ce9->thumbPatches->sleepRef) {
cardRead(NULL, dst, src, len);
endCardReadDma();
return;
}
#endif
#ifndef TWLSDK
disableIrqMask(IRQ_CARD);
disableIrqMask(IRQ_CARD_LINE);
enableIPC_SYNC();
u32 commandRead=0x025FFB0A;
u32 sector = (src/ce9->cacheBlockSize)*ce9->cacheBlockSize;
//u32 page = (src / 512) * 512;
accessCounter++;
#ifdef ASYNCPF
processAsyncCommand();
#endif
/* if ((ce9->valueBits & cacheDisabled) && (u32)dst >= 0x02000000 && (u32)dst < 0x03000000) {
// Write the command
sharedAddr[0] = (vu32)dst;
sharedAddr[1] = len;
sharedAddr[2] = src;
sharedAddr[3] = commandRead;
dmaReadOnArm7 = true;
IPC_SendSync(0x4);
} else { */
// Read via the main RAM cache
int slot = getSlotForSector(sector);
vu8* buffer = getCacheAddress(slot);
#ifdef ASYNCPF
u32 nextSector = sector+ce9->cacheBlockSize;
#endif
// Read max CACHE_READ_SIZE via the main RAM cache
if (slot == -1) {
#ifdef ASYNCPF
getAsyncSector();
#endif
// Send a command to the ARM7 to fill the RAM cache
slot = allocateCacheSlot();
buffer = getCacheAddress(slot);
//fileRead((char*)buffer, *romFile, sector, ce9->cacheBlockSize);
/*u32 len2 = (src - sector) + len;
u16 readLen = ce9->cacheBlockSize;
if (len2 > ce9->cacheBlockSize*3 && slot+3 < ce9->cacheSlots) {
readLen = ce9->cacheBlockSize*4;
} else if (len2 > ce9->cacheBlockSize*2 && slot+2 < ce9->cacheSlots) {
readLen = ce9->cacheBlockSize*3;
} else if (len2 > ce9->cacheBlockSize && slot+1 < ce9->cacheSlots) {
readLen = ce9->cacheBlockSize*2;
}*/
// Write the command
sharedAddr[0] = (vu32)buffer;
sharedAddr[1] = ce9->cacheBlockSize;
sharedAddr[2] = sector;
sharedAddr[3] = commandRead;
dmaReadOnArm7 = true;
IPC_SendSync(0x4);
updateDescriptor(slot, sector);
/*if (readLen >= ce9->cacheBlockSize*2) {
updateDescriptor(slot+1, sector+ce9->cacheBlockSize);
}
if (readLen >= ce9->cacheBlockSize*3) {
updateDescriptor(slot+2, sector+(ce9->cacheBlockSize*2));
}
if (readLen >= ce9->cacheBlockSize*4) {
updateDescriptor(slot+3, sector+(ce9->cacheBlockSize*3));
}
currentSlot = slot;*/
return;
}
#ifdef ASYNCPF
if(cacheCounter[slot] == 0x0FFFFFFF) {
// prefetch successfull
getAsyncSector();
triggerAsyncPrefetch(nextSector);
} else {
int i;
for(i=0; i<5; i++) {
if(asyncQueue[i]==sector) {
// prefetch successfull
triggerAsyncPrefetch(nextSector);
break;
}
}
}
#endif
updateDescriptor(slot, sector);
u32 len2 = len;
if ((src - sector) + len2 > ce9->cacheBlockSize) {
len2 = sector - src + ce9->cacheBlockSize;
}
/*if (len2 > 512) {
len2 -= src % 4;
len2 -= len2 % 32;
}*/
// Copy via dma
ndmaCopyWordsAsynch(0, (u8*)buffer+(src-sector), dst, len2);
dmaReadOnArm9 = true;
currentLen = len2;
//currentSlot = slot;
//fixme: why is this needed to make the function work
//there seems to be some timing issue
swiDelay(1);
IPC_SendSync(0x3);
// }
#endif
}
#else
void cardSetDma(u32 * params) {
#ifdef TWLSDK
/* u32 src = params[3];
u8* dst = (u8*)params[4];
u32 len = params[5]; */
#else
isDma = true;
dmaDirectRead = false;
vu32* volatile cardStruct = (vu32*)ce9->cardStruct0;
u32 src = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? params[3] : cardStruct[0]);
u8* dst = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? (u8*)(params[4]) : (u8*)(cardStruct[1]));
u32 len = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? params[5] : cardStruct[2]);
disableIrqMask(IRQ_CARD);
disableIrqMask(IRQ_CARD_LINE);
cardRead(NULL, dst, src, len);
endCardReadDma();
#endif
}
#endif
extern bool isNotTcm(u32 address, u32 len);
u32 cardReadDma(u32 dma0, u8* dst0, u32 src0, u32 len0) {
#ifndef TWLSDK
vu32* volatile cardStruct = (vu32*)ce9->cardStruct0;
u32 src = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? src0 : cardStruct[0]);
u8* dst = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? dst0 : (u8*)(cardStruct[1]));
