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Elizabeth Anne (Lianne) Sheppard is an American statistician. She specializes in biostatistics and environmental statistics, and in particular in the effects of air quality on health. She is a Professor of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and a Professor of Biostatistics in the University of Washington School of Public Health. In 2021, Dr. Sheppard was named to the Rohm & Haas Endowed Professorship of Public Health Sciences.
Education
Dr. Sheppard graduated from Johns Hopkins University with a bachelor's degree in psychology in 1979, and returned to Johns Hopkins for a master's degree in biostatistics in 1985. She completed her Ph.D. in biostatistics in 1992 at the University of Washington. Her dissertation, Aggregate Data Methods for Relative Risk Parameter Estimation in Diet and Disease Prevention Research, was supervised by Ross L. Prentice.
Research contributions
Dr. Sheppard's methodological research interests are observational study methods, exposure modeling, study design, and epidemiology. Her applied research focuses on the health effects of occupational and environmental exposures. She is principal investigator of the NIH-funded training grant Biostatistics, Epidemiologic & Bioinformatics Training in Environmental Health, and she oversees the SURE-EH training program, a project to promote diversity in the environmental health sciences. She is also co-principal investigator of the NIH-funded Adult Changes in Thought Air Pollution study and of a Health Effects Institute study to better understand the role of exposure assessment design and modeling in inference about air pollution health effects.
She has published over 190 peer-reviewed publications. Among her principal methodological/statistical contributions to the environmental health field are 1) developing statistical methods for aggregate data studies; 2) developing measurement error correction methods for inference about health effects for applications to air pollution cohort studies; 3) advancements in spatial and spatio-temporal modeling methods for air pollution exposures; and 4) referent selection and analysis approaches for case-crossover study design for air pollution epidemiology. She has also helped advance scientific understanding of the adverse effects of a variety of environmental exposures, including air pollution, noise, manganese, and pesticides.
Policy Contributions
In 2016, Dr. Sheppard was chosen to chair a panel of the United States Environmental Protection Agency to examine in what quantities nitrogen oxides are harmful. However, in 2018 the Trump administration replaced Dr. Sheppard and other academic experts on the panel with public health officials, at the same time disbanding a related panel on particulate pollution. Dr. Sheppard was quoted as saying that these changes would "result in poorer-quality scientific oversight". Dr. Sheppard is also a participant in a lawsuit against new agency rules preventing scientists funded by the agency from serving on its panels, a move that caused her to step away from a three-million-dollar grant.
In 2021, Dr. Sheppard was appointed chair of the United States Environmental Protection Agency Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC).
Recognition
Dr. Sheppard was chosen as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association in 2006, "for contributions to observational studies and environmental occupational epidemiology; for thoughtful commentary in science-policy areas; and for commitment to bringing statistical methodology to elementary and high school education.
In 2020, she received the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE) Research Integrity Award.
References
External links
Home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American statisticians
Women statisticians
Biostatisticians
University of Washington alumni
University of Washington faculty
Fellows of the American Statistical Association |
Rahul Deshpande is an Indian classical music singer. He is the recipient of a National Film Award for his work in Me Vasantrao. He is the grandson of Vasantrao Deshpande.
Early life
Rahul Deshpande was born on 10 October 1979 in Pune, Maharashtra.
Education and career
Rahul developed his interest in vocal music by studying the music of Kumar Gandharva. Initially, he sought guidance of Pandit Gangadharbuva Pimpalkhare and Dr. Madhusudhan Patwardhan. He further learnt under the tutelage of Smt. Ushatai Chipalkatti and Pandit Mukul Shivputra. He also learned the tabla from Suresh Samant. His repertoire includes khayal, tap khayal, dhruvpad, thumri, kajri, hori, tappa, ghazal, abhanga, bhajan, natyasangeet and bhavgeet.
Rahul has judged Zee Marathi's popular reality TV show "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa - Little Champs" and Zee Yuva's "Sangeet Samrat parva2". His work in the re-opening of the musical play Katyar Kaljat Ghusali was appreciated. He was the playback singer for the songs of "Khansaheb Aftab Hussain Bareliwale", played by Sachin Pilgaonkar in the film. The role was played by Rahul himself in the play Katyar Kaljat Ghusali.
Also, every year he arranges the "Vasantotsav" in the memory of his late grandfather Pandit Vasantrao Deshpande.
A revised version of Kakasaheb Khadilkar's Sangeet Maanapmaan played in Maharashtra in 2011 and 2012, the centenary year of the play's first performance. It has been revised by Rahul Deshpande. "Originally, the play has five parts with around 52 classical songs. Deshpande's version will have two parts and 22 classical songs."
Stage appearances
Katyar Kaljat Ghusali
Sangeet Sanshaykallol
"Sangeet Manapman"
"Sangeet Saubhadra"
Filmography
Balgandharva (Playback Singer)
Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (Playback Singer)
Amaltash (Actor and Playback Singer) (released)
Me Vasantrao (Actor, as his grandfather and Playback Singer) (released)
Achievements and recognition
Rasikagrani Dattopant Deshpande Award, presented to him at the Sawai Gandharva Music Festival.
Master Dinanath Mangeshkar Award by Lata Mangeshkar. (2012)
Kothrud Bhushan Award by then Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Devendra Fadnavis.
Sudhir Phadke Award for his outstanding achievements at a young age.
Special Jury Award Best Singers in Zee Chitr Gaurav 2016.
National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer for Me Vasantrao (2022)
Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Music Director for "Punav Raticha" – Me Vasantrao (2022)
Pravah Picture Awards for Best Male Playback Singer for the song "Khal Khal Goda" from Godavari (2022)
Mata Sanman for Best Male Playback Singer for Me Vasantrao (2023)
Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Male Playback Singer for the song "Khal Khal Goda" from Godavari (2023)
Filmfare Awards Marathi for Best Male Playback Singer for the song "Kaivalyagaan" from Me Vasantrao (2023)
Sakal Premier Awards for Best Music Direction for Me Vasantrao (2023)
Navarashtra Planet Marathi Film & OTT Awards for Best Male Playback Singer for the song "Kaivalyagaan" from Me Vasantrao (2023)
Personal life
Rahul is married to Neha Deshpande and they have a daughter.
References
External links
Hindustani singers
Living people
Singers from Pune
Indian Hindus
Marathi-language singers
Patiala gharana
20th-century Khyal singers
1979 births
Best Male Playback Singer National Film Award winners |
The 1992 Daily Mirror/Sporting Life Greyhound Derby took place during May and June with the final being held on 27 June 1992 at Wimbledon Stadium. The winner Farloe Melody received £40,000. The competition was sponsored by the Sporting Life and Daily Mirror.
Final result
At Wimbledon (over 480 metres):
Distances
3¾, head, neck, ½, 4¾ (lengths)
The distances between the greyhounds are in finishing order and shown in lengths. One length is equal to 0.08 of one second.
Competition Report
The ante-post favourite for the 1992 Derby were Farloe Melody the double Irish Easter Cup champion, Dundalk International winner and Irish Greyhound Derby finalist owned by John Davis and Dave Tickner. Kennelmate Ardfert Mick was missing following his injury sustained in the Scottish Greyhound Derby final. The leading British runners were Puppy Derby champion and Juvenile winner Right Move trained by Nick Savva and John Copplestone's Murlens Abbey.
During the qualifying and first round stages Parquet Pet recorded 28.79 and Murlens Abbey was just behind with a 28.82 win. Ringa Hustle, Sullane Castle, Gortmore Express and Dempsey Duke all claimed wins but Frost Hill was eliminated. In the second round Glengar Ranger and Ballyard Ryan both won in 28.60 and Luxury Light recorded 28.70 but Right Move was knocked over and Pall Mall Stakes champion Deanpark Atom was withdrawn. Frozen Problem and Dempsey Duke were two more high-profile eliminations.
Dromin Fox won the first quarter-final followed by Murlens Abbey, Glengar Ranger and Ringa Hustle. Ballyard Ryan and Sullane Castle both failed to make the semi-finals. The semi-finals provided controversy in heat two when Farloe Melody passed the line first at 7-4f followed home by Siostalaoir and Pennys Best. Behind these Murlens Abbey and Ringa Hustle had encountered trouble with the connections of Murlens Abbey publicly criticising the rails seeding of Ringa Hustle as the reason that both greyhounds had been knocked out. Winsor Abbey claimed the earlier semi from Glengar Ranger and Gentle Warning.
In the final Farloe Melody drew his favoured trap six box for the first time and it resulted in an easy four length victory from Winsor Abbey who after a poor start ran on very strongly. Farloe Melody took a clear lead from Siostalaoir at the third bend after they were neck and neck until then. Trouble at the first bend ended the chances of Glengar Ranger and Gentle Warning.
Quarter finals
Semi finals
See also
1992 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year
References
Greyhound Derby
English Greyhound Derby
English Greyhound Derby |
Wilkins House may refer to:
Wilkins House, historical building in Los Angeles, California
Wilkins House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Clarke County, Georgia
Wilkins House, in Greenville, South Carolina
Wilkins House, listed on the NRHP in Harris County, Texas
Townsend-Wilkins House, Victoria, Texas, listed on the NRHP in Victoria County, Texas
Gordon Wilkins House, house designed by architect Richard Neutra in 1949
Emily J. Wilkins House, Embassy of Peru in Washington, D.C. |
```yaml
---
parsed_sample:
- boot_version: "1.1.0.6"
hw_version: "V02"
sw_version: "1.3.7.18"
``` |
```protocol buffer
/*
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
// This file was autogenerated by go-to-protobuf. Do not edit it manually!
syntax = 'proto2';
package k8s.io.api.rbac.v1alpha1;
import "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1/generated.proto";
import "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime/generated.proto";
import "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime/schema/generated.proto";
// Package-wide variables from generator "generated".
option go_package = "v1alpha1";
// AggregationRule describes how to locate ClusterRoles to aggregate into the ClusterRole
message AggregationRule {
// ClusterRoleSelectors holds a list of selectors which will be used to find ClusterRoles and create the rules.
// If any of the selectors match, then the ClusterRole's permissions will be added
// +optional
repeated k8s.io.apimachinery.pkg.apis.meta.v1.LabelSelector clusterRoleSelectors = 1;
}
// ClusterRole is a cluster level, logical grouping of PolicyRules that can be referenced as a unit by a RoleBinding or ClusterRoleBinding.
message ClusterRole {
// Standard object's metadata.
// +optional
optional k8s.io.apimachinery.pkg.apis.meta.v1.ObjectMeta metadata = 1;
// Rules holds all the PolicyRules for this ClusterRole
// +optional
repeated PolicyRule rules = 2;
// AggregationRule is an optional field that describes how to build the Rules for this ClusterRole.
// If AggregationRule is set, then the Rules are controller managed and direct changes to Rules will be
// stomped by the controller.
// +optional
optional AggregationRule aggregationRule = 3;
}
// ClusterRoleBinding references a ClusterRole, but not contain it. It can reference a ClusterRole in the global namespace,
// and adds who information via Subject.
message ClusterRoleBinding {
// Standard object's metadata.
// +optional
optional k8s.io.apimachinery.pkg.apis.meta.v1.ObjectMeta metadata = 1;
// Subjects holds references to the objects the role applies to.
// +optional
repeated Subject subjects = 2;
// RoleRef can only reference a ClusterRole in the global namespace.
// If the RoleRef cannot be resolved, the Authorizer must return an error.
optional RoleRef roleRef = 3;
}
// ClusterRoleBindingList is a collection of ClusterRoleBindings
message ClusterRoleBindingList {
// Standard object's metadata.
// +optional
optional k8s.io.apimachinery.pkg.apis.meta.v1.ListMeta metadata = 1;
// Items is a list of ClusterRoleBindings
repeated ClusterRoleBinding items = 2;
}
// ClusterRoleList is a collection of ClusterRoles
message ClusterRoleList {
// Standard object's metadata.
// +optional
optional k8s.io.apimachinery.pkg.apis.meta.v1.ListMeta metadata = 1;
// Items is a list of ClusterRoles
repeated ClusterRole items = 2;
}
// PolicyRule holds information that describes a policy rule, but does not contain information
// about who the rule applies to or which namespace the rule applies to.
message PolicyRule {
// Verbs is a list of Verbs that apply to ALL the ResourceKinds and AttributeRestrictions contained in this rule. VerbAll represents all kinds.
repeated string verbs = 1;
// APIGroups is the name of the APIGroup that contains the resources. If multiple API groups are specified, any action requested against one of
// the enumerated resources in any API group will be allowed.
// +optional
repeated string apiGroups = 3;
// Resources is a list of resources this rule applies to. ResourceAll represents all resources.
// +optional
repeated string resources = 4;
// ResourceNames is an optional white list of names that the rule applies to. An empty set means that everything is allowed.
// +optional
repeated string resourceNames = 5;
// NonResourceURLs is a set of partial urls that a user should have access to. *s are allowed, but only as the full, final step in the path
// This name is intentionally different than the internal type so that the DefaultConvert works nicely and because the ordering may be different.
// Since non-resource URLs are not namespaced, this field is only applicable for ClusterRoles referenced from a ClusterRoleBinding.
// Rules can either apply to API resources (such as "pods" or "secrets") or non-resource URL paths (such as "/api"), but not both.
// +optional
repeated string nonResourceURLs = 6;
}
// Role is a namespaced, logical grouping of PolicyRules that can be referenced as a unit by a RoleBinding.
message Role {
// Standard object's metadata.
// +optional
optional k8s.io.apimachinery.pkg.apis.meta.v1.ObjectMeta metadata = 1;
// Rules holds all the PolicyRules for this Role
// +optional
repeated PolicyRule rules = 2;
}
// RoleBinding references a role, but does not contain it. It can reference a Role in the same namespace or a ClusterRole in the global namespace.
// It adds who information via Subjects and namespace information by which namespace it exists in. RoleBindings in a given
// namespace only have effect in that namespace.
message RoleBinding {
// Standard object's metadata.
// +optional
optional k8s.io.apimachinery.pkg.apis.meta.v1.ObjectMeta metadata = 1;
// Subjects holds references to the objects the role applies to.
// +optional
repeated Subject subjects = 2;
// RoleRef can reference a Role in the current namespace or a ClusterRole in the global namespace.
// If the RoleRef cannot be resolved, the Authorizer must return an error.
optional RoleRef roleRef = 3;
}
// RoleBindingList is a collection of RoleBindings
message RoleBindingList {
// Standard object's metadata.
// +optional
optional k8s.io.apimachinery.pkg.apis.meta.v1.ListMeta metadata = 1;
// Items is a list of RoleBindings
repeated RoleBinding items = 2;
}
// RoleList is a collection of Roles
message RoleList {
// Standard object's metadata.
// +optional
optional k8s.io.apimachinery.pkg.apis.meta.v1.ListMeta metadata = 1;
// Items is a list of Roles
repeated Role items = 2;
}
// RoleRef contains information that points to the role being used
message RoleRef {
// APIGroup is the group for the resource being referenced
optional string apiGroup = 1;
// Kind is the type of resource being referenced
optional string kind = 2;
// Name is the name of resource being referenced
optional string name = 3;
}
// Subject contains a reference to the object or user identities a role binding applies to. This can either hold a direct API object reference,
// or a value for non-objects such as user and group names.
message Subject {
// Kind of object being referenced. Values defined by this API group are "User", "Group", and "ServiceAccount".
// If the Authorizer does not recognized the kind value, the Authorizer should report an error.
optional string kind = 1;
// APIVersion holds the API group and version of the referenced subject.
// Defaults to "v1" for ServiceAccount subjects.
// Defaults to "rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1alpha1" for User and Group subjects.
// +k8s:conversion-gen=false
// +optional
optional string apiVersion = 2;
// Name of the object being referenced.
optional string name = 3;
// Namespace of the referenced object. If the object kind is non-namespace, such as "User" or "Group", and this value is not empty
// the Authorizer should report an error.
// +optional
optional string namespace = 4;
}
``` |
Tori is primarily a given name. It is more common among females, and it is sometimes a diminutive of the given name Victoria. One meaning of the name in Japanese is bird.
Notable people with the name include:
Given name
Tori (wrestler) (born 1964), ring name of American bodybuilder and professional wrestler Terri Poch
Tori Alamaze (born 1977), American singer
Tori Allen-Martin (born 1986), English actress
Tori Amos (born 1963), American pianist and singer-songwriter
Tori Anderson (born 1988), Canadian actress
Tori Anthony, American pole vaulter
Tori Black (born 1988), American pornographic actress
Tori Bowie (1990–2023), American long jumper
Tori Busshi, Japanese sculptor of Chinese ancestry active around 600 AD
Tori Carrington, Greek-American writer
Tori Dilfer, American volleyball player
Tori Dixon, American volleyball player
Tori Dunlap, American investor, feminist, and social media personality
Tori Fixx, American hip-hop performer and producer
Tori Foster (born 1982), Canadian artist
Tori Franklin (born 1992), American triple jumper
Tori Freestone, British saxophonist
Tori Groves-Little (born 2000), Australian rules footballer
Tori Gurley (born 1987), American football player
Tori Hall (born 1986), American beauty queen
Tori Haring-Smith, American academic administrator, president of Washington & Jefferson College
Tori Huster (born 1989), American soccer player
Tori James (born 1981), Welsh mountain climber
Tori Jankoska (born 1994), American basketball player
Tori Kelly (born 1992), American singer-songwriter
Tori Kewish (born 1997), Australian darts player
Tori Koana (born 1995), Japanese curler
Tori Kropp, American author
Tori Kudo, Japanese musician, composer and potter
Tori Lacey (born 1973), American weather forecaster
Tori Lyons, Welsh actor
Tori Matsuzaka (born 1988), Japanese model
Tori Murden (born 1963), American rower, explorer and adventurer
Tori Nelson (born 1976), American professional boxer
Tori Nonaka (born 1995), American sport shooter
Tori Paul (born 2002), American footballer
Tori Pena (born 1987), American pole vaulter
Tori Penso, American soccer referee
Tori Polk (born 1983), American long jumper
Tori Praver (born 1986), American model
Tori Reid (born 1971), American actress
Tori Sparks (born 1983), American singer-songwriter
Tori Spelling (born 1973), American actress
Tori Stafford (2000–2009), Canadian murder victim
Tori Trees (born 1965), American swimmer
Tori Welles (born 1967), American pornographic actress
Fictional characters
Tori Hanson, character from Power Rangers Ninja Storm, played by Sally Martin
Tori Scott, character from American TV series Saved by the Bell, played by Leanna Creel
Tori Vega, character from Victorious, played by Victoria Justice
Tori Avalon, the Cardcaptors name for the Cardcaptor Sakura character Touya Kinomoto, voiced by Tony Sampson
Princess Tori, character from Barbie: the Princess and the Popstar, voiced by Kelly Sheridan
Tori Santamaria, character from “Degrassi”, played by Alex Steele.
Surname
Elizabeth Tori (born 1936), American politician
Miki Tori (born 1958), Japanese manga artist, character designer, essayist, and screenplay writer
See also
Torey (name), given name and surname
References
English feminine given names
Feminine given names
Given names derived from animals
Given names derived from birds
Japanese unisex given names |
Francis Edward MacGregor (born 1950) is a Seychellois judge and politician from Seychelles People's Progressive Front. He served as the Speaker of the National Assembly of Seychelles from 1993 to 2007, as the first speaker after the 1993 multiparty elections.
Earlier, he was elected as the Chairman of the People's Assembly after the 1987 elections.
MacGregor wrote a book about the legislative history in Seychelles.
He is a lawyer by profession, and current serves as a judge in the judiciary of Seychelles.
References
1950 births
Living people
Speakers of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
United Seychelles Party politicians
Seychellois judges |
The list of ship decommissionings in 1992 includes a chronological list of all ships decommissioned in 1992.
See also
1992
Ship decommissionings
Ship |
François Sowa (born 7 March 1937) is a Luxembourgian boxer. He competed in the men's light welterweight event at the 1960 Summer Olympics. At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, he lost to Raoul Sarrazin of Canada by a first-round knockout in the Round of 32.
References
External links
1937 births
Living people
Luxembourgian male boxers
Olympic boxers for Luxembourg
Boxers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
People from Schifflange
Light-welterweight boxers |
General transcription factor IIH subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GTF2H1 gene.
Interactions
GTF2H1 has been shown to interact with:
Cyclin-dependent kinase 7,
E2F1,
ERCC2,
Estrogen receptor alpha,
TCEA1, and
XPB.
See also
Transcription Factor II H
References
Further reading
External links
Transcription factors |
The Cradle of Humankind is a paleoanthropological site and is located about northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa, in the Gauteng province. Declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1999, the site is home to the largest concentration of human ancestral remains anywhere in the world. The site currently occupies and contains a complex system of limestone caves. The registered name of the site in the list of World Heritage Sites is Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa.
According to the South African Journal of Science, Bolt's Farm is the place where the earliest primates were discovered. Bolt's Farm was heavily mined for speleothem (calcium carbonate from stalagmites, stalactites and flowstones) in the terminal 19th and early 20th centuries.
The Sterkfontein Caves were the site of the discovery of a 2.3-million-year-old fossil Australopithecus africanus (nicknamed "Mrs. Ples"), found in 1947 by Robert Broom and John T. Robinson. The find helped corroborate the 1924 discovery of the juvenile Australopithecus africanus skull known as the "Taung Child", by Raymond Dart, at Taung in the North West Province of South Africa, where excavations still continue.
Nearby, but not in the site, the Rising Star Cave system contains the Dinaledi Chamber (chamber of stars), in which were discovered fifteen fossil skeletons of an extinct species of hominin, provisionally named Homo naledi.
Sterkfontein alone has produced more than a third of early hominid fossils ever found prior to 2010. The Dinaledi Chamber contains over 1,500 H. naledi fossils, the most extensive discovery of a single hominid species ever found in Africa.
Etymology
The name Cradle of Humankind reflects the fact that the site has produced a substantially large number of hominin fossils, some of the oldest ever found, dating as far back as 3.5 million years ago.
History of discoveries
In 1935, Robert Broom found the first ape-man fossils at Sterkfontein and began work at this site.
In 1938, a young schoolboy, Gert Terrblanche, brought Raymond Dart fragments of a skull from nearby Kromdraai which later were identified as Paranthropus robustus. Also in 1938, a single ape-man tooth was found at the Cooper's site between Kromdraai and Sterkfontein. In 1948, the Camp-Peabody Expedition from the United States worked at Bolts Farm and Gladysvale looking for fossil hominids but failed to find any. Later in 1948, Robert Broom identified the first hominid remains from Swartkrans cave. In 1954, C.K. Brain began working at sites in the Cradle, including Cooper's Cave. He then initiated his three-decade work at Swartkrans cave, which resulted in the recovery of the second-largest sample of hominid remains from the Cradle. The oldest controlled use of fire by Homo erectus was also discovered at Swartkrans and dated to over 1 million years ago.
In 1966, Phillip Tobias began his excavations of Sterkfontein which are still continuing and are the longest continuously running fossil excavations in the world. In 1991, Lee Berger of the University of the Witwatersrand discovered the first hominid specimens from the Gladysvale site, making this the first new early hominid site to be discovered in South Africa in 48 years. In 1994, Andre Keyser discovered fossil hominids at the site of Drimolen. In 1997, Kevin Kuykendall and Colin Menter of the University of the Witwatersrand found two fossil hominid teeth at the site of Gondolin. Also in 1997, the near-complete Australopithecus skeleton of "Little Foot", dating to around 3.3 million years ago (although more recent dating suggest it is closer to 2.5 million years ago), was discovered by Ron Clarke. In 2001, Steve Churchill of Duke University and Lee Berger found early modern human remains at Plovers Lake. Also in 2001, the first hominid fossils and stone tools were discovered in-situ at Coopers. In 2008, Lee Berger discovered the partial remains of two hominids (Australopithecus sediba) in the Malapa Fossil Site that lived between 1.78 and 1.95 million years ago.
In October 2013, Berger commissioned geologist Pedro Boshoff to investigate cave systems in the Cradle of Humankind for the express purpose of discovering more fossil hominin sites. Cavers Rick Hunter and Steven Tucker discovered hominid fossils in a previously unexplored area of the Rising Star/Westminster Cave System assigned site designation UW-101. In November 2013, Berger led a joint expedition of the University of the Witwatersrand and National Geographic Society to the Rising Star Cave System near Swartkrans. In just three weeks of excavation, the six-woman international team of advance speleological scientists (K. Lindsay Eaves, Marina Elliott, Elen Feuerriegel, Alia Gurtov, Hannah Morris, and Becca Peixotto), chosen for their paleoanthropological and caving skills, as well as their small size, recovered over 1,200 specimens of a presently unidentified fossil hominin species. The site is still in the process of being dated. In September 2015, Berger, in collaboration with National Geographic, announced the discovery of a new species of human relative, named Homo naledi, from UW-101. Most remarkably, besides shedding light on the origins and diversity of our genus, H. naledi also appears to have intentionally deposited bodies of its dead in a remote cave chamber, a behaviour previously thought limited to humans. In the last days of the Rising Star Expedition, cavers Rick Hunter and Steven Tucker discovered additional fossil hominid material in another portion of the cave system. Preliminary excavations at this site, designated UW-102, have begun and yielded complete hominid fossil material of its own. It is unknown what the relationship of sites 101 and 102 is.
Geological context
The hominin remains that fossilised over time at the Cradle of Humankind are found in dolomitic caves, and are often encased in a mixture of limestone and other sediments called breccia. Hominids may have lived all over Africa, but their remains are found only at sites where conditions allowed for the formation and preservation of fossils.
Visitor centres
On 7 December 2005, South African President Thabo Mbeki opened the new Maropeng Visitors Centre at the site. Per the maropeng.co.za website, visitors can see fossils, view stone tools, and learn about the birth of humankind in the visitors centre. The visitors centre additionally offers a tour of the Sterkfontein Caves and the exhibition at Sterkfontein. A light, moveable, steel structure known as the Beetle has been placed over the Malapa site, to allow the paying public to view excavations, once they resume at the site. (Digging has been on hold since 2009, when the remains of four A. sediba individuals were removed.)
See also
Wonder Cave
Cradle of civilization
Dawn of Humanity, a 2015 PBS film
Muldersdrift
Recent African origin of modern humans
Maropeng Cavemen, South Africa field hockey club
References
Further reading
L.R. Berger and B. Hilton-Barber, Field Guide to the Cradle of Humankind (Struik, 2003)
External links
BBC, "Richest human fossil site found in South Africa", 28 November 2013
National Geographic, Rising Star Expedition
Sterkfontein and Maropeng visitor attractions website
Maropeng – The Cradle of Humankind Official Website
UNESCO – Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai, and Environs
Cradle of Humankind Map
Palaeo Tours – Scientist-led tours to the "Cradle"
Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).
Geography of Gauteng
Paleoanthropological sites
World Heritage Sites in South Africa
Prehistoric Africa
Tourist attractions in Johannesburg
Fossil parks
Paleontology in South Africa |
Mikaela Marie Javier Quintos (born December 18, 1997), also known as Mikee Quintos, is a Filipino actress and singer. She is best known for her role as Lira in Encantadia.
Life and career
Quintos was born in Manila, Philippines. Both her parents are politicians. She began singing publicly at the age of seven for her parents' political campaign. She has three sisters: Loisa, Denise and Jodee. She is currently taking architecture at the University of Santo Tomas. Quintos is discovered through YouTube. She bagged the role of Lira (originally played by Jennylyn Mercado), daughter of Amihan in the phenomenal fantaserye, Encantadia, and is considered her breakout role.
Filmography
Television
Accolades
References
External links
Sparkle profile
1997 births
Living people
21st-century Filipino singers
Actresses from Manila
Filipino women comedians
Filipino television actresses
People from Sampaloc, Manila
Singers from Manila
Tagalog people
GMA Network personalities
Comedians from Manila |
```go
// Unless explicitly stated otherwise all files in this repository are licensed
// This product includes software developed at Datadog (path_to_url
package configsyncimpl
import (
"testing"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
pkgconfigmodel "github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/config/model"
)
func TestNewOptionalConfigSync(t *testing.T) {
t.Run("enabled", func(t *testing.T) {
deps := makeDeps(t)
deps.Config.Set("agent_ipc.port", 1234, pkgconfigmodel.SourceFile)
deps.Config.Set("agent_ipc.config_refresh_interval", 30, pkgconfigmodel.SourceFile)
optConfigSync := newOptionalConfigSync(deps)
_, ok := optConfigSync.Get()
require.True(t, ok)
})
t.Run("disabled ipc port zero", func(t *testing.T) {
deps := makeDeps(t)
deps.Config.Set("agent_ipc.port", 0, pkgconfigmodel.SourceFile)
optConfigSync := newOptionalConfigSync(deps)
_, ok := optConfigSync.Get()
require.False(t, ok)
})
t.Run("disabled config refresh interval zero", func(t *testing.T) {
deps := makeDeps(t)
deps.Config.Set("agent_ipc.config_refresh_interval", 0, pkgconfigmodel.SourceFile)
optConfigSync := newOptionalConfigSync(deps)
_, ok := optConfigSync.Get()
require.False(t, ok)
})
}
``` |
Mohammad Aslam (Born September 07,1961) is a former Pakistani-born cricketer who played for the United Arab Emirates national cricket team. He played four One Day Internationals for the UAE. He played 4 One Day Internationals for UAE and scored 38 runs at an average of 9.50 his highest score was 23.
References
1961 births
Living people
Emirati cricketers
United Arab Emirates One Day International cricketers
Pakistani cricketers
Karachi cricketers
Karachi Whites cricketers
Karachi Blues cricketers
Karachi Greens cricketers
Pakistani emigrants to the United Arab Emirates
Pakistani expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Cricketers from Karachi |
The Panguipulli Batholith is a granitic batholith of Jurassic age located in the Andes around Panguipulli Lake in southern Chile.
References
Geology of Los Ríos Region
Batholiths of South America
Lithodemic units of Chile
Jurassic magmatism
Mapuche language |
Maryland Route 158 (MD 158) is a state highway located in Baltimore County in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Bethlehem Boulevard, the state highway runs from Riverside Drive in Sparrows Point east to North Point Road in Edgemere. MD 158 parallels Interstate 695 (I-695) along the northern edge of the former Bethlehem Steel complex at Sparrows Point and connects MD 157 with MD 151. Bethlehem Boulevard was constructed as a four-lane divided county highway with several interchanges in the late 1950s. The highway was designated MD 158 in the early 1990s. When I-695 was completely rebuilt and expanded from two to four lanes through Sparrows Point and Edgemere in the late 1990s, MD 158 was also reconstructed as a mostly two-lane highway without interchanges.
Route description
MD 158 begins at a tangent intersection with Riverside Drive, which follows the western edge of the former Bethlehem Steel complex (now home to mixed industrial uses) on Bear Creek in Sparrows Point. The two-lane undivided state highway curves east and closely parallels the northbound lanes of I-695 (Baltimore Beltway); the two highways are separated by a Jersey barrier. After the highways cross mud flats, MD 158 veers away from the Beltway, expands to a four-lane divided highway, and receives a ramp from the northbound Interstate. The state highway meets the southern end of MD 157 (Peninsula Expressway), which provides access to southbound I-695, which heads toward the Francis Scott Key Bridge. Beyond an entrance to the steel complex and a ramp to northbound I-695, the divided highway reduces to two lanes and again closely parallels the Beltway and meets the northern end of Wharf Road, which is unsigned MD 151B. The two highways curve northeast, then diverge as MD 158 temporarily becomes an undivided highway as it crosses over a Tradepoint Rail line. The state highway intersects MD 151 (North Point Boulevard) before reaching its eastern terminus at North Point Road, which heads south as the main street of Edgemere.
History
The original MD 158 was Belcamp Road from the Bush River at modern U.S. Route 40 north to Creswell Road near Riverside in Harford County. This state highway was constructed by 1915 and removed from the state highway system in 1956. Bethlehem Boulevard was built as a four-lane divided highway between 1957 and 1959. The highway's original western terminus was at Dundalk Avenue, which crossed Bear Creek on a drawbridge from Dundalk. Both the Dundalk Avenue bridge and the 1960-built Peninsula Expressway drawbridge were toll bridges through 1977; the Dundalk Avenue bridge was removed around 1985.
Bethlehem Boulevard was built with four interchanges. The western terminus of the highway was a trumpet interchange with Tin Mill Road (now Riverside Drive) where the mainline continued northwest as Dundalk Avenue across the drawbridge. Bethlehem Boulevard had a cloverleaf interchange with the Peninsula Expressway that featured a wide split in the median. East of the Peninsula Expressway interchange was a partial interchange with Wharf Road that offered access from Wharf Road to and from the west. The fourth junction was a partial interchange with MD 151 that allowed access between Bethlehem Boulevard to the west and MD 151 to the north. Eastbound Bethlehem Boulevard continued east to MD 20 (North Point Road). When MD 695 (now I-695) was completed as a two-lane freeway on a viaduct parallel to Bethlehem Boulevard from Edgemere to the Key Bridge in 1977, the only changes to the interchanges were two pairs of ramps from the west at the Peninsula Expressway interchange and from the east at the MD 151 interchange.
Bethlehem Boulevard was brought into the state highway system as MD 158 around 1991 concurrent with MD 157 being assigned to the Peninsula Expressway south of Bear Creek. Between 1995 and 1999, I-695 was transformed from a two-lane freeway on a viaduct to a four-lane surface-level freeway between Edgemere and the Key Bridge. As part of the project, MD 158 was reconstructed. Most of the state highway was reduced to two lanes and relocated parallel to I-695 instead of passing under the Interstate Highway. In addition, all four of MD 158's interchanges were removed. Westbound MD 158 at its interchange with MD 157 became a collector-distributor lane for westbound I-695's interchange with MD 157.
Junction list
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 158
158
Maryland Route 158 |
Jonathan L. Rogers is an American accounting scholar who holds the Tisone Endowed Chair of Accounting at the University of Colorado-Boulder's Leeds School of Business.
Early career
Rogers received his bachelor's degree in finance from the University of Texas at Austin in 1996. Subsequently, he worked as a certified management accountant (CMA) and a certified financial manager (CFM). He then entered the PhD in accounting from the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania, receiving his PhD in 2005.
Rogers started his academic career at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, serving as an instructor, assistant professor, and associate professor. In 2013, he moved to the University of Colorado Leeds School of Business as an associate professor with tenure. He was subsequently promoted to professor and appointed to the Tisone Endowed Chair.
Research
Rogers studies how accounting information affects the efficiency of capital markets. For capital markets to provide the most benefit to society, they require timely and high-quality information flows that enable investors to identify the most promising investments. Inaccurate or low-quality information distorts investment decisions. Rogers studies this information flows, examining: a) strategic communication by firms and managers via voluntary disclosure, b) the role of media in affecting stock prices and in exacerbating or mitigating insider trading advantages in comparison with the average investor, and c) the employment market for ex-CEOs of publicly traded companies.
Most-cited papers
Rogers JL, Stocken PC. Credibility of management forecasts. The Accounting Review. 2005 Oct;80(4):1233-60. According to Google Scholar, it has been cited 999 times.
Rogers JL, Van Buskirk A, Zechman SL. Disclosure tone and shareholder litigation. The Accounting Review. 2011 Nov;86(6):2155-83. According to Google Scholar, this article has been cited 362 times
Rogers JL, Van Buskirk A. Shareholder litigation and changes in disclosure behavior. Journal of Accounting and Economics. 2009 Mar 1;47(1-2):136-56. According to Google Scholar, this article has been cited 333 times
References
External links
American accountants
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of Chicago Booth School of Business faculty
University of Texas at Austin alumni
University of Colorado Boulder faculty |
Henry Blackwell (16 December 1876 – 24 January 1900) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire in 1895 and 1898.
Blackwell was born at Wirksworth Derbyshire, the son of William Blackwell, a butcher and his wife Fanny. He debuted for Derbyshire at the age of eighteen, in the 1895 season, against Marylebone Cricket Club, but didn't play another first-class match until the 1898 season. He played in three drawn matches in 1898, taking a wicket in every game and making reasonable scores as a lower-order batsman. He did not play in 1899 but died at Wirksworth at the beginning of 1900 at the age of 23.
Blackwell was a right-arm medium-pace bowler and took four first-class wickets at an average of 26.25 and a best performance of 2 for 23. He was a right-handed batsman and played six innings in four first-class matches with an average of 10.25 and a top score of 15.
References
1876 births
1900 deaths
Derbyshire cricketers
English cricketers
People from Wirksworth
Cricketers from Derbyshire |
Education in Greece is centralized and governed by the Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs (Greek: , Υ.ΠΑΙ.Θ.) at all grade levels in elementary and middle school. The Ministry exercises control over public schools, formulates and implements legislation, administers the budget, coordinates national level university entrance examinations, sets up the national curriculum, appoints public school teaching staff, and coordinates other services.
The Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs is also in charge of which classes are necessary for general education. They have implemented mandatory courses such as religion in required grade levels (1st-9th grades). Students can only be exempt if their guardians fill out a declaration excluding them from religious lessons.
The national supervisory role of the Ministry is exercised through Regional Unit Public Education Offices, which are named Regional Directorates of Primary and Secondary School Education. Public schools and their supply of textbooks are funded by the government. Public schools in Greece are tuition-free and students on a state approved list are provided textbooks at no cost.
About 25% of postgraduate programmes are tuition-fee, while about 30% of students are eligible to attend programmes tuition-free based on individual criteria.
Formal education in Greece comprises three educational stages. The first stage of formal education is the primary stage, which lasts for six years starting aged six and ending at the age of 12, followed by the secondary stage, which is separated into two sub-stages: the compulsory middle school, which lasts three years starting at age 12, and non-compulsory Lyceum, which lasts three years starting at 15. The third stage involves higher education.
School holidays in Greece include Christmas, Greek Independence Day, Easter, National Anniversary Day, a three-month summer holiday, National Public Holidays, and local holidays, which vary by region such as the local patron saint's day.
In addition to schooling, the majority of students attend extracurricular private classes at private tutoring centres called "frontistiria" (, frontistirio), or one-to-one tuition. These centres prepare students for higher education admissions, like the Pan-Hellenic Examinations, and/or provide foreign language education.
It is forbidden by law for students to use mobile phones while on the school premises. Taking or making phone calls, texting, or the use of other camera, video or other recording devices or medium that have image and audio processing ability like smartwatches is forbidden. Students must switch off their mobile phones or set them to silent mode and keep them in their bags while on the school premises. However, especially at high schools, the use of mobile phones is widespread, especially at breaks and sometimes in the class.
Diagram
Preschool
Most preschools, also known as pre-primary, are attached to and share buildings with a primary school. Preschool is compulsory and lasts 2 years, split into 1 year of Pre-kindergarten (Προνηπιαγωγείο) and 1 year of Kindergarten (Νηπιαγωγείο; Nipiagogeio). Since the school year 2018–2019, children who would be four years of age by December 31 are required to begin attending preschool on September 11 of the same year. Applications for registration and enrolment are usually carried out annually during fifteen consecutive days in May. After this period expires, students are neither allowed to register nor enroll.
1st Year / Pre-Kindergarten (), age 4 to 5 years old (with some 3 year olds, about to turn 4, attending)
2nd Year / Kindergarten (), age 5 to 6 (with some 4 year olds, about to turn 5, attending)
There are also the public Special Preschools and public Experimental Preschools ()
In these school years, students are given descriptive assessments instead of number/letter grades.
Foreign Language
Students begin taking English as part of their core curriculum in kindergarten. It has been scientifically proven that until the age of 11 it is more likely to successfully become proficient in a foreign language than any older age. This may be the reason many countries in the European Union begin learning a foreign language, specifically English, at the age of 5.
Primary education
Primary school (, Dimotiko scholeio) is compulsory for 6 years. There is also the public Special Primary and public Experimental Primary ().
The school year starts on September 11 and ends on June 15. The standard school day starts at 08:15 and finishes at 13:15. It comprises six academic years of schooling named τάξεις (grades), numbered 1 through to 6. Enrollment to the next tier of compulsory education, the Gymnasium, is automatic. The classes for a subject vary with the teacher who teaches. Students are awarded an "" (Apolytirio Dimotikou, primary school leaving certificate) which gives automatic admission to the lower secondary education (gymnasium).
In Year 1 and Year 2, students are not officially graded. Beginning with years 3 and 4, grades are ranked alphabetically from A to D. From year 5, when written exams are introduced, to year 6 it changes to numbers, going from 4, the lowest, to 10 the highest (best).
Αges are typical and can vary with the most common ages approximately:
Grades of Primary School
Grade 1–6
1st Year / First grade (), age 6 to 7-year-olds
2nd Year / Second grade (), age 7 to 8
3rd Year / Third grade (), age 8 to 9
4th Year / Fourth grade (), age 9 to 10
5th Year / Fifth grade (), age 10 to 11
6th Year / Sixth grade (), age 11 to 12
Grading System
1st Year: no grade points
2nd Year: no grade points
3rd Year: Α–Δ (A–D)
4th Year: Α–Δ (A–D)
5th Year: 1–10
6th Year: 1–10
Primary School National Curriculum
Secondary education
Lower Secondary Education
Gymnasium (, Gymnasio, Lower Secondary Education School, middle school) is compulsory until the age of 15.
Article 16, Paragraph 3 of the Constitution of 1975 mandates that compulsory education must be at least nine years in length.
This constitutional provision, which applies to all Greek children, was established in Law 309/1976, which also replaced classical Greek (katharevousa) with modern Greek (dimotiki) as the official language for teaching at all levels of education, and ceased to be a one-tier non-compulsory six years lower and upper secondary school, middle schools (pupils aged 12–18), and was converted to compulsory three-year lower secondary school for students aged 12–15 (middle school) and three-year non-compulsory upper secondary schools for students aged 15–18 (high school).
Admitted students can be up to 16-years-old, and they must have Primary Education School Certificate or its international equivalent. No entry exams are required. Schooling starts on September 11 and ends on early June before the first day of the Pan-Hellenic Examinations. The lessons end on May 31 so that the students will be able to study for their examinations in early June. The gymnasium school-awarded qualification "" (Apolytirio Gymnasium, gymnasium school leaving certificate, referred to simply as gymnasium certificate) at HQF (NQF) level 3, gives admission to the upper secondary education (lyceum). Gymnasium has three academic years of schooling known as "" (grade), numbered 1 through to 3. Ages are typical and can vary with the most common being between:
1st Year / First grade (), age 12 to 13-year-olds
2nd Year / Second grade (), age 13 to 14
3rd Year / Third grade (), age 14 to 15
The types of gymnasium in Greece are:
Middle school
Special Middle school
Evening Middle school
Ecclesiastical Middle school
Middle school of Cross-Cultural Education
Model Middle school (public; to enter, students must pass certain written examinations)
Experimental Middle school (public; students are selected randomly)
Integrated Special Vocational Middle school-High school (; 4 years for the Middle school)
Music Middle school (to enter this type of school students must pass certain musical exams)
Art Middle school (to enter this type of school students must pass certain exams on either arts, dance, or theater; 2004–Present)
Gymnasium National Curriculum 2022‒2023
In junior high school English is mandatory all three years, while students can choose between French or German as the second foreign language that's required.
Second Chance Adult School
Second Chance Adult School (SDE; ) is a Gymnasium level equivalent evening school administered by the Ministry of Education, for adults who did not complete their lower secondary education (gymnasium) lasts two years with 25 hours per week.
Upper Secondary Education
Upper secondary school (, Lykeio, Upper Secondary Education School, Lyceum, High School: the US term for upper secondary school) is non-compulsory education lasting 3 years.
High schools starts on September 11 and ends on June 15. Lessons end in late May so that the students will be able to study for their examinations in June. Admitted students can be up to 20-year-old, while they must have Gymnasium Certificate or Lower Secondary Education School Certificate or its international equivalent. The Evening Lyceum () is for both adult students and underage working students lasts 3 years. After having completed the 3rd grade, the graduates of the Lyceum are awarded the "" qualification (Apolytirio Lykeiou, Lyceum Apolytirio, upper secondary leaving certificate, high school diploma, referred to simply as lyceum certificate) at HQF(NQF) / EQF level 4, at ISCED level 3. The marking scale on the Apolytirio Lykeiou (GPA) is set to a 20-point grading system, law 4610/2019. The Lyceum Apolytirio is required for admission to Higher Education and to continue studies, and is an equivalent in level to the GCE Advanced Level.
Students wishing to access study programmes in Higher Education must be both secondary education school graduates (lyceum or its equivalent) holding Apolytirio Lykeiou (lyceum certificate or its equivalent) and must take nationally set examinations officially entitled "Πανελλαδικές Εξετάσεις" (Pan-Hellenic Examinations, Panelladikes Eksetaseis) which is an externally assessed national standardized test (university matriculation examinations) given one time in any given school year, which also accept all adult ages for candidates. Apolytirio certificate grants the right to pursue entry to higher education at a later date by participating at the Pan-Hellenic Examinations. Ministry of Education bears the responsibility for the central organization of these matriculation examinations. Candidates exam in 4 subjects that have selected from the 3rd grade of lyceum, while different numerical value titled "συντελεστής βαρύτητας" (coefficient weight) has assigned to each of those subjects contributes differently towards the overall score.
Successful admission is determined through the combination of a) "", literally "the access score", that is the candidate's weighted average of the grades achieved in examinations, b) the candidate's "" Β.Π.Α. represents the student's sum of all three Grade Point Average (GPA) earned in 1st, 2nd, 3rd Grade of lyceum each of these is multiplied by a given coefficient weight where the result is divided by two, Β.Π.Α. = (1st Grade GPA × 0.4 + 2nd Grade GPA × 0.7 + 3rd Grade GPA × 0.9) / 2, c) the candidate's "" (michanografiko deltio, application form) in which it states its preferences for the higher education institutions by priority order, d) the available number of places allocated in each academic department. The number of students that are admitted for each programme is determined annually by the Ministry of Education. As there are usually more applicants than places available in certain fields of study, students with the highest average exam results are selected, e) For admission to programmes requiring specialized knowledge or skills, special admission examinations are require in one or more certain subjects (such as fine arts, architecture, music studies, foreign languages, and others) or compulsory preparatory tests (such as medical assessment, fitness, sports, psychometric). "" (Vevaiosi Prosvasis, Access to Higher Education Certificate) is a document given to students soon after Pan-Hellenic Examinations results are released.
High schools in Greece designate school class levels based on the years of schooling of the student cohort, using 3 academic year levels, known as "" (grade), numbered 1 through to 3. Ages are typical and can vary with the most common being are between:
1st Year / First grade (), age 15 to 16-year-olds
2nd Year / Second grade (), age 16 to 17
3rd Year / Third grade (), age 17 to 18
In high school English is also required all three years as part of general education courses, whereas secondary foreign languages like French or German are optional.
The grading system in upper secondary schools is extended from 1 to 20 as opposed to 10 in middle school. The score of 20 is the equivalent to an A or 100 in the U.S.
The types of high schools (Λύκειο) in Greece are:
(Eidiko Lykeio; Special Lyceum)
(Mousiko Lykeio; Music Lyceum; 1988–Present)(to enter, students must pass certain exams on a musical instrument)
(Protipo Lykeio; Model Lyceum [public]; 2015–Present)(to enter, students must pass certain written examinations)
(Kalitexniko Lykeio; Art Lyceum; 2006–Present)(to enter, students must pass certain exams on either arts, dance, or theater)
(ΓΕΛ; Geniko Lykeio; General Lyceum; 1976–1996, 2006–Present)
(Peiramatiko Lykeio; Experimental Lyceum [public]; 2015–Present)(to enter, students must pass certain written examinations)
i.e. comprehensive lyceum type; Diapolitismiko Lykeio; General Lyceum of Cross-Cultural Education; 2018–Present)
Epagelmatiko Lykeio; Vocational Lyceum; EPAL; 2006–Present)
(Esperino Epagelmatiko Lykeio; Evening Vocational Lyceum)
(Esperino Geniko Lykeio; Evening General Lyceum; 1976–Present)
Ekklisiastiko Lykeio; Ecclesiastical General Lyceum; 2006–Present)
Integrated Special Vocational Gymnasium-Lyceum; 4 years for the lyceum)
General High Schools
General High Schools ( Geniko Lykeio).
General High Schools Award the "" (Apolytirio Genikou Lykeiou, General High School Apolytirio, General High School Certificate, Upper Secondary Leaving Certificate, General High School Diploma). It can be awarded in Orientation Groups requiring three different subjects. The second-grade students must choose one out of the two academic tracks named "" (Orientation Groups), and the third-grade students one out of the three Orientation Groups. An Orientation Group is also known as a "Stream". Once a student has selected a Stream, they need to follow a sequence of subjects to complete their studies at the High School. If they wish, graduating students are eligible to exam in Pan-Hellenic Examinations on the three subjects of their chosen third-grade Orientation Group and Modern Greek Language and Literature.
Vocational High Schools (EPAL)
Vocational High School (EPAL; Epagelmatiko Lykeio).
EPAL programme of study is designed in relation to the European Credit System for Vocational Education and Training (ECVET) and International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO).
The EPAL has dual-diploma (also known as double-diploma) studies comprises two separate programmes taken in parallel earning, both, two separate qualifications in their own right, a "" (Apolytirio Epagelmatikou Lykeiou; Vocational High School Apolytirio; Vocational High School Diploma; i.e. High School Diploma; Upper Secondary Leaving Certificate) and a (Ptychio of Vocational Education and Training at HQF (NQF) level 4; i.e. Diploma of Vocational Education and Training at HQF (NQF) level 4; also is called Specialization Diploma or Specialized Diploma). EPAL High School Diploma can be awarded in Orientation Groups (specializations or streams) requiring an advanced level in a number of four different subjects (advanced level subjects, or also known as high level subjects), depending on the group.
The Grade 2 students must choose one of nine Orientation Groups, also known as "" sectors (penultimate year). The Grade 3 students must choose one of varying specializations (or specialties) titled "" (final year, specialties corresponding those orientation groups offered in Grade 2). The chosen orientation group at the Grade 2 it is cannot switch at Grade 3. The Grade 2 subjects contributes only to the half of a full Grade 3 Specialty, and do not constitute a separate qualification. Until a maximum age up to 20-year-old lyceum graduates are exempted from all core subjects from Grades 2 and 3 of the EPAL High School and they can be directly admitted to EPAL Grade 2, meaning these students when will graduate, it will only be awarded EPAL Specialization Diploma.
EPAL High School Diploma is required for admission to Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) and to continue studies, and is an equivalent in level to the GCE Advanced Level. Students normally select their chosen Specialty in fields relevant to intended study at the higher education, and in Pan-Hellenic Examinations, if they wish, exam in 4 advanced level subjects of the Grade 3.
is transliterated to "Ptychio" (Greek: ; Ptychio in dhimotiki from 1976–present; or defunct ; Ptychion in polytonic, katharevousa up until 1976). The Greek word "" has translation into English as "Degree", it is a qualification term has common meaning in Greece. It signifies that it is a direct translation from the terminology in Greek as it appears in the Greek legislation. In Greece, the word "" is commonly used for titles of study from different education levels (secondary, higher etc.). It must not confuse with its usage in the English language, whereby the word Degree refers to Higher Education qualification title only. Greece Universities' Degree is titled "", transliterated to "Ptychio", signifies that it is a University Ptychio, Higher Education Ptychio, Level 6 Ptychio. EPAL Diploma of Vocational Education and Training at HQF level 4 standalone parchment is an Upper Secondary Education Ptychio, Level 4 Ptychio.
EPAL graduates have the option to choose Post-High School Year Apprenticeship Class ("Mathitia") by which it can upgrade the EPAL Diploma of Vocational Education and Training at HQF level 4 (Level 4 Ptychio) to Level 5. During the year, the students are working for 4 days in a workplace receiving stipend and attend 1 day at school classes. Since 2021–2022 academic year, the Post-High School Year Apprenticeship Class graduates having Diploma of Vocational Education and Training at level 5, after successful specific entrance examinations (), allows to them admission into the Higher Education (level 6) to an undergraduate programme relevant to their Post-High School Year Apprenticeship Class specialty.
Vocational School (EPAS) of DYPA
The Vocational School (EPAS) ( 1952–Present) of Public Employment Service (DYPA) is 2 years' duration. Also known as Apprenticeship Vocational School (, Epaggelmatiki Sxoli Mathitias), shortened to EPAS Apprenticeship. Since 2021, EPAS Apprenticeship is a lower secondary two-track education system, Dual VET (), having alternating periods in a school with theory classroom and at the workplace with work-(traineeship) practice experience (), with terms are contractually regulated by law and labour agreement. Balance between school-and work-based training: in-company (ca. 70%) + school (ca. 30%). Student insurance and two-part agreement () between the student and apprenticeship company are applied. Generally, the maximum number of students that can register in a given education programme is up to 20. Apprenticeship () is based on the German dual learning system which combines classroom education with paid practical work in a business. EPAS Apprenticeship is operated by Public Employment Service (DYPA). The EPAS Apprenticeship provides its students in having an apprenticeship term work placement by finding and coordinating it. Students are entitled to receive at least the national minimum wage for their age. The majority of these students are classed as unskilled workers (entry-level). Admitted students are aged from 15 to 23-year-old maximum who must have completed the gymnasium school. The EPAS Apprenticeship awarded "" (Ptychio of Vocational Education and Training, Level 3; i.e. Diploma of Vocational Education and Training at Level 3) after qualifying examinations of the National Accreditation Examinations () will be held at EOPPEP examination centers.
Experimental Vocational School (PEPAS) of DYPA
The Experimental Vocational School (PEPAS; Greek: 2021–Present), is also known as Experimental Vocational Apprenticeship School, founded in 2021 by Public Employment Service (DYPA) in collaboration with German-Hellenic Chamber of Industry and Commerce and Institute of the Greek Tourism Confederation (INSETE). Eligible to apply are those aged 18 years old and over, holders of at least a lower secondary school leaving certificate (gymnasium) and have a verified knowledge of a foreign language (English or French or German) at level B2 in both written and spoken by holding a valid formal certificate. As of 2021–2022 school year, there are provide the specialities Culinary Art Technician (cook), Food & Beverage Service, Customer Service in the Tourism Business.
The grading system in upper secondary schools is extended from 1 to 20 as opposed to 10 in middle school. The score of 20 is the equivalent to an A or 100 in the U.S. (see grading systems by country).
Post-lyceum Year Apprenticeship Class of EPAL
Post-lyceum Year Apprenticeship Class ( 2016–Present) is provided by Vocational Lyceum (ΕPΑL). Only EPAL graduates and Lyceum graduates hold EPAL Diploma of Vocational Education and Training at HQF level 4 are admitted to Post-lyceum Year Apprenticeship Class being regarded as a separate and distinctive stage of post-secondary education (i.e. ). It includes 1 year post-secondary apprenticeship dual programme (non-tertiary; Dual VET two-track education system) having alternating periods in an EPAL school unit with classroom instruction (theory 1 day/week, 7 hrs per day) and at the workplace with work practice training (4 days/week, 7 hrs per day). All apprenticeships schemes should include a contract (i.e. ), wage and social security rights/benefits to student which is a trainee referred to simply as "apprentice". EPAL Apprenticeship Class programmes are based on Public Employment Service (DYPA) at its dual learning principle and follow the same quality framework for apprenticeships. Graduates of the apprenticeship class will receive "" (Certificate of Post-High School Year Apprenticeship Class).
If they wish the Apprenticeship Class graduates are therefore eligible to take the National Accreditation Examinations (i.e. ) will be held at EOPPEP examination centers. Once, they have been passed all examinations then are awarded "" (Ptychio of Vocational Education and Training, Level 5; i.e. Diploma of Vocational Education and Training at Level 5). With the law 4763/2020 the Post-High School Year Apprenticeship Class graduates having Diploma of Vocational Education and Training at Level 5, after successful specific entrance examinations (), allows to them admission into the Higher Education (level 6) to an undergraduate programme relevant to their Post-High School Year Apprenticeship Class specialty.
Vocational Lyceum (EPAL)
Vocational Lyceum 3 years (EPAL; 2006–Present)
Model Vocational Lyceum (PEPAL) of TEENS
The Model Vocational Lyceum (PEPAL) of TSAKOS Enhanced Education Nautical School (TEENS) ( 2023–Present) is the first in Greece non-profit, free of charge (without tuition), private Model Vocational Lyceum (PEPAL) located in the island of Chios with specialties of Maritime Professionals, Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Automation, owned and operated by company Tsakos Group of Companies founded by shipowner Nikolas Tsakos.
Laboratory of Special Vocational Education (ΕΕΕΕΚ)
Laboratory of Special Vocational Education (), 6 years special education at HQF Level 2
Public Schools of Tourism Education
Public Schools of Tourism Education () are operated by Ministry of Tourism. Types are the 1.) Schools of Tourist Guides, 2.) Further-training Programmes of Employees in Tourism Sector (non-formal education), 3.) Institutes of Vocational Training (IEKs). The IEKs comprise the specialties of: Culinary Art (cookery); Bakery and Pastry (baker and pâtissier); Tourism Units and Hospitality Businesses (front office / reception, floor service / housekeeping, commodity education); Specialist of Business Administration and Economics in the Tourism Field.
School of Meat Professions (SEK)
Α School of Meat Professions (SEK; 1977–Present) is accredited by the Ministry of Rural Development and Food. There are public and private schools of meat professions. The 300 hours programme has 85 hours theory classes at school and 100 hours laboratory classes (ca. 61.6%), 15 hours educational visits (ca. 5%), 100 hours in-company work-based training (internship, ca. 33.3%). The term is 5 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 12 consecutive weeks. The specialties of the School of Meat Professions are, Meat Processing Technician (meat cutter, butcher, Greek: κρεοπώλης), Animal Slaughter (Greek: εκδοροσφαγέας).
Vocational Training Schools (ESK)
Vocational Training Schools (ESK; Greek: ) is 2-year post-gymnasium vocational education and training school at HQF level 3. Admitted students must have completed the gymnasium school. It can be public, private, day or evening school. It awarded "" (Ptychio of Vocational Education and Training, Level 3; i.e. Diploma of Vocational Education and Training at HQF level 3) after qualifying examinations of the National Accreditation Examinations will be held at EOPPEP examination centers.
Laboratory Centre (ΕΚ)
Laboratory Centre ( 2013–Present), 3 years secondary education. Admitted students must have completed at least the lower secondary education school (gymnasium or its equivalent). Awarded "" (literally "Certificate of Vocational Training"). Awarded "" (Ptychio of Vocational Education and Training, Level 3; i.e. Diploma of Vocational Education and Training at HQF level 3) after qualifying examinations of the National Accreditation Examinations will be held at EOPPEP examination centers.
Institute of Vocational Training (IEK)
Institute of Vocational Training (I.E.K.; 1992–Present), is 2 years adult post-secondary vocational education and training and 960 hours at a work placement (experiential learning, practicum). Admitted students must have completed at least the upper secondary education (lyceum). EOPPEP organization is the statutory body for the IEKs. The IEK awarded "" (Diploma of Vocational Education and Training, Level 5) after qualifying examinations of the National Accreditation Examinations () will be held at EOPPEP examination centers. See a list of IEK study programmes which is set out below, click on the "[show]":
Tertiary education in Greece
Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, provided by Higher Educational Institutes (HEIs; Greek: ) and consist of Universities and specialist Academies, which primarily cater to the military. They are mostly autonomous, but the government is responsible for their funding and the distribution of students to undergraduate programmes. Higher Education Institutions in Greece are public universities and can be attended without charge of a tuition fee, textbooks, and for the majority of students meals are also provided for free. About 25% of postgraduate programmes have free tuition, while about 30% of students are eligible to attend programmes tuition-free based on individual criteria. Each academic year is 32 weeks study programme, divided into two semesters of 16 weeks each.
Among the Greek universities offer English-taught full-time programmes with tuition are: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA) 4-year undergraduate programme in Archaeology, History, and Literature of Ancient Greece, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh) School of Medicine 6-year undergraduate programme for foreign citizens, University of Piraeus, School of Economics, Business and International Studies, Department of International and European Studies, postgraduate programme titled Master of Science (MSc) American Studies: Politics, Strategy and Economics, also the University Center of International Programmes of Studies (UCIPS) of the public International Hellenic University (IHU) offers English-taught postgraduate programmes.
According to the article 16 of the Greek constitution, private tertiary education is not allowed in Greece, and the government only recognizes the degree programmes offered by the public universities. In Greece, private colleges are Post-secondary Education Centres (Greek: ) at non-formal education level operate under the proper registration accredited by the Ministry of Education.
Usually, most private colleges have been authorised to offer foreign undergraduate and postgraduate programmes following franchise or validation agreements with collaborating universities established in other countries, primarily in the UK, leading to degrees awarded directly by those foreign universities.
Non-formal education
The formal education system includes the primary, secondary and higher education. The formal private education schools in Greece are (dimotiko; primary), (gymnasio; gymnasium), (lykeio; lyceum), (Institute of Vocational Training - IEK). The bodies of "non-typical education" term (φορείς μη τυπικής εκπαίδευσης) are outside the formal education system, referred to as non-formal education, the well-known include:
The Citizens' Digital Academy (Greek: ) from Ministry of Digital Governance, which has been set in English as National Digital Academy, has launched in May 2020, provides freely online training seminars (webinars) to the public for registered online participants, in the categories of Communication and Cooperation, Internet, Tools for Daily Use, Digital Entrepreneurship, Computer Science, Cutting-edge Technologies. The website includes also the Digital Competence Self-Assessment Tool on the current digital competence level based on the three fundamental elements (knowledge, skills and attitudes) to get a reliable self-testing if and where it needs improving, based on the 2020 Digital Skills Index (DSI) and on the European DigComp Framework, version 2.1.
The Institute of the Greek Tourism Confederation (INSETE) provides freely online webinar series and freely online educational seminars to the public for registered online participants where there are specialty sectors and each sector comprises a number of seminars. A Certificate of Attendance in a sector will be given to those registered participants who attended 70% of the total hours of a sector. Sectors include: Hospitality Operations, Hospitality Sales & Marketing, Food & Beverage, Culinary Arts, Personal Development, Leadership and Management, Human Recourses Management.
Biomedical Research and Education Special Unit (BRESU), School of Medicine of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, provides freely online courses to the public for registered online participants via an online platform of a type MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses). A Certificate of Attendance will be given to those registered participants who attended a course.
Centre of Continuing Education and Lifelong Learning (KEDIVIM; Greek: ).
Post-secondary Education Centre (Greek: ) to which the Private Colleges belong.
Other education
National Centre for Public Administration and Local Government (EKDDA) (1983) which is the strategic agency of Greece for the training and education of public servants and Local Government employees. It is supervised by the Minister of Interior.
HQF levels
The National Qualification Framework (NQF) of Greece is officially named Hellenic Qualification Framework (HQF; Greek: ) has an 8-level framework that unites non-formal and formal qualifications aligned to the appropriate levels from the National Organization for the Certification of Qualifications and Vocational Guidance (EOPPEP; Greek: ) and for qualifications granted by Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) in according to the Hellenic (National) Authority for Higher Education (HAHE; Greek: ). The HQF is linked to the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and to the Qualifications Framework in the European Higher Education Area (QF-EHEA). The HQF is the Greek Register of Regulated Qualifications () provides information for the accredited awarding bodies and the regulated qualifications of study (officially recognized) in Greece. The learning-outcomes-based qualification frameworks level systems of HQF, EQF, ISCED have reference levels classify the learning outcomes into reflection of study load (the number of credit points), knowledge, skills, grant equal professional rights of level, attainment covering formal and non-formal education recognized programmes which are designed within a national context and to make grades more comparable in an international context. See a list of HQF levels which is set out below, click on the "[show]":
Former education schools
Education schools are defunct after either closure or replacement, for example:
Secondary Vocational Schools of Ministry of Education (Υ.ΠΑΙ.Θ.):
(ΕΠΑΣ; Vocational School; 2 years; Law 3475/2006; 2006–2013) 25 hours/week. Only subjects of specialization. Admitted students must have completed at least the first grade of the upper secondary education school (lyceum). Awarded Specialization Diploma.
(ΣΕΚ; Schooled Vocational Training Centre; SEK; 3 years, 1986–2013)
(ΤΕΣ; Technical Vocational School; 2 years; Law 576/1977; 1977–1998) 70% subjects of specialization and 30% subjects of general education. Admitted students must have completed at least the final year of the lower secondary education school (gymnasium graduates or its equivalent). Awarded Specialization Diploma.
Higher Education Institutes of Ministry of Education:
(ΤΕΙ; Technological Educational Institute; years 1983–1995, 4 years 1995–2019, 1983–2019)
Varied Schools:
(ΣΤΕ; Schools of Tourism Education; Law 2387/2000; 2000–2003)
(ΣΤΕ; Schools of Tourism Professions; Law 567/1937; 1937–2000)
(ΛΕΝ; Merchant Navy Lyceum; 3 years; by Ministry of Mercantile Marine; –1998)
(ΚΕΚ; Vocational Training Centres; replaced by KEDIVIM of type 2, 1990–2012)
(ΚΑΤΕ; Centers for Higher Technical Education; Law 652/1970; 1970–1977)
(; Public Technical Schools of Assistant Engineers; 4 years, 1959–1966)
, του ΟΤΕΚ (ΙΕΚ; Institute of Vocational Training; by ΟΤΕΚ; Law 3105/2003; 2003–2013)
(ΚΕΤΕ; Centres of Vocational and Technical Education; 2 years secondary education)
(ΕΕΣ; Centres of Liberal Studies; Legislative Decree 9/9-10-1935; replaced by KEDIVIM of type 1; 1935–2012)
(ΚΑΤΕΕ; Centers for Higher Technical-Vocational Education; Law 576/1977; 1977–1983)
, του ΟΤΕΚ (; Vocational School; by Organization of Tourism Education and Training [ΟΤΕΚ]; Law 3105/2003; 2003–2013)
(KEDIVIM of type 1, KEDIVIM of type 2; replaced by KEDIVIM; 2012–2020)
Lyceums of Ministry of Education:
(Athletic Lyceum; 3 years)
(Integrated Lyceum; 3 years, 1997–2006)
(Classic Lyceum; 3 years; Law 1566/1985; 1985 –1997)
(Technical Lyceum; 3 years; Law 576/1977; 1977–1985)
(Vocational Lyceum; 3 years; Law 576/1977; 1977–1985)
(Nautical Lyceum; 3 years; Law 309/1976; 1976–1985)
(; Integrated Multifarious Lyceum; 3 years; Law 1566/1985; 1985–1997)
(Six-Grade Gymnasium; integrated 3 years lower and 3 years upper secondary school)
(ΤΕΕ; Technical Vocational Training Centre; 3 years; Law 2640/1998; 1998–2006)
(; Technical Vocational Lyceum; 3 years; Law 1566/1985, Government Gazette 167/A/30-9-1985, 1985–1998) awarded upper secondary leaving certificate titled "", Technical Vocational Lyceum Ptychio (Level 4), i.e. Technical Vocational Lyceum Diploma was one (double) qualification has both an Apolytirio and a Specialization Diploma, 34 hours/week, i.e. High School Diploma comprising core curriculum and tech-vocational curriculum subjects awarded one parchment with both curricula listed.
Criticism and controversies
Corruption in Greece in the public sector was believed to hold the first place in of all EU countries, Greece being the most corrupt country in the European Union, a survey revealed in 2012. The Greek public schools lack a human resource development, having huge corruption at all education levels according to the Global Corruption Barometer. According to the 2020 Corruption Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International, Greece is the 59th least corrupt country out of the 180 countries worldwide, scored 50% corruption out of 100%, of the perceived level of public level corruption on a scale of 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (clear).
Accounts of reports of the Greece National Transparency Authority (EAD; formerly Inspectors-Controllers Body for Public Administration; SEEDD) show criminal offences, complaints, lawsuits and criminal prosecutions against public school educators and directors who were found to commit violations; using profane, obscene, or ethnically offensive language; organized crime activities; fraud; personal data theft; use of handphone and other unauthorised electronic and mobile devices during curriculum time; sexual abuse assault from students and educators; corruption; forgery; extortion; illegal fees; embezzlement of school funds; bullying.
Greece was controversial for its legal disciplinary measure of school corporal punishment because was widely used and allowed in public schools, performed by school educators under the Principal's express authority, until it was banned in 1998 at primary schools and in 2005 at secondary schools. The physical punishment took place in front of all students consisted in the form of caning the buttocks of a student with a paddle or strap, caning on the palm of the hand with a wood stick, hitting a student's face, expulsion set in the school outdoor courtyard in the cold winter.
The former government agency of ΟΕΕΚ (; English: Organization for Vocational Education and Training; which replaced by ; English: National Organization for the Certification of Qualifications and Vocational Guidance; EOPPEP) had embezzled €6,000,000 of European Commission funds. Since 30 July 2010, an official investigation on the criminal conspiracy theft began from the EU Council of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and European Convention on Human Rights.
One out of the three public school students in Greece have received physical violation and abuse include verbal at 56.5 percent, followed by physical abuse at a rate of 30.5 percent and the threat of social exclusion at 27.8 percent. Greece ranks 4th place of student bullying amongst Europe countries according to the 1st European Anti-Bullying Network Conference, "Bullying and Cyberbullying Across Europe", Conference Proceedings, Athens, 2015 EAN ().
Offences and corruption committed by highly rank or wealth persons holding public education school positions are rarely properly and transparently prosecuted.
The tuition fee requirement from the most Greek Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) postgraduate programmes is contrary and entirely violating the Constitution of Greece, that all Greek citizens (and certain foreigners who live and work in the country) are entitled to free education on all levels at state educational institutions. The same violation act was done from the founding (law 2009/1992) of the Institutes of Vocational Training (IEKs) where all public IEK students were required to pay up to €367 statute fee for every semester up until the 2012–2013 academic year, that has been repealed since 2013–2014 academic year (article 22, law 4186/2013).
Statistically, at public education schools and public universities, mostly at vocational lyceums, are taking place accidents, illegal and criminal acts, violation incidents against, and from, students, although at private schools have occurred too.
See also
Latin honors
Educational stage
Academic grading in Greece
Education in ancient Greece
Open access to scholarly communication in Greece
References
Further reading
External links
Greek School Network
via eTranslation Digital Europe Programme
Education in Greece
Education in Europe by country
Education by continent |
BFC Dynamo developed a very successful youth academy during the 1970s. The team had an average age of only 22.7 years before the 1978–79 season. Young talented players in the team were Hans-Jürgen Riediger, Lutz Eigendorf, Norbert Trieloff, Michael Noack, Roland Jüngling, Rainer Troppa, Bodo Rudwaleit, Ralf Sträßer, Hartmut Pelka and Arthur Ullrich. The veterans in the team were Reinhard Lauck, Frank Terletzki, Wolf-Rüdiger Netz and Bernd Brillat. The young team was coached by 31-year-old coach Jürgen Bogs.
BFC Dynamo got off to a strong start in the 1978-79 DDR-Oberliga and won the first ten matches. Lutz Eigendorf defected to West Germany during a friendly match in Kaiserslautern on 20 March 1979. His defection was considered a slap in the face to the East German regime. BFC Dynamo finally won its first DDR-Oberliga title after defeating rival SG Dynamo Dresden 3–1 on the 24th matchday in front of 22,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. The team set a number of records during the league season.
BFC Dynamo made its debut in the European Cup in the 1979–80 season. The team made it all the way to the quarter-finals of the 1979-80 European Cup, where it faced Nottingham Forest under Brian Clough. BFC Dynamo won the first leg away 1–0. BFC Dynamo thus became the first German team to defeat an English team in England in the European Cup. The success in the league continued, but the competition was fierce. BFC Dynamo won the 1979-80 DDR-Oberliga by defeating first-placed SG Dynamo Dresden on the final matchday and the 1980-81 DDR-Oberliga by defeating second-placed FC Carl Zeiss Jena in the final matchday. BFC Dynamo continued to integrate young players from the youth department into the first team, such as Rainer Ernst in 1979, Bernd Schulz in 1979, Olaf Seier in 1979, Frank Rohde in 1980, Falko Götz in 1980 and Christian Backs in 1981.
BFC Dynamo reached the quarter-finals of the 1981-82 European Cup but was eventually eliminated by Aston Villa. BFC Dynamo now began a period of dominance in the league. The team secured its fourth consecutive league title at the end of the 1981-82 DDR-Oberliga and would go through the entire 1982-83 DDR-Oberliga undefeated. BFC Dynamo was only defeated by FC Karl-Marx-Stadt on the seventh matchday of the 1983-84 DDR-Oberliga. It was the team's first loss in 36 league matches. BFC Dynamo was drawn against Partizan Belgrade in the second round of the 1983–84 European Cup. The players Falko Götz and Dirk Schlegel defected to West Germany during a shopping tour in Belgrade before the return leg. Young talented froward Andreas Thom from the youth department would make his international debut in the match, as a replacement for Falko Götz. BFC Dynamo lost the match but advanced to the quarter-finals on goal difference. The team was eventually eliminated by AS Roma in the quarter-finals. It was the fourth time in five seasons that BFC Dynamo had been eliminated by an eventual finalist. The team reached the final of the 1983-84 FDGB-Pokal but was defeated by SG Dynamo Dresden.
BFC Dynamo was drawn against Aberdeen F.C. under Alex Ferguson in the first round of the 1984-85 European Cup. The team advanced, after a dramatic penalty shoot-out at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in the return leg. BFC Dynamo continued to dominate the league. The team scored a whopping 90 goals in the 1984-85 DDR-Oberliga. No other team would ever score more goals during a season in the DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo faced rival SG Dynamo Dresden in the final of the 1984–85 FDGB-Pokal. The team lost the match 2–3. For the second consecutive season, SG Dynamo Dresden had stopped BFC Dynamo from winning the Double. The match between 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig and BFC Dynamo on the 18th matchday of the 1985-86 DDR-Oberliga become historic due to a controversial penalty for BFC Dynamo in extra time. The match ended 1-1. BFC Dynamo captured its eighth consecutive league title on the final matchday of the 1985-86 DDR-Oberliga. The team finished just two points ahead of second-placed 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig.
BFC Dynamo had the best material conditions in the league and was the best team by far. But controversial refereeing decisions in favor of BFC Dynamo gave rise to speculation that the team's dominance was also due to help from referees. Complaints of alleged referee bias accumulated as the team came to dominate the DDR-Oberliga. The German Football Association of the GDR (DFV) conducted a secret review of the 1984–85 season. Among other things, the review showed that BFC Dynamo received significantly fewer yellow cards than rivals SG Dynamo Dresden and 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig. A review was also carried out of the final of the 1984-85 FDGB-Pokal. This review showed that the referees had committed several errors in the final to the disadvantage of SG Dynamo Dresden. However, there is no evidence to show that referees were under direct instructions from the Stasi and no document has ever been found in the archives that gave the Stasi a mandate to bribe referees. Former referee Bernd Heynemann concluded: "The BFC is not ten times champions because the referees only whistled for Dynamo. They were already strong as a bear."
The team was joined by Thomas Doll from relegated F.C. Hansa Rostock for the 1986–87 season. Doll and Andreas Thom would form one of the most effective attacking duos in East German football in the late 1980s. BFC Dynamo met fierce competition from 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig in the 1986-87 DDR-Oberliga and the 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig was level on points heading into the final matchday of the 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga. Both teams won their final matches, but BFC Dynamo finished with a better goal difference, thus winning its tenth consecutive league title. BFC Dynamo then defeated FC Carl Zeiss Jena 2–0 in front of 40,000 spectators at the Stadion der Weltjugend in the final of the 1987–88 FDGB-Pokal. BFC Dynamo had thus finally won the Double. Andreas Thom became the 1988 East German footballer of the year.
BFC Dynamo was drawn against West German champions SV Werder Bremen in the first round of the 1988-89 European Cup. BFC Dynamo sensationally won the first leg 3–0 at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. However, the team lost the return leg 5–0 at the Weser-Stadion. The return leg would become known as "The Second Miracle on the Weser". BFC Dynamo finished the first half of the 1988-89 DDR-Oberliga in fourth place. It was the team's worst result after a first half of a league season in 14 years. The team's ten-year dominance in the league was eventually broken by SG Dynamo Dresden in the 1988-89 DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo again won the FDGB-Pokal by defeating FC Karl-Marx-Stadt 1–0 in the final of the 1988-89 FDGB-Pokal. BFC Dynamo then defeated SG Dynamo Dresden 4–1 in the first edition of the DFV-Supercup. BFC Dynamo eventually became the only winner of the DFV-Supercup in the history of East German football.
East German champions and the loss of Lutz Eigendorf (1978–1979)
BFC Dynamo fielded a young team in the 1978–79 season. The average age of the team was only 22,7 years. The team included several young talented players such as Hans-Jürgen Riediger, Lutz Eigendorf, Norbert Trieloff, Michael Noack, Roland Jüngling, Rainer Troppa, Bodo Rudwaleit, Ralf Sträßer and Artur Ullrich. Reinhard Lauck, Frank Terletzki, Wolf-Rüdiger Netz and Bernd Brillat were the veterans of the team. Terletzki was the team captain. The team was coached by 31-year-old Jürgen Bogs. BFC Dynamo under Bogs would play an aggressive football that focused on attacking.
BFC Dynamo defeated HFC Chemie 4–1 at home and BSG Wismut Aue 2–3 away in the first two matchdays of the 1978-79 DDR-Oberliga. The team then won the derby against 1. FC Union Berlin 5–0 in the third matchday in front of 32,000 spectators at the Stadion der Weltjugend on 2 September 1979. Wolf-Rüdiger Netz scored four goals in the match. BFC Dynamo had finished the 1977-78 DDR-Oberliga in third place and was qualified for the 1978-79 UEFA Cup. The team was drawn against the Yugoslav powerhouse Red Star Belgrade in the first round. BFC Dynamo won the first leg 5–2 in front of 26,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 13 September 1979–78. Hans-Jürgen Riediger scored the first three goals for BFC Dynamo in the match. The return leg was played in front of 60,000 spectators at the Red Star Stadium on 27 September 1978. The score was 3–1 at the end of the match. Miloš Šestić then scored a goal for Red Star Belgrade in stoppage time. BFC Dynamo eventually lost the match 4-1 and was eliminated on the away goal rule. Coach Bogs would many years later describe the defeat to Red Star Belgrade in the return leg as the most bitter defeat of his entire career.
BFC Dynamo defeated 1. FC Union Berlin with 1–8 and then 7–1 in the round of 16 of the 1978-79 FDGB-Pokal. Riediger scored a hat-trick in both legs. He amassed eight goals against 1. FC Union Berlin in the round. The 1978–79 season marked a change in East German football. BFC Dynamo opened the 1978-79 DDR-Oberliga with ten consecutive wins and thus set a new record for the number of consecutive wins at the start of a league season. The previous record was held by SG Dynamo Dresden, who had won seven consecutive matches at the opening of the 1972-73 DDR-Oberliga. The team met SG Dynamo Dresden away on the 11th matchday. SG Dynamo Dresden stood in second place in the league. The match was played in front of 33,000 spectators at Dynamo-Stadion in Dresden on 2 December 1978. Hartmut Schade scored 1-0 for SG Dynamo Dresden in the 57th minute. The match eventually ended in a 1–1 draw after an equaliser by Hans-Jürgen Riediger in the 68th minute on a pass from Lutz Eigendorf. The match was marked by unrest, with numerous fans of both teams arrested. The inexperienced linesman Günter Supp should allegedly have missed an offside on Riediger in the situation that led up to the equaliser. Snowballs were thrown at the departing BFC Dynamo team bus after the match. BFC Dynamo then defeated BSG Chemie Böhlen 6–0 at home on the 12th matchday on 9 December 1978 and FC Karl-Marx-Stadt 1–2 away on the 13th matchday on 16 December 1978. The team finished the first half of the season as Herbstmeister. BFC Dynamo had won 25 points during the first half of the season and thus also set a new record for the number of points won during the first half of a season in the DDR-Oberliga under the current format. The team had won 12 matches and played one draw in its first 13 matches in the 1978-79 DDR-Oberliga.
BFC Dynamo continued to lead the league during the second half of the season. The team defeated 1. FC Union Berlin 0–4 away in the 16th matchday on 3 March 1979. Frank Terletzki scored three goals in the derby. BFC Dynamo then defeated BSG Sachsenring Zwickau 10–0 at home on the 17th matchday on 17 March 1979. It was the biggest win in the past 30 years of the DDR-Oberliga. Wolf-Rüdiger Netz scored four goals and Hans-Jürgen Riediger three goals in the match. BFC Dynamo then went to West Germany for a friendly match against 1. FC Kaiserslautern on 20 March 1978. The team stopped in the city of Gießen in Hesse on the way back to East Berlin. During a shopping tour in the city, Lutz Eigendorf broke away from the rest of the team and defected to West Germany. Eigendorf was one of the most promising players in East German football. He was a product of the elite Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) "Werner Seelenbinder" in Hohenschönhausen and had come through the youth academy of BFC Dynamo. He was often called "The Beckenbauer of East Germany" and was considered the figurehead and great hope of East German football. Eigendorf was popularly nicknamed "Iron Foot" () by the supporters of BFC Dynamo and was said to be one of the favorite players of Erich Mielke. His defection was a slap in the face of the East German regime and was allegedly taken personally by Mielke. Owing to his talent and careful upbringing at BFC Dynamo, his defection was considered a personal defeat of Mielke.
His name would later disappear from all statistics and annals about East German football. All fan merchandise with the name or image of Eigendorf would also be removed from the market. Eigendorf was later to die under mysterious circumstances in Braunschweig in 1983.
BFC Dynamo reached the semi-finals of the 1978-79 FDGB-Pokal. The team was drawn against SG Dynamo Dresden. BFC Dynamo won the first leg 1–0 at home in front of 23,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 10 March 1979. The team then qualified for the final after a 1–1 draw in the return leg at the Dynamo-Stadion in Dresden on 31 March 1979. Peter Kotte had scored 1-0 for SG Dynamo Dresden in the 45th minute, but Roland Jüngling equalized for BFC Dynamo in the 64th minute. Hans-Jürgen Riediger was voted the 1978 BFC Dynamo Footballer of the Year at the 13th edition of the club's traditional annual ball in the Dynamo-Sporthalle on 7 April 1979. BFC Dynamo was then set to play 1. FC Magdeburg in the cup final. The match was played in front of 50,000 spectators at the Stadion der Weltjugend on 28 April 1979. The score was 0–0 at full-time. The team eventually lost the final 1-0 after a goal by Wolfgang Seguin for 1. FC Magdeburg in extra time. BFC Dynamo then also met 1. FC Magdeburg was away on the 23rd matchday on 23 May 1979. The team lost the match 1–0. Joachim Streich scored the winning goal for 1. FC Magdeburg. The loss against 1. FC Magdeburg on the 23rd matchday was the first loss of the league season. It would also be the only loss of the league season. BFC Dynamo had gone through 22 league matches undefeated since the start of the 1978-79 DDR-Oberliga and broke another record of SG Dynamo Dresden. BFC Dynamo had set a new record for the number of matches undefeated since the start of a season in the DDR-Oberliga. The previous record had been held by SG Dynamo Dresden, who had been undefeated during its first 17 matches in the 1972-73 DDR-Oberliga.
BFC Dynamo then met SG Dynamo Dresden at home on the 24th matchday on 26 May 1979. BFC Dynamo was now five points ahead of second-placed SG Dynamo Dresden, with three matches left to play. BFC Dynamo won the match 3–1 in front of 22,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark and finally captured its first title in the DDR-Oberliga. Wolf-Rudiger Netz, Michael Noack and Frank Terletzki scored one goal each in the match. The 17-year-old forward Rainer Ernst from the youth department made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga away against BSG Chemie Böhlen on the 25th matchday on 6 June 1979. The team defeated BSG Chemie Böhlen 3–10. BFC Dynamo then defeated FC Karl-Marx-Stadt 3–1 at home on the last matchday on 9 June 1979. BFC Dynamo had managed an astonishing 21 wins, four draws and only one loss during the league season. The team had scored a total of 75 goals during the season and thus also set a new record for the number of goals scored during a season in the DDR-Oberliga under the current format. The previous record of 70 goals for the current format was set by SG Dynamo Dresden in the 1975-76 DDR-Oberliga. Hans-Jürgen Riediger became the second-placed league top goal scorer with 20 goals. Peter Rohde retired from his playing career after the season. He was registered in the squad at the beginning of the season but did not play any matches for the first team during the season.
European Cup and continued success in the league (1979–1982)
Debut in the European Cup (1979–1980)
The team was joined by young forward Bernd Schulz from the youth department for the 1979–80 season. Schulz scored his first goal for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga already on the first matchday at home against FC Karl-Marx-Stadt on 17 August 1979. BFC Dynamo qualified for its first participation in the European Cup, as the winner of the 1978-79 DDR-Oberliga. The team was drawn against the Polish side Ruch Chorzów in the first round of the 1979-80 European Cup. BFC Dynamo won the first leg 4–1 in front of 30,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 19 September 1979. Wolf-Rüdiger Netz scored the first-ever goal for BFC Dynamo in the European Cup. The team advanced to the second round of the competition after a 0–0 draw in the return leg on 3 October 1979. The 1979-80 DDR-Oberliga would be a tight race between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden. BFC Dynamo conceded its first loss of the league season on the sixth matchday against FC Carl Zeiss Jena on 6 October 1979. Young midfielder Olaf Seier made his first appearance with the first team of BFC Dynamo away against ASG Vorwärts Kamenz in the second round of the 1979-80 FDGB-Pokal on 20 October 1979. BFC Dynamo eliminated Servette FC in the second round of the 1979-80 European Cup and advanced to the quarter-finals. The team finally met SG Dynamo Dresden on the last matchday before the winter break on 15 December 1979. BFC Dynamo stood in second place in the league, four points behind leading SG Dynamo Dresden. The match was played in front of 35,000 spectators at the Dynamo-Stadion in Dresden. The score was 0–0 at half-time. Ralf Sträßer made it 0–1 to BFC Dynamo in the 68th minute. Harmut Pelka then punished a mistake from the duo Hans-Jürgen Dörner and Andreas Schmidt and scored 0–2 in the 70th minute. BFC Dynamo eventually won the match 1-2 and was now only two points behind SG Dynamo Dresden. Goalkeeper Bodo Rudwaleit was voted the 1979 BFC Footballer of the Year at the 14th edition of the club's traditional annual ball.
BFC Dynamo defeated BSG Stahl Riesa 9–1 at home on the 15th matchday on 1 March 1980. Pelka scored four goals in the match. The team was drawn against the English side Nottingham Forest in the quarter-finals of the 1979-80 European Cup. Nottingham Forest was coached by Brian Clough at this time. The first leg was played at City Ground in Nottingham on 5 March 1980. BFC Dynamo won the match 0–1. Hans-Jürgen Riediger scored the winning goal. The win against Nottingham Forest away made BFC Dynamo the first team from Germany to defeat an English team in England in the European Cup. The team then defeated 1. FC Magdeburg 0–1 away on the 16th matchday on 8 March 1980. Frank Terletzki scored the winning goal on a 30-meter free kick. Reinhard Lauck suffered a knee injury in the match against 1. FC Magdeburg would be out for the rest of the season. The return leg against Nottingham Forest was played in front of 30,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 19 March 1980. BFC Dynamo lost 1-3 and was eliminated on goal difference. Nottingham Forrest would later go on to win the 1979-80 European Cup. BFC Dynamo met BSG Chemie Leipzig at home on the 17th matchday on 15 March 1980. The team won the match 10–0.
BFC Dynamo played a 0–0 draw away against FC Vorwärts Frankfurt on the 19th matchday on 28 March 1980. The team could now capture first place in the league, as SG Dynamo Dresden had lost 4–2 away against 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig at the same time. Both teams had the same number of points, but BFC Dynamo had a better goal difference. Young midfielder Frank Rohde from the youth department made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga in the match against FC Vorwärts Frankfurt. Frank Rohde was the youngest brother of Peter Rohde. The team lost the lead in the league after a 2–1 loss away to BSG Sachsenring Zwickau on the 21st matchday on 12 April 1980. BFC Dynamo was still in second place in the league before the last matchday, but the team was only one point behind first-placed SG Dynamo Dresden. BFC Dynamo hosted SG Dynamo Dresden at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on the last matchday on 10 May 1980. There was huge excitement around the match around and the stadium was sold out. The East German football weekly Die neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) reported on the "international match atmosphere". SG Dynamo Dresden only needed a draw to win the league title. The score was 0-0 for a long time. The 22-year-old libero Norbert Trieloff then finally scored 1–0 on a pass from Hartmut Pelka in the 77th minute. BFC Dynamo eventually won the match 1-0 and thus captured its second league title in a row in front of 30,000 spectators. Pelka became the best goal scorer for BFC Dynamo in the league with 15 goals. Dietmar Labes left for BSG Bergmann-Borsig after the season.
Continued success in the league (1981–1982)
The East Germany national football team won a silver medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. BFC Dynamo was represented by five players in the squad: Bodo Rudwaleit, Artur Ullrich, Norbert Trieloff, Frank Terletzki and Wolf-Rüdiger Netz.
All five played in the final against Czechoslovakia at the Central Lenin Stadion on 2 August 1980. Joachim Hall became the new assistant coach for the 1980–81 season. Hall had played for SC Dynamo Berlin and BFC Dynamo between 1963 and 1972. BFC Dynamo once again fielded a young team. With the exception of three players, all players in the 18-man squad were between 20 and 25 years old. Harmut Pelka, unfortunately, had to undergo knee surgery during the summer and would be out for almost the entire season. 18-year-old forward Falko Götz from the youth department made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga away against BSG Sachsenring Zwickau on the second matchday of the 1980-81 DDR-Oberliga on 30 August 1980. However, the team simultaneously lost the other of its two most important strikers. Hans-Jürgen Riediger suffered an ankle injury during the match against BSG Sachsenring Zwickau and would be out for the rest of the autumn. This meant that both Pelka and Riediger were out with injuries. It was the third time in his professional career with BFC Dynamo that Riediger was out with an ankle injury.
BFC Dynamo defeated 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig 3–0 at home on the third matchday on 6 September 1980. Bernd Schulz scored two goals and Artur Ullrich one goal in the match. The team then lost 2–1 away to FC Vorwärts Berlin on the fourth matchday on 13 September 1980. BFC Dynamo qualified for the 1980–81 European Cup as the winners of the 1979-80 DDR Oberliga. The team eliminated APOEL FC in the first round of the competition. BFC Dynamo then defeated FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt 7–1 on the seventh matchday in front of 14,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 4 October 1980. BFC Dynamo was drawn against the Czechoslovak side TJ Baník Ostrava in the second round of the 1980–81 European Cup. The first leg was played at the Bazaly in Ostrava on 23 October 1980. The match ended in a 0–0 draw. The return leg was played in front of 18,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 5 November 1980. Lubomír Knapp scored 0–1 for TJ Baník Ostrava on a penalty in the 33rd minute. Rainer Troppa then equalized 1–1 on a penalty in the 58th minute. The match eventually ended in a 1–1 draw and BFC Dynamo was eliminated from the competition on the away goal rule. BFC Dynamo stood in first place in the league after the first half of the season. However, the team only led the league on better goal difference. BFC Dynamo had the same number of points as second-placed 1. FC Magdeburg and third-placed SG Dynamo Dresden. 20-year-old Bernd Schulz was the best goal scorer of BFC Dynamo during the first half of the league season with 10 goals. He was also the second-best goalscorer in the league during the first half of the season and had scored the same number of goals as Joachim Streich of 1. FC Magdeburg.
BFC Dynamo defeated 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig 0–1 away on the 16th matchday on 7 March 1981. Wolf-Rüdiger Netz scored the winning goal. The team then defeated 1. FC Magdeburg 2–4 away on the 18th matchday on 21 March 1980. BFC Dynamo reached the semi-finals of the 1980–81 FDGB-Pokal. The team was eliminated from the competition after losing 5–4 to FC Vorwärts Frankfurt in a penalty shoot-out at the Stadion der Freundschaft on 25 March 1981. It was the third consecutive loss to FC Vorwärts Frankfurt in the 1980–81 season. The guest block of the Stadion der Freundschaft was damaged by supporters of BFC Dynamo during the match. BFC Dynamo defeated FC Karl-Marx-Stadt 5–0 at home on the 21st matchday on 15 April 1981. Hans-Jürgen Riediger, Frank Terletzki, Bernd Schulz, Wolf-Rüdiger Netz and Ralf Sträßer scored one goal each in the match. The team lost 1–3 away against rival SG Dynamo Dresden on the 24th matchday on 16 May 1981. Riediger scored 1–0 for BFC Dynamo in the 14th minute. Then followed three goals by Udo Schmuck, Ralf Minge and Fred Mecke for SG Dynamo Dresden. The 18-year-old midfielder Christian Backs from the youth department made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga away against BSG Stahl Riesa on the 25th matchday on 26 May 1981. BFC Dynamo met FC Carl Zeiss Jena at home on the last matchday. BFC Dynamo was still in first place in the league, but FC Carl Zeiss Jena was only one point behind. BFC Dynamo had a massive goal difference of 72-30 before the match, compared to 56-27 for FC Carl Zeiss Jena. But FC Carl Zeiss Jena would capture the league title if the team won the match. The league final was played in front of 30,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 30 May 1981. BFC Dynamo defeated FC Carl Zeiss Jena 2-1 and thus captured its third consecutive league title. Netz and Riediger scored one goal each in the match. Netz became the best goalscorer of the BFC Dynamo in the league and the third-best goal scorer in the league with 17 goals. Reinhard Lauck had not managed to successfully recover from the complicated knee injury he had sustained in the spring of 1980 and had to end his playing career after the season.
