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This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Lancaster County, South Carolina.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Lancaster County, South Carolina, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.
There are 28 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 2 National Historic Landmarks. Another 2 properties were once listed but have been removed.
Current listings
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Former listings
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See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places listings in South Carolina
References
Lancaster County |
The canton of Nantua is an administrative division in eastern France. At the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, the canton was expanded from 12 to 18 communes (2 of which merged into the new commune Le Poizat-Lalleyriat):
Apremont
Béard-Géovreissiat
Belleydoux
Bellignat
Brion
Charix
Échallon
Géovreisset
Groissiat
Maillat
Martignat
Montréal-la-Cluse
Nantua
Les Neyrolles
Le Poizat-Lalleyriat
Port
Saint-Martin-du-Frêne
Demographics
See also
Cantons of the Ain department
Communes of France
References
Cantons of Ain |
JPC de Sprengen is a penitentiary facility for boys (Juridisch Pedagogisch Centrum, Juridic Pedagogic Center) located in Wapenveld and Zutphen in the Netherlands. The facilities offer treatment as well as shelter or imprisonment.
The two locations have a total capacity for 150 youth aged 12 to 24 years old. Placement in De Sprengen can be done as punishment for a committed crime or as a measure to protect a boy before he commits crimes. The facility is run by the Dutch Ministry of Justice.
De Sprengen services all provinces in the country but in the future they will concentrate on clients from Gelderland, where both sites are located.
De Sprengen wants to develop itself as a centre specialized in treating boys from the region with major behavioral problems. In order to maintain this goal, JPC De Sprengen works closely and collaborates with other justice facilities, schools and youth organisations.
History of JPC de Sprengen
In 2001 the former institutions FOC de Kolkemate (closed treatment centre in Zutphen) and Dr. W.L. Slotstichting 'de Dreef' (open centre in Wapenveld) joined forces and became JPC de Sprengen.
One of the main reasons to join forces was the option to offer a complete range of treatments within one organisation: for some boys it is preferred to start in a closed setting and switch over to an open setting. With the two facilities now in one organisation this option is much easier to realize: a boy can continue the same treatment programme within one organisation.
Clients
In the JPC de Sprengen boys aged 12 to 24 can be placed. Everyone at De Sprengen is sent by the Justice department: serving a sentence after committing a crime (or waiting for their appearance in court), or as a (protective) measure for boys with serious (behavioral) problems. This last category haven't committed any crime (or better: that is not the reason for going there) but need intensive treatment.
External links
www.desprengen.nl
Youth detention centers
Zutphen |
The Milege World Music Festival or just Milege Festival is an annual music festival, happening every November, organized by Milege Afrojazz Band. The festival is a celebration of world music, games, cultural dances, stories, poems, and so on. Art pieces from the Repainting Uganda project are also displayed and sold during the festival. The festival invites many different world music stars from across Africa and sometimes from Asia, Europe, and America. The Milege World Music Festival of 2014 saw Japanese world star and world's first female nyatiti player Anyango perform.
Milege started the festival in 2010, moving across Uganda, but has since 2014 relocated it to the Botanical Gardens in Entebbe.
Organizers
The festival is normally organized by Milege band members, members of the Milege Acoustic Project, and well-wishers. Preparation for the festival starts as early as January.
List of Milege World Music Festivals
References
World music festivals
Tourism in Uganda
Music festivals in Uganda |
The following is a list of the Admirals of the Imperial Japanese Navy during its existence from 1868 until 1945.
Marshal Admirals
.
Admirals
.
Vice Admirals
Rear Admirals
.
References
Admirals
Japan |
Thaiphantes is a genus of Southeast Asian sheet weavers that was first described by Alfred Frank Millidge in 1995. it contains only two species, both found in Thailand: T. milneri and T. similis.
See also
List of Linyphiidae species (Q–Z)
References
Araneomorphae genera
Linyphiidae
Spiders of Asia |
Simon Loshi (16 February 2000) is a former footballer who played as a right-back. Born in the Netherlands, he represented Kosovo at international level.
Club career
Willem II, Feyenoord and Jong ADO
Loshi played in his youth at Willem II and, for ten years, at Feyenoord.
On 3 July 2019, Loshi joined Derde Divisie side Jong ADO. His debut with Jong ADO came on 1 September in a 5–0 away defeat against OSS '20, substituting Nadir Achahbar in the 81st minute.
2019–2022: Feronikeli and Resovia
On 3 December 2019, Loshi joined Feronikeli in the Football Superleague of Kosovo. On 12 February 2020, he made his professional cup debut with Feronikeli in the 2019–20 Kosovar Cup quarter-finals against Liria Prizren starting line-up. Ten days later, he made his professional league debut in a 2–1 away defeat against Llapi, again in the starting line-up.
On 5 September 2020, Loshi joined Polish I liga side Resovia after agreeing to a one-year contract with an option to extend it for two years. He did not play a single game for the club. In the winter break of the 2020–21 season, his contract was terminated.
On 1 February 2021, Loshi returned to Feronikeli. Fourteen days later he was fielded, playing in the 1–1 home draw against Gjilani, after replacing Adem Maliqi in the 89th minute.
2022–2023: ASWH and Hoogstraten
On 7 February 2022, Loshi and his brother Skender joined the Dutch Tweede Divisie side ASWH. Before the season ended, the Loshis and ASWH separated.
In the 2022–23 season, Simon Loshi played for Hoogstraten VV in Belgium.
International career
On 15 March 2021, Loshi received a call-up from the Kosovo under-21 side for friendly matches against Qatar under-23. He was an unused substitute in these matches.
References
External links
2000 births
Living people
Kosovan men's footballers
Dutch men's footballers
Footballers from Tilburg
Men's association football fullbacks
Derde Divisie players
ADO Den Haag players
Football Superleague of Kosovo players
FC Feronikeli 74 players
Resovia (football) players
ASWH players
Kosovan expatriate men's footballers
Dutch expatriate men's footballers
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium |
Parectopa thermopsella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from the Colorado, United States.
The larvae feed on Thermopsis fabacea var. montana, Thermopsis montana and Thermopsis rhombifolia. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a flat, irregular mine on the upperside of the leaf.
References
Gracillariinae
Moths described in 1875 |
Sophia Foord (1802-1885) was an American schoolteacher and abolitionist from Dedham, Massachusetts.
Personal life
Foord was the daughter of James Ford, the clerk of Norfolk County. She lived nearby James Richardson.
She was the first depositor at Dedham Savings.
While living with the Alcott family in Concord, Massachusetts, she met Henry David Thoreau. Despite being 15 years older than him, she fell in love with him. She proposed marriage to him, but he declined. She had feelings for him for many years, which she would write about in letters to Louisa May Alcott.
Foord spent the last years of her life in Dedham, living with her sister, Esther. She died in 1885 and was buried in Brookdale Cemetery.
Career
Foord taught in the Dedham Middle School in 1833 before moving the Northhampton, Massachusetts to join the Transcendentalist Northampton Association of Education and Industry. It was likely there that she met Amos Bronson Alcott, who convinced her to move to Concord, Massachusetts to join a new school that ultimately never materialized. She lived with the Alcotts in Hillside in 1845.
Ralph Waldo Emerson was so impressed with her teaching ability that he hired her to instruct his children.
Notes
References
Works cited
Educators from Dedham, Massachusetts
Burials at Brookdale Cemetery
1802 births
1885 deaths |
Rénelle Lamote (born 26 December 1993) is a French middle-distance runner who specialises in the 800 metres. She is a triple European Athletics Championships silver medallist in the event from 2016, 2018 and 2022. Lamote won also a silver at the 2019 European Indoor Championships.
She was the 800 m 2015 European Under-23 champion.
Career
Rénelle Lamote was born to an Ivorian mother and a French father.
She represented her country at the 2014 European Championships and 2015 European Indoor Championships, reaching the semifinals on both occasions.
Her personal bests in the 800 metres are: 1:57.84 outdoors (Lausanne 2022) and 2:01.97 indoors (Glasgow 2015).
Competition record
References
1993 births
Living people
People from Coulommiers
French female middle-distance runners
French sportspeople of Ivorian descent
World Athletics Championships athletes for France
European Athletics Championships medalists
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for France
Sportspeople from Seine-et-Marne
Black French sportspeople
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics
21st-century French women |
David Hobart (born 5 February 1936) is a Canadian bobsledder. He competed in the four-man event at the 1964 Winter Olympics.
References
External links
1936 births
Living people
Canadian male bobsledders
Olympic bobsledders for Canada
Bobsledders at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Kuppiyawatta West Grama Niladhari Division is a Grama Niladhari Division of the Thimbirigasyaya Divisional Secretariat of Colombo District of Western Province, Sri Lanka .
Dharmasoka College, Ananda College, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Ceylon Medical College, Nalanda College, Colombo, Panchikawatte, Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine, Carey College, Colombo, Zahira College, Colombo and Maradana are located within, nearby or associated with Kuppiyawatta West.
Kuppiyawatta West is a surrounded by the Maradana, Ibbanwala, Maligakanda, Borella North, Kuppiyawatta East and Kurunduwatta Grama Niladhari Divisions.
Demographics
Ethnicity
The Kuppiyawatta West Grama Niladhari Division has a Sinhalese majority (58.3%) and a significant Moor population (32.0%) . In comparison, the Thimbirigasyaya Divisional Secretariat (which contains the Kuppiyawatta West Grama Niladhari Division) has a Sinhalese majority (52.8%), a significant Sri Lankan Tamil population (28.0%) and a significant Moor population (15.1%)
Religion
The Kuppiyawatta West Grama Niladhari Division has a Buddhist majority (56.2%) and a significant Muslim population (33.2%) . In comparison, the Thimbirigasyaya Divisional Secretariat (which contains the Kuppiyawatta West Grama Niladhari Division) has a Buddhist plurality (47.9%), a significant Hindu population (22.5%) and a significant Muslim population (17.4%)
Grama Niladhari Divisions of Thimbirigasyaya Divisional Secretariat
Gallery
References |
Claire Dodd (born Dorothy Arlene Dodd; December 29, 1911 – November 23, 1973 ) was an American film actress.
Life and work
Dorothy Arlene Dodd was born on December 29, 1911, in Baxter, Iowa, to Walter Willard Dodd, a farmer whose family were early Jasper County pioneers, and his wife, Ethel Viola (née Cool) Dodd, daughter of Baxter Postmaster Peter J. Cool. Her parents married on June 28, 1911. The family moved frequently while she was growing up, living in Denver, Kansas City, Phoenix, St. Louis, and Missoula, Montana, among other places. Her parents separated in Montana. Young Dorothy went to California around 1927 where she worked as a model in Los Angeles and auditioned for minor film roles.
While working as a model in Los Angeles, she was cast in a small part in Eddie Cantor's movie Whoopee!, which was produced by Florenz Ziegfeld. Ziegfeld offered Dodd a part in his next Broadway musical, Smiles. She joined the Ziegfeld Follies and moved to New York City, where she studied singing and dancing. After Smiles ended, she signed a five-year contract with Paramount Pictures. After acting in bit parts in several films, she was signed to a Warner Bros. contract by Darryl F. Zanuck.
Some confusion has led to Dodd's birthplace being listed as Des Moines, Iowa. Early in her career, Dodd applied for a passport in preparation for a trip to Europe, and was reported as saying she only knew she was born in Iowa. Whether an attempted bit of publicity, she wound up with plenty in her home state. "My early childhood is just a blur to me," she once said. "I don't remember a thing about Iowa, I'm sorry to say. I was so small when I left there." Dodd had numerous relatives who still lived in and around Baxter when her apparent memory lapse was reported in the Register & Tribune's Iowa News Service on April 29, 1935. Locals were in an uproar for a time, spurred on by newspaper editorials taking the incident as an insult to a small town in rural Iowa. Deputy Jasper County Clerk John B. Norris quickly sent a copy of her birth certificate to Dodd by registered mail to end the question.
Dodd went on to work at Warner Brothers, Paramount and Universal studios in more than sixty films over a dozen years, from 1930-1942. Dodd was usually type-cast as the "other woman", a femme fatale, siren, seductress, mistress, blackmailer, or other kind of predator or schemer.
She also twice played secretary Della Street to Warren William's Perry Mason, in The Case of the Curious Bride (1935), and The Case of the Velvet Claws (1936). In the latter, Dodd's character was the only incarnation of Della Street to ever wed Mason. One of her last films was Abbott and Costello's In the Navy (1941).
Family
Claire Dodd was Hollywood's "mystery girl" in the 1930s -- a label she acquired because she was good at keeping her personal and professional lives separate. In 1931, Dodd married John Milton Strauss, an investment banker. She gave birth to her first child, Jon Michael Strauss (born 1936), which surprised much of Hollywood society as they did not even know she was married. The couple divorced in 1938.
She retired from acting and married her second husband, Harry Brand Cooper, in 1942. They had four children: a daughter (Austeene); and three sons (John T., Brand, and Peter).
Death
She died at her home in Beverly Hills, California, from cancer, aged 61. She is buried in the Brand Family Cemetery on the grounds of the Brand Library and Art Center in Glendale, California.
Partial filmography
Our Blushing Brides (1930) as A Mannequin
Whoopee! (1930) as Goldwyn Girl (uncredited)
Up Pops the Devil (1931) as Minor Role (uncredited)
The Lawyer's Secret (1931) as Party Guest (uncredited)
Confessions of a Co-Ed (1931) as Co-Ed in Chapel (uncredited)
The Secret Call (1931) as Maisie
An American Tragedy (1931) as Gaile Warren (uncredited)
The Road to Reno (1931) as Party Girl (uncredited)
Girls About Town (1931) as Dot, Party Girl (uncredited)
Working Girls (1931) as Jane
Under Eighteen (1931) as Babsy
Two Kinds of Women (1932) as Sheila Lavery (uncredited)
Alias the Doctor (1932) as Mrs. Beverly (uncredited)
The Broken Wing (1932) as Cecelia Cross
This Is the Night (1932) as Chou-Chou (uncredited)
Man Wanted (1932) as Ann Le Maire
Guilty as Hell (1932) as Ruth Tindal
The Crooner (1932) as Mrs. Constance Brown
Lawyer Man (1932) as Virginia St. Johns
The Match King (1932) as Ilse Wagner
Parachute Jumper (1933) as Mrs. Newberry
Hard to Handle (1933) as Marlene Reeves
Blondie Johnson (1933) as Gladys LaMann
Elmer, the Great (1933) as Evelyn Corey
Ex-Lady (1933) as Iris Van Hugh
Ann Carver's Profession (1933) as Carole Rodgers
Footlight Parade (1933) as Vivian Rich
My Woman (1933) as Muriel Bennett
Massacre (1934) as Norma
Gambling Lady (1934) as Sheila Aiken
Journal of a Crime (1934) as Odette Florey
Smarty (1934) as Anita
The Personality Kid (1934) as Patricia Merrill
I Sell Anything (1934) as Millicent
Secret of the Chateau (1934) as Julie Verlaine
Babbitt (1934) as Tanis Judique
Roberta (1935) as Sophie Teale
The Case of the Curious Bride (1935) as Della Street
The Glass Key (1935) as Janet Henry
Don't Bet on Blondes (1935) as Marilyn Youngblood
The Goose and the Gander (1935) as Connie
The Payoff (1935) as Maxine
Two Against the World (1936) as Cora Latimer
The Singing Kid (1936) as Dana Lawrence
Navy Born (1936) as Bernice Farrington
Murder by an Aristocrat (1936) as Janice Thatcher
The Case of the Velvet Claws (1936) as Della Street
The Women Men Marry (1937) as Claire Raeburn
Romance in the Dark (1938) as Countess Monica Foldesay
Fast Company (1938) as Julia Thorne
Three Loves Has Nancy (1938) as Vivian Herford
Charlie Chan in Honolulu (1938) as Mrs. Carol Wayne
Woman Doctor (1939) as Gail Patterson
Slightly Honorable (1939) as Alma Brehmer
If I Had My Way (1940) as Brenda Johnson
The Black Cat (1941) as Margaret Gordon
In the Navy (1941) as Dorothy Roberts
Don Winslow of the Navy (1942) as Mercedes Colby
The Mad Doctor of Market Street (1942) as Patricia Wentworth
Mississippi Gambler (1942) as Gladys La Verne
Daring Young Man (1942) as Marlene (final film role)
References
Sources
"When Dorothy forgot: 'There's no place like home'", Sunday Times-Republican Past Times, November 17, 1996, Marshalltown, Iowa.
External links
1911 births
1973 deaths
Actresses from Iowa
American film actresses
Deaths from cancer in California
People from Jasper County, Iowa
Ziegfeld girls
20th-century American actresses |
Daryurd is a village and municipality in the Gadabay District of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,548. The municipality consists of the villages of Daryurd, Jafarli, and Naghylar.
References
Populated places in Gadabay District |
Vivo Capital ("Vivo") is an American investment firm headquartered in Palo Alto, California. It is focused on making public and private investments in the healthcare and biotechnology industries.
Background
The firm was originally founded in 1996 as BioAsia Investments (due to its former association with Asian investors) by Frank Kung and Edgar G. Engleman. The two had previously founded Genelabs Technologies, a biopharmaceutical company that was acquired by GSK plc in 2008.
Vivo has three strategies, Private equity, Public equity and Venture capital. Vivo historically has invested 70% of its capital into biotechnology companies and 30% into medical device companies. Originally it started investing in early stage companies but later on more towards growth stage companies and buyout deals. In the early 2000s, it started investing in Asia, mainly in China due to the opportunities provided. The biotech firms that Vivo invests in tend to already have new treatments in clinical trials with human experimental data and case studies available. However Vivo still invests in companies at all stages.
Vivo has funded Sinovac Biotech, a Chinese biopharmaceutical company that developed the COVID-19 vaccine, CoronaVac. Other notable companies it has invested in include WuXi AppTec, Amyris, Angiotech Pharmaceuticals and Precision BioSciences.
Vivo headquartered in Palo Alto, California with additional offices in Beijing, Hong Kong, Shanghai and Taipei.
References
External links
American companies established in 1996
Companies based in Palo Alto, California
Financial services companies based in California
Hedge fund firms in California
Privately held companies based in California
Venture capital firms of the United States
Private equity firms of the United States |
Reinhold Sulzbacher (born 29 July 1944 in Liezen) was an Austrian luger who competed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He won the gold medal in the men's doubles event at the 1982 FIL European Luge Championships in Winterberg, West Germany.
Sulzbacher also won the men's doubles overall Luge World Cup title three times (1979–80, 1980–1, 1981-2).
Competing in two Winter Olympics, Sulzbacher earned his best finish of fifth in the men's doubles event at Innsbruck in 1976.
References
1976 Winter Olympic men's doubles results.
1980 Winter Olympic men's doubles results.
List of men's doubles luge World Cup champions since 1978.
Profile on sports-reference.com
1944 births
Living people
Austrian male lugers
Olympic lugers for Austria
Lugers at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 1980 Winter Olympics
People from Liezen District
Sportspeople from Styria |
Patrick Malone (30 May 1916 – 3 December 1993) was an Irish Fine Gael politician.
Malone was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fine Gael Teachta Dála (TD) for the Kildare from 1970, when he won a by election caused by the death of Gerard Sweetman. He was re-elected at the subsequent 1973 general election but was defeated at the 1977 general election. He previously served as a member of the Seanad from 1965, and was elected for the Agricultural Panel in 1965 and the Administrative Panel in 1969
References
1916 births
1993 deaths
Fine Gael TDs
Members of the 19th Dáil
Members of the 20th Dáil
Members of the 11th Seanad
Members of the 12th Seanad
Politicians from County Kildare
Fine Gael senators
Administrative Panel senators
Agricultural Panel senators |
Ditlev (or Ditlef) Ludvig Rogert (1742–1813) was a Danish songwriter who is credited with composing the music for Denmark's royal anthem "Kong Kristian stod ved højen mast". He was also a High Court judge and violinist.
The lyrics to the anthem first appeared in May 1778, in Johannes Ewald's vaudeville play, The Fishermen. It has long been debated who composed the music to the song. It was originally accredited to Johann Hartmann, the same composer who wrote the score for The Fishermen; however his original romantic score for the vaudeville was entirely different from the score commonly used today. Following the dismissal of the possibility that Hartmann could have composed the score, it was suggested that Rogert had been the original composer, a claim that was backed up by several 19th century intellectuals. In 1880, Vilhelm Carl Ravn presented his theory that the score significantly preceded Ewald's poem and had no one particular composer. This is the most commonly supported theory today. The song was adopted as a national anthem in 1780.
References
1742 births
1813 deaths
Danish composers
Male composers
Danish jurists
Danish classical violinists
Male classical violinists |
Leptodeira punctata, the western cat-eyed snake, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to Mexico.
References
Leptodeira
Snakes of North America
Endemic reptiles of Mexico
Reptiles described in 1866
Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters |
Carrie Saxon Perry (August 30, 1931 – November 22, 2018)
was an American politician from Connecticut. She was notable as the first African American woman to be elected mayor of a major New England city – Hartford, Connecticut – in 1987. She served three terms before being defeated in 1993. She served as a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1980 until 1987. Perry was known for her distinctive broad-rimmed hats.
Early life and career
Perry was born on August 30, 1931, in Hartford to David Saxon and Mabel Lee. She was primarily raised by her grandmother after her father left the family when she was only six months old.
She graduated from Howard University with a degree of economics and attended Howard University School of Law for two years before leaving school to marry James Perry, Jr. After leaving law school, she worked with a number of community organizations and help establish boards for organizations such as Planned Parenthood. She also worked for the state welfare agency.
Political career
Her first run for state representative ended in defeat in 1976. She was elected in 1980 and served until her election as mayor. She was selected as an assistant majority leader, chair of the bonding subcommittee, and a committee member for education, finance and housing.
She became known for donning unique hats, of which she owned about two dozen. She said she started the habit because she didn't have time to take care of her hair.
Mayorship
Perry was elected the mayor of Hartford at the age of 56.
In 1987, Mayor Thirman L. Milner, the city’s first African American mayor, announced that he would not seek re-election to city hall. Perry entered the race and won the endorsement of the local Democratic Party. In the general election, she defeated Republican Philip Steele with 58 percent of the vote.
She was credited for helping reduce racial tension in the city; notably, she visited black neighborhoods after the Rodney King verdict, which was credited with preventing rioting in Hartford as had happened in other large cities. She championed LGBT rights in Hartford during her mayorship, introducing legislation to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation in Hartford schools, 5 years before such legislation was adopted in Connecticut. She also focused on reducing burgeoning gang activity and drug trafficking, which was on the rise at the time. The position in Hartford is considered largely ceremonial, and paid a stipend of $17,500.
After three terms as mayor, she was defeated by first-time Democratic challenger Michael Peters, a city firefighter. He had run on a campaign capitalizing on Hartford's declining economy and a sense that street crime was on the rise.
Later career
In 2002, Perry became president of the NAACP (Hartford chapter).
Personal life
Perry married James Perry, Jr. from whom she was divorced. She had a son, four grandchildren, and two great grandchildren.
Perry died in Waterbury on November 22, 2018, at the age of 87. However, her death remained unreported until November 2019.
References
External links
1931 births
2018 deaths
African-American people in Connecticut politics
Connecticut Democrats
Howard University alumni
Mayors of Hartford, Connecticut
Women mayors of places in Connecticut
African-American mayors in Connecticut
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
21st-century African-American women
African-American women mayors |
The second presidency of Tabaré Vázquez began on 1 March 2015 when he was inaugurated as the 41st president of Uruguay. Vázquez, a member of the Broad Front Party took office following his victory over the National Party nominee Luis Lacalle Pou in the second round of the 2014 general election, thus granting another five years of leftist governments. This presidential term continued the policies established since the Broad Front came into power in 2005. Among the featured policies a National Caregiving System was established, also the Ibirapitá Plan was created to promote the introduction of technology to the elderly, the transgender people law and the authorization of the second pulp mill plant of multinational company UPM.
2014 national elections
By the general election in October, Broad Front obtained 47.81% of votes against 30.88% obtained by the runner-up National Party and 12.89% of Colorado Party, among others, what required to make a second round to elect the presidential formula. There, Broad Front got elected 15 of 30 seats in the Senate, near to get absolute majority in this chamber (which at the end reached when its Vicepresident was elected). In the Representatives chamber got the absolute majority with 50 of 99 members.
After the second round, won the runoff the presidential formula of Tabaré Vázquez-Raúl Sendic with 53.48% of votes cast against 41.17% of National Party formula of Luis Lacalle Pou-Jorge Larrañaga. Therefore, this granted a third government to the Broad Front.
Cabinet
Domestic affairs
Public administration
Creation of the General Office of the Attorney General of Uruguay as Decentralized Service
Since 2015 the Office of the Attorney General of the Nation (or Public Ministry) is not anymore an executing unit under the arms of the Ministry of Education and Culture and is now a decentralized service, independent from the Executive.
Approval of a new policy regarding civil servants in duty of foreign services
In December 2019 a new policy of civil servants of Foreign Services was enacted by Law No. 19841, replacing the former one created during the civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay of 1973–1985, with the purpose of updating the Foreign Service of the Uruguayan public administration. This law updated the legal body taking into account the changes in the functional relationship and the reality of current international relations and, in addition, to unify the legal dispersion of old laws on the matter generated over the years. One of the reforms implemented by the new statute is to lower the age of mandatory retirement of ambassadors at 70 years old.
Industry, energy and mining
Search for petroleum, without success
During 2016, the government agreed with French petroleum company Total to began drillings on the Uruguayan maritime platform, about 6400 meters deep, with the goal of finding crude oil. During this search President Vázquez gathered with former presidents since the return to democracy to deploy —if commercially exploitable petroleum deposits would be found— a State policy for the management of the revenues obtained by the resource, citing the example of Norway. However, the French company's report result was negative, not being proven the existence of petroleum in the exploration in one of the blocks of the maritime platform. This led the climate of optimism of the government to fell down and the opposition raised some criticism, stating that the notice and meetings were rushed and reckless.
In October 2018, another exploration was performed, this time on land, in Cerro Padilla, Paysandú Department, 845 meters below ground by the company Schuepbach Energy (subsidiary of Petrel Energy), and it found traces of hydrocarbons, although samples of this deposit had to be analyzed in order to find out if it was commercially profitable. In November 2017, the company reported that the amount was insignificant and its exploitation was not commercially profitable. In the same month, the company started to drill on Cerro de Chaga, Salto Department, but it had to suspend the search the petroleum due to the need of new associates to add additional funding. In April 2018, the company announced it did not have enough funds to continue the exploration.
UPM 2
In mid July 2019, the government and the representatives of Finnish multinational company UPM confirmed an investment for the construction of its second pulp mill plant in Uruguay, with an investment of about 2.7 billion of United States dollars plus an additional 350 million to perform public works in the port of Montevideo and to build housing facilities in Paso de los Toros. The initial plan for the opening of the plant was foreseen for early 2022. The investment would generate 6000 jobs during the construction stage, and after that would be generated 10000 jobs, 4000 directly contacted by the company and the remaining from contractors in the supply chain of 600 companies. The investment would mean a gross domestic product growth of 2% and would bring economic growth in Durazno, Florida, Cerro Largo and Tacuarembó Departments between 10% and 15% of these Departments' GDPs.
This investment was well received by the Government, as well as part of the opposition parties' members, such as Luis Lacalle Pou of National Party and Julio María Sanguinetti of Colorado Party, who also supported the project but disagreed with the way and terms of the negotiations. However, some political groups, such as Popular Unity Party and part of Open Cabildo Party rejected the secrecy of the negotiations and the terms of the investment contract, pointing out the environmental issues that could arise with the construction and commission of the plant or otherwise that the government gave up too much in the negotiation.
Environment
In December 2018 with the Agroecology Law a National Plan of Agroecology was created, where it was considered as a general interest of the people the promotion of production and distribution systems, and the consumption of agroecological goods, applying an ecological vision to the design, development and management of sustainable agricultural ecosystems. It involves, among others, family agriculture producers and other systems of urban and sub-urban agriculture. It also drives a national certification system of organic food to validate the quality of these products and that they abide by the standards of sustainable production and that they respect the environment without the usage of chemical products. This system is supported by the Honorary Commission of the National Plan of Agroecology under the supervision of the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries.
Healthcare
Right to medical emergency assistance in any healthcare provider
After the Budget Review Law of 2017, by its Articles 145 to 149, was established and recognized the right to medical emergency and urgency assistance to every resident of the country, to be provided by every health care provider in the country, and thus securing the medical attention outside the patient's place of residence. This means that when a user of the health system needs medical attention and its health care provider does not or could not have a service in the location where is currently the user nor have any arrangement with a local health provider, this user may be attended with any other provider. The user afterwards will pay for the cost of the service to his own health provider according to the fees established by law. Later the user's health provider must compensate the fees to the health provider which provided to the user the emergency care.
National Caregiving System
Since Caregiving Law No. 19,353 of 27 November 2015, the right of all persons unable to care fully for oneself to receive care with quality, as well as to promote a cultural change for caregiving to be shared equally by both genders. This system involves to look after the needs of persons getting care, such as the elderly, persons with disabilities that render them unable to care themselves, underage people, specially children under 3 years of age, but also takes into account carers' rights.
Social issues
Ibirapitá Plan
In 2015, the Ibirapitá Plan was created. This plan delivered tablets to about 400,000 retirees with poor retirement pension of up to 24,400 Uruguayan peso per month, in order to address the so-called "gray gap" or "digital gap" in this part of the population.
This plan sought to deal with the elder, a neglected population group with many hardships, and was argued that giving tablets would have more impact than using the destined funds from the budget to raise the retirement or disability pension, with a lesser impact. With the tablet, access to communication, technology and the internet was made possible for people over 65 years old, who previously did not have such advantages, allowing them to manage applications about their health, public processes, news and other cultural contents. Moreover, it allow them to get in contact with family relatives and friends in the country and abroad, in a stage of life when elder adults tend to be left alone. The tablet also would encourage to grantees to make an effort and learn how to use it, avoiding with this process the tendency to inertia.
In a 2019 study, the lack of infrastructure was the most important barrier to internet use among women with 65 or older age recipients of the tablet from Ibirapitá Plan: between the tablet, internet connection, computer and cellular phone, only the presence of the Ibirapitá tablet and internet connection had significant impact. The composition of family members and the home structure has also impact on internet access: when the elderly have sons or daughters abroad, this works as a motivator to have internet access, while the presence of them in the home is an obstacle. This would also occur when there is the presence of children under 14 years old in the home. The study also found that with the older the age, the possibility of using internet decreases, but with the Ibirapitá tablet this reduction is lowered.
Comprehensive Law for Transgender Persons
Law No. , also known as "Comprehensive Law for Transgender Persons" or "Transgender Law", of 26 October 2018, was enacted after a law proposal sent by the Executive Branch, with the support of multiple civil organizations. This law recognized the freedom of identity, by which any person has the right to develop their own personality according to their gender identity. Based on this, the State must develop policies aimed at resident transgender persons, as they have been historically victims of discrimination due to their identity.
It enables the option to "adapt" or change their name and gender in personal identification documents. In the case of children under 13, this should be done after a consultation with professionals, with prior consent from their parents or legal guardians.
For transgender persons born before 31 December 1975, if they prove they were violated in their rights due to their identity during the 1973-1985 dictatorship, they are able to request a monthly compensatory lifelong pension of about 3 BPC, provided that they already do not receive another pension or do not earn above 15 BPC monthly. This can be requested up to 10 years after the law came into force.
Regarding education and work, a one-percent quota for public employments reserved to transgender persons was established, as long as the candidates meet the requirements to perform the job. National Institute of Employment and Professional Training also must allocate 1% of its quotas in training programs to be granted to transgender persons.
In the health system the prohibition of discrimination to transgender people in the medical field was established, and transgender persons have the right to receive comprehensive healthcare to sex reassignment surgery or treatments. To this aim, the regulation established that all health institutions under the National Integrated Health System must make available all comprehensive programs that the Ministry of Public Health mandates, either on its own means or contracted.
Mandated also that minors can access to permanent sex reassignment treatments, but this requires authorization or consent from their parents or legal guardians.
In mid 2019, some National Party legislators with bonds to evangelical churches started a signature collection campaign to begin a pre-referendum proceeding, by which if a 25% of the electoral roll could call for a referendum to repeal the Comprehensive Transgender Identity Law. However, this campaign failed to reach the minimum of signatures required, reaching about % of the electoral roll, compared to the 25% required to be able to call for the referendum.
Housing
Since October 2017 the upper limit to be able to access to credit for real estate and other public housing programs was raised, from a general limit of 60 UR to another in several categories according to the number of people living in the house: a single person with earnings up to 40 UR, two persons up to 60 UR, three persons up to 72 UR, four persons up to 84 UR and with families with five or more persons living together the upper limit to be able to access credit is 96 UR. This change of the policy was performed to attend to the situation where families with five or more members have low earnings very near the poverty line in order to be able to be covered by this housing plan, and at the same time the people living alone and the families without children were favored detrimental to families with children. Therefore, this reform intended to expand the coverage of this plan of credits for housing.
Foreign affairs
International trips
During the first year of his second presidency, president Tabaré Vázquez made less international trips than his predecessor José Mujica in the same period of Mujica's government. In April 2015 attended the 7th Summit of the Americas in Panama City, where he met with the president of the United States Barack Obama.
Withdrawal from Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
In September 2019, there was a call for vote to activate the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, a defense treaty thought for the situation of if one country of the Americas is attacked, it will be considered an attack to all the countries of the Americas and therefore each of the countries bond by the treaty is committed to fight the attack, but the intention of the voting was to fight the Venezuela's government of Nicolás Maduro to capture and extraditate Venezuelan chavist officials, allegedly involved in crimes of corruptions. In that situation, chancellor Rodolfo Nin Novoa announced that if the treaty is used in this kind of situation that would enable military strikes against Venezuela, Uruguay would leave the treaty.
On 23 September took place the vote, resulting with 16 votes supporting the activation of the Treaty, one vote against by Uruguay, one abstention of Trinidad and Tobago and an absence of Cuba, what led to activate the treaty to deal with the crisis in Venezuela, process promoted by the Lima Group aligned with the United States. The next day, chancellor Nin Novoa announced the retreat of Uruguay from Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance. He described the treaty as obsolete and unhelpful, that was being used in an inappropriate way. He also argued that this resolution violated the principle of peaceful solution of controversies and non-intervention in domestic affairs of other countries.
The process of denunciation of the treaty to unbind from the international obligations assumed by subscribing and ratifying it becomes effective after two years since the denunciation. The then candidate for the presidency Luis Lacalle Pou coincided with the argument that the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance was created with other goals in mind, but he said that nevertheless should not leave the treaty. The next year, after being elected and assuming his position as the next president of Uruguay, Luis Lacalle Pou decided to revoke the denunciation and rejoin the treaty.
Controversies
Resignation of vicepresident Raúl Sendic
On 9 September 2017, the then Vicepresident of Uruguay Raúl Sendic announced after the Broad Front plenary his resignation of the vicepresidency. This occurred after a ruling of the Political Conduct Court of the Broad Front party that stated the acts he committed were questionable in the ethical and political responsibility, repeatedly violating control laws. This would be the final act after months of internal divisions within the Broad Front where he were losing support from his party colleagues and rising criticism from the opposition parties, after a series of incidents where he was involved: the incident of the claimed degree in Human Genetics from the University of Havana, Cuba, that he claimed to have achieved but after that he could not prove it, even admitting he was not graduated as he claimed before; he underwent to several judicial trials for his management of public company ANCAP, including one for the questionable expenses he carried out with the corporate credit card of the company, including shopping in clothing store, jewelry and electronic products.
Fiftiers protest movement
"Fiftiers" (Cincuentones) was the name of a social group arose in 2015 formed by persons affected by the 1995 retirement reform transition system, that established a mixed retirement system of social security, where entered to the system private entities called by their acronym AFAP in charge of the management of individual retirements savings, in combination with the intergenerational and solidary regime of the Banco de Previsión Social (BPS). The Fiftiers were affected because the BPS does not recognize the totality of its previous contributions previous to 1996, and since they contributed for less years than those workers who were always under the mixed system. This caused to those who ended being included under the transitional regime, the workers under 40 years of age and were earning an income greater than 5000 uruguayan pesos , to perceive retirement pensions lower than those who remained in the former regime, with the totality of their contributions to the intergenerational and solidary system, and also compared with those who always were under the mixed system.
During 2015, these persons, near their retirement from work activity, started to protest, conducting at leas two protests per month. They were organized through social networks, gathered in front of the Executive Tower and the Legislative Palace. Afterwards, a draft law was sent to Parliament, which received support from the national trade union center PIT-CNT and from the National Retirees and Pensioners Organization of Uruguay. The conflict ended after the Executive Branch yielded their position, and the Parliament enacted the Law No. , which rules that persons with reached 50 years of age as of 1 April 2016, under the mixed system of social security and with mandatory savings in AFAPs, could unsubscribe from the AFAPs and transfer the savings with their savings in BPS. The initial stage of transference began with advisory interviews to perform the calculations of the most convenient system for each one of them. After the interview, the worker had 90 days to decide if they maintained the AFAP savings in that entities or if they wanted to transfer them to the common fund of the State that have been created.
At the end of 2019, from the of fiftiers entitled to make the change that received personal advicing, 43.8% ( persons) had disaffiliated after being advised by BPS. This disaffiliation from AFAP was higher in amount in the case of active workers than from retirees.
Un Solo Uruguay protest movement
"Self-Summoned" (Autoconvocados) movement, later known as Un Solo Uruguay, is a social protest movement consisting of people linked with the agricultural, commercial and industrial sectors, spontaneously emerged at the beginnings of 2018, that in its protest of 23 January 2018 expressed its disconformity with the way the public spending was being done and the lack of policies to support certain economic sectors such as the agricultural-related ones, criticizing the dimensions and cost of the State.
Proceedings of the Honor Tribunal to Gilberto Vázquez and the dismissal of the leadership of defense
At the beginnings of 2019 President Tabaré Vázquez dismissed several members of the leadership of defense, among others the Minister of Defense Jorge Menéndez, the Deputy Secretary of Defense Daniel Montiel, and the Members of the Army's Honor Tribunal Commander-in-Chief of the Army General José González, Chief of the Fourth Division of the Army General Gustavo Fajardo and the Chief of the Defense Staff General Alfredo Erramún, being in addition forced to retire, and also the members of the Appeal Tribunal Carlos Sequeira, Alejandro Salaberry and Claudio Romano, all of them due to with the public disclosure of the proceedings of the Honor Tribunal became known that the Lieutenant Colonel (retired) José Gavazzo confessed he was the mastermind behind the forced disappearance of the Tupamaro guerilla member Roberto Gomensoro in March 1973, but the Honor Tribunal considered that for this and other homicides there was no motives to military condemn to Gavazzo and another military officer, that they did not harm the Army's Honour, but that they did commit very serious misconduct after they did not inform the Justice of these facts. This led to a scandal that also burdened the government due to the accusations from one side to another after if president Vázquez was or was not already aware of this facts.
See also
Pink tide
References
2015 establishments in Uruguay
2020 disestablishments in Uruguay
2010s in Uruguay
2020s in Uruguay
Vázquez
Tabaré Vázquez |
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MS Dwarka was the second of four "modern D Class" passenger/cargo sister ships of the British India Steam Navigation Company (BI). The only one of the quartet to be built by Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson at Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne, Dwarka entered service in 1947 on her owners' Persian Gulf local trades. She was named after Dwarka, an ancient city of religious significance in the state of Gujarat, on India's northwest coast.
Of 4,851 gross register tons, 399 feet in length and 55 feet wide, the vessel was powered by a William Doxford & Sons five cylinder opposed piston diesel engine driving a single screw, giving a service speed of 13.5 knots. Original maximum passenger capacity was 1,104 (13 first class, 41 second class and 1,050 deck class), with 122 crew. The quartet were described as "... ships of transport, cargo plus passengers - comfortable but not luxurious, dependable but not speedy - appropriately functional for their time".
Dwarka was the final British-India vessel to operate traditional "liner" trades. However the last passenger ship wearing BI livery was , withdrawn in 1985, having previously transferred to the cruise ship operations of parent company Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company.
Twice, very close to the end of the vessel's career, Dwarka, under the command of Captain G. A. Hankin, featured on film. In 1979 the BBC made a television documentary as part of the series The World About Us entitled "An Arabian Voyage", about a voyage from Mumbai, stopping at Karachi, taking migrant workers to countries in the Persian Gulf, which illustrated the ship's unique historic status, which reportedly prompted renewed interest in her from around the world. In 1981, Dwarka was used for several location shoots (portraying much earlier BI vessels) in Richard Attenborough's 1982 film Gandhi, about the life of Mahatma Gandhi.
Dwarka was beached and subsequently scrapped at Gadani Beach, Pakistan, in May 1982. Her sister ship the MS Dumra having been taken out of service in 1979 and also scrapped.
Citations
References
External links
1946 ships
Ships built on the River Tyne
Ships of the British India Steam Navigation Company
Ships built by Swan Hunter |
Along Came Youth is a 1930 American pre-Code comedy film directed by Lloyd Corrigan and Norman Z. McLeod and written by George Marion, Jr., Maurice Bedel and Marion Dix. The film stars Charles "Buddy" Rogers, Frances Dee, Stuart Erwin, William Austin, Leo White and Betty Boyd. The film was released on December 20, 1930, by Paramount Pictures.
Cast
Charles "Buddy" Rogers as Larry Brooks
Frances Dee as Elinor Farrington
Stuart Erwin as Ambrose
William Austin as Eustace
Evelyn Hall as Lady Prunella
Leo White as Senor Cortés
Betty Boyd as Sue Long
Arthur Hoyt as Adkins
Sybil Grove as Maid
Herbert Sherwood as Doorman
Charles West as Chauffeur
Macon Jones as Neetsfoot Boy
Billy Wheaton as Neetsfoot Boy
George Ernest as Neetsfoot Boy
Gordon Thorpe as Neetsfoot Boy
John Strauss as Neetsfoot Boy
References
External links
1930 films
1930s English-language films
American comedy films
1930 comedy films
Paramount Pictures films
Films directed by Lloyd Corrigan
Films directed by Norman Z. McLeod
American black-and-white films
Films scored by Karl Hajos
1930s American films |
A destructive tornado outbreak occurred on July 2, 1997, in the built-up area of Detroit, Michigan. There were 13 tornadoes in total, 3 dragged through neighborhoods and downtown, hitting northern Detroit between I-96 and Eight Mile Road, Hamtramck and Highland Park. The storms killed 7, caused local flooding, and destroyed houses. 5 of the fatalities were recorded in Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan, due to straight-line winds of up to 100 mph that blew a gazebo full of people into Lake St. Clair. One tornado formed east of the Detroit River, in Essex County, Ontario, near Windsor, Ontario and caused damage in Windsor and Essex County. The strongest tornado was listed as an F3.
Confirmed tornadoes
July 1 event
July 2 event
July 3 event
Other tornadoes
The Michigan tornado outbreak of July 2 was part of a larger outbreak stemming from a storm system that crossed the eastern part of North America from July 1 to July 3, 1997. On July 1, several tornadoes touched down across western and northern Minnesota north of the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area of Minneapolis and St. Paul. On July 3, several tornadoes touched down from eastern New York to southern New Hampshire. No other fatalities were reported outside of Michigan. In total, 52 tornadoes touched from northeastern Kansas to New England during the three-day event.
Aftermath
Later that evening and the next day, the local television stations (such as WJBK, WDIV-TV, and WXYZ-TV) displayed video and images of downtown Detroit.
The temperatures on July 2 were very high, around , with a heat index close to . After the storm passed, the temperatures dropped to .
For the next 6 to 8 hours, there were still thunderstorms rolling and rumbling through, and many people were afraid of further tornadic activity, especially since two-thirds of the City of Windsor were without power until the next morning. Many large trees were felled by the storm's winds as well.
Tecumseh Road viaduct
The effects on the Tecumseh Road viaduct on the west end of Windsor, Ontario, were quite overwhelming, however. The steel girder viaduct was built in 1944, and was just two lanes, going under the CN Rail line that leads to the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel. The storms associated with the tornado outbreak dumped such a large amount of rain and floodwaters, that the viaduct was flooded up to the height of a car's roof, as one automobile was submerged (The driver was unharmed, however).
Since this viaduct was a well-known traffic bottleneck (even more so for transport trucks, since the viaduct was so low, it would peel the roof off their trailers), and would flood with around a foot of water from even a light rain, that it was completely closed, torn down, and rebuilt in August 1998, and finished 2 weeks ahead of schedule, and 2 million dollars under budget. The new underpass is built of concrete, is four lanes wide, and is designed to handle the largest of transport trucks.
See also
List of Canadian Tornadoes
List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
List of tornadoes striking downtown areas
References
Sources
WDIV-TV, NBC 4 Detroit, Michigan
CBET-TV, CBC 9 Windsor, Ontario
External links
WDIV's Coverage of the Detroit Tornadoes of 1997 - Part 1
WDIV's Coverage of the Detroit Tornadoes of 1997 - Part 2
WDIV's Coverage of the Detroit Tornadoes of 1997 - Part 3
WDIV's Coverage of the Detroit Tornadoes of 1997 - Part 4
WDIV's Coverage of the Detroit Tornadoes of 1997 - Part 5
F3 tornadoes
07-01
Metro Detroit
History of Windsor, Ontario
Tornadoes in Michigan
Essex County, Ontario
1997-07-02
Tornado, 07-01
Tornado, 07-01
Tornado, 01
1997 in Ontario
Tornado, 07-01 |
The following is a list of right-wing political parties. It includes parties from the centre-right to the far-right and ultra right.
Active
A
Ainar
Forum for the National Unity of Abkhazia
United Abkhazia
Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan
Islamic Movement of Afghanistan (National Coalition of Afghanistan)
National Islamic Front of Afghanistan
Ålandic Democracy
Moderate Coalition for Åland
Non-aligned Coalition
Albanian Democratic Monarchist Movement Party
Albanian National Front Party
Alliance for Equality and European Justice
Demochristian Party of Albania
Democratic Party of Albania
Legality Movement Party
Macedonian Alliance for European Integration
Movement for National Development
National Unity Party
New Democratic Spirit
Party for Justice, Integration and Unity
Red and Black Alliance
Republican Party of Albania
Algerian National Front
Hizb ut-Tahrir (Banned)
Islamic Renaissance Movement
Islamic Salvation Front (Banned)
Justice and Development Front
Movement for National Reform
Movement of Society for Peace
National Construction Movement
Democrats for Andorra
Lauredian Union
Liberal Party of Andorra
New Centre
Third Way
National Liberation Front of Angola
UNITA
Anguilla Progressive Party
Civic Front of Córdoba (Juntos por el Cambio)
Conservative People's Party
Federal Peronism (Juntos por el Cambio)
Federal Popular Union (Juntos por el Cambio)
Fuerza Republicana
Liberal Libertarian Party
Light Blue and White Union (Federal Consensus)
Patriot Front
Republican Proposal (Juntos por el Cambio)
Salta Renewal Party
UNIR Constitutional Nationalist Party (Juntos por el Cambio)
Union of the Democratic Centre
Adequate Party
Christian-Democratic Rebirth Party (Shirinyan-Babajanyan Alliance of Democrats)
Conservative Party (Free Homeland Alliance)
Constitutional Rights Union
I Have Honor Alliance
Homeland Party
Republican Party of Armenia
Mighty Fatherland
National Agenda Party
Orinats Yerkir
People's Party
Prosperous Armenia
Ramgavar
Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party (National Democratic Pole)
United Liberal National Party
Artsakh Conservative Party
Democratic Party of Artsakh
Free Motherland - UCA Alliance
Free Motherland
Aruban People's Party
Australia First Party
Australian Christians
Australian Citizens Party
Australian Federation Party
Australian Protectionist Party
Christian Democratic Party
Civil Liberties & Motorists Party
Coalition
Country Liberal Party
Liberal National Party of Queensland
Liberal Party of Australia
Liberal Party of Australia (A.C.T. Division)
Liberal Party of Australia (New South Wales Division)
Liberal Party of Australia (South Australian Division)
Liberal Party of Australia (Tasmanian Division)
Liberal Party of Australia (Victorian Division)
Liberal Party of Australia (Western Australian Division)
Young Liberals
National Party of Australia
National Party of Australia (SA)
National Party of Australia (WA)
National Party of Australia – NSW
National Party of Australia – Victoria
Derryn Hinch's Justice Party
Great Australia Party, The
Katter's Australian Party
Liberal Democratic Party
Love Australia or Leave
North Queensland First
Pauline Hanson's One Nation
Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party
United Australia Party
Alliance for the Future of Austria
Austrian People's Party
Black-Yellow Alliance
Christian Party of Austria
Freedom Party of Austria
Free Party Salzburg
Neutral Free Austria Federation
Team HC Strache – Alliance for Austria
Reform Conservatives, The
Azerbaijan Democratic Enlightenment Party
Azerbaijan Liberal Party
Azerbaijani Popular Front Party
Azerbaijan National Independence Party
Civic Solidarity Party
Democratic Reforms Party
Great Order Party
Motherland Party
National Revival Movement Party
New Azerbaijan Party
B
Democratic National Alliance
Free National Movement
Al Asalah
Hizb ut-Tahrir (Banned)
Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
Bangladesh Nationalist Party (20 Party Alliance)
Bangladesh Tarikat Federation (Grand Alliance)
Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh
National Democratic Party
Jatiya Party (Ershad)
Belarusian Christian Democracy
BPF Party
Conservative Christian Party – BPF
Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus
Right Alliance
United Civic Party
YCSU Young Democrats
Young Belarus
Young Front
Christian Democratic and Flemish
DéFI
Liberal Democrats
Libertair, Direct, Democratisch
National Force
New Flemish Alliance
Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats
Partei für Freiheit und Fortschritt
People's Party
Reformist Movement
Vlaams Belang
VLOTT
United Democratic Party
Free Democratic Movement
One Bermuda Alliance
Druk Phuensum Tshogpa
Bolivian Socialist Falange
Christian Democratic Party
Creemos
Nationalist Democratic Action
New Republican Force
Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
Solidarity Civic Unity
Bosnian Movement of National Pride
Bosnian-Herzegovinian Patriotic Party
Croatian Democratic Union 1990
Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatian Party of Rights of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatian Peasant Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Democratic People's Alliance
Democratic Union
Liberal Democratic Party
National Democratic Movement
Party of Croatian Right
Party of Democratic Action
Party of Democratic Progress
Party of Justice and Trust
People and Justice
Serb Democratic Party
Union for a Better Future of BiH
United Srpska
Alliance for Brazil (Non-registered)
Brazilian Labour Renewal Party
Brazilian Labour Party
Christian Democracy
Democrats
Liberal Party
Libertarian Party
New Party
Party of the Brazilian Woman
Patriota
Progressistas
Republicans
Social Christian Party
Social Liberal Party
Agrarian People's Union (Stand Up.BG! We are coming!)