u32 len = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? len0 : cardStruct[2]);
u32 dma = ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? dma0 : cardStruct[3]); // dma channel
if(dma >= 0
&& dma <= 3
//&& func != NULL
&& len > 0
&& !(((u32)dst) & ((ce9->valueBits & isSdk5) ? 31 : 3))
&& isNotTcm((u32)dst, len)
// check 512 bytes page alignement
&& !(len & 511)
&& !(src & 511)
) {
isDma = true;
if (ce9->patches->cardEndReadDmaRef || ce9->thumbPatches->cardEndReadDmaRef) {
// new dma method
if (!(ce9->valueBits & isSdk5)) {
cacheFlush();
cardSetDma(NULL);
}
return true;
}
} /*else {
dma=4;
clearIcache();
}*/
#endif
return false;
}
``` |
Phoenix Battye (born 28 September 1990) is an Australian rugby union player. He currently plays in the French Top 14 competition but started his professional career with the Western Force. His usual position is lock.
Off the field, Battye has a passion for the arts, with his portrait Battye Blue appearing on the National Portrait Gallery's website.
Career
In early 2012, Battye upgraded from a rookie to professional contract with the Western Force Super Rugby club. Battye made his Super Rugby debut on 3 March 2012 against the Queensland Reds.
After three seasons playing for the Western Force, Battye joined French side Béziers prior to the 2014–15 Rugby Pro D2 season.
References
External links
Western Force profile
National Portrait Gallery – Battye Blue
itsrugby.co.uk profile
1990 births
Australian rugby union players
Western Force players
Rugby union locks
Living people
Australian expatriate rugby union players
Australian expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Rugby union players from New South Wales
Oyonnax Rugby players
AS Béziers Hérault players
People from Cooma |
Jo Wheeler (born 3 July 1963, Manchester) is an English weather forecaster who currently appears on TalkTV.
Early life
Wheeler's father and uncle worked in the broadcasting industry. From 1974–79 she attended Wilmslow County Grammar School for Girls, which became comprehensive in 1978, and became part of Wilmslow High School. From 1979–81 she went to the independent Cheadle Hulme School for her sixth-form. She spent a short time at Manchester Drama School, but did not complete her course.
Career
ITV
Before joining Sky, Wheeler had spells working for Central East Television as a continuity announcer from 1983 at Lenton Lane Studios, later Carlton Studios, Nottingham. From January 1987 to November 1988 she worked with Orion Airways at Castle Donington.
BBC
She joined East Midlands Today as one of its first weather presenters when it was launched in 1991. She presented the afternoon weekend programme on Radio Lincolnshire from 1988–93.
Sky News
She joined BSkyB in October 1994 where she also presented forecasts for Channel 5 until February 2012. She was also voted Best European Weather Presenter in 1998.
She lived in Portugal for a seven-year period with her husband and five children, and commuted to the UK-based Sky News Centre in Isleworth on a weekly basis to present the weather. Because of this, she acted as a live reporter in Praia da Luz during the initial coverage of the disappearance of Madeleine McCann before journalists arrived from London.
In 2010, Sky News carried out a major overhaul of its presentation, removing most of its weather presenters Wheeler now works freelance.
Personal life
Wheeler married Richard Edwards in April 2000 in Cheshire. They moved from Wilmslow to Portugal in 2002, and have had a daughter (born July 1999) and son (born November 2001) together. Jo has two daughters (born November 1990 and June 1994) and a son (born January 1992) from a previous relationship.
She now lives in Wainfleet, Lincolnshire.
See also
1963 in British television
References
External links
Going the distance Times Online, 2 September 2007
Miles better Telegraph, 6 October 2007
Joanne Wheeler – Q and A TV Newsroom
BBC weather forecasters
English expatriates in Portugal
Living people
1963 births
People educated at Cheadle Hulme School
People from East Lindsey District
People from Wilmslow
Radio and television announcers
Sky News weather forecasters
People from Twickenham |
Allen Grove or Allen's Grove may refer to:
Allen Grove (Alabama), a plantation in the US
Allen Grove, Tennessee, an unincorporated community
Allen's Grove, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Allen Grove, Gauteng, a populated place in South Africa
Allens Grove Township, Mason County, Illinois
Allens Grove Township, Scott County, Iowa |
Annamarie Saarinen is an American health advocate, economist and co-founder of the Newborn Foundation, a 501(c)(3) organization that aims to accelerate the pace of early detection and intervention for treatable newborn health conditions. Saarinen also co-founded Bloom Standard, a social impact innovation lab developing early diagnostic technologies for children in remote and resource poor settings.
Life
Saarinen is an adoptee, and she grew up in a small town in southwestern Minnesota.
In 2008, Saarinen's daughter Eve was born with a critical congenital heart defect (CCHD) and survived two heart surgeries in the first months of her life. This experience inspired Saarinen to create the Newborn Foundation | Coalition and launched the country’s first multi-hospital newborn heart screening pilot in collaboration with a state department of health, with the purpose of making CCHD screening a standard of care in the United States.
In 2011, the Newborn Foundation | Coalition successfully lobbied the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to include pulse-oximetry testing for CCHDs in their universal screening recommendations. The screening was endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American College of Cardiology, the American Heart Association and the March of Dimes. As a result, all 50 states including the District of Columbia adopted the Routine Uniform Screening Panel (RUSP).
The BORN project has provided neonatal pulse oximetry screening training and implementation, and a data collection framework for more than 1,200 health workers, expanding its screening cohort to nearly 300,000 newborns across 200 delivery sites in 10 low and middle-income countries. It was also among the first formal public/private sector commitments to reduce preventable newborn mortality as part of the UN Secretary General's Every Woman, Every Child initiative. Approximately 4 million U.S. newborns each year are now being screened for heart defects using pulse oximetry. The BORN Project was selected to address the UN Sustainable Development Goals addressing human rights, health equity and innovation.
In 2016, Saarinen was appointed by the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services under the Obama administration to the federal Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children (ACHDNC).
References
1960 births
Living people
Activists from Minnesota
American adoptees |
Çıfıtkalesi Islet (literally "Jewish Castle Island") is an uninhabited Aegean islet in Turkey.
The islet at is administratively a part of Seferihisar ilçe (district) of İzmir Province. It is very close to mainland (Anatolia); the closest point to mainland is less than . The longest dimension of the islet is about .
In antiquity the islet was connected to the mainland and was called Myonessus (, meaning mouse island). Currently, the connection has been broken, but the sea level is shallow and it is possible to walk to the islet. Parts of the defensive wall are preserved on the island.
References
Aegean islands
Islands of Turkey
Islands of İzmir Province
Seferihisar District
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey |
```xml
/* This setup is just to install the source-map-support, so we'll get TypeScript stack traces
for the tests */
import * as fs from "fs";
// source-map-support has a bug that crashes some of our tests. We fix it: path_to_url
const moduleLocation = require.resolve("source-map-support/source-map-support.js");
const originalCode = "column -= 62;";
const replacementCode = "if (column > 63) { column -= 62; }";
const contents = fs.readFileSync(moduleLocation, "utf8");
const fixedContents = contents.replace(originalCode, replacementCode);
fs.writeFileSync(moduleLocation, fixedContents);
// Then we load the module
import * as sourceMapSupport from "source-map-support";
sourceMapSupport.install(); // Enable stack traces translation to typescript
``` |
Tivulaghju is an archaeological site in Corsica. It is located in the commune of Porto-Vecchio. The site was first excavated in 1960, and has since been used to prove prehistoric links between Corsica and Sardinia.
References
Prehistoire.org bulletin
Archaeological sites in Corsica |
Social Planning Toronto is a non-profit community organization, based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada that works to improve equity, social justice and quality of life for residents through community capacity building, community education and advocacy, policy research and analysis, and social reporting. The organization has conducted research and advocacy concerning inclusionary zoning, equitable use of city recreational spaces, the Ontario Human Rights Code policy on discrimination based on creed, and responses to the City's budget process.
The organization holds public forums for suggestions on what issues to prioritize.
Social Planning Toronto released the first poverty profiles for all 44 wards of Toronto, on 7 June 2012, which it declared "Destitution Day" because that was the approximate date when a person on welfare would run out of money if living at the poverty threshold.
See also
Social planning organizations in Canada
References
External links
Social Planning Toronto
Advocacy groups in Canada |
The Zamboanga City Council (Chavacano: Consejo de la Ciudad de Zamboanga) is Zamboanga City's Sangguniang Panlungsod or local legislature.
Currently composed of 19 members, with 16 councilors elected from Zamboanga City's two legislative districts and three (3) ex-officio members composed of the: (1) President of the Liga ng mga Barangay ng Lungsod ng Zamboanga (English: League of Barangays of the City of Zamboanga); (2) the President of the Pederasyon ng Sangguniang Kabataan (English: Federation of Youth Councils); and (3) the Mandatory Representative of the indigenous peoples in Zamboanga City.
The presiding officer of the council is the Vice-Mayor, who is elected citywide.
The council is responsible for creating laws and ordinances under Zamboanga City's jurisdiction. The mayor can veto proposed bills, but the council can override it with a two-thirds supermajority.
Evolution
The first legislative body of Zamboanga was established in 1914 composed of councilors who represented the different districts of barrios of then-municipality of Zamboanga. When the City Charter of Zamboanga was signed on October 12, 1936, the municipal council was replaced by the City Council presided by the mayor and consisted of five councilors, the city treasurer and the city engineer. All members are appointed by the President of the Philippine Commonwealth.
With the passage of Republic Act No. 1210 on April 29, 1955, the position of mayor became elective and the post of vice-mayor was created. The Council also became elective and its membership was increased to eight presided by the vice-mayor.
During the Marcos regime, the city council was renamed to Sangguniang Panglungsod and its membership shuffled. The mayor became the presiding-officer while the vice-mayor became a regular member. Other representatives such as the agriculture, business and labor sectoral representatives; chairman of the Kabataan Barangay Federation and the president of the Association of Barangay Captains was added to the council. All members of the council except for the mayor and the vice-mayor are all appointed by the President.
After Marcos was deposed, a new Local Government Code was enacted in 1991 and the mayor was restored to the executive branch. The city council organization existed since.
The composition of the Council changed when the representation of the youth was left unfilled during the 2013 Sangguniang Kabataan elections by virtue of Republic Act No. 10362, postponing the SK elections from 2013 to 2015 to pave way for reforms in the considered corrupt agency in the government. In 2013, the youth sector in the city has no representative to the Council effectively decreasing its membership from 18 to 17. The youth representation will be filled again in the upcoming 2016 elections.
On 2014, the membership of the Council increased again by 1 as an assembly of the indigenous peoples in the city chose a representative to represent their interests in the Council.
On 2018, the SK representation has been filled as the Philippines has conducted Barangay and SK elections since its second postponement in 2017.
Manner of election
Each of Zamboanga City's two legislative districts elects eight councilors to the council. In plurality-at-large voting, a voter may vote up to eight candidates, with the candidates having the eight highest number of votes being elected.
In addition, the Barangay chairmen and the SK chairmen throughout the city elect amongst themselves their representatives to the council.
The representative of the indigenous peoples (IPs) in the city is elected by bonafide members of the IP Council of Elders who will serve with the same functions of a city councilor. Hence, there are 19 councilors.
City council elections are synchronized with other elections in the country. Elections are held every first Monday of May every third year since 1992.
Membership
As the presiding officer, the vice-mayor can only vote to break ties.
The list below comprises the members of the council:
Current Membership of the Council (2019–2022)
Notes
The President of the Liga ng mga Barangay in Zamboanga City is an ex-officio member of the Sangguniang Panglungsod.
The President of the Pedersayon ng mga Sangguniang Kabataan in Zamboanga City is an ex-officio member of the Sangguniang Panglungsod.
The Mandatory Representative of the Indigenous Peoples in Zamboanga City is an ex-officio member of the Sangguniang Panglungsod.
Former San Roque Barangay chairman Joselito Macrohon was appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte to fill in the vacancy of Councilor Mariano. Macrohon run for councilor last 2016 but lost.
Former councilor Rogelio Valesco, Jr. was appointed by President Duterte to fill in the remaining months of Valderrosa-Abubakar's term.
Membership of the Council (2016–2019)
Notes
The President of the Liga ng mga Barangay in Zamboanga City is an ex-officio member of the Sangguniang Panglungsod.
The President of the Pedersayon ng mga Sangguniang Kabataan in Zamboanga City is an ex-officio member of the Sangguniang Panglungsod.
The Mandatory Representative of the Indigenous Peoples in Zamboanga City is an ex-officio member of the Sangguniang Panglungsod.
Councilor Mariano was disqualified by COMELEC as he was found guilty by the Supreme Court for violation of Batas Pambansa Blg. 22 or the Bouncing Cheque Law prior to the 2016 elections making his seat vacant.
Former San Roque Barangay chairman Joselito Macrohon was appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte to fill in the vacancy of Councilor Mariano. Macrohon run for councilor last 2016 but lost.
Myra Paz Valderrosa-Abubakar was appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte to be regional director of Region IX Department of Tourism on July 30, 2018, vacating her seat.
Former councilor Rogelio Valesco, Jr. was appointed by President Duterte to fill in the remaining months of Valderrosa-Abubakar's term.
Membership of the Council (2013–2016)
Powers, duties and functions
The Sangguniang Panlungsod, as the legislative body of the city, is mandated by the Local Government Code of 1991 to[1]:
Enact ordinances;
Approve resolutions;
Appropriate funds for the general welfare of the city and its inhabitants; and
Ensure the proper exercise of the corporate powers of the city as provided for under Section 22 of the Local Government Code.
Furthermore, the following duties and functions are relegated to the Sangguniang Panlungsod:
Approve ordinances and pass resolutions necessary for an efficient and effective city government;
Generate and maximize the use of resources and revenues for the development plans, program objectives and priorities of the city as provided for under section 18 of the Local Government Code of 1991, with particular attention to agro-industrial development and citywide growth and progress;
Enact ordinances granting franchises and authorizing the issuance of permits or licenses, upon such conditions and for such purposes intended to promote the general welfare of the inhabitants of the city but subject to the provisions of Book II of the Local Government Code of 1991;
Regulate activities relative to the use of land, buildings, and structures within the city in order to promote the general welfare of its inhabitants;
Approve ordinances which shall ensure the efficient and effective delivery of the basic services and facilities as provided for under Section 17 of the Local Government Code; and
Exercise such other powers and perform such other duties and functions as may be prescribed by law or ordinance.
Standing committees
2016–2019
There are 32 standing committees in the city council each headed by a city councilor.
2013–2016
There are 32 standing committees in the city council each headed by a city councilor.
References
City councils in the Philippines
Local government in Zamboanga City |
Irish Rifles may refer to:
Royal Ulster Rifles
London Irish Rifles
Cape Town Irish Volunteer Rifles
37th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment |
"La Delgadina" is a Mexican folk song, or corrido, centering on a young lady that disobeys her father's wish to be his wife, ending with her tragic death. It's a story of incest, but later used during the Mexican Revolution to depict the power struggles between the classes. La Delgadina has its origins in Spain as a longer ballad with a more-descriptive background; it was simplified in Mexico in the 18th-century just alluding to the fact of Delgadina's refusal and later punishment.
Storyline
The storyline goes as Delgadina, a young lady that wears a silk dress wanders around her living room. Her father instructs her to wear her silk skirt (nagua de seda in Spanish) to travel to Morelia to church for Mass.
After Mass, her father (described as a king) tells her of his longing to marry her. Delgadina refuses, saying, "God of Heaven and the sovereign queen forbid this offense to God and treason to my mother".
Delgadina's father then locks her up with the help of his eleven servants. Delgadina apparently spends days locked in a tower and pleads to her father for water. Upon hearing this, the father quickly sends the eleven servants to give Delgadina water in a gold cup. Unfortunately, they find her dead with her arms crossed and her mouth open.
The ending describes Delgadina's heavenly ascension, and her father's infernal demise.
Later interpretations
The song has been made famous by Mexican artists such as Irma Serrano, Dueto América, and Las Hermanas Mendoza.
An adaptation of La Deldadina was featured in the 1987 television film Corridos: Tales of Passion & Revolution, directed by Luis Valdez and adapted from his play. In the segment for La Delgadina, Evelyn Cisneros plays Delgadina.
In 2008, a direct-to-video film based on the ballad was released with the name of El Corrido de Delgadina. It stars Jorge Gómez as the father and Carmelita López as Delgadina.
In the novel Memories of My Melancholy Whores by Gabriel García Márquez, the 90-year-old narrator sings the song to an underage prostitute who reminds him of Delgadina. He desires her though he knows it is illegal and morally wrong.
Lyrics
References
Mexican corridos |
Bilukhar (, also Romanized as Bīlūkhar; also known as Bīrowkher and Bīrūkher) is a village in Margown Rural District, Margown District, Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 555, in 107 families.
References
Populated places in Boyer-Ahmad County |
Llarg de Copons was one of the main warlords of the Carlists of Catalonia in the Second Carlist War (1846–49).
In 1838, he was appointed commander of Tarragona with Vall and Josep Masgoret i Marcó. Shortly afterwards he led the Carlists in the Battle of Vilallonga del Camp, during which 138 were killed.
References
People from Anoia
Military personnel from Catalonia |
Aguilar del Río Alhama is a village in the province and autonomous community of La Rioja, Spain. The municipality covers an area of and as of 2011 had a population of 549 people. It is located in a low altitude mountainous area, in the foothills of the Iberian System. It belongs to the region of Rioja Baja and is washed by the waters of the Alhama river.
Location
The municipality is located in the extreme southeast of La Rioja, in the foothills of the Sierra del Pelago. It is bordered to the north and east by Cervera del Rio Alhama, west (from N to S) by Valdemadera and Navajún, and to the south by four municipalities in Soria province (from W to E), Cigudosa, San Felices, Dévanos and Ágreda.
History
The earliest record of the municipality dates from the 12th century when it was incorporated into Castile in 1198.
In 1269 Theobald II of Navarre included it in the jurisdiction of Viana and granted a weekly market on Tuesdays.
In 1271 Henry I of Navarre ordered the residents of the village of Rio to relocate to the village to form a single municipality. In 1273 Pedro Sanchez de Monteagut, lord of Cascante, who owned the village, donated it to King Henry.
In 1302 toll collectors from Tudela claimed rights over the village as a result of which they complained to Alfonso Robray, governor of Navarre, who ordered them not to worry.
In the 14th century, it was integrated into the lordship of Cameros. John II, in 1452, liberated the entire village from the perpetual tax on wine which they sold, for having been faithful, although they may have experienced theft, arrest or were killed.
In 1463 Henry IV of Castile subjected many villages to his dominion, including Aguilar, under the compromise ruling granted by Louis XI of France.
In the 16th century, the Aguilar County was created.
Until the late 16th century, Aguilar del Rio Alhama was an Islamic community of Moriscos (Moors forcibly converted to Catholicism). In the 1580s, it was the scene of one of the worst collective persecutions of an entire Morisco community in the history of the Inquisition, when nearly 30 adults from a village of some hundred households were burned at the stake or died in prison for secretly practising Islamic rituals. The Morisco community never recovered, and in the early years of the 17th century, all Moriscos were expelled from Spain by royal edict.
A mine was discovered in 1747 in a place called Santo de la Peña. Here a small extraction was conducted and this was sold to potters from Ágreda. There is no evidence that exploiting followed later.
Dinosaur footprints
During the Cretaceous period the zone where Aguilar del Río Alhama occupies formed part of a flooded plain that was eroded periodically, leaving behind muddy areas where dinosaur tracks remained marked into its path. Eventually these were dried and covered with new sediment whose weight compressed the lower layers, causing them to solidify into rocks over millions of years. Erosion has been wearing down the upper layers resulting in many of these rock formations becoming visible, revealing the footprints.
The town is the site of "La Virgen del Prado", declared Bien de Interés Cultural in the category of Historic Site on 23 June 2000. It is located near the village of Inestrillas next to the chapel that lends its name to the site, 2.4 km from the road. It is easily accessible. In it there are 36 footprints of carnivorous dinosaurs between 30 and 32 cm in the length which shows three stylized fingers (Filichnites gracilis). Four of the footprints form a small trail and the rest are isolated. Aguilar del Río Alhama has the peculiarity of containing the oldest footprints in La Rioja. Fish scales of the genus Lepidotes have also been found.
Demography
The closure, in 1959, of a textile factory which employed a number of people, caused a rapid decline in the population, as many had to move to other areas in search of work.
On 1 January 2010 the population was 573 inhabitants, 275 men and 298 women.
Recent population of the main nucleus
As at 1 January 2010, Aguilar del Río Alhama had a population of 493 inhabitants with 241 men and 252 women.
Population by nucleus
Communication routes
County road 284 connects Aguilar to Cervera del Río Alhama, the head of the region. Inestrillas, a village located in this same county, is found on this road.
Route 388 connects to the Soria towns of San Felices and Castilruiz.
Route 490 connects to Valdemadera and Navajún.
There is bus service from:
Logroño
Cervera del Río Alhama
Calahorra. Weekdays only.
Alfaro. Weekdays only.
Tudela
Places of interest
Buildings and monuments
Church of the Assumption: Made up of a single nave with three sections and was built with stone and ashlar in the 16th century. It has starry ribbed vaults and four side chapels. It features neoclassical and baroque altarpieces. There is a Gothic sculpture of the Virgen de los Remedios and a recumbent Christ from the 18th century.
The Valvanera or Santa María La Antigua Hermitage: From the Romanesque period.
Castle: It was located on top of the hill next to the village and was built in the 12th century. Only its ruins remain.
Other places of interest
Contrebia Leukade: was a Celtiberian city whose history dates back to the early Iron Age. Its ruins are preserved in relatively good condition. It is adjacent to the village of Inestrillas.
Gutur: is a deserted village which has a chapel dedicated to the Virgen de los Remedios.
Flora and fauna
There are a lot of vultures flying over the town which take advantage of the thermal currents. There are also golden eagles, Bonelli and hawks. There is also the Mustela putorius or European polecat.
In the municipality, besides common trees such as the oak or elder, there is also found the pistacia terebinthus or turpentine tree, the acer monspessulanum or black maple, Juniperus phoenicea or Phoenicean Juniper, the Juniperus oxycedrus or prickly Juniper, cistus albidus or white rockrose.
Celebrations
January 17, San Antón.
May 3, Day of the Cross. It was moved to the first Saturday in May and is a pilgrimage to the shrine of the Virgen de los Remedios in Gutur. Bodigos (bread stuffed with egg and sausage) are traditional features of this day.
14 to 20 August, festivities in honour of the Assumption and Saint Roch.
Image gallery
Bibliography
See also
List of municipalities in La Rioja
La Rioja (Spain)
References
External links
Official site of Aguilar del Río Alhama
Official site of the Celtiberian city of Contrebia Leucade
Aguilar del Río Alhama website
Blog with updated information and news on Aguilar del Río Alhama
Contrebia Leucade, Photo gallery
Populated places in La Rioja (Spain)
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in La Rioja (Spain) |
Thank God for Girls may refer to:
Thank God for Girls (album), by Benny Mardones in 1978
"Thank God for Girls" (song), by Weezer in 2015 |
Dorothy King (1907-1990) was a British artist, curator and teacher. As an artist she was known for her portrait and figure paintings.
Biography
King was born in London and studied at the Hornsey School of Art and at the Slade School of Art where she was taught by Randolph Schwabe. During World War II King worked as a Welfare Officer and as the supervisor of a rest centre in the East End of London. In 1947 she was elected a member of the Royal Society of British Artists, RBA. From 1959 King was the temporary keeper of the RBA Galleries in Suffolk Street in central London and from 1961 was the keeper of the South London Art Gallery, now known as the South London Gallery, in Camberwell. King also taught part-time classes at the Southwark Arts Centre. She retired from the South London Art Gallery in 1974 to concentrate on painting, although she continued to teach at Southwark for a time. During her artistic career King exhibited at the Royal Academy in London, with the New English Art Club, the Society of Women Artists and the Glasgow Institute of Fine Art. The South London Art Gallery held a retrospective exhibition to mark her retirement in 1974 and the Mall Galleries held a memorial show in 1992.
References
External links
1907 births
1990 deaths
20th-century English painters
20th-century English women artists
Alumni of Middlesex University
Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art
Artists from London
English women painters
British women curators |
```smalltalk
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
namespace System.Runtime.CompilerServices
{
/// <summary>
/// Used to indicate to the compiler that the <c>.locals init</c> flag should not be set in method headers.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>Internal copy from the BCL attribute.</remarks>
[AttributeUsage(
AttributeTargets.Module |
AttributeTargets.Class |
AttributeTargets.Struct |
AttributeTargets.Interface |
AttributeTargets.Constructor |
AttributeTargets.Method |
AttributeTargets.Property |
AttributeTargets.Event,
Inherited = false)]
internal sealed class SkipLocalsInitAttribute : Attribute
{
}
}
``` |
```xml
console.log('Hello, World!');
``` |
The capped seedeater has been split into two distinct species, and may refer to:
Copper seedeater, Sporophila bouvreuil
Pearly-bellied seedeater, Sporophila pileata |
Teucocranon is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae. Its only species, Teucocranon microcallia, is found in Somalia and Somaliland. Both the genus and species were first described by Emilio Berio in 1937.
References
Endemic fauna of Somalia
Acontiinae
Monotypic moth genera |
Edwin Bruce Brooks (September 20, 1868 – September 18, 1933) was a U.S. representative from Illinois. He was the cousin of Edmund H. Hinshaw.
Born in Newton, Illinois, Brooks attended the public schools, and was graduated from Valparaiso (Indiana) University in 1892. Superintendent of schools at Newman 1894–1897, at Newton 1897–1903, at Greenville 1903–1905, and at Paris 1905–1912. He engaged in banking at Newton, Illinois from 1912 to 1914. County superintendent of schools of Jasper County 1914–1918.
Brooks was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Congresses (March 4, 1919 – March 3, 1923). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1922 to the Sixty-eighth Congress. Superintendent of charities for the State of Illinois in 1924–1930. He served as assistant attorney general 1930–1932. He died in Newton, Illinois, September 18, 1933. He was interred in River Side Cemetery.
References
1868 births
1933 deaths
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois
People from Newton, Illinois
Valparaiso University alumni |
Crithe is a genus of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Cystiscidae. This genus is sometimes still placed within the Marginellidae.
These tiny gastropods have a shell which is colorless and is transparent when fresh.
Distribution
This genus is found in the Indo-Pacific.
Shell description
Shell minute to small, white, hyaline; spire usually immersed, rarely low; lip thickened, smooth, lacking denticulation; external varix absent; siphonal notch absent; posterior notch absent; columella multiplicate, with 6-8 plications plus parietal lirae, plications usually excavated inside aperture due to collabral parietal callus ridge.
Species
Species within the genus Crithe include:
Crithe algoensis (Smith, 1901)
Crithe atomaria Gould, 1860
Crithe caledonica Boyer, 2003
Crithe cassidiformis Boyer, 2018
Crithe cossinea Cossignani, 1997
Crithe gofasi Boyer, 2003
Crithe huna (Kay, 1979)
Crithe marianoi Cossignani, 2001
Crithe nanaoensis (Habe, 1951)
Crithe nipponica (Habe, 1951)
Crithe togatulus Boyer, 2018
References
1995. Revision of the Supraspecific Classification of Marginelliform Gastropods. The Nautilus 109(2 & 3):43-110. (latest family review)
Cystiscidae |
```javascript
#version 450
#extension GL_QCOM_image_processing : require
layout(binding = 4) uniform sampler2D tex_samp;
uniform sampler2D SPIRV_Cross_Combinedtex2D_src1samp;
layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragColor;
layout(location = 0) in vec4 v_texcoord;
void main()
{
vec2 boxSize = vec2(2.5, 4.5);
vec4 _31 = textureBoxFilterQCOM(SPIRV_Cross_Combinedtex2D_src1samp, v_texcoord.xy, boxSize);
fragColor = _31;
vec4 _38 = textureBoxFilterQCOM(tex_samp, v_texcoord.xy, boxSize);
fragColor = _38;
}
``` |
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