BFC Dynamo made a new friendly tour to Africa during the summer of 1981. The team played three friendly matches in Mozambique in front of up to 40,000 spectators. The team won the third match 5-1 against Red Star Sports Club. The team also returned to Tanzania and Zanzibar during the African tour. The team defeated Simba S.C. 6–1 in front of 40,000 spectators in Dar es Salaam on 2 August 1981 and then SC KMKM 6-1 in front of 28,000 spectators in Zanzibar on 3 August 1961. SC KMKM was a selection from the Navy, Air Force and Security Service. Christian Backs became a regular player in the team during the 1981–82 season. BFC Dynamo was qualified for the 1981-82 European Cup as the winner of the 1980–81 DDR-Oberliga. The team was drawn against the French side AS Saint-Étienne in the qualifying round. AS Saint-Étienne fielded the captain of the France national football team and future French football legend Michel Platini at the time. The first leg ended 1–1 away at the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard on 25 August 1981. BFC Dynamo then won the return leg 2–0 at home in front of 25,000 spectators at Fredrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 4 September 1981. The two goals were scored by Wolf-Rüdiger Netz and Hans-Jürgen Ridigier. The team then took revenge on FC Vorwärts Frankfurt for the previous season with a 6–0 victory at home on the third matchday of the 1981-82 DDR-Oberliga in front of 19,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 5 September 1981. BFC Dynamo eliminated FC Zürich on the away goal rule in the first round of the 1981-82 European Cup. The team was then drawn against English side Aston Villa in the round of 16. BFC Dynamo lost 1–2 to Aston Villa in the first leg in front of 28,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 21 October 1981. Hans-Jürgen Riedier scored the only goal for BFC Dynamo. The team then met rival SG Dynamo Dresden on the ninth matchday on 30 October 1981. The team defeated SG Dynamo Dresden 2–1 in front of 21,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark and moved up to first place in the league. BFC Dynamo defeated Aston Villa 1–0 away in the return leg at Villa Park on 4 November 1981. The winning goal was scored by Frank Terletzki. However, the win away was not enough and the team was eliminated on the away goal rule for a second season in a row. Aston Villa would later go on to win the 1981-82 European Cup. The lead in the league after the win against SG Dynamo Dresden would be short-lived. BFC Dynamo lost 2–1 away to 1. FC Magdeburg on the tenth matchday on 14 November 1981. 1. FC Magdeburg thus became a new leader. However, BFC Dynamo recaptured first place in the league already in the following matchday, after a 3-1 win at home against third-placed FC Carl Zeiss Jena 3–1 on 28 November 1981. BFC Dynamo would not relinquish the lead for the rest of the season.
BFC Dynamo played a friendly match against Bundesliga team VfB Stuttgart during the winter break. The match was arranged at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 15 December 1981. The match ended 0–0 in front of 25,000 spectators. The team met FC Vorwärts Berlin in the semi-finals of the 1981-82 FDGB-Pokal on 27 March 1982. The match was a replay of the semi-final during the previous season. However, this time, BFC Dynamo won 2–0 at home and was thus qualified for the final. Wolf-Rüdiger Netz scored his 100th league goal for BFC Dynamo in the 3–0 win over BSG Sachsenring Zwickau on the 19th matchday on 3 April 1982. BFC Dynamo met SG Dynamo Dresden on the 22nd matchday on 24 April 1982. SG Dynamo Dresden won the match 2–1. The two rivals then met again in the final of the 1981-82 FDGB-Pokal. BFC Dynamo stood in first place in the league and thus had the chance to prepare for its first Double. The final was played in front of 48,000 spectators at the Stadion der Weltjugend on 1 May 1982. Andreas Trautmann scored 0-1 for SG Dynamo Dresden in the 51st minute, but Hans-Jürgen Riediger equalized in the 82nd minute. The score was still 1-1 after extra time and the match had to be decided on penalties. SG Dynamo Dresen goalkeeper Bernd Jakubowski saved the third penalty shot from BFC Dynamo by young Christian Backs. Hans-Uwe Pilz took the fifth penalty for SG Dynamo Dresden. The score was now 4–4 in the penalty shoot-out. Bodo Rudwaleit got a hand on the ball and was close to a save, but Pilz scored. SG Dynamo Dresden eventually won the final 5–6. BFC Dynamo then defeated 1. FC Magdeburg 4–0 on the 23rd matchday in front of 18,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 8 May 1982. The lead in the league was now seven points and the team had thus captured its fourth consecutive league title. Supporters of BFC Dynamo invaded the pitch of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in celebration of the league title. It was the first pitch invasion by the supporters of BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga. Wolf-Rüdiger Netz and Rainer Troppa became the best goalscorers of BFC Dynamo in the league with 12 goals each. Hartmut Pelka ended his playing career on medical advice after the season. He had been registered in the squad at the beginning of the season but had not been able to play.
Dominance in the league (1982–1986)
Dominance in the league (1982–1983)
Key players on the team in the 1982-83 season were Bodo Rudwaleit, Christian Backs, Rainer Troppa, Frank Rohde, Frank Terletzki, Hans-Jürgen Riediger, Norbert Trieloff, Artur Ullrich, Michael Noack, Ralf Sträßer and Rainer Ernst. BFC Dynamo opened the 1982-83 DDR-Oberliga with three consecutive wins. The team had scored 11 goals without conceding a single goal in the first three matches of the league season. However, then followed three draws against 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, SG Dynamo Dresden and FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt. The team slipped down to second place in the league, behind FC Carl Zeiss Jena. BFC Dynamo qualified for the 1982-83 European Cup. The team was drawn against the West German champion Hamburger SV in the first round. The first leg was to be played at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 15 September 1982. Many fans of BFC Dynamo looked forward to the prestigious meeting. But fearing riots, political demonstrations and spectators expressing sympathy for West German football stars such as Felix Magath, the Stasi imposed restrictions on ticket sales. Only 2,000 tickets would be allowed for carefully selected fans. The remaining seats were instead allocated to Stasi employees, Volkspolizei officers and SED officials. The match ended in a 1-1 draw. Hans-Jürgen Riedier scored the only goal for BFC Dynamo in the match. The match was attended by 22,000 spectators. 15,500 seats had been reserved for mainly Stasi employees and members SV Dynamo. The Stasi allegedly paid BFC Dynamo 61,000 East German mark for its 10,000 tickets. Only 300 West German supporters had been allowed to attend the match. The small group of West German supporters were sitting in Block E, surrounded by 1,200 Stasi emplyees. No mix with East German supporters were allowed. The return leg was then played at the Volksparkstadion in Hamburg on 29 September 1982. BFC Dynamo lost 2–0 to Hamburger SV and was eliminated from the competition. Hamburger SV would later go on to win the 1982-83 European Cup. BFC Dynamo met third-placed 1. FC Mageburg on the seventh matchday on 2 October 1982. The two teams had the same number of points. The score was 3–0 to BFC Dynamo after the first half, with two goals in quick succession by Riediger and one goal on a penalty by Artur Ullrich. 1. FC Magdeburg came back in the second half, but BFC Dynamo eventually won the match 3–2 in front of 18,500 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. The team could then capture the first place in the league with a 1–3 win away over HFC Chemie on the following matchday, as FC Carl Zeiss Jena lost 1–0 away against 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig at the same time. BFC Dynamo was then three points ahead of the chasing trio 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, FC Carl Zeiss Jena and 1. FC Magdeburg after the tenth matchday. BFC Dynamo met FC Carl Zeiss Jena in the quarter-finals of the 1982-83 FDGB-Pokal. The team lost the quarter-final 4–2 in front of 10,000 spectators at Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld on 13 November 1982. BFC Dynamo finished the first half of the league season in first place. Hans-Jürgen Riediger was the best goalscorer in the league during the first half of the season. He had scored 16 goals in 13 matches.
Frank Terletzki played his 300th league match for BFC Dynamo on the 15th matchday at home against F.C. Hansa Rostock on 26 February 1983. BFC Dynamo won the match 1-0 after one goal by Wolf-Rüdiger Netz. However, the match was not the only cause for celebration. Striker Hans-Jürgen Riediger suffered a new injury at the same time. Riediger badly injured his knee in the match against F.C. Hansa Rostock and would be out for the rest of the season. A new friendly match against VfB Stuttgart was arranged in the spring on the initiative of BFC Dynamo President Manfred Kirste. The match was played in West Germany this time. The match ended 4-3 VfB Stuttgart in front of 8,000 spectators at the Neckarstadion on 8 March 1983. BFC Dynamo met second-placed 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig at home on the 17th matchday on 12 March 1983. Uwe Zötzsche scored 0–1 to 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig on a penalty in the 36th minute. Rainer Troppa equalized 1–1 in the 56th minute and Frank Rohde made it 2–1 to BFC Dynamo less than five minutes later. BFC Dynamo eventually won the match 2–1 in front of 14,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. The team then defeated SG Dynamo Dresden 1–2 away on the following matchday in front of 38,000 spectators at the Dynamo-Stadion in Dresden on 19 March 1983. The match set a new attendance record in Dresden. BFC Dynamo then defeated FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt 1–0 at home on the 19th matchday on 2 April 1983. Rainer Ernst scored the winning goal in the match. The team then met 1. FC Magdeburg was away on the 20th matchday on 9 April 1983. The team won the match 1–2 in front of 28,000 spectators at the Enrst-Grube-Stadion. BFC Dynamo secured the league title after defeating BSG Wismut Aue 1–3 away on the 22nd matchday on 30 April 1983. The team was now 10 points ahead of second-placed FC Carl Zeiss Jena with four matches left to play. BFC Dynamo then defeated BSG Chemie Böhlen 2–9 away on the following matchday on 7 May 1983. Rainer Ernst, Falko Götz and Ralf Sträßer scored two goals each, while Christian Backs and Michael Noack scored one goal each. The team finally met second-placed FC Carl Zeiss Jena at home on the last matchday on 28 May 1983. BFC Dynamo won the match 2–0. Rainer Ernst and Christian Backs scored one goal each. BFC Dynamo finished 1982-83 DDR-Oberliga undefeated. Hans-Jürgen Riedier was the best goalscorer of BFC Dynamo in the league and the third-best goalscorer of the 1982-83 DDR-Oberliga with 16 goals, despite only being able to play 15 matches before his knee injury. By comparison, the best goalscorer in the league, Joachim Streich of 1. FC Magdeburg, had scored 19 goals in 25 matches. Roland Jüngling retired and Olaf Seier left for 1. FC Union Berlin after the season.
Bodo Rudwaleit was the new team captain for the 1983–84 season. Hans-Jürgen Riediger had still not recovered from the knee injury he had suffered on the 15th matchday of the previous season and would not be able to play. BFC Dynamo only managed a 0–0 draw against BSG Wismut Aue on the opening matchday of the 1983-85 DDR-Oberliga on 13 August 1983. It was the first time since the 1977-78 DDR-Oberliga that BFC Dynamo did not win the opening match of the league season. However, the team would remain undefeated in the league. BFC Dynamo qualified for the 1983-84 European Cup as the winner of the 1982-83 DDR-Oberliga. The team easily eliminated the Luxembourg side Jeunesse Esch in the first round with a win in both legs. BFC Dynamo eventually lost 2–1 away to FC Karl-Marx-Stadt on the seventh matchday on 1 October 1983. It was the first loss in the league since the loss against SG Dynamo Dresden on the 22nd matchday in 1981-82 DDR-Oberliga on 24 April 1982. BFC Dynamo had been undefeated for 36 matchdays in the league, which set a new record. BFC Dynamo was drawn against FK Partizan Belgrade in the second round of the 1982-83 European Cup. The first leg was to be played at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 19 October 1983. BFC Dynamo won the match 2–0 in front of 19,500 spectators. Falko Götz and Rainer Ernst scored one goal each. The team met FC Carl Zeiss Jena at home on the eighth matchday on 22 October 1983. BFC Dynamo won the match 5–0. The 18-year-old talented forward Andreas Thom from the youth department made his debut in the DDR-Oberliga in the match against FC Carl Zeiss Jena, as a substitute for Bernd Schulz. The team was then set to play the return leg away against FK Partizan Belgrade on 2 November 1983. The trip to Belgrade would prove dramatic for the team.
Defection and the debut of Andreas Thom (1983)
The players in BFC Dynamo received political training and were kept under strict discipline, demanding both political reliability, obedience and a moral lifestyle. No contact with the West was allowed. The players were also under the supervision of the Stasi. They would have their telephones tapped, their rooms at training camps tapped and be accompanied by Stasi employees on international trips. The Ministry of the Interior and the Stasi both had employees integrated into the club. It is also likely that individual players in the club had been recruited as so-called Unofficial collaborators (IM), with the task of collecting information about other players. BFC Dynamo flew to Belgrade with Erich Mielke's service aeroplane on 1 November 1983 for the return leg against FK Partizan Belgrade. Coach Jürgen Bogs allowed the players to go on a shopping tour in Belgrade the morning before the match. During their tour in the city, players Falko Götz and Dirk Schlegel defected to West Germany. The duo had jumped into a taxi and fled to the West German embassy. The ambassador decided to take them to the West German Consulate general in Zagreb. With the help of the West German Consulate general in Zagreb, they obtained fake passports and managed to reach Munich. The East German state news agency ADN reported that Götz and Schlegel had been "woed by West German managers with large sums of money" and "betrayed their team". Götz and Schlegel were labeled as "sports traitors". But their defection had no serious consequences for the team. According to Christian Backs, the team only received more political training, but there were no reprisals. However, the loss of two regular players ahead of the match against FK Partizan Belgrade was a challenge. Coach Bogs then decided to give Andreas Thom the chance to make his international debut as a replacement for Falko Götz. Thom had made his first appearance with the first team of BFC Dynamo only five days earlier and had only played five minutes in the DDR-Oberliga. Thom would make a terrific international debut. BFC Dynamo lost the match 1-0 but advanced to the quarter-finals on goal difference. Thom would henceforth be a regular player in the team.
New titles, goal record and European cup drama (1983–1986)
The competition at the top of the league table would be fierce. BFC Dynamo was in first place in the league after the eighth matchday But the team lost 4–1 away to competitor 1. FC Magdeburg on the ninth matchday on 5 November 1983. BFC Dynamo thereby slipped down to fourth place in the league. The team then met local rival 1. FC Union Berlin in the following matchday. BFC Dynamo won the derby 4–0 in front of 22,000 spectators at the Stadion der Weltjugend on 19 November 1983. 18-year-old defender Thomas Grether from the youth department made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga in the derby, as a substitute for Wolf-Rüdiger Netz in the 67th minute. The team then defeated rival SG Dynamo Dresden by 1–2 away in front of 38,000 spectators at Dynamo-Stadion in Dresden on the 11th matchday on 26 November 1983. Grether scored the winning 1–2 goal for BFC Dynamo in the 89th minute. BFC Dynamo was now in second place in the league, with the same number of points as first-placed 1. FC Magdeburg. BFC Dynamo met third-placed 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig was away on the last matchday before the winter break. The team won the match 0–4. Young forward Andreas Thom scored his first goal for BFC Dynamo in the match. The team could now climb to first place in the league, as 1. FC Magdeburg had only managed a 1–1 draw away against BSG Chemie Lezipig. BFC Dynamo finished the first half of the season as Herbstmeister. However, the team was only one point ahead of second-placed 1. FC Magdeburg and third-placed SG Dynamo Dresden.
19-year-old midfielder Eike Küttner from the youth department made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga away against BSG Wismut Aue on the 14th matchday on 18 February 1984. The match ended in a 1–1 draw. It was the first time in seven years that BSG Wismut Aue had won a point against BFC Dynamo at home. BFC Dynamo defeated F.C. Hansa Rostock 3–1 at home on the 15th matchday on 26 February 1984. Defender Michael Noack suffered an injury in the match and would be out for the rest of the season. Young defender Mario Maek from the youth department made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga away against BSG Stahl Riesa on the 17th matchday on 10 March 1984, as a substitute for Andreas Rath. BFC Dynamo was drawn against Italian champions AS Roma in the quarter-finals of the 1983-84 European Cup. The first leg was played in front of 62,000 spectators at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome on 7 March 1984. The score was 0-0 after the first half. AS Roma then scored three goals in the second half. BFC Dynamo eventually lost the match 3–0. The return leg was played in front of 25,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 21 March 1984. Emidio Oddi scored 0-1 for AS Roma in the 55th minute, but Andreas Thom equalized in the 76th minute with a header on a corner by Frank Terletzki. Rainer Ernst then made it 2-1 for BFC Dynamo in the 87th minute. BFC Dynamo eventually defeated AS Roma 2–1 but was eliminated from the competition on goal difference. AS Roma would go all the way to the final of the 1983-84 European Cup where the team eventually lost in a penalty shoot-out against Liverpool F.C.. It was the fourth time in five seasons that BFC Dynamo had been eliminated from the European Cup by an eventual finalist. The team had three times been eliminated by the team that eventually won the tournament: Nottingham Forest in the 1979–80 season, Aston Villa in the 1981–82 season and Hamburger SV in the 1982–83 season.
BFC Dynamo lost 1–2 at home to FC Vorwärts Frankfurt on the 18th matchday on 17 March 1984. The team was still in first place in the league but now stood on the same points as second-placed SG Dynamo Dresden. SG Dynamo Dresden then took over the lead in the league on the 19th matchday on a better goal difference. But BFC Dynamo could recapture the first place with a 4–2 win over FC-Karl-Marx-Stadt at home on the 20th matchday, as SG Dynamo Dresden had played a 1–1 draw away against HFC Chemie at the same time. BFC Dynamo then met SG Dynamo Dresden at home on the 24th matchday on 5 May 1984. The score was 3–0 for BFC Dynamo after only 14 minutes played, with two goals scored by Rainer Ernst in just 5 minutes. BFC Dynamo eventually won the match 4–2 in front of 28,500 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. BFC Dynamo then secured the league title with a 4–5 win away against HFC Chemie on the following matchday on 12 May 1984. Rainer Ernst became the best goal scorer in the 1983-48 DDR-Oberliga with 20 goals. BFC Dynamo reached the final of the FDGB-Pokal for the second season in a row and again had the chance to win the Double. The team once again faced rival SG Dynamo Dresden in the final. The final of the 1983-84 FDGB-Pokal was played in front of 48,000 spectators at Stadion der Weltjugend on 29 May 1984. The score was 0-0 after the first half. Hans-Jürgen Dörner made it 1-0 for SG Dynamo Dresden in the 81st minute. Reinhard Häfner extended the lead to 2–0 on penalty just a minute later. Rainer Troppa scored 2–1 in the 85th minute, but BFC Dynamo could not equalize. BFC Dynamo eventually lost the final 2–1. The team had thus lost its fourth final in a row in the FDGB-Pokal and had once again failed to win the Double. Hans-Jürgen Riediger and Michael Noack ended their careers due to prolonged injuries after the season. Wolf-Rüdiger Netz retired from his playing career and Ralf Sträßer left for 1. FC Union Berlin. Riediger, Noack and Netz had all played around 200 matches each for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga. Riediger and Netz had also scored more than 100 goals each for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga.
BFC Dynamo recruited striker Frank Pastor from relegated HFC Chemie and defender Waldemar Ksienzyk from relegated 1. FC Union Berlin for the 1984–85 season. Both HFC Chemie and 1. FC Union Berlin had been relegated to the second tier DDR-Liga after the 1983-84 DDR-Oberliga. The team was also joined by goalkeeper Marco Kostmann from the youth department. Kostmann became a new reserve goalkeeper behind Bodo Rudwaleit. The young defenders Thomas Grether and Mario Maek would also make a number of appearances with the first during the season. The team had an average age of only 22,8 years at the start of the 1984-85 season. Bodo Rudwaleit, Frank Pastor, Andreas Thom, Norbert Trieloff, Rainer Ernst, Christian Backs, Frank Rohde, Bernd Schulz, Waldemar Ksienzyk, Artur Ullrich and Rainer troppa would be key players on the team during the 1984–85 season. BFC Dynamo got off to a strong start to the 1984-85 DDR-Oberliga. The team had four wins and 11–0 in goal difference after the fourth matchday. BFC Dynamo then defeated 1. FC Magdeburg 3–1 on the fifth matchday in front of 15,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 15 September 1984. The team was awarded two penalties in the match by referee Siegfrid Kirschen, which were converted by Rainer Ernst. BFC Dynamo was head-to-head with SG Dynamo Dresden in the league. Both teams had a full ten points after the first five matchdays. But SG Dynamo Dresden led the league on better goal difference. BFC Dynamo qualified for the 1984-85 European Cup as winners of the 1983-84 DDR-Oberliga. The team was drawn against Scottish champions Aberdeen F.C. in the first round. Aberdeen F.C. was managed by Alex Ferguson at the time. BFC Dynamo lost the first leg 2–1 away at the Pittodrie Stadium in Aberdeen on 19 September 1984. Bernd Schulz scored the only goal for BFC Dynamo in the match. The team then met FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt away at the Georgij-Dimitroff-Stadion on the sixth matchday on 28 September 1984. BFC Dynamo won a hard-fought 4–5 win against FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt. Rainer Ernst scored the winning goal for BFC Dynamo on a penalty in the 83rd minute, after a foul by Olaf Berschuk on Frank Pastor. BFC Dynamo captured the first place in the league, as SG Dynamo Dreden only got 1–1 against BSG Stahl Brandenburg on the sixth matchday. The return leg against Aberdeen F.C. was played at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 3 October 1984. The score was 2–1 to BFC Dynamo after extra time and the round was decided on penalties. Aberdeen F.C. took the lead in the third penalty round after Bernd Scultz had missed a shot. Willie Miller then had the opportunity to decide the penalty shoot-out for Aberdeen F.C. in the fifth round, but Bodo Rudwaleit saved the shot. Frank Terletzki was then able to equalize to 4-4. Eric Black took the sixth penalty for Aberdeen F.C., but also this shot was saved by Rudwaleit. Libero Norbert Trieloff then scored the decisive goal for BFC Dynamo. BFC Dynamo eventually won the penalty shoot-out 5–4 in front of 25,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark and advanced to the second round of the tournament.
BFC Dynamo conceded its first defeat of the league season on the eighth matchday 3–2 away against 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig on 13 October 1984. SG Dynamo Dresden could thus take the lead in the league. BFC Dynamo was drawn against FK Austria Wien in the second round of the 1984-85 European Cup. The first leg ended 3–3 in front of 21,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 24 October 1984. BFC Dynamo then followed up the loss against 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig in the league with a massive 6–1 win at home over FC Karl-Marx-Stadt on the ninth matchday on 27 October 1984. The return match against FK Austria Wien was then played at the Gerhard-Hanappi-Stadion on 7 November 1984. The score was 1-1 after the first half. Tibor Nyilasi then made it 2–1 to FK Austria Wien in the 65h minute. BFC Dynamo eventually lost 2-1 and was eliminated from the competition. The team then met rival SG Dynamo Dresden away on the tenth matchday on 10 November 1984. The score was 1–1 in the second half. Rainer Ernst made it 1-2 for BFC Dynamo in the 59th minute, but Torsten Gütschow put the final score 2–2 in the 80th minute. BFC Dynamo was still in second place in the league after the 11th matchday. But the team defeated BSG Motor Sulh 6–0 at home on the 12th matchday on 1 December 1984. SG Dynamo played 1–1 at home against FC Vorwärts Frankfurt at the same time. The BFC Dynamo could thus capture first place in the league. The team only managed a 3–3 draw away against FC Vorwärts Frankfurt on the 13th matchday on 15 December 1984. BFC Dynamo led the match 0–2 in the second half. But André Jarmuszkiewicz first managed to reduce to 1-2 and then equalize 2–2 on a penalty. FC Vorwärts Frankfurt then took the lead 3–2, but Frank Rohde eventually saved a point for BFC Dynamo with a 3-3 goal in the 82nd minute. However, SG Dynamo Dresden lost 4–0 away against FC Carl Zeiss Jena at the same time. BFC Dynamo was thus able to finish the first half of the season as Herbstmeister, two points ahead of SG Dynamo Dresden.
BFC Dynamo defeated FC Carl Zeiss Jena 1–0 on the 14th matchday on 16 February 1985. The team could thus extend the lead in the league, as SG Dynamo Dresden only managed a 0–0 draw away against BSG Chemie Leipzig. BFC Dynamo then defeated BSG Chemie Leipzig 5–1 on the following matchday on 23 February 1985. The team defeated BSG Stahl Riesa 9–0 at home on the 17th matchday on 9 March 1985. Rainer Ernst, Andreas Thom, Frank Pastor and Christian Backs scored two goals each. BFC Dynamo reached the semi-finals of the 1984-85 FDGB-Pokal. The team was drawn against 1. FC Magdeburg. The team lost the first leg 3–4 at home in front of 13,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 23 March 1985. BFC Dynamo defeated BSG Stahl Brandeburg 0–1 away in front of 11,000 spectators at Stahl Stadion on the 20th matchday on 13 April 1985. The winning goal was scored by young striker Jan Voß, who was brought onto the pitch as a substitute for Rainer Ernst in the 64th minute. The team could thus extend the lead in the league to five points, as SG Dynamo lost 2–3 at home to 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig at the same time. BFC Dynamo then defeated 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig 3–2 in the following matchday in front of 13,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 20 April 1985. The return leg against 1. FC Magdeburg in the semi-finals of the 1984-85 FDGB-Pokal was played at the Ernst-Grube-Stadion on 1 May 1985. BFC Dynamo won the match 2–0 in front of 28,000 spectators and thus qualified for the final. Andreas Thom and Frank Rohde scored one goal each in the match. BFC Dynamo then finally met rival SG Dynamo Dresden at home on the 23rd matchday on 4 May 1985. SG Dynamo Dresden won the match 2-1 and closed the gap in the league. Ralf Minge scored both goals for SG Dynamo Dresden. However, BFC Dynamo still led the league by four points. BFC Dynamo then defeated F.C. Hansa Rostock 1–5 away on the 24th matchday on 11 May 1985. The team was then able to secure its seventh consecutvie DDR-Oberliga title after an 0–8 win away against BSG Motor Suhl on the 25th matchday on 22 May 1985. BFC Dynamo finished 1984–85 in the first place, six points ahead of SG Dynamo Dresden. The team scored a total of 90 goals in the league. No team would ever score more goals in a season of the DDR-Oberliga. Rainer Ernst became the best goal scorer in the league with 24 goals and Frank Pastor became the second-best goal scorer in the league with 22 goals. BFC Dynamo was then set to play SG Dynamo Dresden in the final of the 1984-85 FDGB-Pokal. The final was played in front of 48,000 spectators at the Stadion der Weltjugend on 8 June 1985. The score was 0–1 to SG Dynamo Dresden after the first half. Andreas Thom equalized 1–1 in the 51st minute. But then followed two goals by Jörg Stübner and Ralf Minge. Rainer Ernst managed to score 2–3 in the 88th minute, but the match eventually ended 2–3 for SG Dynamo Dresden. It was the fourth loss to SG Dynamo Dresden in the final of the FDGB-Pokal and the third time that SG Dynamo Dresden had stopped BFC Dynamo from winning the Double. Reserve goalkeeper Reinhard Schwerdtner was transferred to SG Dynamo Schwerin after the season.
Young midfielder Eike Küttner would make recurring appearances with the first team during the season. BFC Dynamo started the 1985-86 DDR-Oberliga with the derby against 1. FC Union Berlin. The team defeated 1. FC Union Berlin 2–1 in front of 30,000 spectators at the Stadion der Weltjugend on 17 August 1985. Frank Pastor and Rainer Ernst scored one goal each in the match. BFC Dynamo then defeated 1. FC Magdeburg 3–1 on the third matchday on 30 August 1985. The team was in second place in the league after the third matchday, one point behind SG Dynamo Dresden. BFC Dynamo qualified for the 1985-86 European Cup, as winners of the 1984-85 DDR Oberliga. The team was drawn against FK Austria Wien in the first round. It was a replay of the second round of the last season. The first leg was played in front of 21,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 18 September 1985. BFC Dynamo had two goal chances already in the first minutes of the match, with two close shots by Rainer Ernst and Christian Backs. However, FK Austria Wien got 0–1 in the fourth minute, after an unfortunate header by Artur Ullrich which went into his own goal. Toni Polster then made it 0-2 for FK Austria Wien in the 12th minute. Rainer Ernst later missed a chance to score a goal on a penalty. BFC Dynamo eventually lost the match 0–2. BFC Dynamo defeated 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig 1–0 on the fifth matchday in front of 10,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 21 September 1985. The winning goal was scored by Bernd Schulz. The team was then set to play the return leg against FK Austria Wien at the Gerhard-Hanappi-Stadion on 2 October 1985. The score was 0-0 after the first half. Tibor Nyilasi and Gerhard Steinkogler then scored two goals for FK Austria Wien. BFC Dynamo eventually lost the match 2-1 and was eliminated from the competition.
The team met rival SG Dynamo Dresden away on the sixth matchday on 5 October 1985. BFC Dynamo lost the match 4–1. It was the team's first loss of the league season. BFC Dynamo was still in second place in the league but was now three points behind leading SG Dynamo Dresden. The team defeated FC Karl-Marx-Stadt at home on the seventh matchday on 9 October 1985. BFC Dynamo was thus able to close the gap to first-placed SG Dynamo Dresden, as SG Dynamo Dresden had lost 2–1 away against BSG Stahl Brandenburg at the same time. BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden stood on the same number of points after the eighth matchday. BFC Dynamo then defeated FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt 2–3 away on the ninth matchday in front of 26,000 spectators at the Georgij-Dimitroff-Stadion on 26 October 1985. Andreas Thom scored two goals in the match. The team was thus able to capture the first place in the league, as SG Dynamo Dresden had only managed 1–1 away against BSG Sachsenring Zwickau. BFC Dynamo then defeated BSG Sachsenring Zwickau 4–1 at home on the tenth matchday on 9 November 1985. 19-year-old defensive midfielder Jörg Fügner from the youth department made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga as a substitute for Frank Terletzki in the match against BSG Sachsenring Zwickau. The team then lost 2–1 away against FC Vorwärts Frankfurt on the 12th matchday on 23 November 1985. However, BFC Dynamo was able to keep the lead in the league, as SG Dynamo Dresden had also lost its match. BFC Dynamo finished the first half of the season in first place, two points ahead of second-placed SG Dynamo Dresden. Forward Jan Voß left for BSG Stahl Brandenburg during the winter break.
The team was joined by defender Burkhard Reich and striker Peter Kaehlitz from SG Dynamo Fürstenwalde and midfielder Michael Schulz from BSG Stahl Brandenburg for the second half of the 1985–86 season. Young defender Heiko Brestrich from the reserve team would also make a number of appearances with the first team during the second half of the season. Brestrich would regularly be included in the starting lineup. BFC Dynamo had won nine of its 13 matches in the first half of the season. The team now opened the second half of the season with three draws. However, rival SG Dynamo Dresden lost even more points during its first matches of the second half of the season. BFC Dynamo was still in first place in the league after the 17th matchday. The team was now five points ahead of second-placed SG Dynamo Dresden with one match more played, eight points ahead of third-placed FC Carl Zeiss Jena with three matches more played and eight points ahead of fourth-placed 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig with two matches more played. BFC Dynamo played 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig was away on the 18th matchday on 22 March 1986. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig led the match 1-0 after 90 minutes played. Referee Bernd Stumpf then awarded BFC Dynamo a penalty in the 94th minute, after a foul by Hans Richter on Bernd Schulz. Frank Pastor converted the penalty and set the final score to 1-1. The result meant that 1. FC Lokomotive would no longer have a realistic chance of catching up with BFC Dynamo in the league. BFC Dynamo was also able to extend its lead over SG Dynamo Dresden, as SG Dynamo Dresden had lost 3–1 away against FC Karl-Marx-Stadt on the 18th matchday. The penalty was highly controversial and caused a wave of protests in East German football. However, it would many years later be shown that the penalty was correctly awarded. BFC Dynamo then met SG Dynamo Dresden on the 19th matchday on 29 March 1986. The team took revenge for the loss during the autumn and defeated SG Dynamo Dresden 5–2 in front of 18,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. Striker Peter Kaehlitz scored two goals for BFC Dynamo in the match.
BFC Dynamo reached the semifinals of the 1985-86 FDGB-Pokal. The team was drawn against 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig. BFC Dynamo won the first leg 4–2 at home on 29 April 1986. Uwe Zötzsche scored both goals for 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig on penalties. BFC Dynamo then met FC Karl-Marx-Stadt on the 20th matchday on 5 April 1986. The team lost the match 2–1. The loss against FC Karl-Marx-Stadt was the beginning of a series of weak results in the league. The return leg against 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig was played at Bruno-Plache-Stadion on 6 May 1986. Uwe Zötzsche scored another goal on penalty for 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig in the return leg. BFC Dynamo lost the match 3-1 and was eliminated on the away goal rule. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig had scored a total of three goals on penalties against BFC Dynamo in the semi-finals. BFC Dynamo played a number of draws in the following league matches. The team was only three points ahead of second-placed 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig and four points ahead of third-placed FC Carl Zeiss Jena after the 24th matchday. The team then met FC Carl Zeiss Jena at the Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld on the 25th matchday on 14 May 1986. BFC Dynamo lost the match 3–1. The team was now only two points ahead of second-placed FC Carl Zeiss Jena and third-placed 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig before the final matchday. FC Carl Zeiss Jena also had a better goal difference. BFC Dynamo eventually won the league title after a 4–0 victory over bottom team BSG Stahl Riesa at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 24 May 1986. Michael Schulz scored two goals in the match. It was the club's eighth consecutive league title. The team ended up just two points ahead of second-placed 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig. The former long-term team captain Frank Terletzki retired after the season. Olof Hirsch left for 1. FC Union Berlin and Artur Ullrich for F.C. Hansa Rostock. Terletzki had made his first appearance with the first team of BFC Dynamo in 1969 and had played 17 seasons for the team. In total, Terletzki had played in 489 matches for BFC Dynamo.
Controversy, complaints and sanctions (1985–1986)
BFC Dynamo had the best material conditions in the league and was the best team by far. But there had been controversial refereeing decisions in favor of BFC Dynamo, which gave rise to speculations that the dominance of BFC Dynamo was not solely due to athletic performance, but also due to help from referees.
Allegations of referee bias were nothing new in East German football and were not isolated to matches involving BFC Dynamo. Alleged referee bias as a source of unrest was a thread that ran from the very first matches of the DDR-Oberliga. Alleged referee bias had caused riots already during the first season, when ZSG Horch Zwickau defeated SG Dresden-Friedrichstadt 5–1 on 16 April 1950, in a match which decided the title in the 1949–50 DDR-Oberliga. Another example occurred in the 1960 DDR-Oberliga when ASK Vorwärts Berlin defeated SC Chemie Halle away on 16 October 1960. The player bus of ASK Vorwärts Berlin was attacked and the Volkspolizei had to protect the players. The home ground of Union Berlin was closed for two matchdays as a result of crowd trouble over the performance of referee Günther Habermann in the match between Union Berlin and FC Vorwärts Frankfurt in the 1982-83 DDR-Oberliga on 25 September 1982. The police had been forced to come to the rescue of referee Habermann. German sports historian Hanns Leske claims that referees throughout the history of East German football had a preference for the teams sponsored by the armed organs ().
BFC Dynamo was deeply unpopular in Dresden since the relocation of SG Dynamo Dresden in 1954. Its unparalleled run of success would then arouse envy and hatred among supporters of opposing teams around the country. However, the sense that BFC Dynamo benefited from the soft refereeing decision did not arise first in 1978. It had already existed for years, as shown by the riots among supporters of SG Dynamo Schwerin during the match between the two teams at the Sportplatz Paulshöhe in Schwerin in the 1967-68 DDR-Liga on 26 May 1968.
BFC Dynamo was a representative of both the Stasi and the capital. The club was therefore viewed with more suspicion than affection. Lack of success had kept disapproval in check, but complaints increased and feelings became inflamed as the club grew successful. A turning point eventually came in the fractious encounter between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden at the Dynamo-Stadion in Dresden on 2 December 1978. The match was marked by crowd trouble, with 35 to 38 fans of both teams arrested. The match ended in a 1–1 draw after an equalizer by BFC Dynamo. Then SED First Secretary in Bezirk Dresden Hans Modrow blamed the unrest on "inept officiating". Inexperienced linesman Günter Supp should allegedly have missed an offside position on Hans-Jürgen Riediger in the situation leading up to the equalizer. Supporters of SG Dynamo Dresden complained: "We are cheated everywhere, even on the sports field".
The privileges of BFC Dynamo and its overbearing success in the 1980s made fans of opposing teams easily aroused as to what they saw as manipulation by bent referees, especially in Saxon cities such as Dresden and Leipzig. Petitions to authorities were written by citizens, fans of other teams and local members of the SED, claiming referee bias and outright match-fixing in favor of BFC Dynamo. Animosity towards the club had been growing since its first league titles. Frank Rohde said in an interview with German newspaper Die Welt in 2016: "We had the most titles and the best players. We were the hunted ... We came from the capital, where there was more than anywhere else. Like oranges or bananas. There was resentment against Dynamo and the Stasi – and envy for the success we had." The team was met at away matches with aggression and shouts such as "Bent champions!" (), "Stasi-pigs!" and "Zyklon B for BFC!". Fans of BFC Dynamo were taunted by fans of opposing teams with antisemitic slurs such as "Jewish pigs!" and "Berlin Jews!". Coach Jürgen Bogs would later claim that the hatred from opposing fans actually made the team even stronger.
Complaints of alleged referee bias grew in numbers. The number of petitions reached hundreds in 1985 and 1986. The constant rioting at the guest performances of BFC Dynamo around the country was annoying in the SED Politburo. Canadian professor and author Alan McDugall writes that: "No other collective cause in the 1980s was as public, popular, united, or effective as the anti-BFC campaign." East German authorities were not insensitive to the problems caused by the successes of BFC Dynamo. High-ranking officials such as the Head of the Department for Sport of the SED Central Committee Rudolf Hellmann sometimes answered petitions in person. A petition written to Egon Krenz in March 1986 was even answered by Hellman with a personal meeting. Backed by the ruling SED, the German Football Association of the GDR (DFV) would attempt to mollify anti-BFC sentiments. By the mid-1980s, the scandal surrounding alleged referee bias in East German football had so undermined the credibility of the national competitions that Krenz, Hellman and the DFV Secretariat under DFV General secretary Karl Zimmermann would eventually go ahead with sanctions against referees for poor performance and a restructuring of the DFV Referee Commission.
The German Gymnastics and Sports Federation (DTSB), SV Dynamo and ASV Vorwärts fought for supremacy in East German sports. The hegemony and dominance of SV Dynamo in all areas of sport had become more and more of a problem for the leading DTSB. The President of the DTSB Manfred Ewald complained that SV Dynamo "could no longer be controlled". During the 1983-84 season, Ewald would even make an unsuccessful attempt to liquidate SV Dynamo, which would include a downgrading of all its sports clubs to simple sports communities without any special status and a disempowerment of incumbent functionaries. A power struggle was raging between the DTSB President Manfred Ewald and the President of SV Dynamo Erich Mielke. German autor Steffen Karas suggests that this power struggle can explain the radical upheaval at the DFV in February 1983.
SED top-functionary Karl Zimmermann from Leipzig was established as the new vice-president of the DTSB on 2 February 1983. Two days later, the DTSB President Manfred Ewald and the Head of the Department for Sport of the SED Central Committee Rudolf Hellmann convened an extraordinary meeting of the DFV presidium. The previous DFV leadership (Werner Lempert, Günter Schneider, Konrad Dorner, Hans Müller) would be relieved by the highest authority and the chairmanship of the DFV handed over to the newly appointed DTSB Vice President Zimmermann. Zimmermann thus became the new general secretary of the DFV. As he was also vice president of the DTSB, he would enjoy increased powers compared to his predecessor Werner Lempert. German sports historian Hanns Leske claims that Zimmermann had been chosen to carry out reforms in East German football. German author Steffen Karas in turn suggest that the timing and approach to the establishment of Zimmermann suggests a connection with the plans of the DTSB President Ewald. Karas writes that it can be assumed that the growing anti-BFC sentiments in the stadiums also did not go unnoticed by the SED Politburo, which now expected the DTSB and DFV to take countermeasures.
The DFV under Zimmermann conducted an internal analysis of the performance and behavior of the referees in the matches involving BFC Dynamo, SG Dynamo Dresden and 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig during the 1984-85 season. The report listed nine league and cup matches where BFC Dynamo was allegedly favored. It also claimed that SG Dynamo Dresden and 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig had been disadvantaged in eight matches together. According to the analysis, BFC Dynamo had won at least eight points due to refereeing errors in the 26 matches of the league season. The report spoke of "targeted influence from other authorities". The report suggested that one leading referee had been given a holiday home at the expense of BFC Dynamo and that journalists had been threatened by anonymous secret police representatives.
The report noted how yellow cards had been used during the season. The report pointed out a discrepancy in yellow cards between BFC Dynamo, SG Dynamo Dresden and 1. FC Lokomotiv Lipzig. 45 yellow cards had been handed out to SG Dynamo Dresden and 36 to 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, compared to 16 yellow cards for BFC Dynamo. The report also listed a number of cases were players in opposing teams had received their third or sixth yellow cards in matches prior to the meeting with BFC Dynamo and thus were suspended from the upcoming match against BFC Dynamo.
The report also listed instances where offside goals had been awarded to BFC Dynamo and where penalties and correct goals had been denied to the opposing team. According to Hanns Leske, a particularly drastic example during the season occurred in the 1–1 draw between BSG Wismut Aue and BFC Dynamo on the 16th matchday on 2 March 1985. Leske claims that BSG Wismut Aue had scored a winning goal that was disallowed for being offside and that the refereeing decision was so obviously wrong that the scene could not be shown at the Sport Aktuell (de) cast on East German television.
The report named six referees that were suspected of having favored BFC Dynamo, including Adolf Prokop, Klaus-Dieter Stenzel and Reinhard Purz. It also named a number of referees that were suspected of having disadvantaged SG Dynamo Dresden and 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, including Klaus-Dieter Stenzel, Wolfgang Henning and Klaus Scheurell.
In the report, the DFV concluded that there had been systematic favoritism towards BFC Dynamo during the 1984-85 season. Zimmermann stated that the hatred of BFC Dynamo was "growing more and more" and that the team's performance was discredited and that the "competition has given up and is no longer even fighting for the championship". The report spoke of "the great damage" that referee bias did to the reputation of BFC Dynamo. Zimmermann called for a suspension of referee Prokop for two international matches and recommended that several referees, including Prokop, Stenzel and Gehard Demme, should no longer be used in matches involving BFC Dynamo, SG Dynamo Dresden and 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig. Zimmermann's report ended up with Egon Krenz, who was a member of the SED Politbüro and the Secretary for Security, Youth and Sport in the SED Central Committee.
The performance of the officials in the final of the 1984–85 FDGB-Pokal between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden on 8 June 1985 sparked great controversy. The DFV and the East German football weekly Die neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) received more than 700 complaints regarding the performance of the referees in the final. Complaints were also sent in considerable numbers to the Department for Sport of the SED Central Committee and to state-television. The performance of the officials in the final resulted in arguments at the top levels of the SED and the East German regime. Politburo member and the chairman of the Free German Trade Union Federation (FDGB) Harry Tisch was so upset about the performance of referee Manfred Roßner in the final that he protested to Erich Mielke and complained that such performance undermined the credibility of the competition. DFV functionaries, as well as Egon Krenz and other SED politicians, became increasingly uneasy about the negative reactions.
The report on the 1984–85 season had already outlined a number of measures to clean up the game. Now,the SED demanded further action. The DFV conducted a video review of the performances of the officials in the final. The analysis concluded that referee Roßner and his two assistants had committed an above-average number of errors during the final. A clear majority of the errors had favored BFC Dynamo. The DFV sanctioned referee Roßner with a ban on matches above the second tier as well as international matches for the coming season. Assistant Klaus Scheurell was in turn de-selected from the first round of the next European cup. Now, Zimmermann also spoke out against the head of the DFV Referee Commission Heinz Einbeck, who was a native of Berlin and a sponsoring member of BFC Dynamo. Hanns Leske writes that the DFV Referee Commission had been dominated by BFC Dynamo and claims that the commission had engaged in "targeted appointment" of always the same "proven referees" for "desired game management".
However, nothing emerged that indicated that referee Roßner had been bought by the Stasi. On the contrary, Roßner claims that he was approached by the DFV Deputy General Secretary Volker Nickchen before the match, who confidentially requested "no BFC-friendly decisions". He was also approached by the incensed DFV Vice President Franz Rydz after the match, who took him to office for his performance with the words: "You can't always go by the book, but have to officiate in a way that placates the Dresden public".
Other officials would also be sanctioned by the DFV in the following months. Referee Reinhard Purz and linesman Günter Supp were questioned for their performances during the controversial match between BFC Dynamo and FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt on the ninth matchday of the 1985-86 DDR-Oberliga on 26 October 1985. BFC Dynamo won the match 2–3. Local and regional SED newspapers remarkably often took a stand against the BFC Dynamo-friendly decisions during the 1984-85 season. The journalist Gerhard Weigel wrote in the local newspaper Das Volk that Purz had made "two match-changing mistakes". According to Weigel, Purz allegedly gave BFC Dynamo an irregular goal and denied FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt a clear penalty. Even BFC Dynamo Coach Jürgen Bogs said after the match that his team did not need such "nature protection". The DFV sanctioned Purz with a ban for the rest of 1985 and Supp with a ban for three match days.
BFC Dynamo President Manfred Kirste sent angry letters to media outlets after the match about reporters he thought fomented anti-BFC sentiments and accused television commentators of failing to correct the "varied eyesight" of the spectators in Erfurt. He also complained: "In the previous weeks, we were rightly criticized for the poor fitness level in our team. Now, when the performances have improved, when the team is playing well and fighting... allegedly 'dubious decisions' by the refereeing collective are being sought out and pushed to the fore!" In a meeting with DFV leadership on 30 October 1985, journalists expressed indignation at Kirstes attempt to influence the press.
The general disillusionment about BFC Dynamo stood at its peak during the 1985–86 season. The DFV was under intense pressure to take action against referees that allegedly favored BFC Dynamo, notably from the Department for Sport of the SED Central Committee under Rudolf Hellmann. One of the most controversial situations occurred during the match between 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig and BFC Dynamo in the 1985-86 DDR-Oberliga on 22 March 1986. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig led the match 1-0 into extra time when BFC Dynamo was awarded a penalty by referee Bernd Stumpf in the 94th minute. Frank Pastor converted the penalty and equalized. The match ended in a 1–1 draw. The episode, which was later known as "The shameful penalty of Leipzig", caused a wave of protests. SED Second Secretary in Bezirk Leipzig Helmut Hackenberg warned the Department for Party Organs of the SED Central Committee that "corrupt referees" were bringing East Germany, the DFV and the clubs of the security organs into disrepute. A report in Junge Welt demanded referees who "do not provide doubtful justice which does harm to our champion team BFC, its reputation acquired by continuous high performance, indeed to each and every player in this team".
SED General Secretary Erich Honecker and Egon Krenz were fed up with the "football question" and the "BFC-discussion". Protests flowed into Krenz's office from outraged citizens and party members at a time when the SED was preparing for its 11th Party Congress. Rudolf Hellmann said: "The referees should lead confidently, especially now before the XI. Party Congress." Honecker wanted quiet. The DFV Presidium and its General Secretary Zimmermann took the opportunity to take action. An example was consequently made of Stumpf and he was eventually sanctioned with a lifetime ban from refereeing. The sanction against Stumpf was approved by Honecker and Krenz in the SED Central Committee.
The DFV Referee Commission was now suspended and entirely re-formed. Two SV Dynamo representatives in the referee commission, Heinz Einbeck and Gerhard Kunze were replaced. Among the new members of the DFV Referee Commission were Rudi Glöckner from Markranstädt and Günter Männig from Böhlen. Glöckner became the new head of the DFV Referee Commission after Einbeck. Both Glöckner and Männig came from the Leipzig area. Former employees within the DFV has testified that, at some point in the 1980s, "all Dynamo people were dropped" and that "everyone who came then were good friends of the chairman of 1. FC Lok Leipzig, Peter Gießner", including the president of the DFV, the general secretary of the DFV and the new head of the DFV Referee Commission: This ended a BFC era. ... The era of 1. FC Lok Leipzig began."
Egon Krenz received all DDR-Oberliga referees in July 1986 and swore them to "pay special attention" to the BFC in the future. East German football weekly FuWo noted controversial refereeing decisions against BFC Dynamo in several matches of the 1986-87 DDR-Oberliga, including situations where BFC Dynamo were denied penalties and where opposing players could well have received a red card but got away with a yellow card, as well as incorrect offline decisions against BFC Dynamo. As an example, during the match between SG Dynamo Dresden and BFC Dynamo on the 16th matchday, the SG Dynamo Dresden defender Frank Lieberam could have received a red card for his action against the BFC Dynamo striker Andreas Thom in the 79th minute, but referee Adolf Prokop hesitated with regard to the "atmosphere" and Lieberam only received a yellow card. SG Dynamo Dresden won the match 3-2. Despite this, BFC Dynamo would still manage to win its ninth consecutive league title at the end of the season.
Bernd Stumpf has continuously denied any role in manipulating matches during the East German era. In 2000, Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR) was eventually able to publish a previously unknown video recording from the league match between 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig and BFC Dynamo on 22 March 1986. The video recording had been filmed by BFC Dynamo for training purposes and showed the controversial situation from a different angle. The video recording showed that penalty was indeed correctly awarded and that the sanction against Stumpf was unjustified. In the video recording, it was possible to see how Hans Richter pushed Bernd Schulz with both hands in the penalty area. In an interview with German newspaper Die Zeit in 2000, Stumpf said: "The people have never understood how this Leipzig game was used by the highest officials in the party and government."
Steffen Karas believes that it should be noted and taken into account that the documents about the 1984-85 season were written at a time when there were documented hard-fought, sports-political power struggles within the SED Politburo, the DTSB and the DFV. Karas points out a number of possible flaws in the DFV report on the 1984-85 season which he believes give the report a somewhat incomplete or one-sided appearance.
The report lists nine matches where BFC Dynamo was allegedly favored. Karas notes that one of the nine matches was a match between the reserve team BFC Dynamo II and SG Dynamo Dresden, which had no significance for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga.
The report listed seven occasions when opposing players had received their third and sixth yellow cards in matches prior to a match against BFC Dynamo and were therefore suspended for the match against BFC Dynamo. Karas shows that 97 players were suspended the 1984-85 DDR-Oberliga, giving an average of 6.97 per team. The number of suspended players against BFC Dynamo (7) was thus not excessive, but rather average.
The authors of the report on the 1984-85 season regularly refer to descriptions in the East German football weekly FuWo. However, the report makes no mention of the controversial refereeing decisions against BFC Dynamo described in FuWo.
Karas raises the question of whether the report may have been prepared for the purpose of legitimizing forthcoming actions? It was not an uncommon occurrence in East Germany. At the time the report was written, the DFV was under political pressure to act against BFC Dynamo. Historians would later also find evidence that other clubs in East Germany also gave special support to referees, especially in the form of valuable gifts.
After German reunification, it became known that referee Adolf Prokop had been a Stasi officer, employed as an officer in special service (OibE), and that several other referees, including Bernd Stumpf, had been unofficial collaborators (IM) of the Stasi. But there is no evidence to show that referees were under direct instructions from the Stasi and no document has ever been found in the archives that gave the Stasi a mandate to bribe referees.
Alan McDougall writes that "the theory that there was a state-sanctioned order to favour the club is shown to be less persuasive than the idea that match officials took preventative action." The benefit of controlling important matches in Western Europe, gifts to wives and other forms of patronage, might have put indirect pressure on referees to take preventative action, in so-called "preemptive obedience", towards BFC Dynamo. In order to pursue an international career, a referee would need a travel permit, which must be confirmed by the Stasi.
The German Football Association (DFB) has concluded that "it emerged after the political transition that Dynamo, as the favorite club of Stasi chief Erich Mielke, received many benefits and in case of doubt, mild pressure was applied in its favor". However, McDoguall asks: "If the Stasi was so powerful, why did Mielke wait so long to flex his muscles? If match officials always practised 'pre-emptive obedience' towards BFC, why did it bear fruit only after 1978?" Adolf Prokop protests against having ever manipulated manipulated matches. He was never banned from refereeing. Prokop said in an interview with German newspaper Die Tageszeitung in 2015 that no East German referee went into a match "subjectively just to postpone it" and pointed out that that top teams are viewed with skepticism. Prokop claims that he never received threatening letters from angry fans. He was still invited to nostalgia matches for the East Germany national football team in the 2010s.
The picture that the success of BFC Dynamo relied upon referee bias is dismissed by ex-coach Jürgen Bogs, ex-goalkeeper Bodo Rudwaleit, ex-forward Thom and others associated with the club. Some of them admit that there might have been cases of referee bias. But they insist that it was the thoroughness of their youth work and the quality of their play that earned them their titles. Bogs said in an interview with Frankfurter Rundschau: "You cannot postpone 26 matches in one season in the DDR-Oberliga. At that time we had the best football team". Bogs cites a team with strong footballers and modern training methods as the main reasons for the winning streak. The club performed things such as heart rate and lactate measurements during training, which only came to the Bundesliga many years later. Bogs also worked with video evaluations during his period as coach of BFC Dynamo, which was not yet common in East Germany. Bodo Rudwaleit said in an interview with Die Zeit: "We were a great team. We went out and wanted to show those assholes. It usually worked too. And then mass hysteria: Cheating! BFC referee! Although, with some decisions, I do remember thinking, 'My God! Is that really necessary?' But really, it didn't matter how the referee did, everything was blown out of proportion with us. No one gave me a title, I've worked hard, people should think what they want. What I know, I know all for myself, and that's enough." Jörn Lenz said in an interview with CNN: "Maybe we had a small bonus in the back of referees' minds, in terms of them taking decisions in a more relaxed way in some situations than if they'd been somewhere else, but one can't say it was all manipulated. You can't manipulate 10 league titles. We had the best team in terms of skill, fitness and mentality. We had exceptional players". Also, former referee Bernd Heynemann, who has testified that he was once greeted in person by Mielke in the locker room at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark, said in an interview with the Leipziger Volkszeitung in 2017: "The BFC is not ten times champions because the referees only whistled for Dynamo. They were already strong as a bear".
South African-British author Simon Kuper writes in his book "Football Against the Enemy" that "Dynamo won lots of matches with penalties in the 95th minute." However, Kuper provides no statistics to support his claim. German author Steffen Karas calculates in his Book "66 Jahre BFC Dynamo - Auswärts mit 'nem Bus" that it was actually twice as common for opposing teams to score a match-deciding goal in the 86th minute or later in their wins or draws against BFC Dynamo, during the ten seasons when BFC Dynamo won the DDR-Oberliga than it was for BFC Dynamo in its wins or draws during the same period. Karas claims that BFC Dynamo only scored nine match-deciding goals in the 86th minute or later, in the 218 matches it won or drew during its ten championship years. Only one of those goals came from a penalty. That penalty was the controversial penalty against 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig in the 1985-86 DDR-Oberliga on 22 March 1986, which was later proven to be correct.
Although rumours about match manipulation in favor of BFC Dynamo could never be completely dispelled, it is a fact that BFC Dynamo achieved its sporting success much on the basis of its successful youth work. Its youth work during the East German era is still recognized today. Supported by numerous training centers (TZ) of SV Dynamo, the club was able to filter the best talent through nationwide screening and train them in its youth academy. The youth academy had full-time trainers employed for every age group. The top performers of BFC Dynamo in the 1980s came mainly through its own youth teams, such as Frank Terletzki, Hans-Jürgen Riediger, Norbert Trieloff, Bodo Rudwaleit, Artur Ullrich, Rainer Ernst, Bernd Schulz, Christian Backs, Frank Rohde and Andreas Thom. These players influenced the team for years.
In his book "Football Against the Enemy", Simon Kuper also writes that "Mielke loved his club, and made all the best player in the GDR play for it." However, BFC Dynamo recruited fewer established players from the other teams in the DDR-Oberliga than what other clubs did, such as SG Dynamo Dresden and FC Carl Zeiss Jena. Steffen Karas calculates in his book "66 Jahre BFC Dynamo - Auswärts mit 'nem Bus" that five of the top 10 delegations in the DDR-Oberliga instead involved FC Carl Zeiss Jena. Only a fifth of the players who won the ten championships with BFC Dynamo were older than 18 years when they joined the club, and those players came from teams that had been relegated from the DDR-Oberliga or the DDR-Liga. The only major transfers to BFC Dynamo from other clubs during its most successful period in the 1980s were Frank Pastor from then-relegated HFC Chemie in 1984 and Thomas Doll from then-relegated FC Hansa Rostock in 1986. Both came from clubs that had been relegated from the DDR-Oberliga. These transfers would often be labeled delegations by supporters of other teams, but Doll left Hansa Rostock to ensure a chance to play for the national team. He had the opportunity to choose between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden but wanted to go to Berlin to be able to stay close to his family and because he already knew players in BFC Dynamo from the national youth teams.
Last titles in East Germany (1986–1989)
Renewed competition in the league (1986–1987)
The team made a friendly tour to Sweden in August 1986, where it played a number of matches against local teams, including the former opponent from the 1971-72 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, Åtvidabergs FF.
BFC Dynamo moved its home matches to the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum for the 1986–87 season, as the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was to be redeveloped. The stadium now had a capacity of 15,000 spectators. Frank Rohde was the new team captain for the 1986–87 season. Jörg Fügner would be used as a regular player during the season. The team was also joined by 20-year-old forward Thomas Doll from F.C. Hansa Rostock. F.C. Hansa Rostock had been relegated to the second tier DDR-Liga after the 1985-86 DDR-Oberliga. Doll and Andreas Thom would form one of the most effective attacking duos in East German football in the late 1980s.
BFC Dynamo opened the 1986-87 DDR-Oberliga with a 4–1 win over FC Vorwärts Frankfurt in front of 12,000 spectators at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 16 August 1986. The team was in first place in the league after the fourth matchday. BFC Dynamo then met local rival 1. FC Union Berlin in the fifth matchday on 13 September 1986. BFC Dynamo won the derby with a massive 8–1 in front of 20,000 spectators at the Stadium der Weltjugend on 13 September 1986. Both Thomas Doll and Burkhard Reich scored their first goals for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga in the derby. BFC Dynamo qualified for the 1986-87 European Cup as the winners of the 1985-86 DDR-Oberliga. The team was drawn against the Swedish side Örgryte IS from Gothenburg in the first round. The first leg ended 2–3 for BFC Dynamo away at Nya Ullevi on 17 September 1986. Frank Pastor, Andreas Thom and Thomas Doll scored one goal each in the match. The return leg was played at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 1 October 1986. BFC Dynamo defeated Örgryte IS 4–1 in front of 15,000 spectators and advanced to the second round. The team then met third-placed 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig at home in the seventh matchday on 4 October
1986. BFC Dynamo lost the match 0–1. BFC Dynamo thus slipped down to second place in the table, while 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig became the new leader. The East Germany U19 team won the 1986 UEFA European Under-18 Championship, after defeating Italy 3-1 in the final on 15 October 1986. BFC Dynamo was represented by two youth players in the squad: Marco Köller and Hendrik Herzog. BFC Dynamo came back from the defeat against 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig with a clear 4–0 win at home over third-placed FC Carl Zeiss Jena on the following matchday on 18 October 1986. 17-year-old midfielder Marco Köller made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga in the match against FC Carl Zeiss Jena, as a substitute for Frank Pastor. Köller would make a number of appearances with the first team of BFC Dynamo during the season.
BFC Dynamo was drawn against the Danish side Brøndby IF in the second round of the 1986-87 European Cup. The first leg was played at Brøndby Stadion on 22 October 1986. BFC Dynamo lost the match 2–1. The team then defeated BSG Fortschritt Bischofswerda 4–0 on the ninth matchday on 1 November 1986. Christian Backs scored three goals and Thomas Doll one goal in the match. BFC Dynamo was thus able to recapature the first place in the league, as 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig had lost 2–1 away against FC Karl-Marx-Stadt at the same time. The return leg against Brøndby IF was played in front of 11,000 spectators at Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 6 November 1986. Kim Vilfort managed to make it 0-1 for Brøndby IF already in the 7th minute. Rainer Ernst equalized to 1–1 in the 12th minute. BFC Dynamo then had a number of chances to score, but without success. The match eventually ended in a 1–1 draw and BFC Dynamo was thus eliminated from the competition. BFC Dynamo then met BSG Chemie Böhlen from the second tier DDR-Liga Staffel B in the Second round of the 1986-87 FDGB-Pokal. The team lost 0–1. It was the first time since the 1965-66 FDGB-Pokal that the team had not advanced further than the second round of the cup. BFC Dynamo defeated 1. FC Magdeburg 1–3 away on the tenth matchday on 12 November 1986. The team would win also the remaining matches before the winter break. BFC Dynamo finished the first half of the season in first place, two points ahead of second-placed 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig.
BFC Dynamo met FC Vorwärts Frankfurt away on the 14th matchday on 28 February 1987. The match ended in a 1–1 draw. The 17-year-old defender Hendrik Herzog from the youth department made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the match against FC Vorwärts Frankfurt. BFC Dynamo met SG Dynamo Dresden away on the 16th matchday on 14 March 1987. Thomas Doll made it 0–1 to BFC Dynamo in the 12th minute. Ulf Kirsten, Matthias Döschner and Ralf Minge then scored three goals for SG Dynamo Dresden. Frank Pastor made it 3–2 in the 71st minute. The match ended 3–2 for SG Dynamo Dresden. BFC Dynamo was now on the same number of points as second-placed 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig. The team met 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig was away on the 20th matchday on 11 April 1987. Both teams still had the same number of points. BFC Dynamo defeated 1. FC Lokomotiv Leipzig 1–3 in front of 22,000 spectators at the Bruno-Plache-Stadion. The team followed up the win against 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig with a 3–1 win against FC Carl Zeiss Jena on the 21st matchday in front of 10,000 spectators at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 18 April 1987. Tomas Doll, Andreas Thom and Frank Pastor scored one goal each in the match. FC Carl Zeiss Jena had only managed to take one point from BFC Dynamo in East Berlin over the last ten years. The team then met 1. FC Magdeburg at home on the 23rd matchday on 9 May 1985. BFC Dynamo won the match 2–1 in front of 12,000 spectators at Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum. Doll and Thom scored the goals for BFC Dynamo. BFC Dynamo then defeated BSG Stahl Brandeburg 0–1 away on the 24th matchday 16 May 1987. The team was thus able to extend the lead in the league, as both SG Dynamo Dresden and 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig played draws at the same time. BFC Dynamo then secured the league title with a 0–1 win over BSG Energie Cottbus on the 25th matchday in front of 13,600 spectators at the Stadion der Freundschaft on 23 May 1987. Rainer Ernst scored the winning goal for BFC Dynamo. The team eventually finished 1986-87 DDR-Oberliga 6 points ahead of second-placed SG Dynamo Dresden and eight points ahead of third-placed 1. FC Lokomotive Leipizig. The league title was the club's ninth consecutive league title. BFC Dynamo had won 79.91 percent of all possible points in the DDR-Oberliga between 1979 and 1987. Frank Pastor became the top goal scorer in the 1986-87 DDR-Oberliga with 17 goals.
The Double (1987–1988)
BFC Dynamo returned to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark for the 1987–88 season. The stadium now had a completely new four-storey grandstand, a roof over the side opposite the main stand () and new floodlight masts. Marco Köller would make recurring appearances with the first team during the season. BFC Dynamo opened the 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga with a 2–1 win over 1. FC Magdeburg in front of 14,000 spectators at Fredrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. Thomas Doll and Frank Pastor scored one goal each in the match. The team then defeated 1. FC Union Berlin 0–4 in the second matchday on 15 August 1987. BFC Dynamo had now captured first place in the league. The team then defeated F.C. Hansa Rostock 4–0 away on the fifth matchday on 5 September 1987. Andreas Thom scored two goals in the match. BFC Dynamo then met FC Carl Zeiss Jena at home on the sixth matchday on 9 September 1987. The team won the match with a massive 5–0. Andreas Thom scored the first three goals for BFC Dynamo in the match.
BFC Dynamo qualified for the 1987-88 European Cup as winners of the 1986-87 DDR-Oberliga. The team was drawn against the French champions FC Girondins de Bordeaux in the first round. The first leg was played in front of 30,000 spectators at the Stade Chaban-Delmas on 16 September 1987. The score was 0-0 after halftime. Dominique Bijotat then made it 1-0 for Bordeaux from an offside position in the 47th minute. Jean-Marc Ferreri then made it 2–0 for Bordeaux in the 58th minute. BFC Dynamo eventually lost the match 2–0. The team would face a very difficult task in the return leg. The team then met SG Dynamo Dresden away on the seventh matchday on 26 September 1987. BFC Dynamo lost the match by 1–3. It was the team's first loss of the league season. The return leg against FC Girondins de Bordeaux was played in front of 20,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 30 September 1987. BFC Dynamo lost also the return leg 0-2 and was eliminated from the tournament. BFC Dynamo played a 2–2 draw away against HFC Chemie on the 9th matchday and then a 3–3 draw at home against FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt on the tenth matchday. Second-placed 1. FC Lokomotive was thus able to close the gap in the league. Long-time defender Norbert Trieloff was transferred to 1. FC Union Berlin in November 1987. Trieloff had made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga in 1974 and had played in a total of 329 matches for the team. BFC Dynamo met fourth-placed FC Karl-Marx-Stadt away in the 11th match on 21 November 1987. The team won the match 2–4. BFC Dynamo then met the reserve team BFC Dynamo II in the round of 16 in the 1987-88 FDGB-Pokal on 28 November 1987. The match ended 3–2 for BFC Dynamo. 21-year-old forward Dirk Anders scored both goals for the reserve team in the match. Anders had made his debut with the first team of BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga at home against FC Karl-Marx-Stadt on the last matchday of the 1986-87 DDR-Oberliga. He would now make a number of appearances with the first team. Anders would be included in the starting line-up already in the upcoming match at home against BSG Wismut Aue on the 12th matchday on 5 December 1987. BFC Dynamo finished the first half of the season in first place. However, the team had the same number of points as second-placed 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig only led the league on a better goal difference. Andreas Thom was the best goalscorer in the league by a wide margin during the first half of the league season. He had scored 14 goals in 13 matches.
The second half of the season would be a tight race between BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig until the end. The lead in the league would change several times between BFC Dynamo, SG Dynamo Dresden and 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig. BFC Dynamo met 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig home on the 16th matchday on 12 March 1988. The team lost the match 0–2. Hans-Jörg Leitzke and Matthias Zimmerling scored the two goals for 1. FC Lokomotive Lepzig. However, BFC Dynamo was still in first place in the league through better goal difference. Both BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Lolomotive Leipzig had had their return matches against 1. FC Magdeburg from the 14th and 15th matchdays postponed. BFC Dynamo played its match away against 1. FC Magdeburg from the 14th matchday on 15 March 1988. Dirk Anders made it 0-1 for BFC Dynamo in the 16th minute, but Damian Halata equalized for 1. FC Magdeburg was on a penalty in the 17th minute. Halata then made it 2–1 to 1. FC Magdeburg in the 87th minute. BFC Dynamo eventually lost the match 2–1. The team then played a 0–0 draw away against BSG Stahl Brandeburg on the 17th matchday on 19 March 1988. SG Dynamo Dresden could now take over the lead in the league. BFC Dynamo then defeated F.C. Hansa Rostock 5–1 on the 18th matchday on 26 March 1988. Burkhard Reich scored two goals for BFC Dynamo in the match. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig played a 1–1 draw against SG Dynamo Dresden on the 18th matchday. BFC Dynamo was thus able to recapture the first place in the league, but had the same number of points as second-placed SG Dynamo Dresden and was only one point ahead of third-placed 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig. However, 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig had still not played its return match against 1. FC Magdeburg from the 15th matchday. BFC Dynamo then had its against FC Carl Zeiss Jena away on the 19th matchday postponed. SG Dynamo Dresden could thus again take over the lead in the league, after a 2–0 win over F.C. Hansa Rostock on the 19th matchday. BFC Dynamo then met rival SG Dynamo Dresden at home on the 20th matchday on 6 April 1988. The team won the match 1–0 in front of 24,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. The winning goal was scored by Andreas Thom. BFC Dynamo was now again in first place. Both 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig and SG Dynamo Dresden lost points on the 21st matchday. BFC Dynamo was now one point ahead of 1. FC Lokomtive Leizpig. Both BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Lokomtive Leipzig then played their previously postponed matches on 19 April 1988. BFC Dynamo defeated FC Carl Zeiss Jena 2–3 away in its match from the 19th matchday, while 1. FC Lokomotiv Leipzig defeated 1. FC Magdeburg by 3–1 at home in its match from the 15th matchday. BFC Dynamo then lost 2–3 at home to HFC Chemie on the 22nd matchday on 23 April 1988. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig could now take over the lead in the league. However, BFC Dynamo recaptured first place already in the following matchday. But the team again had the same number of points as second-placed 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig and only led the league on better goal difference.
BFC Dynamo reached the semi-finals of the 1987-88 FDGB-Pokal. The team was drawn against F.C. Hansa Rostock. The semi-final was played at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 18 May 1988. BFC Dynamo won the match 4-0 and advanced to the final. Burkhard Reich, Rainer Ernst, Andreas Thom and Eike Küttner scored one goal each in the match. BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig again had the same number of points before the last matchday. BFC Dynamo had a goal difference of 28, while 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig had a goal difference of 19. BFC Dynamo met 11th-placed FC Vorwärts Frankfurt at home on the 26th matchday on 28 May 1988. FC Vorwärts Frankfurt was only one point from the relegation zone and would have to fight for its place in the DDR-Oberliga. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig met tenth-placed FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt. Also, FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt was at risk of relegation. Heiko Scholz scored 1-0 for 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig in the 19th minute. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig was practically the new East German champion at this point. Burkhard Reich then finally scored 1–0 for BFC Dynamo with a header in the 36th minute. BFC Dynamo eventually won the match 1–0 in front of 7,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig defeated FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt 3–1, but it was not enough. BFC Dynamo finished with a better goal difference and thus captured its tenth consecutive league title. Andreas Thom became the top goal scorer in the 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga with 20 goals. BFC Dynamo was then set to play the final of the 1987-88 FDGB-Pokal. The team would face FC Carl-Zeiss Jena. The final was played in front of 40,000 spectators at Stadion der Weltjugend on 4 June 1988. The score was 0-0 after full-time. Thomas Doll and Michael Schulz then scored two goals for BFC Dynamo in overtime. The team eventually won the match 2–0. BFC Dynamo had thus finally won the Double, becoming the second team in the history of East German football after SG Dynamo Dresden to win the Double. Andreas Thom had become the player of the week six times in the 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga and was eventually voted the 1988 East German footballer of the year. Peter Kaehlitz was transferred to SG Dynamo Fürstenwalde, Marco Kostmann left for F.C. Hansa Rostock and Heiko Brestrich left for BSG Stahl Brandenburg after the season.
Disaster in Bremen (1988)
Long-time club president Manfred Kirste was replaced before the 1988–89 season. Kirste had served as president since the club's founding in 1966. Herbert Krafft became the new club president. Krafft had a background in the Volkspolizei. The team was joined by young goalkeeper Oskar Kosche from SG Dynamo Fürstenwalde for the 1988–89 season. Kosche also had a background in the youth department of BFC Dynamo. Young defender Hendrik Herzog would also make recurring appearances with the first team during the season. BFC Dynamo started the 1988-89 DDR-Oberliga with three draws. The team played a 2–2 draw at home against HFC Chemie in the opening match, a 2-2 draw away against BSG Wismut Aue in the second matchday and then a 1–1 draw against 1. FC Union Berlin on the third matchday. The team captured its first win of the league season on the fourth matchday, with a 2–6 win away against FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt on 2 September 1988. Andreas Thom scored two goals, Frank Pastor two goals, Rainer Ernst one goal and Dirk Anders one goal in the match. The team was now in fifth place in the league.
BFC Dynamo qualified for the 1988-89 European Cup as winners of the 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga. The team was drawn against the West German champion SV Werder Bremen in the first round. The first leg was played in front of 24,000 spectators at Friedrich-Jahn-Sportpark on 6 September 1988. Among the spectators were Erich Mieke and SED First Secretary in East Berlin Günter Schabowski, and among the guests was former West German Chancellor Willy Brandt. Thomas Doll made it 1-0 for BFC Dynamo in the 16th minute of the match. Andreas Thom and Frank Pastor then scored two more goals in the second half. BFC Dynamo sensationally defeated SV Werder Bremen 3–0. Goalkeeper Bodo Rudwaleit was a match hero for BFC Dynamo with numerous saves. BFC Dynamo then played a 1–1 draw away against 1. FC Magdeburg on the fifth matchday on 17 September 1988. The team then met the first-placed SG Dynamo Dresden away on the sixth matchday on 25 September 1988. The score was 0-0 after the first half. Andreas Trautmann and Ulf Kirsten then scored two goals in quick succession for SG Dynamo Dresden. Eike Küttner made it 2–1 in the 63rd minute. but BFC Dynamo failed to equalize. SG Dynamo Dresden won the match 2–1. BFC Dynamo was then set to play the return leg against SV Werner Bremen in the first round of the 1988-89 European Cup. The match was played at the Weser-Stadion on 11 October 1988. SV Werner Bremen would come to dominate the match. BFC Dynamo sensationally lost 5-0 and was eliminated on goal difference. The return leg would become known as "The Second Miracle on the Weser". Andreas Thom stated afterwards: "I can not get worse than this". Coach Jürgen Bogs summoned up: "That here, was total shit".
It has been rumoured that doping might explain the surprising results in the meeting. Researcher Giselher Spitzer claims that players of BFC Dynamo had been given amphetamines before the first leg. The Stasi allegedly did not want to take this risk in the return leg in Bremen for fear of control. However, a more likely explanation for the surprising loss in Bremen is that the players of BFC Dynamo could not cope with the tremendous media pressure following their home win. Roles had changed during the five-week-long break before the return leg. BFC Dynamo was pushed into the role of favorites, while Werder Bremen was given enough time to build motivation. The match had high political significance: Mielke had made it clear to the team before the return leg that "this was about beating the class enemy". Frank Rohde has said: "You have to consider history, actually, we could only loose". Goalkeeper Rudwaleit conceded that it was a "mental thing". The Stasi also had its explanation for the defeat in Bremen. The Stasi claimed that the main reason for the defeat was that "the team was not morally and ideologically prepared for the match" and "did not have a functioning management that met all the requirements for a stay in Bremen".
Players of BFC Dynamo had apparently also been distracted from their match-day preparations by shopping opportunities. Bogs wanted to travel to Bremen two days in advance. This was denied by the Stasi and the player bus was only allowed to leave East Berlin on Monday morning. The player bus then got stuck in West German morning traffic. Instead of arriving at around 12:00 PM, the bus arrived at 3:00 PM in Bremen. The schedule of Bogs could no longer be held, so the planned shopping tour the day before the match was allegedly cancelled. Werder Bremen Manager Willi Lemke allegedly stopped by the hotel and instead offered a shopping spree for the next day, where players of BFC Dynamo were given the opportunity to buy West German consumer goods at a "Werder discount". Some sources suggest that he actually organized a sale at the player hotel where all kinds of goods were sold. According to Bogs, the player bus was completely stocked up with home appliances, televisions and consumer electronics when it arrived at the Weser-Stadion 90 minutes before kick-off. There are allegations that this was purposely done by Lemke for players of BFC Dynamo to lose their concentration. However, the versions of those involved differ. Frank Rohde has many years later claimed that what has been said about the match over the years is "complete nonsense" and that "the process was the same as always with the European Cup". Bogs was forced to justify himself to the DFV the day after the defeat and would receive a reprimand. BFC Dynamo won the next match 5–1 at home against FC Karl-Marx-Stadt on the ninth matchday on 22 October 1988. Bogs has described the defeat in Bremen as the most spectacular defeat in his career, but not his most bitter. He claims that his most bitter defeat was the 4–1 defeat to Red Star Belgrade on stoppage time in the first round of the 1978–79 UEFA Cup.
Decline in the league and last titles in East Germany (1988–1989)
BFC Dynamo lost more important points to its league rivals towards the end of the autumn. The team met 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig at home on the tenth matchday on 4 November 1988. BFC Dynamo lost the match 0-2 and conceded its second loss of the league season. The team defeated tenth-placed BSG Energie Cottbus 0–2 away on the following matchday, but then played a 1–1 draw against FC Carl Zeiss Jena at home on the 12th matchday. Young defender Jens-Uwe Zöphel from the youth department made his debut in the DDR-Oberliga in the match against FC Carl Zeiss Jena. BFC Dynamo then met F.C. Hansa Rostock away on the last matchday before the winter break on 3 December 1988. F.C. Hansa Rostock was coached by former BFC Dynamo player Werner Voigt at the time. BFC Dynamo lost the match 1–0. The team finished the first half of the season in fourth place, a full nine points behind first-placed SG Dynamo Dresden. It was the club's worst mid-seasonal result in 14 years. The team had played five draws and conceded three losses in the first 13 matches of the league season. Frank Pastor was the best goal scorer of BFC Dynamo in the league during the first half of the season with six goals. The last season's league top goal scorer Andreas Thom scored five goals. BFC Dynamo met 1. FC Union Berlin in the quarter-finals of the 1988-89 FDGB-Pokal. The match was played in front in front of 20,000 spectators at the Stadion an der Alten Försterei on 10 December 1988. Eike Küttner scored 0-1 for BFC Dynamo already in the first match minute. BFC Dynamo eventually won the match 0-2 and advanced to the semi-finals. Fans of 1. FC Union Berlin chanted racist slogans during the match, such as "Jewish pigs!". Andreas Belka left for BSG Energie Cottbus and Thomas Grether for 1. FC Union Berlin during the winter break. Coach Jürgen Bogs and Assistant coach Joachim Hall were called up to the Central Management Office () (BdZL) of SV Dynamo on 15 January 1989. Hall was immediately released from his duties, while Bogs was allowed to remain as coach for the rest of the season.
The average home attendance had dropped from 15,000 to less than 9,000 during the club's most successful years in the 1980s. Ordinary fans feared the Stasi and had become disillusioned with political interference. Particularly aggravating were the restrictions on ticket sales that the Stasi imposed at international matches for political reasons. Only a small number of tickets have been allowed for ordinary fans during European Cup matches against opponents such as Hamburger SV and SV Werder Bremen. The vast majority of the tickets had instead been allocated to a politically hand-picked audience. BFC Dynamo had also seen the emergence of a well-organized hooligan scene in the 1980s. The development was partly a response to the increasing state repression against the supporter scene. The Stasi had tried to control the supporter scene with a broad catalogue of repressive measures. The supporter scene had been increasingly associated with skinheads and far-right tendencies since the mid-1980s. Right-wing slogans and fascist chants were considered the most challenging forms of provocations, as anti-fascism was one of the founding myths of the East German regime. For young people, being a Nazi was sometimes considered the sharpest form of opposition. However, instances of Nazi provocations did not necessarily reflect genuine political convictions. At least some part of the "drift to the right" among East German youth during the 1980s was rooted in a desire to position oneself wherever the state was not. One fan of BFC Dynamo said: "None of us really knew anything about politics. But to raise your arm in front of the Volkspolizei was a real kick. You did that and for some of them, their whole world just fell apart".
Jens-Uwe Zöphel would make recurring appearances with the first team during the second half of the 1988-89 season. The results in the league would improve after the winter break. The team defeated HFC Chemie 1–4 away on the 14th matchday on 24 February 1989. BFC Dynamo now climbed to second place in the league. The team then defeated BSG Wismut Aue 2–1 at home on the 15th matchday on 4 March 1989. BFC Dynamo was drawn against FC Rot-Weiß Erfurtin in the semi-finals of the 1988-89 FDGB-Pokal. BFC Dynamo won the semi-final 6–1 in front of 7,500 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 11 March 1989. Six players of BFC Dynamo scored one goal each in the match, including Zöphel, who scored the 5-0 goal. BFC Dynamo then defeated local rival 1. FC Union Berlin 3–2 on the 16th matchday on the 18 March 1989. 1. FC Union Berlin fielded four former BFC Dynamo players in the starting eleven: Olaf Seier, Thomas Grether, Mario Maek and Norbert Trieloff. The team then met FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt at home on the 17th matchday on 25 March 1989. FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt got a revenge for the semi-final of the FDGB-final and won the match 1–2. BFC Dynamo was then set to play FC Karl-Marx-Stadt in the final of the 1989-89 FDGB-Pokal. The final was played in front of 35,000 spectators at the Stadion der Weltjugend on 1 April 1989. BFC Dynamo was a clear favorite with three national team players in the squad. The score was 0–0 at the half-break. Andreas Thom then made it 1–0 to BFC Dynamo in the 57th minute. BFC Dynamo eventually won the final 1-0 and thus won its third cup title.
BFC Dynamo met first-placed SG Dynamo Dresden at home on the 19th matchday on 19 April 1989. BFC Dynamo was now in third place in the league, seven points behind SG Dynamo Dresden. Ulf Kirsten made it 0–1 to SG Dynamo Dresden in the 31st match minute, but Eike Küttner equalized 1–1 in the 56th match minute. The match eventually ended 1–1 in front of 18,500 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. The opportunity to defend the league title was now practically lost. BFC Dynamo then lost 2–1 away to FC Karl-Marx-Stadt on the 22nd matchday and then 2–4 at home to 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig on the 23rd matchday. SG Dynamo Dresden won the league title on the 23rd matchday, thus breaking BFC Dynamo's ten-year-long dominance in the league. BFC Dynamo was now in third place in the league, nine points behind the new champion SG Dynamo Dresden. BFC Dynamo then played 1–1 against BSG Energie Cottbus on the 24th matchday on 24 May 1989. The team could thus climb to second place in the league, as F.C. Hansa Rostock lost 3–0 away against BSG Stahl Brandenburg at the same time. Young midielder Jörn Lenz from the youth department made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga in the match against BSG Energie Cottbus. Lenz had made his debut with the first team of BFC Dynamo in the first round of the 1988–89 FDGB-Pokal against BSG Energie Cottbus II on 9 September 1988. BFC Dynamo then defeated FC Carl Zeiss Jena 0–1 away on the 24th matchday. The team finally met third-placed F.C. Hansa Rostock on the last matchday on 3 June 1989. F.C. Hansa Rostock was only one point behind in the league. BFC Dynamo won the match 4–0 in front of 9,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. The team thus finished the 1988-89 DDR-Oberliga in second place. Andreas Thom and Thomas Doll became the top scorers for BFC Dynamo in the league with 13 goals each. Michael Schulz left for BSG Stahl Henningsdorf after the season.
With the performance of the team declining in the 1988–89 season and the attendance number continuing to fall, the Central Audit Commission at the Central Management Office (BdZL) of SV Dynamo was authorized by SV Dynamo President Erich Mielke to investigate the club. The Central Management Office had been aggrieved that the special position of the club had enabled it to escape its control. The commission now used the inquiry as an opportunity to cut the overmighty organization down to size. The commission was critical of the inefficient use of resources, materialism, low motivation and lack of political-ideological education of players. As a solution, the Central Management Office assumed full responsibility for the material, political and financial management of the club by mid-1989. Former player Michael Noack would later complain that BFC Dynamo had suffered from triple management: the DFV, the Central Management Office (BdZL) of SV Dynamo and the Stasi, whereby a minority had ruled over the club.
Jürgen Bogs was replaced as coach after the 1988–89 season. Helmut Jäschke became the new coach. Jäschke had previously served as a coach of the reserve team BFC Dynamo II. Helmut Koch became the assistant coach of Jäschke. Bogs would later instead take on the role of "head coach" () in the club, which was a managerial role in the club at the time. The team was joined by attacking midfielder Heiko Bonan from 1. FC Magdeburg and defender Jörg Buder from the reserve team for the 1989–90 season. A DFV resolution in 1989 had stipulated that a team qualified for a Euopean competition had the right to sign a player from a now-qualified team for a period of at least half a year. As a result of the egulation, Bonan joined BFC Dynamo. Other players signed on the same basis were Damian Halata from 1. FC Magdeburg to 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, Andreas Wagenhaus from Hallescher FC Chemie to SG Dynamo Dresden and Uwe Kirchner and Detlef Schößler from 1. FC Magdeburg to SG Dynamo Dresden. As the winner of the 1988-89 FDGB-Pokal, BFC Dynamo was set to play the DFV-Supercup against league champions SG Dynamo Dresden. It was the first edition of the DFV-Supercup. The match was played in front of 22,348 spectators at the Stadion der Freundschaft in Cottbus on 5 August 1989. SED Politburo and Central Committee members Egon Krenz and Erich Mielke, the Head of the Department for Sport of the SED Central Committee Rudolf Hellmann and the DTSB First Vice President Horst Röder were among the spectators. Bernd Schulz made it 1-0 for BFC Dynamo in the 31st minute. Thomas Doll then scored two goals for BFC Dynamo in the middle of the second half. The score was 4–0 for BFC Dynamo at the end of the match. Matthias Sammer then scored one goal for SG Dynamo Dresden in the 87th minute. BFC Dynamo eventually won the match 4-1 and captured the title. BFC Dynamo would eventually be the first and only winner of the DFV-Supercup in the history of East German football.
See also
History of Berliner FC Dynamo (1954–1978)
History of Berliner FC Dynamo (1989–2004)
History of Berliner FC Dynamo (2004–present)
Explanatory notes
References
History (1978-1989)
History of association football by club
History of football in Germany
Dynamo Berlin 1978 |
Clania is a genus of moths belonging to the family Psychidae.
The species of this genus are found in Souteastern Asia and Australia.
Species:
Clania antrami
Clania guineensis
Clania ignobilis
Clania lewinii
Clania licheniphilus
Clania neocaledonica
Clania variegata
Clania yamorkinei
References
Psychidae
Psychidae genera |
Jorge Muscia (born March 6, 1958, in Buenos Aires) is a plastic artist and ‘fileteado’ instructor with over 30 years of experience in his field. Muscia, also known as the Fileteador of Tango, distinguishes himself for being a force in the revival of this old style of painting and for being a renowned instructor and promoter of the art of the filete in Argentina and the world.
Regarding his work, both tango [Jorge Muscia , pintor y escultor, ha realizado una amplísima obra, también en Europa, ya considerado verdadero Maestro de este arte hermano plástico del Tango. Horacio Ferrer, poeta e historiador, para Oratorio Carlos Gardel, 1990.] historians as well as art ['El fileteado sacó carta de ciudadanía Argentina en el Abasto porteño. Allí se subió a carros, camiones y colectivos hasta llegar al museo. Jorge Muscia es responsible de este ingreso triunfal que tiene pocos antecedentes de reconocimiento similares...Ana Batistozzi, critica de arte. Nota “Ciudadano Argentino", diario Clarín'', suplemento de arte, 16 de septiembre de 1995.]critics hail him as one of the most notable heirs of this popular Argentine painting tradition.
Index
Academic Studies
He started studying painting and sculpture in 1976 at the National School of Fine Arts in Argentina, specializing in fileteado porteño (Buenos Aires’ fileteado style) with filete master teacher León Untroib.
He also studied diverse international popular arts and ornamental styles, and since 1989 started conducting extensive research in art styles in Italy, Spain, France, England, United States, Mexico, Russia and China.
Tango and fileteado
Tango and fileteado are closely related, therefore Muscia participated in several projects where both art forms intersected; he was also a pioneer in integrating the fileteado art into areas in which this type of art had not been seen before.
Due to his commendable contribution to Buenos Aires's popular arts, he was appointed Head Professor at the Academia Nacional del Tango de la República Argentina [Argentina's National Tango Academy], position which he has continuously held since 1990.
Teaching and publications
In 1995 Muscia publishes "El Filete Porteño, Arte Popular de Buenos Aires", [The filete porteño: Popular Buenos Aires Art ] Spanish-English Edition. This was the first fileteado instruction book published and it was launched simultaneously in Argentina and in The US. This book was sponsored by the Fondo Nacional de las Artes [National Arts Fund] and by the National Tango Academy of the Argentine Republic, and it was declared by the Buenos Aires City Council as a book of cultural relevance. (Regulation 49.554. 1995). Since the 1980s and to this date, Muscia has held seminars, conferences, lectures, demonstrations, exhibits, and has appeared in newspaper articles and TV segments with the purpose of promoting the fileteado art in Argentina and the world. Since 1995 he has been a professor at the Liceo Superior del Tango [Superior Tango Academy] in the course "El Tango y las artes plásticas" [Tango and Plastic Arts].
In the art field
He has presented individual and collective exhibits in Argentina. Since 1984 and sponsored by the Chancellorship of Argentina, he has exhibited his work in art galleries and cultural centers in Europe –London, Berlin, Barcelona, Toulouse, among others, and in Mexico and The US, a fact which according to critics has helped to legitimize the fileteado as a means of artistic expression.
He has received several awards, including a Scholarship of the Fundacion Antorchas for Artistic Creativity (1992) for his Project Tótems Porteños (Resignificación del Obelisco de Buenos Aires). [Porteño Totem, reinterpretation of the Buenos Aires Obelisc]
His works may be found in many prívate collections in Argentina and the world, and in several museums, amongst which we may mention: Museo de la Ciudad [City's Museum], Museo Manoblanca [Manoblanca Museum], Museo Cultural del Tango [Tango Culture Museum], Museo Mujica Lainez [Mujica Lainez Museum], Museo Agustín Lara [Agustin Lara Museum], Museo Mundial del Tango [World Tango Museum], Mairie de Toulouse Museum, Museo Expo Shanghai [Expo Shanghai Museum], Museo Pallarols [Pallarols Museum], etc.
In the last few years he has also done body art painting performances as well as urban art presentations in different parts of the world: Moscow, Paris, Barcelona, Toulouse, Rome, and Shanghai, among other cities.
His mural and picture restoration work must also be noted. Amongst others:
Cupula of Mother Mary the Savior Church, in La Reja.
Buenos Aires Masonic Temple.
Coliseo Podestá Theater in the city of La Plata.
Argentine Nation Government House. (Pink House)
Two murals honoring Discepolo at the Line H, Corrientes Subway Station in Buenos Aires.
Ceilings at Pallarols Museum in Buenos Aires.
Other important acknowledgements include:
1995 Honor Diploma from the city of Toulouse, France.
2005 poet Horacio Ferrer dedicates to him the tango called "El Fileteador". With music by Master Raúl Garello it is part of the "Diálogos de Poeta y Bandoneón" CD.
Quotes
References
Esther Barugel y Nicolás Rubió (1995/2005, 1ª y 2ª edición), Los Maestros Fileteadores de Buenos Aires, Fondo Nacional de las Artes (Argentina). .
Academia Nacional del Tango (1990, Tomo I) Libro Fundacional. Ministerio de Cultura y Educación de la Nación Argentina.
Academia Nacional del Tango (1993, Tomo II) Libro Fundacional. Ministerio de Cultura y Educación de la Nación Argentina.
Horacio Ferrer (1996) El Siglo de Oro del Tango, Compendio ilustrado de su historia. Manrique Zago ediciones.
Ignacio Gutiérrez Zaldívar (1997) Tango. Zurbarán ediciones.
Roberto Daus (1998) Carlos Gardel en imágenes. Editorial Almendra. Barcelona, España.
Roberto Daus (1998) El Tango, medio siglo en imágenes. Editorial Almendra. Barcelona, España.
Horacio Ferrer/Oscar Del Priore (1999, Tomo II) Inventario del Tango. Fondo Nacional de las Artes.
Horacio Ferrer/Ana Sebastian (2000) Tango Oral & Inmaterial Heritage Humanity. World Heritage UNESCO.
Horacio Ferrer/Roberto De Luca (2003) Salón Buenos Aires, Rimas y Murales. Editorial Ateneo.
Jorge Muscia (1995). El Filete Popular Art of Buenos Aires. Ed. J. Shaw.
Filete Porteño
Latest works
Living people
Argentine artists
1958 births |
The Army Group German Crown Prince or Army Group B () was an Army Group of the German Army, which operated on the Western Front under command of Wilhelm, German Crown Prince, between 1 August 1915 and 11 November 1918 during World War I.
Composition (1 August 1915 – April 1917)
German 5th Army (Wilhelm, German Crown Prince then Ewald von Lochow then Max von Gallwitz)
German Armee-Abteilung A (Ludwig von Falkenhausen then Karl Ludwig d'Elsa then Bruno von Mudra)
German Armee-Abteilung B (Hans Gaede then Erich von Gündell)
German Armee-Abteilung C (Hermann von Strantz then Max von Boehn)
German 3rd Army (Karl von Einem) : 26 September - 7 December 1915 and again since July 1916
Composition (April 1917 – February 1918)
German 7th Army (Max von Boehn)
German 1st Army (Fritz von Below)
German 3rd Army (Karl von Einem)
German 5th Army (Max von Gallwitz)
Composition (4 February 1918 – 11 November 1918)
German 18th Army (Oskar von Hutier) : except 12 August - 8 October 1918
German 7th Army (Max von Boehn then Magnus von Eberhardt)
German 1st Army (Fritz von Below then Bruno von Mudra then Otto von Below then Magnus von Eberhardt)
German 3rd Army (Karl von Einem)
Sources
The Soldier's Burden
Die Deutschen Heeresgruppen im Ersten Weltkrieg
: Die deutschen Heeresgruppen Teil 1, Erster Weltkrieg
Army groups of the Imperial German Army
Military units and formations of Germany in World War I
Military units and formations established in 1915
Military units and formations disestablished in 1918 |
West Java (, ) is a province of Indonesia on the western part of the island of Java, with its provincial capital in Bandung. West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country's capital region of Jakarta to the west, the Java Sea to the north, the province of Central Java to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south. With Banten, this province is the native homeland of the Sundanese people, the second-largest ethnic group in Indonesia.
West Java was one of the first eight provinces of Indonesia formed following the country's independence proclamation and was later legally re-established on 14 July 1950. In 1966, the city of Jakarta was split off from West Java as a 'special capital region' (), with a status equivalent to that of a province, while in 2000 the western parts of the province were in turn split away to form a separate Banten province.
Even following these split-offs, West Java is the most populous province of Indonesia with a population of 48,274,162 as of the 2020 Census, which grew to 49,405,808 at mid 2022 according to the official estimates. The province's largest cities, Bekasi (a satellite city within the Jakarta metropolitan area) and Bandung, are the third and fourth most populous cities in Indonesia respectively. Bandung is also one of the most densely populated cities proper in the world.
History
The oldest human inhabitant archaeological findings in the region were unearthed in Anyer on the western coast of Java with evidence of bronze and iron metallurgical culture dating to the first millennium AD. The prehistoric Buni culture, near present-day Bekasi, developed clay pottery with evidence found in Anyer to Cirebon. Artefacts dated 400 BC — AD 100, such as food and drink containers, were found mostly as burial gifts. There is archaeological evidence in Batujaya Archaeological Site dating from the 2nd century and, according to Dr Tony Djubiantono, the head of Bandung Archaeology Agency, Jiwa Temple in Batujaya, Karawang, was also built around this time.
One of the earliest known recorded histories in Indonesia is from the former Tarumanagara kingdom, where seven, fourth-century stones are inscribed in Wengi letters (used in the Pallava period) and in Sanskrit describing the kings of the kingdom Tarumanagara. Records of Tarumanegara lasted until the sixth century, which coincides with the attack of Srivijaya, as stated in the Kota Kapur inscription (AD 686).
The Sunda Kingdom subsequently became the ruling power of the region, as recorded on the Kebon Kopi II inscription (AD 932).
An Ulama, Sunan Gunung Jati, settled in Cirebon, intending to spread Islam in the town. Meanwhile, the Sultanate of Demak in Central Java grew to become a threat to the Sunda kingdom. To defend against the threat, Prabu Surawisesa Jayaperkosa signed the Luso-Sundanese Treaty with the Portuguese in 1512. In return, the Portuguese were granted access to build fortresses and warehouses in the area, as well as forming trading agreements with the kingdom. This first international treaty of Sunda Kingdom with the Europeans was commemorated by the placement of the Padrao stone monument at the bank of the Ciliwung River in 1522.
Although the treaty with the Portuguese had been established, it could not come to realisation. Sunda Kalapa harbour fell under the alliance of the Sultanates of Demak and Cirebon (former vassal state of Sunda kingdom) in 1524 after forces under Paletehan alias Fadillah Khan had conquered the city. In 1524–1525, troops under Sunan Gunung Jati also seized the port of Banten and established the Sultanate of Banten which was affiliating with Demak. The war between the Sunda kingdom with Demak and Cirebon sultanates continued for five years until a peace treaty was made in 1531 between King Surawisesa and Sunan Gunung Jati. From 1567 to 1579, under the last king Raja Mulya, alias Prabu Surya Kencana, the Sunda kingdom declined, under pressure from Sultanate of Banten. After 1576, the kingdom could not maintain control over its capital at Pakuan Pajajaran (present-day Bogor), and gradually the Sultanate of Banten took over the former Sunda kingdom's territory. The Mataram Sultanate from Central Java also seized the Priangan region, the southeastern part of the kingdom.
In the 16th century, Dutch and British trading companies established trading ships in western Java after the fall of the Sultanate of Banten. For the next three hundred years, western Java fell under the Dutch East Indies' administration. West Java was officially declared as a province of Indonesia in 1950, referring to a statement from Staatblad number 378. On 17 October 2000, as part of nationwide political decentralisation, Banten was separated from West Java and made into a new province. There have been recent proposals to rename the province Pasundan ("Land of the Sundanese") after the historical name for West Java.
Administrative divisions
Since the creation of West Java Province, the province of West Java was subdivided into four cities () and sixteen regencies (), excluding the four regencies which were separated off in 2000 to form the new Banten Province. Subsequently five new independent cities were created between 1996 and 2002 by separation from their surrounding regencies - Bekasi on 16 December 1996, Depok on 27 April 1999, Cimahi and Tasikmalaya on 21 June 2001, and Banjar on 11 December 2002. A 17th regency was formed on 2 January 2007 – West Bandung Regency – from the western half of Bandung Regency, and an 18th regency was formed in October 2012 – Pangandaran Regency – from the southern half of Ciamis Regency. On 25 October 2013, the People's Representative Council (DPR) began reviewing draft laws on the establishment of 57 prospective new regencies (and eight new provinces), including a further three regencies in West Java – South Garut (Garut Selatan), North Sukabumi (Sukabumi Utara) and West Bogor (Bogor Barat) – but none of these three prospective regencies are shown separately on the map below, nor in the following table.
These 9 cities and 18 regencies are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with official estimates as at mid 2022. They are divided into 620 districts (), which comprise 1,576 urban villages () and 4,301 rural villages (). The table also includes the average population density as at mid 2022 for each regency or city, and the projected populations as at mid 2025 and 2030 (as estimated by BPS).
Much of the population growth has been in the northwest corner of the province, in those areas bordering Jakarta and forming part of the Jakarta metropolitan area. These comprise Bekasi and Bogor Regencies, together with the separate cities of Bekasi, Bogor and Depak; in total they cover an area of 4,767.12 km2 and had a population estimated at 14,558,748 in mid 2022.
Geography
West Java borders Jakarta and Banten province to the west and Central Java to the east. To the north is the Java Sea. To the south is the Indian Ocean. Unlike most other provinces in Indonesia which have their capitals in coastal areas, the provincial capital, Bandung, is located in the mountainous area in the centre of the province. Banten Province was formerly part of West Java but was created a separate province in 2000. West Java, in the densely populated western third of Java and covering a land area of 37,040.04 km2,larger than Guinea-Bissau,is home to almost one out of every five Indonesians.
West Java and Banten provinces, as a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, have more mountains and volcanoes than any of the other provinces in Indonesia. The vast volcanic mountainous region of inland West Java is traditionally known as Parahyangan (also known as Priangan or Preanger) which means "The abode of hyangs (gods)". It is considered as the heartland of the Sundanese people. The highest point of West Java is the stratovolcano Mount Cereme (3,078 metres) bordering Kuningan and Majalengka Regencies. West Java has rich and fertile volcanic soil. Agriculture, mostly traditional dry rice cultivation (known as ladang or huma), has become the primary way of life of traditional Sundanese people. Since the era of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), West Java has been known as a productive plantation area for coffee, tea, quinine, and many other cash crops. The mountainous region of West Java is also a major producer of vegetables and decorative flowering plants. The landscape of the province is one of volcanic mountains, rugged terrain, forest, mountains, rivers, fertile agricultural land, and natural sea harbours.
Flowing through Bandung Basin to the northeast is Citarum River, the longest and most important river in the province. This 300-km long river is the site of three dams, namely Cirata Dam, Saguling Dam, and Jatiluhur Dam.
Economy
Initially, the economy of the Sundanese people in West Java relied heavily on rice cultivation. Ancient kingdoms established in the province such as the Tarumanagara and Sunda Kingdom are known to have relied on rice taxes and agriculture revenues. The cycle of life of the ancient Sundanese people revolved around the rice crop cycle. Traditional rice harvest festivals such as the Seren Taun were important. The ancient goddess of rice, Nyai Pohaci Sanghyang Asri, is revered in Sundanese culture. Traditionally, Sundanese people often used dry rice cultivation (ladang). After the Mataram expanded to the Priangan area in the early 17th century following the Sultan Agung campaign against Dutch Batavia, sawah (wet rice cultivation) began to be adopted in the northern lowlands of West Java. Regencies such as Indramayu, Cirebon, Subang, Karawang and Bekasi are now well known as vital rice-producing areas. The mountainous region of West Java supplies vegetables, flower and much horticultural produce to Jakarta and Bandung, while animal farms in West Java produce dairy products and meats.
Colonial period
During the entire Dutch colonial era, West Java fell under Dutch administration centred in Batavia. The Dutch colonial government introduced cash crops such as tea, coffee, and quinine. Since the 18th century, West Java (known as "De Preanger") was known as a productive plantation area and became integrated with global trade and economy. Services such as transportation and banking were provided to cater for wealthy Dutch plantation owners. West Java is known as one of the earliest developed regions in the Indonesian archipelago. In the early 20th century, the Dutch colonial government developed infrastructures for economic purposes, especially to support Dutch plantations in the region. Roads and railways were constructed to connect inland plantations area with urban centres such as Bandung and the port of Batavia.
Post independence
After Indonesian independence in 1945, West Java became a supporting region for Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia. Jakarta remained as the business and political centre of Indonesia. Several regencies and cities in West Java such as Bogor, Bekasi and Depok were developed as supporting areas for Jakarta and came to form the Greater Jakarta area or Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi). The northern area of West Java has become a major industrial area, with areas such as Bekasi, Cikarang and Karawang sprawling with factories and industries. The area in and around Bandung has also developed as an industrial area.
Natural resources
Based on the data from Indonesia State Secretary, the total area of rice fields in West Java Province in 2006 was 9,488,623 km which produced 9,418,882 tons of paddy in 2006, consisting of 9,103,800 tons rice field paddy and 315,082 tons farmland paddy. Palawija (non-rice food) production, reached 2,044,674 tons with productivity 179.28 quintal per ha. Nevertheless, the widest plant's width is for corn commodity which reaches 148,505 ha. West Java also produces horticulture consists of 2,938,624 tons vegetables, 3,193,744 tons fruits, and 159,871 tons medicines plants/ bio pharmacology.
Forest in West Java covers 764,387.59 ha or 20.62% from the total size of the province. It consists of productive forest 362,980.40 ha (9.79%), protected forest 228,727.11 ha (6.17%), and conservation forest 172,680 ha (4.63%). Mangrove forest reaches 40,129.89 ha, and spread in 10 regencies where coasts are available. Besides, there is also another protected forest of about 32,313.59 ha organised by Perum Perhutani Unit III West Java and Banten.
From the productive forest, in 2006 West Java harvested crop of about 200,675 m³ wood, although the need for wood in this province every year is about 4 million m³. Until 2006, populace forest's width 214,892 ha with wood production is about 893,851.75 m³. West Java also produces non-forest's crop which is potential enough to be developed as forestry work, such as silk, mushroom, pine, dammar, maleleuca, rattan, bamboo, and swallow bird's nest.
In the fishery sector, commodities include goldfish, nila fish, milkfish, freshwater catfish, windu shrimp, green mussel, gouramy, patin, seaweed and vaname shrimp. In 2006, this province harvested 560,000 tons of fish from fishery cultivation crop and brackish or 63.63% from fishery production total in West Java.
In the poultry field, dairy cow, domestic poultry, and ducks are common commodities in West Java. 2006 data stated that there are 96,796 dairy cows (25% of the national population), 4,249,670 sheep, 28,652,493 domestic poultries, and 5,596,882 ducks (16% of the national population). Now there are only 245,994 beef cattle in West Java (3% national population), whereas the need every year is about 300,000 beef cattle.
This province has many plantation crops, such as tea, cloves, coconut, rubber, cacao, tobacco, coffee, sugar, palm and akar wangi (Chrysopogon zizanioides). From all those commodities, cloves, coconut, rubber, cocoa, tobacco, and coffee are common in West Java. From area side, the best productivity, that is plan area's width equals with the plant's width that produces tobacco and sugar palm commodities. From the production side, the highest productivity is oil palm (6.5 tons per ha) and sugar palm (5.5 tons per ha).
West Java also has several mining operations. In 2006, it contributed 5,284 tons zeolite, 47,978 tons bentonite, iron sand, pozzolan cement, feldspar, and jewel barn/ gemstone. Precious stone mining potential generally is found in Garut, Tasikmalaya, Kuningan, and Sukabumi Regency areas.
As consequences of having many volcanoes, West Java has the potential of geothermal energy. There are eleven points of geothermal energy, and three, i.e. Papandayan, Ceremai, and Gede Pangrango have conducted pre-exploration.
Raw natural resources include chalk, several offshore oilfields in the Java Sea, and lumber. Most of the province is very fertile, with a mix of small farms and larger plantations. There are several hydropower dams, including Jatiluhur, Saguling, Cirata, and Jatigede.
Tourism
Tourism is an important industry in West Java, and the Bandung and Puncak areas have long been known as popular weekend destinations for Jakartans. Today, Bandung has developed into a shopping destination, popular not only among locals, but also with neighbouring Malaysian and Singaporean visitors. The history-rich coastal city of Cirebon is also a cultural tourism destination since the city has several kratons and historical sites such as Gua Sunyaragi. Other tourist destinations include the Bogor Botanical Garden, Safari Park of Indonesia, Tangkuban Perahu crater, Pelabuhanratu Bay, Ciater hot springs, Kawah Putih crater to the south of Bandung, Pangandaran beach, and various mountain resorts in Cianjur, Garut, Tasikmalaya, and Kuningan.
Demographics
The population of West Java was 43,053,732 at the 2010 Census and 48,274,162 at the 2020 Census, making it the most populous province of Indonesia, home to 18% of the national total on 1.8% of the country's land. The mid-2022 official estimate was 49,405,808 (comprising 25,067,226 males and 24,338,582 females). Aside from the special district of Jakarta, it is the most densely populated province in the country with an average of 1,364.5 people per km2 (2020 Census). The average annual population growth rate recorded in the ten years to 2010 was 1.9%,
Ethnic and linguistic composition
West Java is the native homeland of Sundanese people which forms the largest ethnic group in West Java. Since Jakarta and the surrounding area, including West Java, is the business and political centre of Indonesia, the province has attracted various people from other parts of Indonesia. The biggest minority is Javanese who migrated to the province centuries ago. Other Native Indonesian ethnic groups such as Minangkabau, Batak, Malay, Madurese, Balinese, Ambonese and many other Indonesians who migrated to and settled in West Java cities can also be easily found. The urban areas also have a significant population of Chinese Indonesians.
In addition to Indonesian, the official national language, the other widely spoken language in the province is Sundanese. In some areas near the southern borders with Central Java, Javanese is also spoken. The main language spoken in Cirebon and nearby areas (Majalengka, Indramayu, Sumber) is Cirebonese, a dialect of Javanese with Sundanese influence.
Indonesian is widely spoken as a second language.
Religion
Cultures
The Sundanese share the Java island with the Javanese and primarily live in West Java. Although the Sundanese live on the same island as the Javanese, their culture is distinct and likewise consider themselves to live in a separate cultural area called Pasundan or Tatar Sunda. Someone moving from West Java to Central or East Java is literally said to be moving from Sunda to Java worlds. Bandung is considered as the cultural heartland of Sundanese people, and many indigenous Sundanese artforms were developed in this city. The nearby province of Banten is similar in this regard and is also considered to be part of Pasundan as well.
Music
Gamelan orchestra
The musical arts of Sunda, which is an expression of the emotions of Sundanese culture, express politeness and grace of Sundanese. Degung orchestra consists of Sundanese gamelan.
In addition to the Sundanese forms of Gamelan in Parahyangan, the region of Cirebon retains its own distinct musical traditions. Amongst Cirebons' varying Gamelan ensembles the two most frequently heard are Gamelan Pelog (a non-equidistant heptatonic tuning system) and Gamelan Prawa (a semi-equidistant pentatonic tuning system). Gamelan Pelog is traditionally reserved for Tayuban, Wayang Cepak, and listening and dance music of the Kratons in Cirebon, while Gamelan Prawa is traditionally reserved for Wayang Purwa.
Cirebon also retains specialised Gamelan ensembles including Sekaten, which is played in the Kratons to mark important times in the Islamic calendar, Denggung, also a Kraton ensemble, which is believed to have some "supernatural powers", and Renteng, an ensemble found in both Cirebon and Parahyangan known for its loud and energetic playing style.
Zither ensembles
Tembang Sunda is a genre of Sundanese vocal music accompanied by a core ensemble of two Kacapi (zither) and a Suling (bamboo flute). The music and poetry of tembang Sunda are closely associated with the Parahyangan, the highland plateau that transverses the central and southern parts of Sunda. The natural environment of Priangan, an agricultural region surrounded by mountains and volcanoes, is reflected in some songs of the tembang Sunda.
Kacapi suling is tembang Sunda minus vocal.
Tarawangsa is a genuine popular art is performed on ensemble consists of tarawangsa (a violin with an end pin) and the jentreng (a kind of seven-stringed zither). It is accompanied by a secret dance called Jentreng. The dance is a part of a ritual celebrating the goddess of paddy Dewi Sri. Its ceremonial significance is associated with a ritual of thanksgiving associated with the rice harvest. Tarawangsa can also be played for healing or even purely for entertainment.
Bamboo ensembles
The three main types of Sundanese bamboo ensembles are angklung, calung, karinding and arumba. The exact features of each ensemble vary according to context, related instruments, and relative popularity.
Angklung is a generic term for sets of tuned, shaken bamboo rattles. Angklung consists of a frame upon which hang several different lengths of hollow bamboo. Angklungs are played like handbells, with each instrument played to a different note. Angklung rattles are played in interlocking patterns, usually with only one or two instruments played per person. The ensemble is used in Sundanese processions, sometimes with trance or acrobatics. Performed at life-cycle rituals and feasts (hajat), angklung is believed to maintain balance and harmony in the village. In its most modern incarnation, angklung is performed in schools as an aid to learning music.
The Angklung received international attention when Daeng Soetigna, from Bandung, expanded the angklung notations not only to play traditional pélog or sléndro scales but also diatonic scale in 1938. Since then, angklung is often played together with other Western musical instruments in an orchestra. One of the first well-known performances of angklung in an orchestra was during the Bandung Conference in 1955.
Like those in angklung, the instruments of the calung ensemble are of bamboo, but each consists of several differently tuned tubes fixed onto a piece of bamboo; the player holds the instrument in his left hand and strikes it with a beater held in his right. The highest-pitched calung has the highest number of tubes and the densest musical activity; the lowest-pitched, with two tubes, has the least. Calung is nearly always associated with earthy humour, and is played by men.
Arumba refers to a set of diatonically tuned bamboo xylophones, often played by women. It is frequently joined by modern instruments, including a drum set, electric guitar, bass, and keyboards.
Theatre
Wayang golek is a traditional form of puppetry from Sunda. Unlike the better-known leather shadow puppets (wayang kulit) found in the rest of Java and Bali, wayang golek puppets are made from wood and are three-dimensional, rather than two. They use a banana palm in which the puppets stand, behind which one puppeteer (dalang) is accompanied by his gamelan orchestra with up to 20 musicians. The gamelan uses a five-note scale as opposed to the seven-note western scale. The musicians are guided by the drummer, who in turn is guided by signals from the puppet master dalang gives to change the mood or pace required. Wayang golek are used by the Sundanese to tell the epic play "Mahabarata", and various other morality-type plays.
Sandiwara Sunda is a type folk teather performed in Sundanese and presenting Sundanese themes, folklores and stories.
Dance
Sundanese dance shows the influence of the many groups that have traded and settled in the area over the centuries, and includes variations from graceful to dynamic syncopated drumming patterns, quick wrist flicks, sensual hip movements, and fast shoulder and torso isolations.
Jaipongan is probably the most popular traditional social dance of Sundanese people. It can be performed in solo, grups, or pair.
The Tari Merak (Peafowl Dance) is a female dance inspired by the movements of a peafowl and its feathers blended with the classical movements of the Sundanese dance.
Folktales and legend stories
There are stories and folktales transcribed from Pantun Sunda stories.
Among the most well-known folktale and stories are:
Mundinglaya Dikusumah, which tells of Mundinglaya visiting Jabaning Langit to find layang Salaka Domas. It is a symbolic story of Surawisesa visiting Malaka to establish a peace treaty with the Portuguese before 1522.
Lutung Kasarung, tells the life of a beautiful princess, in the era of Pasir Batang kingdom, a vassal of Sunda kingdom. She faces the evil of her older sister willing to seize her right as a queen.
Ciung Wanara, tells of the fight of two princes of Sunda kingdom and the history of Cipamali river (present-day Brebes river) as a boundary between Sundanese and Javanese territories.
Sangkuriang, which tells the story of the creation of Mount Tangkuban Parahu and the ancient lake Bandung.
Nyai Loro Kidul (also spelt Nyi Roro Kidul) is a legendary female spirit or deity, known as the Queen of the Southern Sea of Java (Indian Ocean or Samudra Kidul south of Java island) in Sundanese as well in Javanese and Balinese mythology.
Literature
Old Sundanese literature, among others, are:
Bujangga Manik, which was written on 29 palm leaves and kept in the Bodleian Library in Oxford since 1627, mentioning more than 450 names of places, regions, rivers and mountains situated on Java island, Bali island and Sumatra island.
Carita Parahyangan, telling Sundanese kings and kingdoms from the pre-Islamic period.
Siksakandang Karesian, providing the reader with all kinds of religious and moralistic rules, prescriptions and lessons.
Human Development Index
Cities and Regencies in West Java range high to medium Human Development Index (HDI).
Transportation
Toll roads
Due to its proximity to Jakarta and its growing population and industry, West Java has the longest tolled highway road of any provinces. As of April 2015, there are several toll roads in West Java
Jakarta–Cikampek Toll Road (73 km)
Cipularang Toll Road (58.5 km)
Padaleunyi Toll Road (33 km)
Jagorawi Toll Road (46 km)
Palimanan–Kanci Toll Road (28.8 km)
Bogor Ring Road (partially built)
Cinere–Jagorawi first section (3.7 km, as part of Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2)
Kanci–Pejagan Toll Road (35 km)
Cikopo–Palimanan Toll Road (116 km)
Soreang–Pasir Koja Toll Road (10.6 km)
Bogor–Ciawi–Sukabumi Toll Road (built: Bogor-Cigombong) (15.3 km)
In addition to completed highways there are some highways that are being built, one of them is Cileunyi–Sumedang–Dawuan (Cisumdawu) with length 60.1 kilometres.
Several other proposed toll roads are Bandung Intra-Urban Toll Road, Cileunyi–Tasikmalaya, and Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2 (a section of this road has been built).
Railways
Most cities and towns in West Java are served with narrow-gauge (mainly 1067mm) lines and connected to other provinces on Java Island. Jakarta's KRL Commuterline electric suburban trains run into the province to Bogor and Cikarang, also Jabodebek LRT is a light rapid transit In Jakarta covered into Bekasi, Depok, and Bogor.
A high-speed railway, connecting Jakarta and Bandung, was opened in October 2023. Then Jakarta MRT Phase 3 with Balaraja to Cikarang, will be under construction in 2024.
Air
Bandung Husein Sastranegara International Airport serves direct domestic flights to Batam, Pekanbaru, Medan, Bandar Lampung, Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Denpasar, Semarang, Banjarmasin, Makassar, and also international services to/from Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. The Kertajati International Airport in Majalengka Regency is built to replace the Husein Sastranegara Airport and to ease air traffic at Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Jakarta.
Education
West Java is one of the most popular destinations for higher education in Indonesia. It has many well-known universities joined by many students from the entire country. Some of which are:
Bandung Institute of Technology
Indonesia University of Education
Padjadjaran University
Bogor Agricultural University
Parahyangan Catholic University
UIN Sunan Gunung Djati
Gunadarma University
Telkom University
President University
References
Bibliography
External links
Official site
Official site
States and territories established in 1950
Sundanese people
Provinces of Indonesia
1950 establishments in Indonesia |
The George J. Kempf House is a privately owned residential house located at 212 East Kilbuck Street in the city of Tecumseh in Lenawee County, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan State Historic State and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 13, 1986. It is located just around the corner from the Joseph E. Hall House.
History
The house was built in 1905 by architect George Kempf and embodies a mix of Colonial Revival, Late Victorian, and Queen Anne Style architecture. It is significant on the local level as a stylish turn-of-the-century, two-story house. George Kempf lived in the house, and he and his brother Henry built many local homes in Tecumseh around this time.
Description
The Kempf House is a low, asymmetrical, two-story structure with an irregular plan. It has a hipped roof with additional gables and three dormers in the front. The central dormer contains two windows along with a triangular sunburst design in the gable peak; the smaller dormers to each side echo the decorative elements of the central dormer. The house is covered with clapboard. The front also contains a large porch with Tuscan columns.
References
Houses in Lenawee County, Michigan
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Queen Anne architecture in Michigan
Colonial Revival architecture in Michigan
Victorian architecture in Michigan
Michigan State Historic Sites
Houses completed in 1905
National Register of Historic Places in Lenawee County, Michigan
Tecumseh, Michigan
1905 establishments in Michigan |
The Rhinluch is a fen landscape in the German state of Brandenburg, bisected by the river Rhin to which it owes its name. This wetland region lies north of Fehrbellin in the county of Ostprignitz-Ruppin. The upper Rhinluch covers an area of about . The suffix luch is used to describe several wet areas in the state of Brandenburg, in which, prior to the advent of modern drainage systems, water remained largely stagnant rather than flowing.
The Rhinluch was formed during the last ice age and its post-glacial period. About 16,000 years ago, the Eberswald urstromtal was formed by the meltwaters of the glacial ice sheet as they drained away to the sea. Later, this broad river valley dried up as the ice sheet retreated during the late ice age. In the land that makes up the present-day Rhinluch, lakes initially formed in individual places, especially where there were dead ice kettle holes. Over the course of time, these became bogs through the natural silting up process. In addition, during the post-glacial period, there was a widespread formation of swamps (Versumpfungsmooren) on the sands of the urstromtal. Not until man appeared, however, did these moors become pastures and meadows as a result of land improvement measures. The easternmost outlier of the Rhinluch is the Kremmener Luch.
The Rhinluch is home to the extremely rare European pond turtle.
The Brandenburg poet, Theodor Fontane, described the Rhinluch thus in his Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg:
External links
Society for the Preservation of the Upper Rhinluch (Landschaftsförderverein Oberes Rhinluch)
Regions of Brandenburg
Havelland |
Aruva Velu is a 1996 Indian Tamil language action drama film directed by P. S. Bharathi Kannan. The film stars Nassar and Urvashi. It was released on 15 January 1996.
Plot
The film begins with Velu (Nassar) being sentenced to the death penalty.
In the past, Velu was an angry man who solved villagers problems by violence. Whereas Muthurasa (Rajesh), Velu's uncle, was a respected village chief who solved villagers problems peacefully. Maruthayi (Urvashi), Muthurasa's daughter, loved her cousin Velu. Alavanthar (Anandaraj), a stone-hearted rich landlord, exploits the villagers and with his twin sons (Ram-Lakshman) spread terror among the villagers. Muthurasa helped the villagers by giving them some lands. Alavanthar, angry, managed to kill some villagers and Muthurasa informed the police. Alavanthar was therefore arrested, he was immediately released and killed Muthurasa. To take revenge, Velu killed one of Alavanthar's son and he was arrested. Thereafter, Velu managed to escape from jail and killed the other son of Alavanthar. Alavanthar killed a police officer and blamed Velu for the murder. Velu was once again sent to jail and Maruthayi committed suicide. At her funeral, Velu, who was escorted by the police, escaped and he eventually killed Alavanthar.
Velu is then hanged in jail for his crimes.
Cast
Nassar as Velu
Urvashi as Maruthayi
Anandaraj as Alavanthar
Rajesh as Muthurasa
Ram as Alavanthar's son
Lakshman as Alavanthar's son
S. N. Lakshmi as Velu's grandmother
Nellai Siva as Police officer
Singamuthu as Gurukkal
Bonda Mani
Jyothi Meena as Ponni
A. K. Veerasamy as Ponni's father
Krishnamoorthy
Sethu Vinayagam as Jailer
LIC Narasimhan
Karuppu Subbiah
Vellai Subbaiah
Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Adithyan.
Reception
D. S. Ramanujam of The Hindu wrote, "To depict a theme cogently with interesting situations, that too without a comedy track, is no easy task for a debutant director and P.S. Bharathikannan, a former PRO, does it without much fuss in Goodwill Movies Aruvaa Velu, where Nasser, playing the title role, comes out with flying colours".
References
External links
1990s Tamil-language films
1996 action drama films
1996 films
Films scored by Adithyan
Indian action drama films |
Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (ARINC), established in 1929, was a major provider of transport communications and systems engineering solutions for eight industries: aviation, airports, defense, government, healthcare, networks, security, and transportation. ARINC had installed computer data networks in police cars and railroad cars and also maintains the standards for line-replaceable units.
ARINC was formerly headquartered in Annapolis, Maryland, and had two regional headquarters in London, established in 1999 to serve the Europe, Middle East, and Africa region, and Singapore, established in 2003 for the Asia Pacific region. ARINC had more than 3,200 employees at over 120 locations worldwide.
The sale of the company by Carlyle Group to Rockwell Collins was completed on December 23, 2013, and from November 2018 onward operates as part of Collins Aerospace.
History
ARINC was incorporated in 1929 as Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated. It was chartered by the Federal Radio Commission (which later became the Federal Communications Commission) in order to serve as the airline industry's single licensee and coordinator of radio communication outside of the government. The corporation's stock was held by four major airlines of the day. Through most of its history, ARINC was owned by airlines and other aviation-related companies such as Boeing until the sale to The Carlyle Group in October 2007.
Not much later ARINC took on the responsibility for all ground-based, aeronautical radio stations and for ensuring station compliance with Federal Radio Commission (FRC) rules and regulations. Using this as a base technology, ARINC expanded its contributions to transport communications as well as continuing to support the commercial aviation industry and U.S. military.
ARINC also developed the standards for the trays and boxes used to hold standard line-replaceable units (like radios) in aircraft. This subsequently allowed electronics to be rapidly replaced without complex fasteners or test equipment.
In 1978 ARINC introduced ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System), a datalink system that enables ground stations (airports, aircraft maintenance bases, etc.) to upload data (such as flight plans) and download data (such as fuel quantity, weight on wheels, flight management system (FMS) data), via an onboard Communications Management Unit (CMU).
ARINC has expanded its business in aerospace and defense through its ARINC Engineering Services subsidiary. With the sale of the company to Rockwell Collins, the ARINC Engineering Services subsidiary split into Commercial Aerospace and Defense Services. The Defense Services branch was then purchased by Booz Allen Hamilton, remaining part of the Carlyle group.
The sale of a Standards Development Organization (SDP) to a corporate sponsor raised concerns of conflict of interest and resulted in the sale of the ARINC Industry Activities (IA) Division to SAE International in January 2014. It now operates under the SAE Industry Technologies Consortia (SAE ITC).
United Technologies completed its acquisition of Rockwell Collins in November 2018 and merged it with its UTC Aerospace Systems to form Collins Aerospace.
Activities and services
Though known for publishing "ARINC Standards", this role is independent of ARINC commercial activities.
Standardization and ARINC Industry Activities
ARINC Industry Activities involve three aviation committees:
AEEC (Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee): Develop the ARINC Standards,
AMC (Avionics Maintenance Conference): Organize the annual Avionics Maintenance Conference,
FSEMC (Flight Simulator Engineering & Maintenance Conference): Organize the annual FSEMC conference.
ARINC services
ARINC services include:
ACARS – a digital datalink system for transmission of short, relatively simple messages between aircraft and ground stations via radio or satellite
AviNet Global Data Network - formerly known as the ARINC Data Network Service (ADNS)
Air/Ground Domestic Voice Service
Air/Ground International Voice Service
Airport Remote Radio Access System (ARRAS)
– Multi-User Systems Environment for shared passenger check-in at airports
Complies with the Common-Use Terminal Equipment (CUTE) and Common Use Passenger Processing System (CUPPS) standards
SelfServ – common use self-service passenger check-in kiosks for Airports
OnVoy – Internet-based passenger check-in system for use at off-airport locations such as hotels, cruise ships and convention centers
AirVue – Flight Information Display System (FIDS) for airports
Also called Electronic Visual Information Display System (EVIDS)
AirDB – Airport Operational Database Base (AODB)
AirPlan by ARINC - Resource Management System (RMS)
VeriPax – Passenger Reconciliation System (PRS) validates passengers at security checkpoints
Centralized Flight Management Computer Waypoint Reporting System (CFRS)
Satellite Navigation and Air Traffic Control and Landing Systems (SATNAV and ATCALS)
ARINC Wireless Interoperable Network Solutions (AWINS) – connects all types of radio and telephone systems including standard UHF and VHF analog radios, mobile digital, voice over IP systems, ship-to-shore, air-ground, standard phones, and push-to-talk cellular.
ABMS Border Management Systems – delivering a full stay management capability, screening all travellers before travel, and managing visitors throughout their stay.
In Flight Broadband – offering in-flight connectivity to passengers and crew in conjunction with SwiftBroadband.
AviSec – passenger data transfer and Advanced Passenger Information System.
Advanced Information Management (AIM) User Interface
Cybersecurity for Critical Infrastructure
Standards
The ARINC Standards are prepared by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC) where aviation suppliers such as Collins Aerospace and GE Aviation serve as contributors in support of their airline customer base. An abbreviated list follows.
400 Series
The 400 Series describes guidelines for installation, wiring, data buses, and databases.
ARINC 404 defines Air Transport Rack (ATR) form factors for avionics equipment installed in many types of aircraft. It defines air transport equipment cases and racking.
ARINC 407 is a manual for Synchro uses in aerospace systems
ARINC 424 is an international standard file format for aircraft navigation data.
ARINC 429 is the most widely used data bus standard for aviation. Electrical and data format characteristics are defined for a two-wire serial bus with one transmitter and up to 20 receivers. The bus is capable of operating at a speed of 100 kbit/s.
500 Series
The 500 Series describes older analog avionics equipment used on early jet aircraft such as the Boeing 727, Douglas DC-9, DC-10, Boeing 737 and 747, and Airbus A300.
600 Series
The 600 Series are reference standards for avionics equipment specified by the ARINC 700 Series
ARINC 600 is the predominant avionics packaging standard introducing the avionics Modular Concept Unit (MCU)
ARINC 604 is a standard and guidance for the purpose of designing and implementing Built-In Test Equipment. The standard also describes the Centralized Fault Display System.
ARINC 610B provides guidance for use of avionics equipment and software in simulators.
ARINC 608 Design Guidance for Avionics Test Equipment: describes a standard avionics test system concept that will reduce the cost of test and repair of avionic systems.
ARINC 615 is a family of standards covering "data loading", commonly used for transferring software and data to or from avionics devices. The ARINC 615 standard covers "data loading" over ARINC 429.
ARINC 615A is a standard that covers a "data loading" protocol which can be used over various bus types such as Ethernet, CAN, and ARINC 664.
ARINC 618 is a standard that covers a data transmission protocol called "Character Oriented Protocol".
ARINC 619 is a standard that covers a data transmission protocol over ARINC 429 called "Bit Oriented Protocol".
ARINC 620 is a standard that covers a data transmission protocol called "Datalink Ground System".
ARINC 624 is a standard for aircraft onboard maintenance system (OMS). It uses ARINC 429 for data transmission between embedded equipments.
ARINC 625 is an Industry Guide For Component Test Development and Management. It provides a standard approach for quality management of Test Procedure Generation within the commercial air transport industry.
ARINC 628 is a standard for Cabin Equipment Interfaces
ARINC 629 is a multi-transmitter data bus protocol where up to 120 terminals can share the same bus. It is installed on aircraft such as the Boeing 777, Airbus A330 and Airbus A340.
ARINC 633 is the air-ground protocol for ACARS and IP networks used for AOC data exchanges between aircraft and the ground.
ARINC 635 defines the protocols for the HFDL network of radios used for communication and messaging between aircraft and HF Ground Stations.
ARINC 653 is a standard Real Time Operating System (RTOS) interface for partitioning of computer resources in the time and space domains. The standard also specifies Application Program Interfaces (APIs) for abstraction of the application from the underlying hardware and software.
ARINC 660 defines avionics functional allocation and recommended architectures for CNS/ATM avionics.
ARINC 661 defines the data structures used in an interactive cockpit display system (CDS), and the communication between the CDS and User Applications. The GUI definition is completely defined in binary definition files. The CDS software consists of a kernel capable of creating a hierarchical GUI specified in the definition files. The concepts used by ARINC 661 are similar to those used in user interface markup languages.
ARINC 664, known for its implementation as AFDX (Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet), defines the use of a deterministic Ethernet network as an avionic databus in modern aircraft like the Airbus A380, the Sukhoi Superjet 100, the Bombardier CSeries, and the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.
ARINC 665 This standard defines standards for loadable software parts and software transport media.
ARINC 667 is a Guidance for the Management of Field Loadable Software.
ARINC 668 Guidance For Tool and Test Equipment (TTE) Equivalency.
700 Series
The 700 Series describes the form, fit, and function of avionics equipment installed predominately on transport category aircraft.
ARINC 702A defines the Flight Management Systems (FMS)
ARINC 704 defines the Inertial Reference System (IRS)
ARINC 705 defines the Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS)
ARINC 708 is the standard for airborne weather radar. It defines the airborne weather radar characteristics for civil and military aircraft
ARINC 709 defines Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
ARINC 717 defines the acquisition of flight data for recording
ARINC 718 describes an Air Traffic Control Transponder (ATCRBS/MODE S)
ARINC 724B defines the Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS)
ARINC 735B defines the Traffic Computer with Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)
ARINC 738 defines an integrated Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU)
ARINC 739 is the standard for a Multi-Purpose Control and Display Unit (MCDU) and interfaces.
ARINC 740 defines airborne printers
ARINC 741 is the standard for a first-generation L-band satellite data unit
ARINC 743A defines a GNSS sensor receiver
ARINC 744A defines a full-format airborne printer
ARINC 746 is the standard for a cabin telecommunications unit, based on Q.931 and CEPT-E1
ARINC 747 defines a Flight Data Recorder (FDR)
ARINC 750 defines a VHF Digital Radio
ARINC 755 defines a Multi-Mode Receiver (MMR) for approach and landing
ARINC 756 defines a GNSS Navigation and Landing Unit
ARINC 757 defines a Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR)
ARINC 759 defines an Aircraft Interface Device (AID)
ARINC 760 defines a GNSS Navigator
ARINC 761 is the standard for a second-generation L-band satellite data unit, also called Swift64 by operator Inmarsat
ARINC 763 is the standard for a generic avionics file server and wireless access points
ARINC 767 defines a combined recorder unit capable of data and voice
ARINC 771 is the standard for the second-generation L-Band satellite data unit, also called Certus Broadband for the low Earth orbit (LEO) Iridium NEXT by operator Iridium
ARINC 781 is the standard for a third-generation L-band satellite data unit, also called SwiftBroadband (SBB) by operator Inmarsat
ARINC 791 defines Ku and Ka band satellite data airborne terminal equipment.
800 Series
The 800 Series comprises a set of aviation standards for aircraft, including fiber optics used in high-speed data buses.
ARINC 801 through 807 define the application of fiber optics on the aircraft.
ARINC 810 is a standard for the integration of aircraft galley inserts and associated interfaces Title: Definition of Standard Interfaces for Galley Insert (GAIN) Equipment, Physical Interfaces.
ARINC 811 provides a common understanding of information security concepts as they relate to airborne networks, and provides a framework for evaluating the security of airborne networked systems.
ARINC 812 is a standard for the integration of aircraft galley inserts and associated interfaces
ARINC 816 defines a database for airport moving maps
ARINC 817 defines a low-speed digital video interface
ARINC 818 defines a high-speed digital video interface standard developed for high bandwidth, low latency, uncompressed digital video transmission.
ARINC 821 is a top-level networking definition describing aircraft domains, file servers and other infrastructure.
ARINC 822 is the standard for Gatelink.
ARINC 823 is a standard for end-to-end datalink encryption.
ARINC 825 is a standard for Controller Area Network bus protocol for airborne use.
ARINC 826 is a protocol for avionic data loading over a Controller Area Network bus.
ARINC 827 specifies a crate format for electronic distribution of software parts for aircraft.
ARINC 828 defines aircraft wiring provisions and electrical interface standards for electronic flight bag (EFB)
ARINC 834 defines an aircraft data interface that sources data to Electronic Flight Bags, airborne file servers, etc.
ARINC 836 describes modular rack-style aircraft cabin standard enclosures.
ARINC 838 provides a standardized XML description for loadable software parts.
ARINC 839 is a function definition of airborne manager of air-ground interface communications (MAGIC)
ARINC 840 defines the Application Control Interface (ACI) used with an Electronic Flight Bag (EFB)
ARINC 841 defines Media Independent Aircraft Messaging
ARINC 842 provides guidance for usage of digital certificates on airplane avionics and cabin equipment.
See also
Annex: Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
RTCA
AeroMobile
Airline teletype system
References
External links
aviation-ia ARINC website
Avionics companies
Aircraft instruments
Computer file formats
Cartography
Former defense companies of the United States
Private equity portfolio companies
The Carlyle Group companies
Technology companies established in 1929
1929 establishments in Maryland |
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A blog rally is the simultaneous presentation of identical or similar material on numerous blogs, for the purpose of engaging large numbers of readers and/or persuading them to adopt a certain position or take a certain action. The simultaneous nature of a blog rally can join the efforts of otherwise independent bloggers for an agreed-upon purpose. Blog Action Day can be likened to a blog rally.
The term was used by undergraduate student Karissa Kilgore at Seton Hill University in 2004 ("Since all of us in EL150 have blogging portfolios to do, and I realize that there is some pressure to have comments and whatnot, I suggest some sort of a blog rally to make sure we get decent feedback" from the instructor.), to describe a last-minute push by students to complete blogging homework for an English class.
An early instance of a planned blog rally outside of academe took place November 26 through November 30, 2008, in support of a viral movement called 'Engage with Grace: The One Slide Project' was organized to encourage families to discuss end-of-life care issues while gathered together for the Thanksgiving holiday weekend. As reported by one of the project organizers, over 95 bloggers participated in this event. This blog rally was repeated in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012.
Another blog rally occurred in April 2009, when a group of bloggers in the Boston area banded together in support of the Boston Globe, which was threatened with closure by its owner, The New York Times Company. Over two dozen bloggers simultaneously published a post asking readers to submit suggestions on ways the Globe could improve its financial position. Later that month, another blog rally emerged in support of an imprisoned Iranian writer, Roxana Saberi.
Another blog rally occurred on June 22, 2009, when thought leaders across healthcare collaborated to launch HealthDataRights.org and unveiled a shared statement to ensure patients’ rights to access and share their own health information. A blog rally supported the introduction of the Declaration of Health Data Rights.
References
Boston Globe on November 26, 2008
Wall Street Journal's Health Blog on November 26, 2008
Blue Mass Group Blog on April 6, 2009
Boston Globe article on April 7, 2009
"In Boston, paper's peril hits a nerve" New York Times April 12, 2009
"Bloggers rally for health data rights" Boston Globe June 22, 2009
Blogging |
The Kömürhan Bridge, or with its other name, İsmet Paşa Bridge, is a box-girder bridge that carries the Elazığ-Malatya highway over the Euphrates River in eastern Turkey. It was constructed using the balanced cantilever technique.
The bridge was constructed to replace a 100 m long concrete arch bridge built by the Swedish company Nydqvist & Holm AB, costs 110 million Turkish lira as the money of that time, and opened on 5 October 1932, which was flooded with the completion of the Karakaya Dam. The new bridge was built by the STFA Group between 23 February 1983 and 8 April 1986.
Kömürhan Bridge is between Malatya Province and Elazığ Province. The tender, that is for building a new bridge that is 600 m length at same place, completed in 2013.
It features in the "50 works in 50 years" list of significant building projects in Turkey published by the Chamber of Civil Engineers in Turkey.
References
Road bridges in Turkey
Bridges over the Euphrates River
Bridges completed in 1986
Buildings and structures in Elazığ Province
Cantilever bridges
Crossings of the Euphrates |
The 37th Guam Legislature is the current meeting of the Guam Legislature that convened in Hagatna, Guam on January 2, 2023, during Lou Leon Guerrero's Governorship.In the 2022 Guam election, the Democratic Party of Guam won a majority of seats in the Guam Legislature.
Party Summary
Leadership
Legislative
Speaker: Therese M. Terlaje
Vice Speaker: Tina Rose Muña Barnes
Legislative Secretary: Amanda Shelton
Minority (Republican)
Minority Leader: Frank Blas Jr
Minority Whip: Telo T. Taitague
Membership
Committees
References
Legislature of Guam |
François-Pierre Chaumeton (20 September 1775 in Chouzé-sur-Loire – 10 August 1819 in Paris) was a French botanist and physician.
He studied medicine, humanities and languages (particularly Greek) in Paris, afterwards serving as a surgeon in military hospitals. Finding military surgery distasteful, he opted for work as a pharmacist at Val-de-Grâce. Severely depressed by the untimely death of his wife, his friends convinced him to leave Paris and travel as a remedy for his melancholic state. After obtaining his doctorate in medicine at Strasbourg in 1805 (graduate thesis "Essai d'entomologie médicale"), he relocated to Holland, where he remained for several years. Later on, he followed armies to Prussia, Poland, Austria and the Illyrian Provinces, and in the meantime, learned the languages of the countries he visited, while also conducting extensive research in their libraries. In retirement, he settled in Paris, spending the latter years of his life suffering from phthisis.
Written works
He was an editor of the multi-volume "Dictionnaire des sciences médicales" (publisher Panckoucke 1812–1822. 60 volumes), and with Jean Louis Marie Poiret and Jean-Baptiste-Joseph-Anne-César Tyrbas de Chamberet, was co-author of "Flore médicale" (medicinal plants).
The following are 20th century biographies of Chaumeton:
Notice biographique sur François-Pierre Chaumeton (1775–1819), by Ernest Henry Tourlet; Blais et Roy, 1904.
Le Docteur François-Pierre Chaumeton, noble figure de Touraine [1775-1819], by André Jean Brut, 1949.
References
French military doctors
1775 births
1819 deaths
People from Indre-et-Loire
19th-century French botanists
19th-century French physicians |
Saluma language can be:
Salumã language (Arawakan)
Salumá language (Cariban) |
Scandlines is a ferry company that operates the Rødby–Puttgarden and Gedser–Rostock ferry routes between Denmark and Germany.
Scandlines owns 7 ferries, 6 of which are hybrid ferries, making Scandlines the owner of the world's largest fleet of hybrid ferries.
In a normal year, Scandlines has over 41,500 departures, 7 million passengers, 1.7 million passenger cars and approx. 700,000 freight units on its two routes.
Scandlines has two subsidiaries, Scandlines Danmark ApS and Scandlines Deutschland GmbH, which operate in the two main countries.
Scandlines expects to continue operating on the Rødby–Puttgarden route despite the planned completion of the Fehmarn Belt tunnel in 2029.
History
In 1903, the first railway ferry sailed between Gedser in Denmark and Warnemünde in Germany, where De Danske Statsbaner, DSB, operated the route from the Danish side in partnership with a state-owned German shipping company.
A second service, the 'bird's flight line' (die Vogelfluglinie in German) between Rødby and Puttgarden was added in 1963, creating a direct route between Copenhagen and Hamburg.
The company was separated from DSB in 1995, and transformed into an independent limited company called DSB Rederi, which was, in turn, rebranded Scandlines in 1997. (The Scandlines brand had already been in use since 1991 on the Helsingør–Helsingborg ferry route) In 1998, the two shipping company partners, Danish Scandlines and German DFO, merged into the company Scandlines, owned by the Danish Ministry of Transport and Deutsche Bahn.
Scandlines was privatized in 2007, and sold to the British infrastructure fund 3i, the German investment company Allianz Capital and the shipping company Deutsche Seereederei.
Between 1999 and 2015, part of Scandlines' ferry routes were sold, including Aarhus-Kalundborg to Molslinjen, and Helsingør-Helsingborg to ForSea Ferries.
Today, Scandlines is owned by a consortium consisting of the three infrastructure funds, First Sentier Investors, 3i and Federated Hermes.
The main focus is on the two routes Gedser-Rostock and Rødby-Puttgarden.
Management
The top management consists of CEO Carsten Nørland, CFO Jesper Mikkelsen Heilbuth and COO Michael Guldmann Petersen.
The German part of the organization also has two directors: Heiko Kähler and Gerald Lefold, who are responsible for the day-to-day management of Scandlines' German companies.
Crossings
Scandlines operates two ferry routes between Denmark and Germany.
Rødby – Puttgarden
Gedser – Rostock
Ferries
Scandlines has six hybrid ferries and one freight ferry. In 2022, two ferries had a rotor sail mounted.
Scandlines' ferries on Rødby-Puttgarden:
Scandlines' ferries on Gedser-Rostock:
Freight ferry
In November 2021, it was announced that the company has ordered a battery-electric ferry for the Puttgarden-Rødby route from Cemre Shipyard. The new vessel is due to enter service in 2024 and will have two-deck loading alongside a freight capacity of 66 HGVs, or some 1200 lane metres.
Harbours
Scandlines owns the harbours areas in Rødby, Gedser and Puttgarden and rents an area in the harbour of Rostock.
References
External links
Ferry companies of Denmark
Ferry companies of Germany
3i Group companies
Companies based in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Transport companies established in 1998 |
Tunley Camp is an vallate Iron Age hill fort situated approximately north-east from the small village of Camerton in the Bath and North East Somerset district of Somerset, England. The hill fort comprises the slight earthwork remains of a univallate Iron Age hillfort which now nearly ploughed down.
Background
Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated "[the forts] provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress [of an increasing population] burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn't see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".
See also
List of hill forts and ancient settlements in Somerset
References
History of Somerset
Hill forts in Somerset
Iron Age sites in Somerset
Scheduled monuments in Bath and North East Somerset |
Rogers Road is a name found in various places.
Canada
Rogers Road is a local road in Toronto.
Rogers Road streetcar line was a former transit line in Toronto
United States
Rogers Road is a community in Orange County, North Carolina |
The Collection 1989–2003 is a thirteen-CD and five DVD box set by British recording artist Lisa Stansfield. It was released by Edsel Records in the United Kingdom on 10 November 2014 and in Europe on 21 November 2014. It includes five of Stansfield's studio albums and additionally many rare tracks, remixes, promo videos, live concert footage and new interviews. All albums were also released individually on the same date.
Content
This eighteen-disc box set brings together deluxe 2CD+DVD editions of Stansfield's albums recorded for Arista label: Affection (1989), Real Love (1991), So Natural (1993), Lisa Stansfield (1997) and Face Up (2001), plus the three-CD set People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology in a unique outer slipcase.
Track listing
Release history
References
2014 albums
Lisa Stansfield compilation albums
Disco compilation albums
Pop rock compilation albums |
The Cal 2-24, also called the Cal 24-2 and the Cal 24 Mark II is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by C. William Lapworth as a racer and first built in 1967.
The boat was an entirely new design to replace the original Lapworth-designed Cal 24 in the Cal Yachts product line.
The design was officially marketed by the manufacturer as the Cal 24, but was later marketed as the Cal 2-24 to differentiate it from the unrelated 1958 Lapworth Cal 24 design and the 1983 C. Raymond Hunt Associates-designed Cal 3-24. At the time of their market introduction each of these designs was sold under the designation of Cal 24.
Production
The design was built by Cal Yachts in the United States, from 1967 to 1971 with 185 boats completed, but it is now out of production.
Design
The boat incorporated what Lapworth called his "finer-bow", which he thought gave it an advantage in windward sailing in waves.
The Cal 24 is a racing keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig; a spooned, raked stem; a raised counter, slightly angled transom; a spade-type rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed, swept, fin keel. It displaces and carries of lead ballast.
The boat has a draft of with the standard keel.
The boat is normally fitted with a small outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.
The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin and two straight settee quarter berths in the main cabin. The head is located just aft of bow "V"-berth on the port side. Cabin headroom is .
The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 228 and a hull speed of .
Operational history
In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote, "The raised deck on the Cal 24-2 (sometimes called the Cal 2-24 by her marketers, and by others sometimes called the Cal 24 Mk II) provides an uncluttered foredeck, and though
raised decks tend to increase headroom below, in this case they don't, as the headroom at 4' 0" is worst among the Cal's comp[etitor]s. Unlike her comp[etitor]s, the focus of the Cal 24-2's design was mainly on racing, and it shows in her PHRF rating, her lack of galley amenities, and her underbody form. Her fin keel and spade rudder give her a greater ability to maneuver at the starting line and turn quickly at marks, but prevent her from attaining the easy-steering straight-line stability of her more cruising-oriented long-
keel comps. Best features: The Cal 24-2 has a presentable PHRF rating of 228, best of her comp[etitor]s and in line with her Cal 24-1 and Cal 24-3 sisters, as well as other boats as varied as the Neptune 24 ..."
See also
List of sailing boat types
References
Keelboats
1960s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by Bill Lapworth
Sailboat types built by Cal Yachts |
Hasan Abu-Libdeh (; born 1954) is a Palestinian statistician and politician, who founded the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics in 1993. He served in the Palestinian National Authority as Minister of Labour, Social Affairs, and National Economy.
Biography
Hasan Abu-Libdeh was born in Arrabeh, West Bank in 1954. He completed a Bachelor's degree in mathematics at Birzeit University in 1979, and an M.Sc. in mathematical statistics at Stanford University in 1981. Abu-Libdeh later received an M.Sc. in applied statistics in 1986 and a Ph.D. in biostatistics in 1988 from Cornell University. He worked as assistant professor at Birzeit University from 1988 to 1991.
Abu-Libdeh founded the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics in 1993, becoming its first director and administering its controversial first census in 1997, which he called "as important as the intifada". Alongside his ministerial positions in the Palestinian Authority, Abu-Libdeh served as Deputy Director of the Palestinian Economic Council for Development and Reconstruction and twice as Cabinet Secretary. He also worked as chief executive of the 2008 Palestine Investment Conference.
On 29 November 2011, the Palestinian prosecutor-general charged Abu Libdeh with corruption, with charges including breach of trust, fraud, insider trading, and embezzlement of public funds.
References
1954 births
Biostatisticians
Birzeit University alumni
Cornell University alumni
Fatah members
Government ministers of the Palestinian National Authority
Palestinian mathematicians
Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences alumni
Living people
People from Arraba, Jenin
Palestinian statisticians |
Cape Yevgenov () is an ice-covered cape midway along the northeast side of Krylov Peninsula, forming the west entrance to Lauritzen Bay, Antarctica. Photographed by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump (1946–47), Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1957–58), and ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) (1959). Named by Soviet Antarctic Expedition after Russian hydrographer Nikolay I. Yevgenov (1888–1964).
Headlands of Antarctica |
Michael Reschke (born 29 September 1957) is a German director of football. He was head of sport of VfB Stuttgart from 2017 to 2019.
Reschke started his career as youth coach of Viktoria Frechen and moved to Bayer 04 Leverkusen in 1979. In 1986 he coached the under-19 team of Leverkusen to win the German Championship. Reschke replaced Reiner Calmund as managing director of Bayer 04 Leverkusen in 2004. In the summer of 2014 he became technical director of FC Bayern Munich.
Reschke moved to VfB Stuttgart in August 2017. He officially took over his new office as head of sport and sporting director in Stuttgart on 11 August 2017. On 12 February 2019, he was relieved of his duties.
References
1957 births
Living people
Bayer 04 Leverkusen non-playing staff
FC Bayern Munich non-playing staff
VfB Stuttgart non-playing staff
German football chairmen and investors |
The Gapyeong Canada Monument () is a monument erected to commemorate the sacrifice of the Canadian Forces during the Korean War, especially at the Battle of Kapyong in the Canadian Korean War Memorial Garden. The English text describing the monument reads as follows:
When one walks toward the monument, at the left is a panel explaining the history of the monument while at the right is a description of the Canadian contribution to the Korean War. The main monument is centred at the far end alongside both a Korean and Canadian flag. The main monument is flanked left by the monument dedicated to the 2nd Battalion Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI) and the battle on Hill 677 and flanked on the right with another monument naming all the Canadian units that participated in the Korean War.
The Main monument
The main monument was erected December 30, 1983 and its English text reads as follows:
PPCLI monument
At the left of the main monument lies the monument dedicated to the 2nd Battalion of the Princess Patricia Canadian Light Infantry for their actions during the Battle of Kapyong on April 24 and 25 1951, actions that had them decorated with the United States Presidential Unit Citation. This monument was erected November 7, 1975.
Canadian contribution to the Korean War
The two rightmost monument describe the Canadian contribution to the Korean war. The front monument reads as follows:
The rear monument goes into details, listing the units that participated in the Korean war as well as the size of the contribution: 26,791 Canadians during the war itself, 7,000 until 1955 with 516 casualties and 1,255 wounded. The units that served are:
Royal Canadian Navy
HMCS Athabaskan
HMCS Cayuga
HMCS Sioux
HMCS Nootka
HMCS Huron
HMCS Iroquois
HMCS Crusader
HMCS Haida
Army
Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)
2nd Field Regiment (FD Regt.) and 1st Regt. Royal Canadian Horse Artillery
81st FD Regt. Royal Canadian Artillery
The Corps of Royal Canadian Engineers
The Royal Canadian Corps of Signals
The Royal Canadian Regiment
2nd. 1st and 3rd Battalions
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry
2nd. 1st and 3rd Battalions
Royal 22e Régiment
2nd. 1st and 3rd Battalions
The Royal Canadian Army Service Corps
The Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps
The Royal Canadian Army Dental Corps
Royal Canadian Army Ordnance Corps
The Corps of Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
Royal Canadian Army Pay Corps
The Royal Canadian Postal Corps
Royal Canadian Army Chaplain Corps
The Canadian Provost Corps
Canadian Intelligence Corps
Royal Canadian Air Force
No. 426 (Thunderbird) Squadron
See also
United Nations Memorial Cemetery – Busan, South Korea, which holds the remains of 378 Canadians killed in the Korean War
External links
Canada Monument
A Profile of the Canadian Korean War Memorial
International Expedition: South Korea
Korean War memorials and cemeteries
Monuments and memorials in South Korea
Canadian military memorials and cemeteries
Buildings and structures in Gapyeong County |
Lieutenant Guy Greville Napier (26 January 1884 – 25 September 1915) was an English cricketer and World War I combatant. Following his death from wounds received in France, Wisden declared him "one of the best medium pace bowlers seen in the University match in his own generation".
Guy Napier was educated at Marlborough College and Pembroke College, Cambridge. He was commissioned in the 35th Sikhs. While attached to the 47th Sikhs at the Battle of Loos he died of wounds on 25 September 1915.
A right-arm medium pace bowler and tail-end right-handed batsman, Napier made 81 first-class appearances largely for Middlesex and Cambridge University between 1904 and 1913, taking 31 wickets in his first four matches and 365 in total.
Notes
External links
1884 births
1915 deaths
People educated at Marlborough College
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Indian Army personnel killed in World War I
English cricketers
Middlesex cricketers
Cambridge University cricketers
Europeans cricketers
North v South cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Free Foresters cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
H. D. G. Leveson Gower's XI cricketers
L. G. Robinson's XI cricketers
British Indian Army officers |
Lowell Correctional Institution is a women's prison in unincorporated Marion County, Florida, north of Ocala, in the unincorporated area of Lowell. A part of the Florida Department of Corrections, it serves as the primary prison for women in the state. Almost 3,000 women are incarcerated in the complex, which includes the Lowell Annex. As of 2015 2,696 women are in the main Lowell CI, making it the largest prison for women in the United States; its prison population became larger than that of the Central California Women's Facility that year.
It opened in April 1956 as the Florida Correctional Institution and was the first Florida prison for women. It houses community, minimum, medium, and close custody inmates. At the time it was opened, Lowell was the only prison that housed solely female offenders in the state.
In 1999, the name was changed to Lowell Correctional Institution/Women's Unit, and in 2000 it was given the latest title of Lowell Correctional Institution. It has a maximum population of 1,456 female inmates ranging anywhere from youth (14–18) to adults (18+). The Annex has a maximum general population of 1,500 and another 150 special housing beds for close management, death row, medical isolation, and confinement. It has consistently been associated with inmate abuse, sexual abuse, inhumane conditions, and little to no intervention from the State of Florida (Miami Herald, 2015, 2017)The facility is currently under investigation for unsafe conditions with regards to the ongoing pandemic and nearly half of the inmates have tested positive as of September 11 2021 according to the Florida department of corrections (FDC, FDC Responds to COVID-19 at Lowell Correctional Institution). Inmates have taken to social media describing overcrowding, lack of medical care, and severe illness in some inmates.
Facilities
Lowell Correctional Institution houses female offenders at all security levels, including juveniles age 14 to 18 and adults. The Lowell Annex, under the supervision of the Lowell Correctional Institution, houses an inmate reception center. It also houses close security and death row inmates. The Lowell Correctional Institution Work Camp houses inmates whose custody level allows them to work outside the gates and with the public. The Lowell Correctional Institution Boot "C.A.M.P." Jones (Correctional Alternative Military Program), is a boot camp for young offenders. The C.A.M.P. Jones facility was defunded in 2011 along with several other facilities statewide. The C.A.M.P. Jones program was moved to the Lowell Work Camp in an effort to continue to offer its rehabilitative benefits to those that qualify for the program. Lowell's Main Unit currently hosts the E.D.P Program for offenders aged 14 to 21.
The Levy Forestry Camp, a forestry work camp located away in Bronson, was under the supervision of Lowell Correctional Institution until it was defunded and closed in 2012. This camp provided labor for the Florida Division of Forestry, while it was in operation.
History
Prior to the opening of the women's prison, female offenders in Florida were housed at the Florida State Prison, Raiford, in segregated units separate from the males. They were housed at the State Prison, Raiford in wooden dorms. The quarters were overcrowded and used double beds. Women worked in separate sections of the prison workshops and farms. The degree of segregation between males and females in comparison to other prisons was not possible. Facilities for black and white girls were also segregated. Black girls were housed at Raiford with adult offenders. White girls were held at The Industrial School for Girls in Ocala where Lowell Correctional Institution would later be established. The Industrial School for Girls provided institutional care for an average of 80 to 100 delinquent girls, mostly white. In April 1956, the first all female prison was opened in Lowell, as Florida Correctional Institution. All women at the state prison in Raiford were transferred to this facility. At that time the prison became the death row for women in Florida.
Growth
The Forest Hills School for Girls, previously belonging to the Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, was added to Florida C.I. in 1973. The Levy Forestry Camp was added in 1995 with a primary mission of providing labor for the Division of Forestry. In July 1997, C.A.M.P. Jones was opened as the only "boot camp"- style program for young female offenders in Florida. In 1998, Florida C.I. was combined with Marion C.I., changing the name to Lowell C.I. / Women's Unit. Then in 2000, the prison was renamed Lowell C.I. and began housing youthful pregnant offenders.
At some point the Broward Correctional Institution housed female death row inmates. Lowell Annex opened in April 2002. The female death row was moved to Lowell Annex in February 2003.
In 2009, renovations of Lowell Correctional Institution started. The first phase was completed and (2) 180-bed open bay dormitories were placed online in the Summer of 2009. With the opening of these two dorm, several older dorms were taken out of service. In the Fall of 2009, Phase Two began and several mission changes were put into effect, elderly inmates were moved to climate controlled dormitories at the Lowell Correctional Institution Annex and the primary dormitory where wheelchair-using inmates were housed was demolished to make way for a new food service and canteen buildings. Another mission that has changed in 2009, is Lowell Correctional Institution's housing of Pregnant Inmates. In 2009 the Department of Corrections completed a climate-controlled facility in South Florida to house long term pregnant inmates. Inmates in the final term of their pregnancy will remain housed at Lowell Correctional Institution. There are an additional (2) open bay dorms and (2) secure-cell housing units planned to begin in the final phase of the renovations.
In 2010, the Lowell Correctional Institution Annex completed a (1) 240-bed secure-cell housing unit. This dormitory houses inmates that the department has classified as security risks and require housing in cells instead of dormitory bunks.
In 2012, Lowell Reception Center, was scheduled to be revealed. This stand-alone facility will take over the Reception and Orientation mission from the Annex. Also scheduled to be opened at the Lowell Reception Center is a Crisis Care/Transitional Care Unit that will house inmates that require inpatient mental health treatment.
The projected inmate population once these units are complete will be approximately 4000 housed within the 6 units that Lowell Correctional Institution will encompass.
Miami Herald series and abuse allegations
In 2015 the Miami Herald announced it was going to publish an investigative series, "Beyond Punishment," on Lowell CI, alleging misconduct. The newspaper published a short video with the same title. The FLDC criticized the newspaper, stating that it had worked with the newspaper previously. It provided a statement in advance to the newspaper.
In 2020 the United States Department of Justice stated that an investigation found that widespread victimization occurred at Lowell.
In August 2019, 52-year-old Cheryl Weimar was viciously beaten by correctional officers in an attack that left her a quadriplegic. She won a settlement for 4.65 million dollars and was granted conditional release. Captain Keith Mitchell Turner was later terminated from employment after being arrested on charges related to molesting two children, but not for his role in the attack. A second officer, Ryan Dionne, was allowed to resign after being implicated in the attack.
Tuberculosis outbreak
In July 2005, 3,100 prisoners and 800 staff members were tested at Lowell Correction Institution for tuberculosis. Prison officials confirmed seven cases and no fatalities. State and local officials were unsure how the infection was brought into the facility.
Notable inmates
Dalia Dippolito - Serving 16 years for soliciting the murder of her husband, Michael Dippolito.
Emilia Carr - Serving life without parole for the murder of Heather Strong.
Rachel Wade - Serving 27 years for the murder of Sarah Luderman.
Courtney Schulhoff - Serving 40 years for the murder of her father.
Jennifer Fichter - Former high school teacher serving 22 years for Sexual Battery against three of her high school students.
Jennifer Mee - Hiccup girl, serving life without parole.
Ashley McArthur - Serving a life sentence for the 1st degree murder of her friend, private investigator and former police officer, Taylor Wright.
On death row
Tiffany Cole – Found guilty of kidnapping and first-degree murder of a St. Nicholas, Florida couple and was sentenced to death. Her co-conspirator, Michael Jackson, was also found guilty and sentenced to death.
References
https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/breaking-news/os-ne-florida-prisoner-cheryl-weimer-paralyzed-medical-release-20200910-p5cmx26ldfexvgfiuw436gcpne-story.html
Further reading
"Beyond Punishment." Miami Herald. 2015.
External links
Lowell Correctional Institution
1956 establishments in Florida
Women's prisons in Florida
Buildings and structures in Marion County, Florida
Prisons in Florida
Capital punishment in Florida |
The County of Greenland () was an amt (county) of Denmark, comprising Greenland and its associated islands, before home rule was granted to Greenland.
History
In 1953 Greenland's colonial status ended with the establishment of the 1953 Danish constitution. When the colonial status ended, Greenland was incorporated into the Danish realm as an Amt (county) which gave Greenlanders Danish citizenship, as a result of this, a change in Danish policies toward Greenland that consisted of a strategy of cultural assimilation. During this period, the Danish government promoted the exclusive use of Danish in official matters, and required Greenlanders to go to Denmark for their post-secondary education; many Greenlandic children grew up in boarding schools in southern Denmark, many losing their cultural ties to Greenland. The policy also backfired to produce a reassertion of Greenlandic cultural identity by the Greenlandic elite, leading to a movement in favour of independence that reached its peak in the 1970s; because of this, a further desire to establish the legality of Greenland's status formed in Denmark, resulting in the Home Rule Act of 1979, which gave Greenland limited autonomy with its own legislature taking control of some internal policies, while the Parliament of Denmark maintained full control of external policies, security, and natural resources. The law came into effect on 1 May 1979.
See also
Kingdom of Denmark
North Greenland
South Greenland
The unity of the Realm
List of governors of Greenland
Faroe Islands
References
History of Greenland
Geographic history of Denmark
Greenland County
1953 establishments in North America
1979 disestablishments in North America
1950s establishments in Greenland
1970s disestablishments in Greenland
Countries and territories where Danish is an official language |
Mafia Honey is a Finnish pop-rock band formed in 2016 in Helsinki by the former vocalist of the ceased to exist band Sallan ja Miron matka maailman ympäri, signed by the local branch of Sony Music. The band released its self-titled debut solo album in 2019 and several singles from it, all the songs were written by Salla-Marja Hätinen.
History
The band’s beginning dates back to 2015, when Salla-Marja Hätinen made several demos, which became interested to Sony Music. Then, through social circles, she began to look for “nice guys” who would form a band led by her. So the lineup included guitarist Tomas Niemistö, who had previously played in the ensemble of the Finnish pop star Robin Packalen, bassist Ilkka Tuovinen, and drummer Johannes Erkkilä.
The debut single “Rakastutaan” () was released on January 19, 2018. The second one “Koira” () came out on June 1, 2018. The last single from the first album “Yhdeksän elämää” () was released on January 4, 2019, and, according to the singer of the group Salla-Marja Hätinen, this track for the album was intentionally recorded last, and the reason for this was the desire to achieve “the best understanding within the band” before recording it.
The band’s name
The band got its name from one of Marilyn Monroe’s dogs. “Maf” was the Maltese lap dog that Frank Sinatra gifted to Marilyn Monroe; in connection with the allegedly mafia ties of Sinatra, the dog was fully baptized “Mafia Honey.” When Monroe died, the dog was given to the secretary of Sinatra.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Band members
Salla-Marja Hätinen — vocals, kantele (2016—)
Tomas Niemistö — guitars (2016—)
Ilkka Tuovinen — bass (2016—)
Johannes Erkkilä — drums (2016—)
References
Finnish rock music groups
Finnish musical quartets
Musical groups established in 2016
Women rock singers
Sony BMG artists
2016 establishments in Finland |
Kieleczka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wielowieś, within Gliwice County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Wielowieś, north of Gliwice, and north-west of the regional capital Katowice.
References
Kieleczka |
The People's Revolution Alliance (Magway) (Burmese: ပြည်သူ့တော်လှန်ရေးတပ်ပေါင်းစု (မကွေး) or လူထုတော်လှန်ရေး မဟာမိတ်အင်အားစု (မကွေး)) is a defense force in Myanmar fighting against the Myanmar military junta. It was formed in response to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état and is operating in Magway Region, Myanmar.
History
The Chief Commander of the PRA, Ko Kyaw Ko Shin, was active in civil organizations that carried out democratic rights before the military took power. Ko Kyaw Ko Shin and local youth held peaceful protests against the military coup in the Magwe region, and the military council violently suppressed it. After the junta's violent clashes and killings, they decided to start an armed resistance.
On 7 April 2023, the PRA-Magway fired missles at the junta-controlled No. 10 Defense Industry factory, burning the factory and killing some soldiers. The operation was supported militarily by the People's Defense Force and Chinland Defense Force groups in the area.
Ojectives
The PRA's stated objectives are to end all tyranny, including Myanmar's military dictatorship, to build a federal democratic state based on human existence, dignity freedom, and the right to create one's own destiny, to promote a new society with economic justice, political justice, and social justice.
References
2021 establishments in Myanmar
Military units and formations established in 2021
Rebel groups in Myanmar |
Altermatt Lake is a lake in Brown County, Minnesota, in the United States. It is a protected public lake.
History
Altermatt Lake was named for John B. Altermatt, a Swiss settler. Treml Park
is bordered by 4000 feet of the lake's shoreline.
See also
List of lakes of Minnesota
List of fishes of Minnesota
Bibliography
County Parks of Minnesota: 300 Parks You Can Visit Featuring 25 Favorites. Timothy J. Engrav
References
External links
Altermatt Lake Topographical map
Lakes of Minnesota
Lakes of Brown County, Minnesota |
Axelrodichthys is an extinct genus of mawsoniid coelacanth from the Cretaceous of Africa, North and South America, and Europe. Several species are known, the remains of which were discovered in the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) of Brazil, North Africa, and possibly Mexico, as well as in the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco (Cenomanian), Madagascar (Coniacian –Santonian) and France (Lower Campanian to Lower Maastrichtian). The Axelrodichthys of the Lower Cretaceous frequented both brackish and coastal marine waters (lagoon-coastal environment) while the most recent species lived exclusively in fresh waters (lakes and rivers). The French specimens are the last known fresh water coelacanths. Most of the species of this genus reached to in length. Axelrodichthys was named in 1986 by John G. Maisey in honor of the American ichthyologist Herbert R. Axelrod.
Description
Like its close relative Mawsonia, Axelrodichthys is a coelacanth with an elongated, low, and wide skull, whose skull roof and cheek bones are characterized by strong ornamentation. It differs from Mawsonia mainly in its more elongated parietonasal shield, the development of the descending process of the supratemporal, and by the shape and arrangement of the cheek and lower jaw bones. On the latter, the two posterior branches of the dentary are similar in length in Axelrodichthys while the lower branch of the bifurcation is much longer than the upper in Mawsonia. The contact area with the angular is also more extensive in Axelrodichthys.
Taxonomy
Several species of Axelrodichthys have been described. The validity of some of them is discussed and other specimens are left in open nomenclature because they are represented by specimens too incomplete for specific determinations. The genus includes the following taxa:
Axelrodichthys araripensis is the type species of the genus. It is also the best known species thanks to the discovery of numerous exceptionally preserved whole specimens in three dimensions in carbonate nodules. These fossils come from the Crato Formation, Aptian in age, and especially from the Romualdo Formation, whose age is generally considered Albian but which could date from the late Aptian. Both formations are located in the Araripe Basin in northeastern Brazil (the states of Ceará, Pernambuco and Piauí). It is possible that this species is also present in the Tlayúa Formation (late Albian) in the state of Puebla in Mexico. However, the specimen mentioned in the scientific literature has never been described and unfortunately was subsequently lost.
Axelrodichthys maiseyi comes from the mid-late Albian Codó Formation, located in the Grajaú Basin (state of Maranhão) in northeastern Brazil. The species is named after John G. Maisey, the creator of the genus Axelrodichthys. However, the status of A. maiseyi is discussed by some authors who doubt the interpretation of some anatomical structures and suggest revising this species.
Axelrodichthys megadromos comes from various Upper Cretaceous geological formations of southern France ranging in age from the Lower Campanian to the Lower Maastrichtian. The species is named after the Greek megas, large, and dromos, driveway, and refers both to the arrival in Europe of this gondwanan taxon, and to the construction of a new motorway near the type locality. A. megadromos is represented by a partial skull and numerous isolated cranial bones from several sites of Provence (departments of Bouches-du-Rhône and Var) and Occitanie (Aude and Hérault). The oldest specimens, including the holotype skull discovered at Ventabren in Bouches du Rhône, are Lower Campanian in age. The youngest specimen, from the Marnes Rouges Inférieures Formation in Aude, is magnetostratigraphically dated to the Lower Maastrichtian, 71.5 million years ago. This species is therefore the last known representative of the fresh water mawsoniids and one of the youngest extinct coelacanths, along with the genus Megalocoelacanthus from North America of comparable age (the most recent coelacanth fossil being a fragmentary mawsoniid found in the upper Maastrichtian marine layers of Morocco). The presence of A. megadromos in what was the Ibero-Armorican island during the Late Cretaceous is an evidence of a dispersal event of the genus Axelrodichthys from western Gondwana (Africa + South America) to the European archipelago.
Axelrodichthys lavocati ?, named after the French paleontologist René Lavocat, has been found in the late Lower Cretaceous (Albian) and/or early Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) sediments from Morocco and Algeria. Known only from isolated bones, this species was first attributed to the genus Mawsonia before being assigned to the genus Axelrodichthys in 2019. The status of this species remains uncertain, however, as the material grouped under the name lavocati could in fact belong to both genera Mawsonia and Axelrodichthys.
Gottfried and colleagues have attributed to an indeterminate species of Axelrodichthys two isolated bones found in the Coniacian-Santonian Ankazomihaboka Formation (89.8 to 83.6 million years) of Madagascar. The genus is also thought to be present in the Aptian of Niger.
Paleoecology
Axelrodichthys lived in different environments depending the species and the time. During the Lower Cretaceous, the species A. araripensis inhabited both brackish and coastal marine waters of western Gondwana. Indeed, the Romualdo Formation, where this species mainly comes from, was deposited in a coastal lagoon influenced by cycles of marine transgressions and regressions and a variable supply of fresh water. At the end of the Upper Cretaceous, the species A. megadromos lived exclusively in fresh water (lakes and rivers), on the Ibero-Armorican island, an insular landmass made up of much of France and the Iberian peninsula. All the sites that yielded this species show no marine influence. Lower Campanian specimens come from lacustrine deposits, and Upper Campanian and Lower Maastrichtian specimens were found in river and floodplain sediments. The remains of Axelrodichthys from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco and Madagascar also come from freshwater sediments. The arrival of the genus Axelrodichthys in the continental ecosystems of southwestern Europe probably occurred as a result of land connections that provided fluvial links between Europe and Gondwana.
Little is known about the diet of mawsoniids. Although tiny teeth are present on the palate and the inner part of the mandible, the mouths of these fish are mostly toothless. As a result, some authors have speculated that they swallowed their preys using suction, such as the present-day Latimeria. Other scientists have suggested that they may be filter feeders. The description in 2018 of an articulated specimen of A. araripensis that swallowed a whole fish appears to confirm the suction technique.
Phylogeny
A phylogenetic analysis of the mawsoniids published in 2020 found a polytomy grouping together the Cretaceous genera "Lualabaea", Axelrodichthys, and Mawsonia, as well as the Jurassic marine genus Trachymetopon. The genus "Lualabaea" could be congeneric with Axelrodichthys.
References
Further reading
J. G. Maisey. 1986. Coelacanths from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. American Museum Novitates 2866:1-30
Discovering Fossil Fishes by John G. Maisey, David Miller, Ivy Rutzky, and Craig Chesek
History of the Coelacanth Fishes by Peter Forey
Living Fossil: The Story of the Coelacanth by Keith Stewart Thomson
The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution by John A. Long
Mawsoniidae
Cretaceous bony fish
Prehistoric lobe-finned fish genera
Albian genus first appearances
Turonian life
Cenomanian life
Coniacian life
Santonian genus extinctions
Cretaceous fish of Africa
Cretaceous Madagascar
Fossils of Madagascar
Cretaceous fish of North America
Cretaceous Mexico
Fossils of Mexico
Cretaceous fish of South America
Cretaceous Brazil
Fossils of Brazil
Crato Formation
Cretaceous France
Fossils of France
Fossil taxa described in 1986 |
Carol S. Vance was a former district attorney of Harris County (Houston), Texas, who served in that office from 1966 to 1979, and a former board member of the Texas Board of Criminal Justice, which governs the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Vance was born in 1933.
For a period Vance was a resident of the Westbury area of Houston. In 1992, Governor of Texas Ann Richards named Vance as the head of the Texas Board of Criminal Justice.
Vance attended Houston public schools and graduated from the law school at the University of Texas in Austin. He served as Harris County assistant district attorney in 1958, shortly after graduating from law school, first under Dan Walton and then under Frank Briscoe.
He was appointed by Governor of Texas John Connally to fill the vacated district attorney’s spot when Frank Briscoe resigned to run for Congress in 1966 (Briscoe lost to Republican George H. W. Bush). At age 32, he became the second-youngest district attorney in Harris County history (only 21-year-old Peter Gray, chosen in 1842, was younger). He ran in the next election and won the position in his own right.
Vance served as district attorney from 1966 until resigning in 1979. He was unopposed in each of his elections.
Vance died on June 24, 2022, at the age of 88.
Trials
Some of the trials Vance was involved in, either as prosecutor or as district attorney, include the Elmer Wayne Henley/Houston mass murder case, the Joan Robinson Hill/John Hill murder cases, the Deep Throat v. Vance Supreme Court case, the Texas Supreme Court Justice Don Yarbrough impeachment case, the Lee Otis Johnson marijuana possession case, the Texas Southern University riot prosecutions, and the District Judge Garth Bates case.
Honors
Vance served as president of the National District Attorneys Association and the Texas District and County Attorneys Association. He was selected as a fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers.
In the 1990s, Vance asked state officials to implement the first Christian faith-based prison program at the Jester II Unit, a prison in Fort Bend County, Texas. State officials began to implement the program in 1996. The prison was renamed the Carol S. Vance Unit after Vance.
Vance retired as an employee from the law partnership Bracewell & Giuliani. In 2010 the book Boomtown DA, written by Vance, was published by Whitecaps Media. The book, using first person narration, begins with the Elmer Wayne Henley prosecution and roughly chronologically goes through Vance's terms from 1966 to 1979. Mary Flood of the Houston Chronicle stated "it appears a comfortable and engaging read".
See also
InnerChange Freedom Initiative
Christianity in Houston
References
External links
"Bracewell Alum Carol S. Vance Receives Recognition from the Texas Bar Foundation." Bracewell & Giuliani
"Vance wins Houston Bar volunteer award." Houston Business Journal. Tuesday January 4, 2011.
Connelly, Richard. "Carol Vance: Former DA Cancels Book-Signing Appearance; Death-Penalty Foes Claim Victory." Houston Press. Tuesday September 7, 2010.
Living people
Lawyers from Houston
Year of birth missing (living people) |
The 1989 Soviet football championship was the 56th seasons of competitive football in the Soviet Union. Spartak Moscow won the Top League championship becoming the Soviet domestic champions for the twelfth time.
Honours
Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition
Soviet Union football championship
Top League
First League
Second League (finals)
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Top goalscorers
Top League
Sergei Rodionov (Spartak Moscow) – 16 goals
First League
Valeriy Masalitin (CSKA Moscow) – 32 goals
References
External links
1989 Soviet football championship. RSSSF |
Ruages () is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.
Demographics
On 1 January 2019, the estimated population was 89.
See also
Communes of the Nièvre department
References
Communes of Nièvre |
The consumed scrubfowl (Megapodius alimentum) is an extinct megapode that was native to Fiji and Tonga in the south-west Pacific Ocean. It was originally described from subfossil remains collected by David Steadman from an archaeological site at Tongoleleka, on the island of Lifuka in the Haʻapai group of the Kingdom of Tonga. The specific epithet and vernacular name refer to its evident use as a food item. Subsequently, remains were also found on Lakeba and Mago in the Lau group of Fiji by Trevor Worthy. It likely became extinct through overhunting following human settlement of the islands some 3,500 years ago but may have persisted until the mid-late 19th century:
A single megapode egg, olive-tan with slightly darker mottling, was collected in the mid-19th century on an undetermined island of the Haʻapai group by Lieutenant Burnaby of the Royal Navy – most likely on Lifuka, as this was and still is the commercial and political centre of the group. In 1861 this egg (specimen BM(NH) 1988.4.3) was described as Megapodius burnabyi by George Robert Gray. It was subsequently assigned to Megapodius freycinet or Megapodius pritchardii by most authors. However, the former species does not occur anywhere near Tonga today, and probably never did even in the past when it may have been more widespread. M. pritchardii, by contrast, formerly inhabited many islands of Tonga, including Lifuka and most other large islands of the Haʻapai group, as evidenced by subfossil remains. Additionally, the extinct Megapodius molistructor or a close relative is also known from prehistoric remains found on Lifuka. But this species was huge, one of the largest megapodes known to date and far exceeding M. pritchardii in size. M. alimentum on the other hand was of medium size by Megapodius standards, about 30% larger than M. pritchardii. The M. burnabyi egg was restudied by Steadman subsequent to his description of the extinct megapodes from Lifuka. He found it to be much like typical M. pritchardii eggs; however, it is fairly long by comparison but remarkably narrow, resulting in an elongated shape that is rare in Megapodius: while M. freycinet and M. pritchardii eggs are typically 1.65 times as long as they are wide, the M. burnabyi egg is 1.76 times as long as it is wide. Small eggs of M. pritchardii, however, may occasionally have an elongated shape like Burnaby's specimen.
While it should be technically possible to extract ancient DNA from the singular egg (as was done for a duck egg collected in 1855), pending such a study, the identity of M. burnabyi is unresolved and it is best regarded as a nomen dubium – it most likely either represents a large and unusually-shaped egg of M. pritchardii, or a small egg of M. alimentum, which in this case must have survived in some numbers to about 1860 or even a bit later. The caveat, however, is that megapode eggs were traded between islands and even archipelagos, and given the uncertainties of its collection, M. burnabyi may be such a trade item and belong to another extant or recently extinct megapode species, possibly not even from Tonga. And of course, even if the egg was collected on Lifuka, the island might have been home to yet another now-extinct megapode species of which no remains have been found to date. But with 3 species of Megapodius – one large, one mid-sized, and one small – known to formerly inhabit the Haʻapai group, as well as the extensive palaeontological and archaeological fieldwork conducted there, this is considered unlikely.
References
alimentum
†
†
Extinct birds of Oceania
consumed scrubfowl
consumed scrubfowl
Holocene extinctions |
Qasem Kandi () may refer to:
Qasem Kandi, Germi, Ardabil Province
Qasem Kandi, Meshgin Shahr, Ardabil Province
Qasem Kandi, East Azerbaijan |
Smithville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Galloway Township, in Atlantic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, that was established as part of the 2010 United States Census. Smithville is located north of and inland from Atlantic City. As of the 2010 Census, the CDP's population was 7,242.
Although Smithville has existed as a community since the American Revolutionary War, most of the community remained very rural until the 1960s when the Smithville Towne Center, a tourist attraction containing over 80 shops, opened. The Towne Center was expanded to include numerous rides and other shops named "The Village Greene", which was the centerpiece of a large planned community developed since the 1980s.
History
It is in the Smithville in Atlantic County that James Baremore built what is now the Smithville Inn in 1787, a single room along a well-traveled stagecoach route. However, historians debate whether it was originally planned as an inn. The area of Smithville was originally considered part of Leeds / Leeds Point at the time. By 1874 the inn had grown to six times its original size. Its success was well established, but it was eventually abandoned at the turn of the 1900s. In 1952, Ethel and Fred Noyes purchased the inn and restored the building, opening it as a restaurant with 42 seats.
Later history
Around the 1960s, Ethel and Fred Noyes decided to expand the site into a historical attraction, similar to Colonial Williamsburg. Several historic buildings from around South Jersey were brought to the site, restored, and converted into shops and attractions.
In 1990, the newly formed Smithville Development Company began construction on the second part of the Smithville Towne Center, named "The Village Greene", which includes more stores and other activities, such as paddleboats, miniature golf, a carousel, an old-fashioned steam train, and several other attractions. In addition to The Village Greene, the company embarked on a Planned Unit Development containing 6,800 condominium units. Due to legal disagreements, the number of units was reduced to 4,000. Soon after, a recession forced the construction to stop in 1991, leaving around 1,600 completed units. In 1995, the remaining land was sold to KHovnanian of Red Bank. KHovnanian reduced the number of planned residences from 2,500 condominium units to a 1200-unit retirement community. The project was later renamed "Four Seasons at Historic Smithville", which was built in several phases.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Smithville had a total area of 5.055 square miles (13.091 km2), including 5.001 square miles (12.952 km2) of land and 0.054 square miles (0.139 km2) of water (1.06%).
Smithville is located in the New Jersey Pine Barrens.
Demographics
Census 2010
The 2010 United States census counted 7,242 people, 3,282 households, and 2,084 families in the CDP. The population density was . There were 3,548 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup was 77.53% (5,615) White, 10.37% (751) Black or African American, 0.07% (5) Native American, 7.71% (558) Asian, 0.04% (3) Pacific Islander, 2.13% (154) from other races, and 2.15% (156) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.95% (576) of the population.
Of the 3,282 households, 19.7% had children under the age of 18; 47.8% were married couples living together; 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present and 36.5% were non-families. Of all households, 29.7% were made up of individuals and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.71.
16.8% of the population were under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 21.0% from 25 to 44, 29.7% from 45 to 64, and 25.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48.6 years. For every 100 females, the population had 85.3 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 83.3 males.
Transportation
Smithville is accessible via exit 48 of the Garden State Parkway (southbound only) by way of U.S. Route 9 (New York Road) and via exit 44 of the Garden State Parkway (northbound), by following Moss Mill Road (County Route 561 Alternate) east/south.
New Jersey Transit provides bus service to Atlantic City on the 559 route.
Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Smithville include:
Enoch Johnson or "Nucky" Johnson was born in Smithville, although he was most associated with Atlantic City.
Mushond Lee (born 1970), actor who appeared on The Cosby Show and in the film Lean on Me
References
External links
Historic Smithville website
Smithville History and Information
Shoobees Guide to Smithville
Census-designated places in Atlantic County, New Jersey
Census-designated places in New Jersey
Galloway Township, New Jersey
Populated places in the Pine Barrens (New Jersey)
Planned communities in the United States
Tourist attractions in Atlantic County, New Jersey |
This is a list of characters from Robert Muchamore's Henderson's Boys series of books.
Children
Group A
Marc Kilgour: Found at a train station, abandoned by his mother, Marc spent the first 12 years of his life in an orphanage. The protagonist, Marc has a gift for languages and knows both French and German. He features in all of the books.
Paul Clarke: A shy boy, his mother died when he was very young and his father died during an air raid. He spends a lot of his time reading and painting. He also designed the CHERUB insignia.
(1927 - 5 June 1944): Paul's sister, she was born in England and feels that it is her 'proper' home. Rosie is currently the only female allowed to enter CHERUB's training program. She dies in Scorched Earth when she is shot in the base of the nose by Milce Commander Robert.
PT Bivott: Born and raised in New York, his older brother and father died during a criminal operation that went wrong. He tried to run away during Eagle Day but was stopped by Paul. He eventually becomes CHERUB's gym master.
Luc: A thirteen-year-old who likes to show his power and bully younger recruits. He first appears in Secret Army.
Joel: A fourteen-year-old, Joel is long-limbed and muscular with scruffy blonde hair. He first appears in Secret Army.
Group B
: Troy first appears in Secret Army in an English approved school. He is bullied because of his French accent and is subsequently rescued by Eileen McAfferty.
: Joel's brother is ten years old and is one of Troy's friends.
: At fourteen years of age, Yves is one of the oldest in Group B.
Three more boys are in these unit. One being there before Troy arrived, the other two mentioned in chapter 14 as expected to arrive and at the end of the book the whole unit is operational (has to have six members so as to be operational) and has been training.
Sisters and Juniors
Mason LeConte: The brother of Troy, Mason is several years younger. He appeared with his brother for the first time in Secret Army. He would also appear in the final CHERUB novel New Guard.
Staff
Charles Henderson: After being assisted by the children during an operation in France, he is convinced that there should be a unit consisting entirely of children. He is in a troubled marriage and considered a divorce. In 1946 he was murdered by his wife Joan for reasons unknown.
Eileen McAfferty: Henderson's commanding officer, she found herself conscripted into the navy as an officer. Later becomes Chairwoman of CHERUB and adopts Henderson's son Terrence, who is known as the Chairman of CHERUB Dr Terrence "Mac" McAfferty in the CHERUB series.
Mr. Takada: Takada is the first CHERUB training instructor. He speaks very little English and no French, which is most of the recruit's native language. Takada first appears in Secret Army. He is the father of Miss Takada, one of the Martial Arts teachers in the CHERUB series.
Pippa: CHERUB campus's elderly cook, first appearing in Secret Army.
Mrs. Donelley: Teaches English and Maths to all students. She first appears in Secret Army.
Boo: A 19-year-old radio-operator, first appearing in Grey Wolves.
References
External links
Character profiles on hendersonsboys.com
Henderson's Boys |
The Hatton W. Sumners Foundation awards grants, scholarships, research and educational opportunities to students. It seeks to help students "grasp the fundamental principles of democracy and help shape governmental policies". The organization believes uninformed, inactive citizens are a threat to American liberty and emphasis must be placed on promoting the study and teaching of the science of self-government
History
The Hatton W. Sumners Foundation was created in 1949 by a gift from former Congressman Hatton William Sumners (May 30, 1875 – April 19, 1962). A Democratic Congressman from the Dallas, Texas area, serving from 1913 to 1947, Sumners rose to become Chairman of the powerful House Judiciary Committee. He stood against President Franklin Delano Roosevelt by introducing The 1937 Retirement Act to prevent Roosevelt from packing the Supreme Court with Justices that would support his New Deal programs.
In 2018, the Hatton W. Sumners Foundation approved $2,212,365 in grants to 35 non-profit organizations and educational institutions. In the history of the foundation, more than $81 million has been used to endow scholarship programs at Southern Methodist University Dedman School of Law, Oklahoma City University School of Law, Howard Payne University, Schreiner University, Texas Wesleyan University, and Austin College
Scholarships
Scholarships are awarded based on merit and Sumners Scholars are selected based on academics, civic responsibility and leadership potential.
Scholars gain access to speakers at the Hatton W. Sumners Distinguished Lecture Series. Past speakers have included President Gerald Ford, George W. Bush, Queen Noor of Jordan, Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Czech President Vaclav Klaus, John Stossel of ABC's 20/20, and Bill O'Reilly of Fox News.
Sumners Scholars Alumni
David Drumm, Partner, Carrington, Coleman, Sloman & Blumenthal, L.L.P
Nathan Hecht, Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Texas
Joseph Foran, Founder, Chairman of the Board, Matador Resources Company
Lee Ann Dauphinot, Former Justice Texas Second District Court of Appeals
Charles Moore, Esquire, Chancellor, Keleher & Mc Leod, P.A.
References
External links
http://www.hattonsumners.org/
Educational organizations based in the United States |
The Ring and the Man is a lost 1914 silent dramatic film directed by Francis Powers and starring Bruce McRae. It was produced by Famous Players Film Company and released on State Rights basis.
Cast
Bruce McRae - George Gormly, alias for George fordyce
Wellington Playter - William Haldane
Violet Horner - Eleanor Haldane
Helen Aubrey - Mrs. Jim Martin
Robert Broderick - Jim Martin
Albert Andruss - Chief of Police
Charles Douglass (actor) - The Sheriff
Albert S. Houston - Fordyce's Secretary
References
External links
The Ring and the Man at IMDb.com
1914 films
American silent feature films
Lost American drama films
Famous Players-Lasky films
American black-and-white films
Silent American drama films
1914 drama films
1914 lost films
1910s American films
1910s English-language films
English-language drama films |
Christian Barry is an American philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at the Australian National University. He is a co-editor of the Journal of Political Philosophy and a former head of the School of Philosophy in the Research School of the Social Sciences at the ANU. Barry is known for his research on international justice.
Christian was a program officer at the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs before joining the ANU and is the Ethics Matters podcast co-presenter.
Books
Responding to Global Poverty: Harm, Responsibility and Agency, (co-authored with Gerhard Øverland) Cambridge University Press, 2016
International Trade and Labour Standards: A Proposal for Linkage, (co-authored with Sanjay Reddy) Columbia University Press, 2008
Ethics for Consumers, Oxford University Press, forthcoming
References
External links
Christian Barry at the ANU
21st-century American philosophers
Analytic philosophers
Political philosophers
American philosophy academics
Living people
Academic staff of the Australian National University
Year of birth missing (living people)
American expatriate academics
Columbia University alumni |
Josh Tenge (born December 1978) is a professional sandboarder who has won four world championships and five national titles.
Tenge is a sponsored ( Venomous Sandboards ) professional sandboarding competitor and has set three Guinness World Records, including one for the longest backflip by distance at 44 feet, 10 inches. The record was set on 20 May 2000 in Xwest Huck Fest, Nevada.
References
External links
CNN article
List of Sandboarding Events and Competitions
Living people
1978 births
Sandboarding |
Chatchai-decha Butdee (, , ), formerly Chatchai Butdee (, , ; born 26 March 1985), is a Thai boxer who won a bronze medal at the 2013 World Championships. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he competed in the flyweight, but was defeated in his second bout. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, Butdee was again eliminated in his second bout, despite controlling the fight.
Butdee is married and has one daughter. He has a degree in public administration from Thongsook College and is a fan of the English football club Arsenal F.C. In 2013 he was named the Male Athlete of the Year by the Sports Authority of Thailand.
Butdee has an affiliation with the 1st Army Arai Boxing Club, Thailand.
After being eliminated in the quarterfinals of the 2020 Summer Olympics featherweight (losing 3-2 to Cuba's Lázaro Álvarez), he announced his retirement at the age of 36 after having competed in three Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Chatchai-decha Butdee
Chatchai-decha Butdee
Flyweight boxers
Bantamweight boxers
Featherweight boxers
Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Chatchai-decha Butdee
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Boxers at the 2010 Asian Games
Boxers at the 2014 Asian Games
Boxers at the 2018 Asian Games
Chatchai-decha Butdee
Chatchai-decha Butdee
SEA Games medalists in boxing
Competitors at the 2009 SEA Games
Competitors at the 2011 SEA Games
Competitors at the 2013 SEA Games
Competitors at the 2017 SEA Games
Chatchai-decha Butdee
Boxers at the 2020 Summer Olympics |
Roxbury Park may refer to:
Luna Park, Johnstown, Pennsylvania
Roxbury Heritage State Park, Boston, Massachusetts
Roxbury Memorial Park, Beverly Hills, California
West Roxbury Parkway, Boston, Massachusetts
See also
Roxbury (disambiguation) |
Euperipatoides rowelli is an ovoviviparous species of velvet worm of the Peripatopsidae family. It is found in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory.
Description
As all species in the genus Euperipatoides, E. rowelli has a dark grayish-blue color. This species has 15 pairs of legs in both sexes. Adult specimens measure about 3 to 5 cm in length, with females being larger than males. This species is characterized by two distinct rows of bristles on the antennal rings 4, 6, 9 and 12, while the remaining species of the genus have two distinct rows only on the two or four distal antennal rings.
Ecology and behaviour
Euperipatoides rowelli occurs in humid, temperate forests of southeastern Australia. Its main habitat are decaying logs on the forest floor, where it lives in crevices and feeds on small invertebrates, such as termites and crickets.
Specimens are rarely found alone, usually forming groups of a few individuals containing females, males, and juveniles. Laboratory observations on behavior concluded that these groups present some sort of hierarchy with dominant females.
New logs are usually colonized by wandering males. The pheromones emitted by the first male to reach a log attract additional males, as well as females. It is assumed that males are attracted by other males because their high density increases the attraction of females.
During reproduction, the male places its spermatophore on the female's skin. With the aid of the female blood cells, the body wall is breached and the sperm enters the female body cavity, then swims to the female genital tract. Females have two uteri and each one can have embryos at different developmental stages, up to six months apart, and from different males. Males mature in about a year, while females can take up to three years.
Model organism
Due to its abundance in its native habitat, E. rowelli is becoming a model organism in the study of behavior and ecology, and especially of gene expression and evolution, leading to a better understanding on the evolution of animals and especially arthropods, to which velvet worms are closely related.
References
Further reading
Onychophorans of Australasia
Onychophoran species
Animals described in 1996
Taxa named by Amanda Reid (malacologist) |
Jhon Franky Montaño Sinisterra (born 7 May 1997), also known as John Montaño, is a Colombian footballer.
Career
Montaño played with América de Cali, playing for the U-20 team and appearing for the first-team in the Copa Colombia in 2016 and 2017. He joined United Soccer League side Rio Grande Valley FC Toros in March 2018.
He made his professional debut on 16 March 2018, playing in a 1-1 draw with Saint Louis FC.
Notes
References
External links
John Montaño at Rio Grande Valley FC Toros
1997 births
Living people
Colombian men's footballers
Colombian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Expatriate men's footballers in Chile
Men's association football forwards
América de Cali footballers
Rio Grande Valley FC Toros players
Santiago Morning footballers
USL Championship players
Primera B de Chile players
Footballers from Tumaco |
```c++
// (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// path_to_url
// Adapted from donated nonius code.
#include <catch2/benchmark/detail/catch_stats.hpp>
#include <catch2/internal/catch_compiler_capabilities.hpp>
#include <cassert>
#include <cstddef>
#include <iterator>
#include <random>
#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_USE_ASYNC)
#include <future>
#endif
namespace {
using Catch::Benchmark::Detail::sample;
template <typename URng, typename Estimator>
sample resample(URng& rng, unsigned int resamples, std::vector<double>::iterator first, std::vector<double>::iterator last, Estimator& estimator) {
auto n = static_cast<size_t>(last - first);
std::uniform_int_distribution<decltype(n)> dist(0, n - 1);
sample out;
out.reserve(resamples);
std::generate_n(std::back_inserter(out), resamples, [n, first, &estimator, &dist, &rng] {
std::vector<double> resampled;
resampled.reserve(n);
std::generate_n(std::back_inserter(resampled), n, [first, &dist, &rng] { return first[static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(dist(rng))]; });
return estimator(resampled.begin(), resampled.end());
});
std::sort(out.begin(), out.end());
return out;
}
double erf_inv(double x) {
// Code accompanying the article "Approximating the erfinv function" in GPU Computing Gems, Volume 2
double w, p;
w = -log((1.0 - x) * (1.0 + x));
if (w < 6.250000) {
w = w - 3.125000;
p = -3.6444120640178196996e-21;
p = -1.685059138182016589e-19 + p * w;
p = 1.2858480715256400167e-18 + p * w;
p = 1.115787767802518096e-17 + p * w;
p = -1.333171662854620906e-16 + p * w;
p = 2.0972767875968561637e-17 + p * w;
p = 6.6376381343583238325e-15 + p * w;
p = -4.0545662729752068639e-14 + p * w;
p = -8.1519341976054721522e-14 + p * w;
p = 2.6335093153082322977e-12 + p * w;
p = -1.2975133253453532498e-11 + p * w;
p = -5.4154120542946279317e-11 + p * w;
p = 1.051212273321532285e-09 + p * w;
p = -4.1126339803469836976e-09 + p * w;
p = -2.9070369957882005086e-08 + p * w;
p = 4.2347877827932403518e-07 + p * w;
p = -1.3654692000834678645e-06 + p * w;
p = -1.3882523362786468719e-05 + p * w;
p = 0.0001867342080340571352 + p * w;
p = -0.00074070253416626697512 + p * w;
p = -0.0060336708714301490533 + p * w;
p = 0.24015818242558961693 + p * w;
p = 1.6536545626831027356 + p * w;
} else if (w < 16.000000) {
w = sqrt(w) - 3.250000;
p = 2.2137376921775787049e-09;
p = 9.0756561938885390979e-08 + p * w;
p = -2.7517406297064545428e-07 + p * w;
p = 1.8239629214389227755e-08 + p * w;
p = 1.5027403968909827627e-06 + p * w;
p = -4.013867526981545969e-06 + p * w;
p = 2.9234449089955446044e-06 + p * w;
p = 1.2475304481671778723e-05 + p * w;
p = -4.7318229009055733981e-05 + p * w;
p = 6.8284851459573175448e-05 + p * w;
p = 2.4031110387097893999e-05 + p * w;
p = -0.0003550375203628474796 + p * w;
p = 0.00095328937973738049703 + p * w;
p = -0.0016882755560235047313 + p * w;
p = 0.0024914420961078508066 + p * w;
p = -0.0037512085075692412107 + p * w;
p = 0.005370914553590063617 + p * w;
p = 1.0052589676941592334 + p * w;
p = 3.0838856104922207635 + p * w;
} else {
w = sqrt(w) - 5.000000;
p = -2.7109920616438573243e-11;
p = -2.5556418169965252055e-10 + p * w;
p = 1.5076572693500548083e-09 + p * w;
p = -3.7894654401267369937e-09 + p * w;
p = 7.6157012080783393804e-09 + p * w;
p = -1.4960026627149240478e-08 + p * w;
p = 2.9147953450901080826e-08 + p * w;
p = -6.7711997758452339498e-08 + p * w;
p = 2.2900482228026654717e-07 + p * w;
p = -9.9298272942317002539e-07 + p * w;
p = 4.5260625972231537039e-06 + p * w;
p = -1.9681778105531670567e-05 + p * w;
p = 7.5995277030017761139e-05 + p * w;
p = -0.00021503011930044477347 + p * w;
p = -0.00013871931833623122026 + p * w;
p = 1.0103004648645343977 + p * w;
p = 4.8499064014085844221 + p * w;
}
return p * x;
}
double standard_deviation(std::vector<double>::iterator first, std::vector<double>::iterator last) {
auto m = Catch::Benchmark::Detail::mean(first, last);
double variance = std::accumulate( first,
last,
0.,
[m]( double a, double b ) {
double diff = b - m;
return a + diff * diff;
} ) /
( last - first );
return std::sqrt( variance );
}
}
namespace Catch {
namespace Benchmark {
namespace Detail {
#if defined( __GNUC__ ) || defined( __clang__ )
# pragma GCC diagnostic push
# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wfloat-equal"
#endif
bool directCompare( double lhs, double rhs ) { return lhs == rhs; }
#if defined( __GNUC__ ) || defined( __clang__ )
# pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif
double weighted_average_quantile(int k, int q, std::vector<double>::iterator first, std::vector<double>::iterator last) {
auto count = last - first;
double idx = (count - 1) * k / static_cast<double>(q);
int j = static_cast<int>(idx);
double g = idx - j;
std::nth_element(first, first + j, last);
auto xj = first[j];
if ( directCompare( g, 0 ) ) {
return xj;
}
auto xj1 = *std::min_element(first + (j + 1), last);
return xj + g * (xj1 - xj);
}
double erfc_inv(double x) {
return erf_inv(1.0 - x);
}
double normal_quantile(double p) {
static const double ROOT_TWO = std::sqrt(2.0);
double result = 0.0;
assert(p >= 0 && p <= 1);
if (p < 0 || p > 1) {
return result;
}
result = -erfc_inv(2.0 * p);
// result *= normal distribution standard deviation (1.0) * sqrt(2)
result *= /*sd * */ ROOT_TWO;
// result += normal disttribution mean (0)
return result;
}
double outlier_variance(Estimate<double> mean, Estimate<double> stddev, int n) {
double sb = stddev.point;
double mn = mean.point / n;
double mg_min = mn / 2.;
double sg = (std::min)(mg_min / 4., sb / std::sqrt(n));
double sg2 = sg * sg;
double sb2 = sb * sb;
auto c_max = [n, mn, sb2, sg2](double x) -> double {
double k = mn - x;
double d = k * k;
double nd = n * d;
double k0 = -n * nd;
double k1 = sb2 - n * sg2 + nd;
double det = k1 * k1 - 4 * sg2 * k0;
return static_cast<int>(-2. * k0 / (k1 + std::sqrt(det)));
};
auto var_out = [n, sb2, sg2](double c) {
double nc = n - c;
return (nc / n) * (sb2 - nc * sg2);
};
return (std::min)(var_out(1), var_out((std::min)(c_max(0.), c_max(mg_min)))) / sb2;
}
bootstrap_analysis analyse_samples(double confidence_level, unsigned int n_resamples, std::vector<double>::iterator first, std::vector<double>::iterator last) {
CATCH_INTERNAL_START_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION
CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_GLOBALS_WARNINGS
static std::random_device entropy;
CATCH_INTERNAL_STOP_WARNINGS_SUPPRESSION
auto n = static_cast<int>(last - first); // seriously, one can't use integral types without hell in C++
auto mean = &Detail::mean<std::vector<double>::iterator>;
auto stddev = &standard_deviation;
#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_USE_ASYNC)
auto Estimate = [=](double(*f)(std::vector<double>::iterator, std::vector<double>::iterator)) {
auto seed = entropy();
return std::async(std::launch::async, [=] {
std::mt19937 rng(seed);
auto resampled = resample(rng, n_resamples, first, last, f);
return bootstrap(confidence_level, first, last, resampled, f);
});
};
auto mean_future = Estimate(mean);
auto stddev_future = Estimate(stddev);
auto mean_estimate = mean_future.get();
auto stddev_estimate = stddev_future.get();
#else
auto Estimate = [=](double(*f)(std::vector<double>::iterator, std::vector<double>::iterator)) {
auto seed = entropy();
std::mt19937 rng(seed);
auto resampled = resample(rng, n_resamples, first, last, f);
return bootstrap(confidence_level, first, last, resampled, f);
};
auto mean_estimate = Estimate(mean);
auto stddev_estimate = Estimate(stddev);
#endif // CATCH_USE_ASYNC
double outlier_variance = Detail::outlier_variance(mean_estimate, stddev_estimate, n);
return { mean_estimate, stddev_estimate, outlier_variance };
}
} // namespace Detail
} // namespace Benchmark
} // namespace Catch
``` |
Damarious Wayne Randall (born August 29, 1992) is an American football cornerback who is a free agent. He played college football at Arizona State and was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the first round of the 2015 NFL Draft.
Early years
Randall played as a cornerback, safety, and wide receiver and returned punts and kickoffs at Pensacola High School, earning all-state recognition as a senior and all-conference honors as a junior and senior. He helped lead the team to a Class 3A title as a senior in 2009, when the Tigers outscored their opponents 95-13 in the postseason. He also lettered all four years in baseball as a shortstop and four years in track & field, participating in the long jump (23'11") and the 4x100 relay (44.10 seconds).
College career
Randall played college baseball at Butler Community College for a year before transferring to Mesa Community College to play college football. He saw his first action in 2012 and recorded 69 tackles, ten interceptions and five total touchdowns. The next year, he transferred to Arizona State University. He entered his first year at Arizona State and missed the first four games because of a lower leg injury and then started the rest of the season and recorded 71 tackles, three interceptions and a touchdown. As a senior in 2014, Randall started all 13 games. He finished the year with a team-leading 106 tackles, three interceptions, 4 forced fumbles, one sack and a touchdown.
Professional career
On December 14, 2014, it was announced that Randall accepted his invitation to play in the 2015 Senior Bowl. On January 24, 2015, Randall played in the Reese's Senior Bowl and recorded a tackle and a pass breakup as part of Arizona Cardinals' head coach Ken Whisenhunt's North team that defeated the South 34-13. Randall was one of 54 defensive backs that attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana. He completed all of the combine drills and finished eighth among defensive backs in the vertical jump and tenth among his position group in the 40-yard dash and three-cone drill. On March 6, 2015, Randall attended Arizona State's pro day, along with Jaelen Strong, Marcus Hardison, Jamil Douglas, Taylor Kelly, and eight other prospects. He chose to stand on his combine numbers and only ran positional drills for scouts and team representatives from all 32 NFL teams.
During the draft process, Randall attended private visits and workouts with 11 NFL teams, including the New England Patriots, Seattle Seahawks, Philadelphia Eagles, New York Giants, Dallas Cowboys, Carolina Panthers, and Cleveland Browns. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Randall was projected to be a late first round or second round pick by NFL draft experts and analysts. He was ranked the top safety prospect in the draft by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, was ranked the top free safety in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com, was ranked the second best safety by NFL analyst Charles Davis, and was ranked the seventh best safety by Sports Illustrated.
Green Bay Packers
2015
The Green Bay Packers selected Randall in the first round (30th overall) of the 2015 NFL Draft. He was the first safety selected in 2015 and was the highest draft pick from Arizona State since Terrell Suggs in 2003. On June 16, 2015, the Packers signed Randall to a four-year, $7.91 million contract that includes $5.96 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $4.0 million.
Although he played safety in college, the Packers drafted him with plans to strictly play him at cornerback. He entered training camp slated as the third cornerback on the depth chart behind Sam Shields and Casey Hayward. Head coach Mike McCarthy officially named him the third cornerback to start the regular season.
He made his professional regular season debut in the Packers' season-opening at the Chicago Bears and recorded one tackle and two pass deflections during their 31–23 victory. On October 18, 2015, Randall earned his first career start and recorded a season-high seven solo tackles and deflected two passes during the Packers' 27–20 victory against the San Diego Chargers. During the game Randall deflected a game-tying touchdown pass by Philip Rivers and earned Castrol Edge Clutch Performer of the Week for his performance. In Week 8, he made seven combined tackles, deflected a pass, and made his first career interception off a pass attempt by Peyton Manning in Green Bay's 29–10 loss at the Denver Broncos. The following week, Randall started at outside cornerback in place of Sam Shields, who suffered a shoulder injury the previous week. Randall collected five solo tackles, deflected two passes, and intercepted Carolina Panthers' quarterback Cam Newton during a 37–29 loss. In Week 12, Randall made two solo tackles in a 17–13 loss to the Chicago Bears. He left the game after suffering a knee injury and was inactive for Week 13. On December 20, 2015, he made his fifth start in place of Sam Shields and recorded seven combined tackles, deflected a pass, and returned an interception by Derek Carr for a 43-yard touchdown in the Packers' 30–20 victory at the Oakland Raiders. It marked the first touchdown of Randall's career. He finished his rookie season with a career-high 58 combined tackles (53 solo), 14 pass deflections, three interceptions, and a touchdown in 15 games and nine starts.
The Packers finished second in the NFC North the 2015 season with a 10-6 record. On January 10, 2016, Randall started in his first career playoff game and recorded eight combined tackles and defended a pass in a 35–14 win at the Washington Redskins in the NFC Wildcard game. The following week, he made three combined tackles, deflected a pass, and intercepted a pass attempt by Carson Palmer during a 26–20 loss at the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Divisional round.
2016
Throughout training camp, Randall competed against Quinten Rollins and LaDarius Gunter for the vacant starting cornerback position after Casey Hayward departed for the San Diego Chargers in free agency. He was named the starting cornerback along with Sam Shields to start the regular season.
He started the Packers' season-opener at the Jacksonville Jaguars and recorded a season-high six solo tackles and two pass deflections during a 27-23 victory. On September 25, 2016, he made two combined tackles, defended a pass, and returned an interception by Matthew Stafford 44-yards in the Packers' 34-27 victory against the Detroit Lions. He suffered a groin injury in Week 4 and was inactive the following week. On October 16, 2016, Randall made two solo tackles in a 30-16 loss to the Dallas Cowboys. He aggravated his groin injury and missed the next five games (Weeks 7-11) after undergoing surgery. On December 11, 2016, Randall made five combined tackles, deflected two passes, and intercepted Seattle Seahawks' quarterback Russell Wilson twice during a 37-10 victory. Randall finished the season with 39 combined tackles (35 solo), nine pass deflections, and three interceptions in ten games and nine starts.
The Packers finished atop the NFC North with a 10-6 record. On January 8, 2017, Randall made five combined tackles three pass deflections, and an interception during their 38-13 NFC Wildcard victory over the New York Giants. After defeating the Dallas Cowboys, the Packers were defeated by the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Championship.
2017
Head coach Mike McCarthy named Randall the starting cornerback, along with Davon House, after the Packers chose not to re-sign Sam Shields.
He started the Packers' season-opener against the Seattle Seahawks and recorded a season-high six solo tackles and a pass breakup in their 17-9 victory. On October 8, 2017, Randall made one tackle, deflected a pass, and returned an interception by Dak Prescott for a 21-yard touchdown during the Packers' 35-31 victory at the Dallas Cowboys. In Week 7, he collected three combined tackles, broke up a pass, and made an interception during a 26-17 loss to the New Orleans Saints. It was his third consecutive game with an interception. On December 22, 2017, the Packers placed Randall on injured/reserve for the remainder of the season after he suffered a knee injury. He finished the season with 47 combined tackles (38 solo), nine pass deflections, four interceptions, and a touchdown in 14 games and 12 starts.
Cleveland Browns
2018
On March 9, 2018, the Packers agreed to trade Randall to the Cleveland Browns in exchange for DeShone Kizer and a swap of both fourth and fifth-round draft picks. The deal became official on March 14, 2018, at the start of the NFL year. On April 30, 2018, the Browns exercised the fifth-year option on Randall's contract.
In week 4 against the Oakland Raiders, Randall intercepted quarterback Derek Carr and made 6 tackles in the 45-42 overtime loss.
2019
On November 14, 2019, Randall was ejected after a helmet-to-helmet hit on Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver Diontae Johnson. The Browns still celebrated a 21-7 win over the Steelers.
Las Vegas Raiders
On April 7, 2020, the Las Vegas Raiders signed Randall to a one-year contract. He was released on September 4, 2020.
Seattle Seahawks
On September 30, 2020, Randall was signed to the Seattle Seahawks' practice squad. He was elevated to the active roster on October 3 and October 10 for the team's weeks 4 and 5 games against the Miami Dolphins and Minnesota Vikings, and reverted to the practice squad after each game. He was promoted to the active roster on October 21. He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on January 2, 2021, and activated four days later.
The Seahawks re-signed Randall on April 9, 2021, and moved him to cornerback. He was released on August 31, 2021.
Los Angeles Rams
On December 18, 2021, Randall was signed to the Los Angeles Rams practice squad. He was later released from the practice squad before the Rams won Super Bowl LVI.
NFL career statistics
Personal life
Early in his tenure with the Browns, Randall incited anger from Clevelanders by openly cheering for the Golden State Warriors to defeat the hometown Cavs in the NBA Finals. As a make-good, he offered to purchase jerseys for everyone who retweeted one of his posts if the Cavs did indeed go on to win the championship (they did not win). That tweet became the most re-tweeted ever for a professional athlete, and in 2020 is the 23rd most re-tweeted tweet of all time.
References
External links
Green Bay Packers bio
Arizona State Sun Devils bio
1992 births
Living people
Players of American football from Pensacola, Florida
American football safeties
American football cornerbacks
Butler Grizzlies baseball players
Mesa Thunderbirds football players
Arizona State Sun Devils football players
Green Bay Packers players
Cleveland Browns players
Las Vegas Raiders players
Seattle Seahawks players
Los Angeles Rams players |
Bessie Niemeyer Marshall was an American botanical illustrator known for her watercolor paintings of the wildflowers of Lee Memorial Park. Her artwork documented the variety of plant species being preserved in Lee Memorial Park, a Works Progress Administration-funded wildflower and bird sanctuary in Petersburg, Virginia.
Born Sarah Elizabeth Niemeyer on December 25, 1884, in Portsmouth, Virginia, Bessie Niemeyer married Myron Barrand Marshall, an Episcopalian priest, in 1907 and had nine children. After service in parishes in the Philippines and in Virginia, the family settled in Petersburg in 1937.
In 1935, the city of Petersburg, using W.P.A. (Women's and Professional Division) funds, authorized the creation of a 25-acre wildflower sanctuary in Lee Memorial Park. Under the direction of Petersburg Garden Club member Mary Donald Claiborne Holden, African American women labored on the project through 1940, clearing ravines, building ten miles of paths, and planting 365,00 plants, including 8,000 trees and 37,000 shrubs and more than one million honeysuckle roots to prevent erosion. In 1937, Holden hired Marshall to paint watercolors of the dried and pressed plant specimens of Lee Park flora. A self-taught artist, Marshall produced 238 watercolors of the Lee Park herbarium specimens; the paintings and 325 specimens were stored together in fourteen brown scrapbooks, ultimately housed for almost fifty years in the Petersburg Public Library. The collection was rediscovered by the Petersburg Garden Club in the 1990s. The current location of the collection is at Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden.
Although she pursued other illustration assignments, Marshall had no other major commissions. She died on February 14, 1960, in Portsmouth, Virginia.
Lee Memorial Park is now on the National Register of Historic Places. Marshall and the Lee Park W.P.A. project are the subjects of a monograph published in 2000. In 2014, fourteen reproductions of Marshall's paintings were exhibited in a joint show with reproductions of paintings by Mark Catesby and in 2016, the Petersburg Area Art League exhibited 20 reproductions of Marshall's paintings. In 2018 the Virginia Capitol Foundation announced that Marshall's name would be on the Virginia Women's Monument's glass Wall of Honor.
References
1880s births
1960 deaths
Botanical illustrators
Botanical art
Natural history illustrators
American women illustrators
American illustrators
20th-century American artists
20th-century American women artists
Painters from Virginia |
P1 is a temperate bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli and some other bacteria. When undergoing a lysogenic cycle the phage genome exists as a plasmid in the bacterium unlike other phages (e.g. the lambda phage) that integrate into the host DNA. P1 has an icosahedral head containing the DNA attached to a contractile tail with six tail fibers.
The P1 phage has gained research interest because it can be used to transfer DNA from one bacterial cell to another in a process known as transduction. As it replicates during its lytic cycle it captures fragments of the host chromosome. If the resulting viral particles are used to infect a different host the captured DNA fragments can be integrated into the new host's genome. This method of in vivo genetic engineering was widely used for many years and is still used today, though to a lesser extent. P1 can also be used to create the P1-derived artificial chromosome cloning vector which can carry relatively large fragments of DNA. P1 encodes a site-specific recombinase, Cre, that is widely used to carry out cell-specific or time-specific DNA recombination by flanking the target DNA with loxP sites (see Cre-Lox recombination).
Morphology
The virion is similar in structure to the T4 phage but simpler. It has an icosahedral head containing the genome attached at one vertex to the tail. The tail has a tube surrounded by a contractile sheath. It ends in a base plate with six tail fibres. The tail fibres are involved in attaching to the host and providing specificity.
Genome
The genome of the P1 phage is moderately large, around 93Kbp in length (compared to the genomes of e.g. T4 - 169Kbp, lambda - 48Kbp and Ff - 6.4Kbp). In the viral particle it is in the form of a linear double stranded DNA molecule. Once inserted into the host it circularizes and replicates as a plasmid.
In the viral particle the DNA molecule is longer (110Kbp) than the actual length of the genome. It is created by cutting an appropriately sized fragment from a concatemeric DNA chain having multiple copies of the genome (see the section below on lysis for how this is made). Due to this the ends of the DNA molecule are identical. This is referred to as being terminally redundant. This is important for the DNA to be circularized in the host. Another consequence of the DNA being cut out of a concatemer is that a given linear molecule can start at any location on the circular genome. This is called a cyclical permutation.
The genome is especially rich in Chi sequences recognized by the bacterial recombinase RecBCD. The genome contains two origins of replication: oriR which replicates it during the lysogenic cycle and oriL which replicates it during the lytic stage. The genome of P1 encodes three tRNAs which are expressed in the lytic stage.
Proteome. The genome of P1 encodes 112 proteins and 5 untranslated genes and is this about twice the size of bacteriophage lambda.
Life cycle
Infection and early stages
The phage particle adsorbs onto the surface of the bacterium using the tail fibers for specificity. The tail sheath contracts and the DNA of the phage is injected into the host cell. The host DNA recombination machinery or the cre enzyme translated from the viral DNA recombine the terminally redundant ends and circularize the genome. Depending on various physiological cues, the phage may immediately proceed to the lytic phase or it may enter a lysogenic state.
The gene that encodes the tail fibers have a set of sequences that can be targeted by a site specific recombinase Cin. This causes the C terminal end of the protein to switch between two alternate forms at a low frequency. The viral tail fibers are responsible for the specificity of binding to the host receptor. The targets of the viral tail fibers are under a constant pressure to evolve and evade binding. This method of recombinational diversity of the tail allows the virus to keep up with the bacterium. This system has close sequence homologies to recombinational systems in the tail fibers of unrelated phages like the mu phage and the lambda phage.
Lysogeny
The genome of the P1 phage is maintained as a low copy number plasmid in the bacterium. The relatively large size of the plasmid requires it to keep a low copy number lest it become too large a metabolic burden while it is a lysogen. As there is usually only one copy of the plasmid per bacterial genome, the plasmid stands a high chance of not being passed to both daughter cells. The P1 plasmid combats this by several methods:
The plasmid replication is tightly regulated by a RepA protein dependent mechanism. This is similar to the mechanism used by several other plasmids. It ensure that the plasmid divides in step with the host genome.
Interlocked plasmids are quickly unlinked by Cre-lox recombination
The plasmid encodes a plasmid addiction system that kills daughter cells that lose the plasmid. It consists of a stable protein toxin and an antitoxin that reversibly binds to and neutralizes it. Cells that lose the plasmid get killed as the antitoxin gets degraded faster than the toxin.
Lysis
The P1 plasmid has a separate origin of replication (oriL) that is activated during the lytic cycle. Replication begins by a regular bidirectional theta replication at oriL but later in the lytic phase, it switches to a rolling circle method of replication using the host recombination machinery. This results in numerous copies of the genome being present on a single linear DNA molecule called a concatemer. The end of the concatemer is cut a specific site called the pac site or packaging site. This is followed by the packing of the DNA into the heads till they are full. The rest of the concatemer that does not fit into one head is separated and the machinery begins packing this into a new head. The location of the cut is not sequence specific. Each head holds around 110kbp of DNA so there is a little more than one complete copy of the genome (~90kbp) in each head, with the ends of the strand in each head being identical. After infecting a new cell this terminal redundancy is used by the host recombination machinery to cyclize the genome if it lacks two copies of the lox locus. If two lox sites are present (one in each terminally redundant end) the cyclization is carried out by the cre recombinase.
Once the complete virions are assembled, the host cell is lysed, releasing the viral particles.
History
P1 was discovered in 1951 by Giuseppe Bertani in Salvador Luria's laboratory, but the phage was little studied until Ed Lennox, also in Luria's group, showed in 1954–5 that it could transduce genetic material between host bacteria. This discovery led to the phage being used for genetic exchange and genome mapping in E. coli, and stimulated its further study as a model organism. In the 1960s, Hideo Ikeda and Jun-ichi Tomizawa showed the phage's DNA genome to be linear and double-stranded, with redundancy at the ends. In the 1970s, Nat Sternberg characterised the Cre–lox site-specific recombination system, which allows the linear genome to circularise to form a plasmid after infection. During the 1980s, Sternberg developed P1 as a vector for cloning large pieces of eukaryotic DNA. A P1 gene map based on a partial DNA sequence was published in 1993 by Michael Yarmolinsky and Małgorzata Łobocka, and the genome was completely sequenced by Łobocka and colleagues in 2004.
References
External links
Viralzone: P1-like phage
Molecular biology
Myoviridae |
Mukund Singh was king of Ramgarh in the 18th century. He succeeded Bishan Singh. He ruled from 1763 to 1772 CE. He had made alliance with Maratha against East India Company. He defeated forces of claimant king of Ramgarh, Tej Singh Thakurai, Nagvanshis and Palamu. But In 1772, he accepted suzerainty of the East India Company as he didn't get support of Maratha in battle against East India Company. Then he disposabed from throne and Tej Singh Thakurai became new king of Ramgarh.
Mukund Singh previously supported Captain Jabcob of East India Company in conquering Palamu. He also attacked the Zamindars of six neighbour Pargana. All were ready to assist East India company against Mukund Singh. Mukund Singh was not ready to accept suzerainty of East India company, but he accepted to pay tribute to East India company. Company ordered Mukund Singh to pay 63000 rupee in three year and 23,228 rupee of previous payment. This tax was more than other estates and he was not in state of paying such huge amount, so he refused to obey order of Company. He sought help of Maratha against East India company. Maratha detached a force to Ramgarh. Many other kings such as Tori, Kunda and Kendi came in support of him. They prepared to face Campany force.
Knowing about this alliance, Captain Jacob attacked Kunda and conquered kunda. King of Kendi accepted to pay tribute to Company by fear. Jacob declared Tej Singh Thakurai as new king of Ramgarh. He gave him leadership to lead the battle. The joint forces of Tej Singh, Nagvanshis, Chero of Palamu attacked Ramgarh and Mukund Singh got anxious. But In front of Maratha forces the forces of opponents were proved ineffective and Tej Singh Thakurai had to flee from the battle. The fear of Mukund Singh slowly disappeared with the result of battle and anxiety of East India company grow.
Patna council of East India company ordered Captain Jacob to defeat Ramgarh. Captain Jacob recalled Tej Singh Thakurai and with large company forces attacked Ramgarh. Due to some reason Maratha forces didn't able help Mukund Singh. Later Mukund Singh surrendered without battle and accepted suzerainty of East India company. Then East India Company disposed him from throne and made Tej Singh Thakurai new king of Ramgarh.
References
Indian royalty
Year of birth unknown |
Jaber Mohammed Sagheer Al-Owaisi (; born 4 November 1989), commonly known as Jaber Al-Owaisi, is an Omani footballer who plays for Al-Shabab Club in Oman Professional League.
Club career
On 30 July 2013, he signed a one-year contract extension with Al-Shabab Club. On 19 August 2014, he again signed a one-year contract extension with Al-Shabab Club.
Club career statistics
International career
Jaber is part of the first team squad of the Oman national football team. He was selected for the national team for the first time in 2011. He made his first appearance for Oman on 20 January 2010 in a friendly match against Sweden. He has made appearances in the 2012 WAFF Championship, the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification, 2015 AFC Asian Cup qualification and the 2014 Gulf Cup of Nations and has represented the national team in the 2011 AFC Asian Cup qualification and the 2013 Gulf Cup of Nations.
National team career statistics
Goals for Senior National Team
Scores and results list Oman's goal tally first.
Honours
Club
With Al-Shabab
Omani League Runner-Up: 2011–12
References
External links
Jaber Al-Owaisi at Goal.com
Jaber Al-Owaisi - ASIAN CUP Australia 2015
1989 births
Living people
People from Barka, Oman
Omani men's footballers
Oman men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders
2015 AFC Asian Cup players
Al-Seeb Club players
Al-Shabab SC (Seeb) players
Oman Professional League players
Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Oman |
Young Girl on a Chair is a 1955 bronze sculpture by Giacomo Manzù, installed at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, D.C. The work measures and depicts a nude young girl with her arms rested in her lap.
See also
List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2
Self-Portrait with Model at Bergamo, another sculpture by Manzù at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
References
1955 sculptures
Art in Washington, D.C.
Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.
Sculptures in the Smithsonian Institution
Sculptures of women in Washington, D.C. |
Cathy Saldaña Siegel is a registered architect and master planner based in Makati, Philippines. She is a prominent advocate for women in the Philippine architecture industry. Saldaña is the owner and managing director of PDP Architects in the Philippines and is one of the pioneers for sustainable island and resort developments in the country. She serves as the American Institute of Architects (AIA) International Country representative and is a United Architects of the Philippines (UAP).
Early life and education
She pursued her early education at Miriam College (formerly Maryknoll College) in Quezon City, Philippines. Influenced by her father, who worked as an engineer in public housing for the National Housing Authority, Saldaña's interest for architecture began with her early exposure to the construction industry.
Saldaña earned her Bachelor of Architecture degree from the University of the Philippines College of Architecture in 1990. She also holds a Master's degree in Management from the Asian Institute of Management.
Career
Saldaña is the owner and managing director of PDP Architects PH, a firm she founded in 1992. In 2010, she was a director and part owner of ArcoGroup, Inc., but later shifted her focus to her own practice in 2018. She is a partner in the Philippines branch of Weave Collaboration Partner, an architectural outsourcing company and also serves as CEO for Collaboration Authority, an engineering and architectural services company based in Makati, Philippines.
Aside from being an advocate for women in the field of architecture, Saldaña is also focused on sustainability and is a certified Green Building Professional by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). Her practice remains at the forefront of sustainable architectural design in the Philippines.
Her commitment to advancing women in the industry lead her to co-chair the Women's Leadership Initiative-Philippines. Additionally, Saldaña was selected by the United Architects of the Philippines (UAP) to be the Philippine correspondent to the Union of International Architects Women in Architecture Committee (UIA WIA) and was elevated as a UAP Fellow in April 2019. Additionally, PDP Architects, under her leadership, is recognized as one of the few women-led architectural firms in the Philippines, overseeing a large number of female-led projects.
Notable projects
Cathy’s notable projects include the Drift Beach Club in Dumaguete, I-Land Residences in Cloverleaf, Seda Lio in El Nido, Palawan. Additionally, she has been involved in airport projects for Ayala Land, and various projects by Marriott Hotels. Her project, the Diamond Tower in Damosa Land, Davao City was awarded Best Architecture Design for an Office Tower from the 2019 Philippine Property Awards.
Personal life
In 2016, Cathy married Alex Siegel in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She currently resides in Makati.
References
Filipino architects
University of the Philippines alumni
1966 births
Living people |
Hilal Altınbilek (born 11 February 1991) is a Turkish actress and model.
Biography
Hilal Altınbilek was born on February 11, 1991, in İzmir (Turkey), to a family of Kosovo Albanian descent. She has been interested in theater and acting since elementary school.
Career
Education
Hilal Altınbilek while attending elementary school started acting in theater, with lessons given by Ali Haydar Elçığ at the Contemporary Drama Ensemble in İzmir. After her high school studies, she enrolled at the faculty of business economics at the Ege University, where a few years later she obtained her degree and at the same time she followed various courses and theater workshops, also participating in performances. Later she participated in a beauty contest, where she managed to get a degree by attracting the attention of various producers. In 2009 and 2010 she studied acting at the Müjdat Gezen Art Center (MSM) Actor Studio in Istanbul.
Acting career
Hilal Altınbilek in 2011 she made her first appearance as an actress with the role of İrem in the daily Fox series Derin Sular. From 2013 to 2016 she was cast as Özlem Şamverdi in the Fox series Black Rose (Karagül). In 2016 she played the role of Nil in the Kanal D series Hayatımın Aşkı.
In 2018 he played the role of Yeşim in the film Çocuklar Sana Emanet directed by Çağan Irmak. From 2018 to 2022 she was chosen to play the lead role Züleyha Altun in the ATV series Bir Zamanlar Çukurova and where she acted alongside actors such as Uğur Güneş, Murat Ünalmış, Vahide Perçin, Kerem Alışık, Furkan Palalı and İbrahim Çelikkol.
Personal life
Hilal Altınbilek since 2021 has been romantically linked to the writer Metin Hara.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards
References
External links
Living people
1991 births
Turkish television actresses
Turkish film actresses
Ege University alumni
Actresses from İzmir
Turkish people of Albanian descent
Turkish people of Croatian descent
Turkish female models
Turkish twins
Twin models |
The African long-fingered bat (Miniopterus africanus) is a species of vesper bat in the family Miniopteridae. It is found only in Kenya. It is found in subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. This species is often considered a synonym of Miniopterus inflatus. The holotype was collected in October 1926 by A. M. Bailey. It was described as a new species in 1936 by Colin Campbell Sanborn.
Description
It is similar in appearance to the Natal long-fingered bat, but it is much larger. Its dorsal fur is light brown, with the bases of individual hairs darker than their tips. Its ventral fur is lighter than the dorsal fur, with individual hairs brown at the base and gray at the tip. Its forearm is long. The greatest length of the skull is long.
Biology
It is known to be infected with the parasite Polychromophilus melanipherus, which helps support the hypothesis that Haemosporidiasina transitioned from avian hosts to bat hosts in a single evolutionary event. The 2016 study concluded that it was likely that malaria parasites affecting humans and rodents evolved from parasites affecting bats.
The African long-fingered bat's evolutionary lineage diverged from other long-fingered bats approximately 20 million years ago.
In 2013, an individual from this species tested positive for polyomaviruses. However, bats are unlikely to be the source of polyomavirus infection in humans, as none of the lineages found in bats so far is known to infect humans.
Range and habitat
It has only been documented in Kenya. Its type locality is Sanford's Ranch in Mulo, Kenya, which is to the northwest of Addis Ababa. It was collected at above sea level. It has been documented roosting in limestone-rich coral caves on the eastern coast of the country.
Conservation
It is currently evaluated as data deficient by the IUCN. Some of the caves that it roosts in are threatened by human activities, such as burning and cutting vegetation growing at the mouths of the caves. Some Kenyans do not understand that bats are important, and may view them as a nuisance or take direct actions to harm them. Caves are also threatened by expanding human population. Kenyans that live near the coastal caves have an overwhelmingly negative view of bats, with 58% of respondents to a questionnaire viewing them as a sign of witchcraft or a bad omen, and 68% thinking that bats are not beneficial in any way. Conversely, this negative perception of the bats may protect them in some way, as one landowner who owned a cave where the African long-fingered bat roosts reported that she did not allow people to enter the cave as she feared it would bring bad omens onto her. This attitude protects the bats in the cave from human disturbance.
References
Miniopteridae
Mammals of Kenya
Bats of Africa
Mammals described in 1936
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Taxa named by Colin Campbell Sanborn |
The alternative flatworm mitochondrial code (translation table 14) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Platyhelminthes and Nematodes.
Code
AAs = FFLLSSSSYYY*CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNNKSSSSVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
Starts = -----------------------------------M----------------------------
Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (Lys, K), Methionine (Met, M), Phenylalanine (Phe, F), Proline (Pro, P), Serine (Ser, S), Threonine (Thr, T), Tryptophan (Trp, W), Tyrosine (Tyr, Y), Valine (Val, V)
Differences from the standard code
Systematic range and comments
Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Nematoda (roundworms).
Code 14 differs from code 9 (the echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code) only by translating UAA to Tyr rather than STOP. A study in 2000 has found no evidence that the codon UAA codes for Tyr in the flatworms but other opinions exist. There are very few GenBank records that are translated with code 14 but a test translation shows that re-translating these records with code 9 can cause premature terminations. More recently, UAA has been found to code for tyrosine in the nematodes Radopholus similis and Radopholus arabocoffeae.
See also
List of genetic codes
References
Molecular genetics
Gene expression
Protein biosynthesis |
```html
<html>
<head>
<title>vorbisfile - vorbisfile_example.c</title>
<link rel=stylesheet href="style.css" type="text/css">
</head>
<body bgcolor=white text=black link="#5555ff" alink="#5555ff" vlink="#5555ff">
<table border=0 width=100%>
<tr>
<td><p class=tiny>Vorbisfile documentation</p></td>
<td align=right><p class=tiny>vorbisfile version 1.3.2 - 20101101</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h1>vorbisfile_example.c</h1>
<p>
The example program source:
<br><br>
<table border=0 width=100% color=black cellspacing=0 cellpadding=7>
<tr bgcolor=#cccccc>
<td>
<pre><b>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "vorbis/codec.h"
#include "vorbis/vorbisfile.h"
#ifdef _WIN32
#include <io.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#endif
char pcmout[4096];
int main(int argc, char **argv){
OggVorbis_File vf;
int eof=0;
int current_section;
#ifdef _WIN32
_setmode( _fileno( stdin ), _O_BINARY );
_setmode( _fileno( stdout ), _O_BINARY );
#endif
if(ov_open_callbacks(stdin, &vf, NULL, 0, OV_CALLBACKS_NOCLOSE) < 0) {
fprintf(stderr,"Input does not appear to be an Ogg bitstream.\n");
exit(1);
}
{
char **ptr=ov_comment(&vf,-1)->user_comments;
vorbis_info *vi=ov_info(&vf,-1);
while(*ptr){
fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",*ptr);
++ptr;
}
fprintf(stderr,"\nBitstream is %d channel, %ldHz\n",vi->channels,vi->rate);
fprintf(stderr,"Encoded by: %s\n\n",ov_comment(&vf,-1)->vendor);
}
while(!eof){
long ret=ov_read(&vf,pcmout,sizeof(pcmout),0,2,1,¤t_section);
if (ret == 0) {
/* EOF */
eof=1;
} else if (ret < 0) {
/* error in the stream. Not a problem, just reporting it in
case we (the app) cares. In this case, we don't. */
} else {
/* we don't bother dealing with sample rate changes, etc, but
you'll have to */
fwrite(pcmout,1,ret,stdout);
}
}
ov_clear(&vf);
fprintf(stderr,"Done.\n");
return(0);
}
</b></pre>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br><br>
<hr noshade>
<table border=0 width=100%>
<tr valign=top>
<td><p class=tiny>copyright © 2000-2010 Xiph.Org</p></td>
<td align=right><p class=tiny><a href="path_to_url">Ogg Vorbis</a></p></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><p class=tiny>Vorbisfile documentation</p></td>
<td align=right><p class=tiny>vorbisfile version 1.3.2 - 20101101</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
``` |
is a strategy video game that was developed and published by Capcom for the PlayStation in 2001. It is unrelated to the anime and manga series One Piece.
Plot
The storyline of One Piece Mansion revolves around a successful landlord called Polpo. At the start of the game, Polpo's little sister is kidnapped by the owner of a rival mansion, Chocola. It is the player's job to battle through levels meeting Chocola's objectives and to eventually free Polpo's little sister.
Gameplay
The basic objective of One Piece Mansion is simple. Every resident in the player's mansion has a stress level, which is indicated by a small bar above their head. If this level gets too high, they will eventually move out of the mansion.
Every resident affects the stress levels of the residents around them, in both positive and negative ways. Each resident has a unique stress effect, some having negative to the left, positive to the right etc. The player's task is to arrange these so that all the residents are happy. However, if a resident does become stressed out, their effect on other residents changes. For example, sweet Ai-Chan radiates stress reducing arrows to all rooms around her. However, if she becomes stressed out herself, her effect on other residents weakens.
Polpo, the manager, also has a role to play in the game. In manager mode, he can roam around the mansion and perform two important tasks:
Blow his whistle to send any Syndicate 5 members on that level back to their rooms.
Use his fire extinguisher to put out any fires in the mansion.
Building
When the mansion becomes full, the player must build new rooms. If all the current levels are full, the player must also expand the mansion upwards with elevators. Building new rooms may also require demolishing elevators. Both construction and demolition require money.
Game Modes
One Piece Mansion can be played in several different modes, each of which have their own unique challenges.
Story Mode
This is the mode in which the plot is followed. There are seven stages of increasing difficulty, with each stage requiring different conditions to be met.
Every few stages, a powerful rival character appears. The rival character will move into the player's mansion and kick out all the trouble residents, leaving the player to deal with him instead.
Endless Mode
In Endless Mode, players are left to develop their mansions without a plot line to follow. It allows players to experiment with new resident combinations and to expand the mansion as desired.
Characters
The following list is a selection of characters from One Piece Mansion.
Polpo is the mansion manager. Polpo stays busy solving the residents' problems and defeating criminals. His troubles never seem to end.
Ai-Chan is the sweetheart of One Piece Mansion. Her smile makes all those around her happy.
Mee is an inquisitive alien resident. He annoys other residents with his blinding laser.
Osuzu lives in her roomful of cats. Her pets' effects depend on how stressed she is feeling.
Ope is a mysterious doctor. He eases residents stress with his comforting medicines.
Heebee is a bamboo craftsman with a stick of live bamboo on his head. When he gets excited, the bamboo sprouts and causes trouble to the residents above him.
Kiwi is a member of the dangerous Syndicate 5. He burgles the other residents, leaving them broke and unable to pay rent.
Reception
The game received "mixed" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.
References
External links
Capcom Official website
2001 video games
Puzzle video games
PlayStation (console)-only games
Capcom games
PlayStation (console) games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set in country houses |
Hughes County is a county in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,765, making it the least populous capital county in the nation, and the twelfth-most populous county in South Dakota. Its county seat is Pierre, which is also the state capital. The county was created in 1873, and was organized in 1880. It was named for Alexander Hughes, a legislator. On June 4, 1891, the county's area was increased by the addition of Farm Island, in the Missouri River downstream of Pierre.
Hughes County is part of the Pierre, SD Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
The Missouri River forms the southwestern boundary line of Hughes County. The county's terrain consists of rolling hills cut by gullies and drainages. The area is partially dedicated to agriculture, including the use of center pivot irrigation.
The county terrain generally slopes to the southeast, although the hills along the west fall off into the river valley. The county's highest point is on the upper part of the east boundary line, at ASL. The county has a total area of , of which is land and (7.4%) is water.
Major highways
U.S. Highway 14
U.S. Highway 83
South Dakota Highway 34
South Dakota Highway 1804
Airport
Pierre Regional Airport (PIR) serves Hughes County and the surrounding communities.
Adjacent counties
Sully County - north
Hyde County - east
Lyman County - south
Stanley County - west
Protected areas
Arikara State Game Production Area
Buckeye State Game Production Area
Cowan State Game Production Area
DeGrey State Game Production Area
DeGrey State Lakeside Use Area
Dry Run State Game Production Area
East Shore State Lakeside Use Area
Farm Island State Recreation Area
Fort George State Game Production Area
Fort George State Lakeside Use Area
Gutenkauf State Game Production Area
Joe Creek Recreation Area
LaFramboise Island State Nature Area
North Bend State Lakeside Use Area
North Big Bend State Game Production Area
Oahe Mission Recreation Area
Peoria Flats State Game Production Area
Peoria Flats State Lakeside Use Area
Rousseau State Game Production Area
Rousseau State Lakeside Use Area
Sand Creek State Game Production Area
Spring Creek State Recreation Area
Tailrace Recreation Area
Valley state Game Production Area
West Bend State Recreation Area
West Big Bend State Game Production Area
West DeGrey State Game Production Area
Woodruff Lake State Game Production Area
Lakes
Lake Oahe (part)
Lake Sharpe (part)
Woodruff Lake
Demographics
2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 17,765 people.
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 17,022 people, 7,066 households, and 4,435 families in the county. The population density was . There were 7,623 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 85.7% white, 10.5% American Indian, 0.5% black or African American, 0.5% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.8% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 42.7% were German, 12.4% were Norwegian, 9.8% were Irish, 9.7% were English, and 3.8% were American.
Of the 7,066 households, 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 37.2% were non-families, and 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.90. The median age was 39.8 years.
The median income for a household in the county was $53,501 and the median income for a family was $70,881. Males had a median income of $42,701 versus $32,265 for females. The per capita income for the county was $28,236. About 7.1% of families and 9.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.5% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.
Politics
Hughes is a strongly Republican county in Presidential and Congressional elections. The last Democrat to win a majority in the county was Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936. In 2012, Republican Mitt Romney won 64% of the county's vote.
In the South Dakota Senate Hughes is part of the 24th Senate district, which is held by Republican Bob Gray. In the State House Hughes is part of district 24, which is held by Republicans Tad Perry and Mark Venner.
Communities
Cities
Blunt
Pierre (county seat)
Town
Harrold
Census-designated place
Oahe Acres
Unincorporated communities
Canning
Townships
Raber
Valley
Unorganized territories
Crow Creek
North Hughes
West Hughes
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hughes County, South Dakota
References
Pierre, South Dakota micropolitan area
South Dakota counties on the Missouri River
1880 establishments in Dakota Territory
Populated places established in 1880 |
Ye-One Rhie (born 1987) is a German politician of Korean descent who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag since the 2021 German federal election, representing the Aachen I district.
Early life and career
Rhie was born in Aachen to South Korean parents. She studied political science and communication studies at RWTH Aachen University from 2006 to 2012.
Rhie began her professional career at the Bertelsmann Foundation in Gütersloh in 2013. From 2015 until 2021, she worked as an advisor at the State Ministry on Innovation, Science and Research in Düsseldorf.
Political career
Since 2014, Rhie has been a member of the City Council of Aachen.
Rhie was elected to the Bundestag in the 2021 German federal election. In parliament, she has since been serving on the Committee on Education, Research and Technology Assessment.
In addition to her committee assignments, Rhie is part of the German Parliamentary Friendship Group for Relations with Benelux.
Other activities
Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, Member of the Political Advisory Board (since 2022)
Personal life
Rhie shares an apartment with fellow parliamentarians Lena Werner and Brian Nickholz in the Moabit district of Berlin.
References
Living people
1987 births
German people of Korean descent
Politicians from Aachen
Members of the Bundestag for the Social Democratic Party of Germany
21st-century German politicians
21st-century German women politicians
Female members of the Bundestag
Members of the Bundestag for North Rhine-Westphalia
Members of the Bundestag 2021–2025
RWTH Aachen University alumni |
Hilary Jastak (3 March 1914 – 17 January 2000) was a Polish Catholic priest prelate, Doctor of Theology, Chaplain of Solidarity movement, Major of Polish Armed Forces, Lieutenant Commander of Polish Navy.
Jastak was born in Kościerzyna. In 1934, he entered the Seminary in Pelplin. On 7 June 1941 in Warsaw, he was ordained as a priest by the Archbishop of Warsaw, Stanisław Gall. During the World War II, Jastak was vicar in Lubania, Józefów, Goszczyno (where he joined the Armia Krajowa), Sulejów, Strachówko, Gołubie and Pogódki.
In 1946, Jastak became the Chaplain of Caritas in Gdynia. In July 1949, Jastak became the provost of the newly created parish of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Gdynia, with whom he was associated until his death. In 1966, Jastak completed the construction of the new church.
During Polish 1970 protests, Jastak actively supported families of people killed in street battles. Ten years later, during the Strike on the Coast (August 1980), at the request of the shipyard he celebrated Mass at the Gdynia shipyard. During the Martial law in Poland, Jastak actively supported the resistance movement and helped the imprisoned.
In 1991, Jastak created the Aid Scholarship Foundation, whose purpose is to promote talented young people from poor families.
Jastak is Honorary Citizen of Gdynia (1991) and Kościerzyna (1999). He was also awarded the Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta.
He died in 2000 in Gdynia, and was buried at the Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, in which he was provost for many years.
External links
The biographical note on the official website of Gdynia's city
1914 births
2000 deaths
20th-century Polish Roman Catholic priests
People from Gdynia
Polish Navy officers
Military personnel from West Prussia |
Dominique Heinrich (born July 31, 1990) is an Austrian professional ice hockey defenseman currently playing for EC Red Bull Salzburg in the ICE Hockey League (ICEHL).
Playing career
After 9 seasons within Salzburg's organization, Heinrich left as a free agent in order to pursue an SHL career in Sweden, agreeing to a two-year contract with Örebro HK on April 27, 2016. However, in January 2017, he returned to Salzburg.
He participated at the 2015 IIHF World Championship with the Austrian national team.
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
Austrian ice hockey defencemen
EC Red Bull Salzburg players
Ice hockey people from Vienna
Örebro HK players |
Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes is an 1824 book by Lewis Gompertz, an early animal rights advocate and vegan. In the book, Gompertz lays out a moral framework for the treatment of and obligations towards humans and other animals, arguing against the consumption of meat, milk, eggs, silk and leather, denouncing vivisection and arguing for aiding animals suffering in the wild.
Reception
One contemporary reviewer called the structuring of the book "puzzling", yet felt that Gompertz laid out "excellent principles, as applied to all points of a public nature" and that the "tendency of most of the author's proposals and observations is humane and laudable"; they concluded that despite certain faults in the book's judgements, that it deserved the "attention of magistrates and men in power".
Legacy
In 1839, the astronomer and naturalist T. Forster published a treatise addressed to Gompertz, titled Philozoia, or Moral Reflections on the actual condition of the Animal Kingdom, and the means of improving the same.
Henry S. Salt included Gompertz's book in his bibliography of animal rights, within his 1892 work Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress.
Gary L. Francione and Anne E. Charlton describe the book as "one of the most progressive and radical books on animal ethics ever written, yet is virtually unknown". Peter Singer, in the foreword to the 1992 edition of the book, details his surprise at having discovered Gompertz's work and recognising Gompertz's arguments as being very similar to his own, which have been taken up by the animal liberation movement.
Stephen Bostock draws attention to how Gompertz's investigation of ethics "attempts to argue rigorously from firm foundations with an elaborate apparatus of definitions, axioms and theorems". He also praises the fairness Gompertz gives to his opponents and his honesty about his doubts. Bostock also asserts that Gompertz's answers to a number of contemporary ethical questions are "well worth the attention of anyone tackling these questions today."
Editions
In 1992, Centaur Press published a new edition of the book, which was edited by Peter Singer; this was followed by a 1997 edition published by Edwin Mellen Press and edited by Charles R. Magel.
References
External links
Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes at the Internet Archive
1824 non-fiction books
Animal ethics books
Books about animal rights
Books about animal testing
Books about human rights
Books about veganism
Books about wild animal suffering |
José Luíz Barbosa, known as Zequinha Barbosa (born May 27, 1961) is a Brazilian former middle-distance runner who specialized in the 800 metres. José participated in 4 Olympic Games: 1984 Los Angeles; 1988 Soul Korea; 1992 Barcelona and 1996 Atlanta. He is the 1987 World Indoor Champion, and a two-time World Championship medallist, winning silver in 1991 and bronze in 1987. 1995 Pan American gold medalist 800m 1987 Silver medalist, 1983 Silver medalist 800m and Silver 4x400m. Jose was ranked number one in the world in the 800m in 1991.
Career
Born in Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Barbosa won the silver medal at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo. A few weeks before, Barbosa had won the 800m race at the prestigious Letzigrund meeting in Zurich. He travelled to Tokyo as the favourite but lost to Billy Konchellah from Kenya, who overtook him on the home straight.
Shortly after the championships, Barbosa ran the fastest time of the year in Rieti, where he clocked 1 minute 43.08 secs. This remained his personal best throughout the remainder of his career. A year later he placed fourth in the Olympic final.
Earlier in his career, Barbosa had won a bronze medal at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics in Rome, and finished sixth in the 800m final at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.
Barbosa celebrated his greatest indoor success at the 1987 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Indianapolis, where he won gold over 800m. At the 1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Toronto he entered the 800m final as a favourite but dropped out after colliding with Nico Motchebon.
Barbosa was head Cross Country and Track and Field Coach at Granite Hills High School in El Cajon for 5 1/2 years.
Barbosa was also the Men's Cross Country and Track and Field coach for Mesa College in San Diego, CA.
On December 1, 2021, he was named the Cross Country and track assistant coach at Bellevue University Nebraska.
Competition record
Personal bests
Outdoor
400 metres – 45.9h (Sǎo Paulo 1983)
800 metres – 1:43.08 (Rieti 1991)
1000 metres – 2:17.36 (Nice 1985)
1500 metres – 3:37.04 (Grosseto 1991)
Indoor
600 metres – 1:16.82 (Karlsruhe 1986)
800 metres – 1:45.43 (Piraeus 1989)
1000 metres – 2:20.77 (Madrid 1989)
References
1961 births
Living people
People from Três Lagoas
Sportspeople from Mato Grosso do Sul
Brazilian male middle-distance runners
Brazilian male sprinters
Olympic male middle-distance runners
Olympic male sprinters
Olympic athletes for Brazil
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games athletes for Brazil
Pan American Games gold medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1987 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1983 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1995 Pan American Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Brazil
World Athletics Championships medalists
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists
Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games
Competitors at the 1994 Goodwill Games
Japan Championships in Athletics winners
Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games
20th-century Brazilian people |
Caspar Vopel (1511–1561) was a German cartographer and instrument maker. Born in Medebach, he studied mathematics and medicine at the University of Cologne in 1526–1529. He taught mathematics at the Gymnasium of Cologne and in the early 1530s established a workshop to produce celestial and terrestrial globes, armillary spheres, sundials, quadrants and astrolabes. An exemplar of Vopel’s 1536 globe is held at Tenri University Library, Nara. In 1545 he began to prepare maps and atlases. His mappemonde of 1545 is titled NOVA ET INTEGRA VNIVERSALISQVE ORBIS TOTIVS IVXTA GERMANVM NEOTERICORVM TRADITIONEM DESCRIPTIO (A New Complete and Universal Description of the Whole World, according to the Modern German Tradition).
Vopel is sometimes credited with the promotion of the ancient asterism Coma Berenices to constellation status.
References
External links
German cartographers
1511 births
1561 deaths
People from Medebach |
```java
package com.topjohnwu.magisk;
import android.app.NotificationChannel;
import android.app.NotificationManager;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Build;
import android.os.Bundle;
import com.topjohnwu.magisk.asyncs.CheckUpdates;
import com.topjohnwu.magisk.asyncs.LoadModules;
import com.topjohnwu.magisk.asyncs.ParallelTask;
import com.topjohnwu.magisk.asyncs.UpdateRepos;
import com.topjohnwu.magisk.components.Activity;
import com.topjohnwu.magisk.database.RepoDatabaseHelper;
import com.topjohnwu.magisk.receivers.ShortcutReceiver;
import com.topjohnwu.magisk.utils.Const;
import com.topjohnwu.magisk.utils.RootUtils;
import com.topjohnwu.magisk.utils.Utils;
import com.topjohnwu.superuser.Shell;
public class SplashActivity extends Activity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
RootUtils.init();
MagiskManager mm = getMagiskManager();
mm.repoDB = new RepoDatabaseHelper(this);
mm.loadMagiskInfo();
mm.getDefaultInstallFlags();
mm.loadPrefs();
// Dynamic detect all locales
new LoadLocale().exec();
// Create notification channel on Android O
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
NotificationChannel channel = new NotificationChannel(Const.ID.NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL,
getString(R.string.magisk_updates), NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_DEFAULT);
getSystemService(NotificationManager.class).createNotificationChannel(channel);
}
// Setup shortcuts
sendBroadcast(new Intent(this, ShortcutReceiver.class));
LoadModules loadModuleTask = new LoadModules();
if (Utils.checkNetworkStatus()) {
// Fire update check
new CheckUpdates().exec();
// Add repo update check
loadModuleTask.setCallBack(() -> new UpdateRepos(false).exec());
}
// Magisk working as expected
if (Shell.rootAccess() && mm.magiskVersionCode > 0) {
// Update check service
mm.setupUpdateCheck();
// Fire asynctasks
loadModuleTask.exec();
}
// Write back default values
mm.writeConfig();
mm.hasInit = true;
Intent intent = new Intent(this, MainActivity.class);
intent.putExtra(Const.Key.OPEN_SECTION, getIntent().getStringExtra(Const.Key.OPEN_SECTION));
intent.putExtra(Const.Key.INTENT_PERM, getIntent().getStringExtra(Const.Key.INTENT_PERM));
startActivity(intent);
finish();
}
static class LoadLocale extends ParallelTask<Void, Void, Void> {
@Override
protected Void doInBackground(Void... voids) {
MagiskManager.get().locales = Utils.getAvailableLocale();
return null;
}
@Override
protected void onPostExecute(Void aVoid) {
MagiskManager.get().localeDone.publish();
}
}
}
``` |
The Spiral Road is a 1962 American adventure-drama film directed by Robert Mulligan and starring Rock Hudson, Burl Ives, Gena Rowlands, and Geoffrey Keen. The film was released by Universal-International in the United States in 1962, the same year that Mulligan's other movie To Kill a Mockingbird became a critical and commercial success.
The movie was filmed in Suriname and was shot in Eastmancolor.
Plot
Dr. Anton Drager travels to Java to study the effects of leprosy under an expert on the subject, Dr. Brits Jansen. The two physicians have many of the same views scientifically, but are philosophically a mismatch because of Drager's atheism and Jansen's Christianity.
After being married to his sweetheart Els, Drager must trek into the jungle to track down Frolick, a drunken river master who is lost. Frolick has been driven mad by a shaman called Burubi. Drager eventually comes across Frolick, but ends up killing him in self-defense.
After rescuing another doctor, in the same region, Anton becomes lost in the wild. He nearly dies and has lapsed into a coma by the time he is rescued. Drager's ordeal comes to change his perceptions, turning him into a Christian.
Cast
Rock Hudson as Dr. Anton Drager
Burl Ives as Dr. Brits Jansen
Gena Rowlands as Els Van Duin
Geoffrey Keen as Willem Wattereus
Neva Patterson as Louise Kramer
Will Kuluva as Dr. Sordjano
Philip Abbott as Harry Frolick
Larry Gates as Dr. Kramer
Karl Swenson as Inspector Bevers
Edgar Stehli as The Sultan
Judy Dan as Laja
Robert F. Simon as Dr. Martens
:ms:Ibrahim Pendek as Stegomyia (as Ibrahim Bin Hassan)
Reggie Nalder as Burubi
Leon Lontoc as Dr. Hatta
David Lewis as Maj. Vlormans
Parley Baer as Mr. Boosmans
Fredd Wayne as Van Bloor
Leslie Bradley as Krasser
Barbara Morrison as Mrs. Boosmans
Martin Brandt as Dr. Sander
Reception
While many critics and audiences were impressed with the setting and scenery of the film, there was general consensus that the script was lacking and that Mulligan's other films, particularly To Kill a Mockingbird, were better.
Michael E. Grost of Classic Film and Television wrote: "Weird but wildly inventive tale of doctors in the jungle, with good visuals."
Home media
Universal released this film on DVD in 2006 as part of the 'Rock Hudson Screen Legend Collection, a three-disc set featuring four other films (Has Anybody Seen My Gal?, A Very Special Favor, The Golden Blade, and The Last Sunset''). Universal then re-released this film in 2015 as a stand-alone DVD as part of its Universal Vault Series. There is also a Region 2 DVD release of this film.
See also
List of American films of 1962
References
External links
Films based on Dutch novels
1962 films
1962 drama films
1960s English-language films
Films directed by Robert Mulligan
Universal Pictures films
Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith
American drama films
Films shot in Suriname
Films set in Indonesia
1960s American films |
The Free City of Danzig Police (German: Polizei der Freien Stadt Danzig) or Schutzpolizei, as it was known locally, was a state constabulary and the official law enforcement agency within the Free City of Danzig, primarily from 1921 to 1939.
Organization
General police
The League of Nations allowed for the Free City of Danzig to maintain a regular police force of several hundred men, which was bolstered by a poorly trained and ill-equipped citizens' militia with approximately 3,000 members. The constabulary reported to the Danzig Senate's Department of Internal Affairs. The police principally operated from 12 precincts, called Revier, and 7 registration points. Initially, they were organized as follows:
In 1926 the constabulary was reformed and the number of reviers was reduced to 9. They were as follows:
Other branches
Railway police
The Polish Railway Administration employed members of the police to provide security for their railways. Paid for by the Polish government, the railway police were subject to both Danzig's general policing laws and the by–laws and direction of the railway administration.
Harbour police
A coast guard/harbour police section, called Küstenschutz der Danziger Polizei, was also maintained. It initially was a force of 120 individuals, which were managed by Danzig's Harbour Board. One section was to provide aid in navigation, while the other maintained safety and security. Arguments over the administration and authority of this branch led to much tension between the Free City's Senate and the Polish government. The Danzig Senate asserted it had the responsibility of upholding the law and could not surrender its executive powers to an external force. Poland argued its economic rights in the city could not be guaranteed if Danzig had the power to arbitrarily interfere with Polish shipping. In 1933 the Senate resolved to place the harbour under the direct protection of the regular police. Poland protested to the city's High Commissioner, but ultimately the League of Nations dismissed their complaint. In June 1934 Poland and Nazi Germany reached an agreement by which the Harbour Board would directly employ 12 Poles and 12 Danzigers to protect the port, under charge of the chief pilot. The Senate granted them the status of auxiliary police.
Air police
A police air squadron was established in November 1919 in Langfuhr with 25 members, including four pilots and two gunners. The squadron would ultimately field 20 different types of aircraft, including the Albatros C.XII and the Fokker D.VII. The squadron spent most of its time doing exercises and couriering. In May 1920 the implementation of the Treaty of Versailles outlawed the force. On 21 November the aircraft were requisitioned by Poland and the squadron was dissolved.
The squadron was replaced with the Fliegerzeug der Verkehrshundertschaft der Schutzpolizei der Freien Stadt Danzig, also known as the Luftaufsicht. Most of the staff were carried over from the previous unit. In mid-1922, the force was renamed Luftfahrtüberwachungsstelle (L.Ü.St.). It was usually under the command of a police captain. In addition to the station in Langfuhr, the water airport in Plehnendorf (Rudniki) was used for auxiliary purposes.
History
Establishment and early years
After the end of World War I Danzig was left without the administration of the German authorities. On 19 August 1919, the Sicherheitspolizei, or security police (called Sipo for short) was formed to protect the city's citizens and maintain order. Officers wore traditional dark blue uniforms with black shako caps.
On 9 April 1920, a military style marching band, the Musikkorps, was created. It was led by Obermusikmeister , a well-respected composer, and became prominent throughout the city and Europe.
In 1921, Danzig's government reformed the entire institution and established the Schutzpolizei, or protection police (Schupo for short). On 1 April, Helmut Froböss was chosen to be the President of the Police (German: Der Polizei-Präsident). He would serve in this post until late 1939.
In 1922 the police began introducing new gray-green caps and uniforms. The caps were now adorned with a coat of arms inscribed with the city's motto, "Nec Temere, Nec Timide". By 1 December 1924, they had completely replaced the traditional attire.
Nazism, political repression, and conflict with Poland
After the Nazi takeover of the Senate in 1933, the police were increasingly used to suppress free speech and political dissent. The constabulary itself was also directly affected. On 31 October 1933, in a speech made to the Police Administration Professional Union, according to the newspaper Danziger Neueste Nachrichten, the vice-president of the Danzig Senate said,
This was in conjunction with a subsequent dissolution and ban on professional unions within the state constabulary. The speech and the ban were the subject of much criticism in the 2 November editions of the oppositional newspapers Danziger Landeszeitung and Danziger Volksstimme, which accused the Senate of violating public officials' constitutional rights. The following day Police President Froböss, citing Article II, section 5, of the Legal Ordinance concerning Measures for ensuring Public Safety and Order of June 30th, 1933, ordered them to suspend publications for 8 days and 2 months respectively. The papers' editors appealed to the League of Nations High Commissioner of Danzig, Helmer Rosting, to step in. The Volksstimme also petitioned the Senate to withdraw the ban, who rejected it. On 5 November, Froböss, citing a possible danger to the state, took the editor-in-chief of the Landeszeitung and an editor from the Volksstimme into "protective custody," predicting their papers would continue to criticize the decisions of the government. After investigating the matter himself, Commissioner Rosting forwarded the appeals to the Secretary General of the League of Nations, where they were ultimately dismissed.
In 1935, the police begin wearing caps with Totenkopf.
On 20 June 1938, an awards system for length of service in the force is established. Silver medals, silver crosses, and gold crosses are awarded for 8, 18, and 25 years of service respectively.
On 20 July 1939, a customs officer shot and killed a Polish soldier along the border. Danzig authorities maintained that the officer had fired in self-defense, while Polish officials asserted that the soldier had been in Polish territory at the time. The shooting coincided with the sentencing of a Polish public official to 14 months in prison in Danzig and the arrest of a Polish army officer in the city, further straining relations.
Treatment of Jews
In spite of the Nazi influence, the police kept relatively cordial relations with the local Jewish population. Officials often cooperated with Jewish leaders for fear that excessive oppression would result in a Polish intervention. The police also assisted the Jews in protecting the Great Synagogue from arson attacks on 12 and 13 November 1938. In 1939, the police granted a permit for the transfer of historical artifacts from the city to the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in the United States. They helped to facilitate emigration from the Free City to Poland as a peaceful and orderly means of getting rid of the Jews.
Polish-German tensions and the Invasion of Poland
By 1939, Polish-German relations had broken down and war seemed a likely possibility. Danzig security authorities began drawing up plans to seize Polish installations throughout the city, in the event of a German offensive into the Polish Corridor. They assisted the Germans in organizing military forces within the city throughout August 1939.
On 1 September, the German pre-dreadnought SMS Schleswig-Holstein began shelling the Polish garrison at Westerplatte. Shortly thereafter Danzig police, under the command of Polezeioberst Willi Bethke, launched an attack on the city's Polish Post Office. The coast guard unit of the police assisted the Germans at Westerplatte.
After the invasion of Poland
The Danzig police was taken over by the Gestapo after the invasion. Helmut Froböss left his job and became president of the provincial German high court. Stutthof, 22 miles east of the city, was run by the new President of Police as an internment camp from 1939, until it was handed over to the Germans as a political prisoner camp in November 1941. Bombing by the Soviets in 1945 killed Obermusikmeister Ernst Stieberitz. All vestiges of the Danzig Police were eliminated when the Red Army captured the city on 28 March 1945.
See also
SG OrPo Danzig
Citations
References
External links
www.danzig-online.pl/grenze/polizeie.html
www.danzig-online.pl Policja
History of Gdańsk
Law enforcement agencies of Poland
Defunct law enforcement agencies of the Weimar Republic
1940s disestablishments
Government agencies established in 1921 |
Glensburg is an African urban development consulting firm that helps cities to transform towards sustainability, prosperity, and inclusiveness through advisory and in-depth research.
Publications
Glensburg Cities Institute produces a biennial State of African Cities report. It also publishes discussion papers, briefing papers and ViewPoints which are regular commentaries on urban development in Africa. The Glensburg Press Press publishes books and journals from the institute's own research as well as publishing work from other authors. The books include, Dystopia: How the Tyranny of Specialists Fragment African Cities, Cape to Cairo: To Race to Sustainable Urban Transport in Africa.
Programs
Through the Glensburg Cities Institute, Glensburg runs various programs. In 2018 the Glensburg Cities Institute established the African Urban Case Studies Initiative, an online repository of urban development case studies across Africa which seek to promote intra-continental policy transfer on urban development. African Urban Institute also convene a biennial Timbuktu Forum on Urban Development, a high-level forum that brings various urban development stakeholders to discuss urban development issues in Africa. Named after the ancient Malian city, Timbuktu, the Timbuktu Fellowship is awarded to early career urban development practitioners as fellows and to senior practitioners as senior fellows. The collaborations of the two seek to promote knowledge exchange between the young generation and the old.
Organizations
African Planning Society
The African Planning Society is the membership organisation of urban planning professionals, civil society members and policymakers that advance planning of cities in Africa. Founded in 2016, formerly as African Urban Community of Practice, it was reorganised as African Planning Society in 2019. With a membership of more than 1,200 planners, the African Planning Society brings together planning professionals and urban development stakeholders across Africa.
Glensburg Cities Institute
Glensburg Cities Institute, the think tank of Glensburg conducts research in urban development with three thematic areas: sustainable cities, prosperous cities and inclusive cities. Its focus areas include, urban mobility, land use planning, housing, environmental planning and urban governance. Its stated mission is to "Unlock urban development in Africa through better ideas and research." As a non-profit organisation, Glensburg Cities Institute describes itself as independent and non-partisan.
See also
African Planning Society
References
Citations
External links
Organizations established in 2016
Urban planning organizations
Think tanks based in Africa |
Walter van Laack (born 1957 in Cologne) is a German specialist in orthopedics, Special Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine. He lay at the University of Cologne from his state examination and attained a doctorate 1982 at the RWTH Aachen University. Van Laack practiced in an orthopedic group practice in Herzogenrath and teaches at the Fachhochschule Aachen the subjects medical, orthopedic and border areas of medicine. 2014 he was appointed professor here. He is also managing director and co-owner of his own book publishing company.
Van Laack is concerned in particular with the issue of near-death experiences. For this purpose he has already published numerous books, appeared in TV shows and writes columns, among others in the Huffington Post.
In 2010, van Laack received the Burkhard Heim Award of the umbrella organization Spiritual healing (DGH).
Walter van Laack lives in Aachen and is married and father of two sons.
Books authored
A Better History of Our World (volume 1):
Der Schlüssel zur Ewigkeit:
Eine bessere Geschichte unserer Welt: Der Tod (volume 3):
Key to Eternity:
Mit Logik die Welt begreifen:
Unser Schlüssel zur Ewigkeit:
Wer stirbt, ist nicht tot!:
Cinematic documentation (selection)
ZDF Mittagsmagazin: NDEs are not brain products, interview with Walter van Laack
Video: Mirror TV: Is there life after death? View into the Hereafter see posts by Walter van Laack
Interview with Walter van Laack
Phoenix: Near-Death Experiences - Is there life after death ?, Interview with Walter van Laack
References
External links
Bibliography on the pages of the FH Aachen
Short CV and information about near-death experience on technodoctor.de
German sports physicians
Near-death experience researchers
1957 births
Living people |
Edward Lauterbach (August 12, 1844 – March 4, 1923), was Chairman of the Republican County Committee in New York and the defense attorney for David Lamar, the "Wolf of Wall Street". He was a trustee of the Hebrew Orphan Asylum for over 39 years.
Biography
He was born on August 12, 1844, in New York City. His education was begun in the public schools and continued in the College of the City of New York, where he graduated with honors in 1864. He received his degree entered upon a course of law in the offices of Townsend, Dyett & Morrison. After his admission to the New York City Bar Association he became a member of this firm, which was then reorganized under the name of Morrison, Lauterbach & Spingarn.
He was a delegate to the 1894 New York State Constitutional Convention. He served one term on the New York State Board of Regents from 1904 to 1911.
His only son Alfred Lauterbach died at the age of 37 in a car accident early morning July 30, 1908.
He died on March 4, 1923.
References
External links
Jewish Encyclopedia: "Lauterbach, Edward" by Cyrus Adler (1906).
1844 births
1923 deaths
Lawyers from New York City
New York (state) Republicans
19th-century American lawyers |
Yesin Ben Mohamadi (born 12 February 1996) is a Dutch football player of Moroccan descent who plays for GVV Unitas.
Club career
He made his professional debut in the Eerste Divisie for RKC Waalwijk on 9 September 2016 in a game against FC Dordrecht.
Ahead of the 2019-20 season, Mohamadi joined GVV Unitas.
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
Footballers from The Hague
Dutch sportspeople of Moroccan descent
Men's association football midfielders
Dutch men's footballers
Sparta Rotterdam players
RKC Waalwijk players
Eerste Divisie players |
Ragusa is the historical name of Dubrovnik. It may also refer to:
Places
Croatia
the Republic of Ragusa (or Republic of Dubrovnik), the maritime city-state of Ragusa
Cavtat (historically in Italian), a town in Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Croatia
Italy
Ragusa, Sicily, an Italian city and commune in Sicily
Ragusa Ibla, a historic quarter of the Sicilian city
Province of Ragusa, Italy, one of the administrative divisions of Sicily
People
Ragusa (surname)
Auguste de Marmont (1774–1852), Duke of Ragusa, Napoleonic soldier
Geoffrey, Count of Ragusa, son of Roger I of Sicily
Other
City of Ragusa, a sailboat
Ragusa (chocolate), a range of products from Swiss chocolate-maker Camille Bloch, taking their name from the Croatian town.
Ragusa (horse), a racehorse
Ragusa Calcio, an Italian association football club located in Ragusa, Italy
University of Ragusa, located in Ragusa and Ragusa Ibla, Italy, and founded in 1998
See also
Ragusan (disambiguation) |
Dragu Bădin (7 August 1947 – 30 July 2023) was a Romanian footballer who played as a defender.
Bădin was part of "U" Craiova's team that won the 1973–74 Divizia A, which was the first trophy in the club's history, a performance for which he received the "Honorary citizen of Craiova" title in 2021.
Bădin died on 30 July 2023, at the age of 75.
Honours
Universitatea Craiova
Divizia A: 1973–74
Cupa României runner-up: 1974–75
References
External links
Dragu Bădin at Labtof.ro
1947 births
2023 deaths
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Liga I players
Liga II players
FC Petrolul Ploiești players
CS Universitatea Craiova players
AFC Dacia Unirea Brăila players
FCM Bacău players
CSM Jiul Petroșani players
Sportspeople from Brăila |
Istgah-e Sankhvast (, also Romanized as Īstgāh-e Sankhvāst) is a village in Miyan Jovin Rural District, Helali District, Joghatai County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 83, in 25 families.
References
Populated places in Joghatai County |
Thacholf, Thachulf, Thaculf, or Thakulf (died 1 August 873) was the Duke of Thuringia from 849 until his death. He held the titles of comes (count) and dux (duke) and he ruled over a marca (march). He may have been the son of Hadulf, son of Thankulf.
Thachulf was placed in charge of the Sorbian March in 849 with the title of dux Sorabici limitis, giving him military command over the counts with lands bordering the Sorbs. On account of his knowledge of Slavic customs, he was petitioned by the Sorbs with the offer of hostages for peace to protect them from the warmaking of Ernest, Duke of Bavaria, but he had been wounded in battle the day before the arrival of the Slav embassy and so could not be of assistance. Hiding his injury from the Slav delegates, he sent men to the other leaders of the Frankish host proposing terms with the Slavs, but the other generals suspected him of a coup to assume supreme command of the army and so ignored his representatives and made war anyway, being badly defeated in the process.
According to the Annales Fuldenses, in 858, a Reichstag held at Frankfurt under Louis the German sent three armies to the eastern frontiers to reinforce the submission of the Slavic tribes. Carloman was sent against Great Moravia, Louis the Younger against the Obodrites and Linonen, and Thachulf against the Sorbs, who were refusing to obey him. The armies of Carloman and Louis set out in July, but it is uncertain if Thachulf ever undertook a campaign, as the Sorbs rose in rebellion late in that year and do not appear to have been restless beforehand. The Annales Fuldenses may be incorrect about the timing of Thachulf's command to send an army against them.
Thachulf died in the summer of 873. His death was immediately followed by the revolt of the Sorbs, Siusli, and their neighbours. The revolt was not put down until Liutbert and Radulf, Thachulf's successor, campaigned in January 874.
Sources
The Annals of Fulda. (Manchester Medieval Series, Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II.) Reuter, Timothy (trans.) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992.
873 deaths
Dukes of Thuringia
Frankish warriors
9th-century dukes in Europe
Year of birth unknown
Carolingian dynasty |
Virtuosity is a 1995 American science fiction action film directed by Brett Leonard and starring Denzel Washington and Russell Crowe. Howard W. Koch Jr. served as an executive producer for the film. The film was released in the United States on August 4, 1995. Virtuosity had an estimated budget of $30 million and grossed $37 million worldwide.
Plot
In Los Angeles, Parker Barnes is a former police officer imprisoned for killing political terrorist Matthew Grimes, who killed Parker's wife and daughter. Barnes killed Grimes but also accidentally shot two news reporters in the process and was sentenced to 17 years to life. In the year 1999, Barnes and John Donovan are testing a virtual reality system designed for training police officers. The two are tracking down a serial killer named SID 6.7 at a restaurant in virtual reality. SID (short for Sadistic, Intelligent, Dangerous, a VR amalgam of the most violent serial killers throughout history) causes Donovan to go into shock, killing him. The director overseeing the project orders the programmer in charge of creating SID, Dr. Darrel Lindenmeyer, to shut down the project with Commissioner Elizabeth Deane and her associate, William Wallace, as his witnesses.
Following a fight with another prisoner, Big Red, Barnes meets with criminal psychologist Dr. Madison Carter. Meanwhile, Lindenmeyer informs SID that he is about to be shut down because Donovan's death was caused when SID disabled the fail-safes. At SID's suggestion, Lindenmeyer convinces another employee, Clyde Reilly, that a sexually-compliant virtual reality model, Sheila 3.2, another project created by Lindenmeyer, can be brought to life in a synthetically grown android body. Lindenmeyer replaces the Sheila 3.2 module with the SID 6.7 module. Now processed into the real world, SID 6.7 kills Reilly.
Once word gets out of SID being in the real world, Deane and Los Angeles Police Department Chief William Cochran offer Barnes a deal: if he catches SID and brings him back to virtual reality, he will be pardoned. Barnes agrees, and with help from Carter they discover that Matthew Grimes, the terrorist who killed Barnes's wife and daughter, is a part of SID 6.7's personality profile. After killing a family along with a group of security guards, SID heads over to the Media Zone, a local nightclub, where he takes hostages. Barnes and Carter go to the nightclub to stop him, but SID escapes.
The next day, SID begins a killing spree at the Los Angeles Olympic Auditorium. Barnes arrives at the Stadium to capture SID, and finds him on a train, where another hostage is being held by SID. Barnes seemingly kills the hostage in front of horrified witnesses and is sent back to prison. Having caught up with Barnes after the incident, Carter tries to prove Barnes's innocence, but Barnes is freed from his prisoner transport by SID, who once again escapes. Wallace and Deane are about to have Barnes terminated via a fail-safe transmitter implanted in his body but Cochran destroys the system after learning from Carter that Barnes didn't kill the hostage on the train.
SID kidnaps Carter's daughter Karin and takes over a television studio. Lindenmeyer, having come out of hiding, sees what SID is doing and is impressed, but is captured by Carter. After a fight on the roof of the studio Barnes ultimately destroys SID's body but is unable to learn where he hid Karin. They place SID back in VR to trick the location out of him which proves to be one of the fan enclosures on the studio roof. When SID discovers that he is back in virtual reality he goes into a rage. Cochran lets Carter out of VR, but Lindenmeyer kills Cochran before he can release Barnes. Barnes starts to go into the same shock that Donovan suffered, but Carter kills Lindenmeyer, and saves Barnes.
Barnes and Carter return to the building that SID took over in the real world and save Karin from a booby trap set up by SID that's similar to the one that killed Barnes' family. After Karin is saved, Barnes destroys the SID 6.7 module.
Cast
Denzel Washington as Lieutenant Parker Barnes, who was imprisoned after killing a man who killed his family
Russell Crowe as SID 6.7, a virtual reality entity who later becomes a regenerating android
Kelly Lynch as Dr. Madison Carter, a criminal psychologist who teams with Barnes to understand SID's behavior
Stephen Spinella as Dr. Darrel Lindenmeyer, who created SID 6.7 and Sheila 3.2
William Forsythe as Chief Billy Cochran
Louise Fletcher as Commissioner Elizabeth Deane
William Fichtner as William Wallace
Costas Mandylor as John Donovan
Kevin J. O'Connor as Clyde Reilly
Kaley Cuoco as Karin Carter, Madison's daughter
Christopher Murray as Matthew Grimes
Mari Morrow as Linda Barnes
Johnny Kim as Lab Tech
Heidi Schanz as Sheila 3.2
Traci Lords as Media Zone singer
Gordon Jennison Noice as 'Big Red'
Michael Buffer as Emcee
Production
Washington restructured much of the story and dialogue during filming, entirely removing a romantic subtext between the Lt. Barnes and Dr. Carter characters from the original script.
Principal photography for the film began on January 25, 1995. Parts of the film were filmed at the abandoned Hughes Aircraft plant in Los Angeles.
Music
The soundtrack was released on MCA imprint Radioactive Records and contained music from Peter Gabriel, The Heads, Tricky and Live, among others.
An album containing the complete score by Christopher Young was released on July 26, 2019 on Intrada Records. A promo CD had previously been released. Producer Gary Lucchesi hired Young after working with him previously on Jennifer 8. Much of Young's score is electronic-influenced while the last third of the film utilizes an orchestra.
Reception
Critical response
The film received mostly mixed to negative reviews. It has a rotten score of 32% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 34 reviews, with 32% of the audience indicating they liked it. The site's consensus states: "Woefully deficient in thrills or common sense, Virtuosity strands its talented stars in a story whose vision of the future is depressingly short on imagination." It also has a score of 39 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 17 reviews. Roger Ebert, however, wrote that the movie was "filled with bright ideas and fresh thinking" and "still finds surprises" despite a somewhat clichéd premise.
The film was nominated for Best Picture at the Sitges Film Festival, losing to Citizen X.
Box office
The film grossed $24 million in the United States and Canada and $37 million worldwide.
Novelization
In 1995, a novelization of the film by author Terry Bisson was published by Pocket.
See also
American Gangster, 2007 film starring Washington and Crowe in switched antagonist/protagonist roles
Simulated reality
References
External links
1995 films
1990s chase films
1990s science fiction action films
American chase films
American science fiction action films
1990s English-language films
Films about computing
Films about telepresence
Films about virtual reality
Films directed by Brett Leonard
Films produced by Gary Lucchesi
Films scored by Christopher Young
Films set in 1999
Films set in California
Films set in Los Angeles
American police detective films
Paramount Pictures films
1990s American films
1995 science fiction films |
, there are 20 undergraduate and 21 post-graduate medical institutes in Nepal whose qualifications are recognized by the Nepal Medical Council, Medical Council of India and World Directory of Medical Schools and are regulated under single government body, Medical Education Commission, Nepal.
Background information
Medical schools in Nepal are usually known as medical colleges. The history of modern medical education in Nepal is very short. Formal medical education started in Nepal after the establishment of Institute of Medicine, Nepal in 1972 under Tribhuvan University. Previously, only few qualified doctors were present in Nepal before pre-democracy era in 1951. While few eager Nepalese doctors established Nepal Medical Association (NMA) on March 4, 1951 to unite all the practicing doctors. They strongly raised voice to have medical council to regulate the medical practice in Nepal and Nepal Medical Council (NMC) was established on 28 February 1964. However, NMC started functioning after the "NMC-Rules" was approved by His Majesty's Government on 1 January 1968. At present there are only four government funded medical institutes with both UG and PG while two PG institute combined of six public medical institutions in Nepal and a single army funded medical college with both UG and PG.
Types of Medical Institutions
Operational Medical Colleges
Tribhuwan University
Kathmandu University
Autonomous
Terminated Medical Colleges
Proposed and Under-construction Medical Colleges
See also
List of engineering colleges in Nepal
List of forestry colleges in Nepal
Ministry of Education
Ministry of Health
References
Medical colleges
Nepal |
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