Attack
Bulgaria for Citizens Movement (Stand Up.BG! We are coming!)
Bulgarian Democratic Center
Bulgarian National Union – New Democracy
Bulgarian Patriots
IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement
National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria
Union of Patriotic Forces and Militaries of the Reserve Defense
Volya Movement
Democratic Party
Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria
GERB
George's Day Movement
Middle European Class
National Democratic Party
National Movement for the Salvation of the Fatherland
Nationalist Party of Bulgaria
Reformist Bloc
Republicans for Bulgaria
Revival
Order, Law and Justice
Union of Democratic Forces
Union of Free Democrats
United People's Party (Stand Up.BG! We are coming!)
National Rebirth Party
National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy
C
Cambodian Liberty Party
FUNCINPEC
Khmer Democratic Party
Khmer National United Party
Khmer Power Party
Khmer Republican Party
Cameroon People's Democratic Movement
National Union for Democracy and Progress
Alberta Advantage Party
British Columbia Liberal Party
British Columbia Libertarian Party
British Columbia Party
Buffalo Party of Saskatchewan
Canadian Nationalist Party
Canadians' Choice Party
Christian Heritage Party of Canada
Christian Heritage Party of British Columbia
Coalition Avenir Québec
Coalition Vancouver
Conservative Party of British Columbia
Conservative Party of Canada
Conservative Party of Quebec
Équipe Autonomiste
Libertarian Party of Canada
Manitoba First
National Citizens Alliance
Nationalist Party of Canada
New Blue Party of Ontario
Non-Partisan Association
Ontario Alliance
Ontario Party
People's Alliance of New Brunswick
People's Party of Canada
Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia
Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba
Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick
Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island
Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan
Quebec Liberal Party
Reform Party of Alberta
Reform Party of British Columbia
Saskatchewan Party
Trillium Party of Ontario
United Conservative Party
Vancouver 1st
Western Canada Concept Party of British Columbia
Wildrose Independence Party of Alberta
Yukon Party
Democratic and Independent Cape Verdean Union
Movement for Democracy and Development
Chile Vamos
Evópoli
Independent Democratic Union
National Renewal
Christian Social Front
Christian Conservative Party
Republican Party
National Citizen Party (United Independents)
New Time
Party of the People
Democracy Party of China (Banned)
National Democratic Party of Tibet (Banned)
Citizen Option
Colombian Conservative Party
Democratic Center
Independent Movement of Absolute Renovation
New Democratic Force
Radical Change
National Front for Justice
Forces for Renewal
Movement for the Liberation of the Congo
Union of Mobutuist Democrats
Cook Islands Party
One Cook Islands Movement
Accessibility without Exclusion
Christian Democratic Alliance
Costa Rican Renewal Party
Liberal Progressive Party
Libertarian Movement
National Integration Party
National Restoration Party
New Generation Party
New Republic Party
Social Christian Republican Party
Social Christian Unity Party
Alliance for Croatia
Croatian Dawn – Party of the People
Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja
Croatian Party of Rights
Authentic Croatian Party of Rights
Bloc for Croatia
Bridge, The
Croatian Christian Democratic Union
Croatian Civic Party
Croatian Demochristian Party
Croatian Democratic Union
Croatian Growth
Croatian Party of Rights 1861
Croatian Pure Party of Rights
Croatian Republican Union
Croatian Sovereignists
Democratic Centre
Democratic Party of Zagorje
Homeland Movement
Međimurje Party
Only Croatia – Movement for Croatia
Party of Danube Serbs
Cuban Liberal Union (Banned)
Movement for the Future of Curaçao
Democratic Rally
ELAM
Solidarity Movement
Alliance for the Future
Order of the Nation
Party of Common Sense
Civic Conservative Party
Conservative Party
Europe Together
Free Bloc
Freeholder Party of the Czech Republic
Freedom and Direct Democracy
Independence Party of the Czech Republic
Koruna Česká
National Democracy
Rally for the Republic – Republican Party of Czechoslovakia
Right Bloc
Spolu
Civic Democratic Party
TOP 09
Svobodní
Swiss Democracy
Tricolour
Urza.cz
Workers' Party of Social Justice
D
Conservative People's Party, The
Danish People's Party
Freedom List
Hard Line
Liberal Alliance
National Socialist Movement of Denmark
New Right
Progress Party
Venstre
Dominica Freedom Party
People's Party of Dominica
National Progressive Force
National Unity Party
Quisqueyano Christian Democratic Party
Social Christian Reformist Party
E
Association of Timorese Heroes
People's Party of Timor
Timorese Democratic Union
Coalition Movement
Creating Opportunities
Social Christian Party
Al-Nour Party
Authenticity Party (Anti-Coup Alliance)
For the Love of Egypt
Conservative Party
New Wafd Party
Freedom and Justice Party (Anti-Coup Alliance)
Hizb ut-Tahrir (Banned)
Modern Egypt Party
National Party of Egypt
Nubian Nile Party
Union Party
Young Egypt Party
Grand Alliance for National Unity
National Coalition Party
Nationalist Republican Alliance
Popular Union of Equatorial Guinea
Progress Party of Equatorial Guinea (Banned)
Eritrean Islamic Jihad
Eritrean Liberation Front
Conservative People's Party of Estonia
Estonian Independence Party
Isamaa
Sive Siyinqaba National Movement
National Movement of Amhara
Alliance for Peace and Freedom
Alliance of European National Movements
European Christian Political Movement
European Conservatives and Reformists Party
European Party for Individual Liberty
European People's Party
Identity and Democracy Party
F
People's Party (The Conservative People's Party)
Union Party (Venstre)
Social Democratic Liberal Party
Unity Fiji Party
Blue and White Front
Blue Reform
Blue-and-Black Movement (Unregistered)
Change 2011
Christian Democrats
Finnish People First
Finns Party
Movement Now
National Coalition Party
Power Belongs to the People
Libertair, Direct, Democratisch
New Flemish Alliance
Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats
Vlaams Belang
Action Française
Agir (Ensemble Citoyens)
Alliance Royale
Comités Jeanne
Debout la France
Democratic European Force
Ecology Generation
Horizons (Ensemble Citoyens)
La France Audacieuse
League of the South
Movement for France
National Centre of Independents and Peasants
National Rally
National Republican Movement
Party of France
Patriots, The
Rally for France
Republicans, The
Reconquête
Rurality Movement
VIA, the Way of the People
Tahoera'a Huiraatira
G
Gabonese Democratic Party
Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction
Alliance of Patriots of Georgia
Christian-Democratic Movement
Conservative Party of Georgia
Democratic Movement – United Georgia
Free Georgia
Georgian March
Girchi - More Freedom
Industry Will Save Georgia
Law and Justice
New Political Center — Girchi
Rightist Opposition
Strength Is in Unity
European Democrats
National Democratic Party
Republican Party of Georgia
State for the People
United National Movement
Alliance C – Christians for Germany
Alternative for Germany
Bavaria Party
CDU/CSU
Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Christian Social Union in Bavaria
Centre Party
Christian Centre
Citizens in Rage
Ecological Democratic Party
Family Party of Germany
Free Democratic Party
Free Voters
German Freedom Party
German Party
German Social Union
The III. Path
Liberal Conservative Reformers
National Democratic Party of Germany
Party of Bible-abiding Christians
Party of Reason
Pro Germany Citizens' Movement
The Republicans (Germany)
The Right (Germany
New Patriotic Party
Gibraltar Conservatives
Gibraltar Social Democrats
Christian Democratic Party of the Overthrow
Ecologists of Greece
Golden Dawn
Greek Solution
Greek Unity
Greeks for the Fatherland
Independent Greeks
National Front
National Hope
National Popular Consciousness
National Unity Association
New Democracy
New Right
Party of Greek Hunters
Popular Orthodox Rally
Recreate Greece
Society – Political Party of the Successors of Kapodistrias
Union for the Homeland and the People
Atassut
Cooperation Party
New National Party
Republican Party of Guam
Bienestar Nacional
Citizen Prosperity
Commitment, Renewal and Order
National Advancement Party
National Change Union
National Convergence Front
Podemos
Todos
Unionist Party
Valor
Vamos
United Force, The
H
Alternative League for Haitian Progress and Emancipation
Haiti in Action
Haitian Tèt Kale Party
National Reconstruction Front
Rally of Progressive National Democrats
Anti-Corruption Party
Christian Democratic Party of Honduras
Honduran Patriotic Alliance
National Party of Honduras
Conservative Party
HK First (Pro-democracy camp)
Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council (Pro-ROC camp)
Pro-Beijing camp
Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong
Civil Force
Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong
Economic Synergy
Federation of Public Housing Estates
Kowloon West New Dynamic
Liberal Party
New Century Forum
New People's Party
New Territories Association of Societies
Roundtable
Shatin Community Network
Civic Response
Civil Movement
Democratic Community of Welfare and Freedom
Fidesz–KDNP
Christian Democratic People's Party
Fidesz
Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party
Jobbik
National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary
New World People's Party
Our Homeland Movement
Sixty-Four Counties Youth Movement
Volner Party
I
Centre Party
Freedom Party
Households Party
Icelandic National Front
Independence Party
People's Party
Reform Party
All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
Shiv Sena
Bharatiya Janata Party
Hindu Mahasabha
Lok Satta Party
Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
Shiromani Akali Dal
IUML
Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)
Democratic Party
Berkarya Party
Crescent Star Party
Golkar Party
Great Indonesia Movement Party
Perindo Party
Prosperous Justice Party
Ummah Party
United Development Party
Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran
Coalition of the Pleasant Scent of Servitude
Constitutionalist Party of Iran
Executives of Construction Party (Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front (Iranian Reformists))
Iranian Principlists
Ansar-e Hezbollah
Association of Islamic Revolution Loyalists
Fada'iyan-e Islam
Front of Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader
Islamic Association of Physicians of Iran
Islamic Coalition Party
Islamic Society of Athletes
Islamic Society of Employees
Islamic Society of Engineers
Islamic Society of Students
Zeynab Society
Front of Transformationalist Principlists'
Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution
Society of Pathseekers of the Islamic Revolution
Front of Islamic Revolution Stability
Modern Thinkers Party of Islamic Iran
Progress and Justice Population of Islamic Iran
Resistance Front of Islamic Iran
Development and Justice Party
Green Party
Summit of Freethinkers Party
Two Societies, The
Combatant Clergy Association
Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom
YEKTA Front
Monotheism and Justice Front
Nation Party of Iran (Iranian dissidents)
National Council of Resistance of Iran (People's Mujahedin of Iran)
Pan-Iranist Party (Iranian dissidents)
Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party
Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council
Fatah Alliance
Iraqi Islamic Party
Iraqi Turkmen Front
Islamic Dawa Party
Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq
Kurdistan Conservative Party
Kurdistan Islamic Union
Sadrist Movement
Direct Democracy Ireland
Fine Gael
Human Dignity Alliance
Identity Ireland
Renua
Immigration Control Platform
National Party
Irish Freedom Party
Ahi
Derekh Eretz
Eretz Yisrael Shelanu
Jewish Home, The
Likud
Betar
New Hope
Religious Zionist Party
Atid Ehad
Noam
Otzma Yehudit
Shas
Bnei Akiva
Tzomet
United Torah Judaism
Agudat Yisrael
Degel HaTorah
Yachad
Yamina
New Right
Yisrael Beiteinu
Yisrael HaMithadeshet
Zehut
Brothers of Italy
CasaPound
Cambiamo!
Coraggio Italia
Die Freiheitlichen
Diventerà Bellissima
Forza Italia
Identity and Action
League / Northern League
New Force
The People of Family
Populars for Italy
Sardinian Action Party
South American Union of Italian Emigrants
South Tyrolean Freedom
Southern Action League
Tricolour Flame
Unitalia
Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally
J
Jamaica Labour Party
National Democratic Movement
First no Kai
Tomin First no Kai
Happiness Realization Party
Ishin Seito Shimpu
Japan First Party
Kibō no Tō
Liberal Democratic Party
National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party
Nippon Ishin no Kai
Osaka Restoration Association
Islamic Action Front
Islamic Centre Party
Zamzam
K
Adal
Ak Zhol Democratic Party
Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan
Democratic Party
Jubilee Party
Kenya African National Union
Party of Development and Reforms
Albanian Christian Democratic Party of Kosovo
Alliance for the Future of Kosovo
Democratic League of Kosovo
Democratic Party of Kosovo
Guxo
Serb List
Civil Conservative Party
Hadas
Islamic Salafi Alliance
National Democratic Alliance
Popular Action Bloc
Ak Jol
Ata-Zhurt
United Kyrgyzstan
L
Awakening
Christian Democratic Union
For a Humane Latvia
For Latvia's Development
Honor to serve Riga
Liepāja Party
National Alliance
New Conservative Party
Unity
Amal Movement (March 8 Alliance)
Christian Democratic Union (March 8 Alliance)
Future Movement (March 14 Alliance)
Guardians of the Cedars
Hezbollah
Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc (March 8 Alliance)
Independence Movement
Islamic Group (March 14 Alliance)
Kataeb Party (March 14 Alliance)
Lebanese Democratic Party (March 8 Alliance)
Lebanese Forces (March 14 Alliance)
Marada Movement (March 8 Alliance)
Najjadeh Party
National Liberal Party (March 14 Alliance)
Ramgavar (March 14 Alliance)
Basotho National Party
Marematlou Freedom Party
National Patriotic Party (Coalition for Democratic Change)
Liberian People's Party
Democrats for Liechtenstein
Independents, The
Progressive Citizens' Party
Christian Union
Civic Democratic Party
Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance
Freedom and Justice
Homeland Union
Liberal Movement
Lithuanian Nationalist and Republican Union
Order and Justice
Samogitian Party
Young Lithuania
Alternative Democratic Reform Party
Party for Full Democracy
M
Pro-Beijing camp
Alliance for Change
Macau United Citizens Association
Macau-Guangdong Union
Tiako I Madagasikara
Malawi Congress Party
People's Party
Barisan Nasional
Malaysian Chinese Association
Malaysian Indian Congress
Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah
United Malays National Organisation
Gabungan Parti Sarawak
Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu
Progressive Democratic Party
Gabungan Rakyat Sabah
Homeland Solidarity Party
Malaysian Chinese Association
Malaysian Indian Congress
Malaysian Islamic Party
Malaysian United Indigenous Party
Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah
United Malays National Organisation
United Sabah Party
HINDRAF
Liberal Democratic Party
Love Malaysia Party
Love Sabah Party
Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party
Malaysia National Alliance Party
Malaysian Advancement Party
Malaysian Ceylonese Congress
Malaysian Indian Justice Party
Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress
Malaysian Indian United Party
Malaysian United People's Party
Minority Rights Action Party
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front
Parti Aspirasi Rakyat Sarawak
Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak Baru
Parti Bersatu Bugis Sabah
Parti Bumi Kenyalang
Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia
Parti Ekonomi Rakyat Sarawak Bersatu
Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah
Parti Rakyat Gabungan Jaksa Pendamai
Parti Sejahtera Angkatan Perpaduan Sabah
Penang Front Party
Perikatan Nasional
Homeland Solidarity Party
Malaysian Islamic Party
Malaysian United Indigenous Party
Punjabi Party of Malaysia
Sabah National People's Unity Organisation
Sabah Nationality Party
Sabah Native Co-operation Party
Sabah Peace Party
Sabah People's Hope Party
Sabah Truth Party
United Sabah National Organisation (New)
United Sabah Party
Alleanza Bidla
Imperium Europa
Moviment Patrijotti Maltin
Nationalist Party
Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal
Mauritian Solidarity Front
Parti Mauricien Social Démocrate
Ecologist Green Party of Mexico
National Action Party
National Synarchist Union
Nationalist Front of Mexico
Alliance for the Union of Romanians
Democracy at Home Party
Democratic Action Party
Dignity and Truth Platform Party
European People's Party of Moldova
Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova
Liberal Party
Mișcarea Politică Unirea
National Liberal Party
National Unity Party
Party of Action and Solidarity
Pro Moldova
Romanian Popular Party
Horizon Monaco
Rally & Issues
Democratic Party
Mongolian Traditional United Party
Albanian List
Albanian Alternative
New Democratic Force
Bosniak Party
Croatian Civic Initiative
Democratic Front
Movement for Changes
New Serb Democracy
United Montenegro
Democratic League in Montenegro (Albanian Coalition)
Democratic Party (Albanian Coalition)
Democratic Party of Unity
Democratic Serb Party
Democratic Union of Albanians
Liberal Party of Montenegro
Ne damo Crnu Goru
Popular Movement
True Montenegro
Constitutional Union
Democratic and Social Movement
Istiqlal Party
Justice and Development Party
National Democratic Party
Party of Renaissance and Virtue
Popular Movement
Democratic Movement of Mozambique
RENAMO
Arakan National Party
Kokang Democracy and Unity Party
National Development Party
Peace and Diversity Party
Shan Nationalities Democratic Party
Union Solidarity and Development Party
Unity and Democracy Party of Kachin State
N
Christian Democratic Voice
Monitor Action Group
National Unity Democratic Organisation
Popular Democratic Movement
Republican Party
Nauru First
Nepal Pariwar Dal
Nepal Shivsena
People's Progressive Party
Prajatantrik Shakti Party
Rastrabadi Ekta Party
Rastriya Janashakti Party
Rastriya Prajatantra Party
Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal
Shivsena Nepal
Belang van Nederland
Dutch People's Union
Farmer–Citizen Movement
Forum for Democracy
Forza! Nederland
JA21
Jesus Lives
Libertarian Party
Livable Netherlands
Otten Group
Party for Freedom
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
Reformed Political Party
Trots op Nederland
VoorNederland
Caledonia Together
Caledonian Republicans
ACT New Zealand
Heartland New Zealand Party
New Conservative Party
New Zealand National Front
New Zealand National Party
New Zealand Sovereignty Party
ONE Party
Vision NZ
Alliance for the Republic
Central American Unionist Party
Conservative Party
Constitutionalist Liberal Party
Independent Liberal Party
Independent Liberal Party for National Unity
Neoliberal Party
Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance
Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path
Popular Conservative Alliance
National Movement for the Development of Society
Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation
Patriotic Movement for the Republic
Action Congress of Nigeria
All Nigeria Peoples Party
Peoples Democratic Party
People's Redemption Party
United Nigeria People's Party
Young Progressives Party
Alliance for Albanians
Besa Movement
Democratic Party of Albanians
National Democratic Revival
Serbian Progressive Party in Macedonia
United for Macedonia
VMRO – People's Party (Social Democratic Union of Macedonia)
VMRO-DPMNE
Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia
United Party of Roma in Macedonia
Democratic Party
National Unity Party
Rebirth Party
Republican Party
Capitalist Party
Christians, The
Coastal Party
Conservative Party
Democrats in Norway
Liberal People's Party
Norwegian People's Party
Progress Party
Christian Unity Party
P
Jamiat Ahle Hadith
Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (S)
Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal
Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan
Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)
Pakistan Christian Congress
Pakistan Muslim League (N)
Pakistan Muslim League (Z)
Pakistan Rah-e-Haq Party
Sunni Tehreek
Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
Hamas
Democratic Change
Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement
Panameñista Party
People's Party
Triumph Heritage Empowerment Party
Colorado Party
National Union of Ethical Citizens
All for Peru
Alliance for Progress
Christian People's Party
Contigo
Go on Country – Social Integration Party
National Victory
Peru Nation
Peru Secure Homeland
Podemos Perú
Popular Force
Popular Renewal
Sí Cumple
We Are Peru
Ang Kapatiran
Bagong Lakas ng Nueva Ecija
Bagumbayan–VNP
Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines
Democratic Party of the Philippines
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
Nacionalista Party
Paglaum Party
Nationalist People's Coalition
Partido Federal ng Pilipinas
Partido Magdalo
Partido Navoteño
Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma
People's Champ Movement
Social Justice Society
United Bangsamoro Justice Party
United Nationalist Alliance
Christian Democracy of the 3rd Polish Republic
Christian National Union
Confederation Liberty and Independence
Confederation of the Polish Crown
KORWiN
National Movement
Real Politics Union
Confederation of Independent Poland
Congress of the New Right
Labour Party
League of Polish Families
National League
National Revival of Poland
National Radical Camp
National-Catholic Movement
Party of Drivers
Piast Faction
Polish Agreement
Polish National Party
Poland Together
Right Wing of the Republic
United Right
Agreement
Kukiz'15
Law and Justice
Republicans, The
United Poland
Alliance
CDS – People's Party
Enough
Earth Party
Ergue-te
Liberal Initiative
People's Monarchist Party
Social Democratic Party
We, the Citizens!
Libertarian Party
Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
New Progressive Party
Partido Republicano Puertorriqueño
Proyecto Dignidad
Republican Party of Puerto Rico
R
National Liberal Party
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats
National Democratic Party
Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party
New Republic
New Generation Party
National Identity Bloc in Europe
Greater Romania Party
United Romania Party
New Right
M10
People's Movement Party
Everything For the Country Party
Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania
Social Christian People's Union
Civic Initiative
Civic Platform
Democratic Party of Russia
Eurasia Party
Great Russia
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
Libertarian Party of Russia
Monarchist Party
National Sovereignty Party of Russia
New People
Pamyat
Party of Direct Democracy
Party of Growth
People's Freedom Party
Rodina
Russian All-People's Union
Russian National Socialist Party
Russian National Unity
United Russia
S
People's Action Movement
United Workers Party
Archipelago Tomorrow
New Democratic Party
Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party
Sammarinese Union of Moderates
Serbian Progressive Party
Strength of Serbia Movement
Serbian Renewal Movement
New Serbia
United Serbia
Serbian Radical Party
Democratic Party of Serbia
Dveri
Leviathan Movement
Serbian Party Oathkeepers
People's Action Party
Freedom and Solidarity
Christian Democratic Movement
Ordinary People and Independent Personalities
We Are Family
Democrats
Christian Union
Alliance
NOVA
Civic Conservative Party
Slovak National Party
People's Party Our Slovakia
Republic
New Slovenia
Slovenian Democratic Party
Slovenian People's Party
Slovenian National Party
Democratic Alliance (South Africa)
Inkatha Freedom Party
ActionSA
Freedom Front Plus
National Conservative Party of South Africa
African Christian Democratic Party
Herstigte Nasionale Party
National Party South Africa
United Christian Democratic Party
Christian Democratic Party
Cape Party
People Power Party (South Korea)
Liberty Republican Party
Pro-Park New Party
Saenuri Party (2017)
Christian Liberal Party
Dawn of Liberty
People's Party
Vox
Asturian Forum
Navarrese People's Union
Libertarian Party
National Democracy
Falange Española de las JONS
Spanish Alternative
España 2000
United National Party
Jathika Hela Urumaya
Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna
Samagi Jana Balawegaya
National Congress
Alliance (Sweden)
Christian Democrats
Moderate Party
Liberal People's Party
Centre Party
Centre Democrats
Citizens' Coalition
Liberal Party
Sweden Democrats
Alternative for Sweden
Nordic Resistance Movement
Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland
Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland
Swiss People's Party
FDP.The Liberals
Ticino League
Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland
Geneva Citizens' Movement
Swiss Democrats
Freedom Party of Switzerland
Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland
Swiss Nationalist Party
Movement for Justice and Development in Syria
T
Pan-Blue Coalition
Kuomintang
New Party
Democratic Party
Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan
Democrat Party
Pheu Thai Party
Palang Pracharath Party
Bhumjaithai Party
Chartthaipattana Party
Action Coalition for Thailand Party
Puea Chart Party
Ennahda Movement
Afek Tounes
Justice and Development Party
Reform Front Party
Justice and Development Party
Nationalist Movement Party
Democratic Progress Party
Felicity Party
Democrat Party
Motherland Party
National Struggle Party
Centre Party
Independent Turkey Party
Conservative Ascension Party
Alternative Party
Alternative and Change Party
Young Party
Free Cause Party
Great Union Party
Homeland Party
Liberal Democratic Party
U
Conservative Party
Petro Poroshenko Bloc
People's Front
Self Reliance
All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland"
All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda"
Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists
Ukrainian National Assembly – Ukrainian National Self Defence
Right Sector
People's Movement of Ukraine
Revival
5.10
Ukrainian Platform "Sobor"
Ukrainian People's Party
Republican Christian Party
Our Ukraine
Civil Position
For Ukraine!
New Russia Party
Ukrainian Republican Party
British Democratic Party
Christian Party
Christian Peoples Alliance
Conservative Party
Welsh Conservatives
Scottish Conservatives
Northern Ireland Conservatives
London Conservatives
Democratic Unionist Party
English Democrats
Heritage Party
Traditional Unionist Voice
Reclaim Party
Reform UK
UK Independence Party
Ulster Unionist Party
Republican Party
Constitution Party
Covenant Party
Objectivist Party
American Independent Party
American Party
Prohibition Party
Christian Liberty Party
Conservative Party of New York State
New York State Right to Life Party
Taxpayers Party of New York
Alaskan Independence Party
American Solidarity Party
Tax Revolt Party
American Reform Party
National Justice Party
Colorado Party
National Party
Open Cabildo
V
Union of Moderate Parties
Land and Justice Party
Vanuatu Republican Party
Nagriamel
Copei – Social Christian Party of Venezuela
People's Action Party of Vietnam
Vietnam Reform Party
Y
Al-Islah
Dissolved right-wing political parties/coalitions
Albania: Albanian Fascist Party
Algeria: Front Algérie Française
Andorra: Century 21
Anguilla: Anguilla National Alliance
Argentina: Concordancia, Federalist Party, National Autonomist Party, National Civic Union, National Democratic Party, People's Reconstruction Party, Union of the Argentine People
Armenia: Justice Alliance, Law and Unity
Australia: All for Australia League, Australian Conservative Party, Australian Conservatives, Australian Fishing and Lifestyle Party, Australian National Socialist Party, Australians Against Further Immigration, Centre Party, City Country Alliance, Commonwealth Liberal Party, Confederate Action Party of Australia, Family First Party, Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party, Freedom and Prosperity Party, Free Trade Party, Liberal Reform Party, National Action, National Defence League, Nationalist Party, National Liberal Party, National Socialist Party of Australia, New Country Party, One Nation NSW, Outdoor Recreation Party, Pauline's United Australia Party, Progressive Conservative Party, Progress Party, Rise Up Australia Party, Smokers' Rights Party, United Australia Party, Western Australian Liberal Party, Yellow Vest Australia
Austria: Christian Social Party, Fatherland Front, Federation of Independents, German-National Party, Greater German People's Party, Heimwehr, Nazi Party, Team Stronach
Azerbaijan: Islamic Party of Azerbaijan
Bahamas: United Bahamian Party
Belarus: Beer Lovers Party, Belarusian Peasant Party, Belarusian Popular Front, Civic Party
Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic: Belarusian Independence Party
Belgium: Catholic Party, National Front, Rexist Party, Vlaams Blok, Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond
Bermuda: United Bermuda Party
Bolivia: Conservative Party, Popular Consensus, Social Democratic Power
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Party of Democratic Activity, Serbian Radical Party of Republika Srpska
Brazil: Brazilian Black Front, Brazilian Integralist Action, Christian Democratic Party, Conservative Party, Conservative Republican Party, Democratic Party, Democratic Social Party, Humanist Party of Solidarity, Liberal Party, Liberator Party, Minas Republican Party, National Democratic Union, National Renewal Alliance, Orienting Labour Party, Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order, Paulista Republican Party, Progressive Republican Party, Reform Progressive Party, Social Progressive Party
Bulgaria: National Social Movement, United Democratic Forces, United Patriots, Zveno
Cambodia: Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party, Community of Royalist People's Party, Khmer People's National Liberation Front, Khmer Renovation, Liberal Democratic Party, Liberal Party, MOULINAKA, Norodom Ranariddh Party, Republican Party, Social Republican Party
Cameroon: Cameroonian National Union, Cameroonian Union
Canada: Action civique de Québec, Action démocratique du Québec, Alberta First Party, Alberta Social Credit Party, Alliance of the North, British Columbia Social Credit Party, Canada Party, Canadian Alliance, Canadian Union of Fascists, Christian Democrat Party of Canada, Civic Party of Montreal, Confederation of Regions Party of Canada, Conservative Party of Quebec, Freedom Conservative Party of Alberta, Liberal-Conservative Party, Manitoba Party, National Unity Party, Parti bleu, Parti nationaliste chrétien, Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta, Progressive Conservative Party of Quebec, Ralliement national, Reconstruction Party of Canada, Reform Party of Canada, Representative Party of Alberta, Social Credit Party of Canada, The Heritage Party of Alberta, Union Nationale, Progressive Canadian Party, Wildrose Party
Chile: Conservative Party, Liberal Party, National Party, National Party (1966–1973), National Socialist Movement of Chile, Union of the Centrist Center
China: Chinese Youth Party, Democratic Party, Kuomintang, Progressive Party, Republican Party, Union of Chinese Nationalists, Unity Party
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: ABAKO, CONAKAT, Popular Movement of the Revolution
Congo, Republic of the: Democratic Union for the Defense of African Interests
Costa Rica: National Republican Party, National Unification Party, National Union Party
Croatia: Autonomist Party, Croat-Serb Coalition, Croatian Bloc, Croatian Popular Party, Serb Democratic Party, Serb People's Radical Party Party of Rights Ustaše
Cuba: National Liberal Party of Cuba, Progressive Action Party, Republican Party of Havana
Cyprus: EOKA, European Party, New Horizons
Czech Republic: Christian Democratic Party, Civic Democratic Alliance, Dawn – National Coalition, Democratic Union, European Democratic Party, Freedom Union – Democratic Union, Head Up – Electoral Bloc, National Party, Party of Conservative Accord, Public Affairs, Realists, Workers' Party
Czechoslovakia: Carpathian German Party, Czechoslovak Agrarian and Conservative Party, Czechoslovak National Democracy, Czechoslovak Traders' Party, Democratic Party, German National Socialist Workers' Party, Jewish Conservative Party, Juriga's Slovak People's Party, National Fascist Community, National Unification, Party of National Unity, Provincial Christian-Socialist Party, Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants, Slovak National Party, Slovak People's Party, Sudeten German Party, Sudeten German Rural League, Vlajka
Denmark: Danish People's Party (1941–43), Danish People's Party (1993), Independent Party, National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
Dominican Republic: Dominican Party, Red Party
Ecuador: Conservative Party
Egypt: Democratic Front Party, Ittihad Party, Liberal Socialists Party, Wafd Party, Watani Party
El Salvador: National Pro Patria Party
Estonia: Estonian Free Party, Estonian National Independence Party, Pro Patria Union, Res Publica Party, Vaps Movement
Eswatini: Imbokodvo National Movement, United Swaziland Association
Ethiopia: Coalition for Unity and Democracy
Fiji: Alliance Party, Christian Democratic Alliance, Conservative Alliance-Matanitu Vanua
Finland: Finnish Labor Front, Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation, Finnish People's Blue-Whites, Finnish People's Organisation, Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party, Lapua Movement, Liberals, National Socialists of Finland, National Socialist Union of Finland, Organisation of National Socialists, Party of Finnish Labor, Patriotic People's Movement, Patriotic People's Party, Young Finns
France: Club de Clichy, Democratic Republican Alliance, French and European Nationalist Party, French Popular Party, French Social Party, Rally for the Republic, Rally of the French People, Republican Party, Union for a Popular Movement
Germany: Citizens for Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Free German Workers' Party, German Freedom Party, German People's Union, Party for a Rule of Law Offensive
Divided Germany: Alliance for Germany, All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights, Democratic Beginning, Deutsche Rechtspartei, German Party, German Social Union, Socialist Reich Party
Nazi Germany: Nazi Party
Weimar Republic: Bavarian People's Party, Christian Social People's Service, Conservative People's Party, German-Hanoverian Party, German National People's Party, German People's Party, German Völkisch Freedom Party, German Workers' Party, National Socialist Freedom Movement
German Empire: Christian Social Party, Free Conservative Party, German Conservative Party, German Fatherland Party, German Social Party
Ghana: Progress Party, United Gold Coast Convention, United Party
Gibraltar: Party for the Autonomy of Gibraltar, Progressive Democratic Party
Greece: 4th of August Party, Democratic Renewal, English Party, Freethinkers' Party, Front Line, Greek National Socialist Party, Greek Rally, Hellenic Front, Liberal Democratic Center, Movement of Free Citizens, National Alignment, National Democratic Party, National Democratic Union, National Party of Greece, National Political Union, National Radical Union, Nationalist Party, New Party, Party of Hellenism, Party of New Liberals, Patriotic Alliance, People's Party, Political Spring, Politically Independent Alignment, Progressive Party, Russian Party, United Nationalist Movement, Union of Royalists
Greenland: Association of Candidates
Guatemala: Institutional Republican Party, National Liberation Movement, Patriotic Party, Renewed Democratic Liberty
Hong Kong: Co-operative Resources Centre, Democratic Alliance, Federation for the Stability of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Progressive Alliance, Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong, New Hong Kong Alliance, Progressive Hong Kong Society
Hungary: Arrow Cross Party, Christian Economic and Social Party, Christian National Party, Christian National Socialist Front, Conservative Party, Deák Party, Holy Crown Society, Hungarian Democratic Forum, Hungarian Democratic People's Party, Hungarian Freedom Party, Hungarian Justice and Life Party, Hungarian National Socialist Party, Liberal Party, Modern Hungary Movement, National Constitution Party, National Legitimist Party, National Party of Work, United Hungarian National Socialist Party, Unity Party
Iceland: Citizens' Party, Liberal Party, Nationalist Party
India: All-India Muslim League,Unionist Party (Punjab),Congress Nationalist Party,Bharatiya Jana Sangh,Swatantra Party,Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena
Indonesia: Catholic Party, Indonesian Christian Party, Indonesian Muslim Awakening Party, Islamic Education Movement, Masyumi Party, Patriot Party
Iran: Azure Party, Islamic Republican Party, Rastakhiz Party, SUMKA
Ireland: Progressive Democrats
Israel: Development and Peace, Free Centre, Gahal, General Zionists, Gesher, Hatzohar, Herut, Herut – The National Movement, Kach, Mekhora, Morasha, National Religious Party, Ometz, One Israel, Tehiya, Shlomtzion, Yamin Yisrael, Yisrael BaAliyah, Yiud
Italy: Christian Democracy, Citizens' Union for South Tyrol, Forza Italia, Italian Nationalist Association, Italian Social Movement, National Alliance, National Fascist Party, Social Action, The Right, National Movement for Sovereignty
Japan: Party for Future Generations, Sunrise Party, Japan Innovation Party, New Renaissance Party, Liberal League
Empire of Japan: Rikken Seiyūkai, Kokumin Dōmei, Tōhōkai
Korea (Japanese rule): Iljinhoe
Latvia: All For Latvia!, Pērkonkrusts, Reform Party
Liechtenstein: German National Movement in Liechtenstein
Lithuania: Liberal and Centre Union, Lithuanian Nationalist Union
Mexico: Mexican Democratic Party, National Synarchist Union
Montenegro: Montenegrin Federalist Party
Netherlands: General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses, Anti-Revolutionary Party, Catholic People's Party, Centre Democrats, Centre Party, Christian Historical Party, Christian Historical Union, Free Anti Revolutionary Party, Pim Fortuyn List, National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, Reformatory Political Federation, Reformed Political League, Roman Catholic State Party
New Zealand: New Zealand Reform Party, Social Credit Party
Nicaragua: Nationalist Liberal Party
Nigeria: Northern People's Congress
Norway: Christian Unity Party, Nasjonal Samling
Pakistan: Muslim League
Peru: Revolutionary Union, Odriíst National Union
Poland: National Democracy
Portugal: Republican Union, Catholic Centre Party, National Republican Party, Republican Liberal Party, Reconstitution Party, Nationalist Republican Party, Union of Economic Interests, National Syndicalists, National Union
Romania: Iron Guard
Russia: Baltic Republican Party, Christian Democratic Party of Russia, Conceptual Party "Unity", Congress of Russian Communities, Conservative Party of Russia, Constitutional Democratic Party – Party of Popular Freedom, Democratic Choice of Russia, Democratic Choice of Russia – United Democrats, Democratic Union, Derzhava, For Women of Russia, Forward, Russia!, Front of National Revolutionary Action, Great Fatherland Party, Liberal Russia, Male State, Movement Against Illegal Immigration, Nashi, Nation and Freedom Committee, National Republican Party of Russia, National Socialist Russian Workers' Party, National Socialist Society, New Course — Automobile Russia, Northern Brotherhood, Oprichny Dvor, Our Home – Russia, Party of Economic Freedom, Peasant Party of Russia, People's Militia named after Minin and Pozharsky, People's National Party, People's Union, Popular Patriotic Party, Power to the People!, Right Cause, Russian Party, Russian Socialist Party, Russian Unity, Russians, Slavic Union, Russian All-National Union, Russian National Union, Russian National Unity, Union of Right Forces, Union of the Russian People, Unity
Soviet Union: Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union, Lithuanian Activist Front, VSKhSON
Russian Empire: Party of Return to Serfdom, Russian Assembly, Russian Monarchist Union, Progressive Party, Union of October 17, Union of the Muslims of Russia, Union of the Russian People, United Nobility
San Marino: Sammarinese Fascist Party
Serbia: Chetniks, Party of Serbian Unity, Yugoslav Radical Union, G17 Plus, United Regions of Serbia
Slovakia: Slovak People's Party, Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party
South Africa: Conservative Party, Herstigte Nasionale Party, National Party, New National Party
South Korea: Korea Independence Party, Liberal Party, Democratic Republican Party, Democratic Justice Party, United Liberal Democrats, Democratic Liberal Party, United Liberal Democrats, Liberty Forward Party, Pro-Park Coalition, Liberty Korea Party, New Conservative Party, Onward for Future 4.0, Bareunmirae Party, New Alternatives, Our Republican Party
Spain: Moderate Party, Conservative Party, Traditionalist Communion, Spanish Patriotic Union, Popular Action, Spanish Renovation, Spanish Agrarian Party, Liberal Republican Right, Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights, FET y de las JONS, National Union, Popular Alliance
Sweden: Hats, New Democracy, Party of the Swedes, National Socialist Workers' Party
Thailand: Thai Nation Party, Khana Ratsadon, Seri Manangkhasila Party
Timor-Leste: Timorese Popular Democratic Association
Togo: Rally of the Togolese People
Turkey: Justice Party, Motherland Party, National Salvation Party, Virtue Party, Welfare Party
Uganda: Kabaka Yekka
United Kingdom: British Union of Fascists, Tory Party
United States: American Nazi Party, Anti-Masonic Party, American Vegetarian Party, Dixiecrats, German American Bund, Know-Nothing Party, Modern Whig Party, National States' Rights Party
Zimbabwe: Rhodesian Front
See also
List of left-wing political parties
List of centrist political parties
List of syncretic political parties
Politics
Right-wing politics
Centre-right
Far right
Radical right (disambiguation)
Liberalism
Conservatism
Nationalism
Fascism
Parties
Christian Democratic Party
Centrist Democrat International
Conservative Party
International Democrat Union
National Front
National Party
People's Party
References
Conservatism-related lists |
MasterChef Australia is an Australian competitive cooking reality show based on the original British MasterChef. It is produced by Endemol Shine Australia and screens on Network 10. Restaurateur and chef Gary Mehigan, chef George Calombaris and food critic Matt Preston served as the show's main judges until 2019, when they were replaced by Series 4 winner and chef Andy Allen, food critic Melissa Leong, and restaurateur and chef Jock Zonfrillo.
The series has also spawned five spin-off series: Celebrity MasterChef Australia, which featured celebrity contestants, Junior MasterChef Australia, which featured younger contestants, MasterChef Australia All-Stars, which featured returning contestants from the first three series, MasterChef Australia: The Professionals, which featured professional chefs as contestants, and the upcoming Dessert Masters, which will feature professional pastry chefs.
In October 2023, it was announced Leong would not be returning for the 2024 series, Allen will be returning with a new set of judges including Poh Ling Yeow, Sofia Levin & Jean-Christophe Novelli.
Format
MasterChef Australia has a different format from that of the original British MasterChef and MasterChef Goes Large formats. Initial rounds consist of a large number of hopeful contestants from across Australia individually "auditioning" by presenting a food dish before the three judges in order to gain one of 50 semi-final places. Entrants must be over 18 years old and their main source of income cannot come from preparing and cooking fresh food in a professional environment.
The semi-finalists then compete in several challenges that test their food knowledge and preparation skills. In series 1, the top 50 competed until 20 were left, with the final 20 progressing to the main stage of the show. From series 2 onwards, 24 contestants progress. The contestants will then be whittled down through a number of individual and team-based cooking challenges and weekly elimination rounds until a winning MasterChef is crowned. The winner plays for a prize that includes chef training from leading professional chefs, the chance to have their own cookbook published, and A$250,000 in cash.
Episodes
MasterChef Australia airs five nights a week from Sunday to Thursday. Each night features a different episode format, however some episodes modify the format slightly. The typical episode formats are as follows:
Sunday is the Challenge night. From series 3, it can range from a variety of challenges, including a Mystery Box, where each contestant is given the same box of ingredients and are to create a dish using only those ingredients. The Judges then pick three dishes Based on Technique and Visual Appearance Alone and a winner chosen. There can also be an Invention Test, where contestants have to invent a dish relevant to a theme using a core ingredient. There can also be Off-Site Challenges and Team Challenges, which often involve cooking for large numbers of people. The top three contestants who made the best dishes are selected by the judges, from which a winner is chosen to compete in the Immunity Challenge. After this the bottom three are revealed, who will face off in an elimination challenge the next night. In the first two series, it would always consist of a Mystery Box, where the winner was able to choose the core ingredient for the Invention Test.
Monday episodes feature the Pressure Test. The bottom three from the previous night's challenge are given a recipe for a particular dish they are to emulate in an allocated time. Once completed they are taken in to the judges to be tasted, before all three contestants are seated in front of the judges for critiquing. The judges then eliminate the contestant out of the three that performed least adequately in the test.
Tuesday episodes feature the Immunity Challenge, where the winner of the Sunday challenge competes against a guest, which can vary from a chef, apprentice, or to a home cook in a cook off. The contestant is given the choice of two pantries of ingredients they can use, usually contrasting such as "Black" and "White". The contestant gets a head start to complete the dish before their opponent starts cooking and after the allotted time for both is finished, the dishes are presented to the judges for tasting and scoring out of ten. The judges are not aware which dish was made by which person, however. If the contestant's dish's score is equal to or higher than that of the guest, they are crowned the winner of the challenge. In the first series they are given a free pass to the finals week of the competition and can go home. From series 2 onwards, they receive a pin that allows them to save themselves from one future elimination.
Wednesday features a Team Challenge. The contestants are split into teams, and are given a task, and a set amount of time to complete the challenge. Tasks have included presenting a three course meal to a celebrity guest, running a restaurant for an evening or catering an event such as a birthday party or wedding. Once completed and judged the teams are given the results, which can be determined by which team the judges think did the best, or receiving the most votes or making the most money by the people the teams had to cook for, with members of the losing team facing an elimination the next night. The winning team safe from elimination receives a reward (for example lunch at a top restaurant).
Thursday is another Elimination. The two worst performing contestants from the losing team in the team challenge compete against each other in a head-to-head challenge to determine who will be eliminated. The loser of the challenge is then eliminated. On some occasions, all members of the losing team will be selected to compete as individuals in the elimination challenge. In the first series, a different elimination process was used. The contestants from the losing team were to vote for a contestant that they each feel did not perform to their best and may have cost them the challenge. After voting the team is called in together to announce the results of the vote, with the contestant with the most votes being eliminated from the competition. If the previous challenge was an individual challenge, the bottom two contestants competed in a head-to-head taste test where one contestant at a time named one ingredient of a particular dish or sauce, and the first person to name an incorrect ingredient is eliminated. MasterClass airs on Thursday following the elimination show and is generally limited to themed weeks. Here, judges George, Gary and Matt run a masterclass for the remaining contestants, which usually call back to some of the challenges from the previous week. For example, they may revisit the Mystery Box challenge and demonstrate some other dishes that could have been made or redo one of the contestants' dishes to give tips on how it could have been improved.
Back To Win Episodes
For series 12, the weekly format was modified to air a Team Challenge on Mondays, Pressure Tests on Tuesdays, Mystery Box on Wednesdays, Immunity Challenge on Thursdays and an All-In Elimination Challenge on Sundays. While an Immunity Pin was offered in the first challenge of the series, the Pins (as a regular weekly feature) were replaced with "Weekly Immunity", granting a contestant safety from the week's All-In Elimination, which involved all contestants except for one immune contestant. Immunity Challenges no longer involved competing against well-known chefs (hence there being no need for a mentor), and instead involved one or two challenge rounds which contestants progressed through to win Immunity. This format is also used in series 13.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, the format for Series 12 was changed again, to a three-day format from mid-June, in which the winners of the Mystery Box on Monday participated in the Immunity Challenge on Tuesday. The winner of the challenge was immune from Sunday's All-In Elimination. Pressure Tests and Team Challenges were discarded and only one contestant was eliminated each week.
Hosts and judges
Main series
Spin-off series
Winners
Main series
Spin-off series
Series synopsis
Series 1 (2009)
The first series of MasterChef Australia was broadcast between 27 April 2009 and 19 July 2009. Applications for contestants closed on 8 January 2009, with subsequent auditions held in Perth, Brisbane, Melbourne, Adelaide and Sydney. Over 7000 people auditioned for the show.
The Top 50 portion of the series was filmed at the Australian Technology Park in Sydney. From the Top 20 onwards, filming was moved to a studio on Doody Street in Alexandria, Sydney. The series one finale was filmed on 2 July 2009, two and a half weeks before its actual television broadcast.
The winner was I.T. office manager Julie Goodwin, who defeated Poh Ling Yeow.
Series 2 (2010)
The second series of MasterChef Australia premiered on 19 April 2010, with the initial call for contestants held in mid-2009.
Other changes to series 2 include not showing the initial auditions, with the series beginning instead with the Top 50 which were filmed at a Redfern Train Works building in Sydney, and having a Top 24 instead of a Top 20. Also, unlike series 1, the last 45 minutes of the finale were broadcast live.
The winner was 31-year-old lawyer Adam Liaw who defeated Callum Hann.
Series 3 (2011)
On 4 July 2010, Network Ten confirmed the return of MasterChef with new judge Matt Moran joining the original judges for series 3.
The series premiere aired on 1 May 2011. It was watched by 1.511 million viewers.
The winner was 36-year-old mother, Kate Bracks, who defeated Michael Weldon in the grand final.
Series 4 (2012)
MasterChef Australia premiered Sunday 6 May on Network Ten. Regular judges, chefs George Calombaris and Gary Mehigan and food critic Matt Preston, returned for series 4.
Andy Allen defeated Julia Taylor. Audra Morrice came in third place.
Series 5 (2013)
Network Ten confirmed in August 2012 that they have commissioned a fifth series for 2013. The program was filmed at the Melbourne Showgrounds in Ascot Vale, Victoria. Emma Dean won, with Lynton Tapp as the runner-up.
Series 5 featured a number of changes to the format including casting that focussed on contestant's personalities above cooking ability in response to the success of the Seven Network's rival cooking show My Kitchen Rules. The changes were not well received by both critics and audiences, and led to disappointing ratings compared to previous series. As a result of the show's poor audience response Network Ten cancelled all spin-off versions of Masterchef Australia as well as live events such as Masterchef Live in order to focus on "a new, fresh version in 2014 that will appeal to the loyal MasterChef fans as well as new viewers" according to Ten's chief programming officer, Beverley McGarvey.
Series 6 (2014)
Network Ten confirmed in August 2013 that they had recommissioned the show for another series, which aired in 2014. The program was once again filmed in Ascot Vale, Victoria at the Melbourne Showgrounds. In addition to the return of all three judges, Kylie Kwong was a guest mentor who appeared during the immunity challenges. Heston Blumenthal and Marco Pierre White joined the show for a full week of challenges.
Brent Owens was the winner, with Laura Cassai taking second place.
Series 7 (2015)
Shannon Bennett replaced Kwong as the regular in-house mentor for the immunity challenges. This series marked the return in stronger ratings for MasterChef Australia, with a series average of nearly 1.2 million metropolitan viewers. The finale (winner announced) was the highest rating non-sport TV event of 2015, with 2.2 million viewers (in metropolitan consolidated numbers).
It was won by Ballina restaurant manager Billie McKay. Georgia Barnes took second place.
Series 8 (2016)
The eighth series premiered on 1 May 2016. It was won by Elena Duggan with Matt Sinclair as runner-up.
Series 9 (2017)
The ninth series began on 1 May 2017. It was won by Diana Chan with Ben Ungermann as runner-up.
Series 10 (2018)
The tenth series began on 7 May 2018. It was won by Sashi Cheliah with Ben Borsht as runner-up.
Series 11 (2019)
The eleventh series premiered on 29 April 2019. This series, former contestants Poh Ling Yeow, Billie McKay, and Matt Sinclair replaced Shannon Bennett as in-house mentors. This is the final series to feature Gary Mehigan, George Calombaris and Matt Preston as the show's judges as broadcaster Ten failed to meet payrise demands set by the trio.
It was won by Larissa Takchi with Tessa Boersma as runner-up and Simon Toohey came in third place.
Series 12 (2020)
The twelfth series, subtitled Back To Win, premiered on 13 April 2020.
In October 2019, it was announced that Jock Zonfrillo, Melissa Leong and series four winner Andy Allen would replace Mehigan, Calombaris and Preston as series judges. It was also announced that they would be joined by previous contestants who had returned to have another chance to win the title of "Masterchef" and the A$250,000 grand cash prize.
It was won by Emelia Jackson with Laura Sharrad as runner-up.
Series 13 (2021)
The thirteenth series premiered on 19 April 2021.
It was won by Justin Narayan with Pete Campbell as runner-up and Kishwar Chowdhury in third place. Only one ending was filmed where in some previous years two endings were filmed. This led to speculation that the winner had been leaked and influenced betting.
Series 14 (2022)
The fourteenth series premiered on 18 April 2022. Subtitled Fans & Favourites, the series saw 12 new contestants go up against 12 former and returning MasterChef contestants including past winners Julie Goodwin, Billie McKay and Sashi Cheliah. It was won by McKay with Sarah Todd as runner-up.
Series 15 (2023)
The fifteenth series, subtitled Secrets & Surprises, premiered on 7 May 2023. This is the final series to feature judge Jock Zonfrillo following his death on 30 April 2023; however, filming of the season was completed before his death. It was won by Brent Draper, with Rhiannon Anderson as runner-up.
Spin-off editions
Celebrity MasterChef Australia
Celebrity MasterChef Australia, a spin-off featuring celebrities as contestants began production in early September 2009, and aired for ten weeks starting from 30 September 2009. The celebrity version, which features a heats and semi-finals format similar to MasterChef Goes Large, is based around weekly episodes. Presenter Sarah Wilson did not return to present the show. Gary Mehigan, George Calombaris and Matt Preston returned as judges; Calombaris and Mehigan took Wilson's presenting role.
On 25 May 2021, it was announced that a second edition of Celebrity MasterChef Australia had been commissioned, 12 years after the first edition had aired, it is set to air in late 2021. Andy Allen, Melissa Leong, and Jock Zonfrillo undertook the role of judges in the new series.
Junior MasterChef Australia
Production of a junior version of the show was initially suggested in October 2009. The first series of the show, featuring 8- to 12-year-old contestants, was filmed after the second series of MasterChef Australia. Junior MasterChef Australia is produced by Shine Australia.
MasterChef Australia All-Stars
Ten began broadcast of a special all-stars version of the show on 26 July 2012 that aired during the 2012 Summer Olympics. It featured a number of returning contestants from the first three series, including series 1 and 3 winners Julie Goodwin and Kate Bracks, who revisited past challenges in order to raise money for charity. It was won by series 2 runner-up Callum Hann, who ultimately raised $20,000 for Cancer Council Australia.
MasterChef Australia: The Professionals
A spin-off based the original BBC MasterChef: The Professionals series began airing on 20 January 2013. It featured 18 professional chefs competing against each other as opposed to amateur cooks. Matt Preston and chef Marco Pierre White hosted the spin-off.
Dessert Masters
A new spin-off, Dessert Masters, was announced at Network Ten's upfronts presentation in October 2022. The series will see professional pastry chefs from around Australia compete in the MasterChef kitchen for a $100,000 prize. Melissa Leong and international pastry chef Amaury Guichon will feature as judges.
Reception
Ratings
The one-hour series premiere of MasterChef Australia attracted an average of 1.42 million viewers, making it the most watched show in its timeslot. Ratings steadily grew throughout the first series, with the show dominating Australian ratings as it entered finals week, averaging around or above 2 million viewers an episode, and on daily rankings placing ahead of other high rating shows such as the Seven Network's Packed to the Rafters and Nine's Rugby League State of Origin broadcast. Its success is despite initial belief from critics that the series would be a dud based on the performance of previous prime time cooking shows, as well as general cynicism against a new reality show format.
The first series finale of MasterChef Australia attracted an average of 3,745,000 viewers, and peaked at 4.11 million viewers. This figure was for the last half-hour of the show, titled MasterChef Australia: The Winner Announced, while the first 90 minutes of the finale averaged 3,313,000 viewers. The figure also eclipsed the show's previous high, set on the last elimination episode, of 2.36 million viewers and also surpassed the previous high for a non-sporting event (Australian Idols 2004 finale, which averaged in 3.35 million) since OzTAM ratings started in 2001. It is currently the 4th highest rating television program in Australia since 2001, behind the 2005 Australian Open final between Lleyton Hewitt and Marat Safin, and the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final. Ten's share for the night was 41.3%, almost 20% ahead of its nearest rival. The first series finale was the most watched television program of 2009.
The highly anticipated second series premiere of the show attracted 1.69 million viewers, peaking at 2.11 million nationwide. In general, the second series rated higher on average compared to the first series, with weekday episodes seeing a 35% increase in viewers by the midpoint of the series. The last half-hour of the second series final attracted 3,962,000 viewers and 3,542,000 during the rest of the final out rating the series 1 final to become the 3rd highest rating show of all time.
Based on the number of viewers and the nightly ratings, series 5 of Masterchef was considered the worst, with the finale being ranked the fifth most viewed television show that night, compared to every other series of Masterchef ranking #1. It is also the only series of the show to have under 1 million viewers of the finale, and it has received the lowest nightly rankings with several episodes below the top 20 in terms of most viewed shows. In total there were only half the number of viewers from series 4. As a result of the show's poor audience response Network Ten cancelled all spin-off versions of Masterchef Australia in order to focus on "a new, fresh version in 2014 that will appeal to the loyal MasterChef fans as well as new viewers" according to Ten's chief programming officer, Beverley McGarvey.
Main series ratings
Spin-off series ratings
Critical and popular reception
Despite success in ratings, the series initially received mixed reviews, with fans of the original British version describing the Australian show to be incomparable to that version in terms of quality, structure, judgement and skill of the contestant. Other commentators have also criticised the show for using a competition format similar to other reality shows such as Australian Idol, The Biggest Loser and Project Runway Australia that focuses more on the elimination of contestants than the food and cooking itself. Ten's programming chief David Mott admitted that using the new format was "a huge risk", while FremantleMedia's Paul Franklin has asserted that "for a commercial audience we needed to pump it up and make it bigger, a little over the top, with more drama and storytelling and a sense of theatre".
Despite these harsh views, it is still popular amongst many others who have praised the balance of entertainment, skill and overall presentation which is more fun-loving in its (Australian) attitude in comparison with the original British format. The show has been described as "an antidote for cynicism" and a reflection of multicultural Australia, while the show's success has been attributed to audiences "uncomfortable with the win-at-all-cost mould of reality shows of old" and a shift in values in the face of the recent financial crisis. As is noted in MasterChef Australia's premiere episode of series 4, since it premiered in 2009 (the first MasterChef series outside of the UK (est. 1990)), it has been such a success that France, Greece, Turkey, Portugal, New Zealand, India, Peru, Finland, Sweden, Italy, Germany, Denmark, Norway, the US and many other countries have all followed Australia's lead and formed their own series of the show in their respective countries; this in itself reveals the popularity of the Australian show from an international audience's perspective compared to that of the British version.
Cooking schools have reported an increase in enrolments due to the success of the series, while kitchenware retailers and upmarket restaurants have also seen increased trade. Supermarkets and specialty food retailers have reported increased demand from the public for more unusual ingredients, such as quail, custard apple and squab, after such were featured on the program. The success of the show led Ten to explore possible spin-offs such as the celebrity and junior versions, as well as one featuring professional chefs as contestants. The success of the show has also led competing networks to commission their own competitive cooking programs, such as Seven's My Kitchen Rules and Nine's The Great Aussie Cook-Off after the first series of the Australian version, with reports that both networks were planning more copycat shows to air in late 2010 and early 2011.
MasterChef Australia won the award for Most Popular Reality Program at the 2010 Logie Awards. In addition, Matt Preston won the Graham Kennedy Award for Most Outstanding New Talent for his work on the program.
Controversy
Allegations of vote rigging
Significant numbers of viewers have raised allegations that the voting on the series one finale of MasterChef was fraudulent after Julie Goodwin won the crown over Poh Ling Yeow. After the airing of the finale talkback radio became inundated with calls, both for and against the verdict, and the finale also became a top trending topic on social networking site Twitter, where many users said they felt "deflated" and "ripped off" by the final episode of the hit show. Similar allegations were raised when contestants were eliminated throughout the series.
Judge Matt Preston has denied that eliminations were rigged or the result of a popularity contest, and asserted that Julie had won the title because she was the better cook on the night. Goodwin herself has also asserted that her victory was not the result of rigging, insisting that the professional integrity of the three judges would be damaged if it were.
Welfare of former contestants
During their time playing MasterChef, the contestants are paid a retainer of $500 a week. This is slightly below the national Australian minimum wage of $589.30 and less than half the average wage of $1,291.34. However, contestants have their accommodation provided for the duration of their time in the competition, meaning they live rent-free. These facts were revealed in 2011 along with the knowledge that most contestants quit their jobs before entering the competition and faced seeking re-employment once eliminated from the show.
Marco Pierre White
Following comments made by judge Matt Preston about Marco Pierre White's son's admitted $500,000 splurge of his father's money on drugs and prostitution, White stopped making guest appearances on MasterChef Australia after the eighth series and joined the rival programme Hell's Kitchen Australia. In 2016, whilst on The Kyle and Jackie O Show, Preston was asked about Marco Jr.'s time on Big Brother UK, which included his alleged on–air sex and the above admission to purchasing illicit drugs and sex workers. Preston said "I think it is that terrible thing when you have kids that go off the rails... the drugs might be a little bit of a worry". This sparked a series of profanity–filled social media attacks by Marco Jr. which he has since apologised for. The senior White later said of Preston that "I will never forgive that man... with my hand on my mother's grave I will get that man". White eventually returned to the program in series 14, after Preston had left the show.
International syndication
The networks in bold''' also broadcast their own version of MasterChef.
Print publications
Official MasterChef Cookbook Volume 1
The Official MasterChef Cookbook Volume 1 was published by Random House Australia in December 2009. It contains recipes from the series 1 Top 20 contestants and top Australian and international chefs: Martin Boetz, Donovan Cooke, Pete Evans, Manu Feildel, Guy Grossi, Alex Herbert, Matt Moran and Andrew Honeysett, Ben O'Donoghue, Adrian Richardson, Frank Shek, Emmanuel Stroobant and Adriano Zumbo. There are also behind-the-scenes stories and culinary tips and tricks.
MasterChef MagazineMasterChef Magazine, a monthly spin-off publication adopting the series' brand, went on sale in May 2010. Following a high-profile launch, the magazine exceeded its initial sales target within a short period of time, selling 90,000 copies in three days. The magazine was published by News Magazines, a subsidiary of News Limited.
After losing a third of its readers in one year, the magazine was closed in October 2012
See also
MasterChef Australia contestants with television series
List of Australian television series
Notes
References
External links
MasterChef Australia – Official MasterChef Australia WebsiteOfficial Channel 10 website – Official Network Ten WebsiteProduction website – Official Shine Australia Production Website''
Network 10 original programming
2009 Australian television series debuts
2000s Australian reality television series
2010s Australian reality television series
2020s Australian reality television series
Australian cooking television series
Television shows filmed in Australia
Television series by Fremantle (company)
English-language television shows
Cooking competitions in Australia
Australian television series based on British television series
Reality cooking competition television series |
Amyema pendula, also known as drooping mistletoe or furry drooping mistletoe, is a species of flowering plant, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae, found attached to several species of Australian eucalypt and occasionally on some species of Acacia. It is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is the most common mistletoe in Victoria, especially on the coastal side of the Great Dividing Range. It has shiny leaves and red flowers arranged in groups of 3 or 4. It is distinguished from the similar Amyema miquelii through the lack of individual stalks on the flowers.
There are two subspecies:
A. pendula subsp. pendula with short flower stalks and anthers to the east of the Great Dividing Range
A. pendula subsp. longifolia with longer stalks and anthers to the west and inland.
Taxonomy
Amyema pendula was first described in 1827 as Loranthum pendulus by Franz Sieber in Sprengel's Curae Posteriores. It was transferred to the genus, Amyema in 1894 by Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem
References
pendula
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of the Northern Territory
Flora of Queensland
Flora of South Australia
Flora of Victoria (state)
Eudicots of Western Australia
Parasitic plants
Epiphytes
Plants described in 1827 |
Jonathan Kent and Martha Kent (often referred to as "Pa" and "Ma" Kent, respectively) are fictional characters in American comic books published by DC Comics. They are the adoptive parents of Superman, and live in the rural town of Smallville, Kansas. In most versions of Superman's origin story, Jonathan and Martha find Kal-El as an infant after he crash-lands on Earth following the destruction of his home planet, Krypton. They adopt him shortly thereafter, renaming him Clark Kent, "Clark" being Martha's maiden name.
The Kents are usually portrayed as loving parents who instill within Clark a strong moral compass, and they encourage Clark to use his powers for the betterment of humanity. In some continuities, Martha is also the one who creates Clark's superhero costume, often from the baby blankets Clark's biological parents had swaddled him in before enclosing him in the capsule, which are found to withstand virtually all hazards.
In pre-Crisis continuity, the Kents die shortly after Clark's high school graduation. In post-Crisis continuity, they both remain alive even after Clark becomes an adult, being supporting characters until Jonathan's death during an attack by the supervillain Brainiac. Martha remains a supporting character in Superman comics until 2011's "The New 52" continuity reboot, in which both she and her husband are deceased, having been killed by a drunk driver. They are brought back to life in 2019, in the aftermath of the "DC Rebirth" relaunch.
Glenn Ford and Phyllis Thaxter portrayed Jonathan and Martha in the 1978 film Superman: The Movie. Annette O'Toole and John Schneider portrayed the couple in the 2001 series Smallville. Eva Marie Saint portrayed Martha in the 2006 film Superman Returns. Kevin Costner and Diane Lane portray Jonathan and Martha Kent in the DC Extended Universe. Michele Scarabelli and Fred Henderson portray the couple in the 2021 series Superman & Lois.
Biography
Golden and Silver Age versions
Although a "passing motorist" is described as having found the infant Kal-El in the character's first appearance in 1938's Action Comics #1, 1939's Superman #1 introduces Superman's adoptive parents to the mythos, with "Mary Kent" being the only parent given a name. The Kents' first names vary in stories from the 1940s. A 1942 Superman novel, The Adventures of Superman by George Lowther, gave the names "Eben and Sarah Kent"; Eben and Martha Kent were used in the 1948 Superman film serial; while Eben and Sarah Kent were used in the 1952 première of Adventures of Superman television series, but the first extensive retelling of Superman's origin in Superman #53 (July–August 1948, billed as the "10th Anniversary Issue!") names them "John and Mary Kent". This issue firmly establishes that it is the Kents who discover the infant Kal-El. The Kents take him to a "home for foundlings" and express an interest in adopting him, to which the home readily agrees after suffering the disruption of the infant's growing abilities. This story also establishes that "Clark" is Mary Kent's maiden name. Mary and John Kent die of natural causes as "Clark grew to manhood", with John on his deathbed imploring Clark to become "a powerful force for good" and suggesting that Clark is a "Superman", a name adopted by Clark in the story's final panel. Oddly, no mention of "Superboy" is included, though that feature had already been established.
Pa Kent is first named Jonathan in Adventure Comics v1 #149 (Feb 1950). Ma Kent is first named Marthe in Superboy v1 #12 (Jan-Feb 1951) and Martha in subsequent appearances. Her full name is given as Martha Hudson Clark Kent in answer to a letter writer's query in Superman v1 #148 (Oct 1961). Later stories, after the early 1960s introduction of DC's Multiverse system, declare that the early version of the Kents are named "John and Mary Kent" and live on the world of "Earth-Two", home of the Golden Age DC superheroes, while the more modern Jonathan and Martha Kent live on the world of "Earth-One", home of the Silver Age DC superheroes.
The Kents made few appearances in Superman stories until the introduction of the Superboy comic book series in 1949. In this series, they are regular supporting characters of the teenage superhero. The Superboy stories establish the Kents' backstory. Jonathan, a former race car driver, is a farmer on a farm just outside Smallville. After he and Martha find the toddler Kal-El in his rocket, they take him to the Smallville Orphanage and later formally adopt him, naming him "Clark". They soon discover that Clark possesses a fantastic array of superpowers. Around the time Clark starts school, the Kents sell their farm, and the family moves into Smallville, where they open a general store. During Clark's early grade school years, Jonathan trains young Clark in the use of his superpowers to the best of his knowledge while urging him to keep the use of his powers a secret. At the age of eight, Clark begins a superhero career as Superboy. Martha creates Superboy's costume out of the blankets inside the rocket that brought him to Earth, and Jonathan helps him to create a means of making Superboy and Clark appear to be different people by developing Clark's secret identity as a mild-mannered, reserved individual. The Kents assist their adopted son on many adventures as Superboy.
In Superman #161 (May 1963), the story "The Last Days of Ma and Pa Kent" was released explaining how they passed away due to exposure to the "Plague Disease" after Jonathan found a buried pirate chest on a Caribbean island while he and Martha were on vacation there. The original owner of the chest, Peg-leg Morgan, had buried the items before he died of the same disease. The Kents were exposed to the disease at that time. At this time, the Kents were still shown as elderly. This conflicts with their rejuvenation to a younger age in Superboy #145 (March 1968). Someone else will have to explain the transition from their death in 1963 to their rejuvenation in 1968.
In Superboy vol. 1 #145 (March 1968), Jonathan and Martha are rejuvenated physically and appear younger due to the influence of an alien serum. After this, Jonathan and Martha were drawn by artists as late middle-aged — as opposed to elderly — in appearance until Superman's 1986 reboot. (Action Comics #500 recounts that the serum eventually wore off just before Clark's high school graduation, and the Kents gradually reverted to their true ages and elderly appearances.) After Clark graduates from high school, Jonathan and Martha take a vacation to the Caribbean Islands, where they contract a fatal tropical disease after handling materials from a pirate's treasure chest they had exhumed; despite Superboy's best efforts, Martha dies, with Jonathan dying soon thereafter. Before dying, Jonathan reminds Clark that he must always use his powers for the benefit of humanity. Clark mourns his parents and moves to Metropolis to attend college.
In Superman and Superboy stories prior to 1986, both the Kents die before the beginning of Clark's adult career as Superman. However, Jonathan did receive one opportunity to see his adopted son as the Man of Steel. After Superboy assists a group of interplanetary farmers from an alien world, they repay him by granting Jonathan's subconscious desire to see Clark in the future as Superman. Using their advanced technology, they place an artificially aged Jonathan years into the future, warping reality to make it appear that he had never died, and had maintained contact with his son all along. After spending 30 hours in the future with his adult son, Jonathan is returned by the aliens to his proper time period. The incident is removed from everyone's conscious memory, and the timeline is restored to normal.
Modern Age versions
The Man of Steel
After comics writer John Byrne rewrote Superman's origin in the 1986 The Man of Steel limited series, one of the changes he made was keeping Jonathan and Martha Kent alive into Clark's adulthood. The Kents have the same role as in the earlier stories, instilling within Clark the morals needed to become a strong and heroic figure. A Legion of Super-Heroes/Superman team-up that was written to explain why the Legion still exists even without Superboy confirms that post-Crisis Jonathan and Martha Kent are younger than their pre-Crisis counterparts, explaining in part why they live on in Clark's adult life.
In this version of events, after a Kryptonian "birthing matrix" lands on Earth, Jonathan and Martha find a newborn infant inside. Taking the infant in just before a major snowstorm strikes (that buried Smallville in snow for a number of months and cut off outsiders' access to the Kent family farm), the couple decides to pass the infant off as their own natural child, naming him "Clark", exploiting Martha's past miscarriages to justify their decision to keep their 'latest pregnancy' a secret. Clark's powers slowly develop, with his powers fully emerging once he reaches his late teens. After Clark's high school graduation, the Kents tell Clark about his true origins, and Clark leaves Smallville to explore the outside world. After Clark moves to Metropolis, Jonathan and Martha help Clark to create a superhero identity. They are later present when Clark finally discovers a holographic message in his ship from his biological father, Jor-El; prior to this the Kents had assumed that the ship was from another country's space program.
In the Man of Steel mini-series and afterwards, the Kents remain farmers through Clark's adult years, although a storyline features them having opened a general store in Smallville. Although Jonathan is still alive in the comics, he suffers a heart attack after The Death of Superman storyline, and he meets Clark in the afterlife and encourages him to return to life with him, suggested to be one of several factors that allowed Superman to return to life. The Kents' post-Crisis history is more fully fleshed out in the late 1980s limited series The World of Smallville, with Jonathan's ancestors' history more fully explored in the 1990s limited series The Kents, which reveals that the Kent family were resolute abolitionists who moved to Kansas to participate in the fight to establish it as a Free State during that region's violent pre-American Civil War period known as Bleeding Kansas.
Following Clark reaching adulthood and moving to Metropolis, the Kents continue to play a prominent role in Clark's life, and also in the lives of his extended alien family. When the Matrix Supergirl arrives on earth, she moves in for a time with the Kents, who treat her a like a daughter despite such issues as her relationship with Lex Luthor (currently posing as his own son after his brain was transplanted into a clone) and her own guilt about 'subverting' the life of Linda Danvers when Matrix unwittingly merged with the dying Linda. After Supergirl revealed that part of her life to the Kents, Jonathan visited the Danvers to help Linda's father Fred adapt to their mutual daughter's unconventional status. The Kents later take in Clark's half-clone, Kon-El, also known as Superboy. They give him the name Conner Kent and care for him in much the same was as they did Clark. However, Conner is not Clark, and while he appreciates everything the Kents did, he does not much like living on a farm. The couple find themselves childless again when Conner dies during the Infinite Crisis. Afterwards, Kara Zor-El, (Clark's recently discovered cousin) visits, questioning the Kents as to why Clark never asked that she live with them. The Kents also help Lois and Clark in dealing with their adopted son, Chris Kent.
Birthright
The Kents were again altered in 2003's Superman: Birthright limited series by Mark Waid, which again revised Superman's origins. Jonathan is portrayed as having a more strained relationship with his son, mainly due to Jonathan's childhood experiences with his overbearing father, and he and Martha are depicted as far younger at the time of Clark adopting his Superman identity than in past portrayals, appearing here to be scarcely middle-aged.
The Kents' appearances were altered to resemble the younger versions of actor John Schneider and actress Annette O'Toole, who portray the Kents in the Smallville television series. Although now shown wearing glasses, Jonathan has a full head of blond hair, and Martha has long red tresses. This younger portrayal of the Kents has persisted in the regular DC Universe since Birthright was published.
After Birthright
After the "Infinite Crisis" storyline, Superman's continuity was revised yet again from the Birthright origin, as briefly summarized in Action Comics #850. Although various aspects of his past are clearly retconned from the Birthright version, there is little to specifically indicate that the Kents themselves have been substantially changed. They are initially still depicted with younger appearances and the Schneider and O'Toole likenesses; however, this eventually gives way to older, more traditionally generic, gray-haired representations.
A new origin story for Superman was revealed in Geoff Johns and Gary Frank's Superman: Secret Origin. This origin for the most part follows closely with the Silver Age history. For example, Clark's Superboy storyline is re-introduced, as is his history with the Legion of Super-Heroes. Also, unlike Birthright, Jonathan is shown to have an equal standing as Martha in helping Clark create his heroic identity. Martha and Jonathan are the ones who suggest Clark dons a superhero costume, which initially Clark is not fond of. When Clark feels different from native Earth children, Martha relates with a story of her own family coming to terms in America, having emigrated from Germany long ago. In this version, the Kents are both shown to already have graying hair when they find the baby Kal-El, but are still drawn to be considerably younger, more in-tune to their Birthright counterparts; as the miniseries progresses into Clark's adulthood and debut as Superman, they visibly age and their appearances come to match those in The Man of Steel. This version also had Kal-El's spaceship not sensitive to Kryptonian DNA; anyone who got within proximity of the ship was shown the prerecorded message left by Jor-El and Lara, as well as scene of Kryptonian life. Jonathan and Martha are shown images of Krypton, although it is Martha who appears more fascinated with the scientifically advanced and beautiful race of Kryptonians.
At the conclusion of Geoff Johns and Gary Frank's "Brainiac" story arc, Pa Kent suffers a fatal heart attack during Brainiac's attack on Earth's sun. His funeral, attended by all his family and friends from Smallville, is shown in the Superman: New Krypton Special in which Martha, refusing to be a hindrance for their son, asks Clark to leave her alone at the farm and go attend the more pressing matter of Kandor's restoration and transformation in New Krypton. Despite her reassurances to Clark that she will be okay, Martha begins to suffer from loneliness at being alone on the Kent Farm. Sensing that Martha needed a friend, and also feeling lonely without Clark, Krypto arrives on the front porch, offering Martha much needed companionship.
Following the "Final Crisis" storyline, Clark returns from the 31st Century along with a newly resurrected Conner Kent. Conner moves back in with Martha, finding a new appreciation for Smallville and the farm, following his death. This further helps to assuage Martha's loneliness, as she states that she disliked living in a "quiet" house.
During the 2009 "Blackest Night" storyline, the body of the deceased Earth-Two Superman is turned into a Black Lantern, and goes on a killing spree through Smallville, culminating with the abduction of Pa's coffin from his grave, and the kidnapping of Ma by the Black Lantern Lois Lane of Earth-Two. The Earth-Two Superman declares that Ma and Pa will soon be back in each other's arms. While Conner and Clark deal with Earth-Two Superman, Martha is left to deal with the Black Lantern Lois, who chases Martha into the cornfield. However, Martha fights back against Black Lantern Lois, with the help of Krypto. Together, the two of them light the cornfield on fire, and Krypto temporarily severs Lois' connection to the Black Lantern Ring, allowing for Martha to survive.
After "Blackest Night" and the destruction of New Krypton, Superman set out to walk across America to re-establish a personal connection with the human race, feeling that he needed to remember what it was to be human after his time on New Krypton and the loss of his father. When talking about Superman's recent emotional upheaval during his walk, Batman speculates that part of the problem is that Clark never really experienced personal loss prior to Jonathan's death (Krypton's destruction having occurred when he was too young to have any emotional investment in it), although he is confident that his friend will come through recent events. Later on, Lex Luthor briefly acquires near-omnipotent power and attempts to drive Superman mad by forcing him to experience the human emotions he believed the alien merely faked to blend in with humanity, only to become outraged when his probing of his enemy's mind revealed that Superman's defining moment of tragedy was Jonathan's death, as he could not accept that his enemy was raised by humans or had such a good upbringing compared to his own anguished relationship with his father.
The New 52
In The New 52 (a 2011 reboot of the DC Comics universe), both Jonathan and Martha Kent have died following an incident with a drunk driver and Clark Kent has to grow into his role as Superman without them.
DC Rebirth
In the mini-series "Doomsday Clock", which concludes the 2016 DC Rebirth relaunch, it is revealed that the continuity of the 2011 DC Comics initiative The New 52 was caused by Doctor Manhattan, who also caused the Kents' death. Superman had a nightmare about their deaths. Doctor Manhattan is eventually convinced by Superman to undo his actions: the former timeline is restored and the Kents are restored to life. This was depicted where Clark was inspired by the tales of the Justice Society where he became Superboy and prevented their deaths.
Other versions
The Kent's Earth-3 counterparts appear briefly in the 2013–2014 "Forever Evil" storyline as part of Ultraman's origin. Young Jonathan and Martha Kent of Earth-Three are drug addicts in an abusive relationship. One day, while Jonathan is threatening Martha with a knife, Ultraman's space pod crash lands on their farm. Young Ultraman decides to blend into society until he is ready to conquer the planet, and forces Jonathan and Martha to act as his parents. It is revealed that sometime around the age of seven, Ultraman murders the Kents and burns down their farm, but keeps the name Clark Kent.
In Superman: Earth One universe, Jonathan and Martha find the Kryptonian pod while hiking.
In the prequel to the video game Injustice: Gods Among Us, the President of the United States hires Mirror Master and a team of commandos to kidnap Jonathan and Martha to use them as bargaining chips in an attempt to end Superman's enforced peacekeeping. Superman and the Justice League successfully rescue them and Clark places them in the Fortress of Solitude to protect them after the government burned down Kent farm. When the Insurgency breaks into the Fortress to retrieve the super pill, Green Arrow accidentally hits Jonathan in the shoulder with one of his arrows when trying to combat Superman. Clark brutally beats Oliver to death, and Martha takes one of the pills to end his assault. The two confront their son over his unapologetic and dictatorial methods with Jor-El's hologram appearing and agreeing with the Kents that Clark has gone too far. As Superman ignores their pleads and flies out of the Fortress, the two apologize to Jor-El for failing to raise him properly while Jor-El apologizes to them for unleashing Kal-El onto this world.
In the prequel to the game's sequel, the Kents still live in the Fortress of Solitude knowing they'd be persecuted for their son's actions if they returned to Smallville, with their farm having been burned down. When the heroes arrive to free the Teen Titans from the Phantom Zone, they allow all of them in except for Harley Quinn (due to her contribution to Superman's turn to villainy).
In other media
Television
Animation
Jonathan Kent appears in the Superboy segments of New Adventures of Superman.
Jonathan and Martha Kent appear in Superman (1988), voiced by Alan Oppenheimer and Tress MacNeille.
Jonathan and Martha Kent appear series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU), voiced by Shelley Fabares and Mike Farrell respectively.
The Kents first appear in Superman: The Animated Series. This version of the duo, in addition to raising Superman, also adopted Supergirl after she was rescued from Argo.
The Kents also appear in Justice League, first in "Hereafter" attending Superman's funeral, and later in "Comfort and Joy", where Superman and J'onn J'onzz visit them during Christmas.
Martha Kent appears in Legion of Super Heroes, voiced by Jennifer Hale. Jonathan is only seen in a photograph at the end of the episode "Fear Factory".
Jonathan and Martha Kent appear in the Young Justice episode "True Colors", with Jonathan Kent voiced by Mark Rolston and Martha Kent having no dialogue. Jonathan first appears at a LexCorp farming facility, taking a tour. He expresses his concern that these farms could put farmers out of business but the tour guide reassures him that the Reach are going to share their farming techniques to the agricultural community. He later allows Superboy, Nightwing, Robin, Impulse, Blue Beetle, and Arsenal to hide out in his barn after a disastrous mission at a LexCorp farming facility.
Martha Kent appears in the Super Best Friends Forever episode "Grounded" (as part of DC Nation Shorts). She breaks up a fight between Clark and his cousin Kara Zor-El in their superhero identities without a word and effortlessly sends the latter to her room.
Jonathan and Martha Kent appear in DC Super Hero Girls, voiced by Dean Cain and Helen Slater.
Jonathan and Martha Kent in the Teen Titans Go! episode "Orangins".
Jonathan and Martha Kent appear in My Adventures with Superman, voiced by Reid Scott and Kari Wahlgren respectively.
Live-action
Eben and Sarah Kent appear in Adventures of Superman, portrayed by Tom Fadden and Frances Morris.
Jonathan and Martha Kent appear in It's a Bird... It's a Plane... It's Superman!, portrayed by George Chandler and Irene Tedrow.
Jonathan and Martha Kent appear in Superboy, portrayed by Stuart Whitman and Salome Jens.
Jonathan and Martha Kent appear in Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, portrayed by Eddie Jones and K Callan. Consistent with the post-Crisis comics' version of his story, Jonathan is alive and active in the grown Clark's life, and remains dedicated to running his farm. It is Martha who designs the Superman costume. When Superman is asked by the villain Tempus why a grown man like him would wear tights and a cape, Superman simply tells him, "My mother made it for me".
Jonathan and Martha Kent appear in Smallville, portrayed by John Schneider and Annette O'Toole respectively. This version of the Kents are in their early 40s at the start of the series. Jonathan runs for and wins as Senator against Lex Luthor. At the night of the election, he dies of a heart attack. Martha becomes a Senator herself afterwards, working to protect Clark against Amanda Waller under the alias of Red Queen. She eventually marries Perry White.
Martha Kent appears in the Titans episode "Connor", portrayed by Sarah Deakins. She is seen in a flashback interacting with a younger Clark Kent.
Jonathan and Martha Kent appear in Superman & Lois, portrayed by Fred Henderson and Michele Scarabelli, respectively. Jonathan died of a heart attack while Clark was still a teenager, which Clark mentions influenced his decision to leave Smallville after he graduated. Martha continued to provide guidance to Clark as he became Superman and eventually a father to his own twin sons with Lois, Jonathan and Jordan. In the pilot episode, after Martha dies of a stroke, Clark and Lois learn from Lana Lang that Martha had a reverse mortgage on the farm to help with her neighbors' financial troubles, and to raise college funding for the twins, leading the couple to decide to purchase and move their family to the Kent farm.
Film
Animation
Martha Kent appears in Superman: Doomsday, voiced by Swoosie Kurtz. In this film, Jonathan has been dead for many years.
Jonathan and Martha Kent make a non-speaking appearance in Superman/Batman: Apocalypse.
Martha Kent appears in All-Star Superman, voiced by Frances Conroy.
Martha Kent appears in Superman: Unbound, voiced again by Frances Conroy.
Jonathan and Martha Kent appear in Superman: Brainiac Attacks, voiced again by Mike Farrell and Shelley Fabares respectively.
Jonathan and Martha Kent appear in Superman vs. The Elite, with Jonathan voiced by Paul Eiding while Martha appears briefly with no dialogue.
Jonathan and Martha Kent appear in JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time, voiced by Tom Gibis and Erica Luttrell.
Jonathan and Martha Kent appear in the animated films The Death of Superman (2018) and Reign of the Supermen, with Jonathan voiced again by Paul Eiding and Martha voiced by Jennifer Hale.
Jonathan and Martha Kent appear in Superman: Man of Tomorrow (2020), voiced by Neil Flynn and Bellamy Young.
Jonathan Kent appears in Injustice, voiced by Kevin Pollak. When Superman starts to take extreme actions to ensure that peace is made throughout the world, the U.S. government hires Mirror Master to lead some soldiers into abducting Jonathan Kent. Superman was able to use Mirror Master's belt to rescue him offscreen. During the Insurgency's raid on the Fortress of Solitude, they run into Jonathan Kent. When Superman attacks the Insurgeny with help from the League of Assassins, Green Arrow fires an arrow at Superman only for Superman to accidentally deflect it into Jonathan Kent causing Superman to kill Green Arrow. In his final moments, Jonathan tells Superman not to blame the Insurgency for his accidental death.
Live-action
Eben and Martha Kent appear in the Superman serial, portrayed by Edward Cassidy and Virginia Carroll.
Jonathan and Martha Kent appear in Superman (1978), portrayed by Glenn Ford and Phyllis Thaxter. This version of Jonathan dies of a heart attack shortly after giving Clark guidance of his purpose on Earth, which inspires him to create the Fortress of Solitude. Martha is indicated by Lana Lang to have died in Superman III (1983), and Clark sells the farm in the beginning of Superman IV: The Quest for Peace.
Martha Kent appears in Superman Returns (2006), portrayed by Eva Marie Saint. Jonathan Kent also appears in photographs.
DC Extended Universe
Jonathan and Martha Kent appear in the DC Extended Universe, portrayed by Kevin Costner and Diane Lane and first appearing in the 2013 film Man of Steel. As a boy, Martha consoles Clark when his super sense threatens to overwhelm him. Conflict exists between Clark's desire to use his powers to help others and Jonathan's desire to keep Clark's powers a secret. When Clark grows into adulthood, the two are further at odds over Clark's desire to go out into the world, while Jonathan prefers that he continue the family farm. A pivotal moment interrupts this argument, when the Kents are confronted by a tornado. After they and other motorists take refuge beneath an overpass, Jonathan is separated from the others and refuses to let Clark save him, dying in the tornado. Years later, when General Zod and other Phantom Zone criminals arrive on Earth and demand from Martha the location of the spacecraft that brought Clark to Earth, Martha refuses to cooperate, and is saved only by the timely intervention of her son.
In Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Lex Luthor has Martha kidnapped and held hostage by Anatoli Knyazev to forces Superman to fight Batman. Superman convinces Batman to join forces against Luthor, and Batman rescues Martha. When Doomsday kills Superman in the film's climax, he is buried in a grave next to Jonathan.
In Justice League, Martha sells the Kent farm, as she cannot afford bank fees and no longer has an attachment to Smallville following her son's death. When Superman is resurrected, she joyously reunites with him, and Bruce Wayne buys the bank Martha owed money to, allowing her to keep the farm. The director's cut adds a scene in which Martian Manhunter masterquades as Martha to convince Lois Lane to re-enter society.
Martha also appears in the movie Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021).
Video games
Jonathan and Martha Kent appear in DC Universe Online, voiced by Brandon Young and Diane Perella. They appear as supporting characters for the heroes. In the "Smallville Alert", Jonathan Kent is among the Smallville citizens who get turned into clones of Doomsday and the players have to regress him back to normal.
Notes
References
External links
Supermanica: Jonathan and Martha Kent
DC Comics film characters
Fictional characters from Kansas
Fictional farmers
Fictional married couples
Fictional mayors
Fictional shopkeepers
Fictional United States senators
Comics characters introduced in 1939
Characters created by Jerry Siegel
Characters created by Joe Shuster
Superman characters |
Khally Nazarova was a Soviet-Turkmenistani politician.
She served as Deputy Minister of Public Service Turkmenian SSR in 1958–1959. She was a such the first woman cabinet minister in Turkmenistan. She served as Minister of Social Affairs in 1959–1962. She served as Deputy Premier Minister of the Turkmenian SSR in 1963–1965.
References
20th-century Turkmenistan women politicians
20th-century Turkmenistan politicians
Communist Party of Turkmenistan politicians
Soviet women in politics |
The 2000 NBA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball game which was played on February 13, 2000, at The Arena in Oakland in Oakland, California, home of the Golden State Warriors. This game was the 49th edition of the North American National Basketball Association (NBA) All-Star Game and was played during the 1999–2000 NBA season. The 1998–99 edition was canceled due to the NBA lockout.
The Western Conference won the game with the score of 137–126 while Shaquille O'Neal and Tim Duncan were both named MVP of the game. O'Neal took the All Star MVP trophy saying to Duncan, "you already have one of those rings" (referring to the championship ring Duncan received due to his membership on the 1998–99 San Antonio Spurs team with David Robinson and Gregg Popovich), "so I'm taking the trophy." Allen Iverson was the leading scorer of the game with 26 points.
All-Star Game
Coaches
The coach for the Western Conference team was Los Angeles Lakers head coach Phil Jackson. The Lakers had a 37–11 record on February 13. The coach for the Eastern Conference team was New York Knicks head coach Jeff Van Gundy. The Knicks had a 29–18 record on February 13.
Players
The rosters for the All-Star Game were chosen in two ways. The starters were chosen via a fan ballot. Two guards, two forwards and one center who received the highest vote were named the All-Star starters. The reserves were chosen by votes among the NBA head coaches in their respective conferences. The coaches were not permitted to vote for their own players. The reserves consist of two guards, two forwards, one center and two players regardless of position. If a player is unable to participate due to injury, the commissioner will select a replacement.
Vince Carter of the Toronto Raptors topped the ballots with 1,911,973 votes, which earned him a starting position as a forward in the Eastern Conference team. Allen Iverson, Eddie Jones, Grant Hill, and Alonzo Mourning completed the Eastern Conference starting position. This was the first All-Star appearance by Carter and Iverson, and Hill's fifth consecutive start as an All-Star. The Eastern Conference reserves included five first-time selections, Allan Houston, Ray Allen, Glenn Robinson, Jerry Stackhouse, and Dale Davis. Reggie Miller, and Dikembe Mutombo rounded out the team with their fifth and sixth respective appearances. Three teams, Indiana Pacers, Detroit Pistons, and Milwaukee Bucks, had two representations at the All-Star Game with Miller/Davis, Hill/Stackhouse, and Allen/Robinson.
The Western Conference's leading vote-getter was Shaquille O'Neal, who earned his seventh consecutive All-Star Game selection with 1,807,609 votes. Jason Kidd, Kobe Bryant, Kevin Garnett, and Tim Duncan completed the Western Conference starting positions. Bryant, Garnett, and O'Neal were starters for the previous year's Western Conference team. Duncan became an All-Star Game starter for the first time after he was selected as a reserve in last year's game. The Western Conference reserves include two first-time selections, Rasheed Wallace and Michael Finley. The team is rounded out by Gary Payton, Chris Webber, John Stockton, Karl Malone, and David Robinson. Three teams, Los Angeles Lakers, Utah Jazz, and San Antonio Spurs, had two representations at the All-Star Game with Bryant/O'Neal, Malone/Stockton, and Duncan/Robinson.
Roster
Game
The Eastern Conference led in the first three minutes of the game but then the Western Conference took advantage and finished the first quarter leading 33–26.
The East tried to come back in the second quarter but the score at halftime the West was still ahead of five points, 64–59. The Eastern Conference tied the game at 91 with two minutes and eight seconds remaining in the third quarter.
Chris Webber made a buzzer-beater at the end of the quarter and the Western Conference took the lead 99–97. The West started the fourth quarter with an 8–0 run that determined the win.
The co-MVPs of the game (Shaquille O'Neal and Tim Duncan) combined for 46 points and 23 rebounds. It was the third time in All-Star Game history that two players won the MVP award. It also happened in 1959 (Bob Pettit and Elgin Baylor) and in 1993 (John Stockton and Karl Malone). O'Neal would later share an All-Star MVP award nine years later, this time with former Laker teammate Kobe Bryant, making him the only player to share All-Star MVP honors with another player twice.
The American anthem was sung by Al Green. The Canadian anthem was sung by The Moffatts.
Box score
Eastern Conference
Western Conference
''* starters
All-Star Weekend
Rising Stars Challenge
The Rising Stars Challenge featured the best first-year players ('Rookies') against the best second-year players ('Sophomores'). Al Attles and Bill Russell served as head coaches for the rookies and sophomores respectively.
Antawn Jamison was unable to participate due to injury.
Slam Dunk Contest
Three-Point Contest
References
External links
Recap
Boxscore
2000 Slam Dunk Contest results
National Basketball Association All-Star Game
All-Star
Basketball competitions in Oakland, California
2000 in sports in California |
Victory High School (now known as United High School) was a public high school in Clarksburg, West Virginia that operated from 1917 through 1973. Victory High School Consolidated along with Bristol High School and Salem High School into the new Liberty High School in 1973. This name was chosen as it was built during World War I and completed after the war was over. The school operated until 2021 as Adamston Elementary School when it was closed after being consolidated with Wilsonburg Elementary into the newly renovated Victory Elementary located North of Clarksburg on Route 19, it was named in honor of the history of Victory High School, that building wa previously called Gore Middle School. This building will continue operations as United High School, a alternate high school for troubled youth.
Colors and Mascot
The school colors were black and orange. They were known as the Victory Fighting Eagles.
A contest was conducted in 1930 to pick a mascot to go along with VICTORY. The student that won was Joe Tipper from Adamston. At the time Joe was in his Jr. Year at VICTORY. He came up with the name “EAGLES”. Hence the name “VICTORY EAGLES” was born. His reward was an engraved plaque bearing his name and the mascot name. The plaque was encased in one of the trophy cases that adorned the main hallway at VICTORY.
Renovation
In 1998 a new bricked driveway was built in front to allow students to be dropped off and picked up in a safe environment. To cover the cost of this project, a brick wall was also established containing names of former Victory High Alumni, Faculty, Adamston Elementary Students and all veterans. Bricks were sold from $20 to $50 and totally covered the cost of the project.
In 2022 the building was renovated to accommodate United High School.
Athletics
Two state basketball championships were won. The first was by the 1933 team, coached by Farley Bell. The second team was coached by Howard "Doc" Hutson won in 1941.
Victory also won football state championships in 1925 and 1935.
World War II
Seventeen students died in the armed services during World War II.
Faculty
Full-time principals:
Fred V. Bouic (1919–1922)
E.A. Luzader (1922–1927)
Arthur V.G. Upton (1927–1929)
Henery L. Ash (1929–1937)
Lucy M. Bailey (1937–1950)
J. Edward Powell (1950–1966)
Glenn E. Willis (1966–1973)
References
Defunct schools in West Virginia
Educational institutions established in 1917
Education in Harrison County, West Virginia
Buildings and structures in Clarksburg, West Virginia
1917 establishments in West Virginia |
Saša Matić (born 25 September 1993) is a Swedish footballer.
Career
Club career
Matic grew up in Skärholmen and started playing football in Djurgårdens IF when he was five. He was allowed to play two training matches with the A-team before the 2013 season but was then loaned to the division 2 club Arameiska-Syrianska IF. Prior to the 2014 season, he signed a permanent one-year contract with the club.
Ahead of the 2015 season, Matic signed for Huddinge IF. Matic made his division 1 debut on April 11, 2015 in a 2-0 loss to Carlstad United BK, where he was substituted in the 62nd minute. In total, Matic scored 14 goals in 25 games during the season.
In February 2016, Matic was signed by the Superettan club AFC Eskilstuna. Before the 2017 season, the club was promoted to the Allsvenskan and changed its name to AFC Eskilstuna. Matic made his Allsvenskan debut on April 2, 2017 in a 3-1 loss against GIF Sundsvall
In the summer of 2019, Matic signed for Syrianska FC. He left the club at the end of the year.
References
External links
Swedish men's footballers
1993 births
Living people
Allsvenskan players
Superettan players
Ettan Fotboll players
Division 2 (Swedish football) players
Djurgårdens IF Fotboll players
Huddinge IF players
AFC Eskilstuna players
Syrianska FC players
Men's association football forwards |
Ban Klang may refer to several places in Thailand:
Ban Klang, San Pa Tong - Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand
Ban Klang, Song - Phrae Province, Northern Thailand
Ban Klang, Wang Thong - Phitsanulok Province, CentralThailand
Ban Klang, Mueang Lamphun - Lamphun Province, Northern Thailand
Ban Klang, Lom Sak - Phetchabun Province, Central Thailand
Ban Klang, Mueang Pathum Thani - Pathum Thani Province, Central Thailand
Ban Klang, Mueang Nakhon Phanom - Nakhon Phanom Province, North-Eastern Thailand
Ban Klang, Ao Luek - Krabi Province, Southern Thailand
Ban Klang, Panare - Pattani Province, Southern Thailand |
Tuddenham is a village and civil parish in the West Suffolk district of Suffolk in eastern England. In 2005 it had a population of 450. falling to 423 at the 2011 Census.
RAF Tuddenham
Between 1943 and 1963, RAF Tuddenham was a Royal Air Force station close to the village. During the Second World War, Short Stirling and Avro Lancasters Squadrons were stationed at the base, and between 1959 and 1963, 107 Squadron operated three Thor nuclear missiles. Today, the site has been returned to agricultural use, and little remains of the airfield facilities.
Local features
The nearby Cavenham Heath National Nature Reserve is breeding ground of stone curlews and woodlarks.
The Icknield Way Path passes through the village on its 110-mile journey from Ivinghoe Beacon in Buckinghamshire to Knettishall Heath in Suffolk. The Icknield Way Trail, a multi-user route for walkers, horse riders and off-road cyclists also passes through the village.
Notable residents
Charles James Blomfield (1786-1857), clergyman and classicist, Bishop of Chester (1824–1828), and Bishop of London (1828-1856).
Mesac Thomas (1816-1892), clergyman, and inaugural Bishop of Goulburn (1863-1892).
Joseph Thomas Last (1849-1933), missionary, explorer and naturalist.
References
External links
Villages in Suffolk
Forest Heath
Civil parishes in Suffolk |
Surrounded by Silence may refer to
Surrounded by Silence (album), an album by Prefuse 73.
Surrounded by Silence (song), a song by Design the Skyline.
pl:Surrounded by Silence |
The Female Response (known in the UK as Everybody’s At It) is a 1973 American sexploitation film directed by Tim Kincaid.
Plot
Feminist newspaper columnist Marjorie is fired by her boss for refusing to curb the libertarian content of her writing. Instead, she gathers with six other women to discuss their sexual history as material for future writing to get the real female response. Her subjects are high-class prostitute Victoria, hippie Sandy, frustrated housewife Leona, overweight secretary Rosalie, dental nurse Gilda and socialite Andrea. They discuss their various sexual thoughts and agree to meet again in a month. When they reconvene Andrea's habit of leading men on and shunning them has resulted in her being raped by a mechanic, though she confesses she enjoyed it; Leona has attempted to rekindle her physical relationship with her husband with disappointing results; Victoria has begun a serious love affair with one of her clients; Sandy enjoys a liaison with a motorist while hitchhiking; Gilda has given in to her fascination with classified adverts in Screw but ends up in a bizarre BDSM session and Rosalie loses her virginity at a swinger's party.
Their sessions are intercut with vox-pop interviews on the street, where Marjorie questions passers-by.
Cast
Raina Barrett as Leona
Jacque Lynn Colton as Rosalie
Michaela Hope as Sandy
Jennifer Welles as Andrea
Gena Wheeler as Victoria
Marjorie Hirsch as Marjorie
Roz Kelly as Gilda
Lawrason Driscoll as Karl
Edmund Donnelly as Mark
Todd Everett as Gary
Richard Wilkins as Tom
Phyllis MacBride as Rachel
Suzy Mann as Ramona
Curtis Carlson as Alex
Herb Streicher as Max
Anthony Scott Craig as Caller
Richard Lipton as Leland
Production
Filiming was completed in New York City in October 1972.
Release
The film premiered in Los Angeles on October 17, 1973.
Response
Rob Craig described the individual tales of the characters as "vacillating from mind-numbingly boring to downright surreal" and their journey to sexual fulfilment as "pat and incredible" but noted the "cutting edge" editing techniques used by director Kincaid.
References
External links
1973 films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films
American sexploitation films
Films directed by Tim Kincaid |
Gmina Jedlicze is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Krosno County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Jedlicze, which lies approximately north-west of Krosno and south-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.
The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 15,027 (out of which the population of Jedlicze amounts to 5,593, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 9,434).
Villages
Apart from the town of Jedlicze, Gmina Jedlicze contains the villages and settlements of Chlebna, Długie, Dobieszyn, Jaszczew, Moderówka, Piotrówka, Podniebyle, Poręby, Potok and Żarnowiec.
Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Jedlicze is bordered by the city of Krosno and by the gminas of Chorkówka, Jasło, Tarnowiec and Wojaszówka.
References
Polish official population figures 2006
Jedlicze
Krosno County |
Protein Structure Evaluation Suite & Server (PROSESS) is a freely available web server for protein structure validation. It has been designed at the University of Alberta to assist with the process of evaluating and validating protein structures solved by NMR spectroscopy.
Structure validation
Structure validation is a particularly important component of the structure determination pipeline as many protein structures have small structural errors (i.e. distorted bond lengths or angles, incompatible torsion angles, overlapping atoms) that are not easily detected by visual inspection. For protein structures solved by NMR spectroscopy, where large numbers of structures are generated and where coordinate inaccuracies are common, this problem is particularly acute.
Methodology
Most NMR-based structure validation protocols primarily use NOE (Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement), J-coupling or residual dipolar coupling (RDC ) data to assess or validate structures. In particular, they try to assess the agreement between the experimentally observed and the calculated NOEs, RDCs and/or J-couplings. Good agreement between the calculated and observed parameters normally indicates a good structure. Other methods for structure validation (such as ProCheck, MolProbity, ResProx and VADAR) focus on measuring coordinate data, rather than experimental data, to assess the quality of the bond or torsion angle geometry. PROSESS is unique among structure validation servers in that it evaluates both coordinate quality and experimental data quality.
PROSESS is also able to use NMR chemical shifts (as well as NOEs) to assess or validate protein structures. Chemical shifts are easily and very precisely measurable NMR observables that provide a great deal of information about protein structure and dynamics (see Protein Chemical Shift Prediction). Specifically, PROSESS assesses the agreement between observed chemical shifts and ShiftX-predicted HA, CA, CB, N, C, and HN NMR chemical shifts.
In addition to its ability to validate structures using chemical shifts, PROSESS also checks many other protein structure parameters including covalent bond quality, non-covalent bond and atomic packing quality, torsion angle quality and NOE quality (i.e. measuring the model agreement with NOE-based distance restraints). A total of 8 different programs (see PROSESS sub-programs below) are used in the PROSESS evaluation and validation process.
PROSESS can handle single-chain X-ray models, multi-chain X-ray models, single-chain NMR ensembles, multi-chain NMR ensembles of monomeric and multimeric proteins. In addition to being able to validate NMR protein structures, PROSESS can be used to validate or evaluate any protein model, regardless of how it was solved (X-ray, NMR, comparative modelling, etc.).
Output
PROSESS generates a detailed and colorful structure validation report, including tables, color-coded images and graphs or bar charts. Many of the tables contain embedded hyperlinks to additional details or explanations. For most of its graphs and charts, PROSESS uses a simple RAG (red, amber, green) color scheme to indicate the quality of different structure parameters for the protein (as a whole), for different members of the structure ensemble, for specific residues and for specific atoms. Different shades of red indicate serious problems, different shades of yellow or amber indicate potential problems and different shades of green indicate that the protein model or its residues/atoms are free of problems. Each color is also assigned a number (ranging from 0 to 9with 0 being bad and 9 being excellent) so that the structure quality assessment is more quantifiable. PROSESS's quality indices and quality color scales have been designed specifically to help non-structural biologists to more easily and rapidly understand protein structure validation reports.
Input
PDB file (required)
Protein sequence in FASTA format (optional)
Distance restraints in XPLOR-NIH format (optional)
NMR chemical shifts in BMRB NMR-STAR 2.1 format (optional)
PROSESS model quality categories
Covalent bond quality;
Non-covalent/packing quality;
Torsion angle quality;
Chemical shift quality (i.e. Model agreement with NMR chemical shifts)
NOE quality (i.e. Model agreement with NOE-based distance restraints).
See also
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Protein dynamics#Domains and protein flexibility
Random Coil Index
GeNMR
Protein structure prediction
Structural bioinformatics
DSSP (algorithm)
References
Web server software
Biological databases |
Kevin W. Fitzgerald (January 31, 1950 – October 1, 2007) was an American politician and guidance counselor.
Fitzgerald was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He went to Mission Hill High School and Saint Anselm College. Fitzgerald was a guidance counselor and lived in Mission Hill, Boston with his wife and family. He served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1975 until 2003 and was a Democrat. He died from cancer in Boston, Massachusetts.
Notes
1950 births
2007 deaths
People from Mission Hill, Boston
Politicians from Boston
Saint Anselm College alumni
Democratic Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Deaths from cancer in Massachusetts
20th-century American politicians |
```c
/*
* This is an open source non-commercial project. Dear PVS-Studio, please check it.
* PVS-Studio Static Code Analyzer for C, C++ and C#: path_to_url
*/
#include <config.h>
/* A Bison parser, made by GNU Bison 3.8.2. */
/* Bison implementation for Yacc-like parsers in C
Inc.
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
along with this program. If not, see <path_to_url */
/* As a special exception, you may create a larger work that contains
part or all of the Bison parser skeleton and distribute that work
under terms of your choice, so long as that work isn't itself a
parser generator using the skeleton or a modified version thereof
as a parser skeleton. Alternatively, if you modify or redistribute
the parser skeleton itself, you may (at your option) remove this
special exception, which will cause the skeleton and the resulting
Bison output files to be licensed under the GNU General Public
This special exception was added by the Free Software Foundation in
version 2.2 of Bison. */
/* C LALR(1) parser skeleton written by Richard Stallman, by
simplifying the original so-called "semantic" parser. */
/* DO NOT RELY ON FEATURES THAT ARE NOT DOCUMENTED in the manual,
especially those whose name start with YY_ or yy_. They are
private implementation details that can be changed or removed. */
/* All symbols defined below should begin with yy or YY, to avoid
infringing on user name space. This should be done even for local
variables, as they might otherwise be expanded by user macros.
There are some unavoidable exceptions within include files to
define necessary library symbols; they are noted "INFRINGES ON
USER NAME SPACE" below. */
/* Identify Bison output, and Bison version. */
#define YYBISON 30802
/* Bison version string. */
#define YYBISON_VERSION "3.8.2"
/* Skeleton name. */
#define YYSKELETON_NAME "yacc.c"
/* Pure parsers. */
#define YYPURE 0
/* Push parsers. */
#define YYPUSH 0
/* Pull parsers. */
#define YYPULL 1
/* First part of user prologue. */
#line 1 "getdate.y"
/*
** Originally written by Steven M. Bellovin <smb@research.att.com> while
** at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Later tweaked by
** a couple of people on Usenet. Completely overhauled by Rich $alz
** <rsalz@bbn.com> and Jim Berets <jberets@bbn.com> in August, 1990;
**
** This grammar has 10 shift/reduce conflicts.
**
** This code is in the public domain and has no copyright.
*/
/* SUPPRESS 287 on yaccpar_sccsid *//* Unused static variable */
/* SUPPRESS 288 on yyerrlab *//* Label unused */
// PVS Studio suppression
// -V::560, 592, 1037, 1042
#include <config.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#if defined(HAVE_STDINT_H)
# include <stdint.h>
#elif defined(HAVE_INTTYPES_H)
# include <inttypes.h>
#endif
#include <time.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <sudo_compat.h>
#define EPOCH 1970
#define HOUR(x) ((time_t)(x) * 60)
#define SECSPERDAY (24L * 60L * 60L)
/*
** An entry in the lexical lookup table.
*/
typedef struct _TABLE {
const char *name;
int type;
time_t value;
} TABLE;
/*
** Daylight-savings mode: on, off, or not yet known.
*/
typedef enum _DSTMODE {
DSTon, DSToff, DSTmaybe
} DSTMODE;
/*
** Meridian: am, pm, or 24-hour style.
*/
typedef enum _MERIDIAN {
MERam, MERpm, MER24
} MERIDIAN;
/*
** Global variables. We could get rid of most of these by using a good
** union as the yacc stack. (This routine was originally written before
** yacc had the %union construct.) Maybe someday; right now we only use
** the %union very rarely.
*/
static char *yyInput;
static DSTMODE yyDSTmode;
static time_t yyDayOrdinal;
static time_t yyDayNumber;
static int yyHaveDate;
static int yyHaveDay;
static int yyHaveRel;
static int yyHaveTime;
static int yyHaveZone;
static time_t yyTimezone;
static time_t yyDay;
static time_t yyHour;
static time_t yyMinutes;
static time_t yyMonth;
static time_t yySeconds;
static time_t yyYear;
static MERIDIAN yyMeridian;
static time_t yyRelMonth;
static time_t yyRelSeconds;
static int yylex(void);
int yyparse(void);
void yyerror(const char *s);
#line 167 "getdate.c"
# ifndef YY_CAST
# ifdef __cplusplus
# define YY_CAST(Type, Val) static_cast<Type> (Val)
# define YY_REINTERPRET_CAST(Type, Val) reinterpret_cast<Type> (Val)
# else
# define YY_CAST(Type, Val) ((Type) (Val))
# define YY_REINTERPRET_CAST(Type, Val) ((Type) (Val))
# endif
# endif
# ifndef YY_NULLPTR
# if defined __cplusplus
# if 201103L <= __cplusplus
# define YY_NULLPTR nullptr
# else
# define YY_NULLPTR 0
# endif
# else
# define YY_NULLPTR ((void*)0)
# endif
# endif
/* Debug traces. */
#ifndef YYDEBUG
# define YYDEBUG 0
#endif
#if YYDEBUG
extern int yydebug;
#endif
/* Token kinds. */
#ifndef YYTOKENTYPE
# define YYTOKENTYPE
enum yytokentype
{
YYEMPTY = -2,
YYEOF = 0, /* "end of file" */
YYerror = 256, /* error */
YYUNDEF = 257, /* "invalid token" */
tAGO = 258, /* tAGO */
tID = 259, /* tID */
tDST = 260, /* tDST */
tDAY = 261, /* tDAY */
tDAYZONE = 262, /* tDAYZONE */
tMINUTE_UNIT = 263, /* tMINUTE_UNIT */
tMONTH = 264, /* tMONTH */
tMONTH_UNIT = 265, /* tMONTH_UNIT */
tSEC_UNIT = 266, /* tSEC_UNIT */
tSNUMBER = 267, /* tSNUMBER */
tUNUMBER = 268, /* tUNUMBER */
tZONE = 269, /* tZONE */
tMERIDIAN = 270 /* tMERIDIAN */
};
typedef enum yytokentype yytoken_kind_t;
#endif
/* Token kinds. */
#define YYEMPTY -2
#define YYEOF 0
#define YYerror 256
#define YYUNDEF 257
#define tAGO 258
#define tID 259
#define tDST 260
#define tDAY 261
#define tDAYZONE 262
#define tMINUTE_UNIT 263
#define tMONTH 264
#define tMONTH_UNIT 265
#define tSEC_UNIT 266
#define tSNUMBER 267
#define tUNUMBER 268
#define tZONE 269
#define tMERIDIAN 270
/* Value type. */
#if ! defined YYSTYPE && ! defined YYSTYPE_IS_DECLARED
union YYSTYPE
{
#line 97 "getdate.y"
time_t Number;
enum _MERIDIAN Meridian;
#line 252 "getdate.c"
};
typedef union YYSTYPE YYSTYPE;
# define YYSTYPE_IS_TRIVIAL 1
# define YYSTYPE_IS_DECLARED 1
#endif
extern YYSTYPE yylval;
int yyparse (void);
/* Symbol kind. */
enum yysymbol_kind_t
{
YYSYMBOL_YYEMPTY = -2,
YYSYMBOL_YYEOF = 0, /* "end of file" */
YYSYMBOL_YYerror = 1, /* error */
YYSYMBOL_YYUNDEF = 2, /* "invalid token" */
YYSYMBOL_tAGO = 3, /* tAGO */
YYSYMBOL_tID = 4, /* tID */
YYSYMBOL_tDST = 5, /* tDST */
YYSYMBOL_tDAY = 6, /* tDAY */
YYSYMBOL_tDAYZONE = 7, /* tDAYZONE */
YYSYMBOL_tMINUTE_UNIT = 8, /* tMINUTE_UNIT */
YYSYMBOL_tMONTH = 9, /* tMONTH */
YYSYMBOL_tMONTH_UNIT = 10, /* tMONTH_UNIT */
YYSYMBOL_tSEC_UNIT = 11, /* tSEC_UNIT */
YYSYMBOL_tSNUMBER = 12, /* tSNUMBER */
YYSYMBOL_tUNUMBER = 13, /* tUNUMBER */
YYSYMBOL_tZONE = 14, /* tZONE */
YYSYMBOL_tMERIDIAN = 15, /* tMERIDIAN */
YYSYMBOL_16_ = 16, /* ':' */
YYSYMBOL_17_ = 17, /* ',' */
YYSYMBOL_18_ = 18, /* '/' */
YYSYMBOL_YYACCEPT = 19, /* $accept */
YYSYMBOL_spec = 20, /* spec */
YYSYMBOL_item = 21, /* item */
YYSYMBOL_time = 22, /* time */
YYSYMBOL_zone = 23, /* zone */
YYSYMBOL_day = 24, /* day */
YYSYMBOL_date = 25, /* date */
YYSYMBOL_rel = 26, /* rel */
YYSYMBOL_relunit = 27, /* relunit */
YYSYMBOL_number = 28, /* number */
YYSYMBOL_o_merid = 29 /* o_merid */
};
typedef enum yysymbol_kind_t yysymbol_kind_t;
#ifdef short
# undef short
#endif
/* On compilers that do not define __PTRDIFF_MAX__ etc., make sure
<limits.h> and (if available) <stdint.h> are included
so that the code can choose integer types of a good width. */
#ifndef __PTRDIFF_MAX__
# include <limits.h> /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
# if defined HAVE_STDINT_H
# include <stdint.h> /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
# define YY_STDINT_H
# endif
#endif
/* Narrow types that promote to a signed type and that can represent a
signed or unsigned integer of at least N bits. In tables they can
save space and decrease cache pressure. Promoting to a signed type
helps avoid bugs in integer arithmetic. */
#ifdef __INT_LEAST8_MAX__
typedef __INT_LEAST8_TYPE__ yytype_int8;
#elif defined YY_STDINT_H
typedef int_least8_t yytype_int8;
#else
typedef signed char yytype_int8;
#endif
#ifdef __INT_LEAST16_MAX__
typedef __INT_LEAST16_TYPE__ yytype_int16;
#elif defined YY_STDINT_H
typedef int_least16_t yytype_int16;
#else
typedef short yytype_int16;
#endif
/* Work around bug in HP-UX 11.23, which defines these macros
incorrectly for preprocessor constants. This workaround can likely
be removed in 2023, as HPE has promised support for HP-UX 11.23
(aka HP-UX 11i v2) only through the end of 2022; see Table 2 of
<path_to_url */
#ifdef __hpux
# undef UINT_LEAST8_MAX
# undef UINT_LEAST16_MAX
# define UINT_LEAST8_MAX 255
# define UINT_LEAST16_MAX 65535
#endif
#if defined __UINT_LEAST8_MAX__ && __UINT_LEAST8_MAX__ <= __INT_MAX__
typedef __UINT_LEAST8_TYPE__ yytype_uint8;
#elif (!defined __UINT_LEAST8_MAX__ && defined YY_STDINT_H \
&& UINT_LEAST8_MAX <= INT_MAX)
typedef uint_least8_t yytype_uint8;
#elif !defined __UINT_LEAST8_MAX__ && UCHAR_MAX <= INT_MAX
typedef unsigned char yytype_uint8;
#else
typedef short yytype_uint8;
#endif
#if defined __UINT_LEAST16_MAX__ && __UINT_LEAST16_MAX__ <= __INT_MAX__
typedef __UINT_LEAST16_TYPE__ yytype_uint16;
#elif (!defined __UINT_LEAST16_MAX__ && defined YY_STDINT_H \
&& UINT_LEAST16_MAX <= INT_MAX)
typedef uint_least16_t yytype_uint16;
#elif !defined __UINT_LEAST16_MAX__ && USHRT_MAX <= INT_MAX
typedef unsigned short yytype_uint16;
#else
typedef int yytype_uint16;
#endif
#ifndef YYPTRDIFF_T
# if defined __PTRDIFF_TYPE__ && defined __PTRDIFF_MAX__
# define YYPTRDIFF_T __PTRDIFF_TYPE__
# define YYPTRDIFF_MAXIMUM __PTRDIFF_MAX__
# elif defined PTRDIFF_MAX
# ifndef ptrdiff_t
# include <stddef.h> /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
# endif
# define YYPTRDIFF_T ptrdiff_t
# define YYPTRDIFF_MAXIMUM PTRDIFF_MAX
# else
# define YYPTRDIFF_T long
# define YYPTRDIFF_MAXIMUM LONG_MAX
# endif
#endif
#ifndef YYSIZE_T
# ifdef __SIZE_TYPE__
# define YYSIZE_T __SIZE_TYPE__
# elif defined size_t
# define YYSIZE_T size_t
# elif defined __STDC_VERSION__ && 199901 <= __STDC_VERSION__
# include <stddef.h> /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
# define YYSIZE_T size_t
# else
# define YYSIZE_T unsigned
# endif
#endif
#define YYSIZE_MAXIMUM \
YY_CAST (YYPTRDIFF_T, \
(YYPTRDIFF_MAXIMUM < YY_CAST (YYSIZE_T, -1) \
? YYPTRDIFF_MAXIMUM \
: YY_CAST (YYSIZE_T, -1)))
#define YYSIZEOF(X) YY_CAST (YYPTRDIFF_T, sizeof (X))
/* Stored state numbers (used for stacks). */
typedef yytype_int8 yy_state_t;
/* State numbers in computations. */
typedef int yy_state_fast_t;
#ifndef YY_
# if defined YYENABLE_NLS && YYENABLE_NLS
# if ENABLE_NLS
# include <libintl.h> /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
# define YY_(Msgid) dgettext ("bison-runtime", Msgid)
# endif
# endif
# ifndef YY_
# define YY_(Msgid) Msgid
# endif
#endif
#ifndef YY_ATTRIBUTE_PURE
# if defined __GNUC__ && 2 < __GNUC__ + (96 <= __GNUC_MINOR__)
# define YY_ATTRIBUTE_PURE __attribute__ ((__pure__))
# else
# define YY_ATTRIBUTE_PURE
# endif
#endif
#ifndef YY_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED
# if defined __GNUC__ && 2 < __GNUC__ + (7 <= __GNUC_MINOR__)
# define YY_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__))
# else
# define YY_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED
# endif
#endif
/* Suppress unused-variable warnings by "using" E. */
#if ! defined lint || defined __GNUC__
# define YY_USE(E) ((void) (E))
#else
# define YY_USE(E) /* empty */
#endif
/* Suppress an incorrect diagnostic about yylval being uninitialized. */
#if defined __GNUC__ && ! defined __ICC && 406 <= __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__
# if __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ < 407
# define YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN \
_Pragma ("GCC diagnostic push") \
_Pragma ("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wuninitialized\"")
# else
# define YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN \
_Pragma ("GCC diagnostic push") \
_Pragma ("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wuninitialized\"") \
_Pragma ("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wmaybe-uninitialized\"")
# endif
# define YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_END \
_Pragma ("GCC diagnostic pop")
#else
# define YY_INITIAL_VALUE(Value) Value
#endif
#ifndef YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN
# define YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN
# define YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_END
#endif
#ifndef YY_INITIAL_VALUE
# define YY_INITIAL_VALUE(Value) /* Nothing. */
#endif
#if defined __cplusplus && defined __GNUC__ && ! defined __ICC && 6 <= __GNUC__
# define YY_IGNORE_USELESS_CAST_BEGIN \
_Pragma ("GCC diagnostic push") \
_Pragma ("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wuseless-cast\"")
# define YY_IGNORE_USELESS_CAST_END \
_Pragma ("GCC diagnostic pop")
#endif
#ifndef YY_IGNORE_USELESS_CAST_BEGIN
# define YY_IGNORE_USELESS_CAST_BEGIN
# define YY_IGNORE_USELESS_CAST_END
#endif
#define YY_ASSERT(E) ((void) (0 && (E)))
#if !defined yyoverflow
/* The parser invokes alloca or malloc; define the necessary symbols. */
# ifdef YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA
# if YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA
# ifdef __GNUC__
# define YYSTACK_ALLOC __builtin_alloca
# elif defined __BUILTIN_VA_ARG_INCR
# include <alloca.h> /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
# elif defined _AIX
# define YYSTACK_ALLOC __alloca
# elif defined _MSC_VER
# include <malloc.h> /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
# define alloca _alloca
# else
# define YYSTACK_ALLOC alloca
# if ! defined _ALLOCA_H && ! defined EXIT_SUCCESS
# include <stdlib.h> /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
/* Use EXIT_SUCCESS as a witness for stdlib.h. */
# ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
# define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
# endif
# endif
# endif
# endif
# endif
# ifdef YYSTACK_ALLOC
/* Pacify GCC's 'empty if-body' warning. */
# define YYSTACK_FREE(Ptr) do { /* empty */; } while (0)
# ifndef YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM
/* The OS might guarantee only one guard page at the bottom of the stack,
and a page size can be as small as 4096 bytes. So we cannot safely
invoke alloca (N) if N exceeds 4096. Use a slightly smaller number
to allow for a few compiler-allocated temporary stack slots. */
# define YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM 4032 /* reasonable circa 2006 */
# endif
# else
# define YYSTACK_ALLOC YYMALLOC
# define YYSTACK_FREE YYFREE
# ifndef YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM
# define YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM YYSIZE_MAXIMUM
# endif
# if (defined __cplusplus && ! defined EXIT_SUCCESS \
&& ! ((defined YYMALLOC || defined malloc) \
&& (defined YYFREE || defined free)))
# include <stdlib.h> /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
# ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
# define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
# endif
# endif
# ifndef YYMALLOC
# define YYMALLOC malloc
# if ! defined malloc && ! defined EXIT_SUCCESS
void *malloc (YYSIZE_T); /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
# endif
# endif
# ifndef YYFREE
# define YYFREE free
# if ! defined free && ! defined EXIT_SUCCESS
void free (void *); /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
# endif
# endif
# endif
#endif /* !defined yyoverflow */
#if (! defined yyoverflow \
&& (! defined __cplusplus \
|| (defined YYSTYPE_IS_TRIVIAL && YYSTYPE_IS_TRIVIAL)))
/* A type that is properly aligned for any stack member. */
union yyalloc
{
yy_state_t yyss_alloc;
YYSTYPE yyvs_alloc;
};
/* The size of the maximum gap between one aligned stack and the next. */
# define YYSTACK_GAP_MAXIMUM (YYSIZEOF (union yyalloc) - 1)
/* The size of an array large to enough to hold all stacks, each with
N elements. */
# define YYSTACK_BYTES(N) \
((N) * (YYSIZEOF (yy_state_t) + YYSIZEOF (YYSTYPE)) \
+ YYSTACK_GAP_MAXIMUM)
# define YYCOPY_NEEDED 1
/* Relocate STACK from its old location to the new one. The
local variables YYSIZE and YYSTACKSIZE give the old and new number of
elements in the stack, and YYPTR gives the new location of the
stack. Advance YYPTR to a properly aligned location for the next
stack. */
# define YYSTACK_RELOCATE(Stack_alloc, Stack) \
do \
{ \
YYPTRDIFF_T yynewbytes; \
YYCOPY (&yyptr->Stack_alloc, Stack, yysize); \
Stack = &yyptr->Stack_alloc; \
yynewbytes = yystacksize * YYSIZEOF (*Stack) + YYSTACK_GAP_MAXIMUM; \
yyptr += yynewbytes / YYSIZEOF (*yyptr); \
} \
while (0)
#endif
#if defined YYCOPY_NEEDED && YYCOPY_NEEDED
/* Copy COUNT objects from SRC to DST. The source and destination do
not overlap. */
# ifndef YYCOPY
# if defined __GNUC__ && 1 < __GNUC__
# define YYCOPY(Dst, Src, Count) \
__builtin_memcpy (Dst, Src, YY_CAST (YYSIZE_T, (Count)) * sizeof (*(Src)))
# else
# define YYCOPY(Dst, Src, Count) \
do \
{ \
YYPTRDIFF_T yyi; \
for (yyi = 0; yyi < (Count); yyi++) \
(Dst)[yyi] = (Src)[yyi]; \
} \
while (0)
# endif
# endif
#endif /* !YYCOPY_NEEDED */
/* YYFINAL -- State number of the termination state. */
#define YYFINAL 2
/* YYLAST -- Last index in YYTABLE. */
#define YYLAST 41
/* YYNTOKENS -- Number of terminals. */
#define YYNTOKENS 19
/* YYNNTS -- Number of nonterminals. */
#define YYNNTS 11
/* YYNRULES -- Number of rules. */
#define YYNRULES 42
/* YYNSTATES -- Number of states. */
#define YYNSTATES 52
/* YYMAXUTOK -- Last valid token kind. */
#define YYMAXUTOK 270
/* YYTRANSLATE(TOKEN-NUM) -- Symbol number corresponding to TOKEN-NUM
as returned by yylex, with out-of-bounds checking. */
#define YYTRANSLATE(YYX) \
(0 <= (YYX) && (YYX) <= YYMAXUTOK \
? YY_CAST (yysymbol_kind_t, yytranslate[YYX]) \
: YYSYMBOL_YYUNDEF)
/* YYTRANSLATE[TOKEN-NUM] -- Symbol number corresponding to TOKEN-NUM
as returned by yylex. */
static const yytype_int8 yytranslate[] =
{
0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 17, 2, 2, 18, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 16, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15
};
#if YYDEBUG
/* YYRLINE[YYN] -- Source line where rule number YYN was defined. */
static const yytype_int16 yyrline[] =
{
0, 111, 111, 112, 115, 118, 121, 124, 127, 130,
133, 139, 145, 152, 158, 168, 172, 177, 183, 187,
191, 197, 201, 212, 218, 224, 228, 233, 237, 244,
248, 251, 254, 257, 260, 263, 266, 269, 272, 275,
280, 307, 310
};
#endif
/** Accessing symbol of state STATE. */
#define YY_ACCESSING_SYMBOL(State) YY_CAST (yysymbol_kind_t, yystos[State])
#if YYDEBUG || 0
/* The user-facing name of the symbol whose (internal) number is
YYSYMBOL. No bounds checking. */
static const char *yysymbol_name (yysymbol_kind_t yysymbol) YY_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED;
/* YYTNAME[SYMBOL-NUM] -- String name of the symbol SYMBOL-NUM.
First, the terminals, then, starting at YYNTOKENS, nonterminals. */
static const char *const yytname[] =
{
"\"end of file\"", "error", "\"invalid token\"", "tAGO", "tID", "tDST",
"tDAY", "tDAYZONE", "tMINUTE_UNIT", "tMONTH", "tMONTH_UNIT", "tSEC_UNIT",
"tSNUMBER", "tUNUMBER", "tZONE", "tMERIDIAN", "':'", "','", "'/'",
"$accept", "spec", "item", "time", "zone", "day", "date", "rel",
"relunit", "number", "o_merid", YY_NULLPTR
};
static const char *
yysymbol_name (yysymbol_kind_t yysymbol)
{
return yytname[yysymbol];
}
#endif
#define YYPACT_NINF (-12)
#define yypact_value_is_default(Yyn) \
((Yyn) == YYPACT_NINF)
#define YYTABLE_NINF (-1)
#define yytable_value_is_error(Yyn) \
0
/* YYPACT[STATE-NUM] -- Index in YYTABLE of the portion describing
STATE-NUM. */
static const yytype_int8 yypact[] =
{
-12, 0, -12, -1, -12, -12, 10, -12, -12, 18,
9, 17, -12, -12, -12, -12, -12, -12, 27, -12,
-12, 15, -12, -12, -12, -12, -12, -10, -12, -12,
21, -12, 22, 23, -12, -12, 24, -12, -12, -12,
-11, 20, -12, -12, -12, 26, -12, 28, 19, -12,
-12, -12
};
/* YYDEFACT[STATE-NUM] -- Default reduction number in state STATE-NUM.
Performed when YYTABLE does not specify something else to do. Zero
means the default is an error. */
static const yytype_int8 yydefact[] =
{
2, 0, 1, 18, 16, 33, 0, 39, 36, 0,
40, 15, 3, 4, 5, 7, 6, 8, 30, 9,
19, 25, 32, 37, 34, 20, 31, 27, 38, 35,
0, 10, 0, 0, 17, 29, 0, 24, 28, 23,
41, 21, 26, 12, 42, 0, 11, 0, 41, 22,
14, 13
};
/* YYPGOTO[NTERM-NUM]. */
static const yytype_int8 yypgoto[] =
{
-12, -12, -12, -12, -12, -12, -12, -12, -12, -12,
-8
};
/* YYDEFGOTO[NTERM-NUM]. */
static const yytype_int8 yydefgoto[] =
{
0, 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
46
};
/* YYTABLE[YYPACT[STATE-NUM]] -- What to do in state STATE-NUM. If
positive, shift that token. If negative, reduce the rule whose
number is the opposite. If YYTABLE_NINF, syntax error. */
static const yytype_int8 yytable[] =
{
2, 43, 37, 38, 44, 45, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 25, 20, 26, 27, 28,
29, 30, 34, 21, 31, 32, 22, 33, 23, 24,
35, 50, 36, 39, 44, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48,
51, 49
};
static const yytype_int8 yycheck[] =
{
0, 12, 12, 13, 15, 16, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 6, 17, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 5, 13, 15, 16, 8, 18, 10, 11,
3, 12, 17, 12, 15, 13, 13, 13, 18, 13,
48, 13
};
/* YYSTOS[STATE-NUM] -- The symbol kind of the accessing symbol of
state STATE-NUM. */
static const yytype_int8 yystos[] =
{
0, 20, 0, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
17, 13, 8, 10, 11, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 15, 16, 18, 5, 3, 17, 12, 13, 12,
13, 13, 13, 12, 15, 16, 29, 18, 13, 13,
12, 29
};
/* YYR1[RULE-NUM] -- Symbol kind of the left-hand side of rule RULE-NUM. */
static const yytype_int8 yyr1[] =
{
0, 19, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21,
22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 23, 23, 23, 24, 24,
24, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 26,
26, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27,
28, 29, 29
};
/* YYR2[RULE-NUM] -- Number of symbols on the right-hand side of rule RULE-NUM. */
static const yytype_int8 yyr2[] =
{
0, 2, 0, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
2, 4, 4, 6, 6, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2,
2, 3, 5, 3, 3, 2, 4, 2, 3, 2,
1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1,
1, 0, 1
};
enum { YYENOMEM = -2 };
#define yyerrok (yyerrstatus = 0)
#define yyclearin (yychar = YYEMPTY)
#define YYACCEPT goto yyacceptlab
#define YYABORT goto yyabortlab
#define YYERROR goto yyerrorlab
#define YYNOMEM goto yyexhaustedlab
#define YYRECOVERING() (!!yyerrstatus)
#define YYBACKUP(Token, Value) \
do \
if (yychar == YYEMPTY) \
{ \
yychar = (Token); \
yylval = (Value); \
YYPOPSTACK (yylen); \
yystate = *yyssp; \
goto yybackup; \
} \
else \
{ \
yyerror (YY_("syntax error: cannot back up")); \
YYERROR; \
} \
while (0)
/* Backward compatibility with an undocumented macro.
Use YYerror or YYUNDEF. */
#define YYERRCODE YYUNDEF
/* Enable debugging if requested. */
#if YYDEBUG
# ifndef YYFPRINTF
# include <stdio.h> /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
# define YYFPRINTF fprintf
# endif
# define YYDPRINTF(Args) \
do { \
if (yydebug) \
YYFPRINTF Args; \
} while (0)
# define YY_SYMBOL_PRINT(Title, Kind, Value, Location) \
do { \
if (yydebug) \
{ \
YYFPRINTF (stderr, "%s ", Title); \
yy_symbol_print (stderr, \
Kind, Value); \
YYFPRINTF (stderr, "\n"); \
} \
} while (0)
/*-----------------------------------.
| Print this symbol's value on YYO. |
`-----------------------------------*/
static void
yy_symbol_value_print (FILE *yyo,
yysymbol_kind_t yykind, YYSTYPE const * const yyvaluep)
{
FILE *yyoutput = yyo;
YY_USE (yyoutput);
if (!yyvaluep)
return;
YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN
YY_USE (yykind);
YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_END
}
/*---------------------------.
| Print this symbol on YYO. |
`---------------------------*/
static void
yy_symbol_print (FILE *yyo,
yysymbol_kind_t yykind, YYSTYPE const * const yyvaluep)
{
YYFPRINTF (yyo, "%s %s (",
yykind < YYNTOKENS ? "token" : "nterm", yysymbol_name (yykind));
yy_symbol_value_print (yyo, yykind, yyvaluep);
YYFPRINTF (yyo, ")");
}
/*your_sha256_hash--.
| yy_stack_print -- Print the state stack from its BOTTOM up to its |
| TOP (included). |
`your_sha256_hash--*/
static void
yy_stack_print (yy_state_t *yybottom, yy_state_t *yytop)
{
YYFPRINTF (stderr, "Stack now");
for (; yybottom <= yytop; yybottom++)
{
int yybot = *yybottom;
YYFPRINTF (stderr, " %d", yybot);
}
YYFPRINTF (stderr, "\n");
}
# define YY_STACK_PRINT(Bottom, Top) \
do { \
if (yydebug) \
yy_stack_print ((Bottom), (Top)); \
} while (0)
/*------------------------------------------------.
| Report that the YYRULE is going to be reduced. |
`------------------------------------------------*/
static void
yy_reduce_print (yy_state_t *yyssp, YYSTYPE *yyvsp,
int yyrule)
{
int yylno = yyrline[yyrule];
int yynrhs = yyr2[yyrule];
int yyi;
YYFPRINTF (stderr, "Reducing stack by rule %d (line %d):\n",
yyrule - 1, yylno);
/* The symbols being reduced. */
for (yyi = 0; yyi < yynrhs; yyi++)
{
YYFPRINTF (stderr, " $%d = ", yyi + 1);
yy_symbol_print (stderr,
YY_ACCESSING_SYMBOL (+yyssp[yyi + 1 - yynrhs]),
&yyvsp[(yyi + 1) - (yynrhs)]);
YYFPRINTF (stderr, "\n");
}
}
# define YY_REDUCE_PRINT(Rule) \
do { \
if (yydebug) \
yy_reduce_print (yyssp, yyvsp, Rule); \
} while (0)
/* Nonzero means print parse trace. It is left uninitialized so that
multiple parsers can coexist. */
int yydebug;
#else /* !YYDEBUG */
# define YYDPRINTF(Args) ((void) 0)
# define YY_SYMBOL_PRINT(Title, Kind, Value, Location)
# define YY_STACK_PRINT(Bottom, Top)
# define YY_REDUCE_PRINT(Rule)
#endif /* !YYDEBUG */
/* YYINITDEPTH -- initial size of the parser's stacks. */
#ifndef YYINITDEPTH
# define YYINITDEPTH 200
#endif
/* YYMAXDEPTH -- maximum size the stacks can grow to (effective only
if the built-in stack extension method is used).
Do not make this value too large; the results are undefined if
YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM < YYSTACK_BYTES (YYMAXDEPTH)
evaluated with infinite-precision integer arithmetic. */
#ifndef YYMAXDEPTH
# define YYMAXDEPTH 10000
#endif
/*-----------------------------------------------.
| Release the memory associated to this symbol. |
`-----------------------------------------------*/
static void
yydestruct (const char *yymsg,
yysymbol_kind_t yykind, YYSTYPE *yyvaluep)
{
YY_USE (yyvaluep);
if (!yymsg)
yymsg = "Deleting";
YY_SYMBOL_PRINT (yymsg, yykind, yyvaluep, yylocationp);
YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN
YY_USE (yykind);
YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_END
}
/* Lookahead token kind. */
int yychar;
/* The semantic value of the lookahead symbol. */
YYSTYPE yylval;
/* Number of syntax errors so far. */
int yynerrs;
/*----------.
| yyparse. |
`----------*/
int
yyparse (void)
{
yy_state_fast_t yystate = 0;
/* Number of tokens to shift before error messages enabled. */
int yyerrstatus = 0;
/* Refer to the stacks through separate pointers, to allow yyoverflow
to reallocate them elsewhere. */
/* Their size. */
YYPTRDIFF_T yystacksize = YYINITDEPTH;
/* The state stack: array, bottom, top. */
yy_state_t yyssa[YYINITDEPTH];
yy_state_t *yyss = yyssa;
yy_state_t *yyssp = yyss;
/* The semantic value stack: array, bottom, top. */
YYSTYPE yyvsa[YYINITDEPTH];
YYSTYPE *yyvs = yyvsa;
YYSTYPE *yyvsp = yyvs;
int yyn;
/* The return value of yyparse. */
int yyresult;
/* Lookahead symbol kind. */
yysymbol_kind_t yytoken = YYSYMBOL_YYEMPTY;
/* The variables used to return semantic value and location from the
action routines. */
YYSTYPE yyval;
#define YYPOPSTACK(N) (yyvsp -= (N), yyssp -= (N))
/* The number of symbols on the RHS of the reduced rule.
Keep to zero when no symbol should be popped. */
int yylen = 0;
YYDPRINTF ((stderr, "Starting parse\n"));
yychar = YYEMPTY; /* Cause a token to be read. */
goto yysetstate;
/*------------------------------------------------------------.
| yynewstate -- push a new state, which is found in yystate. |
`------------------------------------------------------------*/
yynewstate:
/* In all cases, when you get here, the value and location stacks
have just been pushed. So pushing a state here evens the stacks. */
yyssp++;
/*your_sha256_hash----.
| yysetstate -- set current state (the top of the stack) to yystate. |
`your_sha256_hash----*/
yysetstate:
YYDPRINTF ((stderr, "Entering state %d\n", yystate));
YY_ASSERT (0 <= yystate && yystate < YYNSTATES);
YY_IGNORE_USELESS_CAST_BEGIN
*yyssp = YY_CAST (yy_state_t, yystate);
YY_IGNORE_USELESS_CAST_END
YY_STACK_PRINT (yyss, yyssp);
if (yyss + yystacksize - 1 <= yyssp)
#if !defined yyoverflow && !defined YYSTACK_RELOCATE
YYNOMEM;
#else
{
/* Get the current used size of the three stacks, in elements. */
YYPTRDIFF_T yysize = yyssp - yyss + 1;
# if defined yyoverflow
{
/* Give user a chance to reallocate the stack. Use copies of
these so that the &'s don't force the real ones into
memory. */
yy_state_t *yyss1 = yyss;
YYSTYPE *yyvs1 = yyvs;
/* Each stack pointer address is followed by the size of the
data in use in that stack, in bytes. This used to be a
conditional around just the two extra args, but that might
be undefined if yyoverflow is a macro. */
yyoverflow (YY_("memory exhausted"),
&yyss1, yysize * YYSIZEOF (*yyssp),
&yyvs1, yysize * YYSIZEOF (*yyvsp),
&yystacksize);
yyss = yyss1;
yyvs = yyvs1;
}
# else /* defined YYSTACK_RELOCATE */
/* Extend the stack our own way. */
if (YYMAXDEPTH <= yystacksize)
YYNOMEM;
yystacksize *= 2;
if (YYMAXDEPTH < yystacksize)
yystacksize = YYMAXDEPTH;
{
yy_state_t *yyss1 = yyss;
union yyalloc *yyptr =
YY_CAST (union yyalloc *,
YYSTACK_ALLOC (YY_CAST (YYSIZE_T, YYSTACK_BYTES (yystacksize))));
if (! yyptr)
YYNOMEM;
YYSTACK_RELOCATE (yyss_alloc, yyss);
YYSTACK_RELOCATE (yyvs_alloc, yyvs);
# undef YYSTACK_RELOCATE
if (yyss1 != yyssa)
YYSTACK_FREE (yyss1);
}
# endif
yyssp = yyss + yysize - 1;
yyvsp = yyvs + yysize - 1;
YY_IGNORE_USELESS_CAST_BEGIN
YYDPRINTF ((stderr, "Stack size increased to %ld\n",
YY_CAST (long, yystacksize)));
YY_IGNORE_USELESS_CAST_END
if (yyss + yystacksize - 1 <= yyssp)
YYABORT;
}
#endif /* !defined yyoverflow && !defined YYSTACK_RELOCATE */
if (yystate == YYFINAL)
YYACCEPT;
goto yybackup;
/*-----------.
| yybackup. |
`-----------*/
yybackup:
/* Do appropriate processing given the current state. Read a
lookahead token if we need one and don't already have one. */
/* First try to decide what to do without reference to lookahead token. */
yyn = yypact[yystate];
if (yypact_value_is_default (yyn))
goto yydefault;
/* Not known => get a lookahead token if don't already have one. */
/* YYCHAR is either empty, or end-of-input, or a valid lookahead. */
if (yychar == YYEMPTY)
{
YYDPRINTF ((stderr, "Reading a token\n"));
yychar = yylex ();
}
if (yychar <= YYEOF)
{
yychar = YYEOF;
yytoken = YYSYMBOL_YYEOF;
YYDPRINTF ((stderr, "Now at end of input.\n"));
}
else if (yychar == YYerror)
{
/* The scanner already issued an error message, process directly
to error recovery. But do not keep the error token as
lookahead, it is too special and may lead us to an endless
loop in error recovery. */
yychar = YYUNDEF;
yytoken = YYSYMBOL_YYerror;
goto yyerrlab1;
}
else
{
yytoken = YYTRANSLATE (yychar);
YY_SYMBOL_PRINT ("Next token is", yytoken, &yylval, &yylloc);
}
/* If the proper action on seeing token YYTOKEN is to reduce or to
detect an error, take that action. */
yyn += yytoken;
if (yyn < 0 || YYLAST < yyn || yycheck[yyn] != yytoken)
goto yydefault;
yyn = yytable[yyn];
if (yyn <= 0)
{
if (yytable_value_is_error (yyn))
goto yyerrlab;
yyn = -yyn;
goto yyreduce;
}
/* Count tokens shifted since error; after three, turn off error
status. */
if (yyerrstatus)
yyerrstatus--;
/* Shift the lookahead token. */
YY_SYMBOL_PRINT ("Shifting", yytoken, &yylval, &yylloc);
yystate = yyn;
YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN
*++yyvsp = yylval;
YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_END
/* Discard the shifted token. */
yychar = YYEMPTY;
goto yynewstate;
/*-----------------------------------------------------------.
| yydefault -- do the default action for the current state. |
`-----------------------------------------------------------*/
yydefault:
yyn = yydefact[yystate];
if (yyn == 0)
goto yyerrlab;
goto yyreduce;
/*-----------------------------.
| yyreduce -- do a reduction. |
`-----------------------------*/
yyreduce:
/* yyn is the number of a rule to reduce with. */
yylen = yyr2[yyn];
/* If YYLEN is nonzero, implement the default value of the action:
'$$ = $1'.
Otherwise, the following line sets YYVAL to garbage.
This behavior is undocumented and Bison
users should not rely upon it. Assigning to YYVAL
unconditionally makes the parser a bit smaller, and it avoids a
GCC warning that YYVAL may be used uninitialized. */
yyval = yyvsp[1-yylen];
YY_REDUCE_PRINT (yyn);
switch (yyn)
{
case 4: /* item: time */
#line 115 "getdate.y"
{
yyHaveTime++;
}
#line 1290 "getdate.c"
break;
case 5: /* item: zone */
#line 118 "getdate.y"
{
yyHaveZone++;
}
#line 1298 "getdate.c"
break;
case 6: /* item: date */
#line 121 "getdate.y"
{
yyHaveDate++;
}
#line 1306 "getdate.c"
break;
case 7: /* item: day */
#line 124 "getdate.y"
{
yyHaveDay++;
}
#line 1314 "getdate.c"
break;
case 8: /* item: rel */
#line 127 "getdate.y"
{
yyHaveRel++;
}
#line 1322 "getdate.c"
break;
case 10: /* time: tUNUMBER tMERIDIAN */
#line 133 "getdate.y"
{
yyHour = (yyvsp[-1].Number);
yyMinutes = 0;
yySeconds = 0;
yyMeridian = (yyvsp[0].Meridian);
}
#line 1333 "getdate.c"
break;
case 11: /* time: tUNUMBER ':' tUNUMBER o_merid */
#line 139 "getdate.y"
{
yyHour = (yyvsp[-3].Number);
yyMinutes = (yyvsp[-1].Number);
yySeconds = 0;
yyMeridian = (yyvsp[0].Meridian);
}
#line 1344 "getdate.c"
break;
case 12: /* time: tUNUMBER ':' tUNUMBER tSNUMBER */
#line 145 "getdate.y"
{
yyHour = (yyvsp[-3].Number);
yyMinutes = (yyvsp[-1].Number);
yyMeridian = MER24;
yyDSTmode = DSToff;
yyTimezone = - ((yyvsp[0].Number) % 100 + ((yyvsp[0].Number) / 100) * 60);
}
#line 1356 "getdate.c"
break;
case 13: /* time: tUNUMBER ':' tUNUMBER ':' tUNUMBER o_merid */
#line 152 "getdate.y"
{
yyHour = (yyvsp[-5].Number);
yyMinutes = (yyvsp[-3].Number);
yySeconds = (yyvsp[-1].Number);
yyMeridian = (yyvsp[0].Meridian);
}
#line 1367 "getdate.c"
break;
case 14: /* time: tUNUMBER ':' tUNUMBER ':' tUNUMBER tSNUMBER */
#line 158 "getdate.y"
{
yyHour = (yyvsp[-5].Number);
yyMinutes = (yyvsp[-3].Number);
yySeconds = (yyvsp[-1].Number);
yyMeridian = MER24;
yyDSTmode = DSToff;
yyTimezone = - ((yyvsp[0].Number) % 100 + ((yyvsp[0].Number) / 100) * 60);
}
#line 1380 "getdate.c"
break;
case 15: /* zone: tZONE */
#line 168 "getdate.y"
{
yyTimezone = (yyvsp[0].Number);
yyDSTmode = DSToff;
}
#line 1389 "getdate.c"
break;
case 16: /* zone: tDAYZONE */
#line 172 "getdate.y"
{
yyTimezone = (yyvsp[0].Number);
yyDSTmode = DSTon;
}
#line 1398 "getdate.c"
break;
case 17: /* zone: tZONE tDST */
#line 177 "getdate.y"
{
yyTimezone = (yyvsp[-1].Number);
yyDSTmode = DSTon;
}
#line 1407 "getdate.c"
break;
case 18: /* day: tDAY */
#line 183 "getdate.y"
{
yyDayOrdinal = 1;
yyDayNumber = (yyvsp[0].Number);
}
#line 1416 "getdate.c"
break;
case 19: /* day: tDAY ',' */
#line 187 "getdate.y"
{
yyDayOrdinal = 1;
yyDayNumber = (yyvsp[-1].Number);
}
#line 1425 "getdate.c"
break;
case 20: /* day: tUNUMBER tDAY */
#line 191 "getdate.y"
{
yyDayOrdinal = (yyvsp[-1].Number);
yyDayNumber = (yyvsp[0].Number);
}
#line 1434 "getdate.c"
break;
case 21: /* date: tUNUMBER '/' tUNUMBER */
#line 197 "getdate.y"
{
yyMonth = (yyvsp[-2].Number);
yyDay = (yyvsp[0].Number);
}
#line 1443 "getdate.c"
break;
case 22: /* date: tUNUMBER '/' tUNUMBER '/' tUNUMBER */
#line 201 "getdate.y"
{
if ((yyvsp[-4].Number) >= 100) {
yyYear = (yyvsp[-4].Number);
yyMonth = (yyvsp[-2].Number);
yyDay = (yyvsp[0].Number);
} else {
yyMonth = (yyvsp[-4].Number);
yyDay = (yyvsp[-2].Number);
yyYear = (yyvsp[0].Number);
}
}
#line 1459 "getdate.c"
break;
case 23: /* date: tUNUMBER tSNUMBER tSNUMBER */
#line 212 "getdate.y"
{
/* ISO 8601 format. yyyy-mm-dd. */
yyYear = (yyvsp[-2].Number);
yyMonth = -(yyvsp[-1].Number);
yyDay = -(yyvsp[0].Number);
}
#line 1470 "getdate.c"
break;
case 24: /* date: tUNUMBER tMONTH tSNUMBER */
#line 218 "getdate.y"
{
/* e.g. 17-JUN-1992. */
yyDay = (yyvsp[-2].Number);
yyMonth = (yyvsp[-1].Number);
yyYear = -(yyvsp[0].Number);
}
#line 1481 "getdate.c"
break;
case 25: /* date: tMONTH tUNUMBER */
#line 224 "getdate.y"
{
yyMonth = (yyvsp[-1].Number);
yyDay = (yyvsp[0].Number);
}
#line 1490 "getdate.c"
break;
case 26: /* date: tMONTH tUNUMBER ',' tUNUMBER */
#line 228 "getdate.y"
{
yyMonth = (yyvsp[-3].Number);
yyDay = (yyvsp[-2].Number);
yyYear = (yyvsp[0].Number);
}
#line 1500 "getdate.c"
break;
case 27: /* date: tUNUMBER tMONTH */
#line 233 "getdate.y"
{
yyMonth = (yyvsp[0].Number);
yyDay = (yyvsp[-1].Number);
}
#line 1509 "getdate.c"
break;
case 28: /* date: tUNUMBER tMONTH tUNUMBER */
#line 237 "getdate.y"
{
yyMonth = (yyvsp[-1].Number);
yyDay = (yyvsp[-2].Number);
yyYear = (yyvsp[0].Number);
}
#line 1519 "getdate.c"
break;
case 29: /* rel: relunit tAGO */
#line 244 "getdate.y"
{
yyRelSeconds = -yyRelSeconds;
yyRelMonth = -yyRelMonth;
}
#line 1528 "getdate.c"
break;
case 31: /* relunit: tUNUMBER tMINUTE_UNIT */
#line 251 "getdate.y"
{
yyRelSeconds += (yyvsp[-1].Number) * (yyvsp[0].Number) * 60L;
}
#line 1536 "getdate.c"
break;
case 32: /* relunit: tSNUMBER tMINUTE_UNIT */
#line 254 "getdate.y"
{
yyRelSeconds += (yyvsp[-1].Number) * (yyvsp[0].Number) * 60L;
}
#line 1544 "getdate.c"
break;
case 33: /* relunit: tMINUTE_UNIT */
#line 257 "getdate.y"
{
yyRelSeconds += (yyvsp[0].Number) * 60L;
}
#line 1552 "getdate.c"
break;
case 34: /* relunit: tSNUMBER tSEC_UNIT */
#line 260 "getdate.y"
{
yyRelSeconds += (yyvsp[-1].Number);
}
#line 1560 "getdate.c"
break;
case 35: /* relunit: tUNUMBER tSEC_UNIT */
#line 263 "getdate.y"
{
yyRelSeconds += (yyvsp[-1].Number);
}
#line 1568 "getdate.c"
break;
case 36: /* relunit: tSEC_UNIT */
#line 266 "getdate.y"
{
yyRelSeconds++;
}
#line 1576 "getdate.c"
break;
case 37: /* relunit: tSNUMBER tMONTH_UNIT */
#line 269 "getdate.y"
{
yyRelMonth += (yyvsp[-1].Number) * (yyvsp[0].Number);
}
#line 1584 "getdate.c"
break;
case 38: /* relunit: tUNUMBER tMONTH_UNIT */
#line 272 "getdate.y"
{
yyRelMonth += (yyvsp[-1].Number) * (yyvsp[0].Number);
}
#line 1592 "getdate.c"
break;
case 39: /* relunit: tMONTH_UNIT */
#line 275 "getdate.y"
{
yyRelMonth += (yyvsp[0].Number);
}
#line 1600 "getdate.c"
break;
case 40: /* number: tUNUMBER */
#line 280 "getdate.y"
{
if (yyHaveTime && yyHaveDate && !yyHaveRel)
yyYear = (yyvsp[0].Number);
else {
if((yyvsp[0].Number)>10000) {
yyHaveDate++;
yyDay= ((yyvsp[0].Number))%100;
yyMonth= ((yyvsp[0].Number)/100)%100;
yyYear = (yyvsp[0].Number)/10000;
}
else {
yyHaveTime++;
if ((yyvsp[0].Number) < 100) {
yyHour = (yyvsp[0].Number);
yyMinutes = 0;
}
else {
yyHour = (yyvsp[0].Number) / 100;
yyMinutes = (yyvsp[0].Number) % 100;
}
yySeconds = 0;
yyMeridian = MER24;
}
}
}
#line 1630 "getdate.c"
break;
case 41: /* o_merid: %empty */
#line 307 "getdate.y"
{
(yyval.Meridian) = MER24;
}
#line 1638 "getdate.c"
break;
case 42: /* o_merid: tMERIDIAN */
#line 310 "getdate.y"
{
(yyval.Meridian) = (yyvsp[0].Meridian);
}
#line 1646 "getdate.c"
break;
#line 1650 "getdate.c"
default: break;
}
/* User semantic actions sometimes alter yychar, and that requires
that yytoken be updated with the new translation. We take the
approach of translating immediately before every use of yytoken.
One alternative is translating here after every semantic action,
but that translation would be missed if the semantic action invokes
YYABORT, YYACCEPT, or YYERROR immediately after altering yychar or
if it invokes YYBACKUP. In the case of YYABORT or YYACCEPT, an
incorrect destructor might then be invoked immediately. In the
case of YYERROR or YYBACKUP, subsequent parser actions might lead
to an incorrect destructor call or verbose syntax error message
before the lookahead is translated. */
YY_SYMBOL_PRINT ("-> $$ =", YY_CAST (yysymbol_kind_t, yyr1[yyn]), &yyval, &yyloc);
YYPOPSTACK (yylen);
yylen = 0;
*++yyvsp = yyval;
/* Now 'shift' the result of the reduction. Determine what state
that goes to, based on the state we popped back to and the rule
number reduced by. */
{
const int yylhs = yyr1[yyn] - YYNTOKENS;
const int yyi = yypgoto[yylhs] + *yyssp;
yystate = (0 <= yyi && yyi <= YYLAST && yycheck[yyi] == *yyssp
? yytable[yyi]
: yydefgoto[yylhs]);
}
goto yynewstate;
/*--------------------------------------.
| yyerrlab -- here on detecting error. |
`--------------------------------------*/
yyerrlab:
/* Make sure we have latest lookahead translation. See comments at
user semantic actions for why this is necessary. */
yytoken = yychar == YYEMPTY ? YYSYMBOL_YYEMPTY : YYTRANSLATE (yychar);
/* If not already recovering from an error, report this error. */
if (!yyerrstatus)
{
++yynerrs;
yyerror (YY_("syntax error"));
}
if (yyerrstatus == 3)
{
/* If just tried and failed to reuse lookahead token after an
error, discard it. */
if (yychar <= YYEOF)
{
/* Return failure if at end of input. */
if (yychar == YYEOF)
YYABORT;
}
else
{
yydestruct ("Error: discarding",
yytoken, &yylval);
yychar = YYEMPTY;
}
}
/* Else will try to reuse lookahead token after shifting the error
token. */
goto yyerrlab1;
/*---------------------------------------------------.
| yyerrorlab -- error raised explicitly by YYERROR. |
`---------------------------------------------------*/
yyerrorlab:
/* Pacify compilers when the user code never invokes YYERROR and the
label yyerrorlab therefore never appears in user code. */
if (0)
YYERROR;
++yynerrs;
/* Do not reclaim the symbols of the rule whose action triggered
this YYERROR. */
YYPOPSTACK (yylen);
yylen = 0;
YY_STACK_PRINT (yyss, yyssp);
yystate = *yyssp;
goto yyerrlab1;
/*-------------------------------------------------------------.
| yyerrlab1 -- common code for both syntax error and YYERROR. |
`-------------------------------------------------------------*/
yyerrlab1:
yyerrstatus = 3; /* Each real token shifted decrements this. */
/* Pop stack until we find a state that shifts the error token. */
for (;;)
{
yyn = yypact[yystate];
if (!yypact_value_is_default (yyn))
{
yyn += YYSYMBOL_YYerror;
if (0 <= yyn && yyn <= YYLAST && yycheck[yyn] == YYSYMBOL_YYerror)
{
yyn = yytable[yyn];
if (0 < yyn)
break;
}
}
/* Pop the current state because it cannot handle the error token. */
if (yyssp == yyss)
YYABORT;
yydestruct ("Error: popping",
YY_ACCESSING_SYMBOL (yystate), yyvsp);
YYPOPSTACK (1);
yystate = *yyssp;
YY_STACK_PRINT (yyss, yyssp);
}
YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN
*++yyvsp = yylval;
YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_END
/* Shift the error token. */
YY_SYMBOL_PRINT ("Shifting", YY_ACCESSING_SYMBOL (yyn), yyvsp, yylsp);
yystate = yyn;
goto yynewstate;
/*-------------------------------------.
| yyacceptlab -- YYACCEPT comes here. |
`-------------------------------------*/
yyacceptlab:
yyresult = 0;
goto yyreturnlab;
/*-----------------------------------.
| yyabortlab -- YYABORT comes here. |
`-----------------------------------*/
yyabortlab:
yyresult = 1;
goto yyreturnlab;
/*-----------------------------------------------------------.
| yyexhaustedlab -- YYNOMEM (memory exhaustion) comes here. |
`-----------------------------------------------------------*/
yyexhaustedlab:
yyerror (YY_("memory exhausted"));
yyresult = 2;
goto yyreturnlab;
/*----------------------------------------------------------.
| yyreturnlab -- parsing is finished, clean up and return. |
`----------------------------------------------------------*/
yyreturnlab:
if (yychar != YYEMPTY)
{
/* Make sure we have latest lookahead translation. See comments at
user semantic actions for why this is necessary. */
yytoken = YYTRANSLATE (yychar);
yydestruct ("Cleanup: discarding lookahead",
yytoken, &yylval);
}
/* Do not reclaim the symbols of the rule whose action triggered
this YYABORT or YYACCEPT. */
YYPOPSTACK (yylen);
YY_STACK_PRINT (yyss, yyssp);
while (yyssp != yyss)
{
yydestruct ("Cleanup: popping",
YY_ACCESSING_SYMBOL (+*yyssp), yyvsp);
YYPOPSTACK (1);
}
#ifndef yyoverflow
if (yyss != yyssa)
YYSTACK_FREE (yyss);
#endif
return yyresult;
}
#line 315 "getdate.y"
/* Month and day table. */
static TABLE const MonthDayTable[] = {
{ "january", tMONTH, 1 },
{ "february", tMONTH, 2 },
{ "march", tMONTH, 3 },
{ "april", tMONTH, 4 },
{ "may", tMONTH, 5 },
{ "june", tMONTH, 6 },
{ "july", tMONTH, 7 },
{ "august", tMONTH, 8 },
{ "september", tMONTH, 9 },
{ "sept", tMONTH, 9 },
{ "october", tMONTH, 10 },
{ "november", tMONTH, 11 },
{ "december", tMONTH, 12 },
{ "sunday", tDAY, 0 },
{ "monday", tDAY, 1 },
{ "tuesday", tDAY, 2 },
{ "tues", tDAY, 2 },
{ "wednesday", tDAY, 3 },
{ "wednes", tDAY, 3 },
{ "thursday", tDAY, 4 },
{ "thur", tDAY, 4 },
{ "thurs", tDAY, 4 },
{ "friday", tDAY, 5 },
{ "saturday", tDAY, 6 },
{ NULL }
};
/* Time units table. */
static TABLE const UnitsTable[] = {
{ "year", tMONTH_UNIT, 12 },
{ "month", tMONTH_UNIT, 1 },
{ "fortnight", tMINUTE_UNIT, 14 * 24 * 60 },
{ "week", tMINUTE_UNIT, 7 * 24 * 60 },
{ "day", tMINUTE_UNIT, 1 * 24 * 60 },
{ "hour", tMINUTE_UNIT, 60 },
{ "minute", tMINUTE_UNIT, 1 },
{ "min", tMINUTE_UNIT, 1 },
{ "second", tSEC_UNIT, 1 },
{ "sec", tSEC_UNIT, 1 },
{ NULL }
};
/* Assorted relative-time words. */
static TABLE const OtherTable[] = {
{ "tomorrow", tMINUTE_UNIT, 1 * 24 * 60 },
{ "yesterday", tMINUTE_UNIT, -1 * 24 * 60 },
{ "today", tMINUTE_UNIT, 0 },
{ "now", tMINUTE_UNIT, 0 },
{ "last", tUNUMBER, -1 },
{ "this", tUNUMBER, 0 },
{ "next", tUNUMBER, 2 },
{ "first", tUNUMBER, 1 },
/* { "second", tUNUMBER, 2 }, */
{ "third", tUNUMBER, 3 },
{ "fourth", tUNUMBER, 4 },
{ "fifth", tUNUMBER, 5 },
{ "sixth", tUNUMBER, 6 },
{ "seventh", tUNUMBER, 7 },
{ "eighth", tUNUMBER, 8 },
{ "ninth", tUNUMBER, 9 },
{ "tenth", tUNUMBER, 10 },
{ "eleventh", tUNUMBER, 11 },
{ "twelfth", tUNUMBER, 12 },
{ "ago", tAGO, 1 },
{ NULL }
};
/* The timezone table. */
/* Some of these are commented out because a time_t can't store a float. */
static TABLE const TimezoneTable[] = {
{ "gmt", tZONE, HOUR( 0) }, /* Greenwich Mean */
{ "ut", tZONE, HOUR( 0) }, /* Universal (Coordinated) */
{ "utc", tZONE, HOUR( 0) },
{ "wet", tZONE, HOUR( 0) }, /* Western European */
{ "bst", tDAYZONE, HOUR( 0) }, /* British Summer */
{ "wat", tZONE, HOUR( 1) }, /* West Africa */
{ "at", tZONE, HOUR( 2) }, /* Azores */
#if 0
/* For completeness. BST is also British Summer, and GST is
* also Guam Standard. */
{ "bst", tZONE, HOUR( 3) }, /* Brazil Standard */
{ "gst", tZONE, HOUR( 3) }, /* Greenland Standard */
#endif
#if 0
{ "nft", tZONE, HOUR(3.5) }, /* Newfoundland */
{ "nst", tZONE, HOUR(3.5) }, /* Newfoundland Standard */
{ "ndt", tDAYZONE, HOUR(3.5) }, /* Newfoundland Daylight */
#endif
{ "ast", tZONE, HOUR( 4) }, /* Atlantic Standard */
{ "adt", tDAYZONE, HOUR( 4) }, /* Atlantic Daylight */
{ "est", tZONE, HOUR( 5) }, /* Eastern Standard */
{ "edt", tDAYZONE, HOUR( 5) }, /* Eastern Daylight */
{ "cst", tZONE, HOUR( 6) }, /* Central Standard */
{ "cdt", tDAYZONE, HOUR( 6) }, /* Central Daylight */
{ "mst", tZONE, HOUR( 7) }, /* Mountain Standard */
{ "mdt", tDAYZONE, HOUR( 7) }, /* Mountain Daylight */
{ "pst", tZONE, HOUR( 8) }, /* Pacific Standard */
{ "pdt", tDAYZONE, HOUR( 8) }, /* Pacific Daylight */
{ "yst", tZONE, HOUR( 9) }, /* Yukon Standard */
{ "ydt", tDAYZONE, HOUR( 9) }, /* Yukon Daylight */
{ "hst", tZONE, HOUR(10) }, /* Hawaii Standard */
{ "hdt", tDAYZONE, HOUR(10) }, /* Hawaii Daylight */
{ "cat", tZONE, HOUR(10) }, /* Central Alaska */
{ "ahst", tZONE, HOUR(10) }, /* Alaska-Hawaii Standard */
{ "nt", tZONE, HOUR(11) }, /* Nome */
{ "idlw", tZONE, HOUR(12) }, /* International Date Line West */
{ "cet", tZONE, -HOUR(1) }, /* Central European */
{ "met", tZONE, -HOUR(1) }, /* Middle European */
{ "mewt", tZONE, -HOUR(1) }, /* Middle European Winter */
{ "mest", tDAYZONE, -HOUR(1) }, /* Middle European Summer */
{ "swt", tZONE, -HOUR(1) }, /* Swedish Winter */
{ "sst", tDAYZONE, -HOUR(1) }, /* Swedish Summer */
{ "fwt", tZONE, -HOUR(1) }, /* French Winter */
{ "fst", tDAYZONE, -HOUR(1) }, /* French Summer */
{ "eet", tZONE, -HOUR(2) }, /* Eastern Europe, USSR Zone 1 */
{ "bt", tZONE, -HOUR(3) }, /* Baghdad, USSR Zone 2 */
#if 0
{ "it", tZONE, -HOUR(3.5) },/* Iran */
#endif
{ "zp4", tZONE, -HOUR(4) }, /* USSR Zone 3 */
{ "zp5", tZONE, -HOUR(5) }, /* USSR Zone 4 */
#if 0
{ "ist", tZONE, -HOUR(5.5) },/* Indian Standard */
#endif
{ "zp6", tZONE, -HOUR(6) }, /* USSR Zone 5 */
#if 0
/* For completeness. NST is also Newfoundland Standard, and SST is
* also Swedish Summer. */
{ "nst", tZONE, -HOUR(6.5) },/* North Sumatra */
{ "sst", tZONE, -HOUR(7) }, /* South Sumatra, USSR Zone 6 */
#endif /* 0 */
{ "wast", tZONE, -HOUR(7) }, /* West Australian Standard */
{ "wadt", tDAYZONE, -HOUR(7) }, /* West Australian Daylight */
#if 0
{ "jt", tZONE, -HOUR(7.5) },/* Java (3pm in Cronusland!) */
#endif
{ "cct", tZONE, -HOUR(8) }, /* China Coast, USSR Zone 7 */
{ "jst", tZONE, -HOUR(9) }, /* Japan Standard, USSR Zone 8 */
#if 0
{ "cast", tZONE, -HOUR(9.5) },/* Central Australian Standard */
{ "cadt", tDAYZONE, -HOUR(9.5) },/* Central Australian Daylight */
#endif
{ "east", tZONE, -HOUR(10) }, /* Eastern Australian Standard */
{ "eadt", tDAYZONE, -HOUR(10) }, /* Eastern Australian Daylight */
{ "gst", tZONE, -HOUR(10) }, /* Guam Standard, USSR Zone 9 */
{ "nzt", tZONE, -HOUR(12) }, /* New Zealand */
{ "nzst", tZONE, -HOUR(12) }, /* New Zealand Standard */
{ "nzdt", tDAYZONE, -HOUR(12) }, /* New Zealand Daylight */
{ "idle", tZONE, -HOUR(12) }, /* International Date Line East */
{ NULL }
};
/* Military timezone table. */
static TABLE const MilitaryTable[] = {
{ "a", tZONE, HOUR( 1) },
{ "b", tZONE, HOUR( 2) },
{ "c", tZONE, HOUR( 3) },
{ "d", tZONE, HOUR( 4) },
{ "e", tZONE, HOUR( 5) },
{ "f", tZONE, HOUR( 6) },
{ "g", tZONE, HOUR( 7) },
{ "h", tZONE, HOUR( 8) },
{ "i", tZONE, HOUR( 9) },
{ "k", tZONE, HOUR( 10) },
{ "l", tZONE, HOUR( 11) },
{ "m", tZONE, HOUR( 12) },
{ "n", tZONE, HOUR(- 1) },
{ "o", tZONE, HOUR(- 2) },
{ "p", tZONE, HOUR(- 3) },
{ "q", tZONE, HOUR(- 4) },
{ "r", tZONE, HOUR(- 5) },
{ "s", tZONE, HOUR(- 6) },
{ "t", tZONE, HOUR(- 7) },
{ "u", tZONE, HOUR(- 8) },
{ "v", tZONE, HOUR(- 9) },
{ "w", tZONE, HOUR(-10) },
{ "x", tZONE, HOUR(-11) },
{ "y", tZONE, HOUR(-12) },
{ "z", tZONE, HOUR( 0) },
{ NULL }
};
/* ARGSUSED */
void
yyerror(const char *s)
{
return;
}
static time_t
ToSeconds(time_t Hours, time_t Minutes, time_t Seconds, MERIDIAN Meridian)
{
if (Minutes < 0 || Minutes > 59 || Seconds < 0 || Seconds > 59)
return -1;
switch (Meridian) {
case MER24:
if (Hours < 0 || Hours > 23)
return -1;
return (Hours * 60L + Minutes) * 60L + Seconds;
case MERam:
if (Hours < 1 || Hours > 12)
return -1;
if (Hours == 12)
Hours = 0;
return (Hours * 60L + Minutes) * 60L + Seconds;
case MERpm:
if (Hours < 1 || Hours > 12)
return -1;
if (Hours == 12)
Hours = 0;
return ((Hours + 12) * 60L + Minutes) * 60L + Seconds;
default:
abort ();
}
/* NOTREACHED */
}
/* Year is either
* A negative number, which means to use its absolute value (why?)
* A number from 0 to 99, which means a year from 1900 to 1999, or
* The actual year (>=100). */
static time_t
Convert(time_t Month, time_t Day, time_t Year, time_t Hours, time_t Minutes,
time_t Seconds, MERIDIAN Meridian, DSTMODE DSTmode)
{
static int DaysInMonth[12] = {
31, 0, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31
};
struct tm tm;
time_t tod;
time_t Julian;
int i;
if (Year < 0)
Year = -Year;
if (Year < 69)
Year += 2000;
else if (Year < 100) {
Year += 1900;
if (Year < EPOCH)
Year += 100;
}
DaysInMonth[1] = Year % 4 == 0 && (Year % 100 != 0 || Year % 400 == 0)
? 29 : 28;
/* 32-bit time_t cannot represent years past 2038 */
if (Year < EPOCH || (sizeof(time_t) == sizeof(int) && Year > 2038)
|| Month < 1 || Month > 12
/* Lint fluff: "conversion from long may lose accuracy" */
|| Day < 1 || Day > DaysInMonth[--Month])
return -1;
for (Julian = Day - 1, i = 0; i < Month; i++)
Julian += DaysInMonth[i];
for (i = EPOCH; i < Year; i++)
Julian += 365 + (i % 4 == 0);
Julian *= SECSPERDAY;
Julian += yyTimezone * 60L;
if ((tod = ToSeconds(Hours, Minutes, Seconds, Meridian)) < 0)
return -1;
Julian += tod;
if (DSTmode == DSTon
|| (DSTmode == DSTmaybe && localtime_r(&Julian, &tm) && tm.tm_isdst))
Julian -= 60 * 60;
return Julian;
}
static time_t
DSTcorrect(time_t Start, time_t Future)
{
struct tm start_tm;
struct tm future_tm;
time_t StartDay;
time_t FutureDay;
if (!localtime_r(&Start, &start_tm) || !localtime_r(&Future, &future_tm))
return -1;
StartDay = (start_tm.tm_hour + 1) % 24;
FutureDay = (future_tm.tm_hour + 1) % 24;
return (Future - Start) + (StartDay - FutureDay) * 60L * 60L;
}
static time_t
RelativeDate(time_t Start, time_t DayOrdinal, time_t DayNumber)
{
struct tm tm;
time_t now;
now = Start;
if (!localtime_r(&now, &tm))
return -1;
now += SECSPERDAY * ((DayNumber - tm.tm_wday + 7) % 7);
now += 7 * SECSPERDAY * (DayOrdinal <= 0 ? DayOrdinal : DayOrdinal - 1);
return DSTcorrect(Start, now);
}
static time_t
RelativeMonth(time_t Start, time_t RelMonth)
{
struct tm tm;
time_t Month;
time_t Year;
if (RelMonth == 0)
return 0;
if (!localtime_r(&Start, &tm))
return -1;
Month = 12 * (tm.tm_year + 1900) + tm.tm_mon + RelMonth;
Year = Month / 12;
Month = Month % 12 + 1;
return DSTcorrect(Start,
Convert(Month, (time_t)tm.tm_mday, Year,
(time_t)tm.tm_hour, (time_t)tm.tm_min, (time_t)tm.tm_sec,
MER24, DSTmaybe));
}
static int
LookupWord(char *buff)
{
char *p;
char *q;
const TABLE *tp;
int i;
int abbrev;
int bufflen;
/* Make it lowercase. */
for (p = buff; *p; p++) {
if (isupper((unsigned char)*p))
*p = (char)tolower((unsigned char)*p);
}
if ((bufflen = (int)(p - buff)) == 0)
return '\0';
if (strcmp(buff, "am") == 0 || strcmp(buff, "a.m.") == 0) {
yylval.Meridian = MERam;
return tMERIDIAN;
}
if (strcmp(buff, "pm") == 0 || strcmp(buff, "p.m.") == 0) {
yylval.Meridian = MERpm;
return tMERIDIAN;
}
/* See if we have an abbreviation for a month. */
if (bufflen == 3)
abbrev = 1;
else if (bufflen == 4 && buff[3] == '.') {
abbrev = 1;
buff[bufflen = 3] = '\0';
}
else
abbrev = 0;
for (tp = MonthDayTable; tp->name; tp++) {
if (abbrev) {
if (strncmp(buff, tp->name, 3) == 0) {
yylval.Number = tp->value;
return tp->type;
}
}
else if (strcmp(buff, tp->name) == 0) {
yylval.Number = tp->value;
return tp->type;
}
}
for (tp = TimezoneTable; tp->name; tp++)
if (strcmp(buff, tp->name) == 0) {
yylval.Number = tp->value;
return tp->type;
}
if (strcmp(buff, "dst") == 0)
return tDST;
for (tp = UnitsTable; tp->name; tp++)
if (strcmp(buff, tp->name) == 0) {
yylval.Number = tp->value;
return tp->type;
}
/* Strip off any plural and try the units table again. */
i = bufflen - 1;
if (buff[i] == 's') {
buff[i] = '\0';
for (tp = UnitsTable; tp->name; tp++)
if (strcmp(buff, tp->name) == 0) {
yylval.Number = tp->value;
return tp->type;
}
buff[i] = 's'; /* Put back for "this" in OtherTable. */
}
for (tp = OtherTable; tp->name; tp++)
if (strcmp(buff, tp->name) == 0) {
yylval.Number = tp->value;
return tp->type;
}
/* Military timezones. */
if (buff[1] == '\0' && isalpha((unsigned char)*buff)) {
for (tp = MilitaryTable; tp->name; tp++)
if (strcmp(buff, tp->name) == 0) {
yylval.Number = tp->value;
return tp->type;
}
}
/* Drop out any periods and try the timezone table again. */
for (i = 0, p = q = buff; *q; q++)
if (*q != '.')
*p++ = *q;
else
i++;
*p = '\0';
if (i)
for (tp = TimezoneTable; tp->name; tp++)
if (strcmp(buff, tp->name) == 0) {
yylval.Number = tp->value;
return tp->type;
}
return tID;
}
static int
yylex(void)
{
char c;
char *p;
char buff[20];
int Count;
int sign;
for ( ; ; ) {
while (isspace((unsigned char)*yyInput))
yyInput++;
if (isdigit((unsigned char)(c = *yyInput)) || c == '-' || c == '+') {
if (c == '-' || c == '+') {
sign = c == '-' ? -1 : 1;
if (!isdigit((unsigned char)*++yyInput))
/* skip the '-' sign */
continue;
}
else
sign = 0;
for (yylval.Number = 0; isdigit((unsigned char)(c = *yyInput++)); )
yylval.Number = 10 * yylval.Number + c - '0';
yyInput--;
if (sign < 0)
yylval.Number = -yylval.Number;
return sign ? tSNUMBER : tUNUMBER;
}
if (isalpha((unsigned char)c)) {
for (p = buff; isalpha((unsigned char)(c = *yyInput++)) || c == '.'; )
if (p < &buff[sizeof buff - 1])
*p++ = c;
*p = '\0';
yyInput--;
return LookupWord(buff);
}
if (c != '(')
return *yyInput++;
Count = 0;
do {
c = *yyInput++;
if (c == '\0')
return c;
if (c == '(')
Count++;
else if (c == ')')
Count--;
} while (Count > 0);
}
}
#define TM_YEAR_ORIGIN 1900
/* Yield A - B, measured in seconds. */
static long
difftm(struct tm *a, struct tm *b)
{
int ay = a->tm_year + (TM_YEAR_ORIGIN - 1);
int by = b->tm_year + (TM_YEAR_ORIGIN - 1);
long days = (
/* difference in day of year */
a->tm_yday - b->tm_yday
/* + intervening leap days */
+ ((ay >> 2) - (by >> 2))
- (ay/100 - by/100)
+ ((ay/100 >> 2) - (by/100 >> 2))
/* + difference in years * 365 */
+ (long)(ay-by) * 365
);
return (60*(60*(24*days + (a->tm_hour - b->tm_hour))
+ (a->tm_min - b->tm_min))
+ (a->tm_sec - b->tm_sec));
}
time_t get_date(char *p);
time_t
get_date(char *p)
{
struct tm tm, gmt;
time_t Start;
time_t tod;
time_t now;
time_t tz;
yyInput = p;
(void)time (&now);
if (gmtime_r (&now, &gmt) == NULL)
return -1;
if (localtime_r (&now, &tm) == NULL)
return -1;
tz = difftm (&gmt, &tm) / 60;
if (tm.tm_isdst)
tz += 60;
yyYear = tm.tm_year + 1900;
yyMonth = tm.tm_mon + 1;
yyDay = tm.tm_mday;
yyTimezone = tz;
yyDSTmode = DSTmaybe;
yyHour = 0;
yyMinutes = 0;
yySeconds = 0;
yyMeridian = MER24;
yyRelSeconds = 0;
yyRelMonth = 0;
yyHaveDate = 0;
yyHaveDay = 0;
yyHaveRel = 0;
yyHaveTime = 0;
yyHaveZone = 0;
if (yyparse()
|| yyHaveTime > 1 || yyHaveZone > 1 || yyHaveDate > 1 || yyHaveDay > 1)
return -1;
if (yyHaveDate || yyHaveTime || yyHaveDay) {
Start = Convert(yyMonth, yyDay, yyYear, yyHour, yyMinutes, yySeconds,
yyMeridian, yyDSTmode);
if (Start < 0)
return -1;
}
else {
Start = now;
if (!yyHaveRel)
Start -= ((tm.tm_hour * 60L + tm.tm_min) * 60L) + tm.tm_sec;
}
Start += yyRelSeconds;
Start += RelativeMonth(Start, yyRelMonth);
if (yyHaveDay && !yyHaveDate) {
tod = RelativeDate(Start, yyDayOrdinal, yyDayNumber);
Start += tod;
}
/* Have to do *something* with a legitimate -1 so it's distinguishable
* from the error return value. (Alternately could set errno on error.) */
return Start == -1 ? 0 : Start;
}
#ifdef TEST
/* ARGSUSED */
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
char buff[128];
time_t d;
(void)fputs("Enter date, or blank line to exit.\n\t> ", stdout);
(void)fflush(stdout);
while (fgets(buff, sizeof(buff), stdin) && buff[0]) {
d = get_date(buff);
if (d == -1)
(void)fputs("Bad format - couldn't convert.\n\t> ", stdout);
else
(void)printf("%s\t> ", ctime(&d));
(void)fflush(stdout);
}
return 0;
}
#endif /* TEST */
``` |
St Martin's Church (in full, St Martin with St Wilfrid, St Alban and St Richard Hollingdean) is an Anglican church in Brighton, England, dating from the mid-Victorian era. It is located on Lewes Road in the Round Hill area of the city, northeast of the city centre and approximately north of the seafront. It is the largest church in Brighton by capacity and is noted for its ornate interior.
Selecting the site
Although the church was built between 1872 and 1875 and consecrated on 1 May 1875, its founding was closely connected with the former Vicar of Brighton, Reverend Henry Michell Wagner, who had served the town from 1824 until his death in 1870. He had been responsible for the construction of several churches during his period of office, including St Peter's which later became the town's parish church. At the time of his death, he was planning the construction of another and had set aside £3,000 from his personal wealth, but had not decided on a location or any other details.
Wagner's son, Arthur, had been ordained in 1850. When his father died, Arthur Wagner inherited his wealth and set out to build a church both to commemorate him and to fulfil the plans he had towards the end of his life. To achieve this he convened with his half-brothers Joshua and Henry and decided on a site. The area chosen was largely under construction at the time, with large numbers of small terraced houses for poorer people being built to fill the space around the Lewes Road. Some of this development was funded by Arthur Wagner himself, and as neither this area nor the nearby Round Hill district had a proper church, it was considered appropriate to finance and oversee the building of a church at the same time. (A small temporary church which had been built on a nearby street became a school when St Martin's Church opened.)
One action the Revd Henry Wagner had taken before his death was the creation of a "building committee", consisting of other prominent members of the local clergy. The three Wagners offered this committee a choice between constructing a new church on a site chosen by the committee members - in which case only the original £3,000 set aside for the project would be granted, with the committee paying for any work beyond this - and accepting a site chosen by the Wagners, in which case the brothers would bear the full cost. The committee decided to allow the Wagners to choose the site themselves; accordingly, a position on the west side of Lewes Road, just north of the bottom of Elm Grove, was selected.
Construction
The first bricks were laid in October 1872. A building contractor named Jabez Reynolds, son of Jabez Reynolds senior who had built about 1,000 houses including many significant buildings in Brighton and Hove, including the Cliftonville area of neighbouring Hove in the 1850s and 1860s, was chosen for the building work, while the architect was George Somers Clarke, a long-standing friend of the Wagner family: his father had been Clerk of the Vestry (the equivalent of a modern-day parochial church council) of Brighton since 1830, and had provided support to Rev. Henry Wagner during periods of tension between different sects and groups within the Vestry.
Clarke (junior) studied under the prominent architect Sir George Gilbert Scott, and his other projects included a collaboration with J. T. Micklethwaite on the design of the new chancel at St. Peter's, the clerestory at St Nicholas, work on Chichester Cathedral and an 8-year surveying role at St Paul's Cathedral, London.
Design
The exterior of St Martin's reflects the Gothic Revival interpretation of the Early English style associated with 13th century churches. Its most notable exterior feature is its considerable height, accentuated by the modest height of the majority of the surrounding buildings; brown brick, offset in some places with red, predominates on the outside, and the layout of the church is standard: an aisled nave with chapels on each side, and a chancel. A saddleback tower was included in the original plans but never built: a small bell-arch with a single bell was built instead, towards the north end. The church is on a north–south (liturgical east-liturgical west) alignment parallel with the Lewes Road.
The church floor lies six feet below street level, creating an architectural illusion of being larger internally and from the entrance there is an unimpeded view across the nave and into the chancel. Octagonal stone columns topped by brick arches separate the aisles from the nave; above these arches are a series of clerestory windows. A large series of stained windows dominates the west wall. A series of 144 painted shields adorn the nave ceiling, representing the Anglican missionary dioceses founded within 100 years of the church.
Although the marble altar is not original, dating from 1949, the large reredos above it is. It consists of 20 pictures and 69 statues, all of which were carved in the German town of Oberammergau, noted worldwide for its woodcarving tradition. The original pulpit, surmounted by a unique canopy tapering to 55 feet and dating from 1880, also remains: this, and the font in the raised entrance area, are decorated with materials from the collection of Henry Wagner. The base of the pulpit contains olive wood collected from the Mount of Olives; and the font, built of Sussex marble and installed in 1907, contains a variety of other stones and marble from sites such as Cairo and Pompeii, brought back to England by Wagner himself during his lifetime.
Consecration, opening and later events
The Bishop of Chichester consecrated the church on 1 May 1875 and the vicar in charge of the temporary church nearby, the Revd R. I. Salmon, was appointed to the perpetual curacy of the new church by the Revd John Hannah, Fr Wagner's successor as Vicar of Brighton.
Later in 1875, St Martin's was granted its own parish: that of Brighton The Resurrection. This covers parts of the Lower Bevendean, Queen's Park, Round Hill and South Moulsecoomb areas.
The Lady chapel was improved in 1925, the 50th anniversary of the consecration, as a memorial to Fr Wagner, using money raised through a special collection. At the same time, part of the reredos was replaced.
The church was closely connected with the former Preston Barracks, situated further up the Lewes Road in the north of the parish. A gallery was built on the east side of the chancel for troops and members of military bands to participate in services; also, two different regiments erected memorials to comrades killed in the Siege of Khartoum in 1884 and 1885.
Organ
The organ at St Martin's Church was built between 1875 and 1888 by the London-based organ building firm of Hill & Sons, and is housed in an incomplete case designed by Somers Clarke which complements the reredos. With 29 stops over three manuals and pedals, its voicing is influenced by Hill's time in Germany and capable of most repertoire. The Institute of Organ Studies has described it as "outstanding", and noted its historical importance for being in almost totally original condition. Since 2015 the Organist has been Mr Nic Robinson.
Present
The church is a Grade II* listed building, defined as a "particularly significant building of more than local interest". it was one of 72 Grade II* listed buildings, and 1,220 listed buildings of all grades, in the city of Brighton and Hove. The church maintains its Catholic style of liturgy and is often involved with other churches of the Wagner dynasty in group events.
See also
Grade II* listed buildings in Brighton and Hove
List of places of worship in Brighton and Hove
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Diocese of Chichester directory of churches: entry for St. Martin
A Church Near You - entry for St. Martin
National Pipe Organ Register - entry for St. Martin
Churches completed in 1874
19th-century Church of England church buildings
Saint Martin
Brighton
Saint Martin |
Events from the year 1930 in Romania. The reign of Carol II started during the year, which also saw the foundation of the Iron Guard. The first local election in which women could vote and the only census of Greater Romania were also held during the year.
Incumbents
King:
Michael I (until 8 June).
Carol II (from 8 June).
Prime Minister:
Iuliu Maniu (until 6 June and from 13 June to 9 October)
Gheorghe Mironescu (from 7 to 12 June and from 10 October)
Events
5 February – Women vote for the first time in Romanian elections.
3 March – The Romanian Society of Geology is founded with Ludovic Mrazek as president.
13 April – Corneliu Zelea Codreanu forms the Iron Guard out of the far right Legion of the Archangel Michael as a larger paramilitary organisation.
18 April – 118 people die in the Costești wooden church fire.
5 June – The papal bull Solemni conventione defines the boundaries of the Catholic Church in Romania,
8 June – In a coup d'état by parliament, King Carol II takes the throne.
15 June – The National Liberal Party–Brătianu led by Gheorghe I. Brătianu is founded.
9 July – SNNA (, The National Air Navigation Service) becomes LANES (, Romanian State-Operated Air Lines) representing its status as a state enterprise.
30 July – The Order of Aeronautical Virtue is established as a military order.
29 December – The first and only census of Greater Romania reports that the population is 18,057,028, of which 28% are non-Romanian.
Births
6 February – Richard M. Weiner, theoretical physicist (died 2020).
3 March – Ion Iliescu, President of Romania from 1989 to 1996 and from 2000 to 2004.
14 March – Irma Glicman Adelman, economist (died 2017).
26 April – Oliviu Gherman, physicist, politician, and diplomat (died 2020).
5 July – Georgeta Pitică, table tennis player (died 2018).
13 July – Simion Ismailciuc, sprint canoeist, who won gold in the 1956 Summer Olympics (died 1986).
19 December – Anca Giurchescu, ethnochoreologist and researcher in folk dance (died 2015).
Deaths
16 September – Vintilă Brătianu, Prime Minister of Romania between 1927 and 1928 (born 1867).
17 December – Olga Fialka, artist (born 1848).
References
Years of the 20th century in Romania
1930s in Romania
Romania
Romania |
Smaalenene bridge, and the new part of the highway between Oslo and Stockholm was opened November 23, 2010 by the Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg. The bridge is 315 meters long and crosses the longest river in Norway, Glomma. The main span is 185 meters and the tower is 88 meter high. The buildingprosess was started in 2007.
The bridge has a tower close 90 meters high and is founded on a 24 meter high column rising from the bottom of River Glomma. The German Bilfinger Berger has carried out the construction works on behalf of the Norwegian state road authorities. The bridge is a part of the larger new E18 motor way project, connecting Oslo and Stockholm.
The Smaalenene Bridge has become a new landmark for the region. The cable-stayed bridge is 315m long in total and spans the River Glomma as part of the new E18 link 80 km southeast of Oslo. It has a river clearance of 25m to the soffit of the deck and carries four lanes of traffic. The cable-stayed section consists of two spans with a single tower; the main span is 185m long and the back span has a length of 142.5m. A solid counterbalance abutment on the back span end was built to compensate the corresponding scope of works performed imbalance in dead load. A 45m-long approach span connects the cable-stayed part to the west abutment. The cable-stayed deck is supported by a single pylon via a central plane of 14 cables on each side of the tower. At deck level, the cables are anchored at 7m centers into a central beam that transfers the horizontal component of the stay’s force into the concrete deck through shear studs. The deck is 25m wide and is designed to carry two traffic lanes in each direction, separated by a 4.4mwide central reservation. Twenty-eight stay cables with individually galvanised, waxed and sheathed strands varying in size from 6-43 to 6-85 and in length from 40m to 126m. Forming the stay-cable bundle involved installing each individual strand one at a time and encapsulating them using an external HDPE pipe with double helical ribs.
New E18 motor way project
E18 through Østfold is one of the main highways between Norway and Sweden. It is part of “the Nordic triangle” (Oslo – Stockholm – Copenhagen). Close to 25% of all goods transported between Norway and its surrounding countries are transported on the E18. The E18 also serves as an essential route for the transportation of goods and people to and from the inner part of Østfold. The national transport plan (2002–2011) which was presented in Parliamentary Announcement 46, (Stortingsmelding 46) (1999–2000) has accomplished certain goals and improved upon areas of community interest. At the very base, the hope is that there will not be any fatal accidents or serious injuries. This is also referred to as the “zero – vision.” In the parliamentary announcement it was shown that a narrow four-lane highway ought to be considered as a better alternative to the two-lane highway in the light of traffic safety. The construction of the new E18 through Østfold is a part of the Østfold-package, (Østfoldpakka) which is funded by toll plazas and the government. The Østfold-package was declared by the government on February 24, 2000, in the parliamentary proposition 26 (1999–2000)The primary goals for the Østfold-package are to ease the flow of traffic and create a safer E18 by laying the highway on the outskirts of densely populated areas.
Facts
The purpose of building a new E18 is to establish a new highway for transport vehicles and thru-traffic. It is a goal to secure better traffic safety, especially a reduction in the many serious collisions.
Length: 29, 2 km. (financed thru the Østfold package)
Contents: 54, 3 km. (E18 from Ørje to Vinterbro)
Finance: Government and toll plazas
Total cost: NOK 2, 2 billion. (The parcels financed through the Østfold-package. Parcels two, three, four and five)
References
External links
Vegvesen.no – Smålenene bru bygget på 3 minutter
Vegvesen.no – Om delprosjektet Krosby-Knapstad
Road bridges in Viken
Toll bridges in Norway |
The Bishop of Northampton is the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Northampton in the Province of Westminster, England.
The see is in the town of Northampton where the bishop's seat is located in the Cathedral Church of Our Lady and Saint Thomas of Canterbury.
The current bishop is the Right Reverend David Oakley, who was ordained bishop on 19 March 2020.
History
The Apostolic Vicariate of the Eastern District of England was created in 1840 out of the Midland District (which was renamed the Central District) and a couple of counties out of the London District. The Eastern District consisted of the counties of Cambridgeshire (with the Isle of Ely), Huntingdonshire, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Northamptonshire, Rutland, and Suffolk, all from the former Midland District, and the counties of Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire from the London District.
On the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales by Pope Pius IX in 1850, most of the Eastern District became the Diocese of Northampton, with the Vicar Apostolic the Eastern District, William Wareing, appointed the first bishop of the diocese. The remainder of the Eastern District (Lincolnshire and Rutland) became part of the Diocese of Nottingham. Through the Local Government Act of 1972, a small area of Buckinghamshire became part of Berkshire, and Huntingdonshire and the Isle of Ely merged into Cambridgeshire. The Diocese of Northampton lost territory (Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, and Suffolk) on the creation of the Diocese of East Anglia in 1976.
List of the bishops of Northampton and its precursor offices
Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District
Bishops of Northampton
References
Bibliography
Northampton
Roman Catholic Diocese of Northampton |
Bdín is a municipality and village in Rakovník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 70 inhabitants.
Etymology
The name is derived from the Old Czech personal name Bda, meaning "Bda's court".
Geography
Bdín is located about northeast of Rakovník and northwest of Prague. It lies in the geomorphological mesoregion of Džbán. The highest point is a contour line at above sea level. The Bakovský Stream flows through the municipality.
History
The first written mention of Bdín is from 1318.
Sights
Bdín is poor in monuments. The most notable sights are a wooden belfry and a bust of John Amos Comenius from 1913.
References
External links
Villages in Rakovník District |
The Return is the third studio album by American R&B artist Ruben Studdard. It was released on October 17, 2006, by J Records. A return to the R&B sounds of his debut album Soulful (2003), following his 2004 release, the gospel album I Need an Angel, Studdard reteamed with production duo The Underdogs and producer Harold Lilly to work on the album, while additional production was provided by Jim Jonsin, James Poyser, Steve Russell, and Stargate, among others.
The album was met with mixed reviews from critics who complained about the production and Studdard's performance but enjoyed his voice. The Return debuted and peaked at number 8 on the US Billboard 200 with first week sales of 71,000 copies. It was preceded by lead single "Change Me", which was released on July 31, 2006 and became his second number one hit on the US Adult R&B Songs chart. The Return would become Studdard's final album with J Records, after departing the label in 2007.
Critical reception
The album received mixed reviews from music critics. AllMusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine found Studdard's performance throughout the album to be lazy with no melodies guiding him, concluding that "when combined with the dull productions, the results are deadly boring." About.com's Mark Edward Nero was also critical of Studdard's voice, saying that it had "no potency much of the time and almost sounds as generic as the vocals that accompany elevator music."
Jody Rosen of Entertainment Weekly was more positive, saying that "The production's bland, but his sweet singing carries the day." Chuck Arnold and Ralph Novak from People found that the "plus-size smoothie brings the most emotional heft to slow jams that show off his sensitive side, such as the first single "Change Me" and the Luther-like "Rather Just Not Know." But the hip-hop-tinged tracks fail to keep pace, especially when Studdard tries to get studly on the pseudo-thuggish "To Da Crib." R. Kelly he's not."
Commercial performance
The album debuted and peaked at number eight in the Billboard 200, with 71,000 copies sold in its first week of release. It also reached number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. In March 2009, Billboard reported that the album had sold 238,000 copies by then.
Controversy
Sony Music was accused of the unauthorized use of Louis Vuitton's copyrighted Toile as part of the disc's design. An undisclosed settlement was reached between Sony and LVMH, the parent company of Louis Vuitton.
Track listing
Notes
signifies a co-producer
"Change Me", features additional background vocals by Steve Russell and Tank.
"Get U Loose", features additional background vocals by Steve Russell and Tank.
"Ain't No Party", features additional background vocals by Mocha.
Sample credits
"The Return (Of the Velvet Teddy Bear)" samples "You're The Reason Why" as performed by The Ebonys.
"Listen to Ya Heart" contains a portion of "Foe tha Love of $" as performed by Bone Thugs-n-Harmony featuring Eazy-E.
Personnel
Adapted from The Return liner notes.
Chris Gehringer: mastering (Sterling Sound, NYC)
Anita Marisa Boriboon: art direction and design
Christian Lantry: photographer
Vincent "VJ" Lake: stylist
Mylah Morales: grooming
Chris LeBeau: photoshoot production
Bre Scullark: cover model
Charts
References
2006 albums
19 Recordings albums
Albums produced by Scott Storch
Albums produced by Stargate
Albums produced by the Underdogs (production team)
J Records albums
Ruben Studdard albums |
Susan Rosenbloom (February 26, 1958 – May 31, 2015) was a choreographer, artistic director, teacher, and poet from the UK.
References
1958 births
2015 deaths
British women choreographers |
The Kodaikanal Solar Observatory is a solar observatory owned and operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics. It is on the southern tip of the Palani Hills from Kodaikanal.
The Evershed effect was first detected at this observatory in January 1909. Solar data collected by the lab is the oldest continuous series of its kind in India. Precise observations of the equatorial electrojet are made here due to the unique geography of Kodaikanal.
Ionospheric soundings, geomagnetic, F region vertical drift and surface observations are made here regularly. Summaries of the data obtained are sent to national (India Meteorological Department) and global (World Meteorological Organization, Global Atmosphere Watch) data centers.
They have a full-time staff of two scientists and three technicians.
History
As early as 1881, Mr. Blanford, then Meteorological Reporter to the Government of India, recommended "the improvement of the work of solar observations in order to obtain accurate measures of the sun’s heating power at the earth’s surface and its periodic variations".
In May 1882, the government astronomer at Madras, Norman Robert Pogson, proposed the need for photography and spectrography of the sun and the stars using a twenty-inch telescope, which could be at a hill station in South India.
On 20 July 1893 following a famine in Madras Presidency, which underscored the need for a study of the sun to better understand monsoon patterns, a meeting of the U.K. Secretary of State, Indian Observatories Committee, chaired by Lord Kelvin, decided to establish a solar physics observatory at Kodaikanal, based on its southern, dust free, high altitude location. Michie Smith was selected to be superintendent. Starting in 1895 there was a rapid transfer of work and equipment from the Madras Observatory to Kodaikanal and the observatory was founded on 1 April 1899.
The first observations were commenced at Kodaikanal in 1901.
Partial List of Assistant Directors
John Evershed 1906–1911
Thomas Royds 1911–1923
Anil Kumar Das 1937–1946
List of Directors
Charles Michie Smith FRSE 1895–1911
John Evershed 1911–1923
Thomas Royds 1923–1937
A. L. Narayan 1937–1946
Anil Kumar Das 1946–1960
M. K. Vainu Bappu 1960–1982
J.C.Bhattacharya 1982-1990
Ramnath Cowsik 1992 - 2003
S.Siraj Hasan 2006 - 2012
P.Sreekumar 2013 - 2018
Annapurni Subramanian 2019–Present
A 12 m solar tower with modern spectrograph was established in 1960 by Amil Kumar Das and used to perform some of the first ever helioseismology investigations. Measurements of vector magnetic fields were initiated during the 1960s.
In 1977, many of the astronomers from Kodaikanal shifted to Bangalore and established the Indian Institute of Astrophysics.
Current activities
Areas of current interest at the observatory are
Observations and interpretation of the morphological changes in active regions and their role in occurrence of transients such as solar flares.
Study of contributing factors to chromospheric calcium K indices.
Measurement of vector magnetic fields.
Photographs of ~ 117 years are being digitized for long-term studies of the last ten solar cycles, in an effort led by Dipankar Banerjee.
Studies on the structure and dynamics of the equatorial ionosphere and its response to the solar and interplanetary variability are being carried out.
Studies of the equatorial electrojet and of the structure and dynamics of the equatorial ionosphere and its response to solar and interplanetary variability are being made.
Hourly observation of surface temperature, pressure and rainfall are made here and transmitted to the India Meteorological Department and the World Meteorological Organization for use in Weather forecasting and research in the atmospheric sciences.
Public education about astronomy including tours of the facility, access to the astronomy library, nighttime telescopic sky viewing, and presentation of specialized university-level courses, seminars and workshops.
Equipment
Full disc imaging
A 15 cm aperture English-mounted Heliostatic refractor by the French optical firm of Lerebours et Secretan of Paris, acquired in 1850 and remodeled to 20 cm by Grubb-Parsons in 1898 to serve as a photoheliograph, has been in use since the early 1900s to obtain daily 20 cm white light pictures of the sun, sky permitting. The 20 cm refractor is used occasionally for cometary and occultation observations and sometimes made available to visitors for night sky viewing.
Twin spectroheliographs giving 6 cm diameter full disc photographs of the sun in K-alpha and H-alpha spectral lines are in regular use. A 46 cm diameter Foucault siderostat feeds light to a 30 cm aperture f/22, Cooke triplet lens. The two prism K-alpha spectroheliographs were acquired in 1904 and the H-alpha diffraction grating spectroheliograph was operational in 1911. Since 1912, prominent pictures over the full limb are being obtained in K by blocking the solar disc. These observations and the white light pictures are obtained around 200 days a year.
Light from the 46 cm siderostat is diverted to a 15 cm Zeiss achromat objective which provides an f/15 beam and a 2 cm image. A prefilter and a daystar Ca K narrow band filter are used together with a Photometrix 1k x 1k CCD to record the K filtergram. Regular observations began in 1996. Besides synoptic observations, temporal sequences are being obtained on days of good to excellent seeing.
Solar tunnel telescope
A Grubb Parson 60 cm diameter two-mirror fused quartz coelostat mounted on 11 m tower platform directs sunlight via a flat mirror into a 60 m long underground horizontal 'tunnel'. A 38 cm aperture f/90 achromat forms a 34 cm diameter solar image at the focal plane. The telescope has an option to mount a 20 cm achromat, which provides an f/90 beam to form a 17 cm image.
A Littrow-type spectrograph is the main instrument of the telescope. A 20 cm diameter, 18 m focal length achromat in conjunction with a 600 lines/mm grating gives 9 mm/A dispersion in the fifth order of the grating. Together with the 5.5 arcsec/mm spatial resolution of the image, it forms a high resolution set up for solar spectroscopy. Recording of the spectrum can be done photographically or with a Photometrix 1k x 1k CCD system. A large format CCD system is being procured to enhance the coverage of spectrum especially for the broad resonance lines and the nearby continuum.
The converging solar beam from the objective can be diverted to a high dispersion spectroheliograph with Littrow arrangement using a 3.43 m achromat. The photographic camera behind the second slit is being replaced by a Raticon linear array and a data acquisition system.
Ionosondes
The lab is equipped for studying the ionospheric and geomagnetic effects of solar activity. A NBS C3 analogue ionosonde was installed in 1955, for vertical soundings of the ionosphere. Quarterly soundings were made round the clock. In 1993, a digital ionosonde model IPS 42/DBD43 was commissioned enabling five minute or better sounding rates.
Other facilities
A high frequency Doppler radar was built indigenously and made operational to study F-region Skywave dynamics.
A lacour magnetometer and a Watson magnetometer were installed and have been used regularly at the observatory since the early 1900s.
They also have a broadband seismograph, GPS receiver and magnetic variometers.
The observatory has a popular astronomy museum on campus for the visitors. The displays are mainly pictorial, with a few models, a live solar image and the Fraunhofer spectrum also presented.
The library is one of the observatory's proud possessions. It has a collection of astronomical literature, which is of archival value. The library maintains a skeletal collection of current literature in solar and solar terrestrial physics.
The modern meeting and accommodation facilities are often used for national and international meetings, workshops and classes for up to 40 participants on subjects such as Kodaikanal Summer School in Physics, the Kodai-Trieste Workshop on Plasma Astrophysics and the Solar Physics Winter School.
See also
Kavasji Naegamvala
List of astronomical observatories
References
External links
Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Kodaikanal Observatory
Subramanian, T.S. (1999) the Hindu, Volume 16-Issue 13, June 19. "Centenary of a solar observatory", retrieved 3/13/2007
Madras and Kodaikanal Observatories : A Brief History
Cambridge University Library: Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives, Kodaikanal Solar Observatory, archive papers 1892-1963, retrieved 3/13/2007.
Further reading: Antia H. M., Bhatnagar A., Ulmschneider P. (ed.s) (2006) Lectures on Solar Physics (Lecture Notes in Physics), Cambridge University Press, New York, 335 pages Excerpts, retrieved 3/13/2007
Astronomical observatories in India
Astronomical observatories in Tamil Nadu
Kodaikanal
Astronomy
Telescopes
Solar telescopes
Indian Institute of Astrophysics |
Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth (20 October 176018 March 1829) was a French soldier and politician.
Life
Alexandre Lameth was born in Paris on 20 October 1760 and was the youngest child of Marie Thérèse de Broglie. His mother was the sister of the Maréchal de Broglie and a favourite of Marie Antoinette. His other two brothers were, Théodore Lameth (1756–1854), who served in the American war, sat in the Legislative Assembly as deputy from the department of Jura, and became maréchal-de-camp; and Charles Malo François Lameth, who was a popular politician and a hero of the American War of Independence. He served in the American War of Independence as a colonel in the Royal Lorraine Regiment under Rochambeau. He was also a Knight of the Order of Malta like his brother Charles Lameth. Like many other veterans from the American War of Independence, and those among the French Patriot Party, Lameth became friends with Thomas Jefferson. His commitment to moderate constitutional and social reform gathered him respect in the eyes of Jefferson, given his idea for a unicameral, influential legislature. Several American newspapers would publish his speeches of what took place during the National Assembly, and his stances on private property, the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, etc. Alexandre-Théodore-Victor was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati from France.
Alexandre Lameth, Adrien Duport , and Barnave were brought together on September 1789 for the first time during the first struggles of the Patriot Party. Despite the odds against them, their political ties strengthened and became a profound friendship that lasted through the turmoil. In the Constituent Assembly they formed a "Triumvirate," which controlled a group of about forty deputies forming the advanced left of the Assembly. He presented a famous report in the Constituent Assembly on the organization of the army, but is better known by his eloquent speech on 28 February 1791, at the Jacobin Club, against Honoré Mirabeau, whose relations with the court were beginning to be suspected, and who was a personal enemy of Lameth. During the next months, as leaders of the Feuillant club, they established their belief that the flight of the King to Varennes was all because of the faulty revolutionary process that prohibited any manner of compromise. They intended to rule out both the Republicans and Democrats, so there would be as much compromise as possible. Their main intention was to end the war as soon as possible while still maintaining the gains of the revolution by passing the Constitution. Their hopes for moderate reform were sullied by the radical turn of the Revolution.
He served in the army as maréchal-de-camp under Nicolas Luckner and the Marquis de la Fayette, but was accused of treason on 12 August 1792 for protesting against the Attack on the Tuileries. Once he fled the country, Lameth as well as Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, Bureaux de Pusy, and Latour-Maubourg, former members of the Constituent Assembly, were captured by Austrians. They were held in dungeons for seven years.
After his release, he went into business at Hamburg with his brother Charles and the duc d'Aiguillon, and did not return to France until the Consulate. Under the Empire, he was made prefect successively in several departments, and in 1810 was declared a Baron of the Empire. In 1814, he attached himself to the Bourbons, and under the Restoration was appointed prefect of Somme, deputy for Seine-Inférieure and finally deputy for Seine-et-Oise, in which capacity he was a leader of the Liberal opposition.
He wrote various novels and articles, his two most prominent being: Histoire de l'Assemblée constituante and Mémoires
publiés avec introduction et notes par Eugène Welvert. In Histoire de l'Assemblée constituante, he introduced this work by displaying how he did not wish to write a book of biased anecdotes, nor provide a side of the revolution that states he was a main player, even though he was in a position to recall the most prominent events. He wanted to present an accurate, detailed description of the work of the Constituent Assembly.
References
External links
Society of the Cincinnati
American Revolution Institute
1760 births
1829 deaths
Politicians from Paris
Counts of France
Barons of the First French Empire
Jacobins
Feuillants
Members of the National Constituent Assembly (France)
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the Hundred Days
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Bourbon Restoration
Prefects of France
Prefects of Somme (department)
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French prisoners of war in the 18th century
Knights of the Order of Saint Louis
Order of Saint Louis recipients
French military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Proslavery activists |
PopPixie is an Italian animated television miniseries created by Iginio Straffi. Its only season aired on Rai 2 for just over two months, from 10 January to 22 March 2011. The show features a cast of pixies, who were first introduced as secondary characters in the second season of Winx Club. PopPixie is aimed at younger viewers, with an intended audience of 4 to 6-year-olds.
The miniseries was first announced in May 2009, and its first episode was previewed at MIPCOM. After Nickelodeon became a co-developer of the main Winx Club series, the company announced that PopPixie would air on its global network of channels beginning in late 2011.
PopPixie is set in a small town called Pixieville, which is inhabited by creatures like pixies, elves, and gnomes. The town is fed from the Tree of Life, an ancient tree that provides the Pixies' MagicPops, globes that contain good magic related to a pixie's special talent. If a pixie uses her or his talent for good, she or he will receive a MagicPop and become a PopPixie.
Characters
Pixies
Lockette: Her MagicPop gives her the power to open magical passages and find everything which is hidden. She is the Pixie of Direction. She works at the Pixie Plaza, the most famous hotel in Pixieville.
Caramel: She runs the most famous bakery in Pixieville, the Molly Moo, and her MagicPop gives her incredible strength. She is the Pixie of Super Strength and the twin sister of Martino.
Martino: He is the barman at the Molly Moo, his twin sister Caramel's bakery. His MagicPop gives him the power of doing incredible acrobatics, balancing and extraordinary strength. He is the Pixie of Acrobatics.
Amore: She owns the Love Shop, which is the only shop to be specialized in love potions and spells in Pixieville. She is the Pixie of Feelings. Amore's love interest is Robinson, Pixieville's ranger.
Chatta: Chatta is the Pixie of Gossip, and uses her gossip as a means of defending herself as well as of attacking her enemies.
Cherie: She is the richest pixie of Pixieville, and is the Pixie of Weather. Her MagicPop gives her the power of controlling the weather when she is happy, sad, or angry.
Fixit: He is the Pixie of Technomagic, and works at the Toy Shop of the Gnome Augustus, where he uses his talent to make incredible toys. His MagicPop gives him extraordinary intelligence which he uses to make unique inventions combining magic and Technomagic.
Digit: He is also the Pixie of Technomagic. His MagicPop gives him the power to using Technology. Digit was changed to a boy in PopPixie.
Livy: He is the Pixie of Messages in Winx Club, but in PopPixie, his MagicPop gives him the ability to be super fast. Livy was changed to a boy as well. He is the Pixie of Velocity.
Pam: She works at the most famous beauty salon in Pixieville. Her MagicPop makes it very fast. Her assistant is a hedgehog named Bamboo. She is the Pixie of Hand Speed.
Piff: She is the Pixie of Sweet Sleep, and has a rabbit for companion. She is able to talk, unlike the second season of Winx Club, where she only makes noises.
Glim: Like Piff, Glim is a baby and can't talk. His suit lights up when he wants, resembling a firefly. In PopPixie, Glim is a boy and his MagicPop grants him the power to manipulate electrokinesis. He is the Pixie of Energy.
Tune: She is the Pixie of Vocal Power and her MagicPop gives her the power to be good and to even cry very sharply.
Kara: She is the Pop Pixie of Creation. With a swipe of her paint brush, she can create almost anything. Her brother is Pixienardo and best and childhood friend is Chatta, the Pop Pixie of Gossip.
Ranger Robinson: He is Pixieville's park ranger and Amore's love interest. Robinson knows a lot about animals and wildlife.
Camilla: She is a shy little pixie, who has invisible power but also sweet. After she defeated Damien the little elf, she's got the MagicPop that turns her into PopPixie of Illusion.
Camelia: She’s the PopPixie of plants. She loves plants, and likes to hang out with her pals, and she's the helpful, caring pixie in the world.
Mola: Mola digs holes and has the ability to shoot the energy bolts which can create tunnels. She's the PopPixie of tunnels. She's a friend of Chatta and Livy.
Flower: She is the pixie who doesn't like Chatta at first, because Chatta made spilt coffee all over her. But in the end, Flower thanked her for saving the day after she wrote an article.
Lola: She flies backwards, but having trouble to fly right, she only appears on "Flying Money".
Elves
Floxy is an Elf with a special talent for spiteful tricks and bad jokes. He is not particularly intelligent and is the most immature of the Elves. There is nothing that he takes seriously and since his organisational skills are nil, he follows Rex faithfully. Floxy is both lazy and greedy. He loves cakes more than money.
Narcissa is equally lazy and quirky. She dreams of living the life of a great lady, something that Floxy cannot give her. Narcissa pushes Floxy to be better than the others and this often lands her fiancé in situations that she doesn't know how to get out of. For Narcissa this is a very painful situation and she reacts in all the wrong ways, feeling inferior to her friends who have better male partners than she has.
Lenny is wacky and loves taking risks for the sake of excitement, reckless and irresponsible. Although he is unpredictable and independent, he is always the first to follow Rex and Yucca in some new raid on Pixieville.
Yucca is the fiancé of Lenny. Yucca is frivolous and adores extreme shopping.
Rex is an arrogant and haughty elf. He admires Maxine and thinks that the rest of the world is not worthy of his attention. Compared to the others, Rex has a more mature and criminal side to his character. This aspect of his character particularly appeals to Maxine, his fiancé who is very ambitious.
Maxine is very malicious and is the dominating personality of the couple with Rex. As the meanie of the elves, she uses all her charm to keep Rex firmly where she wants him. As Rex is a model for the boy Elves, Maxine is the role model for girl Elves.
Other characters
Aside from Pixies, Pixieville is also home to gnomes and talking animals who help the Pixies.
Episodes
References
External links
Official website
Poppixie at Nick.co.uk
Winx Club
2010s Italian television series
2011 Italian television series debuts
2010s animated television series
Animated television series about children
Italian children's animated adventure television series
Italian children's animated fantasy television series
Anime-influenced Western animated television series
Television series by Rainbow S.r.l.
Television series created by Iginio Straffi
Television about fairies and sprites
Pixies
Television series about elves |
Charlie Winston Gleave, better known as Charlie Winston, is an English singer-songwriter based in the South of France. Winston has so far had his most significant commercial success in France.
Music career
Early career
Winston played bass guitar for his brother Tom Baxter, appearing on Baxter's Feather and Stone album. As well as touring with Tom, much of Winston's early career saw him composing music for, and performing in, London-based contemporary theatre productions.
Mischifus
Winston's first ever unreleased and rarest record was Mischifus, a mix between beatbox, guitar, and piano, which appeared as a theatre/dance production that he had performed on stage in 2007, recorded under the Real World label.
Make Way
Winston's unreleased debut album, Make Way, was recorded at Real World Studios in 2006. Described as "inspired and seductive". Winston supported Peter Gabriel on his 2007 European tour. Tracks from Make Way would eventually find their way on to his first officially released album.
Hobo
Winston's second and the first officially released album, Hobo, entered the French charts at No. 3 on 31 January 2009, and peaked at No. 1 in its 25th charting week where it stayed for 4 weeks and, , spent 30 weeks in the Top 10. His debut album has also been certified as being platinum.
The first single, "Like a Hobo", also topped the French SNEP charts for one week on 11 April 2009.
In 2010, Winston won a European Border Breakers Award for 'Best UK artist in Europe'.
Running Still
Winston's third album Running Still was released in France on 21 November 2011.
In 2012, Winston contributed the track "This Wheel's on Fire" to the compilation CD set for Amnesty International titled "Chimes of Freedom – The Songs of Bob Dylan".
Curio City
"Lately", the first single from Winston's fourth album Curio City debuted on French radio station Virgin Radio on 13 October 2014. The album was released on 26 January 2015. In 2016, Winston released an EP with studio versions of songs he covered live during his concerts, called Under Cover.
Square 1
The first single from Winston's fifth album was released on 8 June 2018. It's called "The Weekend". The album, entitled Square 1, was released on 28 September 2018.
US television
On 17 September 2010, Winston headlined a global telecast for the international day of peace Peace One Day with Jude Law and Sharon Stone.
On 10 November 2011, the track "She Went Quietly" was used over the ending of the mid-season finale of Grey's Anatomy (Season 8, Episode 9 "Dark Was The Night").
VW Polo ad
In 2008, his cover of The Spencer Davis Group song "I'm a Man" appeared on a television advertisement for Volkswagen Polo. The ad featured a dog miming the words to the track, and received over 750 complaints from the RSPCA and TV viewers. The ad was not banned, despite the complaints.
Prank
Winston was pranked by Rémi Gaillard at "Les Déferlantes" music Festival in south of France.
Personal life
Winston was born to parents Jeff and Julie Gleave. At an early age he moved to Bungay, Suffolk where his parents owned the King's Head Hotel. His older brother, Tom Baxter, and younger sister, Vashti Anna, are also musicians and all use their middle name as a stage surname. Winston currently lives in London.
Discography
Albums
Singles
1 Digital Downloads
*Did not appear in the official Belgian Ultratop 50 charts, but rather in the bubbling under Ultratip charts.
Featured in
References
External links
Charlie Winston – Live pictures in Paris (Olympia)
Personal Interview with Charlie Winston
Year of birth missing (living people)
Date of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English male singer-songwriters
People from Bungay
People from Cornwall
21st-century English singers
21st-century British male singers |
Archery at the 2014 Asian Para Games was held at Gyeyang Asiad Archery Field in Incheon, South Korea from 20 to 23 October 2014.
Medals
Results
Men's events
Women's events
References
External links
Result Archery
2014 Asian Para Games events |
James Fitch may refer to:
James P. Fitch (1887–1964), notable in the early history of the Boy Scouts of America
James Fitch (minister) (1622–1702), instrumental in the founding of Norwich and Lebanon, Connecticut
James Marston Fitch (1909–2000), architect and preservationist |
A rainwater tank (sometimes called a rain barrel in North America in reference to smaller tanks, or a water butt in the UK) is a water tank used to collect and store rain water runoff, typically from rooftops via pipes. Rainwater tanks are devices for collecting and maintaining harvested rain. A rainwater catchment or collection (also known as "rainwater harvesting") system can yield of water from of rain on a roof.
Rainwater tanks are installed to make use of rain water for later use, reduce mains water use for economic or environmental reasons, and aid self-sufficiency. Stored water may be used for watering gardens, agriculture, flushing toilets, in washing machines, washing cars, and also for drinking, especially when other water supplies are unavailable, expensive, or of poor quality, and when adequate care is taken that the water is not contaminated and is adequately filtered.
Underground rainwater tanks can also be used for retention of stormwater for release at a later time and offer a variety of benefits. In arid climates, rain barrels are often used to store water during the rainy season for use during dryer periods.
Rainwater tanks may have a high (perceived) initial cost. However, many homes use small scale rain barrels to harvest minute quantities of water for landscaping/gardening applications rather than as a potable water surrogate. These small rain barrels, often recycled from food storage and transport barrels or, in some cases, whiskey and wine aging barrels, are often inexpensive. There are also many low cost designs that use locally available materials and village level technologies for applications in developing countries where there are limited alternatives for potable drinking water. While most are properly engineered to screen out mosquitoes, the lack of proper filtering or closed loop systems may create breeding grounds for larvae. With tanks used for drinking water, the user runs a health risk if maintenance is not carried out.
Contamination and maintenance
If rainwater is used for drinking, it is often filtered first. Filtration (such as reverse osmosis, ultraviolet sterilization, or ultrafiltration) may remove pathogens. While rain water is pure it may become contaminated by particulate matter in the air as it falls or during collection. While rain water does not contain chlorine, contamination from airborne pollutants, which settle onto rooftops, may be a risk in urban or industrial areas. Many water suppliers and health authorities, such as the New South Wales Department of Health, do not advise using rainwater for drinking when there is an alternative mains water supply available. However, reports of illness associated with rainwater tanks are relatively infrequent, and public health studies in South Australia (the Australian state with the highest rainwater usage rate) have not identified a correlation. Rainwater is generally considered fit to drink if it smells, tastes and looks fine; however, some pathogens, chemical contamination and sub-micrometre suspended metal may produce neither smell nor taste and may not be visible.
Australian standards may differ greatly from other places in the world where rainwater is commonly used for drinking water. In the United States, rainwater is being increasingly used throughout the country for various purposes. In the semi-arid western state of New Mexico, for instance, many residents in the Taos and Santa Fe areas in particular use rainwater either for landscaping purposes or even all household uses (including potable indoor water). The "smells, tastes, and looks fine" standard used in the above paragraph is not an absolute indicator of rainwater safety. Most people who are rainwater users for potable purposes in the US make certain that their water is safe through filtration, ultraviolet sterilization, and testing.
Certain paints and roofing materials may cause contamination. In particular, a Melbourne Water publication advises that lead-based paints never be used. Tar-based coatings are also not recommended, as they affect the taste of the water. Zinc can also be a source of contamination in some paints, as well as galvanized iron or zincalume roofs, particularly when new, should not collect water for potable use. Roofs painted with acrylic paints may have detergents and other chemicals dissolve in the runoff. Runoff from fibrous cement roofs should be discarded for an entire winter, due to leaching of lime. Chemically treated timbers and lead flashing should not be used in roof catchments. Likewise, rainwater should not be collected from parts of the roof incorporating flues from wood burners without a high degree of filtration. Overflows or discharge pipes from roof-mounted appliances such as air conditioners or hot-water systems should not have their discharge feed into a rainwater tank.
"Copper Poisoning", a 2010 news article, linked copper poisoning to plastic tanks. The article indicated that rainwater was collected and stored in plastic tanks and that the tank did nothing to mitigate the low pH. The water was then brought into homes by copper piping. The copper was released by the high acid rainwater and caused poisoning in humans. It is important to note that, while the plastic tank is an inert container, the collected acid rain could and should be analysed and pH adjusted before being brought into a domestic water supply system. The solution is to monitor stored rainwater with swimming pool strips, cheap and available at swimming pool supply outlets.
If the water is too acidic, the state, county or local health officials may be contacted to obtain advice, precise solutions and pH limits, and guidelines as to what should be used to treat rainwater to be used as domestic drinking water.
Maintenance includes checking roofs and rain gutters for vegetation and debris, maintaining screens around the tank, and occasionally desludging (removing sediment by draining and cleaning the tank of algae and other contaminants).
Rainwater tanks which are not properly sealed (secured at the top) may act as breeding grounds for mosquitoes.
Several options for dealing with the mosquito issue are:
1. Flushing all water once a week
2. Using a small amount of cooking oil to suffocate the larvae (the water is still suitable for landscape use after this)
3. Adding the bacillus Bt to the water. This bacteria will not harm animals.
4. Adding mosquito-eating fish
Another way to store rainwater without worry of contamination by mosquitoes is to use underground storage tanks. Underground tanks keep the water too cool () for mosquito larvae and also are dark, preventing both mosquito, bacterial, and algae growth. An article by Richard Hill goes into depth about the benefits of underground rainwater storage.
Tanks
Rainwater tanks may be constructed from materials such as plastic (polyethylene), concrete, galvanized steel, as well as fiberglass and stainless steel which are rust and chemical-resistant. Full tanks are usually installed above ground, and are usually opaque to prevent the exposure of stored water to sunlight, to decrease algal bloom.
Tanks may be covered and have screen inlets to exclude insects, debris, animals and bird droppings. Almost all steel tanks currently produced for household rainwater collection come with a plastic inner lining to increase the life of the tank, prevent leaks and protect the water quality.
Apart from rooftops, tanks may also be set up to collect rainwater from concrete patios, driveways and other impervious surfaces.
Initial sizes typically ranged in capacity from around , today modern technology has allowed modular and scalable applications to go into sizes of millions of litres or hundreds of thousands of US gallons.
Smaller tanks, such as the plastic (-barrel) are also used in some cases. Larger tanks are commonly used where there is no access to a centralised water supply. Companies recommend a tank for a house supporting two people (if compost toilets are placed) and if the region receives at least of precipitation a year. If it receives less (between , two or three of these 300-gallon tanks can be placed so that more rain can be gathered at times when it does rain. Also affecting tank size is predicted rainfall and rainfall variability; the higher prices for larger tanks; intended use of rainwater and typical consumption for these uses; the area of roof draining into the tank; security of supply desired.
Most rainwater catchment tanks used throughout the world are composed of virgin polyethylene, a substance which in the US is both FDA and NSF approved for potable water storage. Other types of tanks used for rainwater storage include fiberglass, galvanized metal, stainless steel, and concrete. Each type of tank has positive and negative aspects. Polyethylene tanks, when placed above ground, can be subject to algae growth as well as the possibility of a short life (about 20 years) due to normal UV exposure in sunlight. The very strong fiberglass tanks must undergo a specific coating process to be brought up to potable grade. Galvanized tanks must either be lined or coated both for potability as well as to prevent the inevitable rusting at any welded seams. Uncoated galvanized tanks will leach zinc into the stored water and are not recommended in most instances - certainly not for water stored for human consumption. Concrete tanks leach a more benign substance, lime, into stored water and many are used around the world for rainwater storage.
One method of harvesting rain water has been is modular, scalable systems which are installable underground. These came as an evolution of a geosynthetic applications called Infiltration Tanks, which when stacked provide a void space volume which allows for the storing of water. Improved and more cost effective industrial design now allow for theoretically limitless storage of water underground.
Water supply augmentation
In Australia, the brand TransTank International manufactures portable water tanks from specially formulated polyethylene for transport and static applications. In some cities, installation of rainwater tanks may be mandatory, or may help a new building be approved. For example, in Victoria, Australia, new houses which have rainwater tank connected to all flush toilets are given an additional 1-star of the required 5-star House Energy Rating. Some governments subsidise purchases of rainwater tanks or provide rebates in areas where they are considered an important means of water supply augmentation. In the United States, Santa Fe County, New Mexico requires a rainwater collection system on all new construction with greater than 2,500 square feet, mostly for landscaping purposes and to prevent over-reliance on wells but in some instances because ground water is prohibitively expensive to obtain, if even available.
Rainwater to supplement drinking water supplies may be seen as an alternative to other water supply options such as recycling or seawater desalination. Tanks are often perceived to have environmental costs that are comparatively lower than other water supply augmentation options.
Rainwater collection can be made compatible with centralised water supply by tapping it using an electropump.
Widespread use of rain barrels also changes the amount of rainwater reaching the ground in a particular area and draining into streams. Depending on the climate, this either helps prevent erosion, sedimentation, and/or pollution, and can reduce the strain on stormwater drainage systems; or it could cause rivers to dry up and ponds to stagnate if the water is diverted to a different watershed. If collected water is used in the same watershed in which it is collected, rainwater collection actually can stabilize flow in rivers and provide more regular and filtered groundwater transfer into ponds.
Colorado law
In the State of Colorado, United States, the installation of rainwater collection barrels is subject to the Constitution of the State of Colorado, state statutes and case law. This is a consequence of the system of water rights in the state; the movement and holding of rainwater is inextricably linked with ownership of water rights and is enshrined in the constitution of the State of Colorado. The use of water in Colorado and other western states is governed by what is known as the prior appropriation doctrine. This system of water allocation controls who uses how much water, the types of uses allowed, and when those waters can be used. This is often referred to as the priority system or "first in time, first in right." Since all water arriving in Colorado has been allocated to "senior water right holders" since the 1850s, rainwater prevented from running downstream may not be available to its rightful owner. In 2009, legislation in Colorado was enacted that permits capture of rain water for residential use subject to strong limitations and conditions. To be permitted, a residence may not be connected to a domestic water supply system serving more than three single-family dwellings. The permit must be purchased from the State Engineer's office and is subject to water usage restrictions.
Internal rainwater tank
Rainwater tanks or drums may be used inside a house to provide thermal mass for a trombe wall (or water wall). Rainwater Hog modular tanks invented by Sally Dominguez to fit within building structure were used in the Modabode House of the Future floor and on the foyer wall of the Department of Sustainability building in Anglesea, Victoria, harnessing the higher value of the stored rainwater to add effective thermal mass to the enclosed spaces.
Specially designed rainwater tanks can also be embedded in or under the concrete slab of a building (stab tank).
A house in Cape Schanck, Victoria, Australia, uses an internal rainwater tank to provide cooling to the living room in summer. During winter the tank is drained and wrapped in an insulating jacket. The tank also provides structural support to the roof, and excess water is used for domestic use including drinking.
See also
Aljibe
Cistern
Drinking water
Electropump
Rain gutter
Hand pump
Irrigation tank - ancient India
Plumbing
Rainwater harvesting
Rainwater harvesting in Canada
Runoff water
Storage tank
Sustainable living
Water Sensitive Urban Design
Water tank
Well
References
Further reading
Rainwater Tanks (PDF), NSW Health
WSUD Engineering Procedures: Stormwater. Robin Allison, Matt Francey. 2005 (Melbourne Water). CSIRO Publishing.
External links
US Food and Drug Administration. "Processing and Bottling of Bottled Drinking Water." (21 CFR Part 129). Federal regulation covering water tank installation.
The Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting
Guide on saving water around the garden.
Waterwise - Reducing Water in the UK house
Rain barrel construction - Great Lakes Green Initiative
Building a water barrel system - The Master Gardeners
ARCSA - American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association
CANARM Canadian Association for Rainwater Management
Water conservation tools
Appropriate technology
Liquid containers
Water supply infrastructure
Rainwater harvesting |
BKZ or bkz may refer to:
Bahalike railway station (Station code: BKZ), a railway station in Punjab, Pakistan
Bukoba Airport (IATA: BKZ), a domestic airport in Bukoba, Kagera Region, Tanzania
Bungku language (ISO 639-3: bkz), an Austronesian language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia |
Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 1996 may refer to:
1st Critics' Choice Awards, the first Critics' Choice Awards ceremony that took place in 1996
2nd Critics' Choice Awards, the second Critics' Choice Awards ceremony that took place in 1997 and which honored the best in film for 1996 |
Euplexidia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.
Species
Euplexidia albiguttata (Warren, 1912)
Euplexidia angusta Yoshimoto, 1987
Euplexidia benescripta (Prout)
Euplexidia exotica Yoshimoto, 1987
Euplexidia noctuiformis (Hampson, 1896)
Euplexidia pallidivirens Yoshimoto, 1987
Euplexidia violascens (Boursin, 1964)
References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Euplexidia at funet
Hadeninae |
Radovan Lukavský (1 November 1919 – 10 March 2008) was a Czech theatre and film actor.
Lukavský was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1919. He graduated from high school in Český Brod, before continuing his education at the Charles University, where he studied French and English literature. However, at the onset of the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia, Lukavský was sent to a forced labor camp. He completed his studies at the Charles University only after being released from the camp. He also studied acting at Prague's conservatory.
Lukavský got his first acting job in 1946 at the Vinohrady Theatre in Prague district of Vinohrady. He was reportedly usually cast as honest characters due to his appearance and voice. He was offered a position at the National Theatre in Prague in 1957. He continued to work as an actor at the National Theatre for over fifty years. His most famous roles at the theatre included that of Puck in William Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night's Dream and the Sergeant in Bertolt Brecht’s Mother Courage.
Outside of the theatre and stage, Lukavský enjoyed a number of roles in Czech and Czechoslovakian television and film throughout his career. He may be best known for his role in the 1970s adaptation of Czech novelist Alois Jirásek's F.L. Věk, in which he played Václav Thám, a Czech national revival leader.
In 1986 he appeared in a TV film adaptation of the Božena Benešová short story "Povídka s dobrým koncem" ("A Story with a Happy Ending").
Lukavský received a number of awards for his work during his career. He was given the lifetime achievement award at the 1995 Thalia Awards, which are the leading honors for the Czech Republic's theatre industry. Former Czech President Václav Havel also awarded Lukavský a medal for services to the theatre.
Additionally, he was the author of several books on acting and the theatre. He taught for many years at the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague.
Lukavský returned to the theatre at age 88 when he performed in Anton Chekhov’s The Cherry Orchard at the Vinohrady Theatre. The Vinohrady Theatre is the same theatre where he earned his first acting role back in 1946 when he was a recent university graduate.
Lukavský died in Prague on 10 March 2008 at the age of 88.
References
External links
Radovan Lukavský v ČSFD
1919 births
2008 deaths
Male actors from Prague
Czech male film actors
Czech male stage actors
Czech male writers
Charles University alumni
Recipients of Medal of Merit (Czech Republic)
Burials at Olšany Cemetery
Czechoslovak male actors
Recipients of the Thalia Award
Academic staff of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague |
A mention (also known as @replies or tagging) is a means by which a blog post references or links to a user's profile. This may be done as a matter of getting the attention of (or drawing attention to) another user of a social networking or blogging service, as a matter of replying to the other user's post, or as a matter of "tagging" a user in a post (i.e., to say that "Jay Thompson was here").
Styles and history
@ (at sign)
The rise to prominence of Twitter from its launch in 2006 gave rise to using the at sign ("@") as a description for directing a public post to a particular user, especially for the purpose of replying to another user's post (i.e., "@janedoe"). Only after the usage of @ as a visual means of directing posts to specific users gained currency among Twitter users did Twitter developers begin to integrate the @ sign as a fundamental conversational tool on the site.
Initially, @ was used by Twitter users occasionally as shorthand for other words, such as location or time. The first person to use @ as a description of directing a post at another user was Robert S. Andersen ("rsa") on 2 November 2006; initially, this usage made use of a space between the @ and the name, followed by a colon and the main content.
The first to propose a general syntax for directly addressing users in posts were Ben Darlow and Neil Crosby, and by January 2007, more Twitter users began to take notice of the practice with various degrees of acceptance; within the year, the convention trended toward combining the @ and a Twitter username (as opposed to a real name) and prepending the combination to the beginning of a post in order to indicate a reply. Ultimately, they became colloquially known as "@replies" for their primary usage as replies to other users' posts. Twitter added support for "@replies" beginning in May 2008, with any combination of @ with a username being turned into a hyperlink to the profile. On March 30, 2009, Twitter updated the feature and renamed it "Mentions" (i.e., to "mention" user "@janedoe") so as to include non-reply posts directed at individual users.
Beginning September 2009, Facebook integrated the at sign as a mentioning feature; typing "@" in a post automatically initiates a drop-down autocomplete list containing names of "friends", groups and pages, which, after one being selected and the post published, links to the profile, group or page.
@-replies started being used on Wikipedia around 2013.
YouTube started introducing @-handles in late 2022.
+ (plus sign)
The plus sign ("+") was utilized on Google+ to select a user or page.
References
Microblogging
Twitter |
Nancy Anne Parsons (January 17, 1942 – January 5, 2001) was an American actress.
Early years
Parsons was raised in Minnetonka, Minnesota, one of the three daughters of Mary Margaret (née Samsa) and Charles Walter Parsons. She graduated from Minnetonka High School, Class of 1960.
Career
Parsons resumed acting in 1974 after taking 10 years off to raise a family with two children. She starred as Miss Amelia Evans in Edward Albee's stage version of The Ballad of the Sad Café and received the top prize in the Hugh O'Brian Acting Awards at UCLA. She also went on to act at Theatre East in Studio City.
Parsons's film debut came in I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (1977). She portrayed Beulah Balbricker in the 1982 film Porky's and its sequels, as well as Ida in Motel Hell (1980).
Parsons made guest appearances in several TV shows, including Remington Steele, Baretta, Charlie's Angels, The Rockford Files, Lou Grant, Family Ties, and Star Trek: The Next Generation.
Death
Parsons died on January 5, 2001, in La Crosse, Wisconsin, aged 58.
Filmography
Television
Charlie's Angels — episode "Angels in Springtime" as Zora Stafford (1978)
Family Ties — S2. E21 "Diary of a Young Girl" as the Nurse looking after Jennifer when she had her tonsils taken out (September 7, 1988).
Star Trek: The Next Generation — episode "The Vengeance Factor" as Marouk (1989)
Days of Our Lives - 27 episodes, Mary Brooke/Nurse Jackson (1994–1996)
The Pretender - Season 2 episode 17 "Crash" as Martha Bowman
References
External links
1942 births
2001 deaths
20th-century American actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
Actresses from Minnesota |
George Henry Livens (1886–1950) was a British mathematician best known for his work on electromagnetics, elasticity and thermodynamics.
He graduated from Cambridge University in 1910 and was awarded the Smith Prize in 1911 for an essay entitled "The influence on density on the position of the emission and absorption lines in a gas spectrum" and was elected fellow of Jesus College. He went on to an appointment as Lecturer in Geometry at Sheffield University, a post he held until 1919 when he was appointed Fielden Lecturer in Manchester. He left this post for a chair at the University College of South Wales in 1922 where he remained for the rest of his career. One of his students was Rosa M. Morris.
Livens's main work was in electrical theory publishing a book "The Theory of Electricity" in 1918. His work included
problems concerned with the motion of charged spheres, the connection between optical properties and
electron theory, leading to a new form of the electron theory of the rotatory
power in solutions and isotropic media; another topic was the electron theory of metallic conduction.
References
20th-century British mathematicians
1886 births
1950 deaths
Academics of the University of Manchester
Academics of Cardiff University
Mathematical physicists |
The Commonwealth Register of Institutions and Courses for Overseas Students (CRICOS) is a register formed under the Education Services for Overseas Students (ESOS) Act 2000. It maintains a list of institutions, and courses, which have been granted permission by states and territories, to educate overseas students. It is a Federal framework under the authority of state and territory jurisdiction, and providers must register through these agents to legally educate and train international students. CRICOS, in conjunction with other federal and state/territory bodies and legislation, provides strict guidelines for institutions, accepts and/or declines registrations, monitors registered institutions’ compliance and ensures financial capability and stability.
History
1997–1998
In 1997, the Howard government coordinated a response to shortages in skilled workers in Australia and undertook a complete restructure of the Migration Program. In 1998, the Immigration Minister announced a $21 million marketing campaign over 4 years to promote a student visa program that allowed international students and workers to be granted visas to fill the gaps in Australia’s workplaces. Under reforms to the program, immigration policy and student visa grant requirements became "less specific" to allow more overseas workers to obtain visas. The amendments stated that international students who studied higher education in Australia would receive bonus points when applying for working visas.
2000
In 2000, the Education Services for Overseas Students (ESOS) Act was formed, discussing educational opportunities for overseas students, assisting in preparing and prompting them to apply for jobs that addressed national labour shortages. International students studying in Australia increased by 15% per year between the years 1997 and 2003. ESOS 2000 put in place protections regarding student prepaid fees, education providers and students’ safety and visa preparation. Before 1990, accreditation of educational services was under the Federal Department of Employment, Education and Training scope. From 1 January 1990, it became the responsibility of states and territories to allow institutions and courses to cater to overseas students. With an increase in 1990 to 44,000 full-fee paying international students requests under the Migration Program, CRICOS was formed from requirements and needs of the ESOS Act, releasing the pressure placed on state and territory governments. CRICOS lists the institutions and courses registered with the government to provide educational services to overseas students to assist students in obtaining additional visa points to then work in Australia. It is compulsory for any who wish to educate international students to register with CRICOS.
2001–Present
2001 led to further reforms of the Migration Program, making onshore visa applications more accessible to students and increasing the number of people applying to undertake courses in Australia which were experiencing a skills shortage. The National Code of Practice for Registration Authorities and Training for Overseas Students (2001) was implemented and set out more detailed guidelines and requirements for education providers and developed the set of rules related to CRICOS.
Amendments
Problems with ESOS and CRICOS
In 2003, 303,324 full-fee international student enrolments were issued in Australia. This increase led to issues of quality in education provision and student welfare in the sector. A report/review by the Australian Government, titled the Baird Review, outlined issues regarding Australian international education, stating the potential vulnerability of international students within Australia. The report set out key issues within ESOS legislation as well as the CRICOS framework, expressing increasing concern around the international education sector and its regulation, especially given the financial crisis, incidents involving the safety of students and the continued questioning of the quality of providers. The review was intended for 2010, however reports in 2009 of attacks and incidents involving Indian students, and negative accounts from India, prompted the government to release the review earlier. Student welfare and the quality of Australian education institutions were questioned in the review as a potential factor towards what police described as "largely opportunistic and not primarily racially motivated" attacks. The review also stated it heard inquiries surrounding a "lack of information" as well as "false and misleading information" from educational providers. It identified there was a need for CRICOS and its regulators to "raise the bar" for international educators and the requirements these institutions must meet to either enter or remain in the sector.
Reforms
ESOS and CRICOS amendments were made effective in February 2010. Two new criteria were implemented to ensure education was the primary purpose of institutions and they could provide such services adequately. In addition, new registration requirements were implemented under CRICOS for providers, certifying the quality of the education sector, defending the register and ensuring the primary purpose of institutions and their courses is to educate. Any providers wishing to register in CRICOS must have confirmed their ability under relevant state and territory officials. In conjunction with CRICOS and its authorities, reforms included the establishment of the Tertiary Education Quality Standards Agency and the Australian Skills Quality Authority to provide an additional layer of protection for the overseas education industry as well as being another regulatory body that assesses providers. Under amendments, all institutions and their courses must have re-registered through CRICOS by the 31st of December 2010 if they wished to continue educating overseas students. Conjointly, all providers are limited to five years of registration before having to re-apply, showing their continued ability to meet education and financial requirements and additional regulations.
ELICOS
English Language Intensive Courses for Overseas Students (ELICOS) is a course offered to international students to increase english proficiency levels. All English courses provided to non-student visa holders are not considered ELICOS programs. In 2011, ELICOS became legislation under ESOS and extended to the regulation of CRICOS providers. It is not required to be a registered training organisation to provide ELICOS, but the courses offered must be registered under CRICOS. All ELICOS providers must pay all ASQA and CRICOS fees in addition to Department of Education, Skills and Employment charges. All providers must adhere to the National Standards for ELICOS providers and courses guidelines (ELICOS Standards) and are subject to all additional recommendations and requirements related to CRICOS registration, ESOS legislation and external regulation. In 2017, new ELICOS standards were approved for implementation on 1 March 2018, applying to new, existing and future providers. It covers mandatory requirements for course applications, contact hours, training, staffing and resources for all courses.
Criteria and registration
Registration through CRICOS requires institutions and courses to meet the guidelines distinguished under the ESOS Act and the National Code. Under 2010 reforms to the ESOS Act, providers are required to show their ability to educate and that their primary purpose in registering through CRICOS is to provide educational services. All registrations must be renewed every five years and each institution must provide a completed list of all education agents who promote and represent their educational services. As per registration guidelines, there are 6 criteria which must be met and maintained by all CRICOS registered institutions.
Guideline 1: legislative obligations
All registered institutions must adhere to the following legislative frameworks:
Education Services for Overseas Students Act 2000
Education Services for Overseas Students Regulations 2019
Education Services for Overseas Students (Registration Changes) Act 1997
National Code of Practice for Providers of Education and Training to Overseas Students 2018
National Standards for Foundation Programs
ELICOS Standards 2018
Under the various frameworks, education providers are required to meet all standards at all times.
Guideline 2: Quality of training experience
The Australian Skills Quality Authority (ASQA) assesses training providers and their practices regarding student experience and compliance. They distinguish five key stages of a learning experience for students. They include:
Marketing and Recruitment: institutions must ensure students are recruited responsibly, having made informed decisions based on adequate information, including on prerequisites, and have all agreements in writing regarding enrolment, rights and obligations.
Enrolment: all students must be informed on their course, the requirements of the university in regards to their study, their rights and responsibilities, tuition and fees, and any further information.
Support and Progression: All students must be assisted during the progression of their course, with institutions required to have services on all information regarding adjusting to life, managing of accidents, the requirements of courses and participation, and how the provider will monitor progress during the course.
Training and Assessment: all registered providers must maintain procedures which ensure students receive skills and knowledge training, have a minimum of 20 contact hours a week, have two-thirds of VET units face-to-face, and all assessments and assessors meet the requirements of the course.
Completion: providers must assess all transfers and issue statements regarding course attainment, as well as have procedures in place for all students to complete all assessment and course requirements before certification, to ensure students are eligible to receive qualifications.
Guideline 3: reporting obligations summary
Registered institutions and courses must report all student information including "accepted students, non-commencement, termination, changes to identity or duration and any breaches of visa conditions". Further, they must report "education agents, already accepted students, deferrals, courses not starting when expected, changes to courses, tuition fees".
Guideline 4: provider default obligations
Provider default is on the occasion a student has not withdrawn from studies but the provider either no longer provides a course on an agreed day or at a location. Institutions must, on this occasion, either issue a refund or place students in an alternative course.
Guideline 5: education agents
ASQA acknowledges the use of education agents by registered institutions, however, they hold no responsibility for their regulation. As such, under CRICOS, all providers must monitor their agents’ activities, ensuring the recruiting undertaken meets all guidelines listed in legislation and written agreements between the two. Organisations must obtain a permanent list of all associated education agents and report any non-compliance as a strict liability offence. All agreements between providers and agents must be in writing and it is the institutions role to regulate, report and terminate agreements with agents, including on grounds of misleading practice, unethical and dishonest behaviour, or any other actions undertaken which are not in "good faith" or which benefit students.
Guideline 6: protected amount
All CRICOS providers must generate and maintain an alternative bank account for all funds, tuition and fees from overseas students who have yet to commence their course or are in the process of completing their course. The account is to be managed by an authorised deposit-taking institution or a state bank and must not fall below the total cost of fees required to refund students in full in the event of visa refusal, student default, and any other agreed upon circumstances. ASQA is under the legal obligation to take legal action against CRICOS institutions if not compliant.
Fees and charges
All compulsory fees and charges associated with CRICOS registration are laid out in the ESOS Act and the Education Services for Overseas Students (Registration Charges) Act 1997 (the Charges Act).
Entry to the Market Charge (EMC)
During the first three years of CRICOS registration, providers are charged three fees. In the event that institutions no longer are registered to provide a course in the second and third year, they are exempt from the relevant fees. They include:
$8,676 at time of registration
$5,784 on the first anniversary of registration
$2,882 on the second anniversary of registration
Annual Registration Charge (ARC)
The ARC is a yearly payment compulsory for all CRICOS registered institutions and their courses. Charges include a base fee plus a per enrolment fee for the total number of overseas students on student visas, plus the course based on location. Under the ESOS Act, all CRICOS providers must pay the ARC by the last business day of February. It is calculated from enrolment data stored in the Provider Registration and International Student Management Systems (PRISMS) and includes a:
"$1505 base fee* plus
$10 per student enrolment per calendar year plus
$115 for each course by location registered on CRICOS plus
$1156 payable only by a provider whom the Minister has imposed sanctions for non-compliance under section 83 of the ESOS Act in the past 12 months
*Government and non-government schools that did not have any enrolments in the previous year but maintained a registration pay a lesser base fee of $423"
Late payment penalty
Charges are automatically calculated to a providers ARC payment in the event of late payments. Payments are calculated by:
"Late payment penalty = [ARC payable x 20% x (no. of days after 28.02.2020)] divided by 365"
The relevant minister or delegate has the right to take any necessary action, including suspension, if a CRICOS provider fails to pay the ARC.
Reinstatement fee
In the event of a provider failing to pay their ARC fees, a reinstatement fee will be issued to have the suspension lifted. The payable fee, as of 2020, is $579.
References
External links
cricos.education.gov.au
Students in Australia
Government databases in Australia
Student migration
International education industry
Education in Australia |
Prince Józef Mikołaj Radziwiłł () (1736–1813) was a Polish–Lithuanian noble (szlachcic).
The 8th Ordynat of Kleck, Grand Clerk of Lithuania since 1764, voivode of Minsk Voivodeship since 1773, castellan of Trakai since 1784, voivode of Trakai Voivodeship since 1788 and Knight of Malta.
Knight of the Order of the White Eagle, awarded in 1777.
Secular senators of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1736 births
1813 deaths
Jozef Mikolaj Radziwill
Voivodes of Trakai
Voivodes of Minsk |
Ab Shabandar (, also Romanized as Āb Shabāndar) is a village in Sepiddasht Rural District, Papi District, Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 81 in 16 families.
References
Populated places in Khorramabad County |
The 2014 Cupa României Final was the 76th final of Romania's most prestigious knock-out competition. The final was played at the Arena Națională stadium, in Bucharest, between Steaua București and Astra Giurgiu. Astra Giurgiu won the trophy, for the first time in their history, with a 4-2 win in a penalty shoot-out. After 120 minutes, of regular play, the score was tied at a 0-0 draw.
Route to the Final
Match details
See also
Supercupa României 2014
References
External links
Official site
Old official site
2014
2013–14 in Romanian football
FC Astra Giurgiu matches
FC Steaua București matches
Cupa Romaniei Final 2014 |
K's Merchandise Mart, Inc. (usually known as simply K's Merchandise) was a catalog showroom department store based in Decatur, Illinois. It offered furniture, jewelry, and general merchandise, including electronics, at 17 locations in 5 Midwestern states at the time of its closing.
K's was founded in 1957 by Raymond "Ray" Eldridge Sr. and his brother Kay. However, by the 2000s, competition from big box stores had eroded K's sales for years, though it had 17 locations in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, and Kentucky. Boston's Gordon Brothers Group took over the company from the original family, appointing Bill Weinstein as president. After an attempt at turning around the stores' operations, K's announced on October 3, 2006, that it would liquidate and close to pay off its creditors in full.
K's Merchandise also operated four chain stores by the name of Bargains Only, with locations in Mt Zion, Champaign, Springfield and Peoria, Illinois. These stores closely resembled a TJ Maxx style offering, with clothing, household goods and furniture. They closed in front of their parent stores, with the final store closing in October 2006 in Mt. Zion.
References
Catalog showrooms
Retail companies established in 1957
Buildings and structures in Decatur, Illinois
Defunct department stores based in Illinois
Retail companies disestablished in 2007
Defunct companies based in Illinois
Companies based in Macon County, Illinois
1957 establishments in Illinois
2007 disestablishments in Illinois |
The Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company was a mutual insurance company which offers personal, marine, commercial property, and casualty insurance. It is part of the Atlantic Mutual Companies, which includes Centennial Insurance Company. Its corporate headquarters are at 140 Broadway, a block from the World Trade Center.
History
The company was founded in 1838 as the Atlantic Insurance Company. Originally a joint-stock company, it became a mutual company on April 11, 1842. Its first chairman was Walter Restored Jones, a member of a prominent upper-class family of attorneys in New York City. The Jones family ran the company for decades.
By the 1850s, Atlantic Mutual was the largest marine and general insurance firm in North America and the only marine insurance firm in New York state. During the 1850s, it made exceedingly high profits. In 1852, the company began keeping a clipping service of newspaper accounts of shipwrecks and sinkings known as Vessel Disasters, a work which became famous as the best source of information on maritime disasters in the North Atlantic. During the Civil War, Atlantic Mutual was the primary insurer of most Union shipping.
In 1874, Atlantic Mutual President John Divine Jones provided the money which established the permanent foundation of the New York Historical Society. William H. H. Moore served as president from 1895 to 1897, when he was succeeded by Anton A. Raven. In 1915, after sixty-three years with the company, Anton A. Raven retired as president and was succeeded by Cornelius Eldert, formerly vice president. Eldert served as president until his death in 1930. Following Eldert's death in 1930, Walter Wood Parsons was elected to the presidency in February 1930. In 1934, William D. Winter was elected president to succeed Parsons.
In 1946, J. Arthur Bogardus was elected president with Winter, becoming chairman of the board. Upon Franklin B. Tuttle's elevation to the presidency in February 1951, Bogardus became chairman. Upon Bogardus' retirement in 1953, Tuttle was elevated to board chairman and Miles F. York became the new president of the Atlantic Mutual and Centennial Insurance Companies. York retired as chairman of the board in 1969. Atlantic Mutual built the existing building at 45 Wall Street in 1959, which served as the company's headquarters until the mid-1970s. Vacant and deteriorating for more than 20 years, it was sold in 1996 and converted to apartments.
Atlantic Mutual was involved in a significant tax law case which reached the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1990s. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 altered the formula under which insurance companies could deduct additions to their financial reserves. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) determined that Atlantic Mutual had strengthened its reserves, but the company countered that it had merely engaged in a computational change. In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court upheld the IRS' interpretation of the law.
After the construction of the World Trade Center, Atlantic Mutual moved its headquarters from 45 Wall Street to 140 Broadway. The company was one of many which insured buildings in and around the World Trade Center, and the firm suffered significant losses after the September 11 attacks. Since Atlantic Mutual was more than 100 years old, the company was a member of The Hundred Year Association of New York.
Decline and liquidation
In 1995, Atlantic Mutual sold its data center facility in Roanoke, Virginia to MFX Roanoke, Inc. In 2003, the company sold the renewal rights to its commercial overland Marine and Ocean Going Cargo business to Travelers, and its Specialty Lines business to OneBeacon Insurance. In 2004, the company "scaled down its operations to focus solely on personal lines business, particularly in the high net worth market." After a downgrade by A.M. Best in 2006, the company also sold its "high net worth personal lines business to Ace Group" in 2007.
In 2010, New York state insurance regulators revoked Atlantic Mutual's insurance licenses and placed it into rehabilitation because it had a negative capital and surplus of $25.1 million. On April 27, 2011, the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, declared that Atlantic Mutual and Centennial Insurance Company were insolvent, and placed them in liquidation after the company was swamped with workers' compensation insurance claims. James J. Wrynn, the Superintendent of Insurance of the State of New York was appointed liquidator.
Famous shipwrecks insured by Atlantic Mutual
As the largest marine insurance firm in the United States for many years, Atlantic Mutual became involved in some of the most famous shipwrecks in American history.
SS Central America - The company insured the SS Central America, a sidewheel steamship laden with gold which sank in a hurricane in September 1857. When the wreck was rediscovered by the Columbus-American Discovery Group, Inc. on September 11, 1987, Atlantic Mutual and 38 other insurance companies filed suit against the treasure-hunting firm, claiming that because they paid damages for the lost gold they had the right to it. In a precedent-setting court case on telepossession, the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled against Atlantic Mutual and the other insurance companies and awarded 92 percent of the gold to the Columbus-American Group.
Mary Celeste - Atlantic Mutual was also one of the insurers of the Mary Celeste, an American brigantine sailing out of Staten Island, New York. In December 1872, a month after leaving Staten Island for Italy, the ship was seen adrift and without her crew and no explanation for the "ghost ship" has ever successfully explained why the ship was abandoned. Atlantic Mutual established a small museum dedicated to the mystery of the Mary Celeste at its corporate headquarters, which included a model of the ship and the captain's lap desk.
RMS Titanic - The Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company also helped to insure the RMS Titanic. The ship was insured for $140,000, of which $100,000 was held by Atlantic Mutual. The largest passenger steamship in the world at the time, the Titanic struck an iceberg on the night of April 14, 1912, during her maiden voyage and sank with more than 1,500 people still aboard two hours and forty minutes later.
Notable presidents, chairman and directors of the Atlantic Mutual
The Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. has been led by a number of prominent New Yorkers as well as leading American business people. Among them are:
Presidents
1895–1897: William H. H. Moore
1897–1915: Anton A. Raven
1915–1930: Cornelius Eldert
1930–1934: Walter Wood Parsons
1934–1946: William D. Winter
1946–1951: J. Arthur Bogardus
1951–1953: Franklin B. Tuttle
1953–1966: Miles F. York
1966–1969: David A. Floreen
1970–1976: Harold A. Eckmann
1976–1985: John J. Mackowski
1985–1988: Edward K. Trowbridge
1988–1995: Kenneth J. Gorman
1995–1997: Klaus G. Dorfi
1997–2004: Kermit C. Smith
2004–2008: Daniel H. Olmsted
Directors
E. Virgil Conway
Cleveland E. Dodge Jr.
William E. Dodge Jr.
Eugene R. McGrath
See also
List of oldest companies
Early skyscrapers
Notes
References
Atlantic Mutual Companies. Meeting the Challenges of Our Time: 2001 Annual Report. New York: Atlantic Mutual Companies, 2001.
Bagli, Charles V. "45 Wall St. Is Renting Again Where Tower Deal Failed." New York Times. February 8, 2003.
Clayton, W. Woodford and Nelson, William. History of Bergen and Passaic Counties, New Jersey: With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men. Philadelphia: Everts & Peck, 1882.
Eaton, John P. and Haas, Charles A. Titanic: A Journey Through Time. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999.
Fay, Charles Edey. The Story of the "Mary Celeste". Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 1988.
Godwin, John, This Baffling World. New York: Hart Publishing, 1968.
Hunt, Freeman. Lives of American Merchants. Vol. 1. New York: H.W. Derby, 1857.
Jaher, Frederic Cople. The Urban Establishment: Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Charleston, Chicago, and Los Angeles. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1982.
Jones, Thomas and DeLancey, Edward Floyd. History of New York During the Revolutionary War: And of the Leading Events in the Other Colonies at that Period. New York: New York Historical Society, 1879.
Kinder, Gary. Ship of Gold in the Deep Blue Sea. New York: Vintage Books, 1998.
Rousmaniere, John. After the Storm: True Stories of Disaster and Recovery at Sea. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002.
"Steam on the Atlantic." New York Times. December 10, 1882.
Weil, François. A History of New York. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.
Further reading
Cosgrove, John. Gray Days and Gold: A Character Sketch of the Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. New York: Atlantic Mutual Companies, 1967.
Financial services companies established in 1838
Insurance companies of the United States
Companies based in New York City
Mutual insurance companies
1838 establishments in New York (state)
American companies established in 1838
Insurance companies based in New York City |
Maartensdijk is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is a part of the municipality of De Bilt, and lies about 4 km north of Bilthoven.
History
Maartensdijk was a separate municipality until 2001, when it merged with De Bilt. Until 1812 Maartensdijk was called Oostveen which is pronounced as 'oastfain'. Oostveen means "east fen". A fen is a wetland characterized by sphagnum moss, peat and an alkaline or neutral pH. Rendering this wetland into agricultural land was initiated by Bishop Godebald van Utrecht (1114–1127) when the Kromme Rijn ("Crooked Rhine") was dammed in 1122 at Wijk bij Duurstede. The same Bishop Godebald gave land development contracts to those who would completely drain this land and make it arable; Oostveen was a large section of this area. The oldest settlement in the area is the village of Voordorp, which gradually became known as Blauwkapel because the chapel's interior was entirely blue. The name Voordorp has been revived and applied to a new northern district of the city of Utrecht. Blauwkapel still exists and is part of the Waterline and Fort defense system established to protect the provinces of Holland from inland invaders by flooding the land strategically and building fortresses where flooding was not feasible. Such a fort, the largest in this defense systems surrounds the old chapel. As land reclamation of Oostveen moved northward, a new settlement arose on the Oostveen lands that was dedicated by the dean of the Utrecht cathedral "in protectione et iustitia Sancti Martini". This settlement was the seat of the gerecht or canton of Oostveen, and in 1812 was renamed Maartensdijk.
Notable people
Nicolaas van Nieuwland (1510 in Maartensdijk – 1580), Bishop of Haarlem and abbot of Egmond Abbey 1562 to 1569
Anne Sjerp Troelstra (1939 in Maartensdijk – 2019), math professor
Madelon Hooykaas (born 1942 in Maartensdijk), video artist
Frans Rijnbout (born 1945 in Maartensdijk) theatre professor
References
Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 2001
Populated places in Utrecht (province)
Former municipalities of Utrecht (province)
De Bilt |
St. Peter the Martyr Parish Church is a Roman Catholic church located in Sual, Pangasinan, Philippines. The church was reconstructed twice, during mid-1880s and 1891, in the Spanish Colonial Revival architectural style. For the third time, it was rebuilt again and was destroyed during the 1945 Liberation of Manila.
History
Father Gabriel Perez began the construction of the first church and convent. The convent was later completed by Father Juan Gutierrez while the church by Father Pedro Villanova in 1870. A second church was constructed under the term of Father Felix Casas in 1883. The construction was suspended by the presiding bishop in 1891. The second church was completed by Father Eugenio Minguez in 1891 and was consecrated on June 8, 1893.
Architectural features
The church resembles post-Baroque or the Spanish Colonial Revival architectural style apart from some of the components of the facade. The low entablature does not fit the classical proportions of the Renaissance style. The columns of the first and second levels provide an element of irregular rhythm, as well as the bell tower on the left side.
References
External links
Roman Catholic churches in Pangasinan
Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Alaminos |
```go
package config
import (
"context"
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"regexp"
"strings"
"github.com/werf/werf/v2/pkg/path_matcher"
)
func NewConfig(ctx context.Context, fileReader fileReader, configRelPath string) (c Config, err error) {
exist, err := fileReader.IsGiterminismConfigExistAnywhere(ctx, configRelPath)
if err != nil {
return c, err
}
if !exist {
return Config{}, nil
}
data, err := fileReader.ReadGiterminismConfig(ctx, configRelPath)
if err != nil {
return c, err
}
err = processWithOpenAPISchema(&data)
if err != nil {
return c, fmt.Errorf("the giterminism config validation failed: %w", err)
}
if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &c); err != nil {
panic(fmt.Sprint("unexpected error: ", err))
}
return c, err
}
type fileReader interface {
IsGiterminismConfigExistAnywhere(ctx context.Context, relPath string) (bool, error)
ReadGiterminismConfig(ctx context.Context, relPath string) ([]byte, error)
}
type Config struct {
Cli cli `json:"cli"`
Config config `json:"config"`
Helm helm `json:"helm"`
}
func (c Config) IsCustomTagsAccepted() bool {
return c.Cli.AllowCustomTags
}
func (c Config) IsUncommittedConfigAccepted() bool {
return c.Config.AllowUncommitted
}
func (c Config) UncommittedConfigTemplateFilePathMatcher() path_matcher.PathMatcher {
return c.Config.UncommittedTemplateFilePathMatcher()
}
func (c Config) UncommittedConfigGoTemplateRenderingFilePathMatcher() path_matcher.PathMatcher {
return c.Config.GoTemplateRendering.UncommittedFilePathMatcher()
}
func (c Config) IsConfigGoTemplateRenderingEnvNameAccepted(envName string) (bool, error) {
return c.Config.GoTemplateRendering.IsEnvNameAccepted(envName)
}
func (c Config) IsConfigStapelFromLatestAccepted() bool {
return c.Config.Stapel.AllowFromLatest
}
func (c Config) IsConfigStapelGitBranchAccepted() bool {
return c.Config.Stapel.Git.AllowBranch
}
func (c Config) IsConfigStapelMountBuildDirAccepted() bool {
return c.Config.Stapel.Mount.AllowBuildDir
}
func (c Config) IsConfigStapelMountFromPathAccepted(fromPath string) bool {
return c.Config.Stapel.Mount.IsFromPathAccepted(fromPath)
}
func (c Config) IsConfigDockerfileContextAddFileAccepted(relPath string) bool {
return c.Config.Dockerfile.IsContextAddFileAccepted(relPath)
}
func (c Config) IsUncommittedDockerfileAccepted(relPath string) bool {
return c.Config.Dockerfile.IsUncommittedAccepted(relPath)
}
func (c Config) IsUncommittedDockerignoreAccepted(relPath string) bool {
return c.Config.Dockerfile.IsUncommittedDockerignoreAccepted(relPath)
}
func (c Config) UncommittedHelmFilePathMatcher() path_matcher.PathMatcher {
return c.Helm.UncommittedHelmFilePathMatcher()
}
type cli struct {
AllowCustomTags bool `json:"allowCustomTags"`
}
type config struct {
AllowUncommitted bool `json:"allowUncommitted"`
AllowUncommittedTemplates []string `json:"allowUncommittedTemplates"`
GoTemplateRendering goTemplateRendering `json:"goTemplateRendering"`
Stapel stapel `json:"stapel"`
Dockerfile dockerfile `json:"dockerfile"`
}
func (c config) UncommittedTemplateFilePathMatcher() path_matcher.PathMatcher {
return pathMatcher(c.AllowUncommittedTemplates)
}
type goTemplateRendering struct {
AllowEnvVariables []string `json:"allowEnvVariables"`
AllowUncommittedFiles []string `json:"allowUncommittedFiles"`
}
func (r goTemplateRendering) IsEnvNameAccepted(name string) (bool, error) {
for _, pattern := range r.AllowEnvVariables {
match, err := func() (bool, error) {
if strings.HasPrefix(pattern, "/") && strings.HasSuffix(pattern, "/") {
expr := fmt.Sprintf("^%s$", pattern[1:len(pattern)-1])
r, err := regexp.Compile(expr)
if err != nil {
return false, err
}
return r.MatchString(name), nil
} else {
return pattern == name, nil
}
}()
if err != nil {
return false, err
}
if match {
return true, nil
}
}
return false, nil
}
func (r goTemplateRendering) UncommittedFilePathMatcher() path_matcher.PathMatcher {
return pathMatcher(r.AllowUncommittedFiles)
}
type stapel struct {
AllowFromLatest bool `json:"allowFromLatest"`
Git git `json:"git"`
Mount mount `json:"mount"`
}
type git struct {
AllowBranch bool `json:"allowBranch"`
}
type mount struct {
AllowBuildDir bool `json:"allowBuildDir"`
AllowFromPaths []string `json:"allowFromPaths"`
}
func (m mount) IsFromPathAccepted(path string) bool {
return isPathMatched(m.AllowFromPaths, path)
}
type dockerfile struct {
AllowUncommitted []string `json:"allowUncommitted"`
AllowUncommittedDockerignoreFiles []string `json:"allowUncommittedDockerignoreFiles"`
AllowContextAddFiles []string `json:"allowContextAddFiles"`
}
func (d dockerfile) IsContextAddFileAccepted(path string) bool {
return isPathMatched(d.AllowContextAddFiles, path)
}
func (d dockerfile) IsUncommittedAccepted(path string) bool {
return isPathMatched(d.AllowUncommitted, path)
}
func (d dockerfile) IsUncommittedDockerignoreAccepted(path string) bool {
return isPathMatched(d.AllowUncommittedDockerignoreFiles, path)
}
type helm struct {
AllowUncommittedFiles []string `json:"allowUncommittedFiles"`
}
func (h helm) UncommittedHelmFilePathMatcher() path_matcher.PathMatcher {
return pathMatcher(h.AllowUncommittedFiles)
}
func isPathMatched(patterns []string, p string) bool {
return pathMatcher(patterns).IsPathMatched(p)
}
func pathMatcher(patterns []string) path_matcher.PathMatcher {
if len(patterns) != 0 {
return path_matcher.NewPathMatcher(path_matcher.PathMatcherOptions{IncludeGlobs: patterns})
} else {
return path_matcher.NewFalsePathMatcher()
}
}
``` |
Hugo Salcedo (born January 25, 1946) is a former soccer player who was a member of the U.S. Olympic soccer team. He coached at the collegiate level at UCLA and has spent over thirty years in various executive positions with FIFA, USSF and Major League Soccer.
Player
Salcedo attended the University of California, Riverside where he played on the men's soccer team from 1967 to 1969. He holds the school's single season assist record with 14. He also played for the Compton Soccer Club at the time of the 1972 Summer Olympics. In 1971, he was part of the U.S. Pan American Games soccer team which finished with a 0-4-1 record. A year later, he played two games at the 1972 Summer Olympics. He graduated from UC Riverside with a bachelor's degree and later earned a master's degree in Psychiatric Social Work from the University of Southern California.
Coach
Salcedo spent one season as the head soccer coach at Whittier College. In 1978, he became an assistant coach at UCLA, a position he held for two seasons. His son Jorge was a player at UCLA who went on to play for Morelia Monarcas in Mexico and for five Major League Soccer clubs before becoming the head coach of the UCLA Bruins men's soccer team in 2004.
Executive
Salcedo has held various positions in USSF, FIFA, and Major League Soccer. In 1976, he joined the USSF Board of Directors. In 1982, he became part of the organizing committee developing the soccer tournament for the 1984 Summer Olympics. Three years later, he joined FIFA where he was a coordinator for Olympic and World Cup sites. In 1992, he became responsible for the oversight of the administrative portion of FIFA's coaching courses. Finally, he spent two years working for MLS in moving Hispanic players in to MLS.
Sports agent
In 2005, Salcedo was hired by Proactive Sports Management, the leading agency representing U.S. soccer players. According to the company, he was hired, "to help the company establish a strong presence in the Latin American market."
In 2008, he was awarded the Jerry Yeagley Award for exceptional personal achievement. Salcedo's son Jorge later played in Major League Soccer and is the head soccer coach of UCLA.
References
1946 births
Living people
Footballers from Guadalajara, Jalisco
Mexican emigrants to the United States
American soccer coaches
American men's soccer players
Footballers at the 1971 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for the United States
Footballers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic soccer players for the United States
UCLA Bruins men's soccer coaches
UC Riverside Highlanders men's soccer players
Men's association football forwards
Mexican men's footballers |
```java
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
package google.registry.tools.server;
import static google.registry.export.SyncGroupMembersAction.getGroupEmailAddressForContactType;
import static google.registry.request.Action.Method.POST;
import static jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse.SC_OK;
import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
import google.registry.groups.GroupsConnection;
import google.registry.groups.GroupsConnection.Role;
import google.registry.model.registrar.Registrar;
import google.registry.model.registrar.RegistrarPocBase;
import google.registry.request.Action;
import google.registry.request.HttpException.BadRequestException;
import google.registry.request.HttpException.InternalServerErrorException;
import google.registry.request.Parameter;
import google.registry.request.Response;
import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
import google.registry.util.Concurrent;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.StringWriter;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import javax.inject.Inject;
/** Action that creates Google Groups for a registrar's mailing lists. */
@Action(
service = Action.Service.TOOLS,
path = CreateGroupsAction.PATH,
method = POST,
auth = Auth.AUTH_ADMIN)
public class CreateGroupsAction implements Runnable {
public static final String PATH = "/_dr/admin/createGroups";
public static final String CLIENT_ID_PARAM = "clientId";
private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();
private static final int NUM_SIMULTANEOUS_CONNECTIONS = 5;
@Inject GroupsConnection groupsConnection;
@Inject Response response;
@Inject @Config("gSuiteDomainName") String gSuiteDomainName;
@Inject @Parameter("clientId") Optional<String> clientId;
@Inject CreateGroupsAction() {}
@Override
public void run() {
final Registrar registrar = initAndLoadRegistrar();
if (registrar == null) {
return;
}
List<RegistrarPocBase.Type> types = asList(RegistrarPocBase.Type.values());
// Concurrently create the groups for each RegistrarContact.Type, collecting the results from
// each call (which are either an Exception if it failed, or absent() if it succeeded).
List<Optional<Exception>> results =
Concurrent.transform(
types,
NUM_SIMULTANEOUS_CONNECTIONS,
type -> {
try {
String groupKey =
getGroupEmailAddressForContactType(
registrar.getRegistrarId(), type, gSuiteDomainName);
String parentGroup =
getGroupEmailAddressForContactType("registrar", type, gSuiteDomainName);
// Creates the group, then adds it as a member to the global registrar group for
// that type.
groupsConnection.createGroup(groupKey);
groupsConnection.addMemberToGroup(parentGroup, groupKey, Role.MEMBER);
return Optional.empty();
} catch (Exception e) {
return Optional.of(e);
}
});
// Return the correct server response based on the results of the group creations.
if (results.stream().anyMatch(Optional::isPresent)) {
StringWriter responseString = new StringWriter();
PrintWriter responseWriter = new PrintWriter(responseString);
for (int i = 0; i < results.size(); i++) {
Optional<Exception> e = results.get(i);
if (e.isPresent()) {
responseWriter.append(types.get(i).getDisplayName()).append(" => ");
e.get().printStackTrace(responseWriter);
logger.atSevere().withCause(e.get()).log(
"Could not create Google Group for registrar %s for type %s.",
registrar.getRegistrarName(), types.get(i));
} else {
responseWriter.printf("%s => Success%n", types.get(i).getDisplayName());
}
}
throw new InternalServerErrorException(responseString.toString());
} else {
response.setStatus(SC_OK);
response.setPayload("Success!");
logger.atInfo().log(
"Successfully created groups for registrar %s.", registrar.getRegistrarName());
}
}
private Registrar initAndLoadRegistrar() {
if (clientId.isEmpty()) {
respondToBadRequest("Error creating Google Groups, missing parameter: clientId");
}
Optional<Registrar> registrar = Registrar.loadByRegistrarId(clientId.get());
if (registrar.isEmpty()) {
respondToBadRequest(String.format(
"Error creating Google Groups; could not find registrar with id %s", clientId.get()));
}
return registrar.get();
}
private void respondToBadRequest(String message) {
logger.atSevere().log(message);
throw new BadRequestException(message);
}
}
``` |
America the Beautiful was a 360° movie attraction in Circarama created by Walt Disney Productions for the American exhibit at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair. The exhibit was sponsored by the Ford Motor Company. After the fair ended, the film was exhibited in 1959 for six weeks, dubbed in Russian, at the American National Exhibition in Moscow, Russia. The film had its American debut at Disneyland in California in 1960, and it was later added to Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom in Florida in 1971. The Disneyland attraction was housed in the Circle-Vision 360 Theater in Tomorrowland, replacing A Tour of the West, which had played there since Disneyland's opening day, July 17, 1955. The film was subsequently revised several times, eventually closing in 1984, when it was replaced by American Journeys.
Circle-Vision 360 is a film technique that uses multiple cameras arranged in a circle. The viewing image is displayed on a large circular screen. The film's rendition of the title song would later be used in Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln.
The Disney 360 film processes were created and refined by Ub Iwerks and son Don Iwerks and in the 1950s and 1960s.
In September 1959, Disneyland Records (now Walt Disney Records) released a vinyl LP album called "America the Beautiful" to tie in with the Russian dub and subsequent Disneyland Park premiere of the Circarama film. Branded as a "Music Mural," the gatefold cover contained a book illustrated with photos. The recordings was not a soundtrack of the attraction but instead a collection of twelve American folk and popular songs performed by Disney studio artists.
References
1958 films
Disneyland
Circle-Vision 360° films
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts films
Former Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions
Disney documentary films
1950s American films
World's fair films
Expo 58 |
```c
/* $OpenBSD: fargs.c,v 1.26 2023/11/27 11:30:49 claudio Exp $ */
/*
*
* Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
* purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
* copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
* WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
* MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
* ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
* WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
* ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
* OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
*/
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <err.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "extern.h"
#define RSYNC_PATH "rsync"
const char *
alt_base_mode(int mode)
{
switch (mode) {
case BASE_MODE_COMPARE:
return "--compare-dest";
case BASE_MODE_COPY:
return "--copy-dest";
case BASE_MODE_LINK:
return "--link-dest";
default:
errx(1, "unknown base mode %d", mode);
}
}
char **
fargs_cmdline(struct sess *sess, const struct fargs *f, size_t *skip)
{
arglist args;
size_t j;
char *rsync_path, *ap, *arg;
memset(&args, 0, sizeof args);
assert(f != NULL);
assert(f->sourcesz > 0);
if ((rsync_path = sess->opts->rsync_path) == NULL)
rsync_path = RSYNC_PATH;
if (f->host != NULL) {
/*
* Splice arguments from -e "foo bar baz" into array
* elements required for execve(2).
* This doesn't do anything fancy: it splits along
* whitespace into the array.
*/
if (sess->opts->ssh_prog) {
ap = strdup(sess->opts->ssh_prog);
if (ap == NULL)
err(ERR_NOMEM, NULL);
while ((arg = strsep(&ap, " \t")) != NULL) {
if (arg[0] == '\0') {
ap++; /* skip separators */
continue;
}
addargs(&args, "%s", arg);
}
} else
addargs(&args, "ssh");
addargs(&args, "%s", f->host);
addargs(&args, "%s", rsync_path);
if (skip)
*skip = args.num;
addargs(&args, "--server");
if (f->mode == FARGS_RECEIVER)
addargs(&args, "--sender");
} else {
addargs(&args, "%s", rsync_path);
addargs(&args, "--server");
}
/* Shared arguments. */
if (sess->opts->del)
addargs(&args, "--delete");
if (sess->opts->numeric_ids)
addargs(&args, "--numeric-ids");
if (sess->opts->preserve_gids)
addargs(&args, "-g");
if (sess->opts->preserve_links)
addargs(&args, "-l");
if (sess->opts->dry_run)
addargs(&args, "-n");
if (sess->opts->preserve_uids)
addargs(&args, "-o");
if (sess->opts->preserve_perms)
addargs(&args, "-p");
if (sess->opts->devices)
addargs(&args, "-D");
if (sess->opts->recursive)
addargs(&args, "-r");
if (sess->opts->preserve_times)
addargs(&args, "-t");
if (sess->opts->ignore_times)
addargs(&args, "-I");
if (verbose > 3)
addargs(&args, "-v");
if (verbose > 2)
addargs(&args, "-v");
if (verbose > 1)
addargs(&args, "-v");
if (verbose > 0)
addargs(&args, "-v");
if (sess->opts->one_file_system > 1)
addargs(&args, "-x");
if (sess->opts->one_file_system > 0)
addargs(&args, "-x");
if (sess->opts->specials && !sess->opts->devices)
addargs(&args, "--specials");
if (!sess->opts->specials && sess->opts->devices)
/* --devices is sent as -D --no-specials */
addargs(&args, "--no-specials");
if (sess->opts->max_size >= 0)
addargs(&args, "--max-size=%lld", sess->opts->max_size);
if (sess->opts->min_size >= 0)
addargs(&args, "--min-size=%lld", sess->opts->min_size);
/* extra options for the receiver (local is sender) */
if (f->mode == FARGS_SENDER) {
if (sess->opts->ignore_dir_times)
addargs(&args, "-O");
if (sess->opts->ignore_link_times)
addargs(&args, "-J");
if (sess->opts->size_only)
addargs(&args, "--size-only");
/* only add --compare-dest, etc if this is the sender */
if (sess->opts->alt_base_mode != 0) {
for (j = 0; j < MAX_BASEDIR; j++) {
if (sess->opts->basedir[j] == NULL)
break;
addargs(&args, "%s=%s",
alt_base_mode(sess->opts->alt_base_mode),
sess->opts->basedir[j]);
}
}
}
/* Terminate with a full-stop for reasons unknown. */
addargs(&args, ".");
if (f->mode == FARGS_RECEIVER) {
for (j = 0; j < f->sourcesz; j++)
addargs(&args, "%s", f->sources[j]);
} else
addargs(&args, "%s", f->sink);
return args.list;
}
``` |
Francis John Sullivan AO (born 8 August 1956) is a teacher, administrator, and leader in health care organisations, who was CEO of the Catholic Church in Australia's Truth, Justice and Healing Council, in addition to being the previous Secretary-General of the Australian Medical Association). He was the chief executive officer of Catholic Health Australia from 1994 to 2008. In 2020, Sullivan was honoured for his services to the community as an Officer of the Order of Australia (A0).
Early life and education
Sullivan was born in Perth, Western Australia, where he attended Servite College. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree majoring in Politics from Curtin University of Technology (1977) and a Diploma of Education from University of Western Australia (1978).
Between 1987 and 1988 Sullivan travelled to Chicago with his wife and daughter where he received a Master of Arts at Loyola University Chicago (1988). He later returned to Australia, residing in Canberra, alongside his wife and three children.
Career
Sullivan was a high school teacher and deputy principal at many Catholic high schools and colleges in Perth between 1979 and 1990, including Servite College, where he taught religious education.
Between 1990 and 1993, Sullivan worked in the Government of Western Australia as the Chief of Staff for Labor Health Minister Keith Wilson, before moving to Canberra with his wife Susan and three children in 1993 to take up a position with Australian health lobbyist group, Catholic Health Australia. In 1994 he became the CEO of the group, a role in which he remained for nearly 14 years.
On 10 December 2007 it was announced that Sullivan would be moving to the Australian Medical Association to take up the leading position of Secretary-General, a role in which he began on 6 February 2008 replacing former Secretary-General Kerry Gallagher.
Sullivan was appointed CEO of the Truth, Justice and Healing Council in 2012, which he remained in the position of until he entered retirement in late 2018.
In 2019, Sullivan retired to act as a board member throughout different Catholic organisations operating within Australia, including Mercy Health.
Order of Australia
In June 2020, Sullivan was announced on the Queen's Birthday Honours list to receive the honour of Officer of the Order of Australia, general division. Sullivan received the honour for his numerous services to the community throughout his career "particularly through social justice and legislative reform initiatives, and to health and aged care".
Speaking to The Guardian, Sullivan spoke on his honours, stating the acknowledgement was "wonderful", furthering to say "if my efforts have been recognised here, what’s really happening is the plight of those I’ve worked for, and their value in society, is now being recognised".
References
1956 births
Living people
Australian chief executives
People from Perth, Western Australia
Australian Roman Catholics
Officers of the Order of Australia |
Zhi-Gin Andreas Lam (, ; born 4 June 1991) is a German professional footballer who plays as a full-back or midfielder for Oberliga Hamburg club TuS Dassendorf.
Early life
Lam was born in Hamburg, Germany to a Chinese father from Hong Kong and a German mother. His father emigrated to Hamburg in the 1980s. Lam has three elder sisters. When he was young, he often went back to Hong Kong with his family for summer holidays and played football in Sheung Shui.
Club career
Hamburger SV
Lam began his career with the youth club for Hamburger SV in 2005 and in 2010 became an active player in the reserve team, Hamburger SV II, where he developed under manager Rodolfo Cardoso. In the 2011–12 season, after the dismissal of first-team coach Michael Oenning on 19 September 2011, Rodolfo was appointed the interim coach of the first team and started Lam (in Rodolfo's first game at the helm of HSV) against VfB Stuttgart on 23 September 2011. Cardoso's decision to start Lam proved to be a good one, as Lam was widely praised in his debut, with HSV sporting director Frank Arnesen saying, "He has done fantastically, [he] was totally relaxed. That was a real dream debut."
On 15 September 2013, he scored his first professional goal in the away league match against Borussia Dortmund. However, his goal could not save his team from losing 6–2.
Greuther Fürth
On 5 June 2014, he signed a three-year contract with 2. Bundesliga side Greuther Fürth until 2017. The transfer fee is believed be about €200,000.
Kitchee
On 2 July 2016, Hong Kong Premier League club Kitchee announced that Lam would join the club. At the conclusion of the 2017–18 season, he declined to sign a new contract in order to pursue opportunities in Germany.
R&F
On 9 August 2018, Lam signed with another Hong Kong team R&F, a feeder team of Guangzhou R&F. He scored seven goals in 29 league matches during his spell at the club. On 14 October 2020, Lam left the club after his club's withdrawal from the HKPL in the new season.
TuS Dassendorf
In January 2021, Oberliga Hamburg club TuS Dassendorf announced that Lam would join the club. He signed a contract until 2024.
Style of play
Hamburger SV coach Rodolfo Cardoso described Lam as a courageous player, unafraid to claim the ball and "a very intelligent player...[who] can play anywhere."
Career statistics
Honours
Kitchee
Hong Kong Premier League: 2016–17, 2017–18
Hong Kong Senior Shield: 2016–17
Hong Kong FA Cup: 2016–17, 2017–18
Hong Kong Sapling Cup: 2017–18
References
External links
1991 births
Footballers from Hamburg
Living people
German men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
Regionalliga players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Hong Kong Premier League players
Hamburger SV players
Hamburger SV II players
SpVgg Greuther Fürth players
German expatriate men's footballers
Kitchee SC players
R&F (Hong Kong) players
TuS Dassendorf players
German people of Hong Kong descent
German sportspeople of Chinese descent |
Joseph Smith (1805–1844), founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, taught and practiced polygamy during his ministry, and married multiple women during his lifetime. Smith and some of the leading quorums of the church he founded publicly denied he taught or practiced it.
In 1852, leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) acknowledged that Smith had practiced plural marriage and produced a written revelation of Smith's that authorizes its practice. Smith's lawful widow Emma Smith, his son Joseph Smith III, and most members of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church) attempted for years to refute the evidence of plural marriages. They pointed to the historical record that Joseph Smith publicly opposed the practice of polygamy; the suggestion of the RLDS Church was that the practice of polygamy began in Utah under the leadership of Brigham Young.
The first publication of a list of women alleged to be Smith's plural wives was in 1887, by Andrew Jenson, an assistant LDS Church historian. It included 27 women besides Emma Smith. There are currently 49 women on this list. However, historians disagree as to the number and identity of the plural wives Smith had. Various scholars and historians, including Fawn M. Brodie, George D. Smith, and Todd Compton, have attempted to identify the women who married Smith. The discrepancy is created by the lack of documents to support some of the alleged marriages. As Compton has stated, for many of these marriages, "absolutely nothing is known of [the] marriage after the ceremony." Apart from his marriage to Emma, Smith's marriages were not solemnized under any civil authority and were therefore solely religious unions.
List of wives
Allegations of children born to polygamous wives
Research by Ugo A. Perego, a geneticist and member of the LDS Church, has shown that a number of children of Smith's alleged polygamous relationships were not his genetic offspring. The following table lists some of the children born to Smith's alleged polygamous wives as well as those ruled out by genetic testing:
See also
Children of Joseph Smith
List of Latter Day Saint practitioners of plural marriage
List of Brigham Young's wives
References
Citations
Bibliography
.
.
. (1st ed. 1945)
.
.
.
.
.
. Online reprint from the Book Of Abraham Project (BYU) at boap.org
.
.
.
. See also: Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale Smith
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
External links
information presented by Brian C. and Laura Harris Hales
Wives
Smith, wives
Mormonism and polygamy
Joseph Smith's Wives
Wives of Joseph Smith
Smith, Joseph
19th-century Mormonism
Lists of 19th-century people
List
Smith, Joseph wives
Lists of American women
Lists of wives |
Publius is a Latin praenomen, or personal name. It was used by both patrician and plebeian families, and was very common at all periods of Roman history. It gave rise to the patronymic gens Publilia, and perhaps also gens Publicia. The feminine form is Publia. The name was regularly abbreviated P.
Throughout Roman history, Publius was one of the most frequently-used praenomina, typically occupying fourth or fifth place, behind Lucius, Gaius, and Marcus, and occurring with about the same frequency as Quintus. The feminine form, Publia, was also quite common, and is found in numerous inscriptions as late as the 3rd century, and perhaps beyond.
Origin and meaning of the name
Publius is thought to derive from the same root as populus and publicus, meaning "the people" or "of the people". Chase provides several examples of similar names from other Indo-European languages. Although Publius is generally regarded as a quintessentially Latin praenomen, a few scholars have proposed an Etruscan origin for the name. This may be partly based on the fact that the name, in the form Puplie, was also used by the Etruscans.
References
Ancient Roman praenomina |
The Kriva Palanka Municipality ( ) is in the extreme northeastern part of North Macedonia. Kriva Palanka is the town where the municipal seat is found. The municipality is part of the Northeastern Statistical Region.
Geography
The municipality borders Serbia to the north, Bulgaria to the east, Rankovce Municipality to the west, and Makedonska Kamenica Municipality, Kratovo Municipality and Kočani Municipality to the south.
Demographics
According to the 2021 Macedonian census, Municipality of Kriva Palanka has 18,059 residents. Ethnic groups in the municipality:
Twin towns – sister cities
Kriva Palanka is twinned with:
Bansko, Bulgaria
Dupnitsa, Bulgaria
Lugoj, Romania
Mława, Poland
Perechyn, Ukraine
Svidník, Slovakia
Vršac, Serbia
Županja, Croatia
Inhabited places
References
External links
Official website
Northeastern Statistical Region
Municipalities of North Macedonia |
Furtwängler is a German surname, originally meaning a person from Furtwangen. Notable people with the surname include:
Adolf Furtwängler (1853–1907), archaeologist and art historian
Maria Furtwängler (born 1966), physician and actress
Philipp Furtwängler (1800–1867), organ builder
Philipp Furtwängler (1869–1940), mathematician
Wilhelm Furtwängler (1886–1954), conductor and composer
Also
The Furtwängler Glacier, named for Walter Furtwängler
German-language surnames |
Zawgyi font is a predominant typeface used for Burmese language text on websites. It is also known as Zawgyi-One or zawgyi1 font although updated versions of this font were not named Zawgyi-two. Prior to 2019, it was the most popular font on Burmese websites.
It is a font with Burmese characters implemented in the Burmese block of Unicode but in a non-compliant way.
Unicode incompatibility (ad hoc font encodings)
Burmese script is a complex text layout script, whereby the positions and shapes of its graphemes vary based on context. The support for complex text rendering for personal computers did not arrive until Windows XP Service Pack 2 in 2004, and a Burmese font utilizing this technology did not exist until 2005. Furthermore, there were significant revisions in Unicode's implementation of Burmese script up until Unicode 5.1 in 2008. Compounding the fact that Myanmar experienced sanctions from the West, this had resulted in much of the Burmese localization technology being developed locally without external cooperation.
Numerous attempts at creating fonts with Burmese support were made in the 2000s, but they were developed as Unicode fonts that were only partially Unicode compliant. Some of the codepoints for Burmese script were implemented as specified in Unicode, but others were not. Therefore, these fonts became incompatible with Unicode. This is referred to as ad hoc font encodings by the Unicode Consortium. With the advent of mobile phones, manufacturers such as Samsung and Huawei simply replaced the Unicode compliant Burmese system fonts with their Zawgyi equivalents.
There is significant shortcomings in using ad hoc font encodings. As a separate encoding, the situation leads to garbled text being shown between users of Zawgyi and Unicode. Because the Zawgyi font encoding was not implemented as efficiently as specified in Unicode, it had to occupy more codepoints than what is allocated for Burmese. As such, Zawgyi encoding took over the Unicode block reserved for the languages of Myanmar.
In Zawgyi, the same word can be encoded in multiple different ways, making Zawgyi text corpus difficult to search and analyze. It is also difficult to sort Zawgyi text. In addition, using Unicode would ease the implementation of natural language processing technologies.
The Myanmar government designated October 1, 2019 as "U-Day" to officially switch to Unicode. The full transition was expected by some to take two years.
Conversion
International Components for Unicode supports conversion of Zawgyi-encoded data to conformant Unicode by means of the transliterator.
See also
Help:Multilingual support (Burmese)
References
External links
A Guide to Using Myanmar Unicode: Convert from old Myanmar fonts to Unicode
U.N.O.B. USA has separate download links for Zawgyi font for Windows, MAC-Apple, and iPhone/iPad.
Zawgyi Unicode Converter | Myanmar Tools - Open Source Zawgyi-One & Standard Myanmar Unicode Converter
Typefaces
Unicode typefaces |
The Man Who Played Square is a lost 1924 American action film directed by Alfred Santell and written by John Stone. The film stars Buck Jones, Wanda Hawley, David Kirby, Ben Hendricks Jr., Hank Mann, and Howard Foster. The film was released on November 23, 1924, by Fox Film Corporation.
Plot
As described in a review in a film magazine, riding madly to his rescue, Matt (Jones) finds his buddy Steve (Scott) has been flogged and later murdered by Spofford (Foster), when Steve attempted to claim his share of the Red Eagle mine, but that Steve also got Spofford. Steve makes over his claim to Matt and has him promise to avenge him. Matt gets a job at the mine where the foreman is crooked and tries to plant stolen gold on him, but fails through the quick-wit of the cook. Piggy (Kirby), discharged for theft, lures Spofford's daughter Bertie (Hawley) into the mine and a fire occurs. Matt who has found she is not hard-hearted but merely following her father's methods, rescues her. Spangler (Hendricks) the foreman learns of Matt's claim and tries to discredit him, but Bertie refuses to believe him. A riot of the disgruntled men led by Spangler is quelled, but Spangler attacks Bertie. Matt rescues her and beats Spangler. Then, realizing he loves Bertie, he tears up his claim, but she has already read it. She tells him that she wants him to take her and the whole mine instead of half, as he had promised Steve.
Cast
Preservation
With no prints of The Man Who Played Square located in any film archives, it is a lost film.
References
External links
1924 films
1920s English-language films
American action films
1920s action films
Fox Film films
Films directed by Alfred Santell
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
Silent action films
1920s American films |
Federal University Oye Ekiti is a government owned and operated Nigerian university. The university is in the ancient city of Oye-Ekiti and Ikole-Ekiti making it two campuses. The university was founded in 2011 as one of the federal universities established by the federal government of Nigeria, led by President Goodluck Jonathan.
Undergraduate
Federal University Oye Ekiti offers undergraduate programmes in fields of specialization spanning Agriculture, Arts, Law, Management sciences, the Social Sciences, Engineering, Education, Pharmacy, College Of Medicine and Sciences.
The university has twelve faculties and a school of postgraduate studies.
The Federal University Oye-Ekiti is a Federal University of Nigeria, poised to take education to the next level not only in sub-saharan Africa but indeed to the rest of the world. Established in 2011, offers students from all backgrounds degrees in Agriculture, Engineering, Social Sciences and Sciences as well as Arts, Law, Management Sciences, Pharmacy, Education and Medical Sciences. The school had its first graduating set in 2015, with its maiden convocation in April 2017.
Federal University Oye-Ekiti (FUOYE) was one of the nine Federal Universities established by the Federal Government of Nigeria, pursuant to an executive order made by the former President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, His Excellency, Dr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, GCFR.
Federal University Oye-Ekiti, whose pioneer Vice Chancellor, was Professor Chinedu Ostadinma Nebo, OON, and was succeeded by Vice Chancellor Professor Kayode Soremekun who was appointed by President Buhari in 2016. The current Vice-chancellor of the school is Professor A.S Fasina,
the varsity has two campuses at Oye-Ekiti and Ikole-Ekiti with the total population of 43000 student and Faculties with over 58 Departments, namely:
The Faculty of Agriculture (Agricultural Economics and Extension, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Soil and land management, Animal Production and Health, Crop Production and Horticulture, Food Science Technology, Water Resources and Meteorology, Tourism and hospitality).
The Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences (Anatomy, Medical laboratory science, Physiology, Nursing, and Radiography and Radiation Sciences).
The Faculty of Engineering (Agricultural and Bio-Resources Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Material and Metallurgical Engineering)
The Faculty of Social Sciences (Demography and Social Statistics, Economics and Development Studies, Psychology, Sociology, Peace and Conflict Resolution, Political Science, Mass Communication)
The Faculty of Arts/Humanities (English and Literary Studies, Theatre and Media Arts, History and International Relations, Linguistics)
The Faculty of Science (Animal and Environmental Biology, Biochemistry, Geology, Computer Science, Geophysics, Industrial Chemistry, Mathematics, Microbiology, Physics, Plant Science and Biotechnology, Chemistry, Environmental Management and Toxicology )
The Faculty of Education (Adult Education, Mathematics Education, English Education, Biology Education, Library and Information Science, Chemistry Education, Business Education, Agricultural Education, and Educational Management)
The Faculty of Management (Accounting, Finance, Public Administration, Business Administration).
The Faculty of Law
The Faculty of Pharmacy
The Faculty of Medicine (Medicine and Surgery)
The university is looking forward to the start of another faculty in the next academic session, namely; Environmental Science, whose department includes; Architecture, Building, Estate Management, Surveying and Geoinformatics, Quantity Surveying, Urban and Regional Planning with required infrastructures being put in place.
The first vice-chancellor of the new university was Chinedu Nebo succeeded by Kayode Soremekun and the current vice-chancellor is Professor Abayomi Sunday Fasina.
References
Federal universities of Nigeria
Education in Ekiti State
Educational institutions established in 2011
2011 establishments in Nigeria |
Thomas Legge was a playwright.
Thomas Legge may also refer to:
Thomas Morison Legge, medical inspector of factories
Thomas Legge (MP) for City of London
See also
Thomas Legg, twentieth century civil servant |
Helen Ling (née Yee Chow) is a former software engineer who worked at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). She made considerable efforts to make JPL more diverse.
Early life
Ling was born in China and survived the Japanese bombing of Hong Kong. She studied at Canton College. She emigrated to the United States to attend college, and ended up studying at University of Notre Dame. She was the only woman to major in mathematics.
Career
Ling's brother worked at JPL, and she thought the job would be perfect for her. Ling was a supervisor for the computing group at JPL. She made efforts to only employ women computers during the late 1950s and early 1960s - the programming group used to call themselves "Helen's Girls". Ling's group were responsible for performing trajectory calculations. Ling encouraged women to attend night school and obtain the correct qualifications to work alongside her at JPL. At the time, women at JPL were forced to quit if they became pregnant. Instead of losing her talented team, Ling rehired women returning from maternity leave. The author Nathalia Holt believes that "a lot of women ended up becoming computer scientists and engineers at JPL thanks to Helen's guidance". Her high school crush, Canton College's student body president Arthur Ling, emigrated to America and married Ling. Ling developed software for the IRAS, Magellan, the TOPEX/Poseidon spacecraft and Mars Observer. She retired from JPL in 1994.
Ling developed software for many missions over the years, including the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, Magellan, Mars Observer and Topex/Poseidon. Her work was respected by Charley Kohlhase, the Voyager mission designer, who didn't want anyone else to develop his software. Ling retired in 1994 but still keeps in touch with her former colleagues. She lives in South Pasadena, Calif., with her husband Art.
Ling is referenced in the book Rise of the Rocket Girls by Nathalia Holt, a biologist and science writer. The "rocket girls" worked outside of the home when only 20 percent of women did so.
Quotes
"Men back then always thought they knew more than you did," Ling remembers. "So if you hire them under you, they're uncomfortable, you're uncomfortable. So I just hired women just out of college. I thought that if you didn't give them a chance, they'll never get a chance."
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women mathematicians
American people of Chinese descent
NASA people
20th-century women mathematicians
American software engineers
21st-century American women |
Vittoriosa Stars Football Club are a Maltese football club from the seaside town of Birgu, which currently plays in the Maltese Challenge League. They were founded in 1906.
History
Vittoriosa were promoted to the Maltese Premier League in 2009, but were excluded before the start of the season as a result of a match-fixing scandal. In 2010, they defeated San Gwann 1–0 in a promotion playoff to gain promotion to the top division for the second consecutive season. They were relegated the following year, leading to the departure of their coach Winston Muscat.
Vittoriosa were denied the First Division championship in 2013 after losing their final round match 4–1 to Pietà Hotspurs F.C. meant they were tied on points with Naxxar Lions. They lost the championship decider 2–1 to Naxxar Lions, but still clinched another promotion to the top flight. They were relegated from the 2013–14 Maltese Premier League on the final day of the season, again losing to Naxxar Lions by a score of 3–1, which allowed the Lions to jump them in the table.
Olivier Spiteri was manager from 2012 to 2014.
Vittoriosa played the remainder of the decade in the first division, maintaining their second-tier status in 2019 after winning a relegation playoff against Mgarr United F.C.
Current squad
Personnel
Coaching staff
References
Football clubs in Malta
Association football clubs established in 1906
1906 establishments in Malta |
Donal na Pipi MacCarthy Reagh (Irish: Domhnall na bpíopaí Mac Cárthaigh Riabhach) (died 10 October 1612) was the 17th Prince of Carbery from 1593 to 1606, when he surrendered the principality to the English Crown under the policy of Surrender and Regrant.
He belonged to the MacCarthy Reagh dynasty as a son of Cormac na Haoine, the 13th Prince of Carbery. His epithet "of the Pipes" (na bpíopaí in Irish) originates from when several pipes of wine washed up on the beach at Burren, which was traditionally believed to be a sign of good fortune for him.
Birth and origins
Donal was born the eldest son of Cormac MacCarthy Reagh and his wife Julia MacCarthy. His father was the 13th Prince of Carbery. His father's family were the MacCarthy Reagh, a Gaelic Irish dynasty that branched from the MacCarthy-Mor line with Donal Gott MacCarthy, a medieval King of Desmond, whose sixth son Donal Maol MacCarthy Reagh was the first independent ruler of Carbery.
His mother was a daughter of Cormac Oge Laidir MacCarthy, 10th Lord of Muskerry. She had married his father after the death of her first husband, Gerald Fitzmaurice, 15th Baron Kerry. Her father's family were the MacCarthys of Muskerry, another cadet branch of the MacCarthy Mor.
Marriage and children
Donal married Margaret, daughter of Sir Thomas Ruadh FitzGerald and Ellice Power. She was a granddaughter of James FitzGerald, 13th Earl of Desmond. Ellice Power was a daughter of Sir Richard Poer, 1st Baron le Power and Coroghmore, and Catherine Butler, daughter of Piers Butler, 8th Earl of Ormond.
Donal and Margaret had six sons:
Cormac, who predeceased his father but had a son Donal who married Ellen Roche, daughter of David Roche, 7th Viscount Fermoy
Florence of Banduff, whose grandson was Lt. Col. Finghin of Benduff, the last Chief of the Name MacCarthy Reagh.
Donogh of Kilbrittain, died without issue
Owen, from whom descended the Springhouse branch, which would produce the Counts MacCarthy Reagh of Toulouse
Taig, died without issue
Donal, died without issue
—and two daughters:
Julia, married Edmond, Lord Barry as his 2nd wife
Ellen, married Taig MacCarthy of Ballykay
17th Prince
According to English custom he would have succeeded his father as Prince of Carbery at his death in 1567, but brehon law was applied and all his three paternal uncles ruled before him. He succeeded as the 17th Prince of Carbery at the death of his uncle Owen in about 1593.
Surrender and regrant
Although he surrendered Carbery to the Crown in 1606, he does not appear to have been granted a peerage in return as would typically have been the case. However, as seen in the 1607 pedigree, he is listed being "Lord of Carbery" and as such the family was able to retain a vast yearly income. Donal na Pipi's son, Cormac, predeceased him leaving an only son, Donal of Kilbrittain, who died in 1636. Upon his death an inquisition was taken of the family and it was determined that the MacCarthy Reagh was still collecting yearly rents from various Irish chiefs that all totaled £207 16s 11¼d per annum. This sum doesn't include any revenue from his 70½ demesne ploughlands, and is approximately equivalent to £1,056,000 in 2018.
Conflict with Florence
Donal na Pipi is widely known due to his conflict with his cousin, Florence, over the succession to the chiefship as Prince of Carbery. Donal notoriously broke a promise to Florence when he violated his bond with Florence for £10,000 and surrendered the territory and lordship of Carbery to King James I in 1606. Although it can only be speculated, it seems Donal may have realized that English conquest was by now a sure thing, and the best way (despite his personal ambitions) to preserve Carbery was to opt for surrender and regrant. The family's native Irish allegiance can hardly be called into question, as just fours years earlier, although Donal na Pipi remained visibly neutral, his cousin fought alongside The O'Sullivan Beare against the English at the Battle of Kinsale.
Carbery
By comparing William F.T. Butler's map, 'The Barony of Carbery in Tudor Times,' with modern land surveys, we can estimate that at the time Donal surrendered Carbery, it comprised the modern baronies of West Carbery (East and West Divisions), East Carbery (East and West Divisions), Kinalmeaky, and Ibane and Barryroe. Which would equate to 436,478.1 acres (682 square miles) in size, or just over 2% of Ireland's total size. In medieval Ireland (prior to its incorporation as a petty kingdom) it was the largest barony, and that superlative would remain true today. In fact, if it were reestablished today as its own kingdom it would rank a respectable 180th out of the world's recognized 225 countries and dependencies by land area.
Ancestry
Notes and references
Notes
Citations
Sources
– to 1603
– Irish stem
1612 deaths
Irish princes
MacCarthy dynasty
Year of birth missing |
March 6 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - March 8
All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 20 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.
For March 7th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 22 (February 23 on leap years).
Saints
Martyrs Codratus (Quadratus), Saturninus, and Rufinus, of Nicomedia (250-259) (see also: May 7)
Martyrs Aemilian the Roman, and Jacob (James) and Marianos with him, under Valerian (259)
The Holy Hieromartyrs of Cherson:
Basil, Ephraim, Capito, Eugene, Aetherius, Elpidius, and Agathadorus (4th century)
Venerable Paul the Simple, of Egypt (ca. 339), disciple of St. Anthony the Great.
Saints Nestor and Arcadius, Bishops of Tremithous, in Cyprus (4th century)
Venerable Ephraim of Antioch, Patriarch of Antioch (545)
Saint Paul the Confessor, Bishop of Plousias in Bithynia (ca. 840)
Pre-Schism Western saints
Martyrs Perpetua of Carthage, and the catechumens Felicity, Saturus (Satyrus), Saturninus, Revocatus and Secundulus at Carthage (202-203) (see also: February 1 - East.)
Saint Gaudiosus of Brescia, Confessor and Bishop of Brescia in Italy, where his relics were venerated (445)
Saint Enodoch (Wenedoc), a saint in Wales (ca. 520)
Saint Drausinus (Drausius), Bishop of Soissons, did much to encourage monasticism (ca. 576)
Saint Deifer, founder of Bodfari in Clwyd in Wales (6th century)
Saint Emilian, monk, of Italia (6th century)
Saint Eosterwine, the second Anglo-Saxon Abbot of Wearmouth in Northumbria (688)
Saint John of Beverley, Bishop of York (721) (see also: May 7)
Saint Ardo Smaragdus, a hagiographer, abbot of the monastery of Aniane (843)
Post-Schism Orthodox saints
Venerable Laurence (Lavrentios of Megara), founder of the monastery of the Mother of God Phaneromeni on Salamis Island (1707)
Saint Dandus (Dandas) and All Saints of Thrace.
New martyrs and confessors
New Hieromartyr Nicholas, Priest (1930)
New Hieromartyr Nilus (Tyutyukin), Hieromonk of St. Joseph of Volokolamsk Monastery (1938)
Virgin-martyrs Matrona, Mary, Eudocia, Ecaterina, Antonina, Nadezhda, Xenia, and Anna (1938)
Other commemorations
Synaxis of the Saints of the Dodecanese.
Repose of Schemamonk Sisoes of Valaam (1931)
Icons
Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos "Surety of Sinners" in Korets (1622), Odrin (1843) and Moscow (1848). (see also May 29)
Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos "Of Czestochowa". (see also" March 6)
Icon gallery
Notes
References
Sources
March 7/March 20. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).
March 20 / March 7. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
March 7. OCA - The Lives of the Saints.
The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas (ROCOR). St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p. 20.
March 7. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
The Roman Martyrology. Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. pp. 68–69.
Greek Sources
Great Synaxaristes: 7 ΜΑΡΤΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
Συναξαριστής. 7 Μαρτίου. ECCLESIA.GR. (H ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ).
Russian Sources
20 марта (7 марта). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
7 марта (ст.ст.) 20 марта 2013 (нов. ст.). Русская Православная Церковь Отдел внешних церковных связей. (DECR).
March in the Eastern Orthodox calendar |
The following is a list of notable boarding schools in the United Kingdom.
Many of the private schools in the United Kingdom are boarding schools, although nearly all also have day pupils.
There are also about 40 state boarding schools in England.
England and Wales
Northern Ireland
Campbell College
Rockport School
The Royal School, Armagh
Royal School Dungannon
Victoria College, Belfast
Scotland
Defunct, or no longer boarding
Abbots Bromley School, Staffordshire
Blairmore School
Oak Bank School Leighton Buzzard
Keil School
Kilquhanity School
Mayfield College
Rannoch School
Methodist College Belfast
The Perse School
Silcoates School
Friends' School, Saffron Walden
Boarding
United Kingdom |
Sword and Crown is an official game adventure of the Birthight Campaign Setting in the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons game. It was published in 1995 by TSR, Inc. (now Wizards of the Coast, a subsidiary of Hasbro). The module is for characters of levels 5–7.
Plot summary
Sword and Crown is an adventure in which the player characters become involved with a major political incident. As the leaders of Anuire are conducting a meeting in the realm of a regent player character (PC), soldiers bearing the livery of one of these leading noble houses kidnap the daughter of a rival house. Since this happens in the realm of a PC, that PC and their friends must arbitrate between the feuding houses and find a way to track the kidnappers and rescue the princess, accompanied by knights serving the rival houses and soldiers from the retinue of the PC regent. The PCs encounter half-dead kidnappers eager to confess, so the PCs soon track down the perpetrator and discover the truth. When the PCs return with the princess they must once again arbitrate between the two noble houses, although regardless of the outcome, the PCs will have the enmity of one of the houses.
Sword and Crown involves the search for a lost princess, as the player characters go from elven laboratories to slave pens to fungus lakes, and face off against an adversary called the Spiritrender.
Notable nonplayer characters
Aubrae Avan Anuireaen mage 2
Aeric Boeruine Anuireaen fighter 12
Prince Darien Avan Anuireaen fighter 9
Publication history
Sword and Crown is an Advanced Dungeons & Dragons game supplement for the Birthright setting, published by TSR, Inc., and featuring a 64-page softcover book, and one 21’x 32’ map sheet. Sword and Crown was the first adventure published by TSR for the Birthright campaign world. The adventure was designed by Colin McComb and edited by Anne Brown, with cover art by Tony Szczudlo and illustrations by Ben Otero and John Dollar.
Reception
Cliff Ramshaw reviewed Sword and Crown for Arcane magazine, rating it a 6 out of 10 overall. Ramshaw comments that "with a party this size things can become unwieldy, and the author suggests you use Birthright skirmish rules to resolve large-scale combats". He notes that the adventure is "all fairly straightforward to referee until the closing scene" as it is "suggested that a trial takes place, but no mechanism is provided", and the fact that "the players will earn the enmity of one or the other of the noble houses [...] seems a trifle unfair, but I guess that's just the risks of power politics".
Rick Swan reviewed Sword and Crown along with several other Birthright products for Dragon magazine #233 (September 1996), giving it a rating of 4 out of 6. Swan called this a first-rate example of an official adventure, "where the design team takes you by the hand and shows you what they consider the essentials of a Birthright campaign". He also called Sword and Crown "well-organized, clutter-free, and easy on the brain", and referred to the Spiritrender an "exceptionally nasty adversary". Swan felt that Colin McComb, co-designer of the original Birthright rules, "supplies plenty of staging tips and helpful NPCs — too helpful, some might say", noting that a bandit conveniently volunteers too much information about his family at one point. He admitted that the adventure doesn't break any new ground, and relies on AD&D conventions rather than concepts unique to the Birthright setting, so that the adventure acts as a bridge "intended to ease the transition from standard AD&D to the more sophisticated Birthright setting". Swan recommended that, for a beginner on a budget looking to buy a Birthright adventure, to "go with Sword and Crown if you can't make up your mind", but that seasoned Birthright players who already have a campaign underway can skip the adventure.
References
Birthright (campaign setting) adventures
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1995 |
Keith Walton Tantlinger (March 22, 1919 – August 27, 2011) was a mechanical engineer and inventor. As Vice President of Engineering at the Fruehauf Trailer Corporation his inventions played a major role in containerization. Working with a Fruehauf customer, Malcom McLean, they spearheaded the container ship revolution in the 1950s, Tantlinger developed much of the early technology that made modern container shipping possible while at Fruehauf. After its initial order of containers from Brown Trailer, Sea-Land switched to containers made by the Strick division of the Fruehauf Trailer Company. Fruehauf had been one of the dominant players in building truck bodies and trailers for a long time, and, as already described, had previously innovated in the design and construction of the early commercial semi-trailers. President Roy Fruehauf was impressed with the idea of containerization, so in addition to manufacturing containers for Sea-Land his company agreed to make the trailer chassis that were needed, and also to provide financing to Sea-Land for the purchase of these containers and chassis.
In 1958 Tantlinger left Sea-Land and became chief engineer at Fruehauf, where he continued to work with containers. More importantly, over the years he played a key role in the process of container standardization, working extensively on a committee of the American Standards Association (ASA) and later being critically involved with the ISO's efforts. His designs included the corner casting and Twistlock systems found on every intermodal container, the spreader bar for automatic securing of containers lifted on and off ships, and the ship-shore container transfer apparatus for the first cellular container ship. In the course of his professional career, Tantlinger was granted 79 United States patents, all related to transportation equipment. Many of his patents related to commercial highway freight trailers and transit buses.
Life and career
Tantlinger was born in Orange, California, on March 22, 1919. He attended the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering in 1941. During World War II, he worked for the Douglas Aircraft Company (later McDonnell Douglas), where he designed tools used to produce the B-17 bomber.
He married Marjorie Cunningham. They had a daughter, Susan Tantlinger, and they later divorced.
In the 1950s, Tantlinger persuaded McLean that shipping containers should be built so they could be separated from a chassis, with strong corner posts and built so they could be stacked on top of each other.
Tantlinger also worked on the basic structure and many features of the Bay Area Rapid Transit cars for San Francisco and the rapid transit cars for the Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority.
During his career he also worked as chief engineer and vice president of engineering at Brown Trailers in Spokane; vice president of engineering and manufacturing at Fruehauf Corporation in Detroit; and senior vice president, ground transportation systems at Rohr Industries in Chula Vista, California.
On September 10, 1981, he married Wanda Mae Gunnell Delinger in Las Vegas, Nevada.
In 2010, Tantlinger was awarded the Gibbs Brothers Medal by the National Academy of Sciences for his role in developing the expansion of world trade.
He died in Escondido, California, on August 27, 2011, age 92.
References
External links
K. W. Tantlinger USPO Patent for Container Crane Apparatus
K. W. Tantlinger USPO Patent for Container Stacking System
The Fruehauf Trailer Historical Society
1919 births
2011 deaths
American mechanical engineers
American inventors
University of California, Berkeley alumni |
1843 Naval Air Squadron (1843 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.
History
No.1843 Squadron Fleet Air Arm formed at NAS Brunswick on 1 May 1944 as a single seater fighter squadron. Equipped with 18 Corsair IIIs, these were replaced by Mk. IIs before embarking in for the UK in August 1944. Joining the 10th Naval Fighter Wing, the squadron embarked in with 24 Corsair IVs in February 1945 and sailed to Australia, but saw no action before the war ended. In August it became part of the 3rd Carrier Air Group. The aircraft were withdrawn in September, and the squadron personnel sailed home in to disband on arrival on 10 December 1945.
On 1 October 1952, No.1830A Squadron formed at Donibristle as an Anti-Submarine squadron of the Scottish Air Division of the RN Volunteer Reserve, moving shortly afterwards to Abbotsinch. It shared the aircraft of No.1830 Squadron, becoming No.1843 Squadron in March 1953. Avengers arrived in November 1955, but No.1843 disbanded on 10 March 1957 under the defence cuts of that year.
Aircraft operated
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
1800 series Fleet Air Arm squadrons
Military units and formations established in 1944
Military units and formations of the Royal Navy in World War II |
William George Heirens (November 15, 1928 – March 5, 2012) was an American criminal and possible serial killer who confessed to three murders. He was subsequently convicted of the crimes in 1946. Heirens was called the Lipstick Killer after a notorious message scrawled in lipstick at a crime scene. At the time of his death, Heirens was reputedly Illinois' longest-serving prisoner, having spent 65 years in prison.
He spent the later years of his sentence at the Dixon Correctional Center in Dixon, Illinois. Though he remained imprisoned until his death, Heirens had recanted his confession and claimed to be a victim of coercive interrogation and police brutality.
Charles Einstein wrote a novel called The Bloody Spur about Heirens, published in 1953 which was adapted into the 1956 film While the City Sleeps by Fritz Lang.
On March 5, 2012, Heirens died at the age of 83 at the University of Illinois Medical Center from complications arising from diabetes.
His story was the subject of a 2018 episode of the Investigation Discovery series A Crime to Remember.
Early life
Heirens grew up in Lincolnwood, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois. He was the son of George and Margaret Heirens. George Heirens was the son of immigrants from Luxembourg and Margaret was a homemaker. His family was poor and his parents argued incessantly, leading Heirens to wander the streets to avoid hearing them. He took to crime and later claimed that he mostly stole for fun and to release tension. He never sold what he had stolen.
At age 13, Heirens was arrested for carrying a loaded gun. A subsequent search of the Heirenses' home discovered a number of stolen weapons hidden in a storage shed on the roof of a nearby building, along with furs, suits, cameras, radios, and jewelry he had stolen. Heirens confessed to 11 burglaries and was sent to the Gibault School for wayward boys for several months.
Soon after, he was arrested for theft and sentenced to three years at the St. Bede Academy, where he was an exceptional student. He was accepted into University of Chicago's special learning program just before his release in 1945 at age 16.
To pay his expenses he worked several evenings a week as an usher and docent; he also resumed committing burglaries.
A classmate remembers him as being popular with girls.
Murders
Josephine Ross
On June 5, 1945, 43-year-old Josephine Ross was found dead in her Chicago apartment. She had been repeatedly stabbed, and her head was wrapped in a dress. Dark hairs were clutched in her hand. No valuables were taken from the apartment.
Police were unable to identify a dark-haired man reportedly seen running away from the building.
Frances Brown
On December 10, 1945, Frances Brown was discovered with a knife lodged in her neck and bullet wound to the head in her apartment. Nothing was taken, but a message was written in lipstick on the wall:
"For heavens Sake catch me Before I kill more I cannot control myself."
Police found a bloody fingerprint smudge on the doorjamb of the entrance door. A witness heard gunshots around 4 a.m., and the building's night clerk said a nervous-looking man of 35 to 40 years old, and weighing 140 pounds, got off the elevator and left around that time.
At one point Chicago Police said they had reason to believe the killer was a woman.
Suzanne Degnan
On January 7, 1946, six-year-old Suzanne Degnan was discovered missing from her first-floor bedroom in Edgewater, Chicago. Police found a ladder outside her window, and a ransom note: "Get $20,000 ready & wait for my word. Do not notify the FBI or police. Bills are in 5's & 10's. Burn this for her safety."
A man repeatedly called the Degnan residence demanding the ransom.
Chicago Mayor Edward Kelly also received a note:This is to tell you how sorry I am not to not get ole Degnan instead of his girl. Roosevelt and the OPA made their own laws. Why shouldn't I and a lot more? At the time, there was a nationwide meatpackers' strike and the Office of Price Administration (OPA) was talking of extending rationing to dairy products. Degnan was a senior OPA executive recently transferred to Chicago. Another executive of the OPA had been recently assigned armed guards after receiving threats against his children and, in Chicago, a man involved with black market meat had recently been murdered by decapitation. Police considered the possibility the Degnan killer was a meat packer.
Acting on an anonymous tip, police discovered Degnan's head in a sewer a block from the Degnan residence, her right leg in a catch basin, her torso in another storm drain, and her left leg in another drain. Her arms were found a month later in another sewer. Blood was found in the drains of laundry tubs in the basement laundry room of a nearby apartment building.
Police questioned hundreds of people, gave polygraph examinations to about 170, and several times claimed to have captured the killer, though all were eventually released.
Witnesses
The coroner fixed the time of death at between 12:30 and 1:00 a.m. and stated that a very sharp knife had been used to expertly dismember the body. A basement laundry room near the Degnans' home was located in which it appeared that Degnan had been dismembered, though it was determined that she was already dead when she was taken there. A coroner's expert stated that the killer was "either a man who worked in a profession that required the study of anatomy or one with a background in dissection...not even the average doctor could be as skillful, it had to be a meat cutter"; the coroner added that it was a "very clean job with absolutely no signs of hacking."
Hector Verburgh arrest
65-year-old Hector Verburgh, a janitor in the building where Degnan lived, was arrested and treated as the suspect. Police told the press "This is the man," despite discrepancies between Verburgh's profile and the one that was developed by them as to what kind of skills the killer had, including him having surgical knowledge or at least being a butcher. Police cited such evidence as Verburgh frequenting the so-called "Murder Room," and the grimy state of the ransom note suggested it was written by a dirty hand such as that of a janitor. The police pressured Verburgh's wife to implicate her husband in the murder.
Police held Verburgh for 48 hours of questionings and beatings that severely injured him, including a separated shoulder. Throughout, Verburgh denied involvement in the murder. Verburgh's Janitor Union lawyer got Verburgh released on a writ of habeas corpus. Verburgh said of the experience:Oh, they hanged me up, they blindfolded me ... I can't put up my arms; they are sore. They had handcuffs on me for hours and hours. They threw me in the cell and blindfolded me. They handcuffed my hands behind my back and pulled me up on bars until my toes touched the floor. I no eat. I go to the hospital. Oh, I am so sick. Any more and I would have confessed to anything.
Verburgh spent ten days in the hospital. It was determined that Verburgh, a Belgian immigrant, couldn't write English well enough even by the crude standards of the ransom note itself for him to have written it. He successfully sued the Chicago Police Department for $15,000; his wife received $5,000.
Sidney Sherman investigation
Another notable false lead was that of Sidney Sherman, a recently discharged Marine who had served in World War II. Police had found blonde hairs in the back of the Degnan apartment building, and nearby was a wire that authorities suspected could have been used as a garrote to strangle Suzanne Degnan. Near that was a handkerchief the police suspected might have been used as a gag to keep Suzanne quiet. On the handkerchief was a laundry mark name: S. Sherman. The police hoped that perhaps the killer had erred in leaving it behind. They searched military records and discovered that a Sidney Sherman lived at the Hyde Park YMCA. The police went to question Sherman but discovered that he had vacated the residence without checking out and quit his job without picking up his last paycheck.
A nationwide manhunt ensued. Sherman was found four days later in Toledo, Ohio. He explained under interrogation that he had eloped with his girlfriend and denied that the handkerchief was his. He was administered a polygraph test, which he passed, and was later cleared. The handkerchief's real owner, Airman Seymour Sherman of New York City, was eventually found. He had been out of the country when Suzanne Degnan was murdered. He had no idea how it could possibly have ended up in Chicago and the presence of the handkerchief was determined to be a coincidence.
Ransom calls
After Suzanne Degnan's disappearance, the Degnan residence received phone calls demanding ransom. A local boy, Theodore Campbell, later said that another local teenager, Vincent Costello, had killed Suzanne Degnan.
Costello, who lived a few blocks from the Degnans, had been convicted of armed robbery at age 16 and sent to reform school. Campbell said that Costello admitted to kidnapping and killing Suzanne Degnan, and had told him (Campbell) to make the calls to the Degnans. Costello was arrested, but polygraph tests indicated that neither Campbell nor Costello had knowledge of the murder.
Lack of progress
In February 1946, Suzanne Degnan's arms were found by sewer workers about a half mile from her home after her remains had already been interred. By April, some 370 suspects had been questioned and cleared.
By this time, the press was taking an increasingly critical tone as to how the police were handling the Degnan investigation.
Another confession
Richard Russell Thomas was a nurse living in Phoenix, Arizona, having moved from Chicago. At the time of the Chicago investigation, he was imprisoned in Phoenix for molesting one of his own daughters, but he was in Chicago at the time of the Degnan murder. A handwriting expert for the Phoenix Police Department first informed Chicago authorities of the "great similarities" between Thomas' handwriting and that of the Degnan ransom note, noting that many of the phrases Thomas had used in an extortion note were similar and his medical training as a nurse matched the profile suggested by police. Although Thomas lived on the south side, he frequented a car yard directly across the street from where Suzanne Degnan's arms were found. During questioning by Chicago police, he freely admitted to killing Suzanne Degnan. However, the authorities were intrigued by a promising new suspect reported to the paper the same day the Thomas development broke. A college student was caught fleeing from the scene of a burglary, brandished a gun at police and possibly tried to kill one of the pursuing policemen to escape. By this time, Thomas had recanted his confession, but the press didn't notice in light of this new lead.
Arrest and questioning of Heirens
On June 26, 1946, 17-year-old William Heirens was arrested for attempted burglary.
According to Heirens, he drifted into unconsciousness under questioning and was interrogated around the clock for six consecutive days, beaten, and starved. He was not allowed to see his parents for four days. He was also refused the opportunity to speak to a lawyer for six days.
Two psychiatrists, Doctors Haines and Roy Grinker, gave Heirens sodium pentothal without a warrant and without Heirens' or his parents' consent, and interrogated him for three hours. Under the influence of the drug, authorities claimed, Heirens spoke of an alternate personality named "George", who had actually committed the murders. Heirens claimed that he recalled little of the drug-induced interrogation and that when police asked for "George's" last name he said he couldn't remember, but that it was "a murmuring name". Police translated this to "Murman" and the media later dramatized it to "Murder Man." What Heirens actually said is in dispute, as the original transcript has disappeared. In 1952, Grinker revealed that Heirens had never implicated himself in any of the killings.
On his fifth day in custody, Heirens was given a lumbar puncture without anesthesia. Moments later, Heirens was driven to police headquarters for a polygraph test. They tried for a few minutes to administer the test, but it was rescheduled for several days later after they found him to be in too much pain to cooperate.
When the polygraph was administered, authorities, including State's Attorney William Tuohy, announced that the results were "inconclusive."
On July 2, 1946, he was transferred to the Cook County Jail, where he was placed in the infirmary to recover.
Heirens' first confession
After the sodium pentothal questioning but before the polygraph exam, Heirens spoke to Captain Michael Ahern. With State's Attorney William Tuohy and a stenographer at hand, Heirens offered an indirect confession, confirming his claim while under sodium pentothal that his alter-ego "George Murman" might have been responsible for the crimes. That "George" (which happens to be his father's first name and Heirens' middle name) had given him the loot to hide in his dormitory room. Police hunted all over for this "George" questioning Heirens' known friends, family, and associations, but came away empty-handed.
Heirens was attributed as saying while under the influence that he met "George" when he was 13 years old; that it was "George" who sent him out prowling at night, that he robbed for pleasure, and "killed like a cobra" when cornered. "George" related his secrets to Heirens. Heirens allegedly claimed that he was always taking the rap for George, first for petty theft, then assault and now murder. Psychologists explained at the time that, in the same way children make up imaginary friends, Heirens made up this personality to keep his antisocial feelings and actions separate from the person who could be the "average son and student, date nice girls and go to church..."
Authorities were skeptical regarding Heirens' claims and suspected that he was laying the groundwork for an insanity defense, but the confession earned widespread publicity with the press transforming "Murman" to "Murder Man."
Hard evidence
While handwriting analysts did not definitively link Heirens' handwriting to the "Lipstick Message," police claimed that his fingerprints matched a print discovered at the scene of the Frances Brown murder. It was first reported as a "bloody smudge" on the doorjamb. Furthermore, a fingerprint of the left little finger also allegedly connected Heirens to the ransom note with nine points of comparison. As Heirens' nine points of comparison were loops, this could also provide a match to 65% of the population. At the time, Heirens' supporters pointed out that the FBI handbook regarding fingerprint identification required 12 points of comparison matching to have a positive identification.
On June 30, 1946, Captain Emmett Evans told newspapers that Heirens had been cleared of suspicion in the Brown murder as the fingerprint left in the apartment was not his. Twelve days later, Chief of Detectives Walter Storms confirmed that the "bloody smudge" left on the doorjamb was Heirens'.
Stolen items
Police searches (without a warrant) of Heirens' residence and college dormitory found other items that earned publicity. Notably recovered was a scrapbook containing pictures of Nazi officials that belonged to a war veteran, Harry Gold, that was taken when Heirens burgled his place the night Suzanne Degnan was killed. Gold lived in the vicinity of the Degnans. This, once again, put Heirens in the circle of suspicion.
Also in Heirens' possession was a stolen copy of Psychopathia Sexualis (1886), Richard von Krafft-Ebing's famous study of sexual deviance. In addition, among Heirens' belongings police discovered a stolen medical kit, but they announced that the medical instruments could not be linked to the murders. No trace of biological material such as blood, skin or hair were found on the tools. Moreover, no biological material of the victims was found on Heirens himself or any of his clothes. The medical kit tools were considered to be too fine and small to be used for dissection. Instead, Heirens had used the four-inch-long medical kit to alter the war bonds he stole.
A gun was found in his possession that was linked to a shooting. A Colt Police Positive revolver had been stolen in a burglary at the apartment of Guy Rodrick on December 3, 1945. Two nights later, a bullet crashed through the closed eighth-floor apartment window of Marion Caldwell, wounding her. Heirens had that gun in his possession and, according to the Chicago Police Department, the bullet that injured Caldwell was linked through ballistics to that same gun.
Eyewitness
A witness told police he saw a figure walking toward the Degnan residence with a shopping bag; he described the man as 5 feet, 9 inches tall, 170 pounds, 35 years old, and wearing a light-colored fedora and a dark overcoat, but could not make out the man's face. The witness did not recognize a photo of Heirens as showing the man he saw, but a few days later he identified Heirens in person at a court hearing. Before the trial, inconsistencies in the witness's original statement had led many to dismiss his evidence. In court it was pointed out that the witness told police that darkness had prevented his seeing the man's face, while in court he testified that he had seen Heirens walk in front of a car's headlights.
Second confession
Heirens' defense attorneys "felt" he was guilty. Their task, they believed, was to save Heirens from the electric chair. Tuohy, on the other hand, was not certain he could get a conviction.The small likelihood of a successful murder prosecution of William Heirens early prompted the state's attorney's office to seek out and obtain the cooperative help of defense counsel, and through them, that of their client. All the prosecution had in the Degnan case was a partial fingerprint on the ransom note. … And it was at this stage of the investigation that defense counsel moved forward in cooperation with my office. —State's Attorney Tuohy
Heirens' lawyers pressured him to take Tuohy's plea bargain. That deal, which was the topic of that closed-door meeting with Tuohy, stated that Heirens would serve one life sentence if he confessed to the murders of Josephine Ross, Frances Brown, and Suzanne Degnan. With the help of his lawyers, he began drafting a confession using the Chicago Tribune article as a guide:As it turned out, the Tribune article was very helpful, as it provided me with a lot of details I didn't know. My attorneys rarely changed anything outright, but I could tell by their faces if I had made a mistake. Or they would say, 'Now, Bill, is that really the way it happened?' Then I would change my story because, obviously, it went against what was known (in the Tribune).
Both Heirens and his parents signed a confession. The parties agreed to a date of July 30 for Heirens to make his official confession. On that date the defense went to Tuohy's office, where several reporters were assembled to ask Heirens questions and where Tuohy himself made a speech. Heirens appeared bewildered and gave noncommittal answers to reporters' questions, which he years later blamed on Tuohy:It was Tuohy himself. After assembling all the officials, including attorneys and policemen, he began a preamble about how long everyone had waited to get a confession from me, but, at last, the truth was going to be told. He kept emphasizing the word 'truth' and I asked him if he really wanted the truth. He assured me that he did... Now Tuohy made a big deal about hearing the truth. Now, when I was being forced to lie to save myself. It made me angry...so I told them the truth, and everyone got very upset.
Tuohy withdrew the previously agreed sentence of one life term with a few minor charges, changed it to three life terms to run consecutively, and threatened Heirens with the death penalty if he went to trial. They threatened to charge him with another murder (Estelle Carey) even though Heirens was attending the Gibault School for Wayward Boys, a boarding school in Terre Haute, Indiana, at the time. Heirens' own attorneys were angry at their client for reneging on the plea bargain, spurring the Chicago Tribune headline "Mute Heirens Faces Trial – Killer Spurns Mother's Fervent Plea to Talk."
Tuohy announced that he would press ahead to try Heirens for the deaths of Suzanne Degnan and Frances Brown.
Heirens agreed with the new plea agreement. The public allocution was held again in Tuohy's office. This time, Heirens talked and answered questions, even reenacting parts of the murders to which he had confessed. Ahern changed his opinion and believed he was culpable when he heard how familiar Heirens was with victim Frances Brown's apartment.
Heirens said later: "I confessed to save my life."
Knife
In his confession, Heirens stated that he disposed of the hunting knife with which he said he cut up Suzanne Degnan on the elevated subway tracks near the scene of the murder. The police never searched the El tracks; however, learning of this, reporters enquired with the track crew if they had found a knife. They had found it on the tracks and they kept it in the Granville station storage room. The reporters determined that the knife belonged to Guy Rodrick, the same person who had his Colt Police Positive .22 caliber gun stolen and found in Heirens' possession. On July 31, he positively identified the knife as his. Heirens acknowledged that he threw the knife there from an El train, claiming he didn't want his mother to see it.
Guilty plea
Heirens took full responsibility for the three murders on August 7, 1946. The prosecution had him reenact the crime in the Degnan home in public and in front of the press. On September 4, with Heirens' parents and the victims' families attending and Chief Justice Harold G. Ward presiding, Heirens admitted his guilt on the burglary and murder charges. That night, Heirens tried to hang himself in his cell, timed to coincide during a shift change of the prison guards. He was discovered before he died. He said later that despair drove him to attempt suicide:Everyone believed I was guilty...If I weren't alive, I felt I could avoid being adjudged guilty by the law and thereby gain some victory. But I wasn't successful even at that. ...Before I walked into the courtroom my counsel told me to just enter a plea of guilty and keep my mouth shut afterward. I didn't even have a trial...
On September 5, after further evidence was written into the record and the prosecution and defense had made their closing statements, Ward formally sentenced Heirens to three life terms. As Heirens waited to be transferred to Stateville Prison from the Cook County Jail, Sheriff Michael Mulcahy asked Heirens if Suzanne Degnan suffered when she was killed. Heirens answered:I can't tell you if she suffered, Sheriff Mulcahy. I didn't kill her. Tell Mr. Degnan to please look after his other daughter, because whoever killed Suzanne is still out there.
Claims of innocence
Within days of his confession in open court, Heirens denied any responsibility for the murders. Mary Jane Blanchard, daughter of murder victim Josephine Ross, was one of the first dissenters, being quoted in 1946 as saying:I cannot believe that young Heirens murdered my mother. He just does not fit into the picture of my mother's death ... I have looked at all the things Heirens stole and there was nothing of my mother's things among them.
Sodium pentothal interrogation
Heirens was subjected to an interrogation under the influence of sodium pentothal, popularly known as "truth serum." This drug was administered by psychiatrists Haines and Roy Grinker. Under its effects he allegedly stated that a second person named George Murman actually committed the killings.
This form of interrogation, which was done without a warrant and administered with neither Heirens' nor his parents' consent, is believed by most scientists today to be of dubious value in eliciting the truth, due to high suggestibility of subjects under the influence of such substances.
By the 1950s, most scientists had declared the very notion of truth serums invalid, and most courts had ruled testimony gained through their use inadmissible. However, when Heirens was arrested in 1946, growing scientific opinion against "truth serum" had not yet filtered down to the courts and police departments.
During Heirens' post-conviction petition in 1952, Tuohy admitted under oath that he not only knew about the sodium pentothal procedure, he had authorized it and paid Grinker $1,000. The same year, Grinker revealed that Heirens never implicated himself in any of the killings.
Polygraph test
In 1946, after Heirens underwent two polygraph examinations, Tuohy declared the results inconclusive. However, John E. Reid and Fred E. Inbau published the test findings in their 1953 textbook, Lie Detection and Criminal Interrogation, which seem to contradict that assertion. According to the book, the test was not inconclusive, writing, "Murder suspect William Heirens was questioned about the killing and dismemberment of six-year old Suzanne Degnan ... On the basis of the conventional testing theory his response on the card test clearly establishes (him) as an innocent person."
Handwriting evidence
During the Degnan murder investigation, the Chicago Police Department contacted Chicago Daily News artist Frank San Hamel to examine a photograph of the ransom note. Three days after the murder, Hamel told the police and the public that he had found "hidden indentation writing" (writing impressions from a note written on an overlying piece of paper, leaving a ghostly impression). At this news, Storms broke the chain of custody and provided Hamel with the original note for him to examine directly. Since the chain of custody was broken by this action, the note was rendered useless in court no matter the result. After Heirens was arrested for the Degnan killing, Hamel reported that it implicated him. The FBI had previously issued a report on March 22, 1946, that it examined the note and declared that there was no indentation writing at all and Hamel's assertions "[...] indicated either a lack of knowledge on his part or a deliberate attempt to deceive."
Even the actual handwriting on the note has been apparently discredited. Most handwriting experts, both attached to the Chicago police and independent at the time of the original investigation, believed that Heirens had no connections to either the note or the wall scribble. Charles Wilson, who was head of the Chicago Crime Detection Laboratory, declared Heirens' known handwriting exemplars obtained from Heirens' handwritten notes from college agreed with the Police Department experts who could not find any connection between Heirens, the note, and the wall message. Independent handwriting expert George W. Schwartz was brought in to give his opinion. He stated flatly that "The individual characteristics in the two writings do not compare in any respect."
A third handwriting expert, Herbert J. Walter, whose credentials included working on the Lindbergh baby kidnapping in 1932, was brought in. After examining documents written by Heirens, Walter declared that Heirens wrote the ransom note and the lipstick scrawl on the wall and attempted to disguise his handwriting. However, this was in direct contradiction to what he said several months before, at which time he said he doubted that the two writings were authored by the same person. He was quoted as saying there were "a few superficial similarities and a great many dissimilarities."
In 1996, FBI handwriting analyst David Grimes declared that Heirens' known handwriting did not match either the Degnan ransom note or the infamous "Lipstick Message," supporting the two earlier results of the original 1946 investigation and Herbert J. Walter's original January 1946 opinion. In addition, the handwritings of the two notes don't match each other.
Fingerprint evidence
Among evidence suggesting Heirens' guilt is the fingerprint evidence on the Degnan ransom note and on the doorjamb of Frances Brown's bathroom door. However, suspicions on the veracity of doorjamb fingerprints found at the Brown crime scene have arisen, including charges that the police planted the fingerprint since it allegedly looks like a rolled fingerprint, the type that you would find on a police fingerprint index card. Both sets of prints have come under serious question as to their validity, good faith collection and possible contamination; even the possibility of their being planted.
Ransom note fingerprints
On or around June 26, 1946, State's Attorney Tuohy announced that "there can be no doubt now" as to Heirens' guilt after the authorities linked Heirens' prints to the two prints on the ransom note. It was this assertion, unchallenged by Heirens' defense counsel at sentencing, that helped prompt him to confess to the murders with which he was charged. In a 2002 clemency petition, however, his lawyers question the validity of those prints on the ransom note due to the timing of discoveries of fingerprints on the card, the broken chain of evidence and its handling by both inexperienced law enforcement and civilians.
The Degnan ransom note was first examined by the Chicago Crime Detection Laboratory, but they couldn't find any usable prints on the note. Captain Timothy O'Connor took the note to the FBI crime laboratory in Washington, D.C. on January 18, 1946, with the idea of enlisting the FBI's more sophisticated technology in finding any latent prints. The FBI subjected the note to the then advanced method of iodine fuming to raise latent prints. The process was similar in execution to today's polycyanoacrylate "super glue" fuming in which Cyanoacrylate is heated to a vapor. This vapor sticks to the skin oils on the friction ridges of a latent fingerprint. The older Ninhydrin method, which is a liquid that is sprayed on paper to detect latent prints on paper is similar. The FBI were able to raise two prints which they photographed promptly because, unlike modern polycyanoacrylate, fuming prints revealed by the iodine process fade quickly. Captain O'Connor later testified at Heirens' sentencing hearing that he only saw two prints on the front of the note and did not mention the existence of any on the back.
Upon his return to Chicago, he turned over the photographs of the revealed prints on the note to Sergeant Thomas Laffey, the Chicago Police Department's fingerprint expert. After his examination he stated to the press that they were "... so incomplete that it is impossible to classify them." Despite checking these "incomplete" prints with everyone arrested between January 1946 and June 29, 1946, he was unable to find a match even though William Heirens was previously arrested and fingerprinted on May 1, 1946, on a weapons charge. Heirens was arrested for burglary on June 26, 1946; three days later Sergeant Laffey announced a nine-point comparison match to Heirens left little finger with one of the prints. Then a match was announced between Heirens and the second print. In a news conference, State's Attorney Tuohy declared that "[...] there could be no doubt now" about the suspect's guilt but then incongruously also stated that they didn't actually have enough evidence to indict Heirens.
Months after the FBI had returned the note and the photograph of the note to the Chicago police, the police announced that Laffey had discovered a palm print on the reverse side of the note also matching Heirens to ten points of comparison. No other prints were found on the note, prompting Police Chief Walter Storm to say: "This shows that Heirens was the only person to handle the note."
This declaration is suspicious to some because:
The Chicago Police couldn't find any prints originally, hence the necessity to send the ransom note to the FBI for further processing, indicating that they were incapable of finding it in the first place.
Captain O'Connor only mentioned the two prints on the obverse side of the note and none on the reverse. Further, since both sides of the note are photographed immediately after fuming by the FBI, a third print on the reverse side would have been obvious on the note itself and at the time of the development of the photograph of the note. Yet, despite the testing occurring in mid-January, this third print wasn't discovered until early July, six months later and approximately two weeks after Heirens was arrested, despite Laffey working on the Degnan case almost exclusively for six months.
The original note was previously given to Chicago Daily News reporter Frank San Hamel the previous January (after the FBI had processed it) to examine to find any "hidden indentation writing" that Heirens supposedly left. This broke the chain of custody, making the note inadmissible as evidence in court. Additionally, any number of people, including Hamel, had compromised the integrity of any prints on the note by depositing additional prints and obscuring and corrupting the prints of the culprit.
Indeed, even before the police crime lab got a chance to examine the note, Charles Wilson, the chief of the Chicago Crime Detection Laboratory, stated "When we got the Degnan note it came late after other people had photographed it and handled it." In the same vein, a March 22, 1946, FBI report noted "[...] it is evident that the note has been handled considerably."
These statements are in direct contradiction to Chief Walter Storm's assertion that no one else but Heirens handled the note.
Further, Laffey testified during the September 5, 1946, sentencing hearing that one more fingerprint on the reverse side of the note was linked to Heirens to ten points of comparison. He also increased the points of comparison of the palm print to Heirens from ten to the FBI standard of 12.
As to the fingerprints on the front of the note that were discovered by the FBI in January 1946, