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Aristotle's Theory of Universals is Aristotle's classical solution to the Problem of Universals, sometimes known as the hylomorphic theory of immanent realism. Universals are the characteristics or qualities that ordinary objects or things have in common. They can be identified in the types, properties, or relations observed in the world. For example, imagine there is a bowl of red apples resting on a table. Each apple in that bowl will have many similar qualities, such as their red coloring or "redness". They will share some degree of the quality of "ripeness" depending on their age. They may also be at varying degrees of age, which will affect their color, but they will all share a universal "appleness". These qualities are the universals that the apples hold in common. The Problem of Universals asks three questions. Do universals exist? If they exist, where do they exist? Also, if they exist, how do we obtain knowledge of them? In Aristotle's view, universals are incorporeal and universal, but only exist only where they are instantiated; they exist only in things. Aristotle said that a universal is identical in each of its instances. All red things are similar in that there is the same universal, redness, in each thing. There is no Platonic Form of redness, standing apart from all red things; instead, each red thing has a copy of the same property, redness. For the Aristotelian, knowledge of the universals is not obtained from a supernatural source. It is obtained from experience by means of active intellect. Overview In Aristotle's view, universals can be instantiated multiple times. He states that one and the same universal, such as applehood, appears in every real apple. A common sense challenge would be to inquire what remains exactly the same in all these different things, since the theory is claiming that something remains the same. Stating that different beautiful things, such as the Pacific Ocean, The Eiffel Tower, or the nighttime sky is beautiful is just to say that each thing is the same (qualitatively) in terms of beauty. Aristotle is talking about a category of being here that is not a thing but a quality. A common defense of Aristotle's realism is therefore that we should not expect universals to behave like ordinary physical objects. To say the same universal, beautiful, occurs simultaneously in all these things is no more strange than saying that each thing is beautiful. A second issue is whether Aristotelian universals are abstract: if they are, then the theory must deal with how to abstract the concept of redness from one or more red things. Aristotle argued that people form concepts and make generalizations in the manner of a young child, who is just on the verge of grasping a generic concept such as human being. In his view, the child is gathering his or her memories of various encounters with individual humans, searching for the essential similarity that stands out, on reflection, in every instance. Today, it might be said that one mentally extracts from each thing the quality that they all have in common. When the child grasps the concept of a human being, he or she has learnt to ignore the accidental details of each person's past experiences and individual differences, and has paid attention to the relevant quality that they all have in common, namely, humanity. In Aristotle's view, the universal humanity is a natural kind defined by the essential properties that all humans have in common. See also Hylomorphism Aristotelian realist philosophy of mathematics Metaphysics (Aristotle) References External links Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Aristotle's Metaphysics. 10. Substances and Universals Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: The Medieval Problem of Universals. 4. Boethius’ Aristotelian Solution Meaning and the Problem of Universals, A Kant-Friesian Approach M. J. Cresswell: What is Aristotle's theory of universals? (subscription required) Epistemology Ontology Philosophy of Aristotle
The 1997 South American Under-17 Football Championship was played in Paraguay from 28 February to 16 March 1997. The host of the competition were the cities of Asunción, Pedro Juan Caballero and Encarnación. Sandro Hiroshi was banned for 180 days in 1999 when it was discovered that his age had been falsified in the 1997 tournament. Brazil did not face team sanctions as the federation argued that Hiroshi acted without its authorization. First round The 10 national teams were divided in 2 groups of 5 teams each. The top 2 teams qualified for the final round. Group A Group B Final round The final round were played in the same system that first round, with the best 4 teams. Brazil, Argentina and Chile qualify to FIFA U-17 World Cup, Egypt '97 Top goalscorers Ideal Team of the Tournament References South American U-17 Championship 1997 (Paraguay) Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation South American Under-17 Football Championship Under International association football competitions hosted by Paraguay 1997 in Paraguayan football 1997 in youth association football
The men's team compound competition at the 2013 World Archery Championships took place on 29 September – 6 October 2013 in Belek, Turkey. 27 countries entered the full quota of 3 archers into the qualification round, thus becoming eligible for the team competition. The combined totals of the 3 archers from each country in the qualification round were added together, and the 16 teams with the highest combined scores competed in the elimination rounds. Schedule All times are local (UTC+02:00). Qualification round Pre-tournament world rankings ('WR') are taken from the 28 August 2013 World Archery Rankings. Qualified for eliminations Elimination rounds References 2013 World Archery Championships
Euchorthippus declivus, the Jersey grasshopper or sharp-tailed grasshopper, is a species of short-horned grasshoppers belonging to the family Acrididae, subfamily Gomphocerinae. Description The adult males grow up to long, while the females reach of length. The basic coloration of the body varies from light brown to beige, or occasionally yellow-green. Two or three darker and clearer longitudinal stripes start from the eyes. The head is relatively large. The bottom of the abdomen is yellow, usually with an orange tip in males. Wings are atrophied in both sexes. Distribution and habitat This very common species is present in middle and southern Europe. Euchorthippus declivus inhabits arid and sunny environments, southern slopes, gravely plots with sparse vegetation, very dry to moderate wet meadows and pastures. Biology They can be encountered from July through October feeding on grasses. The eggs overwinter in the soil. References declivus Insects described in 1848 Taxa named by Charles N. F. Brisout Orthoptera of Europe
Rauzan (; ) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. It contains the ruins of a castle, the Château de Rauzan, a tourist attraction. Population See also Communes of the Gironde department References Communes of Gironde
William James Arthurs (1888 – July 14, 1971) was a railway conductor and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Melville from 1944 to 1948 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) member. He was born in Janetville, Ontario, and came to Balcarres, Saskatchewan, in 1905. Arthurs worked for the Canadian National Railway for 40 years, first as a brakeman and then as a conductor; he retired in 1953. He ran unsuccessfully for the Melville seat in the Canadian House of Commons in 1949, losing to James Garfield Gardiner. References Saskatchewan Co-operative Commonwealth Federation MLAs 20th-century Canadian legislators 1888 births 1971 deaths Conductor (rail)
Suva City Fijian Urban Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate covered the central part of Suva City. The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate. Election results In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting). In the 2001 and 2006 elections, Mataiasi Ragiagia won with more than 50 percent of the primary vote; therefore, there was no redistribution of preferences. 1999 2001 2006 Sources Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive Fiji Facts
Sandra van Nieuwland (born 16 February 1977 in Delft), also known as Sandra Newland, is a Dutch singer who gained national popularity after her participation in the third season of The Voice of Holland. Career Van Nieuwland rose to fame when she participated in the third season of The Voice of Holland in 2012. During the competition, she received a Gold award for her cover of "More", which she sang during her audition. In the first live show, van Nieuwland received a platina award for "More" and became the first contestant to receive an award while the competition was still running. "More" also reached first place in the Singles Top 100, as well as her cover of "Keep Your Head Up". The following liveshow, she broke her own record with "Beggin'", which reached first place again. Her fourth number one hit came again a week later, with "New Age". So far, she has been the only contestant to have had four number one chart listings and to have received an award during the competition. She was also the first Dutch singer to have a first place and second place single in the Singles Top 100. Van Nieuwland was eliminated in the semi-finals by Leona Philippo, who went on to win The Voice of Holland. During the finale, however, van Nieuwland received double platina for "More", platina for "Keep Your Head Up" and gold for both "Beggin'" and "New Age". That same day, her single "Venus" (which she also performed in The Voice of Holland) was released. It immediately reached first place again. Van Nieuwland released her album And More in September 2012. It features new songs and some of her number one hits. Her first single, "Hunter", was released on 10 August 2013. Together with her second one, "Always Alone", it would be on her second album, called Banging on the Doors of Love. Discography And More (2012) Banging on the Doors of Love (2013) Breaking New Ground (2015) Human Alien (2018) References External links Official website The Voice (franchise) contestants 1977 births Living people Musicians from Delft English-language singers from the Netherlands 21st-century Dutch singers 21st-century Dutch women singers
is a retired Japanese male backstroke swimmer. He represented Japan at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. He is best known for winning a silver medal at the 1995 Summer Universiade in Fukuoka. References sports-reference 1974 births Living people Olympic swimmers for Japan Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics Sportspeople from Osaka Prefecture Asian Games medalists in swimming Asian Games bronze medalists for Japan Japanese male backstroke swimmers Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games Universiade medalists in swimming Swimmers at the 1994 Asian Games Universiade silver medalists for Japan Medalists at the 1995 Summer Universiade 20th-century Japanese people 21st-century Japanese people
Julia Carlsson (born 8 April 1975) is a Swedish former football forward. She played for the Sweden women's national football team and competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics. At the club level, she played for Älvsjö AIK. See also Sweden at the 1996 Summer Olympics References External links 1975 births Living people Swedish women's footballers Place of birth missing (living people) Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics Olympic footballers for Sweden Women's association football forwards Sweden women's international footballers
Archive Miniatures & Game Systems was one of the first companies to produce fantasy miniature figures following the birth of role-playing games in the 1970s. History One of the first fantasy role-playing games (RPGs) to be published after the appearance of Dungeons & Dragons in 1974 was White Bear and Red Moon, a fantasy RPG set in the world of Glorantha, created by Chaosium of Oakland, California in 1975. Chaosium searched for a company that could produce metal miniatures specific to Glorantha, and found Archive Miniatures in nearby Burlingame, run by head sculptor Neville Stocken and his wife Barbara. Chaosium granted their first license to Archive to create 25 mm Gloranthan miniatures. In his 2014 book Designers & Dragons: The '70s, Shannon Appelcline noted that "Soon some of the counters from White Bear and Red Moon such as the darkness witch Cragspider and the centaur Ironhoof were represented in lead. Some of Archive's existing miniatures also got incorporated into the Gloranthan series, so that Stocken would have more licensed miniatures to sell immediately. Most notably, Archive's existing 'Pumpkinhead' figure became the infamous Gloranthan Jack O'Bear." Archive soon released other licensed lines, including miniatures for J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle Earth, Chaosium's Runequest, TSR's Dungeons & Dragons, Lucasfilm's Star Wars, and Michael Moorcock's Elric of Melnibone. Although the market quickly became flooded with metal miniatures from other American and British companies, those from Archive remained distinctive for their unique "stretched octagonal" bases, formed when the corners of the rectangular bases were clipped off. In 1978, Archive also tried to move into the RPG market with a science fiction RPG called Star Rovers. Game designer David A. Hargrave, best known for creating the quirky fantasy RPG world known as Arduin, and who owned a games store in nearby Concord, announced he was working on a new game, likely Star Rovers. Hargrave was the lead developer for only a few months, until Archive's Neville Stocken took over, but Shannon Appelcline believes that "Hargrave's contributions still can be found in the final product, Star Rovers Module 1 (1981). Because of its wacky and gonzo nature, some have called it 'Arduin in Space.' Unfortunately, it also proved to be Archive's one and only roleplaying release." By 1981, Archive had moved to San Mateo, and were advertising a "Monster-of-the-Month Club" in the pages of Dragon. In 1982, the company went out of business. Their miniatures lines were taken over by R*kiiv of Berkeley, California, which continued to produce Archive miniatures until it also went out of business in 1987. Center Stage Miniatures occasionally re-released some Archive miniatures until its demise in 2015. Reception In the April–May 1978 edition of White Dwarf (Issue #6), John Norris was impressed by Archive's Middle Earth line, saying, "The monsters are ideal for a DM using figures, and the Middle Earth range is a source of fine, if rather large, personality figures. The hobbits and the dwarf will fit in fairly well with the Heritage/Asgard size of figure, and I recommend the former in particular to anyone using Heritage hobbits as rank and file." Archive Miniatures were often featured in the pages of Dragon in its first few years. In the April 1977 edition (Issue #6), four Archive miniatures from the D&D line — two blink dogs, a rust monster and an owl bear — were included in the photographic essay "From the Fantasy Forge". The accompanying text was complimentary: "All three castings are well done and detailed, and would make good additions to anyone's monster table." In the August 1979 edition (Issue 28), Phil Neuscheler had a problem with many of Archive's miniatures, saying, "Fantasy Figures are generally good, but are often afflicted by stubbed hands that appear leprous." He did compliment certain lines, saying, "Archive is especially excellent for the following: Griffons, Centaurs, and Pegasus." Archive's miniatures made regular appearances in Dragons "Fantasy Forge" column, including September 1977/Issue #9 (11 miniatures from their Star Wars line), October 1977/Issue 10, February 1978/Issue 12, and June 1978/Issue 15. References Gaming miniatures companies
Modern-day South Tyrol, an autonomous Italian province created in 1948, was part of the Austro-Hungarian County of Tyrol until 1918 (then known as Deutschsüdtirol and occasionally Mitteltirol). It was annexed by Italy following the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I. It has been part of a cross-border joint entity, the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino, since 2001. Before the 19th century Antiquity In 15 BC the region was conquered by the Roman commanders Drusus and Tiberius, and its northern and eastern parts were incorporated into the provinces of Raetia and Noricum respectively, while the southern part including the lower Adige and Eisack valleys around the modern-day city of Bolzano up to present-day Merano and Waidbruck (Sublavio) became part of Roman Italy (Italia), Regio X Venetia et Histria. The mountainous area then mainly was a transit country along Roman roads crossing the Eastern Alps like the Via Claudia Augusta, settled by Romanised Illyrian and Raeti tribes which had adopted the Vulgar Latin (Ladin) language. Middle Ages After the conquest of Italy by the Goths in 493, Tyrol became part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy in the 5th and the 6th centuries. Already in 534 the western Vinschgau region fell to the Kingdom of the Franks (Alamannia), while after the final collapse of the Ostrogothic Kingdom in 553 West Germanic Bavarians entered the region from the north. When the Lombards invaded Italy in 568 and founded the Kingdom of Italy, it also included the Duchy of Tridentum with the southernmost part of Tyrol. The border with the German stem duchy of Bavaria ran southwest of present-day Bolzano along the Adige River, with Salorno and the right bank (including Eppan, Kaltern and the area up to Lana on the Falschauer River) belonging to the Lombard kingdom. While the boundary remained unchanged for centuries, Bavarian settlers further migrated southwards down to Salorno (Salurn). The population was Christianised by the Bishops of Brixen and Trento. In 1027 Emperor Conrad II established the Prince-bishopric of Trent in order to secure the route up to the Brenner Pass. He ceded the counties of Trento, Bolzano and Vinschgau to the Trent bishops and finally separated the territory on the east bank of the Adige River down to Mezzocorona (Deutschmetz) from the Imperial Kingdom of Italy. The Gau of Norital, including the Wipptal, the Eisacktal and the Val Badia, was granted to the newly established Prince-Bishopric of Brixen, followed in 1091 by the Puster Valley. Over the centuries, the episcopal reeves (Vögte) residing at Tirol Castle near Merano extended their territory over much of the region and came to surpass the power of the bishops who were nominally their feudal lords. The later Counts of Tyrol reached independence from the Duchy of Bavaria during the deposition of Duke Henry the Lion in 1180. Also in this period, from the late twelfth to the thirteenth centuries, have been established along the Brenner axis almost all of up-today's existing urban settlements, which can be categorized as marked-formed, not very densely populated small-towns, such as Bolzano, Merano, Sterzing or Bruneck. Modern Age From the 13th century they held much of their territory immediate from the Holy Roman Emperor and were elevated to Princes of the Holy Roman Empire in 1504. Following defeat by Napoleon in 1805, the Austrian Empire was forced to cede the northern part of Tyrol to the Kingdom of Bavaria in the Peace of Pressburg. It became a member of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. Tyrol remained split between Bavaria and the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy until it was returned to Austria by the Congress of Vienna in 1814. Integrated into the Austrian Empire, from 1867 it was a Kronland (Crown Land) of Cisleithania, the western half of Austria-Hungary. Age of nationalism After the Napoleonic Era, nationalism emerged as the dominant ideology in Europe. In Italy several intellectuals and groups began to push the idea of a unified nation-state (see Risorgimento). At the time, the struggle for Italian unification was largely waged against the Austrian Empire, which was the hegemonic power in Italy and the single most powerful adversary to unification. The Austrian Empire vigorously repressed the growing nationalist sentiment among Italian elites, most of all during 1848 revolution and the following years. Italy finally attained independence in 1861, annexed Venetia in 1866, and Latium, including Rome, in 1870. However, for many nationalist intellectuals and political leaders, the process of unification of the Italian peninsula under a single national state was not complete. This was because several areas inhabited by Italian-speaking communities remained under what was seen as foreign rule. This situation gave rise to the idea that parts of Italy were still unredeemed, hence Italian irredentism became an important ideological component of the political life of the Kingdom of Italy: see Italia irredenta. In 1882 Italy signed a defensive alliance with Austria-Hungary and Germany (see Triple Alliance). However, Italian public opinion remained unenthusiastic about the alignment with Austria-Hungary, still perceiving it as the historical enemy of Italy. In the years before World War I, many distinguished military analysts predicted that Italy would change sides. Italy declared its neutrality at the beginning of World War I, because the Triple Alliance was a defensive one, requiring its members to come under attack to come into effect. Many Italians were still hostile to Austrian historical and continuing occupation of ethnically Italian areas. Austria-Hungary requested Italian neutrality, while the Triple Entente (Great Britain, France and Russia) demanded its intervention. Many people in Italy wanted the country to join the conflict on the side of the Triple Entente, with the aim of gaining the "unredeemed" territories. Under the secret Treaty of London, signed in April 1915, Italy agreed to declare war against the Central Powers in exchange for (among other things) territorial gains in the Austrian crown lands of Tyrol, Küstenland and Dalmatia, homeland of large Italian minorities. War against the Austro-Hungarian Empire was declared on May 24, 1915. In October 1917, the Italian army was defeated in the Battle of Caporetto, and was forced back to a defensive line along the Piave river. In June 1918, an Austro-Hungarian offensive against the Piave line was repulsed (see Battle of the Piave River). On October 24, 1918, Italy launched its final offensive against the Austro-Hungarian Army, which consequently collapsed (see Battle of Vittorio Veneto). The armistice of Villa Giusti was signed on November 3. It came into force at 3.00 pm on November 4. In the following days the Italian Army completed the occupation of all Tirol (including Innsbruck), according to the armistice terms. Annexation by Italy Under the secret Treaty of London (1915), Italy "shall obtain the Trentino, Cisalpine Tyrol with its geographical and natural frontier (the Brenner frontier)" and after the ceasefire of Villa Giusti (November 3, 1918) Italian troops occupied uncontested the territory and as stipulated in the ceasefire agreement marched into North Tyrol and occupied Innsbruck and the Inn valley. During the negotiations between Austria and the victorious Entente powers in Saint-Germain a petition for help, signed by all the mayors of South Tyrol, was presented to US President Woodrow Wilson. Wilson had announced his Fourteen Points to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918 and the mayors reminded him of point 9: "A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality." But when the Treaty of Saint-Germain was signed on September 10, 1919 Italy was given by Article 27, section 2 the ethnic German territories south of the Alpine watershed. It has been claimed that Wilson later complained about the annexation: "Already the president had, unfortunately, promised the Brenner Pass boundary to Orlando, which gave to Italy some 150,000 Tyrolese Germans-an action which he subsequently regarded as a big mistake and deeply regretted. It had been before he had made a careful study of the subject...." As Italy had not yet adopted the toponymy created by Ettore Tolomei, all the names of locations in the treaty, with the exception of the Adige river, were in German (the same monolingual German approach to local names as in the Treaty of London). At first the territory was governed by a military regime under General Guglielmo Pecori-Giraldi, directly subordinated to the Comando Supremo. One of the first orders was to seal the border between South Tyrol and Austria. People were not allowed to cross, and the postal service and the flow of goods were interrupted; censorship was introduced and officials not born in the area were dismissed. On November 11, 1919 General Pecori-Giraldi proclaimed in the name of King Victor Emmanuel III in Italian and German: "... Italy is willing, as sole united nation with full freedom of thought and expression, to allow nationals of other language the preservation of their own schools, private institutions and associations." On December 1, 1919 the King promised in a speech: "a careful maintenance of local institutions and self-administration" Italy formally annexed the territories on October 10, 1920. Administration passed from the military to the new Governatorato della Venezia Tridentina (Governorate of Venezia Tridentina) under Luigi Credaro. The term Venezia Tridentina had been proposed in 1863 by the Jewish linguist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli from Gorizia, who sought to include all of the territories of the Austro-Hungarian Empire claimed by Italy into a wider region called Venezia (the Julian March was accordingly named Venezia Giulia). The Governatorato included the present-day region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and the three Ladin communes of Cortina, Colle Santa Lucia and Livinallongo, today in the Province of Belluno. The northern part of Tyrol, comprising North Tyrol and East Tyrol, became what is today one of the nine federal states of Austria. On January 21, 1921 the Governatorato, while retaining military and police control, ceded administrative control to the new provincial council of the Provincia di Venezia Tridentina in Trento. On May 15, 1921 the people of the area participated for the first (and until April 18, 1948 the only) free and democratic elections (the people of Venezia Tridentina and Venezia Giulia did not participate in the general election of June 2, 1946). The result was a resounding victory for the Deutscher Verband (German Association), which won close to 90% of the votes and thus sent four deputies to Rome. Rise of fascism Up to this time, the German-speaking population had not been subjected to violence and nor had the Italian authorities interfered with its cultural activities, traditions and schooling. This was about to change with the rise of fascism. The first hint of what was to come was experienced by the German population on Sunday April 24, 1921. The population of Bolzano-Bozen had organized a Trachtenumzug (a procession in traditional local costume) to celebrate the opening of the spring trade fair. The General Civil Commissioner of the province, Luigi Credaro, had been warned in advance by his colleagues from Mantua, Brescia, Verona and Vicenza of the intention of the fascists there to go to Bolzano-Bozen to disrupt the procession, but did not take any precautions. After arriving by train in Bolzano-Bozen the approximately 280 out-of-province fascists were joined by about 120 from Bolzano-Bozen, and proceeded to attack the procession with clubs, pistols and hand grenades. The teacher Franz Innerhofer from Marling was shot dead and around 50 people injured in the attack. After the attack the military intervened and escorted the fascists back to the station. Although Credaro, under orders from the Italian Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti, had two suspects in Innerhofer's murder arrested, nobody was brought to justice for the attack, as Benito Mussolini had threatened to come to Bolzano-Bozen with 2,000 fascists to free the two suspects by force if they were not set free immediately. Mussolini made clear his policies regarding the people of South Tyrol: "If the Germans on both sides of the Brenner don't toe the line, then the fascists will teach them a thing or two about obedience. Alto Adige is Italian and bilingual, and no one would even dream of trying forcibly to Italianize these German immigrants. But neither may Germans imagine that they might push Italy back to Salorno and from there to the Lago di Garda. Perhaps the Germans believe that all Italians are like Credaro. If they do, they’re sorely mistaken. In Italy, there are hundreds of thousands of Fascists who would rather lay waste to Alto Adige than to permit the tricolore that flies above the Vetta d’Italia to be lowered. If the Germans have to be beaten and stomped to bring them to reason, then so be it, we’re ready. A lot of Italians have been trained in this business."Archivio per l'Alto Adige, Ettore Tolomei, Annata XVI, Gleno (Alto Adige), 1921 Italianization In October 1922, the new Fascist government rescinded all the special dispensations that protected linguistic minorities. The Italianization program had been started, and the Fascist regime charged Achille Starace and Ettore Tolomei (a nationalist from Rovereto) to drive it. Tolomei's "program in 23 points" was adopted. Among other things it decreed: exclusive use of Italian in the public offices; closure of the majority of the German schools; incentives for immigrants from other Italian regions. The first forms of opposition to the regime appeared in 1925: a priest, Michael Gamper, opened the first "Katakombenschulen", clandestine schools where teachers taught in German. In 1926 the ancient institution of communal autonomy was abolished. Throughout Italy the "podestà", appointed by the government, replaced the mayors and had to report to the "prefetti". A large industrial zone in Bolzano opened in 1935. It was followed by the immigration of many workers and their families from other parts of Italy (mainly from Veneto). In this period of oppression, National Socialist propaganda became more and more successful among young South Tyroleans. German-Italian option agreement Adolf Hitler never claimed any part of the Southern Tyrol for his Third Reich, even before the alliance with Benito Mussolini; in fact in Mein Kampf (1924) he claimed that Germans were just a small and irrelevant minority in Southern Tyrol (this definition including also Trentino) and he acknowledged the German portion of Southern Tyrol as a permanent possession of Italy. Hitler writes in Book II of Mein Kampf, "But I do not hesitate to declare that, now the dice have fallen, I not only regard a reconquest of the South Tyrol by war as impossible, but that I personally would reject it in the conviction that for this question the flame of national enthusiasm of the whole German people could not be achieved to a degree which would offer the premise for victory." In 1939, both dictators in order to solve any further dispute agreed to give the German-speaking population a choice in the South Tyrol Option Agreement: they could emigrate to neighbouring Germany (including annexed Austria) or stay in Italy and accept complete Italianisation. The South Tyrolean population was deeply divided. Those who wanted to stay (Dableiber) were condemned as traitors; those who left (Optanten), the majority, were defamed as Nazis. There was a plan to relocate the Optanten in Crimea (annexed to Greater Germany), but most were resettled in German-annexed Western Poland, where they were expelled or killed after the war. Because of the outbreak of World War II, this agreement was only partially carried out. In 1939 Mussolini decided to build an Alpine Wall, a military fortification to defend Italy's northern land border. Annexation by Nazi Germany In 1943, Mussolini was deposed and Italy surrendered to the Allies, who had invaded southern Italy via Sicily. German troops promptly invaded and occupied northern Italy to help Mussolini's side against the Allies and new Italy, and South Tyrol became part of the Operation Zone of the Alpine Foothills, along with Operation Zone of the Adriatic Littoral de facto annexed to Greater Germany. Many German-speaking South Tyroleans, after years of linguistic oppression and discrimination by Fascist Italy, wanted revenge upon ethnic Italians living in the area (particularly in the larger cities) but were mostly prevented from doing so by the occupying Nazis, who still considered Mussolini head of the Italian Social Republic and wanted to preserve good relations with the Italian Fascists, still supporting Mussolini against the Allies. Although the Nazis were able to recruit South Tyrolean youth and to capture local Jews, they prevented anti-Italian feelings from getting out of hand. Mussolini, who wanted to set up his new pro-German Italian Social Republic in Bolzano, was still a Nazi ally. The region largely escaped fighting, and its mountainous remoteness proved useful to the Nazis as a refuge for items looted from across Europe. When the US 88th Infantry Division occupied South Tyrol from May 2 to May 8, 1945, and after the total unconditional surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945, it found vast amounts of precious items and looted art treasures. Among the items reportedly found were railway wagons filled with gold bars, hundreds of thousands of metres of silk, the Italian crown jewels, King Victor Emmanuel's personal collection of rare coins, and scores of works of art looted from art galleries such as the Uffizi in Florence. It was feared that the Germans might use the region, along with other Nazi-owned territories to make a last-ditch stronghold in the Alps to fight to the bitter end, and from there direct Werwolf activities in Allied-controlled territories, but this did not occur due to the suicide of Hitler, the disintegration and chaos of the Nazi apparatus and the rapid Nazi German surrender thereafter. After World War II First Austrian-Italian agreement In 1945 the South Tyrolean People's Party (Südtiroler Volkspartei) was founded, mainly by Dableiber, who had elected to stay in Italy after the agreement between Hitler and Mussolini. As the Allies had decided that the province should remain a part of Italy, Italy and Austria negotiated an agreement in 1946, recognizing the rights of the German minority. This led to the creation of the Trentino-Alto Adige/Tiroler Etschland region, a new name for "Venezia Tridentina". German and Italian were both made official languages, and German-language education was permitted. But as the Italians were the majority in the region, self-government of the German minority was impossible. Together with the arrival of new Italian-speaking migrants, this led to strong dissatisfaction among South Tyroleans, which culminated in terrorist acts perpetrated by the Befreiungsausschuss Südtirol (BAS–Committee for the liberation of South Tyrol). In a first phase only public buildings and fascist monuments were targeted. One of the most notable attacks was the Night of Fire, when the South Tyrolean Liberation Committee destroyed a number of electricity pylons. The second phase was bloodier, costing 21 lives (among them four activists and 15 Italian policemen and soldiers), four of them during a BAS ambush at Cima Vallona, province of Belluno, on 25 June 1967. The South Tyrolean question (Südtirolfrage) became an international issue. As the implementation of the post-war agreement was not seen as satisfactory by the Austrian government, the matter became the cause of significant friction with Italy and was taken up by the United Nations in 1960. A fresh round of negotiations took place in 1961 but this proved unsuccessful. The second agreement Eventually, international (especially Austrian) public opinion and domestic considerations led the Italian government to consider a "Second statutory order" and to negotiate a package of reforms that produced the "Autonomy Statute", which virtually delinked the mostly German-speaking province of South Tyrol from the Trentino. The new agreement was signed in 1969 by Kurt Waldheim for Austria and by Aldo Moro for Italy. It stipulated that disputes in South Tyrol would be submitted for settlement to the International Court of Justice in The Hague, that the province would receive greater autonomy within Italy, and that Austria would not interfere in South Tyrol internal affairs. The agreement proved broadly satisfactory and the separatist tensions soon eased. The new autonomous status, granted from 1972 onwards, has resulted in a considerable level of self-government, also due to the large financial resources of the province of Bolzano/Bozen, retaining almost 90% of all levied taxes. It took a further 20 years for the reforms to be fully implemented, the last in 1992. After a debate in Parliament, Vienna declared the dispute closed. On June 18, 1992 the release was signed by Italy and Austria in New York, in front of the United Nations building. Today, South Tyrol is peaceful and the wealthiest Italian province, enjoying a high degree of autonomy. It has strong relations with the Austrian state of Tyrol, especially since Austria's 1995 entry into the European Union, which has led to a common currency and a de facto disappearance of the borders. The whole historic region of Tyrol, comprising the Austrian state of Tyrol and the Italian Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, forms a Euroregion, a region of intensified cross-border cooperation within the EU, called "Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino", and a joint Tyrolean parliament has been established, albeit with limited powers. Linguistic and demographic history At the time of its annexation, South Tyrol was inhabited by a large German-speaking majority. According to the census of 1910, which listed four groups according to their spoken language, the area was inhabited by approximately 89% German speakers, 3.8% Ladin, 2.9% Italian, and 4.3% speakers of other languages of the Austrian Empire, altogether 251,000 people. According to some sources, the census did not include some 9000 immigrants from Italy. However, from the official provincial statistics of the "Autonomous Province of South Tyrol" it appears that Italian citizens were indeed registered in the census, although not necessarily as Italian speakers. In the following, the population is listed by language group, according to the censuses undertaken from 1880 to 2001. In absolute numbers: In percentages: Secessionist movement Given the region's historical and cultural association with neighboring Austria, calls for the secession of South Tyrol and its reunification with Austria are notable in the local and national political climate. Polls conducted in 2013 noted that 46% of South Tyrol's population would favor secession from Italy. Among the political parties that support South Tyrol's reunification into Austria are South Tyrolean Freedom, Die Freiheitlichen and Citizens' Union for South Tyrol. See also Timeline of Bolzano Notes and references Bibliography External links Anthony Alcock, The South Tyrol Autonomy. County Londonderry/Bozen-Bolzano, May 2001. Retrieved on 2009-03-16. Articles containing video clips nl:Zuid-Tirol#Geschiedenis
Ajay S. Vinzé is an American professor and academic administrator. He was named as the Dean of the business school at George Mason University. Previously, he served as the Robert J. Trulaske Sr. Dean and Professor in the Robert J. Trulaske, Sr. College of Business at the University of Missouri. Vinzé started his tenure at the Trulaske College of Business in January 2017. Since his arrival at Mizzou, he has focused on situating the College among leading business schools nationally and internationally. Vinzé is an expert on information systems, emergency preparedness and response, disruptive innovation, ICT investments, and collaborative computing. Early life and education Vinzé received his Bachelor of Commerce (Honors) at the Shri Ram College of Commerce at the University of Delhi in 1980. In 1982 he received his MBA in Finance from the University of Connecticut. He was awarded his PhD in Business Administration, Management Information Systems (MIS) is from the University of Arizona in 1988. Career Vinzé started his professional career as an IT Consultant with SGV and Co. in Manila, Philippines. Then after a stint at India-Phil Textiles in Bureau Philippines he reverted to academia. After completing his PhD at the University of Arizona he joined the faculty of the Mays School of Business at Texas A&M [PLA1] (1988-1998). He then moved to the W.P. Carey School of Business at Arizona State University [PLA2] where in addition to his research and teaching contributions he assumed a variety of administrative roles including Ph.D. Program Director (August 1999-July 2002), Founder and Inaugural Director for the Center for Advancing Business through Information Technology (CABIT) (July 2002- July 2007), Director of Executive MBA Program (2007-2010), Associate Dean for International Programs (May 2012-December 2016), Associate Vice Provost for Graduate Education (May 2013- December 2016). Dr. Vinzé was award Professor Emeritus from the W.P. Carey School of Business before joining the Trulaske College of Business in 2017. Vinzé joined the University of Missouri after nearly 20 years in teaching, research and administrative roles. Vinzé is a Fulbright Senior Specialist and a global citizen, having lived, worked or traveled through more than 70 countries over the past three decades. He maintains an active research agenda, and his work ranges from Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications for business problem solving to emergency preparedness and response. Selected Articles and Publications Raghu, T. S., Rajiv Sinha, Ajay Vinze, and Orneita Burton. "Willingness to pay in an open source software environment." Information Systems Research 20, no. 2 (2009): 218-236. Kanat, Irfan E., Sathananda Siloju, T. S. Raghu, and Ajay S. Vinze. "Gamification of emergency response training: A public health example." In 2013 IEEE international conference on intelligence and security informatics, pp. 134–136. IEEE, 2013. References External links Official University of Missouri webpage Living people American computer scientists University of Arizona alumni University of Connecticut alumni Delhi University alumni University of Missouri faculty Business school deans Year of birth missing (living people)
The 1996 Honolulu hostage crisis occurred on February 6, 1996, in Sand Island, Honolulu, Hawaii, when 28-year-old John Miranda took hostages at the Seal Masters of Hawaii building, his former place of employment. During the hostage crisis, two hostages were injured, one seriously. Miranda was the only fatality during the crisis itself. However, a few weeks after the event, he was found to have murdered his former girlfriend prior to the crisis. Event Start of the crisis The incident began just before 7:00 a.m. on February 6, 1996, when 28-year-old John Nahale Miranda burst into the Seal Masters of Hawaii building. The company was a waterproofing business that was based in Sand Island, Honolulu. Miranda had previously worked at the building as an employee but had been fired eight months prior to the crisis. Miranda was enraged over having no money or job; he had also accused company officials of racism and firing him solely because he was Hawaiian/Puerto Rican. Miranda had armed himself with a sawed-off shotgun and a knife. As he made entry, Miranda demanded twenty-thousand dollars in cash from the company. The company owner, Harry Lee, prepared to accept the deal, but Lee's wife insisted on calling the police instead. As the call was made, Miranda took five employees who were working in the building hostage. One of them was his former supervisor and vice president of the company, 59-year-old Guy George. George had been the one to personally fire Miranda at the time of his dismissal. Miranda then opened fire with his sawed-off shotgun and shot George once in the leg. George suffered a serious gunshot wound to his right leg, and nearly half of it was blown off. Law enforcement and media response Miranda called local radio station I-94 and explained to them what he was doing. The presenters of the radio tried to talk him down and implored him to surrender peacefully, but Miranda refused as he had already been to jail previously and had no intention of returning. Law enforcement responded quickly after Miranda's initial break in and cordoned off the area. SWAT teams were called in and sharpshooters got into position around the building. Local news television crews also arrived on scene moments later and began broadcasting the event live. Negotiation During the early stages of the negotiations, Miranda dragged George to an open window and showed police he had already shot a hostage. Miranda threatened authorities and told them he had no intention of surrendering peacefully. At some point during the crisis, Miranda turned his attention elsewhere and George climbed out of the same open window and fell ten feet to the ground below. He then crawled across the ground and dragged himself away to safety. This enraged Miranda who then grabbed hold of another hostage, 30-year-old Tom McNeil. Miranda taped his sawed-off shotgun with duct tape to the back of McNeil's head and taped his own hand to the trigger of the gun. Miranda then exited the building with his four remaining hostages and ordered them to walk down the steps to the street below. He let three of them go and returned to the top of the steps with McNeil, who was now his only hostage. Miranda remained outside with McNeil for hours and the standoff continued at the top of the steps. Police pleaded Miranda to surrender peacefully, but he refused to cooperate. After hours passed, Miranda finally ordered McNeil to head down with him to the street. Suspect shot At around 2:30 p.m., Miranda stood with McNeil in the street surrounded by police officers from all sides. He then ordered McNeil to count down from sixty-seconds to zero. Once McNeil reached zero Miranda declared he would execute him. McNeil refused to comply, so Miranda began counting down for him instead. McNeil believed that once Miranda got to ten seconds it would be the end for him. As soon as Miranda reached thirteen, McNeil spun around and tried to break free. Miranda fired a shot, but missed, and police were then forced into action. Miranda was shot in the chest by police and McNeil broke free. Miranda was taken to The Queen's Medical Center hospital, but died of his gunshot wounds and was pronounced dead at 2:55 p.m. George had also been taken to the same hospital earlier in the day, recovering from the gunshot wound to his right leg. Aftermath Casualties Three of the hostages escaped unharmed, and McNeil himself only suffered a few minor injuries and scrapes during his struggle with Miranda. McNeil had been able to walk to a nearby ambulance and was treated at St. Francis Medical Center for cuts and bruises, but no gunshot wounds. George suffered the most serious injuries with a gunshot wound to the leg, but he also survived after being taken to Queen's Hospital. Miranda initially survived after being shot by police, but died later in the day from his wound. Miranda was the only fatality during the entire crisis. Sherry Lynn Holmes 32-year-old Sherry Lynn Holmes was thought to be Miranda's current girlfriend at the time of the crisis. Holmes had reportedly been missing since January 31, 1996. According to police, during the standoff, Miranda had hinted that he had killed Holmes. Acting on an informant's tip, police searched Kawai Nui Marsh for the body of Holmes. Honolulu police and a team of dogs scoured the area several times before finding a cardboard box, buried only a few yards off of Kapa’a Quarry Road. The box was pulled from a shallow grave on March 29, 1996. Inside the box was a highly decomposed body, which was too decomposed to be positively identified at the time. Police were nearly certain that it was the body of Holmes. As no dental records existed for Holmes, investigators enlisted the aid of the Army's identification lab in Honolulu, using DNA and photo imaging technology to be certain. They confirmed the body was that of Holmes, and that she had been murdered by Miranda prior to the hostage crisis. In popular culture In a special edition of World's Wildest Police Videos, known as World's Scariest Police Shootouts, footage of the event was shown in the finale of an episode; McNeil also described his experience on the day of the crisis in an interview. In April 2017, McNeil did an interview with Edmonton Journal, describing how his life had been after the crisis. He revealed that he got married only six days after it. McNeil also did an interview in February 2018 with KHON-TV, in which he revealed that he moved to Canada in 2010, where he still resides. McNeil talked about the crisis and said the ordeal changed his view on life, making him appreciate everything he has. See also 1991 Sacramento hostage crisis 1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting 1999 Honolulu shootings References 1996 in Hawaii 1996 murders in the United States Attacks in the United States in 1996 Crimes in Hawaii Deaths by firearm in Hawaii February 1996 crimes in the United States Filmed killings by law enforcement Hostage taking in the United States Murder in Hawaii Workplace violence in the United States
Emanuel Murant (December 22, 1622 – ca.1700) is a rather unknown Dutch Golden Age painter of landscapes and houses. Biography Manuel Murant was born in Amsterdam; his father Isaiah had studied in Calvinist Geneva, and became a teacher. The family with six children lived next to the school in the Nieuwmarkt (and Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck). According to Houbraken Manuel was a pupil of Philips Wouwerman in Haarlem, where he learned to paint Italianate landscapes and specialized in village scenes and ruined farmhouses that were so exact, you could count all the bricks. Houbraken also mentioned him travelling to France and other places for some years. Back home in 1649 he worked for the Admiralty. In 1654 he married his neighbour. It is not impossible he knew the young Jan van der Heyden and learned how to paint houses. Another of neighbors was Jan van de Capelle. In 1665 he lived in Naarden. In 1670 he remarried Berberke Willems and settled in Leeuwarden, where he stayed until his death. Murant's brother David had many of his paintings still in his possession that Houbraken saw when he was writing his book in the 1710s. References External links 1622 births 1700 deaths Dutch Golden Age painters Dutch male painters Painters from Amsterdam
ISA Communications Services, Inc. (ISACOMM) was a long-distance telephone company headquartered in Atlanta. It was the first telephone company to offer a virtual network service to corporations and the first to offer codec-based videoconferencing services. The company was also a pioneer in shared tenant services, by which a commercial landlord includes telecommunications services in its lease package. Formation ISACOMM began as a concept within Insurance Systems of America (ISA), an Atlanta company founded in 1970 to write and license applications software for the insurance industry. Sensing an opportunity in the telecommunications market, ISA created ISACOMM in 1978. Several insurance companies took minority ownership positions in ISACOMM, but ISA retained majority ownership. The founders of ISACOMM were Richard C. Smith, an executive from ISA, and Kenneth H. Crandall, a principal in the creation of Satellite Business Systems (SBS). Smith and Crandall were ISACOMM's CEO and CTO, respectively. Smith later became CEO of Telcordia. ISACOMM's business plan was to buy long-distance voice and data services from SBS in bulk and to resell the services to corporations whose networks were not large enough individually to justify their own SBS earth stations. ISACOMM contracted with SBS for earth stations around the United States and then leased ports on those earth stations to individual corporations. Thus, ISACOMM was an aggregator of traffic for SBS; at one point, ISACOMM was the second largest customer of SBS. For calls that terminated off the SBS network, ISACOMM provided seamless interconnect with local telephone companies and, where necessary, AT&T. By leveraging the technology and capital investment of SBS and other carriers, ISACOMM could produce a high return on equity even with modest operating margins. Marketing Customers of ISACOMM understood their relationship to be with ISACOMM, not SBS. As an interstate carrier, ISACOMM was subject to regulation by the Federal Communications Commission and had to file its own tariffs, although progressive deregulation of the industry made the tariff process increasingly irrelevant. The original target market for ISACOMM was the insurance industry, with whom the ISACOMM management had strong connections arising from the history of ISA. However, ISACOMM quickly pursued the Fortune 500 (except for those corporations who were large enough to be served directly by SBS). ISACOMM did not sell long-distance services to consumers. ISACOMM's principal competitor was AT&T. The success of ISACOMM in winning customers away from AT&T, at the same time that MCI and Sprint were doing likewise, provided confirmation that open competition in the long-distance market was viable. Technology Beyond voice and data services, ISACOMM became a leader in videoconferencing by installing videoconferencing rooms around the country, initially using the SBS network for connectivity and subsequently using its own earth station network. ISACOMM engineered each room and provided a centralized reservations facility. These videoconference rooms could be reserved by corporations on an hourly basis, under the brand of the Meeting Channel. Arrangements were made with Bell Canada and British Telecom to extend the videoconferencing capability over international circuits. ISACOMM operated its own "back office" for customer billing and network analysis. The back office was unusual in that it relied almost completely upon systems from Tandem Computers. Tandem systems were originally bought by ISACOMM to power a transaction routing service that connected insurance companies with independent insurance agents, an early form of electronic commerce. ISACOMM was a reference account for Tandem in the telecommunications sector. Evolution In 1981 United Telecommunications, Inc. of Westwood, Kansas (United Telecom) acquired ISA, including its majority ownership of ISACOMM. United Telecom was developing its strategy to evolve from a local telephone company into a major player in the long-distance market. This strategy ultimately led to the deployment of a nationwide fiber optic network that replaced satellites as the basis for ISACOMM's services. In a series of M&A transactions, ISACOMM was pooled with US Telecom (which United Telecom separately acquired) and GTE's Sprint into a transitional joint venture between United Telecom and GTE known as US Sprint. ISACOMM became the National Accounts Division of US Sprint. Several years later, United Telecom acquired GTE's stake in the joint venture and adopted the Sprint name for the parent corporation. Sprint subsequently merged with Nextel to become Sprint Nextel Corporation. References Telecommunications companies of the United States Telecommunications companies established in 1970 Technology companies disestablished in 1981 Companies based in Atlanta 1970 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) 1981 disestablishments in Georgia (U.S. state) 1981 mergers and acquisitions
The following table indicates the party of elected officials in the U.S. state of New Hampshire: Governor The table also indicates the historical party composition in the: Executive Council State Senate State House of Representatives State delegation to the U.S. Senate State delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives For years in which a presidential election was held, the table indicates which party's nominees received the state's electoral votes. Pre-statehood–1882 1883–present References See also Politics in New Hampshire Politics of New Hampshire Elections in New Hampshire Politics of New Hampshire Government of New Hampshire New Hampshire
Francisco Liriano Casillas (born October 26, 1983) is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Minnesota Twins, Chicago White Sox, Pittsburgh Pirates, Toronto Blue Jays, Houston Astros, and Detroit Tigers. Liriano was an MLB All-Star in 2006, and is a two-time winner of the MLB Comeback Player of the Year Award (and the only player to win the award in both leagues). Professional career San Francisco Giants Liriano signed with the San Francisco Giants as an international free agent in 2000. After the 2003 season, the Giants traded him to the Minnesota Twins, along with pitchers Joe Nathan and Boof Bonser, in exchange for catcher A. J. Pierzynski. Minnesota Twins 2005 Often compared to former teammate Johan Santana, another hard-throwing lefty, Liriano was touted as one of the "super-prospects" within the Twins organization. As a member of the Rochester Red Wings, Minnesota's Triple-A farm club, Liriano was awarded the 2005 International League Rookie of the Year. He led all minor league pitchers in strikeouts that year, with 204. He made his major league debut in relief on September 5, 2005 against the Texas Rangers, allowing a home run to his first batter, Gary Matthews Jr., before retiring his next three batters. He later joined the Twins' starting rotation and won his first game on September 30, 2005, against the Detroit Tigers. 2006 Liriano began the 2006 season in Minnesota's bullpen, but was promoted to the starting rotation in May, exchanging positions with struggling starter Carlos Silva. He started the season 12–3 and won the American League Rookie of the Month awards for June and July. He was named by American League manager Ozzie Guillén as one of five candidates for the 2006 All-Star Final Vote and finished second to the player he was traded for, A. J. Pierzynski. Guillén selected Liriano for his first All-Star game to replace fatigued starting pitcher José Contreras. Liriano led the Major Leagues with a 2.19 ERA, statistics putting him in discussion for both the American League Cy Young and Rookie of the Year awards, but a trip to the disabled list on August 11 left him with too few innings to qualify as the league's official ERA leader and jeopardized his chances at any such awards in 2006. On August 1, 2006, Liriano was scratched from his scheduled August 2 start because of forearm inflammation after a bullpen session. He missed one start before resuming bullpen work without pain, but was placed on the disabled list after continued arm pain during his last start on August 7, 2006. Liriano began a rehabilitation program on August 22, and threw off a mound for the first time on August 30, throwing only his fastball and changeup, and said that he would like to pitch his breaking ball later that week. He made a rehab start for Triple-A Rochester on September 9, throwing 40 pitches for four strikeouts and one walk in three hitless innings. After the game, he reported feeling no pain in his elbow and was activated by the Twins. In his first start back on September 13, Liriano left the game in the third inning with left elbow pain. He was shut down for the season after the game. On November 6, 2006, Liriano underwent Tommy John surgery to curtail the pain in his left elbow. He missed the entire 2007 season. 2008 On April 11, 2008, Liriano was recalled from Triple-A Rochester in the place of injured pitcher Kevin Slowey. Liriano made his season debut and his first game since Tommy John surgery on April 13, against the Royals. He pitched innings, giving up six hits, four earned runs and walking five while picking up a loss. On April 25, Liriano was sent back to the minors after a rough start to the season coming off Tommy John surgery. In three starts, he compiled an 0–3 record with an 11.32 ERA. After recording an ERA of 2.67 and going 10–0 in his 11 most recent minor league starts, the Twins recalled Liriano on August 1, from Triple-A Rochester Red Wings, replacing Liván Hernández in the rotation. Hernandez was designated for assignment. In his first start after being recalled, Liriano pitched six scoreless innings and struck out five, recording the win. In 13 total starts in 2008, he went 6–4 with a 3.91 ERA. 2009 Liriano struggled in 2009, posting a 5–13 record with a 5.80 ERA in 29 games (24 starts). However, this was his first year since his Tommy John surgery that he had spent that entire year on the Twins major league roster. On June 28 against the St. Louis Cardinals, he threw seven strong innings, only surrendering two runs. On August 12 against Kansas City, Liriano went another seven innings, only allowing one run in yet another strong outing. Between those strong flashes of brilliance though, he logged several sub-par showings, frequently giving up several runs during short times on the mound. 2010 During the 2009 offseason, Liriano returned to his native Dominican Republic to play winter baseball, playing for Leones del Escogido. He helped his club earn a postseason berth and then went 3–1 with a 0.49 ERA in seven playoff starts, while recording 47 strikeouts and five walks in 37 innings, as Leones del Escogido won the league championship. Liriano reported to spring training lighter than usual, and Twins coaches expressed guarded optimism that he had regained some of his 2006 form. The Twins considered using him as a closer to replace the injured Joe Nathan, but instead he was named to the starting rotation. Liriano got off to a fast start in 2010. In his first four starts for the Twins, he posted a 3–0 record with an 0.93 ERA and 27 strikeouts. On May 3, he was named the American League Pitcher of the Month for April. Through May 18, he had posted a 4–2 record and a 2.63 ERA in seven starts, striking out 46 in 48 innings and not giving up a single home run. Liriano struggled from mid-May until the All-Star break, losing five of seven decisions. But after the break, he returned to his early season form. Over an eleven start stretch from July 16 (his first game after the All-Star break) to September 14, Liriano posted an 8–0 record to go along with a 2.41 ERA. Across this span, he limited hitters to a .227 batting average, struck out 72 in 71 innings against 25 walks, and gave up only two home runs. Liriano struggled in his final three starts of the season, however, losing all three outings and posting an ERA of 8.10. Liriano finished 2010 fifth in the AL in strikeouts with 201, while walking 58. He posted a 14–10 record for the year with a 3.62 ERA and a career-high innings pitched across 31 starts, 20 of which were quality. He was considered a Cy Young candidate by some writers, as his 2.66 FIP (a defense independent pitching statistic) was second only to Cliff Lee in the American League, and his 2.95 xFIP was first in the American League. Despite his ERA only ranking 14th in the league, Liriano posted an extremely low FIP primarily due to his ability to limit home runs. Liriano only allowed nine across the entire regular season (three of which came in his final start) and his HR/9 rate of 0.42 led the American League (which was also the lowest rate posted by a Twins starter in over 20 years). He was further benefited by his high strikeout totals, as his K/9 ratio of 9.44 ranked second in the AL behind Jon Lester and he was one of only five AL pitchers that year with at least 200 strikeouts. Liriano started Game 1 of the 2010 American League Division Series for the Twins. He received a no-decision after pitching innings, allowing four earned runs on six hits while walking three and striking out seven. The Twins lost Game 1 to the New York Yankees, 6–4, and were swept in three games, marking the end of Liriano's season. Liriano finished tied for eleventh in the voting for the American League Cy Young Award alongside Justin Verlander, receiving one fifth-place vote. 2011 On February 5, 2011, Liriano signed a one-year, $4.3 million contract with the Twins, avoiding arbitration. Liriano struggled through his first five starts of 2011, giving up 24 earned runs in innings through the month of April. During this period of five starts, he only entered the seventh inning once. He met with his pitching coach and manager after these starts and was in danger of losing his spot in the starting rotation. His fortunes changed significantly in his next start. On May 3, Liriano pitched his first career complete game, a 1–0 no-hitter against the Chicago White Sox at U.S. Cellular Field. The no-hitter featured six walks, a high (although not record-high) number for a no-hit game. He struck out two of the 30 batters he faced and threw 123 pitches, 66 of which were strikes. It was the first no-hitter for the Twins organization since Eric Milton accomplished the feat on September 11, 1999, against the Anaheim Angels, and the seventh official no-hitter for the franchise. After the no-hitter, Liriano made several strong appearances, including an exceptional start on June 12 against the Texas Rangers. He retired the first 19 batters in order and didn't give up a hit until the eighth inning. Liriano's performance faded later in 2011. After an exceptional outing against the New York Yankees, he left his next start on August 25 after just two innings. He was placed on the disabled list later that day with a left shoulder strain. On September 16, Liriano was activated from the disabled list, and was moved to the bullpen for the rest of the year. Liriano finished the season with a record of 9–10 and an ERA of 5.09 in 26 games (24 starts). 2012 Liriano pitched a four-strikeout inning in the fourth inning of the Twins' game against the Kansas City Royals on June 5, 2012. On July 13, he struck out 15 batters in a loss to the Oakland Athletics, topping his career high of 12 strikeouts. He caused 27 swing and misses, the highest number since 2007. In 22 games (17 starts) with the Twins in 2012 before he was traded, Liriano went 3–10 with a 5.31 ERA and 109 strikeouts. Chicago White Sox On July 28, 2012, Liriano was traded to the Chicago White Sox in exchange for Eduardo Escobar and Pedro Hernández. As Liriano struggled with the command of his pitches, the White Sox removed him from the rotation in September. In 12 games (11 starts) with the White Sox, he went 3–2 with a 5.40 ERA. Pittsburgh Pirates 2013 Liriano agreed to a two-year contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates on December 21, 2012. The contract was voided shortly after as he suffered an injury to his non-throwing arm and failed his physical, having broken his non-throwing arm while he tried to scare his kids at Christmas. A new two-year deal was reached between the Pirates and Liriano and became official on February 8, 2013. He started the 2013 season on the Pirates's 15-day disabled list. He made his debut on May 11 against the New York Mets, allowing one earned run in innings while striking out nine to earn the win. Liriano's improved command by changing his pitching mechanics led to a career rebirth with Pittsburgh. He finished his 2013 campaign with a record of 16–8, an ERA of 3.02, and 163 strikeouts in 26 starts. In the Pirates' first playoff game in 21 years, Liriano gave up one run and four hits in seven innings while earning the win as the Pirates defeated the Reds 6–2 in the NL Wild Card game. He thus became the first Pirates pitcher to win a postseason game since Tim Wakefield in 1992, as well as the first pitcher to win a postseason game at PNC Park. Liriano was named the 2013 NL Comeback Player of the Year for his bounce back year. 2014 Liriano struggled greatly in the first half of the season, going 1–7 with a 4.72 ERA in 15 starts at the All Star break. However, he reclaimed his dominance of 2013 in the second half of the season, going 6–3 with a 2.20 ERA in 14 starts to end the season. Overall, Liriano posted another strong season in 2014, going 7–10 with a 3.38 ERA and 175 strikeouts in 29 starts. On December 9, 2014, he re-signed with the Pirates on a three-year, $39 million contract. 2015 Liriano continued his success from his previous seasons, striking out a career-high 205 and going 12–7 with a 3.38 ERA in 31 starts for the Pirates. He led major league pitchers in lowest contact percentage (67.5%). He also had the lowest zone percentage of all major league pitchers, with only 35.8% of his pitches being in the strike zone. 2016 Liriano was named Opening Day starter for the Pirates for the third successive year. However, he struggled throughout the season with bouts of wildness. In 21 starts with the Pirates, he pitched to a 6–11 record, 5.46 ERA, 116 strikeouts and 69 walks through 113 innings. Toronto Blue Jays On August 1, 2016, the Pirates traded Liriano along with Reese McGuire and Harold Ramírez to the Toronto Blue Jays for Drew Hutchison. While it was initially believed that Liriano would replace Aaron Sanchez in the rotation due to the organization's desire to limit Sanchez's workload, general manager Ross Atkins announced on August 4 that the Blue Jays would use a six-man rotation going forward. Liriano made his debut with the Blue Jays on August 5, pitching six innings against the Kansas City Royals and yielding two earned runs in a 4–3 win. He appeared in 10 games (eight starts) with the Blue Jays to close out the season, and posted a 2–2 record, 2.92 ERA, and 52 strikeouts in 49 innings. Between the Pirates and Blue Jays, he had the highest rate of bases on balls per 9 innings pitched in the majors (4.69). In the Wild Card game, Liriano entered in relief in the 10th inning and retired all five of the batters he faced. He took the win after Edwin Encarnación's walk-off home run in the eleventh inning. During the eighth inning in the second game of the ALDS, Rangers outfielder Carlos Gómez hit a 102-mph line drive single that struck Liriano near the back of the head. He was taken to a local hospital for examination, and cleared to return to Toronto with his teammates. On June 25, 2017, Liriano earned the 100th win of his career in an 8–2 victory over the Kansas City Royals. Houston Astros On July 31, 2017, the Blue Jays traded Liriano to the Houston Astros for Nori Aoki and Teoscar Hernández. Liriano was moved from the rotation to the bullpen following his acquisition. He made 20 appearances out of the bullpen and finished with an 0–2 record with a 4.40 ERA. Overall in 2017, Liriano made 38 appearances (18 starts), posting a 6–7 record and a 5.66 ERA. The Astros finished the year with a 101–61 record (first in AL West), and eventually won the 2017 World Series. Detroit Tigers On February 23, 2018, Liriano signed a one-year contract with the Detroit Tigers. He earned a spot in the Tigers starting rotation, and won his Tiger debut in a 6–1 decision over the Kansas City Royals on April 2. Liriano was placed on the 10-day disabled list with a hamstring strain following a May 26 start against the Chicago White Sox. He was recalled on June 23 and made a start against the Cleveland Indians. On August 30, 2018, Liriano gave up Giancarlo Stanton's 300th home run. Liriano made 26 starts for the Tigers, compiling a 5–12 record with a 4.58 ERA and 110 strikeouts in innings. Return to Pittsburgh On February 4, 2019, Liriano agreed to a one-year minor league deal with the Pittsburgh Pirates. On March 23, 2019, the Pirates announced that Liriano had made the opening day roster. He was used exclusively as a relief pitcher during the season, posting a 5–3 record with a 3.47 ERA in 69 relief appearances, and he recorded 63 strikeouts in 70 innings. Later career On January 22, 2020, Liriano signed a minor league deal with the Philadelphia Phillies. He was released on July 18, and on August 2, Liriano opted out of the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, although he had "multiple guaranteed offers" on the table. On February 2, 2021, Liriano signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays, and was invited to spring training. On March 29, 2021, Liriano was released by the Blue Jays after triggering his opt-out clause. On January 17, 2022, Liriano announced his retirement. Pitching style As of 2012, Liriano is a four-pitch pitcher. To left-handed hitters he throws a four-seam fastball, a two-seam fastball (both averaging about 93 mph), and a slider (mid 80s). Against right-handers, he adds a mid-80s changeup. More than half of his pitches with two strikes are sliders, perhaps due to the relatively high whiff rate – 43% over his career. He has one of the league's highest whiff rates on a slider with two strikes. Liriano has been a strikeout pitcher throughout his career, averaging better than one strikeout per inning through the end of the 2019 season. Personal life Liriano's arrival in the United States for 2008 spring training was delayed due to visa problems caused by a prior drunk driving arrest in 2006. Francisco and Johanna Liriano became parents to Kevin Liriano on April 4, 2008. Liriano is the first cousin of pitcher Santiago Casilla. See also List of Major League Baseball no-hitters List of Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic List of Major League Baseball single-inning strikeout leaders List of Minnesota Twins no-hitters List of Pittsburgh Pirates award winners and league leaders Minnesota Twins award winners and league leaders References External links 1983 births Living people American League All-Stars Altoona Curve players Bradenton Marauders players Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players Chicago White Sox players Detroit Tigers players Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Canada Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States Fort Myers Miracle players Hagerstown Suns players Houston Astros players Indianapolis Indians players Major League Baseball pitchers Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic Minnesota Twins players New Britain Rock Cats players Baseball players from San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic Pittsburgh Pirates players Rochester Red Wings players Salem-Keizer Volcanoes players San Jose Giants players Toledo Mud Hens players Toronto Blue Jays players World Baseball Classic players of the Dominican Republic 2006 World Baseball Classic players
The mass media in Uganda includes print, television, radio and online sectors, and coverage is split between both state-run outlets and privately held outlets as well as English-language outlets and Luganda-language outlets. Print media in Uganda There are a number of newspapers in Uganda today. New Vision is Uganda's leading English daily newspaper. It is a state-owned newspaper and has the largest nationwide circulation. The Daily Monitor is an independent English-language newspaper and second in circulation to the New Vision. The two papers dominate the print section of media in Uganda. Over the last decade, as Uganda's political opposition has gained strength, the Monitor has aligned itself more with the agenda of the opposition to counter the perceived government agenda fronted by the New Vision. This competition many times leads to entirely different aspects getting coverage in the five largest news publications in the country. For example, during the recent 2011 Walk To Work protests in the country, various government sources accused the Daily Monitor alongside other independent newspapers of having an anti-government agenda and favoring the opposition and demonstrators. Besides these two newspapers, there are also other papers, such as Eihwa – a privately-owned newspaper published in the Runyankore/Runyakitara language and Bukedde newspaper, which is a state-owned daily published in the Luganda language. There is also a daily called Red Pepper that started out as a weekly tabloid but is now one of the leading daily newspapers. Other papers include The Northern Press published in the city of Gulu, The Weekly Observer, The Independent, The Razor among others. Tabloids abound, with sensationalism and soft erotica common among tabloids like Onion and Entasi. There are a number of online news websites. Key among these are The Fast Observer, Nile Chronicles, PML Daily, and UgStandard, ChimpReports, Vanguard News Uganda, Globe News, among others. There are also a number of magazines that come out every month, including Bride & Groom, which is printed by the New Vision; African Woman is another popular magazine. Elyte magazine and Newslex Super Magazine are entertainment-oriented magazines. Television Uganda is now driving towards migrating from analog to digital TV broadcasting. The Uganda Communication Commission has launched a country-wide campaign to ensure that users switch to the standard. To access digital TV, users need to have digital-ready TV sets or purchase digital TV decoders. The Commission has licensed up to five firms to sell free-to-air decoders in the country. Users also have the option of subscribing to Digital Pay TV service providers such as DSTV, GoTV, Zuku, SimbaTV and Startimes to access both paid-for and Free-to-air channels. Radio Like in television, radio was dominated by the state owned Radio Uganda up until the early 1990s when the first independent radio stations got licenses to operate. Sanyu fm and Capital fm are among the first and oldest radio stations in Uganda. Gradually other stations have joined the media industry and as of November 2013 there are well over 100 different radio stations on FM alone. Some other popular stations include CBS, Simba, Super, Record FM and Dembe. Programming on radio is dominated by music, with most stations following a Top 40 format. Talk shows and comedy are also popular. Radio is now embracing new kind of media and integrating with other communication channels. For instance Radio stations in Uganda integrate mobile technology in their programming to increase on audience engagement. Listeners can call in to a talk show and contribute their own opinions about what's been talked about. Radio stations are also using the Internet to widen their reach. Most radio stations use online radio streaming services such as Radiogarden, Odyovi, Listenfmradios.com, Streema and UGO to reach wider audiences than traditional broadcasting can, including Ugandans in the diaspora. Internet The internet as a media platform in Uganda is still quite new. Internet penetration levels are still very low when compared to other African countries. The recent Indian Ocean fiber optic cable project brought a lot of optimism and lead to an increased interest in the internet as a media platform. It also led to investment with a number of local telecommunication companies investing into broadband and gprs subscription services. This has led to a surge in levels of internet penetration with almost anyone able to connect to the internet using simple USB dongles or even via mobile phones. The recent Facebook deal with MTN Uganda made Facebook by far the most popular website in the country and a place where most young and working class individuals spend a lot of time. The hope is that these new opportunities will spur more individual investments in the internet sector. A number of the local newspapers operate newspapers online. These newspapers, particularly those of Monitor, Ug Standard, New Vision, Kab News, Newslex Point and Nile Chronicles, are among the most popular Ugandan websites. As of 2014, the Uganda Communication Commission (UCC) put mobile Internet subscriptions at 4,196,133 compared to 106,900 fixed Internet subscriptions. Media freedom Despite the increased level of media freedom in Uganda over the last decade, there are still calls for more action from government by journalists and media houses to let the media express themselves freely. The recent cases of when CBS radio was shut down by government and also when NTV was shut down by the government on grounds of dissent are prime examples of government pressure on media. See also Andrew Mwenda The Insider (news website) List of newspapers in Uganda New Vision Group Communications in Uganda Cinema of Uganda PML Daily (News website) Echonewsug (News Website) The Ankole Times Nile Chronicles The Black Examiner Kab News References Bibliography External links The New Vision The Daily Monitor Nile Chronicles Uganda Broadcasting Corporation Uganda Uganda
Tliltocatl albopilosus (previously Brachypelma albopilosum) is a species of tarantula, also known as the curlyhair tarantula. The species' native range is Nicaragua and Costa Rica. They are largely terrestrial, opportunistically burrowing spiders. This tarantula is covered in long bristles that have a characteristic curl to them giving them a unique look, which is why they are nick-named "curly-haired" tarantulas. Description The curlyhair tarantula is a plump-bodied spider, covered with dark brown to black bristles that start light in coloration as a juvenile and darken as the tarantula ages. It has a golden-bronze sheen due to longer gold bristles that cover the whole body, which are particularly dense on the hind legs. In captivity both male and female specimens have grown to have a leg span of just over 6 inches, however, males live a shorter life at only 5 years in captivity opposed to females reportedly living up to 20 years. Males are often a lighter bronze color than females. Taxonomy The species was first described by Carlos Valerio in 1980, as Brachypelma "albopilosa". However, this genus name is neuter, so the species name was later corrected to albopilosum. As of November 2019, the genus Brachypelma was split into Brachypelma and Tliltocatl, with the curlyhair tarantula being a part of the latter. The genus name Tliltocatl is masculine. Range and habitat Tliltocatl albopilosus is native to Nicaragua and Costa Rica. A burrowing species, the curlyhair tarantula is found in tropical scrubland, either around the base of large trees, near rivers, or in patches of cleared rain forest. Biology Receptive females will allow a male to mate, usually during the rainy season, resulting in the making of an egg sac and the laying of 300 to 500 eggs several weeks later. The egg sac is incubated for about seven to eight weeks at 24 to 27 degrees Celsius, after which pale-colored young emerge and cluster together. The spiderlings develop quickly, molting again over the next couple of weeks, by which time they disperse to live independent lives. Unreceptive females are likely to be aggressive towards approaching males and may try to kill and eat them. Primarily a nocturnal, opportunistic ambusher, the curlyhair tarantula preys on insects and small vertebrates. An area on the end of each leg is sensitive to smell, taste and vibration, and is used to detect prey. The tarantula holds its prey with its pedipalps (front limbs) and injects it with venom delivered via two hollow fangs. This venom has a double purpose, paralysing the prey, as well as beginning digestion. Once the venom has acted the tarantula is able to suck up the proteins and fats of its prey, leaving just a small ball of undigested body parts. This usually docile tarantula will kick hairs off the abdomen with its hind legs when threatened, which cause blindness if they hit the eyes of a predator and can also cause a rash on the skin. Conservation The largest threat to the curlyhair tarantula is now habitat loss. Once captured in large numbers for the international pet trade, the curlyhair tarantula is now bred in captivity worldwide and relatively few are caught in the wild. Listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), the curlyhair tarantula can now be traded internationally only according to quotas and with trade permits. As pets T. albopilosus is frequently kept and bred in captivity. They are highly adaptable to humidity and temperature changes and they feed readily on commercially available crickets, superworms, and cockroaches. They are typically docile. Females live potentially between 8-25 years of age and Males roughly 4-5 years. Gallery References External links – photographs taken in the wild Brachypelma Albopilosum \| Honduran Curly Hair Care and guide Eight Legs Brachypelma albopilosum Theraphosidae Spiders of Central America Spiders described in 1980
Day Pond State Park is a public recreation area covering in the town of Colchester, Connecticut. The state park abuts Salmon River State Forest and is managed by the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection. The park offers opportunities for hiking, swimming, shoreline fishing, picnicking and mountain biking. History Foundation stones and the park's pond are the few remaining signs of the pioneering Day family, who built the pond to provide waterpower to operate the family sawmill. The land became a state park in 1949. Activities and amenities The park is designated for trout management and offers shoreline fishing on Day Pond. The pond covers about and reaches a depth of a little over . Park trails connect with approximately five miles of trails in the adjoining state forest. Swimming is also available. Day Pond Brook Falls A multi-drop waterfall can be found along Day Pond Brook, dropping a total height of . The falls were once not well known and could not be accessed without bushwhacking. But in 2010, a spur trail was created by a Boy Scout to provide easier access to the falls for the public. References External links Day Pond State Park Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Day Pond State Park Map Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Beaches of Connecticut State parks of Connecticut Colchester, Connecticut Parks in New London County, Connecticut Protected areas established in 1949 1949 establishments in Connecticut
The siege of Homs was a military confrontation between the Syrian military and the Syrian opposition in the city of Homs, a major rebel stronghold during the Syrian Civil War. The siege lasted three years from May 2011 to May 2014, and ultimately resulted in an opposition withdrawal from the city. Nationwide anti-government protests began in March 2011, and clashes between security forces and protestors in Homs intensified in April. In early May 2011, the Syrian military conducted a crackdown against anti-government protesters in Homs, some of whom were armed and fired on security forces. Though government forces had succeeded in temporarily quelling the March–April Daraa protests during a similar military operation, their early May operation in Homs failed in quickly subduing the civil resistance. By September, sectarian clashes and bloodshed in Homs between Alawites and Sunnis played a larger role in the Homs unrest than in the rest of Syria. In late October 2011, a Free Syrian Army (FSA) brigade consisting of many defected army officers repeatedly ambushed government security forces around the Baba Amr neighbourhood of Homs and, through early November, successfully defended it from government counterattacks. In late December, an Arab mission was sent to monitor the situation following an Arab League plan to dissuade the government crackdown. Following the abortive mission, the Syrian Army in February 2012 launched an offensive against Baba Amr, shelling the entire district and blocking all supply routes. In early March, government forces launched a ground assault into Baba Amr, forcing the rebels to withdraw from the neighborhood. By early May 2012, following a United Nations-brokered ceasefire, only sporadic street fighting and shelling occurred. During this time, the government was in control of most of the city while the opposition held between 15% and 20% of it; fighting for control of a similar-sized area was still ongoing. In December 2012, the Syrian Army captured the district of Deir Baalba, leaving only the Old City, Khalidiya district, and a few other areas under rebel control. In early March 2013, government forces launched an assault into several opposition-controlled neighborhoods, but the rebels–reinforced by units that arrived from the nearby rebel-controlled town of al-Qusayr–repelled the attacks. In mid-March, rebels attempted to retake Baba Amr but were forced to pull back later in the month. In late March and early April, the Lebanese Hezbollah militia fully intervened in the siege, reinforcing Syrian government forces. In late July, government forces captured the Khalidiya district. In early May 2014, following an agreement reached between the government and the opposition, rebel forces were allowed to evacuate the city, leaving Homs under full government control. Background On 15 March 2011, a protest movement against the Syrian government, particularly its corruption and repression, began to escalate as simultaneous demonstrations took place in major cities across Syria. The protests spread to Homs on 18 March after online calls for a "Friday of Dignity" () in which thousands of demonstrators took to the streets after Friday prayers. Police conducted many arrests and assaulted protesters while attempting to disperse the crowds. As protests continued into April, security forces began firing on demonstrators, resulting in dozens of deaths. Homs, once one of the most restive cities in Syria, became what some activists labeled the "Capital of the Revolution". Siege May 2011 resistance On 6 May 2011, following the successful operation against protestors in Daraa, the Syrian military confronted and clashed with protesters, after Friday prayers, in Homs. According to the opposition, 15 protesters were killed during the clashes, while the government stated that 11 soldiers and policemen were killed, including five at one checkpoint, after they were attacked by unknown gunmen. On the night of 7 May, the military cut electricity to Homs. The next day, 8 May, Army units–assisted by tanks–entered several of the city's districts, including Baba Amr and Bab Sebaa, as soldiers conducted a manhunt for all known opposition activists and supporters. That day, unidentified gunmen attacked a bus entering the city that was carrying workers who were returning from work in Lebanon, killing ten people and wounding three. By 10 May, the military had reportedly established total control over Homs. However, the next morning, tank and machine gun fire was heard in the Baba Amr district and in some nearby villages. Five to nine people were reported to have been killed in the clashes. On 11 May, Bedouin villages in the Homs area were also reportedly targeted by the military operation. On 12 May, it was reported that security forces arrested a veteran human rights campaigner, Naji Tayara. On 20 May, anti-Assad demonstrations in Homs were reportedly met with machine gun fire from security forces, leaving 11 people dead. One week later, on 27 May, another anti-government protest was suppressed by the military in clashes that left three people dead. On 30 May, seven protestors and one member of the security forces were killed in clashes in the city. July–November 2011 On 17 July, army tanks and troops deployed and took up positions in Dawar Al Khalidya in Homs and killed at least 30 people. The operation was apparently prompted after three government supporters were kidnapped a week prior and killed, with their dismembered bodies being returned to their relatives on 17 July. By September 2011, sectarian bloodshed, such as assassinations of academics without clear ties to protestors nor to government, played a larger role in Homs than in the rest of Syria. Throughout September and October there were reported clashes in the northern section of the city, especially the neighborhood of Dayr Baalba. There was also occasional violence in Bab al-Sebaa, Baba Amr and other places. In late September, fighting in the nearby town of Rastan forced several rebel groups to flee to Homs. In late October, one of the rebel groups, the Khalid ibn al-Walid Brigade of the Free Syrian Army (FSA), which consisted of many defected Syrian army officers, repeatedly ambushed government security forces around Baba Amr and, through early November, became its garrison force. On the night of 28 October, fierce clashes involving the Free Syrian Army and government forces broke out in Bab al-Sebaa district. The next day, these clashes spread to Baba Amr and al-Qusur. During the street fighting in Bab al-Sebaa, 17 soldiers were killed, while 20 soldiers were killed and 53 wounded in Baba Amr. In early November, government forces began a clearance operation in response to continued armed resistance in the Homs area by the Free Syrian Army. On 3 November, tanks opened fire on the Baba Amr district, where soldiers were killed several days prior by rebels. By the next day, more than 100 people, including civilians, were reportedly killed in the operations; several tanks were reportedly destroyed by the FSA during the clashes. On 8 November, it was reported that the Syrian Army took firm control of Baba Amr and that the armed defectors went into hiding. On 24 November, a number of defecting soldiers were killed and four wounded during clashes on the western outskirts of Homs. Later, the military conducted raids against farms further to the west, killing another 15 people. November–December 2011 escalation and rebel momentum On 25 November 2011, six elite pilots, one technical officer and three other personnel were killed in Homs in an ambush. The Syrian government vowed to "cut every evil hand" of the attackers as a result. The Free Syrian Army claimed responsibility for the attack on the air base staff. In early December, a Sky News correspondent, Stuart Ramsay, was able to smuggle himself and his crew into Homs with the help of the Free Syrian Army. The foreign news crew reported there was heavy fighting in the besieged city each day despite the heavy presence of Syrian army checkpoints and that, after the central square became too dangerous, the FSA had established their own checkpoints aimed at protecting civilians during demonstrations in suburbs and city alleys; video had surfaced that purportedly showed defectors and rebels in control of Baba Amr again, with a checkpoint at the entrance to check for "shabiha infiltrators", a reference to pro-government militiamen. According to Ramsay's account, Homs was by now undoubtedly a war zone which had already entered into a state of full-scale civil war. On 4 December, heavy fighting raged during which at least five FSA insurgents were killed and one wounded. Around 5 December, 61 people were reported to be dead, 34 Sunnis and 27 Alawites. The British-based, pro-opposition conflict monitor Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) said an activist on the ground reported seeing "the bodies of 34 civilians, in a square in the pro-regime neighbourhood of Al-Zahra, who had been abducted by the shabiha [pro-government militia] on Monday", according to Agence France-Presse (AFP). The civilians, the group said, had been seized from several "anti-regime neighbourhoods" in Homs, probably meaning Baba Amr. The SOHR also reported the "shabiha" abducted a bus driver and his 13 passengers in Homs Governorate on the same day. Both government and opposition forces blamed each other for the civilian killings, but both sides stated that they themselves had enough motive for the killings of the Sunnis and the Alawites, showing the beginning of possible sectarian violence in the conflict. On 8 December, a pipeline carrying oil from the east of the country to a refinery in Homs was blown up, an activist group said. The group said flames could be seen at the site of the explosion; online video footage of the purported blast site showed black clouds of smoke rising above a built-up area. One Army tank was destroyed and seen burning on a city street. On 9 December, fears of a massacre by government forces were building, due to a build up of troops, shabiha government militia, and checkpoints; "500" tanks were claimed to have been seen on the outskirts of the city. On 18 December, six soldiers, including an officer, were killed in fierce clashes between regular army units and defectors near the provincial town of al-Qusayr that also left one civilian dead. According to the SOHR, "Three armoured vehicles were destroyed and those inside were wounded and killed". In mid-December, a Der Spiegel crew managed to smuggle themselves into Homs where they observed the FSA-controlled Baba Amr district, noting the rebel checkpoints erected at the edge of the district. According to a local FSA commander, shabiha and army snipers were positioned in approximately 200 places in Homs and were shooting on everything that moved in designated zones such as Cairo street, which runs through the center of the city. Reportedly, the FSA did not have the strength to repel a potential all-out Syrian Army assault on Baba Amr, instead planning to retreat and wait until the bulk of government forces withdrew from the district post-capture, as they did in October. On 24 December, thousands of troops entered the city with around 4,000 surrounding the embattled Baba Amr district and digging trenches. The military subsequently assaulted five neighbourhoods and heavy shelling was reported deep into the night. The military continued their shelling until 26 December, killing 33–34 people on the third day of the bombardment. By the end of 2011, the FSA's Khalid ibn al-Walid Brigade continued to control the Baba Amr neighbourhood. Arab League mission and deescalation In early December 2011, the Syrian government accepted an Arab League plan to send observers to monitor the situation on the ground along with agreeing to withdraw army equipment from cities. On 27 December, activists told Al Arabiya that at least 61 civilians had died in the shelling of Homs in recent days but reported a withdrawal of Syrian army tanks and a halt to ongoing military operations in the city. Basil al-Sayed, a citizen journalist who regularly filmed security forces cracking down on anti-government protesters in the Baba Amr neighbourhood, of which he was a resident, had died in a local hospital of gunshot wounds on the same day. He was reportedly shot by security forces. His footage appeared on the sites of loose-knit citizen news organisations. The Committee to Protect Journalists said it was investigating the circumstances surrounding the death. Some 70,000 protesters gathered in central Homs during the official visit of the Arab League observer mission and were later dispersed by tear gas. The head of the Syrian National Council (SNC), Burhan Ghalioun, said that the Syrian government did not permit the Arab observers to tour the streets or to visit Baba Amr neighborhood. On 28 December, the head of the Arab League observers, Sudanese Lieutenant General Mohammed Ahmed Mustafa al-Dabi, said the situation was calm in Homs and that there were no clashes. Dabi said that they saw some armored vehicles but no tanks and, overall, judged the situation as "reassuring so far". Although, he added that "there were some places where the situation was not good," and called for further inquiry. In contrast, one of the monitors speaking to Al Jazeera on the condition of anonymity said the situation in the city was "very dangerous" and that it is under constant shelling, and many videos posted online by activists seemed to show the orange-vested monitors come under fire. He said that some areas were under the control of the Free Syrian Army. Activists and human rights groups strongly criticized the head of the Arab League monitors and his remarks; Omar Idilbi of the Local Coordination Committees, described Lt. Gen. Mustafa al-Dabi as a "senior officer with an oppressive regime that is known to repress opposition", adding that there are fears he might not be neutral. Haytham Manna, a prominent Paris-based dissident, urged the Arab League to replace Dabi or reduce his authority. "We know his history and his shallow experience in the area," he said. Amnesty International also criticized General Dabi, saying that he led Sudanese dictator Omar al-Bashir's military intelligence service until August 1995, when he was appointed head of external security in Sudan. "During the early 1990s, the military intelligence in Sudan was responsible for the arbitrary arrest and detention, enforced disappearance, and torture or other ill-treatment of numerous people in Sudan," it said in a statement. "The Arab League's decision to appoint as the head of the observer mission a Sudanese general on whose watch severe human rights violations were committed in Sudan risks undermining the League's efforts so far and seriously calls into question the mission's credibility," Amnesty said. Abd-al-Karim al-Rayhawi, head of the Syrian League, told the BBC that Dabi "won't be neutral" and would sympathise with the Assad regime and "its henchmen who are committing crimes against humanity round the clock in Syria". Dabi is wanted by the International Criminal Court as they have linked him to genocide against opposition in Darfur. Human Rights Watch (HRW) later accused Syria's government of hiding prisoners held in its crackdown from Arab League observers visiting the country, saying Syrian authorities had transferred perhaps hundreds of detainees to off-limits military sites. Human Rights Watch interviewed a Syrian security officer in Homs who said that he received orders from his prison director to assist with irregular detainee transfers, adding that the orders came from the central government. "He estimated that on 21 and 22 December approximately 400 to 600 detainees were moved out of his detention facility to other places of detention," the unidentified official was quoted as saying. "Some detainees were moved in civilian jeeps and some in cargo trucks. My role was inside the prison, gathering the detainees and putting them in the cars. My orders from the prison director were to move the important detainees out," he said. He added they were being taken to a military missile factory in Zaidal, just outside Homs. HRW said his account was corroborated by other witnesses, including a detainee who said that among 150 people being held at one site were people who worked with journalists, defectors, and protesters. Sarah Leah Whitson, HRW's Middle East director, said the security officer also told them that the Syrian government was issuing police identification cards to its military officials, which the rights watchdog said was in violation of the Arab League accord. "Dressing soldiers in police uniforms does not meet the Arab League call to withdraw the army," said Whitson. "The Arab League needs to cut through Syrian government deception by pushing for full access to anywhere Syria is holding detainees." The exiled spokesman of the armed rebels regrouped under the Free Syrian Army. In early January 2012 the FSA called the Arab League mission a failure and stated that they did not want them to stay in Syria even though the Syrian Army withdrew its heavy weapons from the city. The League's mission was finally ended at the end of the month. January 2012 clashes and first Karm al-Zeitoun massacre SANA state TV later claimed a colonel was captured by an "armed terrorist group" in the city on 11 January. On 23 January, a military officer at the main city hospital told foreign journalists that rebels had taken control over two-thirds of the city with army casualties being at 4 to 5 dead and 10 to 50 wounded soldiers and security officials per day. The claim was corroborated by the opposition forces stating that they had indeed managed to wrestle control of over half the city and local residents also largely corroborated these reports. On 24 January, the Local Coordination Committee reported that at least 18 people were killed when the army shelled two buildings in the Bab Tadmor district. A resident said "The buildings were six-story buildings. Many families remain missing. It is hard to confirm the exact number of those killed. A video posted on the internet shows two destroyed buildings, reduced to rubble said to have been the two attacked buildings." On 27 January a brutal sectarian attack took place against Sunni Muslims in the city, killing at least 30 people. Government forces fired heavy mortar rounds on the Karm al-Zeitoun neighborhood of Homs, killing at least 16 people. Armed pro-Assad "shabiha" militiamen subsequently entered a building in the neighbourhood and massacred 14 members of a Sunni family. The Bahader family was found shot and hacked to death, including eight children under the age of 9. YouTube video footage captured by activists showed the family members' dead bodies, with wounds to the head and neck, including the children. There was no comment from Syrian authorities, but a local doctor said "Alawites who had remained in Karm al-Zeitoun mysteriously left four days ago, and the rumor was that they did so on orders by the authorities. Today we know why. We also have seventy people wounded. Field hospitals themselves are coming under mortar fire." Death of Gilles Jacquier On 11 January, a France 2 journalist, Gilles Jacquier, who covered conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan, Kosovo and Algeria among others, was among several people killed in Homs, becoming the first foreign journalist to have died in the civil war. A witness in Homs, who asked not to be named, said the casualties were caused by rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) fired during a pro-Assad rally, while a journalist who was with Jacquier told CNN's Nic Robertson that the attack was carried out by mortars. The SOHR quoted local activists as saying the journalists had been near the Akrama neighbourhood at the time. A BBC journalist told Le Figaro that Jacquier was killed when a rocket targeted a pro-Assad rally in an Alawite quarter of Homs, although another journalist said that Jacquier had been travelling in a vehicle with other journalists that had been hit by an RPG. Nicolas Sarkozy, the French president, and Alain Juppe, the French foreign minister, condemned the killing and called on Syrian authorities to shed "full light" on the circumstances of Jacquier's death. The SNC denounced the "murder" of Jacquier, saying it was a "dangerous sign that the authorities have decided to physically liquidate journalists in an attempt to silence neutral and independent media." Anti-government activists in Homs also said the authorities had orchestrated the attack, and Wissam Tarif, an Arab campaigner with international activist non-governmental organization Avaaz, undermined the government's claims. "The journalists were attacked in a heavily militarized regime stronghold. It would be hugely difficult for any armed opposition to penetrate the area and launch such a deadly attack," he said. Tarif also said the incident was an "unacceptable breach of the Arab League protocol", to which Syria had committed itself and which required journalists to have freedom to report across Syria. "The regime has denied journalists free access to the country, forcing them to join press tours organized by the ministry of information and chaperoned closely by regime minders," he said. Arab League mission reports, however, indicated that Jacquier was killed by mortar shells fired by opposition forces. On 22 January, two Swiss journalists blamed Syrian authorities for the death of Jacquier. Patrick Vallelian and Sid Ahmed Hammouche told the Associated Press that they believed the attack was part of an elaborate trap set up by Syrian authorities. The two Swiss reporters and Jacquier were part of a group of foreign journalists being escorted through Homs by Syrian soldiers and intelligence officials. Vallelian and Hammouche claimed the soldiers appeared to know in advance that the attack was going to happen. February–March 2012 rebel assaults and army offensive In late January-early February, activists reported that the Syrian army killed eight civilians and that 15 government soldiers were killed by defectors; the Syrian army also entered the al-Adawiya district, driving out the Free Syrian Army rebels. The Al-Watan newspaper reported that 37 rebel fighters were killed in the fighting. Video footage was posted online reportedly showing a captured government BMP-1 being used by FSA forces; it bore two rebel flags and was seen firing with armed men in civilian clothes taking cover behind it. On 1 February 2012, the Free Syrian Army assaulted the government-controlled Bab Dreeb district, which was used as a staging area for Syrian army raids and for shelling other districts such as Karm al-Zeitoun. A France 24 journalist on the ground saw at least four FSA vehicles moving towards the front line. Video obtained by France 24 later showed the FSA overrunning the former military base in the district. At least four Syrian soldiers were killed in the assault. The next day, it appeared that another military checkpoint fell to the FSA. Army attack Following the killing of ten Syrian Army soldiers at a checkpoint and the capture of 19 by FSA fighters on the night of 3 February and into the early hours of 4 February–on the 30th anniversary of the 1982 Hama massacre–government forces began an artillery bombardment of Homs, particularly the Khaldieh neighborhood, which opposition activists claimed led to over 200 deaths. Activists posted many videos of burning buildings and dead bodies that they claimed occurred in Homs. Some footage showed buildings reduced to rubble from shelling. According to SOHR, after more than two hours, Peter Beaumont and Syrian citizen journalist Omar Shakir tweeted that the Syrian Army had not entered the district. The FSA vowed to fight back with intense operations against the governments' forces and claimed to have destroyed an air intelligence building in the city. In addition to the civilian deaths, 14 soldiers and five army defectors were also killed in the shelling and fighting, according to SOHR. The Syrian National Council claimed 416 residents were killed in the massive shelling. They also cited residents as saying at least 36 houses were completely destroyed with families still inside. An Al Arabiya correspondent in Homs said the district hospital was destroyed and claimed that at least 337 people had been killed and over 1,600 people were injured in the shelling. However, the SNC and Al Arabiya figures were not independently confirmed and several international media outlets, including Reuters, France 24, BBC and CNN still reported the death toll of around 200. The Local Coordination Committees also initially claimed that the death toll was more than 200 people, saying that they were working to confirm the number of deaths. They later revised their figures with a confirmation of 55 deaths. On 5 February, the LCC stated that 181 people had been killed. At least 30 buildings, including a hospital, were destroyed or severely damaged in the shelling. On 6 February, there were reports of new shelling in the rebel-held Baba Amr district in which 12-50 people were killed, according to varying activists. Some local residents said that 150 armored vehicles were on the outskirts of the district. On 8 February, activists reported an unverified death toll of 48 people killed. They also reported that tanks had entered the al-Inshaat neighborhood. In the al-Bayadah quarter of the city, a car bomb killed several people, with civilians and security forces being among the casualties. On 9 February, activists said 93 people were killed in Homs by artillery shelling. Another group of activists gave a lower death toll of 57 dead. On 10 February, an FSA spokesman reported that Ahmed Jumrek, an FSA colonel, died in the shelling along with four other rebel fighters. Activists stated that Syrian Army tanks stationed in Inshaat were firing on Baba Amr from a bridge. They also reported that soldiers were damaging stores and cars while conducting a house-to-house sweeping operation. On 11 February, activists reported that Army tanks began moving from the Inshaat quarter to the edge of the Baba Amr district. It was reported on 12 February that an FSA fighter had told British journalist Paul Wood that they summarily executed 11 prisoners under the pretext that they were shabiha, following an ambush of armored vehicles in December 2011, during which eight other soldiers were killed. The fighter also showed video, which he claimed was from one of the alleged shabiha prisoners' cellphones, showing the beheading of captured rebels. On 14 February, an FSA commander told reporters that his men had repelled a ground assault on Baba Amr, saying that four Army tanks had been destroyed when they tried to enter, although his claims could not be verified. On 22 February 2012, American journalist Marie Colvin and French photographer Rémi Ochlik were killed when a rocket hit their safe house. Another photographer, Paul Conroy, and French journalist Edith Bouvier of Le Figaro were also injured during the attack. The day before her death, Colvin had spoken to CNN and others of the "absolutely sickening" indiscriminate attacks on civilians by government forces. It was speculated that the journalists were targeted. The editor of The Sunday Times also said he believed Colvin had been targeted. French president Nicolas Sarkozy described the killing as "assassination". In mid-February, seven civilian activists were found executed by the Syrian government because they had been collaborating with the Avaaz activist NGO; the group had been delivering medical aid to Homs. Two others, including a foreigner, remained missing. The foreigner was a paramedic with the group when Avaaz did not reveal his name or nationality, but alerted the country's embassy. "They carried a respirator and medicines," an Avaaz activist said about the activists. After losing contact with them, a member of the network "found seven of them shot dead, with hands tied behind their backs ... just before the entrance to Baba Amr," the activist told AFP. "Those were civilian activists, unpaid volunteers," he said, accusing the "Shabiha armed forces" of killing the men whose ages ranged between 16 and 24. On 27 February, the SOHR reported that 68 corpses were found between the villages of Ram al-Enz and Ghajariyeh and were taken to the central hospital of Homs. The wounds showed that some of the dead were shot while others were killed by cutting weapons. The LCC reported that 64 dead bodies were found, all adult men. These two sources hypothesized that the victims were civilians who tried to flee the battle in Homs and were then killed by a pro-government militia. However, other activists reported another version of the killings, saying that the victims were Alawites, from the same sect as the president. The bodies were recovered in pro-government areas. The injured British photo-journalist, Paul Conroy, was successfully smuggled into Lebanon by the FSA's Farouq Brigades and volunteers who were local Baba Amr activists. Avaaz claimed that this rescue attempt cost the lives of between 13 and 23 volunteers, out of the 35 that Avaaz sent, though this claim was later disputed by Paul Conroy in his 2013 book Under the Wire. Conroy states that Avaaz charged reporters Rémi Ochlik and Edith Bouvier $3000 to enter Baba Amr a week prior, using the same route and tunnel that he used to escape. Avaaz's Ricken Patel later put the volunteer death toll at 23 deaths out of 50 people. Fall of Baba Amr On 28 February 2012, reinforcements from the 4th Armoured Division encircled Homs and managed to completely seal off the besieged city, notably by destroying a tunnel. On the morning of 29 February, amid heavy shelling, an activist claimed that the Syrian Army had launched a ground assault with infantry on the embattled Baba Amr district. A Syrian official speaking on condition of anonymity appeared to confirm that security forces were advancing on Baba Amr to clear it of rebel fighters and suggested that the operation would be over in a matter of hours. However, as more reports emerged in the late afternoon, it seemed that a ground operation had not taken place after all, with The Guardian Middle East correspondent Martin Chulov, his colleague Peter Beaumont, and Syrian self-described citizen journalist Omar Shakir all tweeting that the Army had not entered the district. Meanwhile, it was reported that some FSA leaders had already escaped Baba Amr despite the FSA's Farouq Brigades stating they would fight to the last man. On the morning of 1 March, the situation in Baba Amr was unclear due to a total information blackout; the Revolutionary Council of Homs said they had no news from the district. Avaaz reported that two opposition groups had said that the Syrian Army had not taken the quarter, while another group claimed the army had taken a portion of it. Later in the day, a Syrian official said the Syrian Army had taken full control of Baba Amr. Rebel leaders reported that they pulled out of the district and that some fighters stayed behind to cover the retreat. During their retreat, 17 rebels were captured by the military and executed where they were. The United Nations Human Rights Council said it had received reports of executions in Homs while Avaaz claimed the executed were civilians and that they were beheaded, but this was not confirmed by other sources. Aid groups said they had received the approval from the army to deliver the needed supplies and treatments to citizens but were then prevented by soldiers, amid suspicions it was to cover up crimes they were in process of committing. The International Committee of the Red Cross reported it had been denied access to Baba Amr, calling it "unacceptable". During the fall of the district, rebels smuggled French journalists Edith Bouvier and William Daniels–the last who remained in the city–into Lebanon in an operation that cost the lives of six FSA members. An FSA commander later stated that out of 250 rebel fighters defending the district, 114 were killed in the fighting. FSA commander Riad al-Asaad vowed to continue to fight until the fall of the regime and claimed that his fighters had to leave due to the poor conditions of the civilians. The Syrian Army's capture of the Baba Amr stronghold provoked multiple reactions from analysts and officials. Taleb Ibrahim, an analyst close to the Syrian government, commented that it was the beginning of the end of Homs' armed opposition. Ayham Kamel, a Middle East analyst, observed that the Syrian Army used the capture of Baba Amr to send the message that it was still the dominant force on the battlefield, noting that the stronghold was a significant base for the organization and weapons supply hub for the rebels. British journalist Paul Conroy, who escaped the city a few days prior, described the situation as an "indiscriminate massacre" and "slaughter" and compared the siege to the Battle of Grozny. Fleeing residents spoke of the atrocities in the city. Refugees said that government loyalists had rounded up 36 men and boys in Baba Amr and killed them while other witnesses said that loyalists had been cutting the throats of prisoners. Meanwhile, soldiers from an elite army division were defecting because they had received orders to shoot everything, military and civilian alike, and one defector said he witnessed his commander executing an elderly man. British journalist Paul Wood returned to Homs in the days following the fall Baba Amr, reporting that he encountered many groups of women and children, without men, who told stories of raids and of massacres and that residents were terrified of government reprisals. On 5 March, Channel 4 News showed film from the military hospital in Homs showing evidence of torture and abuse among injured civilians, including evidence of electrocutions, leg breaking, beatings with whips and electrical cables, being shackled to beds, penises tied to prevent urination, and gangrene left untreated by antibiotics. Baba Amr residents were angry about the FSA's decision to withdraw; one resident called the rebels cowards and argued that if they always planned to withdraw then they should have done so immediately and not after a month-long siege. The rebels had retreated to a village just outside of Homs. The Al-Watan newspaper reported that bodies of foreigners were found, including the body of a European, who allegedly carried the passport of Spanish journalist Javier Espinosa; the Syrian government claimed he "was suspected of commanding a group of rebels". An FSA commander stated that five Libyans had been killed among the rebels during the city's siege. During a visit on 7 March, UN humanitarian chief Valerie Amos said Homs had been "completely devastated" in the fighting and said she still heard gunfire while there. Amos was also reportedly stopped from going into areas in Homs still held by the opposition even after Syria's foreign minister had told her she could go to any part of the country. Second Karm al-Zeitoun massacre On 9 March 2012, the Syrian Army–supported by 30 tanks–entered the quarter of Karm al-Zeitoun and reportedly massacred 21 women and 26 children in the district, some of whom had their throats slit, according to activists. The opposition claimed that the main perpetrators behind the killings were paramilitary shabiha militiamen. Syrian opposition activist and citizen journalist Hadi Al Abdullah said some of the children "had been hit with blunt objects on their head, one little girl was mutilated and some women were raped before being killed"; the bodies of the victims were recorded on video. The Syrian government acknowledged that the massacre had taken place, but claimed that "armed gangs" in the district killed them. The Syrian National Council called for an emergency UN Security Council meeting to discuss the massacre, which it said took place on 11 March. On 13 March, opposition activists posted video online purporting to show the army shelling Karm al-Zeitoun. March–May 2012 clashes and UN ceasefire On 20 March, a new round of shelling struck the opposition-held neighborhoods of al-Khalidiya, Qussor, and al-Bayadah in northern Homs and continued into the next day, reportedly killing 14 people. The LCC stated that another 40 people were killed on the second day of the bombardment, including 25 in Khalidiya. There were reports that the military also entered Khalidiya. On 24 March, most rebel forces and a number of civilians retreated from the Bab al-Sbaa district under intense shelling as the military moved in. However, activists reported the district was still under bombardment of heavy shelling as of 26 March, though the FSA presence in the district was small and inconsequential. Another activist later confirmed the capture of the district. On 2 April, about 40 FSA militants captured the Homs National Hospital in Juret al-Shayah district. They found 78 corpses "stacked in a hospital refrigerator". In renewed fighting on 8 April, mortars were described as falling "like rain" on Khalidiya by an activist. A makeshift hospital was allegedly stacked with 40 bodies which the opposition were desperately trying to keep cool with fans. An activist said they may have to be buried "in public gardens" due to a lack of other feasible options. On the morning of 14 April, major shelling occurred in the districts of Juret al-Shayah and al-Qarabis, violating Kofi Annan's UN-led truce that was implemented the same day. On 15 April, the Syrian Army was reported to be shelling the neighborhood of al-Waer from the nearby military academy. SANA also reported that "terrorists" killed 12 civilians in the pro-Assad, predominantly Alawite neighborhood of al-Zahra in what appeared to be an FSA attack. On 16 April, al-Khalidiya was heavily shelled from three sides while the Army stormed al-Bayada and took control of half of it. They also tried to storm Juret al-Shayah and al-Qarabis, but were repelled by the FSA. Sky News correspondent Tim Marshall, reporting from within the Khalidiya district, claimed that despite recent Army advances, the FSA still controlled large areas of the city and that hundreds of civilians still lived in Khalidiya despite heavy government artillery shelling and sniper activity. The Homs National Hospital in Juret al-Shayah had also reportedly been badly damaged by shelling. According to Marshall, many streets had sheets of tarpaulin hung from one side to the other and concrete walls had been erected to prevent Army snipers from having a clear line of sight into Khalidiya; people had to sprint across smaller streets to avoid sniper fire. The FSA commander in Homs, Abdul Razzack Tlas, noted the sniper activity as a violation of the UN ceasefire, even though the UN said that neither side was completely abiding by the ceasefire rules. On 20 April, a rebel leader stated that 2,000 Farouq Brigades fighters had been killed in Homs province since August 2011. By this point, there were talks among the rebels in Qusayr, where most of the surviving Baba Amr rebels fled, of Homs being abandoned entirely. By late April, UN military observers noted a rare lull in the fighting in Homs and by early May, military offensive operations in the city had ceased, although sporadic street fighting and shelling continued. The government controlled most of Homs, with the rebels holding onto 15 to 20 percent of the city, with a similar percentage of territory still being contested. In May, the Armenian Church reported that its church in the Hamida district of Homs had been seized by rebels, who then set up a hospital inside the church's Isahakyan school. On 24 May, a UN panel reported that both the Syrian military and opposition militants had committed a number of human rights violations during the siege thus far. The UN observed that "state security forces continued to use lethal force against anti-government demonstrations in Idlib, Homs, Aleppo, Hama, Damascus" and that "too often civilians bore the brunt of the violence" while the FSA was also responsible for the torture and execution of a number of captured soldiers. One defector belonging to the Farouq Brigades stated that they executed government soldiers, after they confessed under torture, to crimes against civilians. Among those killed were allegedly three Iranian snipers. In the Jabal Zawiya and Deir Sinbal areas of Syria, makeshift prisons were reportedly set up by the FSA for captured soldiers. The sources for the panel's report included eyewitness accounts from FSA fighters who were involved in the killings. On 25 May, a massacre occurred in the town of Taldou in the Houla region near Homs, in which 108 people were killed and 300 injured. The UN would later conclude that shabiha militiamen and Syrian soldiers were the perpetrators. On 26 May, British foreign secretary William Hague said Britain would co-ordinate a "strong response" to the Houla massacre and a UN Security Council statement, approved also by Russia and China, condemned the killings, saying it was "the result of government artillery and tank shellings on a civilian neighbourhood." The government's alleged use of heavy weapons in civilian areas was condemned. On 28 May, Bassel Shehadeh, a young Syrian filmmaker who had filmed Homs during the conflict and had appeared on a show discussing the army's siege of the city, was killed in Homs after being fired upon by pro-government forces. On 30 May, opposition video allegedly showed that the military had recommenced shelling of the city. June–July 2012 army offensive On 6 June, a CNN report showed Cairo St. (Al-Qahira St.) being a frontline between the FSA who controlled the district of al-Kalidiya and the Syrian government who controlled the district of al-Bayada. Several of the FSA fighters were former civilians and some were army defectors. The video showed them coordinating via radio and had made holes connecting one building to the next so they would not have to use the open streets. On 8 June 2012, it was reported that shelling had picked up in the FSA-held al-Kalidiyah, at a rate of 10 shells per minute. Following the shelling, the Syrian Army made an attempt to storm the district. On 9 June, the Syrian Army stormed the rebel-held neighborhood of al-Ghouta and started conducting raids. Shelling was reported in several parts of the city during which 25 people died, including the mayor of the rebel-held neighborhood of al-Khalidiyah, which had been under heavy bombardment since the day before. With the capture of al-Ghouta the Army had completely encircled the city's rebel-held areas and cut them off from the outside world. Early on 10 June, rebels captured an Air Force missile base north of Homs, with the help of 22 soldiers from the unit stationed there. They looted a number of assault rifles and rocket-propelled-grenades and threatened to fire the missiles at the presidential palace in Damascus if president al-Assad did not surrender. However, soon after, government artillery hit the base and an Army counter-attack recaptured it. The rebels were not able to take with them the large and heavy SA-2 surface-to-air missiles, which were fixed to the launchers. A satellite imagery provider showed the al-Ghanto base in flames following the artillery strikes. Opposition activists also reported a more intensified campaign of bombardment of Homs. On 12 June, residents of the rebel-held neighborhood of al-Khalidiyah told Al Jazeera English that they had been trapped in their homes for three days with no electricity or water. Other neighborhoods were targeted by shelling as well. In the district of Bab Amr, which had been retaken by the Army in early March, videos appeared showing two government tanks getting blown up at the Kafar Aya checkpoint, one of the largest in the district. Local FSA units reportedly had relaunched attacks in the neighbourhood to decrease the pressure on al-Khalidiyah and other areas which were being shelled. On 15 June, more fighting erupted with the Army reportedly shelling, among other rebel-held districts, Baba Amr. The FSA Baba Amr brigade claimed to had taken control over a checkpoint leading to the city two days before. The FSA stated their forces made an attempt to reclaim the Baba Amr district and had got to the entrance of the neighbourhood, but were repelled by Army helicopters. Then, on 17 June, after intense fighting with government troops at the edge of Baba Amr, opposition activists claimed that rebel fighters reclaimed a large part of the area. However, this was not independently confirmed. The same day, an activist stated that the Army stepped up its offensive on the city, shelling neighbourhoods systematically. It was reported that the Shabiha took over all the city's hospitals, thus dozens of wounded were without treatment, and that the Army had cut each of Homs's districts from each other. An opposition campaigner claimed that "85% of Homs is now under shelling or bombardment with mortar rounds and heavy machine guns." The shelling was primarily hitting the remaining rebel-held areas in the neighborhoods of Old Homs, al-Khalidiya, Jourat al-Shayyah, Qarabis and al-Bayada. The Syrian opposition said that, at that point, 30,000 soldiers and pro-government militiamen had amassed at the city. The SNC claimed there was a "looming massacre" approaching by claiming that the government was "getting ready to carry out a savage attack that might massacre the city's remaining residents." On 19 June, widespread clashes around Baba Amr were reportedly continuing and black smoke was seen rising from the area after an oil pipeline was said to have been destroyed in the fighting. Around 20 June, rebels launched a full-out offensive on Baba Amr district after rebels reportedly drove hundreds of soldiers from a pair of bases in the district. As a response, the military started using helicopter gunships in the city for the first time while rebel fighters were still holding out against military assaults on districts in Old Homs. By this time, the city's remaining Christians were trapped by the fighting in the rebel-held districts of Hamidiyeh and Bustan Diwan. A fourth attempt at a negotiated ceasefire, to evacuate the trapped civilians, was underway. However, the chief negotiator felt hopeless. He said that in past attempts the Army had agreed to a two-hour truce to allow the mediators to evacuate the besieged people but they were blocked by the rebels. This was confirmed by at least on Homs resident, who stated that he feared the rebels wanted to keep the Christians trapped in the city as a bargaining chip while the Army's bombardment and ground attacks on Homs intensified. Those who managed to sneak out settled in an area outside the city, dubbed as Valley of the Christians. On 28 June, SANA claimed a number of violent incidents around Homs. In one, a group of rebels reportedly opened fire and killed a professor of al-Baath University in Homs. She was killed along with her mother, father and three of her sister's children. Soon after, security forces clashed with the group killing 10 rebels and wounding 20. Two of the dead were reportedly Arabs of foreign nationalities. At the same time, a security forces raid in the Taldaw suburb killed one rebel and seized a weapons cache. Also, the leader of a rebel group, Khaled al-Hamad, known as Abu Sakar, was killed during security operations along with a number of his fighters. On 29 June, according to SANA, another rebel group leader was killed during fighting in the Joret al-Shayyah quarter of Homs. Other rebels were killed when an explosive device exploded in their weapons cache. On 2 July, the rebel-held districts of Joret al-Shayyah, al-Khalidiyah and Old City came under sustained Army shelling. On 3 July, the military made an attempt to storm Joret al-Shayyah. On 5 July, the 29th day of the new military offensive, heavy artillery shelling continued to strike the Joret al-Shayyah neighborhood. Fighting was also underway in the Al Sultania district and locals had abandoned the Baba Amr district which was reportedly completely destroyed. On 9 July, a new round of artillery fire hit Joret al-Shayyah, al-Khalidiyah and Old City and fighting was continuing in Al Sultania. Seven soldiers were killed in the clashes. On 11 July, Joret al-Shayyah was still being shelled and the district of Qarabees was also hit. Stalemate On 21 July 2012, a riot began at the central prison's old building. Some guards defected and supported the rioters there. Security forces, however, surrounded the prison and clashed with prisoners leaving 3–4 people dead. Activists said between 5,000 and 6,000 prisoners were in Homs Central Prison and feared a massacre. Later, it was reported that the mutiny had been crushed. On 29 July, SANA claimed that government troops killed 16 foreign rebel fighters and captured others in the city. The government-run news agency further alleged that a rebel leader, Hamza al-Tesh, was killed in al-Khalidya the following day. On 4 August, state radio claimed that 40 rebel fighters were killed while others were wounded during a military operation in the al-Hamidieh district. The next day, SANA claimed that dozens of rebels were killed and wounded when their ammunition depot exploded in the Jouret Ashayah district. On 7 August 16 civilians, mostly Alawites and Christians, were killed by rebel forces. The same day, SANA claimed that seven rebels were killed during clashes. On 12 August, the military launched an incursion into the al-Shamas neighborhood and detained 350 people, mostly young men of military age. 10 of those detained were reportedly executed with the fate of the other 340 unknown. The opposition SNC claimed the executed men were civilians, while the activist group SOHR confirmed that people were detained but made no mention of executions. Three children on a minibus were killed as they tried to flee with their parents from the Shamas district during the military operation. After the operation, a Brigadier General defected, stating that the Shamas neighbourhood had no FSA elements and that the Shabiha were led by Iranian military advisors during the operation. The Syrian newspaper Watan, reported that 40 rebels were killed and 70 captured during operations in al-Shamas. The same day, the Army launched an operation in al-Hamidyeh, killing tens of rebels in two hideouts and destroying an ammunition dump. The Army also arrested 26 people in Tabliseh, state media reported. On 13 August, a sergeant in the special forces who had defected claimed that Alawite officers ordered the rape of teenage girls in Homs, who would be shot afterwards. The defected sergeant further said that soldiers who refused were shot by the Army. On 3 September, a colonel from the FSA announced the formation of a 'Revolutionary Military Council' in Homs, in a video uploaded to YouTube. In the video, Colonel Fatih Fahd Hasoon announced the formation of the council to unify all FSA brigades in the central Syrian province. He vowed the council would "free Syria from the brutal gangs of Assad's regime," and named himself as its leader. On 5 September, Breaking News Network reported that 40 rebels where killed during clashes with the Syrian Army in Bab Hud neighborhood, 32 more rebels were killed in a qualitative operation, Sham media reported. October 2012 army offensive On 5 October 2012, Homs experienced its worst bombardment in months when warplanes, tanks and artillery fired missiles and mortars at rebel controlled neighborhoods, including Old Homs, Khaldiya, Qusour and Jouret el-Shayah. On 8 October, government forces advanced into the rebel-held Khalidiya district amid heavy fighting and what was described as the most vicious attack by the Army yet. The advance was confirmed by the rebels who stated they were forced to retreat due to the artillery fire destroying several buildings that were being used by the opposition fighters as a barrier between them and the military. By October 2012, Hezbollah openly operated in the area of the neighbouring city of al-Qusayr, in conjunction with Syrian military forces. A military source said in October that the Army launched a broad offensive to take control of all remaining Homs quarters and the neighbouring city of Al Qusayr as well. The source expected the operation to take one week to be completed. However, Al Qusayr remained in the hands of rebels, who reported to have killed 60 Hezbollah fighters in the city. Another 16 were captured in the Sayida Zeinab and Qabboun districts of Damascus, according to senior FSA members. A Homs resident living in a rebel-held neighbourhood said that the shelling was very heavy. He added that the Syrian army was currently controlling 75% of the city and that the rest could fall at any moment because of the strength of the Army attack. On 9 October, a resident living in rebel-controlled Hamidiya district described the Syrian army offensive as psychological warfare, saying that the Syrian army made little to no gains in Old Homs districts, being repeatedly repelled by rebel forces. This was in contrast with an opposition activist's confirmation that the army had "stormed part of Khaldiyeh" and the reported rebel retreat the previous day within the district, which was confirmed by rebel fighters. Also, the Army reported continued advances in the area, where they were reportedly pursuing rebel remnants. On 10 October, the pro-government "Al Watan" newspaper said that the Syrian army controlled all of Homs except for a few neighborhoods still being held by the rebels. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said in an email that the Syrian army renewed shelling of the Khalidiya, Jouret Shiyah and Old Homs neighborhoods. Opposition activist Abu Bilal al-Homsi said via "Skype" to "AFP", from Old Homs, "We are surrounded completely, we have no outlet." He also called on non-governmental organizations to send aid, pointing out that "the hospitals overwhelmed with the wounded who need surgery and should be evacuated." Activists rejected Government claims about districts in the city of Homs and an FSA colonel pointed out that the Government hadn't seized control of any districts but "they are advancing in some districts and retreating in others." he stressted that "al-Assad's forces are able to do nothing more than storm the entrance of a district and then immediately withdraw, despite the magnitude of the destruction they are causing." On 12 October, the Syrian military launched another series of intense aerial and artillery bombardments on Homs and its surrounding towns. Khalidiya was especially hit hard, a day after the Army suffered heavy losses in an attempt to capture the district. Opposition activists claimed 50 soldiers and militiamen were killed. On 13 October, the military reported killing 25 rebels in the Bab al-Hood district. On 14 October, rebels were advancing towards the Southern Bab Amr district. An opposition spokesman said that "Everyday there are firefights between the regime and the FSA (Free Syria Army) in the Sultaniya neighborhood, The FSA has a lot of battalions in Homs. There are many dead from both the regime and the FSA." He added that "very few civilians remain in the neighborhoods around Homs." There was intense fighting in the Bab Hud and Bab al-Turkman districts with an unknown number of people on both sides being killed. By late October, a Syrian army officer in Homs estimated that 1,500-2,000 rebels were left inside the Old City district. At this time, government troops cleared the Bab al-Sebaa area by capturing a school that was being used as a rebel stronghold. December 2012 By mid-December 2012, the military had regained control of almost all of Homs, except the Old City and Khalidiya district, where rebels were still holding out under siege by the Army. The rebels continued to exchange sniper and mortar fire with government forces, but for the most part the city was calm and most of the city shops and markets were open and traffic was flowing freely. One bus driver stated "Homs is now safer than Damascus". One of a few areas where life still had not gone back to a full normal was the Armenian area, which reportedly was hit by several shells fired by the rebels from the Old City. On one occasion, a four-story building collapsed, killing five people and injuring 37 others. Fighter jets continued to bomb the rebel-held areas and Sky News described the scene in rebel-held areas and its frontlines as brutal low-tech guerrilla war. On 23 December, opposition activists claimed that the Syrian army launched bombs containing poisonous gas against rebel positions in the Bayada district, and that six or seven rebels were killed from it with up to 70 others hurt. Residents said that they did not know the nature of the gas. The claim of the nerve agent use was supported by Maj-Gen Abdoul-Aziz Jassius al-Shallal, the former chief of the Syrian military police, who had defected to the opposition. A U.S. official told Danger Room that, based on the video of the victims, "It just doesn't jibe with chemical weapons". The Israeli vice prime minister, Moshe Ya'alon, also voiced doubt at the rebel claims, citing the lack of corroboration to them. On 24 December, the Syrian Army attacked the rebel-held district of Deir Baalba and by 29 December, after several days of heavy fighting, the military had captured the district as rebel forces retreated from the area. The neighborhood had been under siege for months. With the loss of Deir Baalba, rebel forces were left only with Khalidiya and the Old City as the last remaining neighborhoods under their control. The next day, the military launched barrages of rockets into the remaining rebel-held neighborhoods. Following the capture of the district, opposition activists made claims that up to 150–220 people were rounded up by the military, taken to a petrochemical university and executed, with their bodies being burned or taken away. The opposition Shaam News Network reported that about 150 charred bodies were found in the Deir Baalba neighborhood. However, there was no independent verification of the claims and one opposition activist was able to count only 27 bodies. January–February 2013 army offensive and rebel counter-offensive On 15 January 2013, government troops overran the village of Basatin al-Hasawiya on the edge of the city. Opposition activists claimed that during the operation pro-government militiamen and soldiers massacred 106 civilians, including women and children, by shooting, stabbing or possibly burning them to death. On 20 January, following rebel attempts to advance into new areas of Homs from the countryside, the Army launched a retaliatory offensive, to halt the rebel infiltration. Over three days, between 20 and 22 January, heavy fighting erupted in the western areas of Homs, where 130 soldiers and pro-government militiamen were killed or wounded, with 23 of them being confirmed as dead. By 25 January 120 civilians and 30–40 rebels were also reported to had been killed. Opposition activists claimed 10,000 pro-government militiamen were brought in as reinforcements from Tartous for the offensive. The Army was focusing on securing a vital a road junction on the outskirts of the city, which is on a supply line to government forces further in the interior of the country. On 26 January, more than 20 additional rebels and civilians were killed in fighting in the Jobar-Kafraya farm area on the south-western edge of Homs. A doctor from a makeshift underground hospital reported that opposition forces and civilians were surrounded. Rebels from the nearby town of Qusair were attempting to relieve the pressure on opposition forces on the western edge of Homs and in a counter-offensive two days previously managed to push back government forces slightly. However, the military continued to pound the area with artillery and air-strikes and the armed opposition had been weakened in the city after a drop in ammunition supplies in the weeks before due to a tightening of the Army siege on western areas. At the same time, BBC News reported that in the rest of the city, which is government-controlled, a 'fragile calm' had returned. On 14 February, the Syrian army captured the southwestern Jobar district, after rebels withdrew from the area. A week before, the military had also seized the southwestern Kafraya district. On 20 February, rebel activists distributed video of what they claimed was the destruction in the Al-Qarabis district after they reportedly stormed it and took control. March 2013 renewed army offensive and rebel counter-offensive On 3 March 2013, government troops launched a major offensive into rebel-held territory in Homs, where the rebels by now had been reinforced by rebel units arriving from nearby Al-Qusayr. The neighborhoods attacked were the Old City, Jouret al-Shiah, Khaldiyeh, and Qarabees. It was reported to be the worst fighting in months as scores of dead on both sides were accounted for. By 6 March, government forces were bombarding the Old City and Khaldiyeh for four straight days. On 10 March, rebels infiltrated the Baba Amr area of Homs under the cover of night. The next morning, they launched an attack on government positions within the district. According to an opposition activist, Army checkpoints barely had time to realise that an attack was under way. Army troops sealed off several roads around Baba Amr and the Air force conducted air strikes on the district. The purpose of the rebel raid was reportedly to relieve pressure on the remaining rebel-held areas of the city that were still under siege by the military. At the same time, fighting was still ongoing in the rebel areas of Old Homs and Khaldiyeh, where the military was pressing its offensive. By 12 March, heavy fighting was still ongoing in both Khaldiyeh, where government tanks were in action, and Baba Amr, which was being hit by Army rocket fire. It remained unclear how much of Baba Amr the rebels had captured or continued to hold after the latest fighting in the area. Civilians were forced to flee, as the army fired heavy machine guns into the district. The UN food agency said the renewed violence in Baba Amr has forced at least 3,000 families to leave their homes in the contested area. On 14 March, the Syrian army reportedly shelled the Bab Hud, al-Turkman, Bab Dreib, Bab Tadmur and al-Sefsafa neighborhoods. 20 rebels and 22 soldiers were killed in the fighting. On 25 March, the opposition group SOHR reported that the military had taken control of large parts of the neighbourhood, with clashes continuing in the district's orchards. By the next day, 26 March, SOHR confirmed the military had recaptured the whole of Baba Amr. Meanwhile, fighting was reported in the Jobar section of the city. End of March and early April 2013, government forces were only able to hold on to critical territory in Homs city due to the support of Hezbollah moving fully into the fighting. Old Homs and Khalidiya separated On 2 May 2013, the Syrian army, backed by Hezbollah and Iranian fighters, pushed into and regained control of the strategic Wadi al-Sayeh neighborhood. The district is located in-between the rebel-held Old Homs and Khalidiya districts, thus with its capture government forces had cut the link between those two areas and they had become completely separated and surrounded. June–July 2013 army offensive and capture of Khalidiya On 28 June 2013, the Army captured the town of Al-Qariatayn near Homs. On 29 June, government troops launched an offensive on several rebel-held parts of Homs city, pounding the districts with air raids and mortar fire. "Military operations never stopped in Homs, but their pace increases according to priorities," an Army officer told AFP. The military bombardment started at nine in the morning and lasted for three hours before the Army deployed ground troops. Syrian state TV was quoted as saying the Army had "great success" in the battle for Homs, "killing many terrorists in the Khalidiya district". Fighting raged around the Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque in Khalidiya, which had earlier caught fire. An activist in the Old City of Homs stated that the Army had "used rocket launchers for hours". He also commented that all water, phone and power had been cut off or blocked, save satellite communications. "The only thing they haven't blocked is the air we breathe" the activist reported. On 30 June, the second day of the offensive, government forces were attacking the old covered market which is located in Old Homs. Fighting was also ongoing in the Bab Hud district of Old Homs. On 3 July, an opposition activist stated that the fighting had become from building to building and the military was trying to take the rebel areas a block at a time. He said government forces were "cleaning" the areas of rebel fighters by firing mortar shells at buildings. During the evening of 5 July, government forces managed for the first time to breach Khalidiya, capturing several buildings in the district after breaking the rebel's first line of defenses. During the first two days of the offensive, according to SOHR, 32 government soldiers and militiamen had been killed, of which 24 died on the first day. Another eight government fighters were killed on 4 July. The number of rebels killed was unknown, but eight were reported killed on 5 July. On 6 July, it was reported that the battle was swinging in favor of the Army, as rebels were running low on weapons. By this point, 60 to 70 percent of buildings in Khalidiya had been totally or partially destroyed or made uninhabitable. On 8 July, government forces advanced into Khalidiya. According to the opposition, the Army captured 30 percent of the district, while military sources claimed that they had captured most of the neighborhood. Both sides confirmed government troops had captured areas around the Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque. In a desperate attempt, rebels threatened they would blow themselves up along with government forces if the Army managed to enter the mosque complex. On 10 July, government forces captured several areas in the Bab Hud district. Heavy artillery strikes continued on Khalidiya, Wadi al-Sayeh, Hamidiya, Bab Hud and Baba al-Turkman. Meanwhile, most civilians had fled Khalidiya, with only rebel fighters and their families remaining, according to an opposition activist. By 11 July, rebel forces were preparing to retreat from the city, citing attrition of manpower and overwhelming military bombardment from government forces. Diplomats and opposition sources reported that the last opposition-held areas of Homs were set to fall within days to the Syrian army after the rebel forces decided to "sacrifice" the country's third-largest city to the government. On 22 July, opposition activists claimed Army shelling had destroyed the historic mausoleum of a companion of the Prophet Mohammed in the Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque. On 24 July, it was reported that government bombardment of rebel areas had abruptly ceased "in recent days" in response to rebels firing Grad rockets at government-supporting civilian areas in other parts of the city the previous week. However, on 25 July, more artillery attacks on Khalidiya were reported. On 26 July, government forces advanced further into Khalidiya and the district of Jouret el-Shayah. Soldiers had reached 50 meters from the Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque. By the next day, soldiers had entered the mosque area from the eastern side and the Army captured the mosque itself. Government and Hezbollah forces had also taken control of 60 percent of Khalidiya. That night, state TV broadcast a report with footage from inside the heavily damaged mosque. The footage showed the tomb's dome knocked out and a portion of the mosque appeared to have been burned. By 28 July, most of Khalidiya, estimated to be 70 percent, was under Army control, with fighting continuing on the northern and southern outskirts of the district. According to an Army officer, rebels were still controlling the northern part of Khalidiya. The military advances left only the Old Homs area under rebel control, where an estimated 1,000 rebel fighters remained. The next day, opposition activists confirmed 90 percent of the district had been captured by the Army, with scattered fighting continuing in the southern areas. That night, SOHR reported that the Army had taken full control of Khalidiya after capturing the Masakin al-Mu'alimin quarter. During this time, the military blew up the last of the rebel smuggling tunnels going into Old Homs, leaving the area completely sealed off. On 1 August, rebels launched rockets into the Wadi Dahab district of Homs, causing massive explosions at a weapons depot that killed at least 40 people and injured at least 120. On 5 August, Syrian defence minister Fahd Jassem al-Freij met with SAA troops in the captured district of Khalidiya. The state run "SANA" news agency reported that the general conducted a tour of the area and "visited army units restoring security and stability in the neighbourhood". Siege of Old Homs On 21 September 2013, the report "Homs misery 'like siege of Stalingrad'" by The Australian newspaper cited a doctor on location as giving the number remaining trapped in Homs as "3000 people and 1000 are injured, many women and children." The source further described the conditions of those trapped in the city where "most buildings in the Old City district, the last rebel-held enclave, had been flattened by artillery and the remaining inhabitants were living in basements." as follows: "We have to drink from polluted wells and wash in the sewage water," the doctor said. "We eat leaves and rotten rice. We have had no electricity for 500 days." In late September, it was reported that the Army and rebels in some villages around Homs ceased hostilities, and FSA fighters were present in government-held areas without being molested. There was, however, no discussions on lifting the siege on the Old Homs area. On 9 October, AFP reported that "rebel shelling of one of Syria's two main oil refineries" in Homs city had set the plant on fire. According to the report, "The Homs refinery had a pre-war capacity of 5.7 million tonnes per year but Prime Minister Wael al-Halqi said earlier this month that it was running at 10 percent of that. The other main plant at Banias on the Mediterranean coast -- heartland of the Assad regime -- is still refining at 80 percent of capacity, Halqi said." On 12 October, Asharq Al-Awsat (a Saudi-linked pan-Arab newspaper) reported upon an exclusive interview with "FSA media and political coordinator Louay Miqdad" that "the Free Syrian Army (FSA) has announced that it is prepared to abide by a "temporary truce" in Homs and Rif Dimashq with Assad forces during Eid Al-Adha in order to facilitate humanitarian access to the two governorates. However, the FSA rejected a prolonged 9-month ceasefire with the Assad regime in order to allow the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) to carry out its operations overseeing the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons stockpile." In late November, the Army began an assault on the last remaining rebel-held pockets. On the evening of 8 January 2014, a group of 60 rebels from within Old Homs attempted to break the siege of the area. Government forces ambushed them near Khalidiya leaving at least 45 rebel fighters dead in fighting that lasted into the next morning. The remaining 18 fighters were missing. After the ambush, the Army launched an assault in an attempt to push into the Matahan area of Old Homs, where 150 rebels were putting up resistance, but their attack was beaten back. However, armoured Army reinforcements were sent from Damascus towards Homs. Humanitarian operation On 7 February 2014, a three-day truce was signed between the Syrian government and the rebels, under the auspices of the UN to allow the evacuation of civilians from the besieged neighborhoods of Homs. The first day of the operation, 83 people were evacuated from besieged areas of the Old City. On 8 February, both sides are accused of having broken the truce but the operation continued. On 9 February 611 civilians out of the besieged neighborhoods: 210 women, 180 children, 91 men in age above 55, and 130 young men surrendered according to SOHR. The truce was extended of 72 hours. On 17 February, Jeffrey White, a fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy and a former senior American intelligence official, was quoted by the New York Times claiming that Assad government was conducting barrel-bomb attacks in Homs using Russian-supplied Mi-8 and Mi-17 helicopters. By mid-March, 1,500 rebels and civilians, 100 of them wounded, were still trapped in Old Homs. They came to feel abandoned and faced only with the choices of abandoning Old Homs or making a last stand to the death. At this time, there was also talk of a truce with government forces, but without any results. March–April 2014 army offensive and rebel counter-offensive On 31 March 2014, government troops captured two towers in the 7th Island area in the al-Waer neighborhood, as well as several buildings in the al-Jazira al-Sab'a area of the district. On 6 April, it was initially reported a car-bomb that the rebels were preparing exploded prematurely in Old Homs killing 29 rebel fighters and leaving dozens missing. Later, reports suggested either an ambush by government forces or a Grad missile that hit a rebel ammunition depot in the Jourat al-Shayyah area left 50–75 rebels dead, including dozens of senior officers. Among those killed was also the FSA provincial commander, Abdul Qadir al-Homsi. After the explosion, only 500–600 rebels were estimated to had remained in the Old Homs area out of 2,000 six months earlier, according to an opposition source. On 7 April, Dutch Christian priest Frans van der Lugt was executed by an unknown gunman who stormed into his house. On 10 April, the military launched a major offensive against the Old Homs area. On 14 April, pro-government NDF militia reinforcements arrived as government forces entered the Wadi al-Sayeh neighborhood, which lies between Jourat al-Shayyah and the Old City. By the next day, they had captured several buildings in the area. An opposition source reported the garages area between Jourat al-Shayyah and Qussour had been captured by government troops as they continued to advance. Meanwhile, rebel lines in Hamidiyah in Old Homs were tenuous as NDF forces were fighting in the outskirts of the area and advancing. Heavy artillery and mortar fire also hit the al-Waer neighborhood. According to a pro-government source, the Army had breached the rebel defense line in the Bab Houd district. By 16 April, an estimated 300–1,000 rebel fighters had surrendered since March. Some of the remaining rebel fighters in Old Homs were getting ready for a fight to the death, preparing suicide belts for use in case the Army breaches their lines, as the opposition All4Syria news site predicted that the remaining rebel-held areas of the center of the city would fall within a week. During this time, the Syrian Opposition Coalition issued an urgent appeal as fears of a new massacre grew. On 18 April, a car-bomb exploded in a government-held district near a mosque killing 14 people, while Army troops captured a church in Old Homs and were continuing to advance. On 19 April, rebels launched a counter-offensive, which started with a suicide car-bomb attack on an Army checkpoint at the entrance of the government-held Jeb al-Jandali neighbourhood. Right before the attack, which killed five soldiers, other soldiers at the checkpoint defected and abandoned their positions. By the next day, opposition forces captured several buildings in the Jeb al-Jandali area. Two of the buildings that were captured were the Al Jala'a swimming pool and a school which government forces attempted to recapture during the day. By 22 April, government troops retook full control of the Jeb al-Jandali neighborhood. At this time, dozens of rebel fighters in Old Homs were trying to surrender, while others wanted to make a last stand and were sending suicide bombers against districts under government control, primarily the ones with an Alawite majority. At least five such bombings during the month killed more than 60 people. Fighters were also turning on comrades they suspected of a desire to desert, pushing them into battle. According to an opposition activist: "We expect Homs to fall. In the next few days, it could be under the regime's control." On 29 April, a double rebel car-bomb attack in the Abbasiyeh neighbourhood of the government-held Zahra district left 168 people dead. Among those killed were 147 civilians, including 46 children, and 12 pro-government fighters. Nine fatalities were unidentified. Rebel retreat from Homs On 2 May 2014, a ceasefire agreement had been reached, under which the remaining 1,000 rebel fighters would be allowed to leave Homs and head to the rebel-controlled countryside north of the city. The evacuation was scheduled for the next day. A matter of dispute remained in the agreement on whether the rebel-held al-Waer district, which is not connected to Old Homs, would be included in the deal. On 3 May, talks on the rebel withdrawal from Homs entered their final phase. According to the provincial governor, the deal "will be applied first in the Old City, then in Waer. The goal is to reach a peaceful solution that brings back security and government institutions." On 4 May, talks entered the implementation phase. Under the agreement, relief would be allowed into two Shiite pro-government towns in the northern province of Aleppo besieged by rebels. Also, Iranian and Lebanese prisoners held by the rebels would be released. On 7 May, the evacuation of rebels from Homs started with two buses transporting the first group of fighters toward rebel-held areas of northern Homs province. In all, more than 960 rebels were evacuated during the day, with another 250 scheduled to be transported out the next day. On 8 May, the final batch of 270 rebel fighters was expected to leave the city. However, rebels in Aleppo province blocked aid convoys that were supposed to bring food and medical supplies to two besieged government-held Shiite towns per the established agreement. Due to the failure of the rebels to uphold their side of the agreement, government forces blocked the remaining rebels in Old Homs from leaving. The convoys were not allowed to enter the towns the previous day as well by the al-Qaeda-linked al-Nusra Front. During the afternoon of 9 May, the last of the rebels retreated from Homs after the aid convoys were allowed to enter the Shiite towns. Shortly after, hundreds of residents of Old Homs started to return to the area. Siege of al-Waer neighbourhood Rebels and civilians who rejected the retreat deal in May 2014 concentrated in the Al-Waer neighborhood of Homs which continued to be besieged. A new surrender deal was announced 12 September 2016, that was to bring the al-Waer neighborhood under government control while evacuating about 300 rebel fighters to the northern Homs countryside. The rebels began the execution of the deal on 22 September. However, the deal was put on hold in November 2016, with Syrian Army resuming its assault on the district. On 13 March 2017, the first batch of remaining rebels in the Waer neighbourhood agreed to leave Homs with their families and depart to Jarabulus. The evacuation of rebels along with their family members began on 18 March. On 27 March, 1,850 rebels and residents departed the neighbourhood in 45 buses. A final batch of 3,000 people, including 700 rebels, left Homs on 21 May. 1,150 rebels chose to stay and surrendered their weapons. With this, the Syrian government regained full control of Homs. Tactical considerations During the siege, some analysts noted a shift in tactics informing the Syrian Army's subsequent general approach to war: while the army had been on the front lines during the early stages of the conflict, after the 2012 Baba Amr offensive–when it experienced heavy casualties–the new approach (tested during the Khalidiya offensive, 2013) consists of putting frontline militias in charge of dislodging the rebel forces, with the army supporting from behind with their superior armaments and air power, then asserting control once the fighting is over. International reactions United Nations The U.N. Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon says he has received "grisly reports" that Syrian government forces are arbitrarily executing, imprisoning and torturing people in Homs after opposition fighters in Bab Amr retreated. "A major assault on Homs took place yesterday," Ban told the U.N. General Assembly in New York City on 2 March 2012. "Civilian losses have clearly been heavy. We continue to received grisly reports of summary executions, arbitrary detentions and torture. This atrocious assault is all the more appalling for having been waged by the government itself, systematically attacking its own people". Activists said that government forces were rounding up people aged between 14-50 and executing them in batches. France Assad's government had "broken all the limits of barbarism". French Foreign Minister Alain Juppe said. "And when I see the Syrian president paraded around this voting station in Damascus for this phony referendum, it makes you deeply indignant," he told RTL radio. Juppe said he felt "immensely frustrated" at difficulties in obtaining security guarantees to enable wounded civilians and Western journalists to be evacuated from Homs. In April 2012, French president, Nicolas Sarkozy, accused Syrian President Bashar al-Assad of seeking to "wipe Homs from the map", comparing his campaign to the Libyan government's attacks on the city of Benghazi. "Bashar al-Assad is lying in a shameful way, he wants to wipe Homs from the map like (former Libyan leader Muammar) Gaddafi wanted to wipe Benghazi from the map," Sarkozy said. In popular culture Damascus-born filmmaker Talal Derki's Return to Homs - awarded World Cinema Grand Jury Prize:Documentary, Sundance Film Festival. The siege is documented in the Syrian documentary film Silvered Water, Syria Self-Portrait, released in Cannes (out of competition) on 15 May 2014. Notes References Further reading External links We Live as in War, Human Rights Watch, 11 November 2011 By All Means Necessary!, Human Rights Watch, 16 December 2011 In Cold Blood, Human Rights Watch, 10 April 2012. Documentary: A Day In Homs Press TV documentary on Vimeo Documentary: Secret Treaties Press TV documentary on Vimeo documentary by BBC One History of Homs Sieges of the Syrian civil war Homs Homs Homs Homs Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the al-Nusra Front Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Free Syrian Army Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Syrian government Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving Hezbollah de:Homs#Homs während des Bürgerkrieges
Order of Ancient Maccabeans (also Maccabaeans) is an Anglo-Jewish society. The order is a friendly society established in 1894, and registered on 8 May 1901, under the Friendly Societies' Act, as amended 1896. History When Theodor Herzl came to England before the First Zionist Congress the members of the Society, who then belonged to the "Lovers of Zion" movement, pledged their adherence to the Zionist cause. The Society was an avowedly Zionist Order, and every member on admission had to declare his willingness to be a Zionist, to pay the shekel and to assist generally through the Order in the work of resettling the Jews in Palestine. Membership consists primarily of people in the professions, with aims to provide "social intercourse and co-operation among its members with a view to the promotion of the interests of Jews, including the support of any professional or learned bodies and charities." All persons "of the Jewish faith who declare themselves adherents to the Zionist Movement" can become members; membership also includes similarly minded, non-Jewish 'honorary' members. Past presidents 1891–1903 Raphael Meldola (in whose honour the society awards the Meldola medal for Chemistry) 1903–04 Albert Goldsmid 1904–27 Solomon Joseph Solomon 1927–32 Herbert Bentwich 1932–54 Selig Brodetsky 1982–90 Sir Alan Marre 1990–2000 Sir John Balcombe 2000–present Sir Ian Gainsford Other notable members have included: Louis Barnett Abrahams Chief Rabbi Hermann Adler Norman Bentwich Sir Ernst Boris Chain Marcus Hartog Rev. Morris Joseph Chief Rabbi Joseph H. Hertz Waldemar Haffkine Sir Ian Heilbron Sir Bernard Rix Charles Kensington Salaman Isaac Snowman Rev. Joseph Stern Rev. Charles Voysey (Not Jewish; hon. member) Chaim Weizmann Lucien Wolf Israel Zangwill References Further reading Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. Maccabaeans Jewish Year Book, 2005, p. 104 Who was Who Charities based in England Jewish charities based in the United Kingdom Jewish clubs and societies Jews and Judaism in England Zionism in the United Kingdom Zionist organizations
Jeta Amata is a Nigerian filmmaker, born on August 21, 1974, to popular Nigerian actor Zack Amata. He comes from a family of veteran filmmakers including Ifoghale Amata, Zack Amata and Fred Amata. Growing up in the film industry, following his family's passion for film, Jeta produced and directed his first film Glamour Boyz at the age of 21, making it no surprise when he began to rise in the world of film and entertainment. Education Amata studied Theater Arts at Benue State University in Makurdi, Nigeria. Global production and acclaim His work first went global when he produced a documentary film for the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) in 2003, using his film Game of Life as footage for the documentary. He holds 53 nominations and 10 wins for film awards in Africa, Europe and the United States, and is considered one of the most successful filmmakers to come out of West Africa. Summary of works 2004–11 Amata's short film The Alexa Affair premiered at the 2004 Berlin Film Festival. Amata's film The Amazing Grace, which won the Best West African Film Award at the 2006 Screen Nations Awards UK, holds the honor of being the first Nigerian film to be screened at the Cannes Film Festival. Soon after, Jeta would be recognized for such movies as Inale and Mary Slessor. 2012-present Black November premiered at the United Nations during the General Assembly in 2012 and was also screened at the Kennedy Center as well as the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. The film inspired the sponsoring of a bi-partisan resolution on the Niger Delta of Nigeria members of the 112th United States Congress, H.CON.RES.121. Amata had screenings of his documentary Into the Delta, on the situation of the Niger Delta, shown in nine universities in the U.S. including NYU, George Washington University, UCLA and Cornell. Official appointments The President of Haiti, Michel Joseph Martelly, made Jeta Amata a Goodwill Ambassador to Haiti. Colleagues Amata worked with Academy Award winner Kim Basinger, Academy Award nominee Mickey Rourke, and music superstars Akon and Wyclef Jean on the 2012 film Black November. Family In 2001 at an audition in Calabar he met Mbong Amata. Two years later, when she was 18, they began dating. They married in 2008 and their daughter Veno was born later that year. In 2013 they separated and in 2014 they divorced. Amata is currently in a partnership with Vanessa Teemsma, who has worked in production on his films, including Black November. Together, Amaya and Teemsma welcome the birth of a son in 2019, named Kessiena Donald Amata, the middle name after Teemsma's father. Filmography Awards and nominations Verona International African Film Festival, Best Film, Black November, 2011 Verona International African Film Festival, Audience Award, Black November, 2011 Monaco International Film Festival, Most Entertaining Film, Inale, 2011 Copenhagen Nollywood Festival, Best Film, Black November, 2011 American Black Film Festival (ABFF), Best Director (nominated), Black November, 2011 American Black Film Festival (ABFF), Best Picture (nominated), Black November, 2011 American Black Film Festival (ABFF), Best Screenplay, Black November, 2011 Nigerian Entertainment Awards, Best Film, Inale, 2011 African Academy Movie Awards AAMA, Best Nigerian Film (nominated), Inale, 2011 NFVSB Awards Nigeria, Best Film, Inale, 2010 Abuja International Film Festival, Audience Awards, Mary Slessor, 2009 Abuja International Film Festival, Best Short, Mary Slessor, 2009 SIMA AWARDS, Best Director, The Amazing Grace, 2008 Screen Nations Awards, Best West African Film, The Amazing Grace, 2007 Nigeria Movie Awards NMA, Best Director (nominated), The Amazing Grace, 2007 Nigeria Movie Awards NMA, Best Picture (nominated), The Amazing Grace, 2007 Nigeria Movie Awards NMA, Best Cinematography, The Amazing Grace, 2007 African Academy Movie Awards AAMA, Best Director (nominated), The Amazing Grace, 2006 African Academy Movie Awards AAMA, Best Cinematography, The Amazing Grace, 2006 African Academy Movie Awards AAMA, Best Picture (nominated), The Amazing Grace, 2006 African Academy Movie Awards AAMA, Best Screenplay (nominated), The Amazing Grace, 2006 See also List of Nigerian film producers :Category:Films directed by Jeta Amata References External links Jeta Amata: Nollywood's Gift to Hollywood from TheGuardian.com African Voices: Jeta Amata-Filmmaker Nigerian film directors 1974 births Living people Benue State University alumni Nigerian male film actors Nigerian film producers Nigerian media personalities
is a railway station in the city of Handa, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai). Lines Kamezaki Station is served by the Taketoyo Line, and is located 10.2 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Ōbu Station. Station layout The station has two opposed side platforms connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station has automated ticket machines, TOICA automated turnstiles and is unattended. Platforms Adjacent stations \|- !colspan=5\|Central Japan Railway Company Station history Kamezaki Station was opened on March 1, 1886, as a passenger and freight station on the Japanese Government Railways (JGR). The JGR became the Japan National Railway (JNR) after World War II. Freight operations were discontinued from November 15, 1975. With the privatization and dissolution of the JNR on April 1, 1987, the station came under the control of the Central Japan Railway Company. Automatic turnstiles were installed in May 1992, and the TOICA system of magnetic fare cards was implemented in November 2006. The station building, dating from 1886 and rebuilt after a fire in 1895, is one of the oldest in Japan. Station numbering was introduced to the Taketoyo Line in March 2018; Kamezaki Station was assigned station number CE05. Passenger statistics In fiscal 2018, the station was used by an average of 2739 passengers daily (boarding passengers only). Surrounding area Kamezaki Elementary School Kamezaki Junior High School See also List of Railway Stations in Japan References External links Railway stations in Japan opened in 1886 Railway stations in Aichi Prefecture Taketoyo Line Stations of Central Japan Railway Company Handa, Aichi
Jun Ke Choy (; 1892 – July 9, 1981) was a Chinese American politician who served as mayor of Hangzhou and the 14th chairman of the China Merchants Steamship Company Group, now known as China Merchants Group. He was also the founder of the Chinese Culture Center in San Francisco. Choy is commonly known as J.K. Choy. Biography Choy was born in Honolulu in 1892 and studied at McKinley High School from 1908 to 1911. As a young man, he met Sun Yat-sen and was resolved to return to China. In 1911, he returned to Guangdong, his native province and was elected a member of the Provincial Assembly. However, finding politics uninteresting, Choy returned to the United States and enrolled in Columbia University as a Chinese government student. He graduated from Columbia College in 1915. During his time at Columbia, he was the president of the Chinese Students Club and was critical of Japanese interference in Chinese politics. In 1915, Choy again returned to China. He was made a member of the Liangkwang Military Headquarters. The following year he was given the appointment of Director of Foreign Affairs of the Nationalist Government in Guangdong. Shortly afterwards, he resigned to enter the business world. During his visit to Peking in 1915, he was appointed assistant editor of the Peking Post around the time when Yuan Shih-kai was trying to make himself Emperor of China. Choy resigned from the "Post" and left Peking for the South, as he was against the monarchical movement. Subsequently, he became vice-president of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of Hong Kong. In 1918, Choy raised money for the establishment of branch offices of the Bank at Hankow and Tientsin. He secured over fifty thousand dollars worth of subscriptions to the total capitalization of the branch banks. On February 25, 1921, Choy was named commissioner of Finance and Commissioner of Land in City Government of Canton. He then served as director of the administrative department of Ministry of Railways of the Nationalist Government in 1926. In 1927 he was made director-General of Railways of the Ministry of Communications. He was made currency controller of the Ministry of Finance on November 1, 1927. In 1928, he became managing-director of the Shanghai-Nanking and Shanghai Ningpo-Hangchow Railways. In 1930, he was named mayor of Hangchow. In 1931, he became commissioner of Finance, and concurrently Commissioner of Land, City Government of Greater Shanghai. He was also a liaison officer between the mayor's office and the British and American Consulates. In 1936, he was named Chairman of the China Merchants Steamship Company Group and headed its operations during World War II, when he relocated to Hong Kong after the Japanese invasion of Shanghai. He resigned on March 1, 1943. Upon returning to the United States, Choy was named an overseas delegate of the Chinese Democratic Constitutionalist Party after being dissatisfied with both the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party. Choy organized the first San Francisco Federal Savings & Loan Association branch in Chinatown. He lobbied, and help found the Chinese Culture Center in Chinatown, San Francisco in 1965. Choy died in San Francisco on July 9, 1981. References Politicians from Honolulu Mayors of Hangzhou Chinese businesspeople Chinese newspaper people Columbia College (New York) alumni Chinese-American culture in California 1892 births 1981 deaths
Halvdan Eyvind Stokke (20 November 1900 – 15 December 1977), birth name Halvdan Eyvind Johannessen, commonly known as H. E. Stokke was a Norwegian railway director and Mayor of Oslo. Biography He was born in Fredrikstad in Østfold to Anton Johannessen (1857–1936) and his wife Helen Anderson (1865–1944). In the 1920s, he studied telegraphy in Oslo and was employed at Telegrafverket from 1920 to 1945. From 1945 to 1948, he was State Secretary at the Ministry of Transport and Communications. He was employed as Director General of the Norwegian State Railways (NSB) from 1951 to 1966. Stokke was a member of Fredrikstad city council 1928–29 and Aker municipal council 1932–1948. He served as mayor of Aker from 1946 to 1947. He continued as mayor of Oslo from 1948 to 1950 after Aker was incorporated into Oslo in 1948. References 1900 births 1977 deaths People from Fredrikstad Labour Party (Norway) politicians Politicians from Aker Mayors of Oslo Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog Order of the Polar Star Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal
The Codex Beneventanus (British Library, Add MS 5463) is an 8th-century illuminated codex containing a Gospel Book. According to a subscription on folio 239 verso, the manuscript was written by a monk named Lupus for one Ato, who was probably Ato, abbot (736760) of the monastery of San Vincenzo al Volturno (Saint Vincent on the Volturnus), near Benevento. The unusual odd number of Canon Tables suggests these seven folios were prepared as much as two centuries earlier than the rest of the codex. The codex contains the Vulgate version of the four Gospels, the canon tables of Eusebius of Caesarea, the letter of Jerome to Pope Damasus (Novum opus), the prologue of St. Jerome to the Gospels (Plures fuisse), and prologues and chapter lists for each of the Gospels. The text is written on vellum in two columns in uncial script with no division between words. The running titles are in small uncials while the incipits and explicits are in capitals. The incipits and explicits are written in alternating lines of red and black ink. The subscription of Lupus is written in uncials, and also has alternating lines of red and black ink. The text contains additional punctuation and annotations in a 10th-century Beneventuan hand. There are 240 folios of 355 by 275 mm. The folios are generally gathered into quires of eight folios each. There are a few gatherings of ten folios and a few gatherings are lacking one or more folios. The rear flyleaf (folio 240) is a piece of vellum from another manuscript and contains a fragment of a commentary on the Epistle to the Romans written in a 9th-century Carolingian minuscule that has 10th century Beneventan punctuation. The manuscript has decorated canon tables, initials, and incipits and explicits. The canon tables are underneath arches decorated with gold, red and blue. Both sides of folio 4 have decorated arches, but are otherwise blank. Each of the Gospels begins with an initial which is decorated in green, red, and gold. The incipits and explicits are decorated with green red and black ivy leaves. The manuscript was owned in the 8th century by the monastery of St. Vincent on the Voturno, and may have been produced there. By the 13th century it was associated with St. Peter's convent in Benevento. In the first half of the 18th century it was owned by Richard Mead, and was used by Richard Bentley in his collation of New Testament texts. Dr. Mead may have acquired the manuscript in the 1690s when he traveled to Italy, however, the manuscript did not appear in the catalog of the sale of his library in 1754–55. The manuscript was later owned by Anthony Askew (d. 1754). It was purchased by John Jackson in 1785 at the sale of Askew's manuscripts. The British Library purchased it in 1794 at the sale of Jackson's manuscripts. References British Library catalogue entry Digitized manuscript in the British Library Gallery Beneventanus 8th-century biblical manuscripts British Library additional manuscripts 8th-century illuminated manuscripts Vulgate manuscripts
Finchampstead is a village and civil parish in the Wokingham Borough in the shire of Berkshire, England. Its northern extremity is south of Wokingham, west of Bracknell, south-east of Reading, and west of Central London. It is an affluent area, with the village ranking as Britain's 31st wealthiest. It has a high standard of living and is rated as one of the most desirable places to live in the United Kingdom. Topography Finchampstead parish extends from The Throat on the southern edge of Wokingham, just past the Inchcape Garage, down to the Tally Ho pub on the River Blackwater which forms the southern border with Eversley and its county Hampshire, over Eversley Bridge. Finchampstead Bridge is further east, just above Eversley Cross. To the east of the parish is Sandhurst and to the west are Swallowfield, Arborfield and Barkham. The Roman road from London to Silchester traverses the parish from West Court through to Roman Ride off the A321. It is known as the Devil's Highway and is well preserved as a footpath and byway over much of its length through Windsor Forest. It is used as a road at West Court, and from Armholes past Heath Pool and along Roman Ride. The Nine Mile Ride runs the breadth of Finchampstead, through California and then on, between King's Mere and Queen's Mere, to the boundary with Crowthorne, and thence to Pinewood and finally Bracknell. California is the name of this northern part of the parish. It is a large residential village with its own country park around Longmoor Lake, on the edge of Barkham Common. The southern part of the parish includes the parish church; Finchampstead village itself, at the top of Fleet Hill on the B3348 road; Finchampstead Leas, to the west along the A327 road; and the woodlands of the Ridges, spreading north to the Nine Mile Ride. This is a dense, mostly pine tree, wood much of which, including Simon's Wood, is owned by the National Trust. Its hills give panoramic views of the surrounding area. Local government Finchampstead has a parish council with a total of 17 councillors elected by the North, South and Lower Wokingham wards. The parish is in Wokingham Borough unitary authority. Transport Reading Buses service No 3 or "The Leopard Bus," links northern Finchampstead with Wokingham. History The Church of England parish church of St James is on top of a prominent hill and has an old Roman earthwork around it. It was probably the site of a pagan temple. The Roman road between London and Silchester, called the "Devil's Highway", ran through the middle of the parish. A Roman milestone survives at Banisters. Finchampstead's Old English toponym derives from the large variety of finches that still populate the area. It is referred to by the younger generation as 'Finch'. St. Oswald apparently visited the village in the 7th century and named the local holy well, which is recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to have flowed with blood in times of National crisis. Finchampstead is a richly wooded area on the western edge of old Windsor Forest and once the centre of one of its divisional "walkes" and bailiwicks. It was the hunting place of Royalty and an old tale tells how King Henry VII brought his son, Prince Arthur, out onto the Ridges to see his bride, Catherine of Aragon, for the first time. His other son, Henry VIII, is said to have wooed two sisters at East Court Manor until one committed suicide in a fit of jealousy. There are three manor houses. East Court was next to the church, but has been replaced by a Victorian building and the name has been transferred to another house in the village. West Court is a 17th and 19th century house at Finchampstead Lea. Banisters, on the lower slopes of Fleet Hill, is a brick Restoration house of 1683. Finchampstead's Wellingtonia Avenue was planted with one hundred giant sequoia trees, as a monument to the 1st Duke of Wellington in the 1860s. Wellington College school nearby was also erected in his memory. Notable people Commissioner Catherine Bramwell-Booth CBE OF, (Granddaughter of the Salvation Army Founders William Booth and Catherine Booth 'Mother of the Salvation Army'), lived in Finchampstead with two of her sisters Lieut. Col. Olive Booth and Major Dora (Dorothy) Booth. The three are buried with their sister Colonel Mary Bramwell Booth CBE and alongside their brother Bramwell Bernard Booth and his wife Jane in the churchyard of St James'. Catherine died aged 104, Olive 98 and Dora 95. Christine Keeler lived on the Nine Mile Ride. Brigadier General Ernest Macnaghten, former chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council retired to Haygates in Finchampstead. He died there in 1948. Singer-songwriter, Laura Marling, grew up and attended primary school in Finchampstead. Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Stowell Jones, recipient of the Victoria Cross for actions at Delhi during the Indian Mutiny, is buried in the churchyard of St James'. General Sir John Watson, recipient of the Victoria Cross for actions at Lucknow during the Indian Mutiny, is buried in the churchyard of St James'. Churches The present St. James' parish church is almost entirely Norman with a few alterations dating from the late 16th century. It has a Norman eastern apse and a brick tower built in 1720. The baptismal font in the church is late Saxon. The Baptist chapel was built in 1840. It was sold for conversion to a private house when the Finchampstead Baptist Church Centre was built in California. St Mary and St John California meets at Gorse Ride Junior School in California. It is a shared ministry with St James. Housing The village has a number of old cottages. However, most of the parish's housing is at California. Amenities The parish has three public houses: The Greyhound, the Queen's Oak and the Tally Ho. The Tally Ho incorrectly describes itself as being in Eversley. The Queen's Oak is the only pub of that name in England. The absence of public houses in the California area is due to a restrictive covenant imposed by John Walter when he sold the land in this area. Finchampstead Church of England Primary School in the village is opposite the park. There are other schools in California. Finches Pre-School is run daily during term time in the Memorial Hall. The village hall is Finchampstead Memorial Hall, which was built in 1960. The parish has a scout group. There is a children's playground area in the park. There are additional amenities in the parish at California Crossroads. Sport and leisure Finchampstead has clubs for cricket, football, netball and running. The village also has some tennis courts. Finchampstead Football Club plays in the Hellenic Football League, and the Memorial Ground is the home ground of both the football and cricket clubs. There is a nature reserve and a Site of Special Scientific Interest at California. References Sources Civil parishes in Berkshire Villages in Berkshire Borough of Wokingham
Laccobius borealis is a species of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae. It is found in Central America and North America. References Further reading Hydrophilinae Articles created by Qbugbot Beetles described in 1971
Joe Louis Clark (May 8, 1938 – December 29, 2020) was the principal of Eastside High School in Paterson, New Jersey. He is also the subject of the 1989 film Lean on Me, starring Morgan Freeman. Clark gained public attention in the 1980s for his unconventional and controversial disciplinary measures as the principal of Eastside High. Early life Clark was born in Rochelle, Georgia, on May 8, 1938. At the age of 6, Clark and his family moved to Newark, New Jersey, where he would graduate from Central High School. He went on to receive a bachelor's degree from William Paterson College, a master's degree from Seton Hall University, and an honorary doctorate from the U.S. Sports Academy. Clark was a Sergeant in the US Army Reserve, where he was assigned as a drill sergeant. He was selected for honoris causa membership in Omicron Delta Kappa in 1997 at SUNY Plattsburgh. Career Clark was seen as an educator who was not afraid to get tough on difficult students, one who would often carry a bullhorn or a baseball bat at school. When criticized for this, Clark explained the bat was never meant to be used as a weapon, but as a metaphor for life: "A student could either strike out or hit a home run." During his time as principal, Clark expelled over 300 students who were frequently tardy or absent from school, sold or used drugs in school, or caused trouble in school. Though some argue that his tough practices made the school far safer, its academic accomplishments remained woefully inadequate. "While math scores are up 6% during Clark's reign, reading scores have barely budged: they remain in the bottom third of the nation's high school seniors. While a few more students are going to college -- 211, up from 182 in 1982 -- Clark has lost considerable ground in the battle against dropouts: when he arrived, Eastside's rate was 13%; now [in 1988] it is 21%." After his tenure as principal of Eastside High, Clark later served as director of the Essex County Detention House in Newark, New Jersey, a juvenile detention facility. Legacy Time magazine's cover article notes that Clark's style as principal was primarily disciplinarian in nature, focused on encouraging school pride and good behavior, although Clark was also portrayed as a former social activist in the film Lean on Me. "Clark's use of force may rid the school of unwanted students," commented Boston principal Thomas P. O'Neill Jr., "but he also may be losing kids who might succeed." George McKenna, former principal of Washington Preparatory High School in Los Angeles, often cited as a contemporary of Joe Clark as a school reformer with a similarly outgoing approach, was also critical. "Our role is to rescue and to be responsible," McKenna told Time. "If the students were not poor black children, Joe Clark would not be tolerated." Other educators defended and praised Clark. "You cannot use a democratic and collaborative style when crisis is rampant and disorder reigns," said Kenneth Tewel, a former principal. "You need an autocrat to bring things under control." Some critics focused on the fact that while Clark had reestablished cleanliness and order, education scores had not substantially improved, which resulted in Eastside High being taken over by the state one year after Clark's departure in 1991. Separate criticism focused on the social impact of expelling delinquent students to improve test scores, claiming that "tossing out the troublesome low achievers" simply moved the problems from the school onto the street. Clark defended the practice, saying teachers should not have to waste their time on students who do not want to learn; however, Time noted that the national dropout rate for such students remained high across the country and, with few alternatives available, each inner city school that had been able to reverse the trend had done so through "a bold, enduring principal" such as Clark. Further, he was "able to maintain or restore order without abandoning the students who are in trouble." Personal life Clark was the father of Olympic track athletes, daughters Joetta Clark Diggs and Hazel Clark, and J.J. Clark, his son, who is a track coach. He was also the father-in-law of Olympic track athlete Jearl Miles Clark. He resided in Newberry, Florida, during his retirement. Clark died following a long illness on December 29, 2020, at the age of 82. See also List of teachers portrayed in films References External links 1938 births 2020 deaths Central High School (Newark, New Jersey) alumni American school principals Education in New Jersey People from Paterson, New Jersey William Paterson University alumni Seton Hall University alumni Rutgers University alumni 20th-century African-American educators 20th-century American educators Right-wing populism in the United States People from Rochelle, Georgia Educators from New Jersey 21st-century African-American people
Cannabis flower essential oil, also known as hemp essential oil, is an essential oil obtained by steam distillation from the flowers, panicles (flower cluster), stem, and upper leaves of the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa L.). Hemp essential oil is distinct from hemp seed oil (hemp oil) and hash oil: the former is a vegetable oil that is cold-pressed from the seeds of low-THC varieties of hemp, the latter is a THC-rich extract of dried female hemp flowers (marijuana) or resin (hashish). A pale yellow liquid, cannabis flower essential oil is a volatile oil that is a mixture of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and other terpenoid compounds. The typical scent of hemp results from about 140 different terpenoids. Beyond terpenes, there exist a number of other minor compounds that can drastically influence the aroma, such as volatile sulfur compounds, esters, and the heterocyclic compounds indole and skatole. The essential oil is manufactured from both low-THC ("fibre-type") and high-THC ("drug-type") varieties of hemp. As most of the phytocannabinoids are nearly insoluble in water, hemp essential oil contains only traces of cannabinoids. Even in "drug-type" hemp, the THC content of the essential oil does not exceed 0.08%. Most of the material is produced in Canada, as well as small scale cultivations in Switzerland and Germany. Hemp essential oil is used as a scent in perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, and candles. It is also used as a flavoring in foods, primarily candy and beverages. Yield The yield depends on the hemp type (drug, fiber) and pollination; sex, age, and part of the plant; cultivation (indoor, outdoor etc.); harvest time and conditions; drying; and storage. For example, fresh buds from an Afghani variety yielded 0.29% essential oil. Drying and storage reduced the content from 0.29% to 0.20% after 1 week, and to 0.13% after 3 months. Monoterpenes showed a significantly greater loss than sesquiterpenes, but none of the major components completely disappeared in the drying process. About 1.3 L of essential oil per ton resulted from freshly harvested outdoor-grown hemp, corresponding to about 10 L/ha. The yield of nonpollinated ("sinsemilla") hemp at 18 L/ha was more than twofold compared with pollinated hemp (8 L/ha). Constituents Sixty-eight components were detected by GC and GC/mass spectrometry (MS) in fresh bud oil distilled from high-potency, indoor-grown hemp. The 57 identified constituents were 92% monoterpenes, 7% sesquiterpenes, and approx. 1% other compounds (ketones, esters). The dominating monoterpenes were myrcene (67%) and limonene (16%). In the essential oil from outdoor-grown hemp, the monoterpene concentration varied between 47.9 and 92.1% of the total terpenoid content. The sesquiterpenes ranged from 5.2 to 48.6%. The most abundant monoterpene was β-myrcene, followed by trans-caryophyllene, α-pinene, trans-ocimene, and α-terpinolene. Another report said there were 140 terpenoids, dominated by α-pinene and limonene which together often comprise 75% of the live plant's volatiles. However, extracted essential oils can change in composition, and the live plant, dried plant and essential oil can smell rather different. Even in "drug-type" hemp, the THC content of the essential oil was not more than 0.08%. In the essential oil of five different European hemp cultivars, the dominating terpenes were myrcene (21.1–35.0 %), α-pinene (7.2–14.6 %), α-terpinolene (7.0–16.6 %), trans-caryophyllene (12.2.–18.9 %), and α-humulene (6.1–8.7 %). The main differences between the cultivars were found in the contents of α-terpinolene and α-pinene. Other terpenoids present only in traces are sabinene, α-terpinene, 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), pulegone, γ-terpinene, terpineol-4-ol, bornyl acetate, α-copaene, alloaromadendrene, viridiflorene, β-bisabolene, γ-cadinene, trans-β-farnesene, trans-nerolidol, and β-bisabolol. The major alkane present in an essential oil obtained by extraction and steam distillation was the n-C29 alkane nonacosane (55.8 and 10.7%, respectively). Uses The various terpenes in cannabis have antifungal, antimicrobial, antiviral and insect repellent functions that could be commercially valuable when used externally. Cannabis essential oils that are cannabinoid-free have been tested for central nervous effects. Natural monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes from cannabis flowers have relaxing, sedative and anti-depressant effects when inhaled. Their application in aromatherapy is increasing, but the high price of the natural oil (50$ per milliliter) is a limiting factor. In Switzerland and Austria, specific landraces with high essential oil content but no discernible amounts of cannabinoids have been developed for the purpose of flavoring beverage products. For those applications, oils with high monoterpene percentages (but a low alpha-humulene or caryophyllene oxide concentration) are desirable. Terpenes used in THC vaping products, legal in some jurisdictions in the United States, are not true cannabis terpenes, but synthetic and racemic with potential health hazards. Due to health promoting effects, natural THC-free cannabis flower oil is the preferred ingredient in the legal European market. Unregulated additives in US vaping products have led to serious health consequences, including fatal outcomes. See also Cannabis concentrate Cannabidiol References Sources Further reading – discusses similar terpenes in hops and cannabis External links Hemp Essential Oil: Sweet Smell of Success Essential oils Preparations of cannabis
The Hedwig Codex, also known as the Codex of Lubin (), is a medieval illuminated manuscript from the mid-14th century. It comprises sixty-one colored drawings and inscriptions which tell the life of Saint Hedwig, High Duchess of Poland and Silesia, her family, and events related to her canonization in 1267. The Hedwig Codex details both the married life of the Hedwig and her life within the Cistercian nunnery of Trebnitz. This art piece, a fine example of Central European Gothic art, is valued especially for its depictions of the Mongol invasion of Europe and Poland. History Medieval Commission The Hedwig Codex was commissioned by Louis I of Liegnitz-Brieg (Louis of Legnica and Brzeg; , ) with his wife, Agnes of Glogau. Louis I of Liegnitz was also Saint Hedwig's great-great-great-grandson. In spite of the manuscript being made a century after her demise, the codex has come to substitute for the holy saint, having a nearly relic-like status. The commission of the manuscript helped further establish a cult in Silesia that revered Saint Hedwig. Based on Hedwig's hagiography (), the illustrated codex was produced in 1353 at the court workshop of Hedwig's descendant, Duke Louis I of Liegnitz, in Lubin. Duke Louis, the vassal of the Bohemian king and from mother's side his relative, while from his father's side a member of the branch of the Polish royal Piast dynasty, wanted through this opus to contribute to celebration of his famous ancestor and family. The writer (or even illuminator?) of the manuscript was certain Nicolaus of Prussia (Nycolaus Pruzie). The History of the Codex Duke Louis left the Hedwig Codex to Saint Hedwig in Brzeg, Poland. The manuscript was in Poland for about two-hundred and fifty years. The Hedwig Codex was passed around through Bohemia royalty until its donation to the monastery in the Czech Republic. Upon the Protestant Reformation and the dissolution-secularization of the Brzeg collegiate chapter in 1534, the codex was moved to local gymnasium. During the devastating events of the Thirty Years' War the book was transferred to the town of Ostrov (Schlackenwerth) in western Bohemia (this country and Silesia were part of the same Crown at that time) where was subsequently, after 1671, kept at Piarist monastery. Modern Provenance Two Viennese art dealers got ahold of the manuscript in 1910 and sold it to philanthropist Ritter von Gutmann. In 1938 Nazi authorities in Austria confiscated Gutmanns' art collection, yet previous owners regained the manuscript in 1947 and passed with it to Canada. For 19 years (1964–83) the manuscript had been returned to Europe again – during that time a facsimile edition, edited by the German art historian Wolfgang Braunfels, was made and published (1972) in Berlin as Der Hedwigs-Codex von 1353. The manuscript was then sold to H.P. Kraus from New York City until it was acquired by the Ludwig Collection located in Cologne. In 1983 the Hedwig Codex was purchased by the J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles.The original manuscript is today part of the Getty Museum collection under the signature Ms. Ludwig XI 7 and has been in thirty-six exhibitions. St. Hedwig Hedwig of Silesia married Henry, the future Duke of Silesia, at the age of twelve and had seven children. She did not have much contact with her family, which was common for the upper aristocracy. When she became duchess, she only had contact with one member of her family, her brother Ekbert who was also the bishop-elect of Bamberg, Germany. Hedwig became a widow upon the death of her husband, retreating to the Cistercian nunnery of Trebnitz that she and her husband, Henry, had founded in 1202. Fourteen years later, Hedwig passed away, Hedwig of Silesia was canonized into a Saint. It was common for noble widows to retreat to a reputable convent in the medieval period. Even though Hedwig retreated to a convent, she never took vows to enter the order formally, due to the fact that she valued her freedom outside and inside the convent. Hedwig told her daughter Gertrude, who was the abbess of the convent, that she could not be officially bound to the order because she needed to look after the needs of Christ's poor in the world. Hedwig wanted to follow the duties Christ designated to his apostles which in return would grant her eternal life. By the year 1300 in Silesia, people began referring to Hedwig as patron saint of Silesia. Churches in Poland honored Hedwig by adding a feast day dedicated to her on their ceremonial calendars. Due to the large number of Silesian Catholics, King Fredrick the Great commissioned a church for Hedwig in the year 1740, known as St. Hedwig's Cathedrallocated in Berlin, Germany. Purpose The purpose of the creation of the Hedwig Codex was to celebrate and codify the canonization of Saint Hedwig of Silesia and to claim what was important in her life and sanctity. What interests art historians about the manuscript are its sixty-one tinted drawings which, unlike the text, were originals instead of copies. While the Hedwig Codex details the Saint's life, it does not provide eyewitness statements of the saint, only of the patron. The manuscript is meant to show the marital and penitential life of Saint Hedwig os Silesia. She lived a life of humility that transferred over to the iconography of the manuscript portraying her through maternal imagery. Saint Hedwig of Silesia was perceived as the mother of the poor and a source of comfort for widows and orphans. Description Design The manuscript has a total of 204 folios. All of the drawings in the Hedwig Codex, with the exception of fol. 9v-12v, are included on single leaves. The material that the manuscript is made out of it red-stained pigskin. The manuscript uses tempera colors and is bounded in between wood boards. Many of the illustrations in the Hedwig Codex have figures on the side to represent witnesses and their appearance also represents the readers. By making the reader a proxy participant, the illustrations in the Hedwig Codex make the legend of Saint Hedwig of Silesia come to life. Text and Script The manuscript has a total of 204 folios, 128 of which are only text. The folios containing only text telling the story of Saint Hedwig of Silesia are known as vita maior and vita minor. The vita maior tells the long life of the Saint while the vita minor is shorter containing prayers, sermons, and about her canonization. The manuscript has a large text script in order to make up for the large size of the manuscript. The manuscript has twenty-four lines on each page which makes it simply legible. Since the manuscript was written by only one scribe, Nycolaus Pruzia, it's an indicator of the conceptual unity of the manuscript. Interpretation The Hedwig Codex shows Saint Hedwig of Silesia praying, performing miracles, and giving back to those in need. The manuscript is seen as a symbol of female devotion while also sharing the life of the duchess of Silesia. At the beginning of the manuscript, Hedwig's family tree is depicted in folio 9v and folio 10r, which can be interpreted as a symbol of the political climate the country was enduring. Louis I who commissioned the codex, omitted Anna of Svídnická who was Hedwig's great-great-great-granddaughter and Louis' cousin, as well as St. Elizabeth of Hungary, Hedwig's niece, who was the most famous of the family saints. Since Elizabeth died at an earlier age than Hedwig and had only one daughter as opposed to the seven children Hedwig birthed, Louis I hoped to legitimize himself through Hedwig and prove his direct Piast lineage. Since its arrival to the J. Paul Getty Museum, art historians, like Jaroslav Folda and Jeffrey Hamburger, have noted that this manuscript is an exemplar of Bohemian book illumination and a testament to woman's religious devotion in the Middle Ages. Jeffrey Hamburger gives an interpretation of the manuscript as evidence of the developing status of art within monastic context. Illuminations In fol. 10v of the manuscript, Saint Hedwig is depicted with her family. This folio is anachronistic since the people depicted were already deceased, including Saint Hedwig's parents, making the illustration an impossibility. The iconography makes the image of Hedwig of Silesia look like a cult image. In fol. 12v, Saint Hedwig appears wearing a grey cloak while clutching the ivory statue of Virgin and child and a pair of shoes on her hands which she carried in case she met someone who was of importance to wear shoes for. A part of Hedwig's legend includes her leaving trails of blood coming from her feet due to her walking barefoot as an imitation of Christ and his apostles and the cold Polish winter. In fol. 12v., Duke Louis I of Liegnitz and his wife Agnes are miniature compared to Hedwig's full-page frontispiece. The ivory statue of Virgin and child that Saint Hedwig is holding in fol. 12v represents her cradling Duke Henry, her deceased son who died fighting the Mongol invaders. Unlike the Virgin Mary, Hedwig is shown without a crown, and instead, is given a red and white halo. Saint Hedwig not having a crown symbolizes her humility. Sources/Resources/Further Alvis, R. (2013). The Modern Lives of a Medieval Saint: The Cult of St. Hedwig in Twentieth-Century Germany. German Studies Review, 36(1), 1-20. Hamburger, J. F. (January 1, 2009). Representations of reading - reading representations: The female reader from the 'Hedwig Codex' to Châtillon's 'Léopoldine au Livre d'Heures'. Lesende Frau / Hrsg. Von Gabriela Signori, 177-239. Holladay, J. A. (2019). Genealogy and the politics of representation in the high and late Middle Ages. Jung, J. E. (January 1, 2010). The tactile and the visionary: Notes on the place of sculpture in the Medieval religious imagination. Looking Beyond / Index of Christian Art, Department of Art Et Archaeology, Princeton University. Ed. by Colum Hourihane, 203-240. Lyon, J. (2013). Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100-1250 (UPCC book collections on Project MUSE). Ithaca: Cornell University Press. McCann, Allison. (2020) "Women's Books? Gendered Piety and Patronage in Late Medieval Bohemian Illuminated Codices". http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/37952/ , pp. 85–96. Walter, K. C. (2018). The profession of widowhood: Widows, pastoral care, and medieval models of holiness. Wolfgang Braunfels, ed., Der Hedwigs-Codex von 1353: Sammlung Ludwig, 2 volumes (Berlin, 1972) Velislaus Bible (1349) – manuscript from neighboring Bohemia, very similar in terms of letters, layout of folios and illuminations' style Vita beatae Hedwigis – at the Getty Museum website J. Paul Getty Trust. (2012). Cultural Objects Name Authority OnlineElektronische Ressource. Los Angeles, Calif: J. Paul Getty Trust. Retrieved from: http://vocab.getty.edu/page/cona/700002319 Notes 1353 books Christian illuminated manuscripts 14th-century illuminated manuscripts Illuminated manuscripts of the J. Paul Getty Museum
Sasakura Dam is a gravity dam located in Shimane Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for flood control. The catchment area of the dam is 13.5 km2. The dam impounds about 5 ha of land when full and can store 556 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was completed in 1967. References Dams in Shimane Prefecture 1967 establishments in Japan
Ward Hayden and the Outliers, formerly known as Girls, Guns and Glory (GGG), is an American band from Boston, Massachusetts. They currently release music independently but formerly had signed with Lonesome Day Records and released albums with Sony RED, MRI and Dry Lightning Records in the US, as well as through Proper in the UK and Rough Trade in Europe. Their music is a mix of old school country, early rock 'n' roll, blues, and country rock. Inspiration is taken from Hank Williams, Johnny Cash and Johnny Horton classics. Ward Hayden and the Outliers has garnered seven Boston Music Awards (BMA). They were the 2011 winner of the BMA for "Americana Artist of the Year", and were nominated in the "Live Artist of the Year" category. They were also the 2019 winner of the BMA for "Country Artist of the Year". The band is popular throughout Europe and Scandinavia and has toured there for several years. Their 2016 album Love and Protest was a top 5 album in Norway and peaked at #1 on the Norway country album charts. The band has released seven studio albums and a live album, the two most recent being Can’t Judge a Book (2019) and Free Country (2021). Two more studio albums and one more live album are currently in the works for 2023 and 2024, including the studio album South Shore, set for release in early 2023. History The band was formed in 2005 by vocalist/rhythm guitarist Ward Hayden and bassist Bruce Beagley, joined shortly afterward by lead guitarist Colin Toomey and drummer John Graham. Colt Thompson replaced Toomey in 2007. 2008 led to the band's third studio recording and their first Top 10 album "Inverted Valentine", which peaked at #8 on the Americana Music Association (AMA) Chart. It was the highest charting album by an Independent band that year and led to the band being courted by numerous Major and Independent record labels in the US and Europe. After re-releasing "Inverted Valentine" with label support in 2009, the band embarked on two years of non-stop touring, racking up close to 200 shows a year in 2009 and 2010. During this time the band toured with Yarn, Lake Street Dive, Della Mae, Bill Kirchen, Eilen Jewell, Bobby Bare Jr, Trampled By Turtles, Drag The River, and Slim Cessna's Auto Club. By 2010, Hayden was the sole original member left in the band, with Boston-based guitarist Chris Hersch and bassist Paul Dilley joining. A second guitarist, Joe Keffler, also toured with the band in 2010. By 2012, Josh Kiggans became the band's third drummer replacing Michael Calabrese, also of the Boston-based band Lake Street Dive. In 2014, Rolling Stone included the band in its list of the top 10 new country artists that fall. Rolling Stone also reviewed the band's live Hank Williams tribute album. Their third album, 2011's Sweet Nothings featured a collaboration (the song "1000 Times") with local Massachusetts alternative country musician Sarah Borges. In 2011, the band opened for Wanda Jackson. In 2016, Hersch left the band and was replaced later that year by Cody Nilsen. Also in 2016, the band decided to release new music independently, beginning with the album Love and Protest. The album featured local Massachusetts sideman Duke Levine as guest lead guitarist because it was recorded between Hersch's departure and Nilsen's arrival. The band also featured a touring lead guitarist during this time. After Nilsen joined the band, they opened for NRBQ. In 2018, the band dropped the name Girls, Guns and Glory because of the polarizing issue of gun control in the United States. Also in 2018, the band opened for The Oak Ridge Boys, Marty Stuart & His Fabulous Superlatives, Los Lobos, and Dwight Yoakam. Their seventh studio album, Can't Judge A Book, mostly featuring covers, some of which were re-imagined by the band, has recently been released. Also in 2019, the band opened for Midland. In 2021, the band opened for Los Lobos for a second time. In 2023, while Nilsen worked as a guitar tech for the Dropkick Murphys, Ryan Hommel temporarily sat in with the band on lead guitar. In early 2023, the band's next studio album, South Shore, will be released, with another studio album and another Hank Williams tribute live album scheduled to follow later in 2023 and in 2024. Members Current members Ward Hayden — lead vocals, rhythm guitar, double bass, drums (2005–present) Josh Kiggans — drums, mandolin, percussion, piano, vocals (2012–present) Cody Nilsen — vocals, lead guitar, pedal steel guitar, dobro, slide guitar, baritone guitar (2016–present) Greg Hall – vocals, bass, double bass (2020–present) Former members Bruce Beagley — bass guitar (2005-2008) John Graham — drums (2005-2009) Colin Toomey – lead guitar (2006) Brendan Murphy – percussion (2006) Colt Thompson — harmony and backing vocals, lead guitar, rhythm guitar (2007-2010) Justin Maxwell — bass guitar, double bass (2009-2010) Michael Calabrese — drums (2009-2012) Chris Hersch — vocals, lead guitar, banjo (2010-2016) Joe Keffler – rhythm guitar (2010) Paul Dilley — vocals, bass guitar, double bass, lead guitar, piano, Mellotron, drums, mandolin (2010–2020) Timeline Discography 2000s Fireworks & Alcohol (2006) Pretty Little Wrecking Ball (2007) Inverted Valentine (2008) 2010s 2020s Free Country (2021) South Shore (2023; to be released) References External links www.wardhaydenandtheoutliers.com www.girlsgunsandglory.com (former website, until 2018) Further reading 10 new artists you need to know: Girls Guns and Glory (Rolling Stone) Girls Guns & Glory Drink Their Way Through Christmas in New Video (Rolling Stone) A little bit country, a little bit rock 'n' roll (The Boston Globe) Band gets shout-out from Ochocinco (The Boston Globe) Noisy Neighbors: Review of 'Sweet Nothings' (The Boston Globe) Music Review: Revamped Girls Guns & Glory bring it on home (The Patriot Ledger) Hear Girls Guns & Glory Honor Hank Williams on New Tribute Album (Rolling Stone) Girls Guns And Glory: Sweet Nothings, CD review (The Daily Telegraph) The Best Country Music of 2011 (PopMatters) Songs You Need To Hear: Girls Guns and Glory, 'Baby’s Got A Dream' (American Songwriter) #1 Country Album in Norway 2016: Girls Guns & Glory "Love and Protest" (Rootsy) American alternative country musicians American country rock groups Americana music groups Musical groups from Boston
2022 was the first year in the history of the Eagle Fighting Championship, a mixed martial arts promotion based in Miami, Florida. The year began with Eagle FC 44. Background Khabib Nurmagomedov announced that Eagle Fighting Championship has plans for United States expansion in 2022. The organization plans to hold as many as 10 events in the USA. List of events Title fight Eagle FC 44: Spong vs. Kharitonov Eagle Fighting Championship 44: Spong vs. Kharitonov was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on January 28, 2022, in Miami, Florida, USA. Background The main event was initially set to feature the former It's Showtime champion Tyrone Spong and UFC veteran Antônio Silva, but Silva was forced off the card on December 13 due to undisclosed reasons. Instead, the event was headlined by a heavyweight bout between Spong and Sergei Kharitonov, who stepped in for Silva. Former UFC Bantamweight champion Renan Barão was scheduled to face Horacio Gutiérrez at this event, but the bout was cancelled. Results \|- Eagle FC: Selection 4 Eagle FC: Selection 4 was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on January 29, 2022, in Kizilyurt, Russia. Results Eagle FC 45: Gitinovasov vs. Magomedov Eagle FC 45: Gitinovasov vs. Magomedov was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on February 18, 2022, in Moscow, Russia. Background Results Eagle FC 46: Lee vs. Sanchez Eagle Fighting Championship 46: Lee vs. Sanchez was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on March 11, 2022, in Miami, Florida, USA. Background The main event featured Diego Sanchez and Kevin Lee in their Eagle FC debuts in a 165 pounds bout. At weigh ins, Impa Kasanganay and Ikram Aliskerov missed weight for their respective bouts. Kasanganay weighed in at 179.2 pounds, 3.2 pounds over the welterweight non-title limit. Aliskerov weighed in at 186.2 pounds, 0.2 pounds over the middleweight non-title limit. Both of their bouts proceeded at catchweight and they were each fined a percentage of their individual purses respectively, which went to their opponents. Results Eagle FC 47: Dos Santos vs. De Castro Eagle Fighting Championship 47: Dos Santos vs. De Castro was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on May 20, 2022, in Miami, Florida, USA . Background In the main event, the show featured the debut of former UFC heavyweight champion Junior Dos Santos as he faced fellow UFC veteran Yorgan De Castro. The co-main event featured the debut of former Bellator MMA middleweight champion and UFC contender Héctor Lombard against fellow UFC alum Thiago Silva, who returned after a three-year absence from mixed martial arts competition. At weigh ins, Maki Pitolo, Doug Usher, Alexandre Almeida, and Paulo Silva missed weight for their respective bouts. Pitolo weighed in at 187.4 pounds, Usher weighed in at 189 pounds, Alexandre Almeida weighed in at 158.4 pounds, and Paulo Silva weighed in at 156.6 pounds. Results Eagle FC 48 & Naiza FC 41 Eagle Fighting Championship 48 & Naiza FC 41 was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship & Naiza Fighting Championship on July 16, 2022, in Aktau, Kazakhstan. Results Eagle FC 49: Busurmankul vs. Magomedov Eagle Fighting Championship 49: Busurmankul vs. Magomedov was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on August 10, 2022, in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Fight card Eagle FC 50: Nurgozhay vs. Andreitsev Eagle Fighting Championship 50: Nurgozhay vs. Andreitsev was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on August 21, 2022, in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. Fight card Eagle FC: Selection 5 Cup of Minin Eagle FC: Selection 5 Cup of Minin was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on October 30, 2022, in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Results Eagle FC: Selection 6 Eagle FC: Selection 6 was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on December 2, 2022 in Almetyevsk, Russia. Results Eagle FC 51: Izmodenov vs. Mukhtarov Eagle FC 51: Izmodenov vs. Mukhtarov was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on December 10, 2022 in Atyrau, Kazakhstan. Fight card See also 2022 in UFC 2022 in Bellator MMA 2022 in ONE Championship 2022 in Absolute Championship Akhmat 2022 in Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki 2022 in Rizin Fighting Federation 2022 in AMC Fight Nights 2022 in Brave Combat Federation 2022 in Road FC 2022 Professional Fighters League season 2022 in Legacy Fighting Alliance References External links Eagle FC 2022 in mixed martial arts Eagle FC events 2022 sport-related lists
Francis Asbury Roe (October 4, 1823 – December 28, 1901) was an admiral in the United States Navy who served during the American Civil War. Biography Born in Elmira, New York, Roe entered the United States Navy as a midshipman on October 19, 1841, and graduated from the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland in 1848. Roe left the Navy for eleven months, from June 1848 to May 1849, serving aboard the mail steamer SS Georgia. After he returned to the Navy, he was assigned to the brigantine and served in an expedition to chart the North Pacific. Cape Roe on the Japanese island of Tanegashima was named for him during this expedition. In 1854, while serving in Porpoise on the Asiatic Station, he participated in an engagement with 13 Chinese armored junks off Macau. Six of the junks were sunk and the others were scattered. Roe received his commission as master on August 8, 1855, and as lieutenant on September 14 of the same year. From 1857 to 1858 he served in the U.S. Coast Survey. During the Civil War, in April 1862, he was recommended for promotion for gallantry for his actions on board the screw steamer while serving as executive officer, as that ship led Admiral David Farragut's starboard column past Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip. He was promoted to lieutenant commander on July 16, 1862, and placed in command of the gunboat on the Mississippi River. While commanding Katahdin, Roe defeated Confederate general John C. Breckinridge's attack on Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Roe was ordered to command the side-wheel steamer on the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron in September 1863, and captured and destroyed several blockade runners in the sounds of North Carolina. Eight months later he was again commended for gallantry for engaging the Confederate ram and capturing the gunboat on May 5, 1864. After the end of the war, Roe commanded the iron-hulled warship on the Great Lakes. He was promoted to commander on July 25, 1866, and given command of the steamer on a special mission to Mexico. Roe served as fleet captain for the Asiatic Station from 1868 to 1871. Roe was promoted to captain on April 1, 1872, and commanded the screw sloop on the Brazil Station from 1874 to 1875. He was promoted to commodore on November 26, 1880, and to rear admiral on November 3, 1884, while serving as governor of the Naval Asylum at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was transferred to the retired list on October 4, 1885. Roe died in Washington, D.C., on December 28, 1901, aged 78, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Namesake The United States Navy has named two destroyers in his honor. Gallery References Further reading Park Benjamin, Jr., Francis Asbury Roe (Washington, 1904) External links F. A. Roe Scrapbook, 1862–1891 MS 189 held by Special Collections & Archives, Nimitz Library at the United States Naval Academy Union Navy officers 1823 births 1901 deaths People from Elmira, New York United States Navy admirals United States Naval Academy alumni Burials at Arlington National Cemetery General Society of Colonial Wars
Walter Robert Radford (July 1886 – 1943) was an English footballer, who played as an inside-forward in the 1900s with Southampton and Wolverhampton Wanderers, with whom he won the FA Cup in 1908. Football career Radford was born in Pinxton, Derbyshire, where he played football as a youth before joining Wolverhampton Wanderers, then in the Football League First Division, as a trainee. He made two first-team appearances in the 1905–06 season, at the end of which the "Wolves" were relegated. In January 1906, he moved to the south coast, to join Southampton of the Southern League. The "Saints" finished the season as runners-up, and were hopeful of regaining the championship title in 1907, which they had won six times in the previous ten years. Radford made his debut in the opening match of the 1906–07 season, playing at centre-forward; after the team picked up only one point from the first three matches, Radford moved to outside-right, with Fred Harrison moving into the centre. This had little effect on the team's performances, and Radford lost his place to Frank Jefferis. Radford was recalled at the end of the season, initially replacing George Harris at inside-left, before three games back at centre-forward. In the first of these, away to Northampton Town on 6 April, Radford scored his only goals for the Saints in a 4–2 victory. Saints finished the season 11th in the League, their lowest position since joining the Southern League in 1894. In the summer of 1907, Radford returned to Molineux, to rejoin his former club, now starting their second season in the Second Division. Radford made 26 League appearances in the 1907–08 season, scoring nine goals. In the FA Cup, Radford's goals at Bury and Stoke helped Wolves reach the semi-final against his former club, Southampton. In the semi-final, played at Stamford Bridge, Radford and another former Southampton player, George Hedley, scored the goals to put Wolves into the final. In the final, played at Crystal Palace on 25 April 1908, Wolves met Newcastle United. Despite playing a team from the First Division, Wolves upset the odds by winning the match 3–1, with goals by Kenneth Hunt, Hedley and Billy Harrison. In the following season, Wolves' defence of the cup ended at the first hurdle, where Radford's three goals couldn't prevent Crystal Palace of the Southern League going through after a replay. In the league, Radford scored 21 goals from 37 appearances, making him the club's top-scorer. Radford remained at Molineux for one further season, before dropping down to non-league football with Southport Central of the Lancashire Combination in 1910. Later career Radford returned to Derbyshire and in 1919 became a referee in the Erewash Amateur League, before progressing to the English Football League list of referees. Honours Wolverhampton Wanderers FA Cup winner: 1908 References 1886 births People from Pinxton Footballers from Derbyshire 1943 deaths English men's footballers Men's association football forwards English Football League players Southern Football League players Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players Southampton F.C. players Southport F.C. players English football referees
George Herbert King (born October 12, 1951) is a former United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California. Education and career King was born in Shanghai, China. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1971 and a Juris Doctor from the USC Gould School of Law at the University of Southern California in 1974. He was in private practice in Los Angeles, California from 1974 to 1975. In 1971 he was a personnel clerk for Coca Cola Bottling Company. From 1972 to 1975 he served as a law clerk and an associate for three different law firms. He was an Assistant United States Attorney for the Central District of California from 1975 to 1979. King returned to private practice from 1979 to 1986. At the same time, he acted as a hearing examiner for the Los Angeles Police Commission from 1980 to 1982. Federal judicial service In 1987, King became a United States magistrate judge for the Central District of California. On April 27, 1995, President Bill Clinton nominated King to be a United States District Judge for the United States District Court for the Central District of California, to a new seat created by 104 Stat. 5089. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 30, 1995, and received his commission the same day. He served as Chief Judge from September 14, 2012 to June 30, 2016. He retired on January 6, 2017. Notable case In perhaps his most famous ruling, King granted summary judgment in the case of Rupa Marya v. Warner/Chappell Music Inc. in favor of the plaintiffs, holding that defendants had no valid copyright in the song Happy Birthday, in a decision filed September 22, 2015. See also List of Asian American jurists References Sources 1951 births Living people Assistant United States Attorneys Chinese emigrants to the United States Judges of the United States District Court for the Central District of California People from Shanghai United States district court judges appointed by Bill Clinton United States magistrate judges University of California, Los Angeles alumni USC Gould School of Law alumni 20th-century American judges 21st-century American judges
The 2008 Argentina rugby union tour of Europe was a series of matches played in November 2008 in Europe by the Argentina national team. Coached by Santiago Phelan, the Argentine national side toured on France, Italy and Ireland playing a total of three matches thereof. Argentina beat Italy and lost to France and Ireland. Touring party Coaching staff Head coach: Santiago Phelan Assistant coach: Fabián Turnes Assistant coach: Marcelo Reggiardo Players Horacio Agulla (Brive) Patricio Albacete (Stade Toulousain) Rimas Álvarez Kairelis (Perpignan) Miguel Avramovic (Montauban) Marcos Ayerza (Leicester Tigers) Nicolás Bruzzone (San Isidro Club) Alejandro Campos (ASM Clermont Auvergne) Rafael Carballo (Castres Olympique) Mauro Comuzzi (Pucará) Felipe Contepomi (Leinster) (captain) Martín Durand (Champagnat) Juan Martín Fernández Lobbe (Sale Sharks) Santiago Fernandez (Hindú) Juan Figallo (Jockey Club Salta) Agustin Figuerola (C.A. San Isidro) Mariano Galarza (Universitario LP) Álvaro Galindo (Racing Metro) Eusebio Guiñazú (Agen) Juan Martín Hernández (Stade Francais) Mario Ledesma (ASM Clermont Auvergne) Juan Manuel Leguizamón (Stade Francais) Francisco Leonelli (Saracens) Esteban Lozada (Toulon) Federico Martín Aramburú (Dax) Juan Pablo Orlandi (Rovigo) Rodrigo Roncero (Stade Francais) Bernardo Stortoni (Glasgow Warriors) Gonzalo Tiesi (Harlequins) Nicolas Vergallo (Dax) Alberto Vernet Basualdo (Stade Toulousain) Match summary Match details References 2008 rugby union tours rugby 2008 2008–09 in European rugby union 2008–09 in French rugby union 2008–09 in Italian rugby union 2008–09 in Irish rugby union 2008 2008 2008 History of rugby union matches between Argentina and Ireland
Cape Santa Clara, Gabon is a peninsula extending from the Gabon Estuary near the port of Owendo. Overview The larger peninsula that separates the Gabon estuary from Corisco Bay, the cape juts into the mouth of the estuary. The cape is near Libreville, the capital city of Gabon The Santa Clara Rock Formation is also visible. Transport Cape Santa Clara is the proposed site for a new port for the export of iron ore from Belinga. Photos Plage de Santa Clara See also Gabon Estuary - Railway stations in Gabon References Populated places in Estuaire Province
Hermann Eisner (December 29, 1898 - September 18, 1969) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1949 to 1950. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Wisconsin State Senate in 1956 and in the Republican primary for the Assembly in 1958. Eisner was born on December 29, 1898, in Austria. References Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States Republican Party members of the Wisconsin State Assembly 1898 births 1969 deaths
Virendra Beniwal (born 13 May 1960) is an Indian politician. He is a member of Indian National Congress. He is former two term Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly in 2003 and 2008 from Lunkaransar, Rajasthan. He is son of Bhim Sen Beniwal, former six time member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly. Early life and education Beniwal was born to Bhimsen Beniwal on 13 May 1960 in Bandha, Bikaner. He did M.Com from University of Rajasthan. Positions held 1998 - 2002 vice-president, Rajasthan Pradesh Youth Congress. 2000 Elected Member, Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee. References 1960 births Living people Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan
Perry Williams may refer to: Perry Williams (cornerback), American football cornerback Perry Williams (running back), American football running back
Willemsoord Dry Dock I is a historic dry dock in Willemsoord, Den Helder, Netherlands. It was constructed from 1813 till 1822, under the direction of Jan Blanken, and was part of the former Rijkswerf Willemsoord. Context Nieuwediep In 1781-1785 the harbor of Nieuwediep was created just east of Den Helder. It was meant for heavy warships, which had trouble reaching their home towns on the Zuiderzee. These home towns (like Amsterdam) vehemently opposed the construction of a competing harbor, and wanted Nieuwediep's function to remain strictly limited to harboring heavy warships. Nevertheless, from 1792 onward, some field fortifications were made to protect the harbor. A careening facility called or was also created. Here ships could enter at high tide, be put on their side at low tide and careen while a lock door prevented the flood from returning. The 1799 the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland led to the capture of the base at Nieuwediep and the surrender of the cornered Dutch fleet in the Vlieter incident. Naval base Willemsoord In 1811 Napoleon visited Nieuwediep and ordered the construction of a large well-fortified navy base. The fortifications would center on Den Helder, giving rise to the town of that name. The new navy base would be east of Den Helder, on the west side of the Nieuwediep, north of the Nieuwe Werk. The new navy base would later become known as Willemsoord, or Rijkswerf Willemsoord. Napoleon gave the order to design the new base to Jan Blanken. He was an engineer who had proved very effective in improving the navy base at Hellevoetsluis, and in designing the Hellevoetsluis Dry Dock. Jan Blanken's design included a sea lock, a wet dock and a dry dock. The sea lock closed the wet dock from the tides. The wet dock provided safe anchorage, but its prime benefit was that ships stayed at the same height to the quays. They could also be brought in closer. It all led to easier handling and storage of ships. A dry dock was a facility that had recently become a necessity for any serious naval base. Heavy warships had become longer, and therefore more susceptible to damage from careening. Meanwhile, the problematic supply of good Scandinavian oak, and the practice of copper sheathing ships, had increased the demand for frequent below water maintenance. Construction History Foundations for the pumphouse In 1813 construction of the pump building started with digging a pit for its foundation. Soon, quicksand and water seemed to have joined forces to prevent construction. However, perseverance prevailed and digging reached the required depth. Thirty piles were then driven into the ground, and work for that year was finished. After the liberation, work on the pumphouse foundation was picked up again in 1816. The pit was pumped dry, and dug out again. However, the piles were nowhere to be found. They could neither be dug up, nor could they be found by exploring with iron sounding devices called s. The pit was kept dry by using three chain pumps, working round the clock. Suddenly, a well of 1 m diameter burst open. It filled the pit so quickly that the drivers of the horses that drove the chain mills had to cut the horses loose in order to save them. Jan Blanken was then Inspector-General of Rijkswaterstaat. He was assisted by the engineers Glimmerveen, Van Asperen and Wellenberg, and the later chief-engineer A. Greve, as well as the contractors Den Stok and Verschuur. They decided to continue construction at the same location, instead of changing the plans. After a lot of pumping, the well became visible. It continued to expel shells and water, and when a 36 feet pile was driven into it, it was launched like an arrow. The well was stopped by layers of horse manure, rubble and other objects. Of course this was a stop gap measure, but at least the pit could be kept dry. The idea of pile driving was abandoned. Heavy fir beams were now laid down about 80 cm apart. The openings were closed by brickwork. Across this layer, a new layer of heavy fir beams was laid down, and closed by bricks. Any resulting depressions were again levelled by brickwork, and so a level foundation for the pumphouse was created. Foundations of the dry dock In April 1817, digging the pit for the dry dock was tendered together with digging a stretch of the wet dock from the sea lock to the dry dock. The order also included delivery of 5,000 oak and other piles, as well as 30,000 feet of related planks. The circumstances in the dock proved even worse than below the pump building. Three chain pumps worked day and night against a sea of sand, and 30 very pricey work horses worked themselves to death in spite of heavy feeding. The area was so wet and sandy that the sides of the pit were level like beaches. In spite of this, pile driving succeeded, and with enormous difficulties, connecting beams were attached to form the floor. It had to be levelled by hacking and filling up. The big plus of finishing this floor was that the quicksand was stopped from coming up. Brick work of the dry dock The dry dock itself was made of brick with stone details. In April 1817 6,124 cubic feet of Petit Granit from Écaussinnes (blue stone) was ordered for the dry dock and the sea lock combined. In September 1819 and October 1820 it was noted that foundation planks and brickwork at the lower levels of the dock had been pushed upwards. As a counter measure 300 (probably 600 ton) of iron ballast was placed on top of these. In between these events, on 12 May 1820, the further works and completion of the brick side walls of the dry dock were tendered. In July 1822 the dock was dry, and 23 feet below high tide workers were making the blocks and other facilities to receive ships. Pumphouse and Steam Engine The pumphouse, later known as Steam Engine Building I, was built just west of the dry dock. It housed the steam engine and pumps, and was designed by Jan Blanken in neo-classical style. Its steam would drive 9 cylindrical pumps to quickly empty dry dock I. A subterraneous sewer connected the building to the dry dock. As the name implies this sewer was in the center line, just below dock, making that all water flowed into this sewer. In April 1817 the rest of the pump building, and foundation for, and completion of brick sewers towards the still to be made dry dock was tendered. The building was finished by late September 1818. The first steam engine of the dry dock was made by Dieudonné Forir in Liège. It would soon prove a failure. In 1822 the machine was inspected by Watt, but when it was found not worthy of repair, Boulton and Watt delivered a new engine in 1823. Ship Caisson The dry dock was closed by a ship caisson. This had been built at Rijkswerf Medemblik. After launch it had been transported on ship camels to the Vlieter in 8 days. From there it was towed to Nieuwediep by two tugs, and arrived there on 29 June 1822. On 6 July the floating door was put in place in the dy dock, and was shown to fit very well. The door was later replaced. First Service (1822-1849) First use On 13 July 1822 the ship of the line Willem I (formerly Couronne) of 74 guns was successfully placed in the dry dock. After the water was pumped out, the Willem I stood on the bottom of the dock with all its weight. Authorities were very pleased that they had now proven that the foundation could withstand the weight concentrated in the keel, and did not rift and become leaky because of pressures like had happened in France and in England in such situations. These early reports would later prove to be way too optimistic. Already in 1821 it was noted that lower terraces and foundations were getting pushed up. Furthermore, it was noted that when the dock was empty, it rose and fell with the tide. The obvious conclusion was that the well was still working, and was connected to the sea. The power of the water was so strong that, while Willem I was in the dock, the floor was lifted 8 cm, proving that her weight did not make any difference. Investigation and plans to solve the problem In 1826 a commission under J. Blanken, including Captain-lt N.A. de Vries, naval constructor P. Schuyt, and deputy-constructor J. Landstraat made a report. They noted that in 5 years of operation, 6 warships had used the dry dock, and that its situation had not degraded. Furthermore, that as long a ship was in the dock, or it was filled with water of at least 2.51 m - 2.83 m high, there was no problem. However, when the dock was emptied, the well below the surface started to push up the dock for 9.4 cm, at the place where the mizzen-mast of a docking ship would be. (Note that the weight of the water in the dock, or a docking ship thus tended to keep the floor in place.) The 1826 commission obviously found the problem serious enough. It the proposed to fix the problem by laying 26 oak beams of 52 and 63 cm diameter on the floor of the dock, perpendicular to its length. These would have to be clamped to the foundation planks by iron braces, and to be connected to each other below the brickwork. These beams would then have to be walled up with brick, and an oak plank floor laid over these. The cost of these repairs was estimated at 59,297 guilders (see Fig. 1). In June 1827 the repair job was offered to contractor A. Korf in Den Helder. He demanded 129,642 guilders to do the work, and made other demands that led to the job getting postponed. In 1829 a totally different plan was made chief engineer D. Mentz. It proposed to break out the part of the dry dock between the walls, and then to build a brick inverted arc in the dry dock for an estimated 355,000 guilders (see 1828 drawing). In April 1830 the government decided to execute the Mentz plan in 1832. By December 1830 the estimate had increased to 399,949 guilders. By 1832 the Dutch financial situation had become so desperate that the Mentz plan came to nothing. Actually nothing would be done till 1853. What was done, was that the ballast placed inside the dock was steadily increased to 653 last of iron (see Fig. 1). Regular operation In spite of leakages, Dry Dock I continued in use till 1849. From 1822 till 1849, it served without interruption, docking 120 ships in 27 years. In September 1848 the frigates HNLMS Prins van Oranje (60) and Sambre (44) were serviced in 5 days, with their full armament on board. During investigations in 1849 and 1857 no traces or repairs were found, and so one could assume that not much was, or had to be, spent on maintenance. The dock is shut down (1849) The caisson door lock of the dry dock was first to show serious trouble. In 1838 it had been so much deformed, that the ship caisson did not fit anymore. The old ship caisson was then stored in the dock, and a new ship caisson that fit the deformed lock was made. This new caisson had the serious disadvantage that it could not be turned around for cleaning and maintenance. In April 1849, the razeed frigate Algiers was in dock, when so much water passed the door, that the dock could not be made dry again. This put an end to the service of the dock. Failed repair, investigation and Rebuild (1850-1861) Failed attempt to repair the caisson lock After the dock had become unserviceable, the naval minister requested to increase the 1849 navy budget by 20,000 guilders, so the problem could be investigated. In 1850 a dam was constructed in the wet dock for 18,827 guilders. In 1851 a budget law for 155,000 to rebuild the lock was defeated, but in 1852 the sum was granted. In 1853 and 1854 the lock of the dry dock was then rebuild for 177,366 guilders. Observations during the repairs looked very positive. When the rebuild of the lock was finished, the dam was removed, and the ship caisson put in place. However, when the pumps were started, it proved impossible to empty the dry dock further than 3.5 m below sea level. The conclusion of the failure to make the dock dry was obvious: there was a subterranean connection between the dry dock and the water outside the lock. In December 1854, a 8.40 m long screen of 12 m long piles was then driven into the ground north of the lock. A new attempt to pump the dock dry got significantly further, but revealed that a like situation existed south of the lock. So, a second screen was driven into the ground south of the lock. Another attempt to empty the dock found that this was still not sufficient. Most of the time, Algiers had remained in the dry dock. In September 1853 she was sold for breakup while still standing in the dry dock. Decision to build a new, larger dry dock In February 1855 a commission led by Van der Kun was then ordered to report about possible further action. The commission proposed to build a new large dry dock at the south west corner of the wet dock (Dry Dock II). Final repairs to Dry Dock I would follow after completion of the new dock. Meanwhile, the commission proposed to experiment with lengthening the screens near the Dry Dock I's ship caisson lock. During the discussions about the 1855 budget, the Secretary for the Navy proposed to follow the advice of the new commission, which was approved. The subsequent lengthening of the screens was found to be insufficient. Investigation (1857-1858) The budget for 1857 then got a post of 25,000 guilders for making a dam and pumping the water out of the dry dock in order to investigate the situation. In June 1857 the dock was emptied and an investigation started. It proved that water was indeed streaming under, or along the sides of the repaired lock. The findings of the commission were presented on 16 July 1857. It found that near the middle of the dock, the lower steps had been pushed up 51 cm on the north side and 62 cm on the south side. From the center to the lock side, all steps and floors had been moved out of position. Near the lock, there was an opening in the dock floor of 1.30 m long and up to 7 cm wide, which was the main leak. It led to the conclusion that the condition of the dry dock had seriously worsened since the rebuilt of the caisson lock. Another finding was that the brickwork, made by use of the mortar 'Amsterdam artificial cement' was loose in many places. The commission deemed it necessary to demolish all loose brickwork, and to remove the ballast before being able to give a sound advice. In September 1857 demolition of all loose brick work and woodwork started. On 23 February 1858 the commission was able to report that the floor of the dock on the lock side was in a terrible condition. About 30 m had been lifted from its foundation, sometimes as high as 50 cm. The space in between had been filled with sand and sea weed and the like. The inner layers of brick were solid, but those exposed to daylight were loose. Again, the bad quality of the mortar that had been used was noted. The final conclusion was that the condition of the dock had been caused by the carelessly made and loose foundations, and the mandatory use of Amsterdam Artificial Mortar. The commission noted that contemporary limits to pump capacity would have influenced construction. Rebuild To its 23 February 1858 report the commission also attached a preliminary design for rebuilding the dock on the existing foundations. There were two versions, one that would re-use the original caisson door, and a second plan that would require a new door. The first plan would cost 345,000 guilders, and the second 349,000. Now that the commission had found clear causes for the trouble with the drydock, it was a lot more positive about rebuilding it. On 6 August 1858, it also reported about the financial side. It said that the value of an operational dock would be 730,000, and so subtracting 349,000, the current value of the drydock was 381,000 guilders. It would therefore be unwise to build a completely new dock, for which space was lacking at Nieuwediep. The minister for the navy then vigorously promoted funding the reconstruction in the 1859 Navy budget. The House of Representatives, which had been very adverse to spending more money on Dry Dock I, was now convinced, and voted 116,000 guilders for the first year. On 17 January 1859 the required fir and oak nails for the rebuild were tendered. The initial option to re-use the first ship caisson was abandoned, because the lines of the lock would be changed, and contemporary ship caissons had a single keel, so it was not wise to re-use the first ship caisson. It was subsequently demolished. The second asymmetrical ship caisson was auctioned. On 14 March 1859 the rebuild of Willemsoord Dry Dock I was tendered, and subsequently awarded to the lowest bidder. He started work on 17 March. The contractor soon found why one the screens had not been effective: they were found to be good on top, but shattered and very open at the bottom (Fig 2, lower half). The demolition of the dock confirmed everything the commission had noted. The brickwork of the dock was removed easily. On the contrary the brickwork of the recently rebuilt lock proved to be hard, well done and solid all around. In early June 1859 the foundations had been cleared till the fir floor. Now the 'Kespen', which connected the floor to the piles, where re-attached to the piles in most places. Some piles were to deep, and their heads, were filled up to attach the 'Kesps'. This way the floor was re-attached to the foundation piles. Fixing the leakage problem near the caisson lock was a different task. For that, a concrete coffer was built around the outside of the caisson lock. The wooden screens which had failed to stop the leakage were also replaced. Both were established on a new foundation which was prolonged to the bottom of the lock. The concrete coffer was to form one structure with the foundations of the lock. During these works, a fir floor was discovered below the kesps of the lock. In view of the leakage at this place the managers of the works decided to have it removed. Below this floor up to 1.5–2 m of ground then proved to have been washed away. Next it was found that below the southern lock walls most ground had also disappeared. The course of the water on the southern leak had now clearly been established to have followed the route (Fig. 2 line g,h,i,b). Next 332 m3 of sand was pushed below these structures using very long pestles. Next a coffer was driven into the ground on the backside of the lock walls. In late August this was filled up with concrete (Fig. 3 fig. 1). By late August two layers of fir beams had been laid down at right angles and attached to the foundations. This fir matrix was extended from the dock into the caisson lock. The immediate objective was to make a solid attachment between the heavy foundations of the dock, and those of the lock (Figure 3). The contractor was by then so much ahead of schedule, that he started the work planned for 1860: Completing the work below the inverted arc of the drydock, completing the screenwalls to the required height (Fig. 4 Scherm- muur), and completing the concrete coffer before the dry dock. The Formwork for the work below the inverted arc was soon made, and by late October this was finished. Filling the coffer was completed on 31 October. After the screen walls had been brought to the required height, the last steam engine that kept the works dry was stopped, and work stopped for that year. The water level in the dry dock then rose to about the same level as in the Afsluitingskanaal (see 1838 map). The only work done in winter was making the stone from the previous construction ready for re-use. Thus all work projected for 1860, had already been done in 1859. The contractor then got permission to do the 1861 work in 1860. On 23 March 1860 a steam engine then started to make the dry dock dry again. Now the southern inner wall of the lock was removed to give it the same grade as the northern wall. The place for the ship caisson was also moved towards the wet dock as much as possible. This increased the length of the dock that could be used by ships by 7 m for special cases. If the door was in the single remaining rabbet, usable length would be 74.5 m. If the ship caisson was pressed against the rabbet, this would become 76.75 m. In late April 1860 the masonry of the first inverted arc (fig. 3 Figuur 3 Dwarsdoorsnede, at 0.33), thick 1.5 bricks was commenced. The central sewer was also removed. In early May concrete was poured between the old and new masonry (Fig. 1, Figuur 3, l,m,n,o,i,p), till the level of the inverted arc. In places patented Portland cement had to be added to the concrete. In late May the masonry of the second layer of the inverted arc started. It was one brick thick.(fig. 3 Figuur 3 Dwarsdoorsnede, at 0.22) This contained eye bolts that kept the wooden blocks from floating upwards when the dock was filled. By mid-June the first part of the second layer of the inverted arc had been completed. Now the masonry of the facings of the inner lock walls was started. The northern screen wall was also heightened. In late June heightening the southern screen wall started. Construction of the lowest step also started. This was made entirely of stone and placed at the upper end of the lowest part of the second layer of the inverted arc. Next the upper part of the second layer of the inverted arc was started, as well as the brickwork for the higher steps. These higher steps would be made of brick covered with stone. Practically all the stone of the previous work was re-used. In the night of 4–5 August 1860 the dam near the land side lock (Keersluis, see 1838 map) of the wet dock was broken. It flooded the dry dock. At the end of August the wet dock, and the dry dock were dry again. By half September the masonry of the dock was completed so far, that pouring concrete between this new masonry and the old brickwork was resumed. In late October the last brick was laid. At the end of 1860 the only work left was some cleaning, and placing some large stone slabs which had not yet arrived. The new ship caisson After it proved unfeasible to use the first ship caisson, which had been in storage for a long time, a new ship caisson was ordered. It was built according to a new model from England. It had only one keel, instead of two. It was made completely of iron, which was very useful against Shipworms. Construction was tendered on 21 March 1860. It had to be delivered in 7 months, but bad weather caused much delay. More speed would not have mattered anyway, because the deepening of the wet dock, and the removal of the dam for the Keersluis, were not ready before Spring 1861. On 15 December 1860 the ship caisson was launched. It had balance gates to open and close a canal which led through the door towards the drydock. Iron gate valves were made to let water into the door (Fig. 6, Figuur 4–7). To get the water out of the door again, four pumps (Fig. 6, Figuur 1–3) were present. A locomobile of 6 hp would drive the pumps and achieve this in 22 minutes. Total weight of the door was 122,513 kg of which 103,537 kg iron. On 7 April 1861 a tugboat tugged the ship caisson from Hellevoetsluis to the North Sea, arriving in Willemsoord on 8 April. After the required ballast had been placed, she was put in place and tested. Everything worked, except for the balance gates. An attempt to repair this failed, and so the door was quite leaky. It was nevertheless taken into use as it was in October 1861. Pumphouse II is taken into use The decision to build the new and larger Willemsoord Dry Dock II included a decision to build a new pumphouse, that would serve both docks, near Dry Dock II. A test to empty the dock failed on 22 May 1861. It was found that all tubing near the new pump building had been broken. After this was fixed, the rebuilt drydock was pumped dry on 9 September 1861. It meant that Pumphouse II was used successfully by Dry Dock I before Dry Dock got to use it. When the dock was dry, the navy started to place the blocks on the axis of the dock floor. The last attempted use of pumphouse I had been after the dam was broken in 1860, but by then sewer had already been walled up, and so the attempt had failed. The steam engine of Pumphouse I was sold in November 1860. The building was later converted to store ironware, and wheat for the naval bakery on the upper levels. In 1889 the lower levels were also converted to wheat stores. It earned it the name , meaning 'wheat storagehouse'. In Service again (1861) First ships using the rebuilt dry dock The steam frigate HNLMS Wassenaar was the first ship to use the rebuilt drydock on 26 October 1861. For the docking it had been totally emptied. Its rigging had been removed, but the masts remained in place. Boilers and machinery remained on board, which was very important. 28 tons of ballast had been put near the bow to get the keel level. Draft was then 4.44 m fore and 4.57 m aft. The blocks were high 0.77 m to 1.05 m, so there was from 4.515 m to 4.935 m of water above them. There was 7.25 m of space left between the rudder axis and the inside of the lock door. The maximum length of a docking ship was then estimated to be 16.45 m more, and a draft of 5.5 m would be possible at high tide. The procedure to dock started at 8:10 AM by opening the balance gate in the ship caisson; filling the drydock in 40 minutes till the water level in the wet dock; 44 cm below high tide. The locomobile then brought the pumps of the ship caisson in action, lifting it out of position. At 9:45 AM the ship caisson was moored in the wet dock, and the dry dock was accessible. At 10:30 AM Wassenaar was in the drydock. After the ship caisson had been replaced, the steam engines of the drydock started to work on four pumps at 12:07 PM. At 12:25 the first beams were lowered to keep Wassenaar in place. From 12:50 to 14:45 pumping continued, till two pumps were disengaged. From 14:57 only two pumps continued till 16:10, when Wassenaar stood dry. An overview of some of the first ships to use the rebuilt dock There is good 1866 summary of the capacities of the drydock after the 1861 rebuilt. It was said, that of the then existing types of ships, the heaviest, i.e. the frigates with auxiliary power: Wassenaar, Evertsen and Zeeland, could use the dock after unloading everything but the boilers and engines. This was not ideal, but it was an acceptable way to dock. The second type of ships, the screw corvettes , and all smaller ships were able to use it while fully loaded. This was of course the most efficient way of docking. The table with the drafts of the ships as they docked, supports the 1866 summary. It also shows the screw corvette Metalen Kruis using the dock while empty and while loaded. The table furthermore highlights another aspect of the rebuild. It shows that screw ships were much longer than their sailing counterparts (Metalen Kruis vs. Prins Alexander). Therefore, for drydocks, screw propulsion meant that the desirable length to depth ratio changed in favor of length. Thus it becomes understandable that the designers of the rebuild were eager to make the dock longer (from 67.50 m to 76.35 m), and where bothered less by it becoming shallower (7.22 m 6.2 m). Fixing the ship caisson By August 1862 a small change had been made to the caisson door. Two of her pumps had been adapted so they could be used to drain leakage and other water (primarily rain) that collected daily in the drydock. The reason was that using the dry dock machinery for this was not economical. Apart from the problems with the balance gates, there was also leakage on the keel and sides of the caisson, where the door met the walls of the lock. The situation with the door was not acceptable, but nothing much could be done, while first the frigate HNLMS Wassenaar was in the dock from 25 October 1861 till 6 June 1862, and then three others till 18 October 1862. When the opportunity arose, the door was careened from October 1862 till February 1863. The balance gates still leaked after this, and so one of these was replaced by a slide (Fig. 6, Figuur 9-12) in May 1863. This proved to be the solution to the problems with the balance gates. Further service The dry dock received Wassenaar for the first time with only her boilers and engines in place, and a draft of only 4.57 m. This might have been the designed capability of the drydock with regard to steam frigates. Nevertheless, the draft of Evertsen was 5.76 m when she entered the dock, even though her standard draft was only 0.5 m more than that of Wassenaar. From 25 to 27 July 1864, the Evertsen-class frigate Zeeland was in Dry Dock I. Zeeland was stated to have been in dock with a draft of 5.7 m, and with its full armament on board. This is still something much different than receiving fully loaded steam frigates, but being able to keep the armament on board made a huge difference. When Zeeland left the dock, it was thought that the significantly longer Adolf van Nassau would next visit Dock I, before leaving for the East Indies. This was 'expected', because of how deep the fully armed Zeeland (of the same draft) had been. It did not happen, and was probably unlikely, as it would mean unloading most of the stores (water, coal, luggage etc.) of Adolf van Nassau. However, the thought points to the possibility of Adolf using the lengthened useful area of the dock floor. Later, the handling of heavy frigates seems to have become routine. In February 1866 Zeeland left the drydock, while on 20 March 1866 Wassenaar again entered the dry dock. On 16 July 1866 the fully loaded screw corvette Willem entered the old dock. A rumor that Adolf van Nassau would go to Vlissingen was then countered by saying that Adolf van Nassau first had to dock, and would then have to wait for some time on Willem, which was in that dry dock. In November 1866 the casemate ironclad De Ruyter was taken in. Dock characteristics Dimensions The original dimensions were given by Jan Blanken in 1822. The depth below regular high tide was 7.22 m. Width in the center was 26.37 m. The length of the area where ships could be placed on the blocks () was 67.50 m. There was also a long slope of 46.15 m on the land side of the dock. After the reconstruction the dock floor came to 6.2 m below high tide. The length of the area of the dock where blocks were placed came to 76.35 m. In the 1870s Tideman noted a length of 80.7 m, a high water width of 18 m, and an allowed draft for docking ships of 5.20 m on the blocks. As can be seen from the above this 5.2 m related to normal conditions. Dry Dock I currently measures 85 by 25 meters on ground level and is about 4 meters deep. The width of the dock decreases incrementally till reaching the bottom of the dock. The Ship Caisson The current ship caisson is not the one installed during the 1850-1861 rebuild. Pumphouse I (building 47) Before and during world war II Pumphouse I was strengthened with reinforced concrete. In 1942 the roof was also replaced by one of reinforced concrete. In 2004 the building was restored. It housed the Tourist Office of Den Helder for some time, but this went broke in 2003. The first floor of Pumphouse I is the office of Willemsoord BV, a company that develops Willemsoord as a commercial and shopping center. Current status Willemsoord Dry Dock I is still functional, and is now part of the Maritime Attraction Park Willemsoord. Since 2005 the historic Samarang-class gunvessel () HNLMS Bonaire, launched in 1880, is being restored in the drydock. This is a restoration project that is as radical as that of HMS Warrior from 1860 in Southampton. It fits the ambition to turn Willemsoord into a Maritime attraction park and new city center for Den Helder. References Notes External links Stichting Bonaire is a foundation which restores HNLMS Bonaire, the historic ship in Dry Dock I Willemsoord BV is the company which develops Willemsoord as a tourist and shopping center Dry docks in the Netherlands Buildings and structures in North Holland Den Helder
Amphicnaeia is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species: Amphicnaeia albovittata Breuning, 1971 Amphicnaeia amicusbira Galileo, 2015 Amphicnaeia antennata Galileo & Martins, 2001 Amphicnaeia apicalis Melzer, 1933 Amphicnaeia armata Galileo & Martins, 2001 Amphicnaeia bezarki Wappes, Santos-Silva & Galileo, 2019 Amphicnaeia birai Galileo, 2015 Amphicnaeia bivittata Melzer, 1933 Amphicnaeia brevivittis Bates, 1872 Amphicnaeia crustulata Bates, 1872 Amphicnaeia distincta Bezark, Santos-Silva & Devesa, 2020 Amphicnaeia flavescens Martins & Galileo, 1999 Amphicnaeia flavofemorata Breuning, 1940 Amphicnaeia flavolineata Breuning, 1943 Amphicnaeia flavovittata Breuning, 1940 Amphicnaeia distincta Wappes, Santos-Silva & Galileo, 2019 Amphicnaeia gouverneuri Vitali, 2021 Amphicnaeia interrupta Galileo & Martins, 2003 Amphicnaeia lepida Melzer, 1933 Amphicnaeia lineata Bates, 1866 Amphicnaeia lineolata Galileo & Martins, 2011 Amphicnaeia lyctoides Bates, 1866 Amphicnaeia martinsi Galileo, 2015 Amphicnaeia nigra Galileo & Martins, 2001 Amphicnaeia odettae Bezark, Santos-Silva & Devesa, 2020 Amphicnaeia panamensis Wappes, Santos-Silva & Galileo, 2019 Amphicnaeia piriana Martins & Galileo, 2001 Amphicnaeia pretiosa Galileo & Martins, 2001 Amphicnaeia pusilla Bates, 1866 Amphicnaeia quadrifasciata Nascimento & Santos-Silva, 2018 Amphicnaeia quinquevittata Bates, 1885 Amphicnaeia rileyi Wappes, Santos-Silva & Galileo, 2019 Amphicnaeia sexnotata Melzer, 1933 Amphicnaeia strandi Breuning, 1942 Amphicnaeia tate Galileo & Martins, 2001 Amphicnaeia trivitticollis Breuning, 1961 Amphicnaeia ubirajarai Galileo, 2015 Amphicnaeia villosula (Thomson, 1868) Amphicnaeia vitticollis Breuning, 1940 Amphicnaeia zonata Martins & Galileo, 2001 References Apomecynini Cerambycidae genera
Jacek Adam Kacprzak (born 23 December 1970 in Poland) is a Polish retired footballer. Career After playing in Greece, Kacprzak signed for Danish side Aarhus Gymnastikforening, but left after six months due to the long ball style of play. References External links Polish men's footballers Living people 1970 births Men's association football midfielders People from Białobrzegi County Radomiak Radom players Legia Warsaw players Polonia Warsaw players Athlitiki Enosi Larissa F.C. players Panetolikos F.C. players Aarhus Gymnastikforening players Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski players Górnik Polkowice players Ceramika Opoczno players Polish expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Greece Polish expatriate sportspeople in Greece Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark Polish expatriate sportspeople in Denmark Footballers from Masovian Voivodeship
The 1970 Northwest Territories general election took place on December 21, 1970. It took place during the centennial of the territory. Among the festivities earlier in the year was an official visit by Queen Elizabeth II to open the first Arctic Winter games in Yellowknife. The world-famous Polar Bear licence plate was also unveiled. The centenary election brought up a number of old issues that have been seen in many elections in the past 100 years, mainly the transfer of powers from the federal government to the territory, full self-government, and rights for natives. This was the first election in which a woman, Lena Pedersen was elected to the Territorial Legislature. She was one of ten elected members and four appointed members who would sit on the council. The voting age for this election was lowered from 21 to 19. Election summary Appointed members Members of the Legislative Assembly elected For complete electoral history, see individual districts References Northwest Territories general election Elections in the Northwest Territories Northwest Territories general election General election
Camperdown Cemetery is an historic cemetery located on Church Street in Newtown, an inner-city suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The cemetery was founded in 1848 and was for twenty years the main general cemetery for Sydney, with the total number of burials being about 18,000. Many people who were important to the early history of colonial Australia are buried there. It is the only one of Sydney's three main early cemeteries that still exists. As well as historic monuments, the cemetery also preserves important elements of landscape gardening of the mid-19th century, and examples of native flora, which are now rare in the built-up inner city. St Stephen's Anglican Church is located within the present bounds of the cemetery. The site, with St Stephen's Church, is listed by the Heritage Council of New South Wales and the National Register as a site of national importance. Camperdown Cemetery is associated with numerous sensational stories, several reputed ghosts and a murder. It is used regularly for historical and genealogical research. Because of its historical importance and convenient location, it is also a venue for excursions by schools and historical societies. Camperdown Cemetery is valued by the residents of Newtown as providing a major greenspace located in the immediate vicinity of a busy commercial centre. In a densely populated area of small terrace houses without substantial gardens, the cemetery functions as a recreational area and a venue for many family and social activities. Description Camperdown Cemetery is a walled portion of a mid-19th century cemetery, originally of nearly . It contains the most significant elements of the original landscape plan, which are the sexton's lodge, the gateposts, the original carriageway known as Jamison Avenue, a circular driveway known as Broughton Drive and a number of trees planted in the mid-19th century. This remaining section of the original cemetery contains about 2,000 tombstones and other memorials and monuments of which many came from the resumed area outside the wall. Many of the monuments were erected to families or individuals who are famous for their part in the history of 19th-century Australia. The monuments are mostly in Sydney sandstone, predating the fashion for marble memorials. A small number of the later monuments are in marble or granite. One of the largest memorials, that to the Barker family, was brought from Scotland. About 90% of the monuments are the work of a local mason, John Roote Andrews, and his family. Within Camperdown Cemetery stand the Cemetery Lodge (1848), St Stephen's Anglican Church (1871–78), and the St Stephen's Rectory (1910). The trees include a Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus macrophylla) and a number of oaks (Quercus robur) that were planted in 1848 and are the oldest trees in the Marrickville district. The dominant species of tree in the cemetery are Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus) which were planted in the 1960s and '70s. The other species include several large spreading blackwoods (Acacia melanoxylon), a row of Canary Island Palms (Phoenix canariensis) along one side of Jamison Avenue dating from the 1930s, a grove of Chinese Elms (Ulmus parvifolia), two large African Olives (Olea africana), Lemon Scented Gum (Corymbia citriodora), Melaleucas, a Port Jackson Cypress Pine (Callitris rhomboidea) and two stands of Giant Bamboo. Several large areas of the cemetery were covered with topsoil and planted with exotic grasses to create mown lawns in the 1950s and these have been maintained, and in places planted with bulbs. At the rear of the cemetery native grasses continued to grow, making this the largest inner-city remnant of the native flora of the original Turpentine-Ironbark forest that once covered the area. The major species is Kangaroo Grass (Themeda triandra), but there are a number of other species present including Dianella. History Foundation Camperdown Cemetery was founded in 1848 and consecrated in 1849. It was founded as an Anglican General Cemetery, accepting the dead of all denominations, but burying them with the rites of the Church of England. Previous cemeteries in Sydney were the so-called Old Burial Ground of 1792, in George Street on the site of the Sydney Town Hall, and the New Burial Ground (1819–68) in Devonshire Street on the site of Central railway station, Sydney. The cemetery was proposed by a group of Sydney businessmen who formed the Church of England Cemetery Trust and in 1848 purchased of land "beyond the boundary stone" of Sydney, from Maurice Charles O'Connell, grandson of Governor Bligh. The land was part of a grant made to Governor Bligh and named "Camperdown" by him in commemoration of the Battle of Camperdown in which he had taken part. The land passed to his daughter Mary, who married Bligh's Aide de Camp, Major Putland, and following his death, Sir Maurice O'Connell. The cemetery was consecrated by Bishop William Grant Broughton on 16 January 1849. The first interment was that of Bligh's son-in law, Lieutenant Governor Sir Maurice O'Connell who died in 1848, shortly before the cemetery was opened. His remains were exhumed from Devonshire Street, and reburied with due honours and a large memorial at the top of the hill at Camperdown. In the 1850s the small headstone of Mary's first husband, John Putland, who had died in 1808 and been buried at the Old Burial Ground, was given by St Philip's, York Street, and placed in the cemetery where it became the oldest memorial. The first burial was that of John Holden Michie, son of Archibald Michie who campaigned to end the transportation of convicts to Australia. Another significant burial in the same year is that of Sarah, wife of Bishop Broughton, who rests beneath the largest slab of stone in the cemetery. The Bishop planted a Chinese Elm at the foot of her grave, and since then a small grove of these trees has sprung up in that part of the cemetery. Closure to sales In 1868, Camperdown Cemetery was closed against the sale of any further plots. The cemetery was not at that time full. However, because the Trust that controlled the cemetery was connected to the Church of England, the Parliament received no income from it and opened three new cemeteries that year, Rookwood Cemetery, South Head Cemetery and Gore Hill Cemetery. Stories were circulated about "bad air" rising from Camperdown Cemetery. Complaints were made that people had seen coffins covered with only a few inches of soil. This undeniable fact gave the impression that the management of the cemetery was severely at fault. However, it related to a purely practical matter. Half of the burials were of paupers, who were placed in communal graves at the expense of the government or the Benevolent Society. These took place at 9.00 am and 4.00 pm each day. Graves were dug deep enough to contain three or four coffins, and an unfilled grave might frequently be left open between the morning and afternoon burials in order to receive another coffin. From 1868, there were no more pauper's burials at Camperdown. The Cemetery continued in use, but only for the burial of people who had already purchased plots. There were about 15,733 burials from 1849 to 1867, 2,057 from 1868 to 1900 and only 172 burials between 1900 and the 1940s. The majority of the burials were done by the Rev. Charles Kemp, first rector of St Stephen's, Newtown. Rees claims that Kemp performed 16,000 burials from 1848 to 1870. Building of St Stephen's In 1871, the small Church of St Stephen's Newtown, built by Edmund Blacket in 1844, could no longer contain the congregation. A site was needed for a larger church. By an act of parliament, the Church of England was permitted to build a church within the existent cemetery and Edmund Blacket was again the architect. The resulting St Stephen's Church, which held its first service in 1874, is a masterpiece of Gothic Revival architecture, and contributes greatly to the heritage significance of the site as a whole. Camperdown Memorial Rest Park By the 1940s the cemetery was overgrown. In June 1946 the body of a murdered girl, Joan Norma Ginn, was found in the cemetery. This prompted action on behalf of the local council. All but of land were resumed as public space. An act of parliament in 1948 established the Camperdown Memorial Rest Park, under control of the local council. The area of cemetery that adjoined St Stephen's Church was walled off from the park and continued to be managed by a body of trustees. Outside the wall, the park was cleared of trees and monuments, and a memorial garden, planted initially with Peace roses, was established on the south side. The removal of the memorials from the park was a heritage disaster, resulting in the damage of a great number of the stones. Some of the larger and more significant memorials were re-erected within the smaller space. Hundreds of stele tombstones were stood around the inside of the new stone wall and were fixed to it with steel pins and cement. By 1980 the steel pins had rusted and expanded, cracking and defacing many of the stones. Other stele were simply laid out in rows like pavers. Broken stones were reused at other sites and can be found bordering the fence of a nearby playground. The chairman of the trust at that time was P. W. Gledhill, a trustee from 1924 until his death in 1962 and whose enthusiasm for the project left many visible marks on the cemetery. Gledhill rescued endangered monuments of all sorts and brought them to the cemetery, where they contribute to the landscape. These include the Erskineville water fountain, a longitude and latitude marker on a plinth made out of salvaged pieces of Camperdown Villa, and the pediment from the Maritime Services Board building dating from the 1850s. In the 1960s the gateposts of the entrance were set further apart, and new gates were installed in memory of Gledhill. His 1946 book A Stroll through the Historic Camperdown Cemetery, NSW lists many notable burials and monuments and includes detailed maps of the cemetery as it was before its conversion to a park. Decline and recovery In the 1950s and '60s, the demographics of Newtown changed greatly due to influx of migrants from Southern Europe, the congregation at St Stephen's Church diminished, and for a time it appeared that the church might be closed. At this time, the cemetery suffered much from general neglect and uncurbed vandalism. From the late 1970s onwards, there was a growing interest in the cultural and heritage aspects of the site. Because the cemetery represented a greenspace in a densely populated area, it became increasingly used as a recreational space by the general public and became a venue for daily dog-walking, picnics, birthday parties, wedding parties and all sorts of other events. It also became a popular film location, appearing in Priscilla, Queen of the Desert. One group, the "Camperdown Cemetery Dog Walkers" have been particularly active in maintaining the cemetery and supporting its conservation. Another group of volunteers regularly weed and maintain the areas of native grassland. One individual volunteer, the elderly Joyce Knuckey, contributed almost daily to the cemetery's maintenance for many years. In the late 1980s a Bicentennial Heritage Grant made possible the restoration of the Cemetery Lodge and the basic repair of many broken monuments. This followed in the 1990s with donations from the New South Wales Institution of Surveyors for the restoration of the tomb of Sir Thomas Mitchell and from the Andrews family for the restoration of their family memorial. A conservation strategy for monuments was created, a landscape management plan was commenced and several individual studies focussed on aspects of the cemetery such as inscriptions, trees, native flora and the Dunbar tomb. Since 2001, the gateposts have been repositioned and the original gates restored. The vandalised gravestone of one of the cemetery's best-known inhabitants, Eliza Emily Donnithorne, a jilted bride whom many believe inspired Charles Dickens' creation of Miss Havisham in Great Expectations, has been restored. Features Cemetery Lodge The lodge is a small cottage of three rooms and an attic, which stands in the right corner of the remaining area of the cemetery, when approached through the gates from Church Street. It is built of brick and partly rendered, with a steep shingled gabled roof and a projecting porch. The pitch of the roof and the arch of the door are indicative of the Colonial Neo-Gothic style. The original entrance to the cemetery was immediately outside the lodge and the driveway, Jamison Avenue, passed by it. A new driveway was later constructed to pass by St Stephen's Church, and one of the gateposts moved to its present site. Fig tree It is believed that the Moreton Bay Fig tree was planted in 1848 to commemorate the roofing of the lodge, possibly following a Northern European custom of placing a small sapling on the roof on the day that the ridge is set in place. The tree has a span of more than 30 metres and, with the oak trees that were planted in the same year, is the oldest tree in the Marrickville District. Monuments There are a great variety of monuments within the cemetery, but the vast majority of them are carved from Sydney sandstone and are the product of a single monumental mason, John Roote Andrews, who had his premises nearby on Prospect Street. The most common style of monument is the simple upright tombstone or stele. These come in four basic styles: round-headed, Gothic, Classical or crosses. The round headed stones have a simple arched top, sometimes with moulding cut along the edge. They may be decorated with a symbolic motif carved in relief, such as an hour glass, or a drooping flower. The Neo-Gothic style stones have tops that rise to pointed arches. Several such stones are carved with detailed Gothic tracery and other architectonic features. There are also a number of stones with steeply pointed "gables" and Gothic details. These included the stone that Edmund Blacket designed for his wife Sarah. The stones of a Classicising style form an interesting group, because while some are carved with elaborate Italianate scrolls and pediments, many are blank templates, with the outlined forms of scrolled shoulders, but with no finished architectonic details. The crosses form a smaller group. In nearly every instance they take the form of a Celtic cross, the addition of a circle giving much greater strength to the form when carved in sandstone. Many graves are covered by horizontal slabs. While most simply rest on the grave, several of these, such as that of the Tooth family are very large and cover an underground vault. There are also a number of horizontal coffin-shaped or hogs-back stones such as that of Isaac Nathan. Another horizontal form is the chest or altar-style monument which has Classical architectonic detailing, of which the tomb of Sir Thomas Mitchell is a typical example. Other monuments are large Classicising, pedimented structures, surmounted by draped urns, such as that of Hannah Watson. There are also several columns, those that are broken signifying a life cut short, and those complete and topped by an urn signifying a life fulfilled. Of those stones that have carvings, some motifs occur many times. Angels with trumpets herald the day of Resurrection. A bud on a broken stem signifies a child has died before reaching its full bloom. A rose and a bud signifies a woman who has died in childbirth. Several sailors' tombstones have detailed relief carvings of ships in full sail. Other motifs are much more specific. An eleven-year-old boy who blew himself up while celebrating Guy Fawkes Night has Catherine wheels carved on his tombstone. Thomas Downes' tombstone is decorated with a hot air balloon. Major Mitchell, soldier, surveyor and poet, has a sword, a quill and a laurel wreath. Another soldier, most curiously, had a small cannon carved on the tombstone of his wife. Among the sandstone monuments, two are unique in style in the cemetery. One is the badly damaged monument to the harpist, Nicholas Bochsa, surmounted by the mourning figure of a grieving woman and a bare tree trunk on which his harp hangs, its strings broken. John Roote Andrews provided his family with a memorial in the Scottish style, with a canopy supported on four small caryatids and decorated with the thistle and the flag of St Andrew. Another unique monument is that of John Ley, Foreman of Mort's Dock, which is the forged blade of a ship's propeller. Because the majority of burials occurred within the Early Victorian period, there are few white marble monuments and none of the elaborate marble figures that are a feature of Late Victorian and Edwardian cemeteries. Oddments Some of the most prominent and remarkable features of the site are not tombs or gravestones but are an assortment of objects, mostly architectural, that have been saved from destruction and placed in the cemetery. These include a decorative water fountain with a Gothic arch, previously in Erskineville, placed in the cemetery as a memorial to E.W. Molesworth M.L.A. for 45-year Church Warden of St Stephen's. It is now a feature of countless wedding photos. Near it stands the detached pediment of a building with a carved ship ploughing through the waves; it originally was over the front entrance to the old Harbour Trust Building, Circular Quay () and was placed in the cemetery as a memorial to seamen after the second World War. Another such memorial is an anchor from Morts Dock attached to which was a chain from the S.S. Collaroy that ran aground on the beach now known by that name in 1881. The two large gateposts marking the entrance to the Dunbar Track are from the Devonshire Street Cemetery. Burials Note: Information in this list is drawn from T.G. Rees and/or Chrys Meader unless otherwise referenced. Burials in Camperdown Cemetery include: Sir Maurice O'Connell, (d. 1848) Colonel of H.M. 80th Regiment, Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales, Margaret (d. 1849) and John (d.1850) Manning. Both convicts, who met when they arrived on their respective transport ships in 1800 and 1801. They had six children together. Lieut. Colonel Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell, (1792–1855), surveyor to the Duke of Wellington, Surveyor-General of New South Wales. Explored and mapped New South Wales and much of Victoria. Major Edmund Lockyer, (1784–1860), explored parts of Queensland and founded Western Australia, 21 January 1827. A blue gum from Western Australia was planted in his memory. Isaac Nathan, (1790–1864), scholar and musician, composed and conducted Australia's first opera, Don Juan of Austria. Collected and published Aboriginal melodies. Dr. Charles Nathan (1816–1872) pioneered the use of anaesthetics in Australia. Bathsheba Ghost (d. 1868) convict and Second Matron of the Sydney General Hospital from 1852 to 1866. Her unusual round memorial is the top of one of the gateposts of the infirmary. William Moffit, (1798–1871), printer, stationer and entrepreneur. Captain Thomas Watson, (1795–1879), Harbourmaster of Port Jackson Elizabeth Thompson, (1758–1865), Australia's oldest inhabitant at the time of her death. Charles Windeyer, (1780–1855), Mayor of Sydney and magistrate. Enoch Fowler, founder of Camperdown Potteries. Nicolas-Charles Bochsa (1791–1856), harpist to Napoleon, and subject of one of the cemetery's more scandalous tales. He eloped from England with the operatic soprano Anna Bishop, wife of the composer Sir Henry Bishop, and toured in America before arriving in Australia, where they completed just one successful concert together before he unexpectedly died. Anna, still the wife of Sir Henry, raised in Bochsa's honour the most ornate monument in the cemetery, with a statue of herself weeping disconsolately. The mourning figure was later smashed. Sarah Broughton (d. 1849), wife of Bishop William Grant Broughton. John Roote Andrews, monumental mason and maker of many of the cemetery's monuments. Mary, Lady Jamison, the widow of the pioneer physician, landowner and constitutional reformer Sir John Jamison Joseph Fidden, boatman died 1856 James Donnithorne (1773–1852), Judge of the East India Company. Eliza Emily Donnithorne (d. 1886) whose story is similar to, and may have inspired, the story of Miss Havisham in Charles Dickens' Great Expectations. Eliza Emily was jilted on her wedding day, and became a recluse, refusing to have the wedding feast removed from the table, and keeping the front door permanently ajar in case her absconding lover should return. Tommy, William Perry, Mogo and Mandelina. Tommy, an 11-year-old Aboriginal boy who died of bronchitis in the Sydney Infirmary was the first recorded Christian burial of an Aboriginal person. The four names are recorded on an obelisk which commemorates the "Rangers of New South Wales" and "the whole Aboriginal race". Others important colonial families who have members buried in the cemetery are the Macleays and Dumaresqs, the Tooths and children of the Farmers retailing family. Among the memorials moved to Camperdown from other sites was that of Mary Reibey, which has disappeared, presumed stolen or destroyed. The tombstone of Edmund Blacket, architect of St Stephen's, and his wife Sarah was moved to Camperdown from Balmain Cemetery when that cemetery was resumed as park. Their ashes were placed in St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney. One of the most famous burials in the cemetery is that of the victims of the wreck of the Dunbar. This clipper ship went down off Sydney Heads on the night of 20–21 August 1857 after a voyage from England, with all but one of the 122 people aboard perishing. The wreck had a profound effect on the people of Sydney, because nearly all the passengers were Sydney residents returning home. A tomb contains the remains of 22 of those who died, along with the victims from the wreck of the Catherine Adamson which sank in the harbour two months later. The "Dunbar Memorial Service" is held in the cemetery in the August of each year. Near the main drive that passes by the church are four small matching tombstones with inscriptions recording the deaths of seven children of the York and Free families. These and many other tombstones reflect the high infant mortality of the 19th century. The burial dockets indicate that many children died of diphtheria and measles, with one measles outbreak resulting in the burials of up to twelve children a day. Strangely, to the modern reader, the major cause of death of infants below the age of two years is given as teething. It is now understood that these deaths resulted from the use of mercury-based teething powders. A memorial plaque placed near the drive reads: Ghosts Camperdown Cemetery has one undisputed "ghost" as a permanent resident – Bathsheba Ghost, the second matron Matron of the Sydney General Hospital. However, there are those who claim that she is not simply a ghost in name alone, but has been seen attending the sick in St Stephen's Rectory. The most sensational ghost story, and one that developed rapidly in form from the time of its first telling in the mid 1990s, is the story of Hannah Watson and her lover. Hannah, the wife of Captain Thomas Watson, the Harbour Master of Port Jackson, according to the legend, was having an affair with Captain John Steane of the Royal Navy. Thomas Watson, on discovering his wife's infidelity, cursed the lovers. Hannah wrote to Steane, begging him not to return to Sydney, but it was too late. Hannah Watson died and was buried in the cemetery. John Steane outlived Hannah by only a few days. The ship in which he was returning to the arms of his beloved was the ill-fated Dunbar. John Steane's body was one of the few that were recovered intact. It is buried in a separate grave near the Dunbar Tomb, and only a few metres from the plot where Thomas Watson had recently buried his wife. It is claimed that Hannah Watson has been seen emerging from her tomb in the form of a ghostly grey lady. She is said to drift slowly to the grave of her erstwhile lover. Although the tale has been told many times, and has been used as the basis for a work of fiction, no investigation into the possibility of a love-affair between Hannah Watson and Captain John Steane has yet been made. John Steane's descendants continue to live in the vicinity of Newtown. Notes References Bibliography Gledhill, P.W., A Stroll through the Historic Camperdown Cemetery, NSW, Robert Dey, Son & Co. (1946) Meader, Chrys Beyond the boundary stone: a history of Camperdown Cemetery, Marrickville Council Library Services (1997), Rees, Rev. T. G., Historic Camperdown, Pacey & Sons (undated, 1950s) Rees, Rev. T. G., The Wreck of the Dunbar, Pacey & Sons (undated, 1950s) Street, Philippa, Camperdown Cemetery Tree Survey, Marrickville Council (1992) Herman, Morton, The Blackets, an Era of Australian Architecture, Angus and Robertsons (1977) Trustees of Camperdown Cemetery and others, Documents and Minutes, Camperdown Cemetery Trust, archives held by Camperdown Cemetery Trust, and Trustees. (1940s–2000) Various, Camperdown Cemetery Burial Dockets- 1848–1902, held by Anglican Archives, Diocese of Sydney M. Mackay, Joan Kerr, James Kerr, S. Jack, M. Stapleton, In Memoriam, The Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales (1981), External links St Stephen's Church, Newtown Camperdown Cemetery Cemetery Curiosities John Godl, The Donnithornes of Camperdown Lodge List of Burials at Camperdown Cemetery 1848 establishments in Australia Anglican cemeteries in Australia Cemeteries in Sydney Newtown, New South Wales Cemeteries established in the 1840s
Wenzhou or Wen Prefecture () was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China seated in modern Wen County in Gansu, China. It existed (intermittently) from 558 to 1371. Geography Its administrative area is not well-known, but Wenzhou was on one of the few accessible routes to modern Sichuan and therefore a strategic prefecture. References Prefectures of the Tang dynasty Prefectures of the Song dynasty Prefectures of Former Shu Prefectures of Later Shu Prefectures of Qi (Five Dynasties) Prefectures of Later Tang Former prefectures in Gansu Prefectures of the Yuan dynasty Subprefectures of the Ming dynasty Prefectures of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
The Apocalypse of Adam is a Sethian Gnostic apocalyptic writing. It is the fifth tractate in Codex V of the Nag Hammadi library, transcribed in Coptic. The date of the original work has been a point of scholarly contention because the writing lacks Christian themes and other explicit allusions. Thus, the Gnostic redeemer in the text may have been pre-Christian and influenced later New Testament writings. The text provides an interpretation of the Genesis account of creation, describes the descent of a heavenly illuminator of knowledge, and ends with an apocalyptic prophecy. Summary Adam teaches his son Seth about his past, saying that he and Eve were created by the god Sakla out of the earth, but they were once with the eternal God and like great eternal angels. They were divided by Sakla in wrath, causing the glory in their hearts to leave them, and they lost the first knowledge that breathed in them. They recognized the god who created them and served him in fear and slavery. Adam and Eve are awakened by three persons, who help them remember the eternal being and the seed of the person to whom life has come (Seth). Adam tells Seth that he will reveal to him what he learned from the three. A flood destroys all flesh on Earth except for those on Noah's Ark. Sakla gives the Earth to Noah and his sons to rule over in kingly fashion. Some people, sent from the knowledge of great eternal realms and angels, defy Sakla and live in knowledge of incorruptibility. Noah then divides the Earth among his sons Ham, Japheth and Shem and warns them to serve Sakla in fear and slavery. The seed of Ham and Japheth forms twelve kingdoms. Sakla again tries to destroy the pure who know of the eternal God. Fire, sulfur, and blinding mist come over the realms, and the inhabitants cannot see. But great clouds of light descend, and Abrasax, Sablo, and Gamaliel come to rescue the people and take them to the eternal realms where they will be like angels. The illuminator of knowledge saves the pure for the third time, leaving Sakla disturbed and wondering where the higher power comes from. 13 different kingdoms each have their own belief about the origin of the illuminator. Douglas M. Parrott argues that this section was originally an independent work that is influenced by the author's Egyptian surroundings: The first kingdom believes that he came from a spirit. The second kingdom believes that he came from a great prophet. The third kingdom believes that he came from a virgin womb and was brought to a desert place. The fourth kingdom believes that he came from a virgin who was sought by Solomon and his armies. The fifth kingdom believes that he came from a drop from heaven and was thrown into the sea. The sixth kingdom believes that he was born of a woman who became pregnant from the desire of flowers. The seventh kingdom believes that he is a drop that came from heaven to earth and was brought up by dragons. The eighth kingdom believes that he came from a cloud that enveloped a rock. The ninth kingdom believes that he was born of a muse who became pregnant from her own desire. The tenth kingdom believes that he was born of a cloud of desire that his god loved. The eleventh kingdom believes that he was cast out in the desert by his mother and was nourished by an angel. The twelfth kingdom believes that he came from two luminaries. The thirteenth kingdom believes that every birth of their ruler is a word, and this word received a mandate. However, the generation without a king believes that God chose him from all the eternal realms. The text concludes with a prophecy about a group of people who will fight against the power and be covered by a cloud of darkness. The people who do not follow the power and have a knowledge of the truth will be blessed and live forever. The text then criticizes those who have followed the power and defiled the water of life, saying their works are not of the truth. The people who follow the truth will be known up to the great eternal realms, and their words will be called words of incorruptibility and truth. The holy baptism is described as being of the eternal knowledge through those born of the word and the imperishable illuminators, who came from the holy seed Yesseus Mazareus Yessedekeus. References Sethian texts Old Testament pseudepigrapha Coptic literature 1st-century books 2nd-century books Old Testament pseudepigrapha related with Adam and Eve Nag Hammadi library
Staging Point () is one of five drawings depicting the life of children in the Warsaw ghetto in the collection of the Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw. The author of the drawings is an unknown draftsman, but they are signed "Rozenfeld". The drawing was made, most probably, between autumn and winter of 1941 and commissioned as part of the Ringelblum Archive - which has been inscribed in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register in 1999. The drawing is set at 5/7 Stawki Street, which was used to hold Jewish children arrested by the "Blue police" outside the ghetto district. The "staging point" was the place where arrested children would wait for their parents, who were obliged to pay a fine. Orphans would instead be sent to an orphanage. The drawing depicts a group of seven children arrested by the Jewish Ghetto Police for the crime of smuggling food. References External links Rozenfeld's drawings in Central Jewish Library Memory of the World Register Works about Warsaw Ghetto The Holocaust in Poland 1941 in art Children in art
The Basilica and Cathedral of Saint-Étienne in Paris, on the Île de la Cité, was an early Christian church that preceded Notre-Dame de Paris. It was built in the 4th or 5th century, directly in front of the location of the modern cathedral, and just 250 meters from the royal palace. It became one of the wealthiest and most prestigious churches in France. Nothing remains above the ground of the original cathedral. It was demolished beginning in about 1163, when construction began on Notre-Dame de Paris. Vestiges of the foundations remain beneath the pavement of the square in front of Notre-Dame and beneath the west front of the cathedral. The church was built and rebuilt over the years in the Merovingian, Carolingian and Romanesque architectural styles. History Historians differ on the date when the Cathedral was begun. According to Alain Erlande-Brandenburg, a basilica existed there in 4th century, while Michel Fleury wrote that the cathedral was built later, during the reign of Childebert I (511–558), the son and successor of Clovis, the first French king to convert to Christianity. The first mention with certainty of a cathedral on the Île de la Cité was made in the 6th century, though it is very probable that a cathedral was there in the 5th century. The Life of Saint Genevieve recounts that, in 451, when the Huns attacked Paris, Saint Genevieve summoned the Christians to pray inside the baptistry which adjoined the cathedral. It appears from the excavation that the cathedral was originally built upon an earlier Roman foundation, and when it was rebuilt in the 6th century stone from the earlier basilica was used. Excavations The foundations of an early structure were first discovered in 1711 at a depth of about six feet under the modern cathedral floor during the digging of a sepulchre for the Bishops of the Cathedral. The workers discovered two ancient walls on the south side, one about five feet thick, the other two and a half feet thick. The two walls were designed to support each other. They also discovered an extraordinary collection of nine Gallo-Roman statues, including the pieces of the Pillar of the Boatmen, a Roman monument erected by Paris boatmen in the first century. In 1858 much more extensive excavations were carried out under Notre-Dame and surroundings, with the participation of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. In the same area as the crypt of the archbishops, at the second traverse of the choir, about twelve meters east of the transept, half a meter below the floor of the choir, they discovered the foundations of the early apse. Digging deeper, they found the vestiges of two different churches at different depths, including the elements of a rectangular chevet, or east end, of an earlier church. More recent extensive excavations were carried out by Michel Fleury between 1965 and 1972. They uncovered elements of architecture and decoration, including fragments of marble decoration, capitals, columns, colonettes, and pavement. These are now on display in the Musée de Cluny, the National Museum of the Middle Ages. Description The outside appearance of St. Étienne is unknown, but it probably resembled similar pre-Romanesque basilicas of the period such as San Vitale, Rome, the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna and the Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains in Metz. It appears that there may have been a bell tower in the center of the west front, based on the massive foundation there. It may also have had a central dome or lantern. The interior was decorated with mosaics and sculpture. Fragments of marble, furniture and pottery were found in the excavations. Based on the foundation, it appears the church was seventy meters long, including the porch, or half the length of Notre-Dame de Paris, and thirty-five meters wide. Marble pillars in the nave supported the roof of the nave, which was about ten meters wide. It appears that it had four lower collateral aisles, on either side of the nave; one 5 meters wide and one 3.5 meters wide. The second collateral aisle on the south side was built atop a rampart from the late Roman Empire. The cathedral was the largest of a group of episcopal buildings on the site. At the end of the High Middle Ages, in addition to Saint Étienne, there was a church devoted to the Virgin Mary, a separate baptistry (at a time when adults, rather than children, were baptised), and a chapel dedicated to Saint Christopher, just west of Notre-Dame. Its foundations were discovered in 1845. The foundations of another small church, dedicated to Saint Denis, were found just to the east of the chevet of Notre-Dame. The cathedral also was close to the original Hôtel-Dieu, the first hospital in Paris, built in the 9th century, and later moved to its present location further north. Vestiges Vestiges of the foundations of the cathedral are found underneath the parvis, the paved square in front of Notre-Dame de Paris. See also Paris in the Middle Ages Notes and citations Bibliography (in French) External links (in French) Alain Erlande-Brandenburg, « L'ensemble cathédral de Paris, du IVe siècle », in the Bulletin de la Société nationale des Antiquaires de France - 1995, 1997, p. 186-189 (read on-line) Michel Fleury, « La cathédrale mérovingienne de Paris. Plan et datation », in Landschaft und Geschichte, Festschrift für Franz Petri für seinem 65. Geburtstag, Bonn, 1970, pp. 211-221, 2fig. (compte-rendu par Francis Salet, dans Bulletin Monumental, 1970, tome 128, no 4, p. 320-321) Michel Fleury, « La Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Paris » dans Dossiers d'Archéologia no 218, November 1996, p. 40-45. Jean Hubert, « Les origines de Notre-Dame de Paris », in : Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France, t. L, 1964, pp. 5-26, 3 fig. (read on-line) Jean Hubert, « Les cathédrales doubles et l'histoire de la liturgie », in Atti del primo Convegno internazionale studi longobardi, Spoleto, 27-30 September 1951, Spolète, 1952 Accademia spoletina, pp.167-176, 3 fig., and "Les cathédrales doubles de la Gaule", in Mélanges d'histoire et d'archéologie offerts en hommage à M. Louis Blondel, Genava,new series t. XI, 1963, p. 105-125, 8 fig. (For additional links to the French-language articles, see "Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Paris" in the French Wikipedia) Cathedral of Saint Etienne, Paris Île de la Cité Basilica churches in Paris Roman Catholic cathedrals in France
Squirrell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Leonard Squirrell (1893–1979), English artist Trevor Squirrell, American politician from Vermont English-language surnames
Cefn Mawr Rangers Football Club is a Welsh football team based in Cefn Mawr, in the community of Cefn within the County Borough of Wrexham, Wales. The team last played in the North East Wales Football League Premier Division, which is at the fourth tier of the Welsh football league system. They currently run junior level teams. History The club was established in 2016 and played in the North East Wales League, finishing third and gaining promotion to the Welsh National League (Wrexham Area). The club had planned to play in the North East Wales Football League Premier Division for the 2022–23 season but resigned from the league in July 2022. Honours Welsh National League (Wrexham Area) Division One – Runners-up: 2018-19 North East Wales FA Junior (Horace Wynne) Cup – Winners: 2016–17 External links Club official Twitter Club official Facebook References Football clubs in Wales North East Wales Football League clubs Association football clubs established in 2016 2016 establishments in Wales
Induction heating is the process of heating electrically conductive materials, namely metals or semi-conductors, by electromagnetic induction, through heat transfer passing through an inductor that creates an electromagnetic field within the coil to heat up and possibly melt steel, copper, brass, graphite, gold, silver, aluminum, or carbide. An important feature of the induction heating process is that the heat is generated inside the object itself, instead of by an external heat source via heat conduction. Thus objects can be heated very rapidly. In addition, there need not be any external contact, which can be important where contamination is an issue. Induction heating is used in many industrial processes, such as heat treatment in metallurgy, Czochralski crystal growth and zone refining used in the semiconductor industry, and to melt refractory metals that require very high temperatures. It is also used in induction cooktops. An induction heater consists of an electromagnet and an electronic oscillator that passes a high-frequency alternating current (AC) through the electromagnet. The rapidly alternating magnetic field penetrates the object, generating electric currents inside the conductor called eddy currents. The eddy currents flow through the resistance of the material, and heat it by Joule heating. In ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials, such as iron, heat also is generated by magnetic hysteresis losses. The frequency of the electric current used for induction heating depends on the object size, material type, coupling (between the work coil and the object to be heated), and the penetration depth. Applications Induction heating allows the targeted heating of an applicable item for applications including surface hardening, melting, brazing and soldering, and heating to fit. Due to their ferromagnetic nature, iron and its alloys respond best to induction heating. Eddy currents can, however, be generated in any conductor, and magnetic hysteresis can occur in any magnetic material. Induction heating has been used to heat liquid conductors (such as molten metals) and also gaseous conductors (such as a gas plasma—see Induction plasma technology). Induction heating is often used to heat graphite crucibles (containing other materials) and is used extensively in the semiconductor industry for the heating of silicon and other semiconductors. Utility frequency (50/60 Hz) induction heating is used for many lower-cost industrial applications as inverters are not required. Furnace An induction furnace uses induction to heat metal to its melting point. Once molten, the high-frequency magnetic field can also be used to stir the hot metal, which is useful in ensuring that alloying additions are fully mixed into the melt. Most induction furnaces consist of a tube of water-cooled copper rings surrounding a container of refractory material. Induction furnaces are used in most modern foundries as a cleaner method of melting metals than a reverberatory furnace or a cupola. Sizes range from a kilogram of capacity to a hundred tonnes. Induction furnaces often emit a high-pitched whine or hum when they are running, depending on their operating frequency. Metals melted include iron and steel, copper, aluminium, and precious metals. Because it is a clean and non-contact process, it can be used in a vacuum or inert atmosphere. Vacuum furnaces use induction heating to produce specialty steels and other alloys that would oxidize if heated in the presence of air. Welding A similar, smaller-scale process is used for induction welding. Plastics may also be welded by induction, if they are either doped with ferromagnetic ceramics (where magnetic hysteresis of the particles provides the heat required) or by metallic particles. Seams of tubes can be welded this way. Currents induced in a tube run along the open seam and heat the edges resulting in a temperature high enough for welding. At this point, the seam edges are forced together and the seam is welded. The RF current can also be conveyed to the tube by brushes, but the result is still the same—the current flows along the open seam, heating it. Manufacturing In the Rapid Induction Printing metal additive printing process, a conductive wire feedstock and shielding gas is fed through a coiled nozzle, subjecting the feedstock to induction heating and ejection from the nozzle as a liquid, in order to refuse under shielding to form three-dimensional metal structures. The core benefit of the use of induction heating in this process is significantly greater energy and material efficiency as well as a higher degree of safety when compared with other additive manufacturing methods, such as selective laser sintering, which deliver heat to the material using a powerful laser or electron beam. Cooking In induction cooking, an induction coil inside the cooktop heats the iron base of cookware by magnetic induction. Using induction cookers produces safety, efficiency (the induction cooktop is not heated itself), and speed. Non-ferrous pans such as copper-bottomed pans and aluminium pans are generally unsuitable. By thermal conduction, the heat induced in the base is transferred to the food inside. Brazing Induction brazing is often used in higher production runs. It produces uniform results and is very repeatable. There are many types of industrial equipment where induction brazing is used. For instance, Induction is used for brazing carbide to a shaft. Sealing Induction heating is used in cap sealing of containers in the food and pharmaceutical industries. A layer of aluminum foil is placed over the bottle or jar opening and heated by induction to fuse it to the container. This provides a tamper-resistant seal since altering the contents requires breaking the foil. Heating to fit Induction heating is often used to heat an item causing it to expand before fitting or assembly. Bearings are routinely heated in this way using utility frequency (50/60 Hz) and a laminated steel transformer-type core passing through the centre of the bearing. Heat treatment Induction heating is often used in the heat treatment of metal items. The most common applications are induction hardening of steel parts, induction soldering/brazing as a means of joining metal components, and induction annealing to selectively soften an area of a steel part. Induction heating can produce high-power densities which allow short interaction times to reach the required temperature. This gives tight control of the heating pattern with the pattern following the applied magnetic field quite closely and allows reduced thermal distortion and damage. This ability can be used in hardening to produce parts with varying properties. The most common hardening process is to produce a localised surface hardening of an area that needs wear resistance while retaining the toughness of the original structure as needed elsewhere. The depth of induction hardened patterns can be controlled through the choice of induction frequency, power density, and interaction time. Limits to the flexibility of the process arise from the need to produce dedicated inductors for many applications. This is quite expensive and requires the marshalling of high-current densities in small copper inductors, which can require specialized engineering and "copper-fitting." Plastic processing Induction heating is used in plastic injection molding machines. Induction heating improves energy efficiency for injection and extrusion processes. Heat is directly generated in the barrel of the machine, reducing warm-up time and energy consumption. The induction coil can be placed outside thermal insulation, so it operates at low temperatures and has a long life. The frequency used ranges from 30 kHz down to 5 kHz, decreasing for thicker barrels. The reduction in the cost of inverter equipment has made induction heating increasingly popular. Induction heating can also be applied to molds, offering more even mold temperature and improved product quality.<ref>Dong-Hwi Sohn, Hyeju Eom, and Keun Park, Application of high-frequency induction heating to high-quality injection molding, in Plastics Engineering Annual Technical Conference Proceedings ANTEC 2010, Society of Plastics Engineers, 2010 </ref> Pyrolysis Induction heating is used to obtain biochar in the pyrolysis of biomass. Heat is directly generated into shaker reactor walls, enabling the pyrolysis of the biomass with good mixing and temperature control. Details The basic setup is an AC power supply that provides electricity with low voltage but very high current and high frequency. The workpiece to heat is placed inside an air coil driven by the power supply, usually in combination with a resonant tank capacitor to increase the reactive power. The alternating magnetic field induces eddy currents in the workpiece. The frequency of the inductive current determines the depth that the induced eddy currents penetrate the workpiece. In the simplest case of a solid round bar, the induced current decreases exponentially from the surface. The penetration depth in which 86% of power will be concentrated, can be derived as , where is the depth in meters, is the resistivity of the workpiece in ohm-meters, is the dimensionless relative magnetic permeability of the workpiece, and is the frequency of the AC field in Hz. The AC field can be calculated using the formula . The equivalent resistance of the workpiece and thus the efficiency is a function of the workpiece diameter over the reference depth , increasing rapidly up to about . Since the workpiece diameter is fixed by the application, the value of is determined by the reference depth. Decreasing the reference depth requires increasing the frequency. Since the cost of induction power supplies increases with frequency, supplies are often optimized to achieve a critical frequency at which . If operated below the critical frequency, heating efficiency is reduced because eddy currents from either side of the workpiece impinge upon one another and cancel out. Increasing the frequency beyond the critical frequency creates minimal further improvement in heating efficiency, although it is used in applications that seek to heat treat only the surface of the workpiece. Relative depth varies with temperature because resistivities and permeability vary with temperature. For steel, the relative permeability drops to 1 above the Curie temperature. Thus the reference depth can vary with temperature by a factor of 2–3 for nonmagnetic conductors and by as much as 20 for magnetic steels. Magnetic materials improve the induction heat process because of hysteresis. Materials with high permeability (100–500) are easier to heat with induction heating. Hysteresis heating occurs below the Curie temperature, where materials retain their magnetic properties. High permeability below the Curie temperature in the workpiece is useful. Temperature difference, mass, and specific heat influence the workpiece heating. The energy transfer of induction heating is affected by the distance between the coil and the workpiece. Energy losses occur through heat conduction from workpiece to fixture, natural convection, and thermal radiation. The induction coil is usually made of copper tubing and fluid coolant. Diameter, shape, and number of turns influence the efficiency and field pattern. Core type furnace The furnace consists of a circular hearth that contains the charge to be melted in the form of a ring. The metal ring is large in diameter and is magnetically interlinked with an electrical winding energized by an AC source. It is essentially a transformer where the charge to be heated forms a single-turn short circuit secondary and is magnetically coupled to the primary by an iron core. References Brown, George Harold, Cyril N. Hoyler, and Rudolph A. Bierwirth, Theory and application of radio-frequency heating. New York, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1947. LCCN 47003544 Hartshorn, Leslie, Radio-frequency heating. London, G. Allen & Unwin, 1949. LCCN 50002705 Langton, L. L., Radio-frequency heating equipment, with particular reference to the theory and design of self-excited power oscillators. London, Pitman, 1949. LCCN 50001900 Shields, John Potter, Abc's of radio-frequency heating. 1st ed., Indianapolis, H. W. Sams, 1969. LCCN 76098943 Sovie, Ronald J., and George R. Seikel, Radio-frequency induction heating of low-pressure plasmas''. Washington, D.C. : National Aeronautics and Space Administration ; Springfield, Va.: Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, October 1967. NASA technical note. D-4206; Prepared at Lewis Research Center. Heating Electrodynamics
David Barclay of Youngsbury (1729–1809), also known as David Barclay of Walthamstow or David Barclay of Walthamstow and Youngsbury, was an English Quaker merchant, banker, and philanthropist. He is notable for an experiment in "gratuitous manumission", in which he freed an estate of Jamaican slaves, and arranged for better futures for them in Pennsylvania. His legacy was as one of the founders of the present-day Barclays Bank, a century ahead of its formation under that name, and in the brewing industry. Family background He was the son of Scottish banker and merchant David Barclay of Cheapside (1682–1769), second son of Robert Barclay, eminent Quaker writer, and Priscilla Freame, daughter of the banker John Freame. The Barclay family bank The origins of the Freame Bank, in which Barclay and his brother John inherited shares through their mother, go back at least to the first quarter of the 18th century. The name of the bank changed frequently, but it was generally known as Barclay, Bevan & Co., from the middle of the 1770s. Bevan was Silvanus Bevan III, son of Timothy Bevan and nephew of Silvanus Bevan II the apothecary; his mother was Elizabeth, Barclay's half-sister. American matters Barclay traded with the colonies in America, and had connections particularly in Pennsylvania; the firm David Barclay & Sons had connections around 1760 with New York and Philadelphia merchants, and supplied the British military in North America. In the years before the outbreak of the American War of Independence, Barclay made use of Benjamin Franklin. The Barclay brothers used their insights into the North American situation as a guide to business strategy, first of all withdrawing from sales on commission, and then reducing their dependence on exporting across the Atlantic. At the end of the War they had closed down their old trade in linen. Franklin's relationship with Quaker bankers went back 20 years, to his first English visit as agent for Pennsylvania: on that occasion he banked with Henton Brown's firm. Brown had met Robert Hunter Morris as incoming Pennsylvania governor in 1754; and in 1755, along with Barclay, Bevan, Fothergill, and Capel Hanbury became a committee member concerned with the interests of the Society of Friends there. In 1756 Barclay was ordering muskets for Thomas Penn; he also acted as London agent for William Allen. In the crisis of the 1770s Barclay led the Committee of North American Merchants in their campaign for repeal of the Stamp Act 1765. He did not, however, endorse the extremes of opposition of the colonists. In November 1774 he called on Benjamin Franklin, in London, to discuss the worsening tensions in the cross-Atlantic relationship. Franklin, with Barclay and John Fothergill, drafted a plan to resolve the impasse existing after the Boston Tea Party of the previous year. Barclay met Lord North in 1775 to oppose moves against American access to fisheries, though without success, while Fothergill also worked behind the scenes. After the War, American Quaker abolitionist delegations made their way to London. Barclay found them generally too impatient, and politically naive in their view that the way to apply pressure to Parliament was through the King. He diverted the abolitionist programme to getting the case for the abolition of slavery heard by politicians, with success. Barclay, Perkins, & Co. In 1781 a consortium of Barclay and others bought the Anchor Brewery, Southwark, part of the estate of Henry Thrale. Barclay approached his widow Hester Thrale the month after his death, with a proposal to acquire a share in the business; this was much more welcome to her than the offer from the chief clerk, John Perkins. The deal, requiring some financial engineering, was a family affair involving his nephews: Robert Barclay (1750–1830, of Bury Hill near Dorking, Surrey), son of Barclay's half-brother Alexander, and Silvanus Bevan, to whom Perkins was connected through his wife. David Barclay found £135,000 for the firm. Henry Perkins, son of John, was more of a scholar, but retained an interest in the brewery. The name "H. Thrale and Company" was changed to "Barclay Perkins and Company", in 1798; that company merged with Courage Brewery in 1955. Youngsbury Barclay bought the manor of Youngsbury in Hertfordshire in 1769, and enlarged the house there. A plan by Capability Brown for Barclay in 1770 introduced a serpentine lake. He sold it in 1793, after the death of his second wife, to William Cunliffe Shawe, and it passed in 1796 to Daniel Giles, Governor of the Bank of England. Barclay got to know John Scott of Amwell, that village being a few miles away, the other side of Ware; Scott was a fellow Quaker whom Barclay met on turnpike committees as well as at Friends' meetings. After Barclay had got to know Samuel Johnson through the Thrale brewery deal in 1781—Johnson being involved as an executor—Barclay approached him in 1784 to write the biography of Scott, who differed from Johnson in terms of politics, and in other matters. They met, and Johnson made light of the disagreements; but he died the following year, leaving Barclay money in his will. Barclay turned to John Hoole to write the biography. Philanthropy Verene Shepherd, the Jamaican historian of diaspora studies, singles out the case of Barclay and how he chose, in 1794, to free his slaves in that colony. He and his brother had acquired Unity Valley Pen, a grazing farm in Saint Ann Parish, in return for a debt, and were discomforted to find themselves the owners of about 30 slaves. Barclay wrote that when his brother died, "I determined to try the experiment of liberating my slaves, firmly convinced, that the retaining of my fellow creatures in bondage was not only irreconcilable with the precepts of Christianity, but subversive of the rights of human nature ...." He hired a vessel to take them to America; his agent for the transfer, William Holden, was instructed to take them to Philadelphia and deliver them as emancipated to John Ashley, Barclay's agent there. The Pennsylvania Abolition Society saw to the training of this group in manual trades and domestic service. In his banking business Barclay advocated against the financing of the slave trade, but was unable to prevent such finance, leaving his ethical attitude contradictory in current views. Barclay supported John Whitehead with an annuity. He was closely involved for the London Committee in the founding of Ackworth School, a Quaker school in Yorkshire. Family He married twice, and had one child who survived to adulthood: To Martha Hudson; their daughter Agatha married Richard Gurney and was mother of Hudson Gurney, and Agatha who married Sampson Hanbury. To Rachel Lloyd, daughter of Sampson Lloyd II and sister of Charles Lloyd; she died in 1792 at Youngsbury. Barclay supported the education of his grandson Hudson Gurney, which took place with his companion the polymath Thomas Young (two years older) at Youngsbury, from 1787 to 1792. Young also stayed at Barclay's London house, where he had access to the lectures of Bryan Higgins. The Barclay extended family was large: David Barclay estimated it at 300 "who call me uncle or cousin". In later life Barclay lived at Walthamstow. Further reading References See also List of abolitionist forerunners 1729 births 1809 deaths English people of Scottish descent English bankers English merchants English Quakers People from East Hertfordshire District English abolitionists Quaker abolitionists
Mylochromis ericotaenia is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Malawi where it prefers areas with sandy substrates. This species can reach a length of TL. This species can also be found in the aquarium trade. References ericotaenia Fish described in 1922 Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Byron Gray Stout (January 12, 1829 – June 19, 1896) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. Stout was born in Richmond, New York and moved with his parents to Michigan in 1831. He attended the common schools and graduated from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1851. He studied law and became superintendent and principal of Pontiac High School in 1853 and 1854 respectively. Stout served as a member of the Michigan House of Representatives in 1855 and 1857, serving as speaker in the latter year. He was also member of the Michigan Senate in 1860 and served as president pro tempore. He was a candidate for Governor of Michigan in 1862, losing to incumbent Republican Austin Blair. He was a member of the National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 1866 and delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1868, 1880, and 1888. He was defeated for election to Congress to represent Michigan's 5th congressional district in 1868 and 1870, losing to Omar D. Conger. Prior to 1869, he engaged in private banking. In 1890, Stout was elected as a Democrat from Michigan's 6th congressional district to the 52nd Congress, serving from March 4, 1891, to March 3, 1893. He was not a candidate for reelection in 1892. Byron G. Stout served as president of the Oakland County Bank from 1893 to 1896. He died in Pontiac, Michigan on June 19, 1896, and is interred in Oak Hill Cemetery. References The Political Graveyard External links 1829 births 1896 deaths University of Michigan alumni Speakers of the Michigan House of Representatives Democratic Party Michigan state senators Burials in Michigan People from Richmond, New York Politicians from Pontiac, Michigan Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan 19th-century American politicians
Vladimir Olegovich Gogberashvili (; born 16 April 1987) is a Russian professional football official and a former player. He is currently the sporting director of FC Mashuk-KMV Pyatigorsk. Club career He made his Russian Football National League debut for FC Mashuk-KMV Pyatigorsk on 5 April 2006 in a game against FC Fakel Voronezh. Management career At the end of the 2018-19 season, Gogberashvili decided to retire. He was hired as a sporting director ahead of the 2019-20 season for his former club FC Mashuk-KMV Pyatigorsk. Personal life His twin brother Otar Gogberashvili is also a professional footballer. References External links 1987 births Footballers from Kutaisi Living people Russian men's footballers FC Dynamo Moscow reserves players Russian twins FC Luch Vladivostok players Russian expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Lithuania FC Khimki players FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players FC Orenburg players FC Tyumen players Men's association football midfielders FC Kolkheti-1913 Poti players Expatriate men's footballers in Georgia (country) FC Pari Nizhny Novgorod players FC Mashuk-KMV Pyatigorsk players
Royal Air Force Oulton or more simply RAF Oulton is a former Royal Air Force satellite station located west of Aylsham, Norfolk and northwest of Norwich, Norfolk, England. The airfield was built over 1939 and 1940 as a bomber airfield with T2 type hangars and grass runways, the facility operating as a satellite airfield of nearby RAF Horsham St. Faith between July 1940 and September 1942 after which it operated as a satellite airfield of RAF Swanton Morley. History In September 1943, Oulton was transferred from 2 Group to 3 Group and closed to flying for re-construction as a heavy bomber base with concrete runways, taxiways and parking areas. The work was completed in April 1944 and the airfield transferred to No. 100 Group RAF. Flying operations ceased at the end of July 1945, after which it was taken over by RAF Maintenance Command which used it to store de Havilland Mosquitos until November 1947. Additional Units No. 18 Heavy Glider Maintenance Section No. 274 Maintenance Unit RAF No. 1428 (Ferry Training) Flight RAF No. 2873 Squadron RAF Regiment No. 2874 Squadron RAF Regiment Current use The site is now farmland. Museum The RAF Oulton Museum is housed on the Blickling Hall estate, belonging to the National Trust. See also List of former Royal Air Force stations References Citations Bibliography Bowyer, J.F. Action Stations 1: Wartime military airfields of East Anglia 1939. Wellingborough, UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, Second edition, 1990. . "Your Questions Answered...Oulton, Norfolk". Air Pictorial, October 1967. p. 373. External links Royal Air Force stations in Norfolk Royal Air Force stations of World War II in the United Kingdom
The Oryx Cup is a hydroplane boat race in the H1 Unlimited season. The race was held in November in Doha Bay on the Persian Gulf in Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar. From 2009-2014, the Oryx Cup was designated as the host for the UIM World Championship. History The Oryx Cup was founded in January 2009 when H1 Unlimited and the Qatar Marine Sports Federation (QMSF) reached an agreement to have the final race of the 2009 H1 Unlimited hydroplane season in Doha, Qatar. The 2009 event was also sanctioned as the UIM Unlimited Hydroplane World Championship. For the 2010-2014 H1 Unlimited seasons, the Oryx Cup was designated as the host of the UIM H1 Unlimited Oryx Cup World Championship. List of Oryx Cup winners List of Prior UIM World Unlimited Hydroplane Champions The following list are winners of UIM sanctioned unlimited (Gold Cup class) hydroplane world championship events. Note: The 1961 World Championship Seafair Trophy (won by Ron Musson of Miss Bardahl) was not a sanctioned UIM event References External links Oryx Cup website H1 Unlimited website H1 Unlimited Racing motorboats Hydroplanes Sports competitions in Doha Recurring sporting events established in 2009 2009 establishments in Qatar
Nuclear safety is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The achievement of proper operating conditions, prevention of accidents or mitigation of accident consequences, resulting in protection of workers, the public and the environment from undue radiation hazards". The IAEA defines nuclear security as "The prevention and detection of and response to, theft, sabotage, unauthorized access, illegal transfer or other malicious acts involving nuclear materials, other radioactive substances or their associated facilities". This covers nuclear power plants and all other nuclear facilities, the transportation of nuclear materials, and the use and storage of nuclear materials for medical, power, industry, and military uses. The nuclear power industry has improved the safety and performance of reactors, and has proposed new and safer reactor designs. However, a perfect safety cannot be guaranteed. Potential sources of problems include human errors and external events that have a greater impact than anticipated: the designers of reactors at Fukushima in Japan did not anticipate that a tsunami generated by an earthquake would disable the backup systems which were supposed to stabilize the reactor after the earthquake. Catastrophic scenarios involving terrorist attacks, war, insider sabotage, and cyberattacks are also conceivable. Nuclear weapon safety, as well as the safety of military research involving nuclear materials, is generally handled by agencies different from those that oversee civilian safety, for various reasons, including secrecy. There are ongoing concerns about terrorist groups acquiring nuclear bomb-making material. Overview of nuclear processes and safety issues , nuclear safety considerations occur in a number of situations, including: Nuclear fission power used in nuclear power stations, and nuclear submarines and ships. Nuclear weapons Fissionable fuels such as uranium-235 and plutonium-239 and their extraction, storage and use Radioactive materials used for medical, diagnostic and research purposes, for batteries in some space projects, Nuclear waste, the radioactive waste residue of nuclear materials Nuclear fusion power, a technology under long-term development Unplanned entry of nuclear materials into the biosphere and food chain (living plants, animals and humans) if breathed or ingested Continuity of uranium supplies With the exception of thermonuclear weapons and experimental fusion research, all safety issues specific to nuclear power stems from the need to limit the biological uptake of committed dose (ingestion or inhalation of radioactive materials), and external radiation dose due to radioactive contamination. Nuclear safety therefore covers at minimum: Extraction, transportation, storage, processing, and disposal of fissionable materials Safety of nuclear power generators Control and safe management of nuclear weapons, nuclear material capable of use as a weapon, and other radioactive materials Safe handling, accountability and use in industrial, medical and research contexts Disposal of nuclear waste Limitations on exposure to radiation Responsible agencies International Internationally the International Atomic Energy Agency "works with its Member States and multiple partners worldwide to promote safe, secure and peaceful nuclear technologies." Some scientists say that the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents have revealed that the nuclear industry lacks sufficient oversight, leading to renewed calls to redefine the mandate of the IAEA so that it can better police nuclear power plants worldwide. The IAEA Convention on Nuclear Safety was adopted in Vienna on 17 June 1994 and entered into force on 24 October 1996. The objectives of the convention are to achieve and maintain a high level of nuclear safety worldwide, to establish and maintain effective defences in nuclear installations against potential radiological hazards, and to prevent accidents having radiological consequences. The convention was drawn up in the aftermath of the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl accidents at a series of expert level meetings from 1992 to 1994, and was the result of considerable work by States, including their national regulatory and nuclear safety authorities, and the International Atomic Energy Agency, which serves as the Secretariat for the convention. The obligations of the Contracting Parties are based to a large extent on the application of the safety principles for nuclear installations contained in the IAEA document Safety Fundamentals ‘The Safety of Nuclear Installations’ (IAEA Safety Series No. 110 published 1993). These obligations cover the legislative and regulatory framework, the regulatory body, and technical safety obligations related to, for instance, siting, design, construction, operation, the availability of adequate financial and human resources, the assessment and verification of safety, quality assurance and emergency preparedness. The convention was amended in 2014 by the Vienna Declaration on Nuclear Safety. This resulted in the following principles: 1. New nuclear power plants are to be designed, sited, and constructed, consistent with the objective of preventing accidents in the commissioning and operation and, should an accident occur, mitigating possible releases of radionuclides causing long-term off site contamination and avoiding early radioactive releases or radioactive releases large enough to require long-term protective measures and actions. 2. Comprehensive and systematic safety assessments are to be carried out periodically and regularly for existing installations throughout their lifetime in order to identify safety improvements that are oriented to meet the above objective. Reasonably practicable or achievable safety improvements are to be implemented in a timely manner. 3. National requirements and regulations for addressing this objective throughout the lifetime of nuclear power plants are to take into account the relevant IAEA Safety Standards and, as appropriate, other good practices as identified inter alia in the Review Meetings of the CNS. There are several problems with the IAEA, says Najmedin Meshkati of University of Southern California, writing in 2011: "It recommends safety standards, but member states are not required to comply; it promotes nuclear energy, but it also monitors nuclear use; it is the sole global organization overseeing the nuclear energy industry, yet it is also weighed down by checking compliance with the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)". National Many nations utilizing nuclear power have specialist institutions overseeing and regulating nuclear safety. Civilian nuclear safety in the U.S. is regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). However, critics of the nuclear industry complain that the regulatory bodies are too intertwined with the industries themselves to be effective. The book The Doomsday Machine for example, offers a series of examples of national regulators, as they put it 'not regulating, just waving' (a pun on waiving) to argue that, in Japan, for example, "regulators and the regulated have long been friends, working together to offset the doubts of a public brought up on the horror of the nuclear bombs". Other examples offered include: in China, where Kang Rixin, former general manager of the state-owned China National Nuclear Corporation, was sentenced to life in jail in 2010 for accepting bribes (and other abuses), a verdict raising questions about the quality of his work on the safety and trustworthiness of China's nuclear reactors. in India, where the nuclear regulator reports to the national Atomic Energy Commission, which champions the building of nuclear power plants there and the chairman of the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, S. S. Bajaj, was previously a senior executive at the Nuclear Power Corporation of India, the company he is now helping to regulate. in Japan, where the regulator reports to the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, which overtly seeks to promote the nuclear industry and ministry posts and top jobs in the nuclear business are passed among the same small circle of experts. The book argues that nuclear safety is compromised by the suspicion that, as Eisaku Sato, formerly a governor of Fukushima province (with its infamous nuclear reactor complex), has put it of the regulators: “They're all birds of a feather”. The safety of nuclear plants and materials controlled by the U.S. government for research, weapons production, and those powering naval vessels is not governed by the NRC. In the UK nuclear safety is regulated by the Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR) and the Defence Nuclear Safety Regulator (DNSR). The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) is the Federal Government body that monitors and identifies solar radiation and nuclear radiation risks in Australia. It is the main body dealing with ionizing and non-ionizing radiation and publishes material regarding radiation protection. Other agencies include: Autorité de sûreté nucléaire Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland Federal Atomic Energy Agency in Russia Kernfysische dienst, (NL) Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, (DE) Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (India) Nuclear power plant safety and security Complexity Nuclear power plants are some of the most sophisticated and complex energy systems ever designed. Any complex system, no matter how well it is designed and engineered, cannot be deemed failure-proof. Veteran journalist and author Stephanie Cooke has argued: The reactors themselves were enormously complex machines with an incalculable number of things that could go wrong. When that happened at Three Mile Island in 1979, another fault line in the nuclear world was exposed. One malfunction led to another, and then to a series of others, until the core of the reactor itself began to melt, and even the world's most highly trained nuclear engineers did not know how to respond. The accident revealed serious deficiencies in a system that was meant to protect public health and safety. The 1979 Three Mile Island accident inspired Perrow's book Normal Accidents, where a nuclear accident occurs, resulting from an unanticipated interaction of multiple failures in a complex system. TMI was an example of a normal accident because it was "unexpected, incomprehensible, uncontrollable and unavoidable". Perrow concluded that the failure at Three Mile Island was a consequence of the system's immense complexity. Such modern high-risk systems, he realized, were prone to failures however well they were managed. It was inevitable that they would eventually suffer what he termed a 'normal accident'. Therefore, he suggested, we might do better to contemplate a radical redesign, or if that was not possible, to abandon such technology entirely. A fundamental issue contributing to a nuclear power system's complexity is its extremely long lifetime. The timeframe from the start of construction of a commercial nuclear power station through the safe disposal of its last radioactive waste, may be 100 to 150 years. Failure modes of nuclear power plants There are concerns that a combination of human and mechanical error at a nuclear facility could result in significant harm to people and the environment: Operating nuclear reactors contain large amounts of radioactive fission products which, if dispersed, can pose a direct radiation hazard, contaminate soil and vegetation, and be ingested by humans and animals. Human exposure at high enough levels can cause both short-term illness and death and longer-term death by cancer and other diseases. It is impossible for a commercial nuclear reactor to explode like a nuclear bomb since the fuel is never sufficiently enriched for this to occur. Nuclear reactors can fail in a variety of ways. Should the instability of the nuclear material generate unexpected behavior, it may result in an uncontrolled power excursion. Normally, the cooling system in a reactor is designed to be able to handle the excess heat this causes; however, should the reactor also experience a loss-of-coolant accident, then the fuel may melt or cause the vessel in which it is contained to overheat and melt. This event is called a nuclear meltdown. After shutting down, for some time the reactor still needs external energy to power its cooling systems. Normally this energy is provided by the power grid to which that plant is connected, or by emergency diesel generators. Failure to provide power for the cooling systems, as happened in Fukushima I, can cause serious accidents. Nuclear safety rules in the United States "do not adequately weigh the risk of a single event that would knock out electricity from the grid and from emergency generators, as a quake and tsunami recently did in Japan", Nuclear Regulatory Commission officials said in June 2011. Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack Nuclear reactors become preferred targets during military conflict and, over the past three decades, have been repeatedly attacked during military air strikes, occupations, invasions and campaigns: In September 1980, Iran bombed the Al Tuwaitha nuclear complex in Iraq in Operation Scorch Sword. In June 1981, an Israeli air strike completely destroyed Iraq's Osirak nuclear research facility in Operation Opera. Between 1984 and 1987, Iraq bombed Iran's Bushehr nuclear plant six times. On 8 January 1982, Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the ANC, attacked South Africa's Koeberg nuclear power plant while it was still under construction. In 1991, the U.S. bombed three nuclear reactors and an enrichment pilot facility in Iraq. In 1991, Iraq launched Scud missiles at Israel's Dimona nuclear power plant In September 2007, Israel bombed a Syrian reactor under construction. On 4 March 2022, Russian forces carried out artillery strikes at the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In the U.S., plants are surrounded by a double row of tall fences which are electronically monitored. The plant grounds are patrolled by a sizeable force of armed guards. In Canada, all reactors have an "on-site armed response force" that includes light-armored vehicles that patrol the plants daily. The NRC's "Design Basis Threat" criterion for plants is a secret, and so what size of attacking force the plants are able to protect against is unknown. However, to scram (make an emergency shutdown) a plant takes fewer than 5 seconds while unimpeded restart takes hours, severely hampering a terrorist force in a goal to release radioactivity. Attack from the air is an issue that has been highlighted since the September 11 attacks in the U.S. However, it was in 1972 when three hijackers took control of a domestic passenger flight along the east coast of the U.S. and threatened to crash the plane into a U.S. nuclear weapons plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The plane got as close as 8,000 feet above the site before the hijackers’ demands were met. The most important barrier against the release of radioactivity in the event of an aircraft strike on a nuclear power plant is the containment building and its missile shield. Former NRC Chairman Dale Klein has said "Nuclear power plants are inherently robust structures that our studies show provide adequate protection in a hypothetical attack by an airplane. The NRC has also taken actions that require nuclear power plant operators to be able to manage large fires or explosions—no matter what has caused them." In addition, supporters point to large studies carried out by the U.S. Electric Power Research Institute that tested the robustness of both reactor and waste fuel storage and found that they should be able to sustain a terrorist attack comparable to the September 11 terrorist attacks in the U.S. Spent fuel is usually housed inside the plant's "protected zone" or a spent nuclear fuel shipping cask; stealing it for use in a "dirty bomb" would be extremely difficult. Exposure to the intense radiation would almost certainly quickly incapacitate or kill anyone who attempts to do so. Threat of terrorist attacks Nuclear power plants are considered to be targets for terrorist attacks. Even during the construction of the first nuclear power plants, this issue has been advised by security bodies. Concrete threats of attack against nuclear power plants by terrorists or criminals are documented from several states. While older nuclear power plants were built without special protection against air accidents in Germany, the later nuclear power plants built with a massive concrete buildings are partially protected against air accidents. They are designed against the impact of combat aircraft at a speed of about 800 km / h. It was assumed as a basis of assessment of the impact of an aircraft of type Phantom II with a mass of 20 tonnes and speed of 215 m / s. The danger arising from a terrorist caused large aircraft crash on a nuclear power plant is currently being discussed. Such a terrorist attack could have catastrophic consequences. For example, the German government has confirmed that the nuclear power plant Biblis A would not be completely protected from an attack by a military aircraft. Following the terrorist attacks in Brussels in 2016, several nuclear power plants were partially evacuated. At the same time, it became known that the terrorists had spied on the nuclear power plants, and several employees had their access privileges withdrawn. Moreover, "nuclear terrorism", for instance with a so-called "Dirty bomb," poses a considerable potential hazard. Plant location In many countries, plants are often located on the coast, in order to provide a ready source of cooling water for the essential service water system. As a consequence the design needs to take the risk of flooding and tsunamis into account. The World Energy Council (WEC) argues disaster risks are changing and increasing the likelihood of disasters such as earthquakes, cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons, flooding. High temperatures, low precipitation levels and severe droughts may lead to fresh water shortages. Failure to calculate the risk of flooding correctly lead to a Level 2 event on the International Nuclear Event Scale during the 1999 Blayais Nuclear Power Plant flood, while flooding caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami lead to the Fukushima I nuclear accidents. The design of plants located in seismically active zones also requires the risk of earthquakes and tsunamis to be taken into account. Japan, India, China and the USA are among the countries to have plants in earthquake-prone regions. Damage caused to Japan's Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant during the 2007 Chūetsu offshore earthquake underlined concerns expressed by experts in Japan prior to the Fukushima accidents, who have warned of a genpatsu-shinsai (domino-effect nuclear power plant earthquake disaster). Safeguarding critical infrastructure like nuclear power plants is a requirement and necessary for chemical facilities, operating nuclear reactors and many other utility facilities. In 2003, the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) developed mandates regarding enhanced security at nuclear power plants. Primary among them were changes to the security perimeter and the screening of employees, vendors, and visitors as they accessed the site. Many facilities recognize their vulnerabilities, and licensed security-contracting firms have arisen. Multiple reactors The Fukushima nuclear disaster illustrated the dangers of building multiple nuclear reactor units close to one another. Because of the closeness of the reactors, Plant Director Masao Yoshida "was put in the position of trying to cope simultaneously with core meltdowns at three reactors and exposed fuel pools at three units". Nuclear safety systems The three primary objectives of nuclear safety systems as defined by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission are to shut down the reactor, maintain it in a shutdown condition, and prevent the release of radioactive material during events and accidents. These objectives are accomplished using a variety of equipment, which is part of different systems, of which each performs specific functions. Routine emissions of radioactive materials During everyday routine operations, emissions of radioactive materials from nuclear plants are released to the outside of the plants although they are quite slight amounts. The daily emissions go into the air, water and soil. NRC says, "nuclear power plants sometimes release radioactive gases and liquids into the environment under controlled, monitored conditions to ensure that they pose no danger to the public or the environment", and "routine emissions during normal operation of a nuclear power plant are never lethal". According to the United Nations (UNSCEAR), regular nuclear power plant operation including the nuclear fuel cycle amounts to 0.0002 millisieverts (mSv) annually in average public radiation exposure; the legacy of the Chernobyl disaster is 0.002 mSv/a as a global average as of a 2008 report; and natural radiation exposure averages 2.4 mSv annually although frequently varying depending on an individual's location from 1 to 13 mSv. Japanese public perception of nuclear power safety In March 2012, Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda said that the Japanese government shared the blame for the Fukushima disaster, saying that officials had been blinded by an image of the country's technological infallibility and were "all too steeped in a safety myth." Japan has been accused by authors such as journalist Yoichi Funabashi of having an "aversion to facing the potential threat of nuclear emergencies." According to him, a national program to develop robots for use in nuclear emergencies was terminated in midstream because it "smacked too much of underlying danger." Though Japan is a major power in robotics, it had none to send in to Fukushima during the disaster. He mentions that Japan's Nuclear Safety Commission stipulated in its safety guidelines for light-water nuclear facilities that "the potential for extended loss of power need not be considered." However, this kind of extended loss of power to the cooling pumps caused the Fukushima meltdown. In other countries such as the UK, nuclear plants have not been claimed to be absolutely safe. It is instead claimed that a major accident has a likelihood of occurrence lower than (for example) 0.0001/year. Incidents such as the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster could have been avoided with stricter regulations over nuclear power. In 2002, TEPCO, the company that operated the Fukushima plant, admitted to falsifying reports on over 200 occasions between 1997 and 2002. TEPCO faced no fines for this. Instead, they fired four of their top executives. Three of these four later went on to take jobs at companies that do business with TEPCO. Uranium supplies Nuclear fuel is strategic resource whose continuous supply needs to be secured to prevent plant outages. IAEA recommends at least two suppliers to ensure supply disruptions as result of political events or monopolistic pressure. Worldwide uranium supplies are well diversified, with dozens of suppliers in various countries, and small amounts of fuel required make the diversification much easier than in case of large-volume fossil fuel supplies required by energy sector. For example, Ukraine faced the challenge as result of conflict with Russia, which continued to supply the fuel but used it to leverage political pressure. In 2016 Ukraine obtained 50% of its supplies from Russia, and the other half from Sweden, with a number of framework contracts with other countries. Hazards of nuclear material There is currently a total of 47,000 tonnes of high-level nuclear waste stored in the USA. Nuclear waste is approximately 94% Uranium, 1.3% Plutonium, 0.14% other actinides, and 5.2% fission products. About 1.0% of this waste consists of long-lived isotopes 79Se, 93Zr, 99Te, 107Pd, 126Sn, 129I and 135Cs. Shorter lived isotopes including 89Sr, 90Sr, 106Ru, 125Sn, 134Cs, 137Cs, and 147Pm constitute 0.9% at one year, decreasing to 0.1% at 100 years. The remaining 3.3–4.1% consists of non-radioactive isotopes. There are technical challenges, as it is preferable to lock away the long-lived fission products, but the challenge should not be exaggerated. One tonne of waste, as described above, has measurable radioactivity of approximately 600 TBq equal to the natural radioactivity in one km3 of the Earth's crust, which if buried, would add only 25 parts per trillion to the total radioactivity. The difference between short-lived high-level nuclear waste and long-lived low-level waste can be illustrated by the following example. As stated above, one mole of both 131I and 129I release 3x1023 decays in a period equal to one half-life. 131I decays with the release of 970 keV whilst 129I decays with the release of 194 keV of energy. 131gm of 131I would therefore release 45 gigajoules over eight days beginning at an initial rate of 600 EBq releasing 90 kilowatts with the last radioactive decay occurring inside two years. In contrast, 129gm of 129I would therefore release 9 gigajoules over 15.7 million years beginning at an initial rate of 850 MBq releasing 25 microwatts with the radioactivity decreasing by less than 1% in 100,000 years. One tonne of nuclear waste also reduces CO2 emission by 25 million tonnes. Radionuclides such as 129I or 131I, may be highly radioactive, or very long-lived, but they cannot be both. One mole of 129I (129 grams) undergoes the same number of decays (3x1023) in 15.7 million years, as does one mole of 131I (131 grams) in 8 days. 131I is therefore highly radioactive, but disappears very quickly, whilst 129I releases a very low level of radiation for a very long time. Two long-lived fission products, technetium-99 (half-life 220,000 years) and iodine-129 (half-life 15.7 million years), are of somewhat greater concern because of a greater chance of entering the biosphere. The transuranic elements in spent fuel are neptunium-237 (half-life two million years) and plutonium-239 (half-life 24,000 years). will also remain in the environment for long periods. A more complete solution to both the problem of both actinides and to the need for low-carbon energy may be the integral fast reactor. One tonne of nuclear waste after a complete burn in an IFR reactor will have prevented 500 million tonnes of CO2 from entering the atmosphere. Otherwise, waste storage usually necessitates treatment, followed by a long-term management strategy involving permanent storage, disposal or transformation of the waste into a non-toxic form. Governments around the world are considering a range of waste management and disposal options, usually involving deep-geologic placement, although there has been limited progress toward implementing long-term waste management solutions. This is partly because the timeframes in question when dealing with radioactive waste range from 10,000 to millions of years, according to studies based on the effect of estimated radiation doses. Since the fraction of a radioisotope's atoms decaying per unit of time is inversely proportional to its half-life, the relative radioactivity of a quantity of buried human radioactive waste would diminish over time compared to natural radioisotopes (such as the decay chain of 120 trillion tons of thorium and 40 trillion tons of uranium which are at relatively trace concentrations of parts per million each over the crust's 3 * 1019 ton mass). For instance, over a timeframe of thousands of years, after the most active short half-life radioisotopes decayed, burying U.S. nuclear waste would increase the radioactivity in the top 2000 feet of rock and soil in the United States (10 million km2) by ≈ 1 part in 10 million over the cumulative amount of natural radioisotopes in such a volume, although the vicinity of the site would have a far higher concentration of artificial radioisotopes underground than such an average. Safety culture and human errors One relatively prevalent notion in discussions of nuclear safety is that of safety culture. The International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group, defines the term as “the personal dedication and accountability of all individuals engaged in any activity which has a bearing on the safety of nuclear power plants”. The goal is “to design systems that use human capabilities in appropriate ways, that protect systems from human frailties, and that protect humans from hazards associated with the system”. At the same time, there is some evidence that operational practices are not easy to change. Operators almost never follow instructions and written procedures exactly, and “the violation of rules appears to be quite rational, given the actual workload and timing constraints under which the operators must do their job”. Many attempts to improve nuclear safety culture “were compensated by people adapting to the change in an unpredicted way”. According to Areva's Southeast Asia and Oceania director, Selena Ng, Japan's Fukushima nuclear disaster is "a huge wake-up call for a nuclear industry that hasn't always been sufficiently transparent about safety issues". She said "There was a sort of complacency before Fukushima and I don't think we can afford to have that complacency now". An assessment conducted by the Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA) in France concluded that no amount of technical innovation can eliminate the risk of human-induced errors associated with the operation of nuclear power plants. Two types of mistakes were deemed most serious: errors committed during field operations, such as maintenance and testing, that can cause an accident; and human errors made during small accidents that cascade to complete failure. According to Mycle Schneider, reactor safety depends above all on a 'culture of security', including the quality of maintenance and training, the competence of the operator and the workforce, and the rigour of regulatory oversight. So a better-designed, newer reactor is not always a safer one, and older reactors are not necessarily more dangerous than newer ones. The 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States occurred in a reactor that had started operation only three months earlier, and the Chernobyl disaster occurred after only two years of operation. A serious loss of coolant occurred at the French Civaux-1 reactor in 1998, less than five months after start-up. However safe a plant is designed to be, it is operated by humans who are prone to errors. Laurent Stricker, a nuclear engineer and chairman of the World Association of Nuclear Operators says that operators must guard against complacency and avoid overconfidence. Experts say that the "largest single internal factor determining the safety of a plant is the culture of security among regulators, operators and the workforce — and creating such a culture is not easy". Investigative journalist Eric Schlosser, author of Command and Control, discovered that at least 700 "significant" accidents and incidents involving 1,250 nuclear weapons were recorded in the United States between 1950 and 1968. Experts believe that up to 50 nuclear weapons were lost during the Cold War. Risks The routine health risks and greenhouse gas emissions from nuclear fission power are small relative to those associated with coal, but there are several "catastrophic risks": The extreme danger of the radioactive material in power plants and of nuclear technology in and of itself is so well known that the US government was prompted (at the industry's urging) to enact provisions that protect the nuclear industry from bearing the full burden of such inherently risky nuclear operations. The Price-Anderson Act limits industry's liability in the case of accidents, and the 1982 Nuclear Waste Policy Act charges the federal government with responsibility for permanently storing nuclear waste. Population density is one critical lens through which other risks have to be assessed, says Laurent Stricker, a nuclear engineer and chairman of the World Association of Nuclear Operators: The KANUPP plant in Karachi, Pakistan, has the most people — 8.2 million — living within 30 kilometres of a nuclear plant, although it has just one relatively small reactor with an output of 125 megawatts. Next in the league, however, are much larger plants — Taiwan's 1,933-megawatt Kuosheng plant with 5.5 million people within a 30-kilometre radius and the 1,208-megawatt Chin Shan plant with 4.7 million; both zones include the capital city of Taipei. 172,000 people living within a 30 kilometre radius of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, have been forced or advised to evacuate the area. More generally, a 2011 analysis by Nature and Columbia University, New York, shows that some 21 nuclear plants have populations larger than 1 million within a 30-km radius, and six plants have populations larger than 3 million within that radius. Black Swan events are highly unlikely occurrences that have big repercussions. Despite planning, nuclear power will always be vulnerable to black swan events: A rare event – especially one that has never occurred – is difficult to foresee, expensive to plan for and easy to discount with statistics. Just because something is only supposed to happen every 10,000 years does not mean that it will not happen tomorrow. Over the typical 40-year life of a plant, assumptions can also change, as they did on September 11, 2001, in August 2005 when Hurricane Katrina struck, and in March, 2011, after Fukushima. The list of potential black swan events is "damningly diverse": Nuclear reactors and their spent-fuel pools could be targets for terrorists piloting hijacked planes. Reactors may be situated downstream from dams that, should they ever burst, could unleash massive floods. Some reactors are located close to faults or shorelines, a dangerous scenario like that which emerged at Three Mile Island and Fukushima – a catastrophic coolant failure, the overheating and melting of the radioactive fuel rods, and a release of radioactive material. The AP1000 has an estimated core damage frequency of 5.09 x 10−7 per plant per year. The Evolutionary Power Reactor (EPR) has an estimated core damage frequency of 4 x 10−7 per plant per year. In 2006 General Electric published recalculated estimated core damage frequencies per year per plant for its nuclear power plant designs: BWR/4 – 1 x 10−5 BWR/6 – 1 x 10−6 ABWR – 2 x 10−7 ESBWR – 3 x 10−8 Beyond design basis events The Fukushima I nuclear accident was caused by a "beyond design basis event," the tsunami and associated earthquakes were more powerful than the plant was designed to accommodate, and the accident is directly due to the tsunami overflowing the too-low seawall. Since then, the possibility of unforeseen beyond design basis events has been a major concern for plant operators. Transparency and ethics According to journalist Stephanie Cooke, it is difficult to know what really goes on inside nuclear power plants because the industry is shrouded in secrecy. Corporations and governments control what information is made available to the public. Cooke says "when information is made available, it is often couched in jargon and incomprehensible prose". Kennette Benedict has said that nuclear technology and plant operations continue to lack transparency and to be relatively closed to public view: Despite victories like the creation of the Atomic Energy Commission, and later the Nuclear Regular Commission, the secrecy that began with the Manhattan Project has tended to permeate the civilian nuclear program, as well as the military and defense programs. In 1986, Soviet officials held off reporting the Chernobyl disaster for several days. The operators of the Fukushima plant, Tokyo Electric Power Co, were also criticised for not quickly disclosing information on releases of radioactivity from the plant. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev said there must be greater transparency in nuclear emergencies. Historically many scientists and engineers have made decisions on behalf of potentially affected populations about whether a particular level of risk and uncertainty is acceptable for them. Many nuclear engineers and scientists that have made such decisions, even for good reasons relating to long term energy availability, now consider that doing so without informed consent is wrong, and that nuclear power safety and nuclear technologies should be based fundamentally on morality, rather than purely on technical, economic and business considerations. Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy is a 1975 book by Amory B. Lovins and John H. Price. The main theme of the book is that the most important parts of the nuclear power debate are not technical disputes but relate to personal values, and are the legitimate province of every citizen, whether technically trained or not. Nuclear and radiation accidents The nuclear industry has an excellent safety record and the deaths per megawatt hour are the lowest of all the major energy sources. According to Zia Mian and Alexander Glaser, the "past six decades have shown that nuclear technology does not tolerate error". Nuclear power is perhaps the primary example of what are called ‘high-risk technologies’ with ‘catastrophic potential’, because “no matter how effective conventional safety devices are, there is a form of accident that is inevitable, and such accidents are a ‘normal’ consequence of the system.” In short, there is no escape from system failures. Whatever position one takes in the nuclear power debate, the possibility of catastrophic accidents and consequent economic costs must be considered when nuclear policy and regulations are being framed. Accident liability protection Kristin Shrader-Frechette has said "if reactors were safe, nuclear industries would not demand government-guaranteed, accident-liability protection, as a condition for their generating electricity". No private insurance company or even consortium of insurance companies "would shoulder the fearsome liabilities arising from severe nuclear accidents". Hanford Site The Hanford Site is a mostly decommissioned nuclear production complex on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington, operated by the United States federal government. Plutonium manufactured at the site was used in the first nuclear bomb, tested at the Trinity site, and in Fat Man, the bomb detonated over Nagasaki, Japan. During the Cold War, the project was expanded to include nine nuclear reactors and five large plutonium processing complexes, which produced plutonium for most of the 60,000 weapons in the U.S. nuclear arsenal. Many of the early safety procedures and waste disposal practices were inadequate, and government documents have since confirmed that Hanford's operations released significant amounts of radioactive materials into the air and the Columbia River, which still threatens the health of residents and ecosystems. The weapons production reactors were decommissioned at the end of the Cold War, but the decades of manufacturing left behind of high-level radioactive waste, an additional of solid radioactive waste, of contaminated groundwater beneath the site and occasional discoveries of undocumented contaminations that slow the pace and raise the cost of cleanup. The Hanford site represents two-thirds of the nation's high-level radioactive waste by volume. Today, Hanford is the most contaminated nuclear site in the United States and is the focus of the nation's largest environmental cleanup. 1986 Chernobyl disaster The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. An explosion and fire released large quantities of radioactive contamination into the atmosphere, which spread over much of Western USSR and Europe. It is considered the worst nuclear power plant accident in history, and is one of only two classified as a level 7 event on the International Nuclear Event Scale (the other being the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster). The battle to contain the contamination and avert a greater catastrophe ultimately involved over 500,000 workers and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles, crippling the Soviet economy. The accident raised concerns about the safety of the nuclear power industry, slowing its expansion for a number of years. UNSCEAR has conducted 20 years of detailed scientific and epidemiological research on the effects of the Chernobyl accident. Apart from the 57 direct deaths in the accident itself, UNSCEAR predicted in 2005 that up to 4,000 additional cancer deaths related to the accident would appear "among the 600 000 persons receiving more significant exposures (liquidators working in 1986–87, evacuees, and residents of the most contaminated areas)". Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus have been burdened with the continuing and substantial decontamination and health care costs of the Chernobyl disaster. Eleven of Russia's reactors are of the RBMK 1000 type, similar to the one at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Some of these RBMK reactors were originally to be shut down but have instead been given life extensions and uprated in output by about 5%. Critics say that these reactors are of an "inherently unsafe design", which cannot be improved through upgrades and modernization, and some reactor parts are impossible to replace. Russian environmental groups say that the lifetime extensions "violate Russian law, because the projects have not undergone environmental assessments". 2011 Fukushima I accidents Despite all assurances, a major nuclear accident on the scale of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster happened again in 2011 in Japan, one of the world's most industrially advanced countries. Nuclear Safety Commission Chairman Haruki Madarame told a parliamentary inquiry in February 2012 that "Japan's atomic safety rules are inferior to global standards and left the country unprepared for the Fukushima nuclear disaster last March". There were flaws in, and lax enforcement of, the safety rules governing Japanese nuclear power companies, and this included insufficient protection against tsunamis. A 2012 report in The Economist said: "The reactors at Fukushima were of an old design. The risks they faced had not been well analysed. The operating company was poorly regulated and did not know what was going on. The operators made mistakes. The representatives of the safety inspectorate fled. Some of the equipment failed. The establishment repeatedly played down the risks and suppressed information about the movement of the radioactive plume, so some people were evacuated from more lightly to more heavily contaminated places". The designers of the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant reactors did not anticipate that a tsunami generated by an earthquake would disable the backup systems that were supposed to stabilize the reactor after the earthquake. Nuclear reactors are such "inherently complex, tightly coupled systems that, in rare, emergency situations, cascading interactions will unfold very rapidly in such a way that human operators will be unable to predict and master them". Lacking electricity to pump water needed to cool the atomic core, engineers vented radioactive steam into the atmosphere to release pressure, leading to a series of explosions that blew out concrete walls around the reactors. Radiation readings spiked around Fukushima as the disaster widened, forcing the evacuation of 200,000 people. There was a rise in radiation levels on the outskirts of Tokyo, with a population of 30 million, 135 miles (210 kilometers) to the south. Back-up diesel generators that might have averted the disaster were positioned in a basement, where they were quickly overwhelmed by waves. The cascade of events at Fukushima had been predicted in a report published in the U.S. several decades ago: The 1990 report by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, an independent agency responsible for safety at the country's power plants, identified earthquake-induced diesel generator failure and power outage leading to failure of cooling systems as one of the “most likely causes” of nuclear accidents from an external event. The report was cited in a 2004 statement by Japan's Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, but it seems adequate measures to address the risk were not taken by TEPCO. Katsuhiko Ishibashi, a seismology professor at Kobe University, has said that Japan's history of nuclear accidents stems from an overconfidence in plant engineering. In 2006, he resigned from a government panel on nuclear reactor safety, because the review process was rigged and “unscientific”. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Japan "underestimated the danger of tsunamis and failed to prepare adequate backup systems at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant". This repeated a widely held criticism in Japan that "collusive ties between regulators and industry led to weak oversight and a failure to ensure adequate safety levels at the plant". The IAEA also said that the Fukushima disaster exposed the lack of adequate backup systems at the plant. Once power was completely lost, critical functions like the cooling system shut down. Three of the reactors "quickly overheated, causing meltdowns that eventually led to explosions, which hurled large amounts of radioactive material into the air". Louise Fréchette and Trevor Findlay have said that more effort is needed to ensure nuclear safety and improve responses to accidents: The multiple reactor crises at Japan's Fukushima nuclear power plant reinforce the need for strengthening global instruments to ensure nuclear safety worldwide. The fact that a country that has been operating nuclear power reactors for decades should prove so alarmingly improvisational in its response and so unwilling to reveal the facts even to its own people, much less the International Atomic Energy Agency, is a reminder that nuclear safety is a constant work-in-progress. David Lochbaum, chief nuclear safety officer with the Union of Concerned Scientists, has repeatedly questioned the safety of the Fukushima I Plant's General Electric Mark 1 reactor design, which is used in almost a quarter of the United States' nuclear fleet. A report from the Japanese Government to the IAEA says the "nuclear fuel in three reactors probably melted through the inner containment vessels, not just the core". The report says the "inadequate" basic reactor design — the Mark-1 model developed by General Electric — included "the venting system for the containment vessels and the location of spent fuel cooling pools high in the buildings, which resulted in leaks of radioactive water that hampered repair work". Following the Fukushima emergency, the European Union decided that reactors across all 27 member nations should undergo safety tests. According to UBS AG, the Fukushima I nuclear accidents are likely to hurt the nuclear power industry's credibility more than the Chernobyl disaster in 1986: The accident in the former Soviet Union 25 years ago 'affected one reactor in a totalitarian state with no safety culture,' UBS analysts including Per Lekander and Stephen Oldfield wrote in a report today. 'At Fukushima, four reactors have been out of control for weeks – casting doubt on whether even an advanced economy can master nuclear safety.' The Fukushima accident exposed some troubling nuclear safety issues: Despite the resources poured into analyzing crustal movements and having expert committees determine earthquake risk, for instance, researchers never considered the possibility of a magnitude-9 earthquake followed by a massive tsunami. The failure of multiple safety features on nuclear power plants has raised questions about the nation's engineering prowess. Government flip-flopping on acceptable levels of radiation exposure confused the public, and health professionals provided little guidance. Facing a dearth of reliable information on radiation levels, citizens armed themselves with dosimeters, pooled data, and together produced radiological contamination maps far more detailed than anything the government or official scientific sources ever provided. As of January 2012, questions also linger as to the extent of damage to the Fukushima plant caused by the earthquake even before the tsunami hit. Any evidence of serious quake damage at the plant would "cast new doubt on the safety of other reactors in quake-prone Japan". Two government advisers have said that "Japan's safety review of nuclear reactors after the Fukushima disaster is based on faulty criteria and many people involved have conflicts of interest". Hiromitsu Ino, Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo, says "The whole process being undertaken is exactly the same as that used previous to the Fukushima Dai-Ichi accident, even though the accident showed all these guidelines and categories to be insufficient". In March 2012, Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda acknowledged that the Japanese government shared the blame for the Fukushima disaster, saying that officials had been blinded by a false belief in the country's "technological infallibility", and were all too steeped in a "safety myth". Other accidents Serious nuclear and radiation accidents include the Chalk River accidents (1952, 1958 & 2008), Mayak disaster (1957), Windscale fire (1957), SL-1 accident (1961), Soviet submarine K-19 accident (1961), Three Mile Island accident (1979), Church Rock uranium mill spill (1979), Soviet submarine K-431 accident (1985), Therac-25 accidents (1985-1987), Goiânia accident (1987), Zaragoza radiotherapy accident (1990), Costa Rica radiotherapy accident (1996), Tokaimura nuclear accident (1999), Sellafield THORP leak (2005), and the Flerus IRE cobalt-60 spill (2006). Health impacts Four hundred and thirty-seven nuclear power stations are presently in operation but, unfortunately, five major nuclear accidents have occurred in the past. These accidents occurred at Kyshtym (1957), Windscale (1957), Three Mile Island (1979), Chernobyl (1986), and Fukushima (2011). A report in Lancet says that the effects of these accidents on individuals and societies are diverse and enduring: "Accumulated evidence about radiation health effects on atomic bomb survivors and other radiation-exposed people has formed the basis for national and international regulations about radiation protection. However, past experiences suggest that common issues were not necessarily physical health problems directly attributable to radiation exposure, but rather psychological and social effects. Additionally, evacuation and long-term displacement created severe health-care problems for the most vulnerable people, such as hospital inpatients and elderly people." In spite of accidents like these, studies have shown that nuclear deaths are mostly in uranium mining and that nuclear energy has generated far fewer deaths than the high pollution levels that result from the use of conventional fossil fuels. However, the nuclear power industry relies on uranium mining, which itself is a hazardous industry, with many accidents and fatalities. Journalist Stephanie Cooke says that it is not useful to make comparisons just in terms of number of deaths, as the way people live afterwards is also relevant, as in the case of the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents: "You have people in Japan right now that are facing either not returning to their homes forever, or if they do return to their homes, living in a contaminated area for basically ever... It affects millions of people, it affects our land, it affects our atmosphere ... it's affecting future generations ... I don't think any of these great big massive plants that spew pollution into the air are good. But I don't think it's really helpful to make these comparisons just in terms of number of deaths". The Fukushima accident forced more than 80,000 residents to evacuate from neighborhoods around the plant. A survey by the Iitate, Fukushima local government obtained responses from some 1,743 people who have evacuated from the village, which lies within the emergency evacuation zone around the crippled Fukushima Daiichi Plant. It shows that many residents are experiencing growing frustration and instability due to the nuclear crisis and an inability to return to the lives they were living before the disaster. Sixty percent of respondents stated that their health and the health of their families had deteriorated after evacuating, while 39.9 percent reported feeling more irritated compared to before the disaster. "Summarizing all responses to questions related to evacuees' current family status, one-third of all surveyed families live apart from their children, while 50.1 percent live away from other family members (including elderly parents) with whom they lived before the disaster. The survey also showed that 34.7 percent of the evacuees have suffered salary cuts of 50 percent or more since the outbreak of the nuclear disaster. A total of 36.8 percent reported a lack of sleep, while 17.9 percent reported smoking or drinking more than before they evacuated." Chemical components of the radioactive waste may lead to cancer. For example, Iodine 131 was released along with the radioactive waste when Chernobyl disaster and Fukushima disasters occurred. It was concentrated in leafy vegetation after absorption in the soil. It also stays in animals’ milk if the animals eat the vegetation. When Iodine 131 enters the human body, it migrates to the thyroid gland in the neck and can cause thyroid cancer. Other elements from nuclear waste can lead to cancer as well. For example, Strontium 90 causes breast cancer and leukemia, Plutonium 239 causes liver cancer. Improvements to nuclear fission technologies Redesigns of fuel pellets and cladding are being undertaken which can further improve the safety of existing power plants. Newer reactor designs intended to provide increased safety have been developed over time. These designs include those that incorporate passive safety and Small Modular Reactors. While these reactor designs "are intended to inspire trust, they may have an unintended effect: creating distrust of older reactors that lack the touted safety features". The next nuclear plants to be built will likely be Generation III or III+ designs, and a few such are already in operation in Japan. Generation IV reactors would have even greater improvements in safety. These new designs are expected to be passively safe or nearly so, and perhaps even inherently safe (as in the PBMR designs). Some improvements made (not all in all designs) are having three sets of emergency diesel generators and associated emergency core cooling systems rather than just one pair, having quench tanks (large coolant-filled tanks) above the core that open into it automatically, having a double containment (one containment building inside another), etc. Approximately 120 reactors, such as all those in Switzerland prior to and all reactors in Japan after the Fukushima accident, incorporate Filtered Containment Venting Systems, onto the containment structure, which are designed to relieve the containment pressure during an accident by releasing gases to the environment while retaining most of the fission products in the filter structures. However, safety risks may be the greatest when nuclear systems are the newest, and operators have less experience with them. Nuclear engineer David Lochbaum explained that almost all serious nuclear accidents occurred with what was at the time the most recent technology. He argues that "the problem with new reactors and accidents is twofold: scenarios arise that are impossible to plan for in simulations; and humans make mistakes". As one director of a U.S. research laboratory put it, "fabrication, construction, operation, and maintenance of new reactors will face a steep learning curve: advanced technologies will have a heightened risk of accidents and mistakes. The technology may be proven, but people are not". Developing countries There are concerns about developing countries "rushing to join the so-called nuclear renaissance without the necessary infrastructure, personnel, regulatory frameworks and safety culture". Some countries with nuclear aspirations, like Nigeria, Kenya, Bangladesh and Venezuela, have no significant industrial experience and will require at least a decade of preparation even before breaking ground at a reactor site. The speed of the nuclear construction program in China has raised safety concerns. The challenge for the government and nuclear companies is to "keep an eye on a growing army of contractors and subcontractors who may be tempted to cut corners". China has asked for international assistance in training more nuclear power plant inspectors. Nuclear security and terrorist attacks Nuclear power plants, civilian research reactors, certain naval fuel facilities, uranium enrichment plants, and fuel fabrication plants, are vulnerable to attacks which could lead to widespread radioactive contamination. The attack threat is of several general types: commando-like ground-based attacks on equipment which if disabled could lead to a reactor core meltdown or widespread dispersal of radioactivity; and external attacks such as an aircraft crash into a reactor complex, or cyber attacks. The United States 9/11 Commission has said that nuclear power plants were potential targets originally considered for the September 11, 2001 attacks. If terrorist groups could sufficiently damage safety systems to cause a core meltdown at a nuclear power plant, and/or sufficiently damage spent fuel pools, such an attack could lead to widespread radioactive contamination. The Federation of American Scientists have said that if nuclear power use is to expand significantly, nuclear facilities will have to be made extremely safe from attacks that could release massive quantities of radioactivity into the community. New reactor designs have features of passive safety, which may help. In the United States, the NRC carries out "Force on Force" (FOF) exercises at all Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) sites at least once every three years. Nuclear reactors become preferred targets during military conflict and, over the past three decades, have been repeatedly attacked during military air strikes, occupations, invasions and campaigns. Various acts of civil disobedience since 1980 by the peace group Plowshares have shown how nuclear weapons facilities can be penetrated, and the groups actions represent extraordinary breaches of security at nuclear weapons plants in the United States. The National Nuclear Security Administration has acknowledged the seriousness of the 2012 Plowshares action. Non-proliferation policy experts have questioned "the use of private contractors to provide security at facilities that manufacture and store the government's most dangerous military material". Nuclear weapons materials on the black market are a global concern, and there is concern about the possible detonation of a small, crude nuclear weapon by a militant group in a major city, with significant loss of life and property. Stuxnet is a computer worm discovered in June 2010 that is believed to have been created by the United States and Israel to attack Iran's nuclear facilities. Nuclear fusion research Nuclear fusion power is a developing technology still under research. It relies on fusing rather than fissioning (splitting) atomic nuclei, using very different processes compared to current nuclear power plants. Nuclear fusion reactions have the potential to be safer and generate less radioactive waste than fission. These reactions appear potentially viable, though technically quite difficult and have yet to be created on a scale that could be used in a functional power plant. Fusion power has been under theoretical and experimental investigation since the 1950s. Construction of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor facility began in 2007, but the project has run into many delays and budget overruns. The facility is now not expected to begin operations until the year 2027 – 11 years after initially anticipated. A follow on commercial nuclear fusion power station, DEMO, has been proposed. There is also suggestions for a power plant based upon a different fusion approach, that of an Inertial fusion power plant. Fusion powered electricity generation was initially believed to be readily achievable, as fission power had been. However, the extreme requirements for continuous reactions and plasma containment led to projections being extended by several decades. In 2010, more than 60 years after the first attempts, commercial power production was still believed to be unlikely before 2050. More stringent safety standards Matthew Bunn, the former US Office of Science and Technology Policy adviser, and Heinonen, the former Deputy Director General of the IAEA, have said that there is a need for more stringent nuclear safety standards, and propose six major areas for improvement: operators must plan for events beyond design bases; more stringent standards for protecting nuclear facilities against terrorist sabotage; a stronger international emergency response; international reviews of security and safety; binding international standards on safety and security; and international co-operation to ensure regulatory effectiveness. Coastal nuclear sites must also be further protected against rising sea levels, storm surges, flooding, and possible eventual "nuclear site islanding". See also Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents Broken Arrow (nuclear) Deep geological repository Design basis accident Environmental impact of nuclear power International Nuclear Events Scale Journey to the Safest Place on Earth Nuclear terrorism Nuclear accidents in the United States Nuclear criticality safety RELAP5-3D A reactor design and simulation tool to prevent accidents. Nuclear fuel response to reactor accidents Nuclear holocaust Nuclear power debate Nuclear power plant emergency response team Nuclear whistleblowers Nuclear weapon Micro nuclear reactor Passive nuclear safety Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository Safety code (nuclear reactor) Material unaccounted for References External links International Atomic Energy Agency website Nuclear Safety Info Resources Nuclear Safety Discussion Forums The Nuclear Energy Option, online book by Bernard L. Cohen. Emphasis on risk estimates of nuclear. Environmental impact of nuclear power Nuclear weapons Safety practices
```java package DynamicProgramming; /** * A DynamicProgramming based solution for Edit Distance problem In Java * Description of Edit Distance with an Example: * <p> * Edit distance is a way of quantifying how dissimilar two strings (e.g., words) are to one another, * by counting the minimum number of operations required to transform one string into the other. The * distance operations are the removal, insertion, or substitution of a character in the string. * <p> * <p> * The Distance between "kitten" and "sitting" is 3. A minimal edit script that transforms the former into the latter is: * <p> * kitten sitten (substitution of "s" for "k") * sitten sittin (substitution of "i" for "e") * sittin sitting (insertion of "g" at the end). * * @author SUBHAM SANGHAI */ import java.util.Scanner; public class EditDistance { public static int minDistance(String word1, String word2) { int len1 = word1.length(); int len2 = word2.length(); // len1+1, len2+1, because finally return dp[len1][len2] int[][] dp = new int[len1 + 1][len2 + 1]; / If second string is empty, the only option is to insert all characters of first string into second/ for (int i = 0; i <= len1; i++) { dp[i][0] = i; } / If first string is empty, the only option is to insert all characters of second string into first/ for (int j = 0; j <= len2; j++) { dp[0][j] = j; } //iterate though, and check last char for (int i = 0; i < len1; i++) { char c1 = word1.charAt(i); for (int j = 0; j < len2; j++) { char c2 = word2.charAt(j); //if last two chars equal if (c1 == c2) { //update dp value for +1 length dp[i + 1][j + 1] = dp[i][j]; } else { / if two characters are different , then take the minimum of the various operations(i.e insertion,removal,substitution)/ int replace = dp[i][j] + 1; int insert = dp[i][j + 1] + 1; int delete = dp[i + 1][j] + 1; int min = replace > insert ? insert : replace; min = delete > min ? min : delete; dp[i + 1][j + 1] = min; } } } / return the final answer , after traversing through both the strings*/ return dp[len1][len2]; } public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); String s1, s2; System.out.println("Enter the First String"); s1 = input.nextLine(); System.out.println("Enter the Second String"); s2 = input.nextLine(); //ans stores the final Edit Distance between the two strings int ans = minDistance(s1, s2); System.out.println("The minimum Edit Distance between \"" + s1 + "\" and \"" + s2 + "\" is " + ans); input.close(); } } ```
Charles Edward Ernest Papendiek (1801–1835) was an English architect of German descent. Life He was the youngest son of Christopher Papendiek and his wife Charlotte, respectively a court musician and a lady in waiting at the court of George III and Queen Charlotte. Charles studied under John Soane from 1818 to 1824, became an architect and in 1826 authored A Synopsis of Architecture, for the Information of the Student and Amateur. References 19th-century English architects English people of German descent 1801 births 1835 deaths
RSL may refer to: Military Reserve static line, in skydiving Returned and Services League of Australia, current name (since 1990) of a defence forces veterans organisation Returned Sailors' and Soldiers' Imperial League of Australia (1916–1940) Returned Sailors' Soldiers' and Airmen's Imperial League of Australia (1940–1965) Returned Services League of Australia (1965–1990) Sports Real Salt Lake, a US soccer club Royal Standard de Liège, a Belgian association football club Reserve static line in skydiving Rugby Super League (United States), a rugby union organization Russian Superleague, a now defunct hockey league in Russia Roshn Saudi League, in football, sponsors' name for the Saudi Pro League Technology RAISE Specification Language, a formal approach to software development RenderMan Shading Language, a language from the RenderMan Interface Specification used for writing shaders Restricted Service Licence, British limited time low power radio or television broadcasting Received Signal Level, signal strength of data transmitted via radio waves Other uses Radcliffe Science Library, Oxford University Raid: Shadow Legends, 2018 mobile game by Plarium Games Recurrent slope lineae, surface features on Mars Registered Social Landlord, a British independent public housing organization Relative sea level, the distance from the ocean floor to its surface Rennellese Sign Language, an extinct form of home sign documented from Rennell Island in 1974 Revolutionary Socialist League (disambiguation), the name of several political groups Royal Society of Literature, the senior literary organisation in Britain Russian Sign Language, a sign language used by the deaf community in Russia Russian State Library, the national library of Russia See also RLS (disambiguation)
This is a partial list of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the Philippines. The current 1987 constitution gives the president the ability to grant "executive clemency at anytime and under any circumstance". Jose P. Laurel Individuals pardoned by Jose P. Laurel. Feliciano Lizardo – assassin who attempted to take the life of Laurel at the Wack Wack golf course in 1943. Manuel Roxas Individuals pardoned by Manuel Roxas. Among them are beneficiaries of Proclamation No. 51 which is a general amnesty for people charged for collaborating with Imperial Japan during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II. Jose P. Laurel Ferdinand Marcos Individuals pardoned by Ferdinand Marcos. Hiroo Onoda – Imperial Japanese soldier who remained in hiding in the Philippines even after the official end of World War II. Pardoned for actions against local residents in Lubang Island. Fidel V. Ramos Individuals pardoned by Fidel V. Ramos. Robin Padilla – convicted for illegal possession of firearms in 1994. Conditional pardon from April 1997 to 2003. Jaime Tadeo – Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas leader charged of swindling during the Martial law era under President Ferdinand Marcos. Granted absolute pardon by Ramos in 1998. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Individuals pardoned by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Joseph Estrada – Arroyo's predecessor deposed in the Second EDSA Revolution in 2001. Convicted of plunder. Granted pardon in 2007. Benigno Aquino III Individuals pardoned by Benigno Aquino III. Antonio Trillanes, Danilo Lim and Renato Miranda – lead figures of the Oakwood mutiny against the administration of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in 2003. Rodrigo Duterte Individuals pardoned by Rodrigo Duterte. Robin Padilla – convicted for illegal possession of firearms in 1994. Granted absolute pardon in 2016. Jovito Plameras Jr. – first elected governor of Antique. Convicted for graft. Granted conditional pardon in 2016 if he pays the Antique provincial government . Joseph Scott Pemberton – American military personnel convicted for the homicide of transgender woman Jenniffer Laude in 2014. Granted absolute pardon in 2020. References
```c /* List a node on a file / #include "pgenheaders.h" #include "token.h" #include "node.h" / Forward / static void list1node(FILE , node ); static void listnode(FILE , node ); void PyNode_ListTree(node n) { listnode(stdout, n); } static int level, atbol; static void listnode(FILE fp, node n) { level = 0; atbol = 1; list1node(fp, n); } static void list1node(FILE fp, node n) { if (n == 0) return; if (ISNONTERMINAL(TYPE(n))) { int i; for (i = 0; i < NCH(n); i++) list1node(fp, CHILD(n, i)); } else if (ISTERMINAL(TYPE(n))) { switch (TYPE(n)) { case INDENT: ++level; break; case DEDENT: --level; break; default: if (atbol) { int i; for (i = 0; i < level; ++i) fprintf(fp, "\t"); atbol = 0; } if (TYPE(n) == NEWLINE) { if (STR(n) != NULL) fprintf(fp, "%s", STR(n)); fprintf(fp, "\n"); atbol = 1; } else fprintf(fp, "%s ", STR(n)); break; } } else fprintf(fp, "? "); } ```
Kim Soo-whan (Hangul: 김수완, Hanja: 金秀完; born 8 June 1988 in Mokpo, Jeollanam-do) is a male South Korean Judoka. References External links Kim Soo-Whan's profile from 2009 Summer Universiade official website 1988 births Living people Asian Games medalists in judo Judoka at the 2010 Asian Games South Korean male judoka Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games Universiade medalists in judo FISU World University Games gold medalists for South Korea Medalists at the 2011 Summer Universiade Medalists at the 2015 Summer Universiade People from Mokpo 21st-century South Korean people
Der Weg ins Freie (translated as "The Way into the Open" and most often "The Road into the Open") was published by Arthur Schnitzler in 1908 and is one of only two novels (the other being Therese) by this Viennese author (1862-1931) better known for his short stories and plays (including Reigen - "Round Dance" - known to most English-speaking readers as La Ronde.) This novel was first translated into English in 1913 by Horace Barnett Samuel (1883-1950) The principal character of Der Weg ins Freie is the aristocratic young composer Georg von Wergenthin-Recco who has talent but lacks the drive to get down to work, and spends most of his time socializing with members of the assimilationist, artistically sensitive Jewish bourgeoisie of Vienna and other non-Jews like himself who enjoy their company. The plot centers on his ultimately unhappy affair with a Catholic lower middle class girl named Anna Rosner. The novel's reputation rests not on the story of this affair, however, but Schnitzler's brilliant description – based on first-hand acquaintance – of the milieu he describes and the topics that interest it, including the arts, the psychology of love, and the anti-semitism that was coming to dominate so much of life and politics in Austria-Hungary at the time. References External links Full text of 1922 edition at Google Books (in German) 1908 novels Novels by Arthur Schnitzler Novels about composers
"Jail" is a song by American rapper Kanye West from his tenth studio album, Donda (2021). The song includes vocals from fellow American rapper Jay-Z. Towards the end of the album, another version of the song titled "Jail pt 2" appears, which includes more vocals from DaBaby and Marilyn Manson. It won the award for Best Rap Song at the 2022 Grammy Awards. Background West heavily contributed production to fellow rapper Jay-Z's sixth studio album The Blueprint in 2001, beginning a creative bond between the two. He has since helped produce various Jay-Z albums, while the rapper has been featured on numerous records by West, including his fifth studio album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2010). West and Jay-Z's collaborative album Watch the Throne was released in 2011, though they had a falling out five years later when West complained about him during the Saint Pablo Tour. Jay-Z addressed the fallout on the intro to his 13th studio album 4:44 (2017) and also assured in a promotional interview that he needed to speak with West for resolving their "family business", before the latter alleged their issues started after his wedding to Kim Kardashian in 2014. On July 22, 2021, West ended the first listening event for Donda at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta by playing a song that includes a verse from Jay-Z. The verse was reportedly recorded at 4pm on the previous day, apparently being rushed by Jay-Z for the event. The song's title was unveiled as "Jail" and during the album's third listening party at Soldier Field in Chicago, a version was played that replaced Jay-Z's verse with one from fellow rapper DaBaby. The replacement was widely condemned by fans, due to DaBaby's July 2021 homophobic rant. The final version re-added Jay-Z and removed DaBaby, marking the first track to include him and West since they both appeared on Drake's "Pop Style" (2016). Despite this, Pt. 2 features vocals from the aforementioned DaBaby as well as Marilyn Manson, who himself was embroiled in controversy, as he was accused of sexually harassing actress Evan Rachel Wood. Critical reception "Jail" received mixed reviews. Thomas Hobbs of The Guardian was unimpressed by West's lyrics on the track, describing them as "blunted" when compared to his previous work; he also considered its "dad-rock riffs" to be "slightly flat" and its melody "meandering". In her review for The Independent, Roisin O'Connor condemned the "sluggish one-two punch of the motif" as derivative of the "superior jabs" on Kendrick Lamar's "Humble" (2017). AllMusic's Fred Thomas dubbed it "a banger with no bang" besides its "last seconds". Conversely, Paul Thomas of Rolling Stone described it as "pure catharsis" and "clear-eyed" in its examination of "the threat police pose", highlighting it as one of the tracks off Donda which display a "sincere darkness". In his review for Variety, Chris Willman called it a "pleasingly genre-crossing surprise" with "power chords and anthemic chorus lines that somebody like Imagine Dragons might give their dragons' eye teeth for". Clashs Mike Milenko considered it "a half-decent Kanye cut". Jay-Z's appearance divided critics. Jon Caramanica of The New York Times simply described it as "decent", while Tom Breihan of Stereogum wrote that "it's not peak Jay"; he considered his "underwhelming" verse to be inferior to the other guest appearances on Donda, and assessed that he "gets through his awkward verse on charisma and accumulated goodwill". Thomas panned his "atrociously written" verse, arguing that "it sounds like a rehearsal take from someone who knows he's written C-grade material". HipHopDXs David Aaron Brake called it "one of the worst verses of his career", and joked that "Kanye awoke him from a nap and asked him for some quick bars in 30 minutes or less". In contrast, Nina Hernandez of The A.V. Club hailed it as "one of Jay's most successful feature verses in several years" and a "clear high point" on Donda. Similarly, Milenko found Jay-Z to be "at his most recent best, sneering into the mic with a cockiness that is unmatched even by Ye himself". Riley Wallace of Exclaim! considered that he provided one of the "shiniest gems" on the album with his verse, while Rhian Daly called it "a thrill" in her review for NME. Commercial performance "Jail" debuted at number 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming West's 20th top-10 hit on the chart and making him the 21st act to have this amount of top-10s. The debut was almost entirely driven by streaming, with the song entering the US Streaming Songs chart at number three and amassing 24.2 million streams. The song reached number two on both the US Christian Songs and Gospel Songs charts. It debuted at number three on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, standing among West's seven simultaneous top-10 hits that tied him with Drake's record on the chart. In Australia, "Jail" opened at number five on the ARIA Singles Chart. The song experienced similar performance in New Zealand, entering the NZ Singles Chart at number six. Elsewhere, it reached number eight on the Icelandic Singles Chart. The song debuted at number seven on the Irish Singles Chart, placing among West's three entries from the album in Ireland. It entered the UK Singles Chart at number 11, also standing as one of his three entries in the United Kingdom. Pt 2 The second part of the song, titled "Jail pt 2", was premiered to a controversial reception at the third and final public listening party at Soldier Field in Chicago on August 26, 2021. It was subsequently released as Dondas 24th track on August 29, 2021. Initially, the song appeared on the album's Spotify track list while blanked out and unavailable to play, until it became playable at 10pm. West posted screenshots to his Instagram of texts between him and his manager Bu Thiam demonstrating that the song was not able to be released due to DaBaby's management refusing to clear his appearance, with West replying: "I'm not taking my brother off. He was the only person who said he would vote for me in public." He also accused Universal Music Group of having blocked the song's inclusion on the album; sources at the company denied the allegations and called them "preposterous". Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 2021 songs Kanye West songs Song recordings produced by Kanye West Song recordings produced by Mike Dean (record producer) Songs written by Dem Jointz Songs written by Jay-Z Songs written by Kanye West Songs written by Mike Dean (record producer) Jay-Z songs Songs written by DaBaby DaBaby songs American pop rock songs American alternative rock songs Alternative hip hop songs Songs written by Marilyn Manson
Norbert Pearlroth (May 7, 1893 – April 14, 1983) was a professional researcher and polyglot, and the primary researcher for the Ripley's Believe It or Not! cartoon panel from 1923 until 1975. Biography Pearlroth was born May 7, 1893, in Tarnów, in what is now southern Poland, at the time part of the Habsburg Empire. He attended university in Kraków and was planning to become a lawyer, but the events of World War I took him away from his studies. He came to the United States in 1920. He was working as a teller in a New York City bank in 1923 when he met Robert Ripley, who was in the process of expanding his syndicated Believe It or Not! newspaper panel from sports trivia to general interest and was looking for someone who could read foreign journals. Pearlroth was fluent in 14 languages, and an avid reader of foreign publications, and he had an unusual memory for miscellany. As Ripley's sole researcher, he worked ten hours a day, six (sometimes seven) days a week at the Main Reading Room of the New York Public Library Main Branch. The library estimated that Pearlroth examined some 7,000 books every year. "Everyone has always believed that all of this information was found wandering the world," said Pearlroth's son, Arthur. "But it was really found on 42nd Street and Fifth Avenue at the Main Library." Each morning, Pearlroth left his home in Brooklyn, where he lived with his wife, Susan, and two children, and took the subway into Manhattan. He worked at his office until noon, answering some of the 3000 letters that arrived each week from readers all over the world. "The readers always had some argument with me," he said, but claimed he was wrong only once—about a man named Seaborn who he said was born at sea. (He was actually born aboard a ship at anchor in a harbor.) He never ate lunch; at noon he headed to the library, where he worked through the afternoon and evening, taking half an hour for dinner, returning home when the library closed at 10 pm. He sometimes worked on Sundays if he fell behind in locating items. His deadline was on Friday, and he always worked several weeks in advance. This routine continued for 26 years, interrupted only when he accompanied Ripley on several of his exotic and highly publicized world journeys. By the 1940s, Believe It or Not! had approximately 80 million readers worldwide. After Ripley's death on May 27, 1949, King Features Syndicate purchased the rights to the panel, and Pearlroth continued researching it for another 26 years, contributing exactly 24 items each week. He worked virtually without recognition for 52 years, although he is credited as "Research Director" in Ripley's Believe It or Not! 50th Anniversary Edition. He also wrote a weekly column, "Your Name", for the Jewish Post of New York, answering reader inquiries about the origins of Jewish surnames. Although Pearlroth never missed a deadline, King Features replaced him in 1975. Even after his forced retirement, he continued to contribute items as a freelancer, despite receiving no pension nor any royalties from any of the popular Believe It or Not! books. (Ripley left Pearlroth a personal bequest of $5,000 and paid for his son's schooling.) He died on April 14, 1983, of heart and kidney diseases, at Maimonides Hospital in Brooklyn, a few weeks shy of his 90th birthday. References External links CNN: "New York Public Library reopens reading room" 1893 births 1983 deaths Deaths from kidney disease 20th-century American non-fiction writers Jewish American writers Writers from Brooklyn Austrian people of Jewish descent 20th-century American Jews Polish emigrants to the United States
Ennis Telfair "Rebel" Oakes (December 17, 1883 – March 1, 1948) was an American Major League Baseball player. Oakes was born in Lisbon, Louisiana. After attending Louisiana Industrial Institute, which is now Louisiana Tech University, Rebel turned his attention to playing professional baseball, eventually reaching the Majors when he was traded to the Cincinnati Reds in . The following year, he was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals along with future Hall of Fame manager Miller Huggins for Fred Beebe. He played for the Cardinals for four seasons as a starting center fielder, then jumped to the Federal League when it was established in . After two seasons as the player-manager for the Pittsburgh Rebels, named in Oakes' honor, the league folded and Rebel never returned to Major League Baseball. In 986 games over seven major league seasons, Oakes posted a .279 batting average (1011-for-3619) with 428 runs, 112 doubles, 42 triples, 15 home runs, 397 RBI, 163 stolen bases and 265 bases on balls. He finished his career with a .961 fielding percentage as an outfielder. After his Major League Baseball career, Oakes moved on to play and manage for the Denver Bears of the Western League in , where his team finished fourth and he led the league in hits with 205. He died at the age of 64 in Lisbon, Louisiana, and is interred at Rocky Springs Cemetery in Lisbon. See also List of Major League Baseball player-managers References External links 1883 births 1948 deaths Major League Baseball player-managers Major League Baseball center fielders Cincinnati Reds players St. Louis Cardinals players Pittsburgh Rebels players Cedar Rapids Rabbits players Springfield Senators players Providence Grays (minor league) players Los Angeles Angels (minor league) players Denver Bears players Indianapolis Indians players Jackson Red Sox players Louisiana Tech Bulldogs baseball players Baseball players from Louisiana People from Lisbon, Louisiana
Nili Fossae is a group of large, concentric grabens on Mars, in the Syrtis Major quadrangle. They have been eroded and partly filled in by sediments and clay-rich ejecta from a nearby giant impact crater, the Isidis basin. It is at approximately 22°N, 75°E, and has an elevation of . Nili Fossae was on the list of potential landing sites of the Mars Science Laboratory, arriving in 2012, but was dropped before the final four sites were determined. Although not among the last finalists, in September 2015 it was selected as a potential landing site for the Mars 2020 rover, which will use the same design as Curiosity, but with a different payload focused on astrobiology. Nili Fossae is also considered ideal for future human exploration, with the prominent Gavin Crater at 21.43°N, 76.93°E considered the most likely landing zone in Nili Fossae. A large exposure of olivine is in Nili Fossae. In December 2008, NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter found that rocks at Nili Fossae contain carbonate minerals, a geologically significant discovery. Other minerals found by MRO are aluminum smectite, iron/magnesium smecite, hydrated silica, kaolinite group minerals, and iron oxides. NASA scientists discovered that Nili Fossae is the source of plumes of methane, raising the question of whether this source originates from biological sources. Researchers in July 2010 suggested that carbonate bearing rocks found in the Nili Fossae region of Mars are made up of hydrothermally altered ultramafic rocks. Consequently, hydrothermal activity would have provided sufficient energy for biological activity. Evidence of living organisms could have been preserved. Nili Fossae trough is thought to have resulted from the impact that formed the nearby Isidis basin. Nili Fossae Trough was one of seven finalists for the MSL landing site: Eberswalde Crater Gale Crater Holden Crater Mawrth Vallis Miyamoto Crater Nili Fossae Trough Southern Meridiani References Valleys and canyons on Mars Mars 2020 Syrtis Major quadrangle
Église Sainte-Christine de Valle-di-Campoloro is a church in Valle-di-Campoloro, Haute-Corse, Corsica, located to the northeast of Cervione. The building was classified as a Historic Monument in 1840. References Churches in Corsica Monuments historiques of Corsica Buildings and structures in Haute-Corse
What Happened to the Wolf? is a 2021 Burmese drama film, written and directed by Na Gyi starring Eaindra Kyaw Zin and Paing Phyo Thu. The film was produced by May Sandi Tin Oo, edited by Nyan Wint and background music composed by Myint Than Htun. The filmmakers of What Happened to the Wolf? faced persecution after the 2021 Myanmar coup ďétat due to the participation in anti-coup movements. The film was regarded as radical and brave in the context of its setting in Myanmar, where LGBTQ+ people frequently face legal persecution, prison and state-sponsored violence. The film was made before the military junta seized control of the country early 2021. The director Na Gyi and Paing Phyo Thu, who plays one of the main roles and is married to Na Gyi in real life, were forced to go into hiding afterwards for their opposition to the coup. Eaindra Kyaw Zin, the film’s other main actor, who was arrested and imprisoned in February 2021 and has not been heard since. What Happened to the Wolf? held its world premiere at Oldenburg International Film Festival 2021 in Oldenburg, Germany. The film was nominated for Best Film and Paing Phyo Thu was nominated for her performance. Eaindra Kyaw Zin won Seymour Cassel Award for Best Performance at Oldenburg International Film Festival for this film. Plot Moe (Eaindra Kyaw Zin), the daughter of a wealthy family who built her own successful business, was devastated to learn that she could soon develop lung cancer. At first sight, she tried to commit suicide, by cutting her wrist. Fortunately, her husband, Ye Moe (Aung Myint Myat), rushed her to the hospital. She met Way Way (Paing Phyo Thu), a teenager with congenital heart disease. A natural rebel who loved rock music - Anglophone bands like Nirvana in her native language; Way Way was a vicious trouble she didn't care about until she died. She spoke positively and rudely to her brother Min Han (Myanmar Idol's host Kyaw Htet Aung). Poor Min Han cared for her since her parents' shipwreck and abandoned his dream of becoming a medical doctor in hopes of finding a cure for Way Way. As each woman's health deteriorates, her husband has no reason to inherit her business. Her father is sure to inherit. But in order to take good care of the police, Moe had to divorce him. Way Way's concept of leaving the love ones unharmed is the lesser people like them, the better when they part the world. That is why Way Way claims to be so cruel to his brother. At that time, the two women were pure friends and set out on a journey to see the famous local beauty of the Sea of Clouds. They did not really kiss the film at the last minute, but it was enough before the February coup that endangered the filmmakers. Enough given that Way Way's character is an aspiring photographer, The shooting here is quite lovely; It explores ventilation, which is full of negative areas that are often disturbed by warm sunlight. Even if the script is too intense, there is warmth between the two lead actors who are committed to their performance. Cast Eaindra Kyaw Zin as Myint Myat Moe Paing Phyo Thu as Way Way Kyaw Htet Aung as Dr. Min Han Aung Myint Myat as Ye Moe Lwin Moe as U Nay Myat Min Release The film premiered at the Oldenburg International Film Festival in Germany on September 16, 2021. It screened at the Dili International Film Festival in Timor-Leste on October 8, 2021. It screened at the Taiwan International Queer Film Festival in Taiwan on August 28, 2022. It premiered at the Buffalo International Film Festival in Buffalo, New York, United States on October 10, 2022. It premiered at the Hobnobben Film Festival in Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States on October 16, 2022. It premiered at the British Film Institute in South Bank, London, United Kingdom on April 24, 2023. Awards and nominations Advisory Board Jury Member, and Award-winning actress, Deborah Kara Unger (Crash, The Game) announced the Seymour Cassel Award at Oldenburg International Film Festival 2021 as follow: "Acting is reacting. So in this case of an onscreen duo, it is almost impossible to separate the performances of the two lead actresses who take us on a journey to the heart of the puzzle of existence. In Na Gyi's What Happen to the Wolf?, the performances of the two lead actresses, both Myanmar Academy Award winners, leave us breathless. Two characters, one destiny. One is traditional and one is wild. And in stepping back with subtly, humility, and artful discipline, this actress enabled her fellow artist to be free. We celebrate her elegance, her soul, and her invaluable gift to cinema… with hopes that this reaches her. It is our honor to present the 2021 SEYMOUR CASSEL AWARD for Outstanding Performance by an actress to Eaindra Kyaw Zin in What Happened to the Wolf? by Na Gyi." References External links What Happened to the Wolf? on FilmFreeway What Happened to the Wolf? on Facebook 2021 films 2020s Burmese-language films Burmese drama films Films shot in Myanmar 2021 drama films 2020s Burmese films
The 2016–17 UEFA Women's Champions League qualifying round was played on 23, 25 and 28 August 2016. A total of 36 teams competed in the qualifying round to decide nine of the 32 places in the knockout phase of the 2016–17 UEFA Women's Champions League. Draw The draw was held on 24 June 2016, 13:30 CEST, at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland. The 36 teams were allocated into four seeding positions based on their UEFA club coefficients at the beginning of the season. They were drawn into nine groups of four containing one team from each of the four seeding positions. First, the nine teams which were pre-selected as hosts were drawn from their own designated pot and allocated to their respective group as per their seeding positions. Next, the remaining 27 teams were drawn from their respective pot which were allocated according to their seeding positions. Based on the decision taken by the UEFA Emergency Panel at its meeting in Paris on 9 June 2016, teams from Serbia (Spartak Subotica) or Bosnia and Herzegovina (SFK 2000) would not be drawn against teams from Kosovo (Hajvalia). Below are the 36 teams which participated in the qualifying round (with their 2016 UEFA club coefficients, which took into account their performance in European competitions from 2011–12 to 2015–16 plus 33% of their association coefficient from the same time span), with the nine teams which were pre-selected as hosts marked by (H). Format In each group, teams played against each other in a round-robin mini-tournament at the pre-selected hosts. The nine group winners advanced to the round of 32 to join the 23 teams which qualified directly. Tiebreakers The teams are ranked according to points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss). If two or more teams are equal on points on completion of the group matches, the following criteria are applied in the order given to determine the rankings (regulations Articles 14.01 and 14.02): higher number of points obtained in the group matches played among the teams in question; superior goal difference from the group matches played among the teams in question; higher number of goals scored in the group matches played among the teams in question; if, after having applied criteria 1 to 3, teams still have an equal ranking, criteria 1 to 3 are reapplied exclusively to the matches between the teams in question to determine their final rankings. If this procedure does not lead to a decision, criteria 5 to 9 apply; superior goal difference in all group matches; higher number of goals scored in all group matches; if only two teams have the same number of points, and they are tied according to criteria 1 to 6 after having met in the last round of the group, their rankings are determined by a penalty shoot-out (not used if more than two teams have the same number of points, or if their rankings are not relevant for qualification for the next stage). lower disciplinary points total based only on yellow and red cards received in all group matches (red card = 3 points, yellow card = 1 point, expulsion for two yellow cards in one match = 3 points); higher club coefficient. Groups All times were CEST (UTC+2). Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Group 9 References External links 2016–17 UEFA Women's Champions League 1
Vernon Murray Spencer (February 4, 1894 – June 3, 1971) was a Major League Baseball outfielder. Spencer played for the New York Giants in the season. In 45 career games, he had 28 hits in 140 at-bats. He batted left and threw right-handed. He was tried for murder in Sault St. Marie, Ontario, Canada and was acquitted. Spencer was born and died in Wixom, Michigan. References External links 1894 births 1971 deaths New York Giants (NL) players Baseball players from Oakland County, Michigan Pontiac Indians players Mt. Clemens Bathers players People acquitted of murder Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players Denver Bears players Los Angeles Angels (minor league) players Reading Marines players Springfield Reapers players Terre Haute Highlanders players Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players American expatriate baseball players in Canada
In vitro toxicity testing is the scientific analysis of the toxic effects of chemical substances on cultured bacteria or mammalian cells. In vitro (literally 'in glass') testing methods are employed primarily to identify potentially hazardous chemicals and/or to confirm the lack of certain toxic properties in the early stages of the development of potentially useful new substances such as therapeutic drugs, agricultural chemicals and food additives. In vitro assays for xenobiotic toxicity are recently carefully considered by key government agencies (e.g., EPA; NIEHS/NTP; FDA), to better assess human risks. There are substantial activities in using in vitro systems to advance mechanistic understanding of toxicant activities, and the use of human cells and tissue to define human-specific toxic effects. Improvement over animal testing Most toxicologists believe that in vitro toxicity testing methods can be more useful, more time and cost-effective than toxicology studies in living animals (which are termed in vivo or "in life" methods). However, the extrapolation from in vitro to in vivo requires some careful consideration and is an active research area. Due to regulatory constraints and ethical considerations, the quest for alternatives to animal testing has gained a new momentum. In many cases the in vitro tests are better than animal tests because they can be used to develop safer products. The United States Environmental Protection Agency studied 1,065 chemical and drug substances in their ToxCast program (part of the CompTox Chemicals Dashboard) using in silica modelling and a human pluripotent stem cell-based assay to predict in vivo developmental intoxicants based on changes in cellular metabolism following chemical exposure. Major findings from the analysis of this ToxCast_STM dataset published in 2020 include: (1) 19% of 1065 chemicals yielded a prediction of developmental toxicity, (2) assay performance reached 79%–82% accuracy with high specificity (> 84%) but modest sensitivity (< 67%) when compared with in vivo animal models of human prenatal developmental toxicity, (3) sensitivity improved as more stringent weights of evidence requirements were applied to the animal studies, and (4) statistical analysis of the most potent chemical hits on specific biochemical targets in ToxCast revealed positive and negative associations with the STM response, providing insights into the mechanistic underpinnings of the targeted endpoint and its biological domain. Examples of cell viability and other cytotoxicity assays used for in-vitro toxicology Many methods of analysis exist for assaying test substances for cytotoxicity and other cellular responses. Hemolysis assay The hemolysis assay examines the propensity of chemicals, drugs or medication, or any blood-contacting medical device or material to lyse red blood cells (erythrocytes). The lysis is easily detected due to the release of hemoglobin. MTT MTT assay is used often in determining cell viability and has been validated for use by international organisations. MTT assay involves two steps of introducing the assay to the chemicals and then a solubilisation step. MTS The colorimetric MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2Htetrazolium) in vitro assay is an updated version of the validated MTT method, MTS assay has the advantage of being soluble. Hence, no solubilisation step is required. ATP ATP assay has the main advantage of providing results quickly (within 15 minutes) and only requires fewer sample cells. The assay performs lysis on the cells and the following chemical reaction between the assay and ATP content of cells produces luminescence. The amount of luminescence is then measured by a photometer and can be translated into number cells alive since ATP assay assumes alive cells still have ATP inside them, and Luminescence level recorded is proportional to the ATP content in the sample cells. Neutral Red Another cell viability endpoint can be Neutral Red (NR) uptake. Neutral Red, a weak cationic dye penetrates cellular membranes by non-diffusion and accumulates intercellularly in lysosomes. Viable cells take up the NR dye, damaged or dead cells do not. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ELISA kits can be used to examine up and down regulation of proinflammatory mediators such as cytokines (IL-1, TNF alpha, PGE2).... Measurement of these types of cellular responses can be windows into the interaction of the test article on the test models (monolayer cell cultures, 3D tissue models, tissue explants). Types of in vitro studies Broadly speaking, there are two different types of in vitro studies depending on the type system developed to perform the experiment. The two types of systems generally used are : a) Static well plate system and b) the multi-compartmental perfused systems. Static well plate system The static well plate or layer systems are the most traditional and simplest form of assays widely used for in vitro study. These assays are quite beneficial as they are quite simple and provide a very accessible testing environment for monitoring chemicals in the culture medium as well as in the cell. However the disadvantage of using these simple static well plate assays is that, they cannot represent the cellular interactions and physiologic fluid flow conditions taking place inside the body. Multi-compartmental perfused systems New testing platforms are now developed to solve problems related to cellular interactions. These new platforms are much more complex based on multi-compartmental perfused systems. The main objective of these systems is to reproduce in vivo mechanisms more reliably by providing cell culture environment close to the in vivo situation. Each compartment in the system represent a specific organ of the living organism and thus each compartment has a specific characteristics and criteria. Each compartment in these systems are connected by tubes and pumps through which the fluid flows thus mimicking the blood flow in the in vivo situation. The draw back behind the use of these perfused systems is that, the adverse effects ( influence of both the biological and non-biological components of the system on the fate of the chemical under study) are more compared to the static systems. In order to reduce the effect of non-biological components of the system, all the compartments are made of glass and the connecting tubes are made up of teflon. A number of kinetic models have been proposed to take care of these non-specific bindings taking place in these in vitro systems. To improve the biological difficulties arising from the use of different culture in vitro conditions, the traditional models used in flasks or micro-well plates has to be modified. With parallel development in micro-technologies and tissue engineering, these problems are solved using new pertinent tools called "micro-fluidic biochips". References Toxicology Alternatives to animal testing
Edison School District may refer to: Edison School District (Edison, California) Edison School District 54JT, Colorado Edison Township Public Schools, New Jersey Edison Local School District, Ohio Edison Local School District (Erie County), Ohio See also Burlington-Edison School District EdisonLearning, formerly known as Edison Schools
Dysomma goslinei is an eel in the family Synaphobranchidae (cutthroat eels). It was described by Catherine H. Robins and Charles Richard Robins in 1976. It is a tropical, marine eel which is known from the Indo-Pacific. Males can reach a maximum total length of 19.7 centimetres. Named in honor of the authors’ colleague, ichthyologist William A. Gosline (1915-2002) of the University of Michigan. References Synaphobranchidae Taxa named by Charles Richard Robins Taxa named by Catherine H. Robins Fish described in 1976
Captain Cecil Vernon Gardner (14 September 1889 – 30 September 1918) was an English World War I flying ace credited with ten aerial victories. Biography Early life Gardner was born in Broughton, Oxfordshire, the son of James and Hannah Elizabeth Gardner, and grew up at Grovehill Farm in the parish of Tingewick, Buckinghamshire. He was educated at the Royal Latin School, Buckingham. Military service Gardner enlisted in the British Army in December 1915, transferring to the Royal Flying Corps in March 1917 as an air mechanic 2nd class. April 1917 saw the RFC suffering crippling losses against superior German aircraft and tactics, and Gardner was commissioned as a probationary second lieutenant on 19 July of that year, and was confirmed in his rank on 7 October. After completing flying training, Gardner was assigned to No. 19 Squadron RFC in January 1918, flying the Sopwith Dolphin. On 1 April 1918, the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service merged to create the Royal Air Force. Gardner's first victory came on 6 June 1918 during the German spring offensive, that had begun in March, pushing the British back over all of the ground they had gained since the Battle of the Somme in 1916, bringing down a DFW C.V over Vieux-Berquin. It was shared with three other pilots, Gordon Budd Irving, Finlay McQuistan, and John De Pencier. Three days later, on 9 June, he destroyed another DFW C.V solo over Neuf-Berquin. In July, he brought down a further four enemy aircraft. 8 August saw the start of the decisive Allied counter-offensive that, in the 100 days up to 11 November 1918, crushed the German Army, and on 11 August Gardner shot down two enemy aircraft in one afternoon. The next day, 12 August, he was appointed a temporary captain. He shared his ninth victory, on 16 September 1918, with James Hardman. His final fight took place on 27 September, when he destroyed a Fokker D.VII over Haynecourt, bringing his total to six enemy aircraft destroyed and four driven down out of control. Gardner was then shot down by German ace Leutnant Gustav Borm of Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 1, and fatally injured. He died of his wounds three days later. Gardner was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, but it was not gazetted until 2 November 1918, three days after his death. His citation read: Lieutenant (Temporary Captain) Cecil Vernon Gardner. A bold and skilful leader, who has carried out many offensive patrols, proving himself at all times to be a brilliant fighting pilot. During recent operations he has accounted for eight enemy machines. Gardner was buried at Grévillers British Cemetery, outside Bapaume, near to where he was shot down. His name is also recorded on the War Memorial at the Church of St Peter and St Paul, Buckingham, together with that of his older brother, Percy, killed on the Western Front on 24 May 1917, while serving as a private in the London Regiment (Artists Rifles). References Notes Bibliography 1889 births 1918 deaths People educated at the Royal Latin School People from Cherwell District People from Buckingham Royal Flying Corps officers Royal Air Force personnel of World War I British World War I flying aces Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom) British military personnel killed in World War I
Diego Gobbi (born 8 June 1995 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian professional squash player. As of December 2021, he was ranked number 204 in the world. He won the 2021 X5 Squash Open. References 1995 births Living people Brazilian male squash players Sportspeople from São Paulo 21st-century Brazilian people
Pál Kontur (born 1949) is a Hungarian car mechanic and politician, member of the National Assembly (MP) from Fidesz Komárom-Esztergom County Regional List from 2010 to 2014. He was also a Member of Parliament from the party's National List between 2006 and 2010. Kontur was a member of the Committee on Employment and Labour since 30 May 2006. After passing the secondary school final examinations, he continued his studies at Bánki Donát Vocational School and graduated as a car mechanic. He served his apprenticeship in the Mátyásföld Truck Service and learned the profession from outstanding masters. He had working 25 years in Angyalföld at Number IV AFIT Car repair service and later at Spirál car repair service. He passed a master's examination as a car mechanic in 1980. He worked as a head of a team but because he was not member of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSZMP), there were no more career opportunities for him. He joined Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP) in 1992. He has been a member of Fidesz since 2003 as well. From 2004 to 2005 he organised the worker and employee branch of Fidesz and became a national chairman of it upon the request of Viktor Orbán. He is still working as a car mechanic with piece rate. Personal life He is married and has three children. References 1949 births Living people Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary) politicians Fidesz politicians Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2006–2010) Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2010–2014) Politicians from Budapest Hungarian automotive engineers
Sam Watson or Samuel Watson may refer to: Sam Watson (equestrian) (born 1985), Irish equestrian Sam Watson (politician), US politician Sam Watson (trade unionist) (1898–1967), English coalminers' leader Samuel Watson (cyclist) (born 2001), English cyclist Sam Watson (climber), American speed climber Samuel Watson (horologist) (fl. c. 1687–c. 1710), Sheriff of Coventry and manufacturer of the first stopwatch Samuel Watson (sculptor) (1662–1715), sculptor in wood and stone Samuel C. Watson (1832–1892), US druggist, doctor, and civic leader Samuel E. Watson (died 1847), U.S. Marine Corps officer Samuel Wagan Watson (born 1972), Aboriginal Australian poet Sam Watson (political activist) (1952–2019), Aboriginal Australian novelist, filmmaker and political activist Sam Watson, 1966 Irish winner of Fitchburg Longsjo Classic bicycle race
Sri Petaling (also known as Bandar Baru Sri Petaling) is a suburb of Kuala Lumpur, in Malaysia. The township is located in the south of the city, within the constituency of Seputeh, and is bordered by the towns of Happy Garden, Taman OUG, Kuchai Lama and Bukit Jalil. Distance Sri Petaling has access to the Government departments in Putrajaya, to Cyberjaya and to the Kuala Lumpur International Airport. Sepang International Circuit is twenty-five minutes away, Kuala Lumpur city centre, Petaling Jaya, Subang Jaya, Damansara and Puchong are 15 minutes away, Shah Alam is 20 minutes away, and the royal town of Klang is 45 minutes away. History Bandar Baru Sri Petaling was launched in 1977 and developed in 1981 by property development company Petaling Garden Berhad. From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s it was widely known as the 'rubbish area' as it was the location of a landfill site. Garbage disposal was discontinued and the land it had occupied turned into a playground and car park area for the 1998 Commonwealth Games. The three areas of Sri Petaling that were first developed for residential use were the areas of Jalan Puteri Senggang near the main road, Jalan Wan Empok 1 and Jalan Wan Empok 2. These were the main residential areas of Sri Petaling in the 1980s and the houses were sold for between RM40,000 and RM60,000. The population in Sri Petaling was not high in the early 1980s as it was relatively distant from the city of Kuala Lumpur and a little isolated. The population grew in the late 1980s. Over the course of the next decade, development continued and the population grew. In 1997, the Shah Alam Expressway (KESAS) was opened. In 2007, the Maju Expressway (MEX) opened. The expressway connects residents to the city centre, Putrajaya, Cyberjaya, and the Kuala Lumpur International Airport. In 2020, Sri Petaling has been associated with being Southeast Asia's COVID-19 hotspot during the COVID-19 global pandemic. The virus was spread at a tabligh event held at the Sri Petaling mosque. There were 16,000 attendees, including 1,500 foreigners. Multiple Covid-19 cases related to this event popped up across Southeast Asia. It is uncertain who the virus originated from at the event. Majority of Malaysian COVID-19 cases during the pandemic are linked to this event. Transport The township is located 15 km south of Kuala Lumpur city centre and is accessible from highways such as the Kuala Lumpur–Seremban Expressway, Shah Alam Expressway (KESAS), New Pantai Expressway (NPE), Middle Ring Road 2 (MRR2) and the Maju Expressway (MEX). Sri Petaling is served by two light rapid transit (LRT) stations, Bukit Jalil and Sri Petaling, on the Sri Petaling Line and the Taman Naga Emas MRT station on the northeastern side on the MRT Putrajaya Line. Shopping By 2009, Sri Petaling had its own Carrefour hypermarket located in the Endah Parade Shopping Complex,. Although Carrefour declared its intention to move from Sri Petaling in 2010, the hypermarket was bought over by the AEON Co. Ltd. in 2012 for RM990 million. AEON Big is operating their hypermarket in the Endah Parade Shopping Complex. On early 2013 the first phase of new shops (Zone J) were completed by I&P Group the sole developer of the area along Jalan Radin Bagus. As of March 2014, the final phase of shops surrounding The Store Hypermarket was completed. Accommodation Sri Petaling has a range of accommodations, including Bunk & Bilik Hotel, De Luna Hotel, and Suite Dreamz Hotel. Education Sri Petaling has kindergartens, primary schools and two secondary schools. References Suburbs in Kuala Lumpur
KNFT may refer to: KNFT (AM), a radio station (950 AM) licensed to Bayard, New Mexico, United States KNFT-FM, a radio station (102.9 FM) licensed to Bayard, New Mexico, United States
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1731 to Wales and its people. Incumbents Lord Lieutenant of North Wales (Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey, Caernarvonshire, Denbighshire, Flintshire, Merionethshire, Montgomeryshire) – George Cholmondeley, 2nd Earl of Cholmondeley Lord Lieutenant of Glamorgan – Charles Powlett, 3rd Duke of Bolton Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire and Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire – Sir William Morgan of Tredegar(until 24 April); Thomas Morgan (from 18 June) Lord Lieutenant of Cardiganshire – John Vaughan, 2nd Viscount Lisburne Lord Lieutenant of Carmarthenshire – vacant until 1755 Lord Lieutenant of Pembrokeshire – Sir Arthur Owen, 3rd Baronet Lord Lieutenant of Radnorshire – James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos Bishop of Bangor – Thomas Sherlock Bishop of Llandaff – John Harris Bishop of St Asaph – Francis Hare (until 25 November) Bishop of St Davids – Richard SmalbrokeElias Sydall (11 April to 2 November) Events April - Trader Robert Jenkins has his ear cut off by Spanish coast guards in Cuba leading to the War of Jenkins' Ear in 1739. September 22 - Griffith Jones (Llanddowror) writes to the SPCK proposing that a Welsh school be set up at Llanddowror. This marks the beginning of the circulating schools movement. Arts and literature New books Humphrey Lhuyd - Britannicae Descriptionis Commentariolum Edward Samuel - Athrawiaeth yr Eglwys Other 23 April - Henry Fielding's latest work, The Welsh Opera, is performed in Haymarket. It includes personal attacks on Frederick, Prince of Wales. Births 20 May - Evan Evans (Ieuan Fardd), poet (died 1788) date unknown Siôn Robert Lewis, author and hymn-writer (died 1806) Aaron Williams, composer (died 1776) Deaths January - Thomas Jones of Lincoln's Inn, founder of the Honourable and Loyal Society of Antient Britons 6 April - David Lloyd, Welsh-born American lawyer, 74 24 April - William Morgan of Tredegar (the elder), Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire and Monmouthshire, 31 September - Rowland Ellis, Quaker leader, 81 (in America) 4 September - John Roberts, MP for Denbigh, 59? 9 October - William Stanley, Dean of St Asaph, 85 References 1730s in Wales 1731 by country 1731 in Great Britain 1731 in Europe
Vakalopoulos is a Greek surname. Notable people with the name include: Apostolos Vakalopoulos (1909–2000), Greek historian Michalis Vakalopoulos (born 1990), Dutch-Greek footballer Pagonis Vakalopoulos (born 1965), Greek footballer Greek-language surnames Surnames
Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber, was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2005. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post system of election. There was also an Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber constituency of the Scottish Parliament, which was created with the same boundaries in 1999. Boundaries The constituency was created as one of three to cover the Highland council area. The other two were Ross, Skye and Inverness West and Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross. The Highland area had become a unitary council area in 1996, under the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994, and new constituency boundaries divided the areas of some of the former districts of the Highland region. The Highland area had been covered, previously, by the three constituencies of Inverness, Nairn and Lochaber, Ross, Cromarty and Skye and Caithness and Sutherland. In 2005, constituency boundaries were redrawn again, and the Highland area was divided between three new constituencies (of which one carried forward the name of an older constituency): Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey, Ross, Skye and Lochaber and Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross. Members of Parliament Throughout its relatively short existence, the constituency was represented by a single MP, David Stewart of the Labour Party. Election results Election Results of the 2000s Election Results of the 1990s References Historic parliamentary constituencies in Scotland (Westminster) Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1997 Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 2005 Highland constituencies, UK Parliament (historic)
Vanand () is an abandoned village in the Goris Municipality of Syunik Province, Armenia. It is listed as unpopulated at the 2011 census. References Former populated places in Syunik Province
Tottori 1st district is a constituency of the House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan. It covers roughly the Eastern half of Tottori and consists of the cities of Tottori and Kurayoshi and the districts of Iwami, Yazu and the town of Misasa in Tōhaku District. In 2012, 256,020 eligible voters were registered in the district. In 2013 the town of Yurihama was transferred to the 2nd district. Before the 2021 elections, the district had 230,959 eligible voters, fewer than in any other single member electoral district. Before the electoral reform of 1994, the area had been part of Tottori At-large district where four Representatives had been elected by single non-transferable vote. Tottori 1st district, like most of Chūgoku, usually votes for conservative candidates. The district is a "conservative kingdom" (保守王国, hoshu ōkoku), a stronghold of the Liberal Democratic Party, and its only representative since its creation has been Shigeru Ishiba (without faction, formerly Nukaga faction), secretary-general, former defense and agriculture minister, son of former Councillor and Tottori governor Jirō Ishiba and grandson of Tarō Kanamori, (appointed) governor of Tokushima and Yamagata in the 1930s. List of representatives Election results References Districts of the House of Representatives (Japan) Districts in Tottori Prefecture Politics of Tottori Prefecture 1994 establishments in Japan Constituencies established in 1994 Tottori (city) Kurayoshi, Tottori
Görümlü () is a municipality (belde) in the Silopi District of Şırnak Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds of the Girkê Emo tribe and had a population of 5,004 in 2021. The neighborhoods of Görümlü are Boğaz, Yeni Mahalle and Yolağızı. References Kurdish settlements in Şırnak Province Populated places in Silopi District Town municipalities in Turkey
The model of a car is its design, in the context of the manufacturer's range or series of cars. Different models are distinguishable by technology, components, underpinnings, and/or style and appearance. The methods used to categorise cars into models differ significantly between manufacturers. Frequently, several different body variants are offered, depending on market demand; and when completing their 'production lifespan', sufficiently successful models are usually followed by a new 'generation' of that model. The name of a model (range or series) is almost always trademarked, so that competing manufacturers cannot also use it (unless the owner permits it, for an agreed licence fee). A popular model can have a significantly valuable brand name, and manufacturers often take great care in fostering and maintaining the brand image of the models bearing the name, both in terms of key model characteristics, as well as the targeted market, and the expected or desired buyer's demographic. Common characteristics Equipment, upholstery and exterior trim are usually determined by the trim level, the car model often defines the platform (which determines the engines, drivetrains and chassis options available), body styles and aesthetic theme. Some models have only one body style (e.g. the Hyundai i20 hatchback), while other models are produced in several body styles (e.g. the Audi A3, which has been produced in hatchback, sedan and convertible body styles). In some cases, a manufacturer has marketed a body style as a separate model, such as the Volkswagen Jetta and the BMW 4 Series, which are based on the Volkswagen Golf and BMW 3 Series platforms respectively. Some models have an only engine (or electric/hybrid powertrain) option available, while other models have multiple powertrains available. In North America, a model can also be called a nameplate. The Chevrolet Suburban is the oldest automobile nameplate in continuous production, dating to 1934, and the 1940-1996 Chrysler New Yorker was another long-running North American car nameplate. However, the term "nameplate" is also sometimes used to describe an entire brand, rather than a specific model. The Rolls-Royce Phantom is also a long-running model that has returned for 2003, having originally been introduced in 1925. Country-specific model names The same car model may be sold by the automaker in different countries under different model names. Examples include Mitsubishi Pajero / Montero, Mazda MX-5 / Miata, Volkswagen Golf / Rabbit and Ford Everest / Endeavour. Model years The model year (MY) is a manner of indicating the version of a car that has been produced and changed over multiple years. Trim level Beyond the standard equipment that is fitted to all vehicles for a model, additional features (such as the upholstery, interior equipment, safety features and exterior aerodynamic/styling upgrades) are often determined by the trim level of the vehicle. Many manufacturers also allow additional equipment to be added to a vehicle by purchasing individual options (such as alloy wheels) or 'packages' of bundled options (such as a "safety package" consisting of lane departure warning system, collision avoidance system and additional airbags). See also Automotive industry Rebranding (automobile) Model change Marque Model year References Automotive industry
Alex Cecchetti (Terni, Italy, 1977) is an Italian artist, poet and choreographer based in Paris and London. Works "Alex Cecchetti has developed a unique practice, difficult to classify, that could be called the art of avoidance: tactical and poetic, aesthetic and materialistic, its system leads to produce specific situations that can exist both inside and outside the traditional exhibitions. His staging of an invisible choreography, exposing the naked body in a public space, hidden even to the artist himself, and whose impossible documentation is the final production of the work, reveals a principle of both disconnect and shift that is the actual core of his work voluntarily heterogeneous in its diverse forms, but united in the method. Collaborative, Alex Cecchetti engages the viewer physically and intellectually, in a concrete experience where his work is perceived as a mental thing and the thought as a form. " Since 2014 Alex Cecchetti created and curates a program of poetry and science, Voices of Urgency: a series of four events in which poetry enters in dialogues with science to play a fundamental role within our society. Voices of Urgency is hosted by École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts and is presented in the official frame of the FIAC, Foire internationale d'art contemporain, Paris. Poetry and oral transmission are at the core of the performance "Summer Is Not The Prize of Winter" that Alex Cecchetti presented for the first time at The CAC Contemporary Art Centre Vilnius. “Alex Cecchetti’s “relay performance” Summer Is Not the Prize of Winter, is a deeply satisfying meditation on the nature of existence and the capacity of language, image, and object to embody life's most essential concerns." Walking Backwards is a performance first conceived for the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. The artists and some collaborators invited the spectators to walk backward in a secret part of the gardens, while accompanied by a story whispered from their backs. "When you walk backward, you have no knowledge of the images that come, like in dreams or movies, it is not the light that make the difference. We dream with our eyes shut after all, don't we?" Exhibitions Alex Cecchetti exhibited internationally in museums, art centers, and galleries. He presented his investigation upon his own death this year at Fiorucci Art Trust, followed by a performance relay at the Serpentine Galleries in London. Alex Cecchetti lately performed as well his complete tour guide of the Louvre without the Louvre at the Centre Georges Pompidou for the 5th edition of "A Nouveau Festival". In 2014, at the Palais de Tokyo in Paris, he presented the artist's first tour guide of Hell and Heaven: "Nuovo Mondo"; in which the audience has been accompanied on a long journey in the underworld. Other Exhibitions: Prix Ricard, Fondation d’entreprise Ricard, Paris (2013); MAXXI National Museum Rome, and CAC Vilnius, Lithuanie (2012); he participated in the show "Danser sa vie" at the Centre Pompidou in Paris, and he has been invited by Raimundas Malasauskas to the Jeu de Paume, Paris (2011); Le Magasin, Grenoble (2010), Museion- Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Bolzano (2009) Presumed death Since 2015 an artist's Bio circulates in which is indicated the year 2014 as the artist's date of death, nevertheless the artist seems to continue to perform and produce new works. Texts and novels "A Society that Breathes Once a Year", Book Works (UK), 2012. References External links Alex Cecchetti on Arte Tv Video Interview for the Centre Georges Pompidou Solo Exhibition with Benoit Maire at the Gallery Cortex Athletico, Bordeaux TBA:12 Alex Cecchetti Salon, video interview in Portland, USA Living people Artists from London Italian contemporary artists Italian expatriates in France French performance artists 1977 births Artists from Paris
Chaetopappa parryi, called the Parry's lazy daisy, or Parry's leastdaisy, is a North American species of plants in the family Asteraceae. It is native to northeastern Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas) and to the Big Bend region of western Texas. References External links Tropicos.org: photo of herbarium specimen collected in Coahuila parryi Flora of Northeastern Mexico Flora of Texas Plants described in 1880 Taxa named by Asa Gray
Earl Patrick Gorman (May 20, 1896 – August 1969) was an American football guard and tackle for the Racine Legion and for the Kenosha Maroons of the National Football League (NFL). Biography Gorman was born on May 20, 1896, in Chicago, Illinois. He died in 1969 in Plainfield, New Jersey. References 1896 births 1962 deaths Players of American football from Wisconsin American football guards Racine Legion players Kenosha Maroons players
"Higher State of Consciousness" is a song by American DJ Josh Wink. It was first released in March 1995. In 2022, Rolling Stone ranked it number 128 in their list of the "200 Greatest Dance Songs of All Time". Background The song was initially a hit in the United Kingdom in 1995, where it reached number eight on the UK Singles Chart. The official 'Original Tweekin' Acid Funk Mix' was remixed by several artists the following year. The radio edit was remixed by Dex and Jonesey and the single peaked at number seven on the UK Singles Chart. The track was remixed for a third time in 2007 by Serbian-Australian DJ Dirty South and Australian dance act TV Rock. This remix reached number five in Finland and allowed the original version to climb to number three on the UK Dance Chart. A key sample from the track was used by The Porn Kings for their 1996 track "Up to No Good". Josh Wink had no control over the selection of remixing artists, nor over the final decision to release those remixes. Critical reception British magazine Music Week rated the song four out of five upon the release of the 1996 remixes. Track listings 1995 UK CD single "Higher State of Consciousness" (radio edit) (2:55) "Higher State of Consciousness" (original Tweekin' Acid Funk edit) (3:00) "Higher State of Consciousness" (DJ Wink's Hardhouse mix) (7:56) "Higher State of Consciousness" (Jules & Skins Short Vox mix) (4:46) "Higher State of Consciousness" (Jules & Skins Long & Epic mix) (6:33) 1996 UK CD single "Higher State of Consciousness" (radio edit (Dex and Jonesey)) (3:39) "Higher State of Consciousness" (original Tweekin' Acid Funk mix) (6:16) "Higher State of Consciousness" (Dex & Jonesey's Higher Stated mix) (6:44) "Higher State of Consciousness" (Mr Spring's Maggott mix) (7:13) "Higher State of Consciousness" (Itty Bitty Boozy Woozy mix) (6:06) "Higher State of Consciousness" (Jules and Skins long epic mix) (6:37) 2007 UK CD single "Higher State of Consciousness" (Dirty South & TV rock radio edit) "Higher State of Consciousness" (Dirty South & TV rock club mix) "Higher State of Consciousness" (Marco V remix) "Higher State of Consciousness" (Barratt & Falconi remix) "Higher State of Consciousness" (original Tweekin Acid Funk mix) Charts Original release 1996 remixes 2007 remix Year-end charts Certifications Release history References 1995 singles 1995 songs Strictly Rhythm singles Techno songs ZYX Music singles
H+: The Digital Series (often abbreviated as H+) is an American web series produced by Bryan Singer and created by John Cabrera and Cosimo De Tommaso. The series explores a dystopian near future brought about by a technological singularity holocaust from the perspective of differing transhumanism factions, premiered on August 8, 2012 on YouTube with two episodes. Two new episodes were then released every week on Wednesdays until the season finale on January 16, 2013. A second season was announced in January 2013. However, there have been no updates since. Production The series began as a long-term project in 2006. It was filmed in Santiago, Chile in 2011, over 29 days in 54 different locations, and announced at the 2011 San Diego Comic-Con International. At the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con, it was again promoted in anticipation of its upcoming premiere. The series is distributed by Warner Brothers Digital Distribution in partnership with YouTube. As new episodes premiered weekly via YouTube, new supplemental content was also made available through the series' official website, providing extra images, text, or video that tied into the story further. Background The series is based on a future where one-third of the world's population has a neural implant named H+, which connects the human mind to the Internet 24 hours a day. The implant was created by a company called Hplus Nano Teoranta, an Irish biotechnology company founded with the intent of improving the medical sector with technology. The story begins (i.e. In the midst of the plot.), depicting the effects of a malicious-hacker's computer virus which infects all of the users of the H+ neural implant, killing-off one-third of the world's population. Concurrent episodes go back-and-forward in time to different settings, and various characters' viewpoints are used to tell the story. Cast and characters Alexis Denisof as Conall Sheehan Caitriona Balfe as Breanna Sheehan Hannah Simone as Leena Param Karrien Marsukhan as Ritu Param Amir Arison as Y. Gurveer Bhavna Kewlani as Mrs.Param David Clayton Rogers as Kenneth Lubahn Francesca Fanti as Simona Rossi Nikki Crawford as Julie Martin Sean Gunn as Jason O'Brien Samuli Vauramo as Topi Kuusela Hannah Herzsprung as Manta Francesco Martino as Matteo Spina Melvin Abston as Lee Martin Lela Loren as Francesca Rossi James Urbaniak as Francis Peters Carlos Bravo as Ichiro Benjamin Clarke as Peters Eduardo Burle Sussely as Patricio Raiz John Cabrera as Andy Episodes Reception Tubefilter wrote, "easily one of the most epic, well shot, well thought through web series released this year." Geek Speak Magazine called the series "the official embracement of the web series as a viable creative alternative to films and television." References External links 2010s YouTube series 2012 web series debuts 2013 web series endings American science fiction web series Brain–computer interfacing in fiction Post-apocalyptic web series Postcyberpunk Streamy Award-winning channels, series or shows Television series by Bad Hat Harry Productions Television series by Warner Bros. Television Studios Television shows filmed in Chile Transhumanism in television series
Britain's Best Bakery is a British daytime cookery show part of the ITV Food category on ITV and narrated by Wendi Peters with judges Mich Turner and Peter Sidwell. The show aired from 26 November 2012 to 14 February 2014. Gameplay The TV program is a talent show where the target is try the best independent, family-run or community bakery. Bakeries from all over the UK compete in a series of baking challenges that put their skills to the test and make viewers’ mouths water. It's a tough competition: traditional bakers with top-secret family recipes compete against former patisserie chefs and bread-makers are challenged to create stunning celebration cakes. Two big names from the world of baking judge the competition, not just tasting and analysing the bakes but visiting the bakeries. The competition builds from regional heats to a dramatic finale where the winner of Britains Best Bakery is crowned. Britains Best Bakery shines a light on baking in the UK in all its delicious shapes and sizes. But more than just a competition, it is a celebration of the nations bakeries and their bakers, revealing fascinating stories about Britain and its regions, communities and cultures. In every episode, bakeries competed in regional heats, with rounds including the "Speciality Bake" and "Baker's Dozen", with the daily winners advancing to cook a "Judge's Choice Cake" in the regional finals on Friday. National finals in the last week featured challenges such as "Chelsea buns for the Chelsea Pensioners", and a great wedding cake from someone British. Transmissions Series 1 The first series was won by Hambleton Bakery. Series 2 The second series was won by brother and sister, David and Lindsay Wright, from The Cake Shop Bakery from Woodbridge in Suffolk. International versions The format has been adapted in France, Portugal, Germany, Finland and Italy. References External links The Cookery School at Braxted Park featured in Britain's Best Bakery 2012 British television series debuts 2014 British television series endings English-language television shows ITV game shows Television series by Banijay

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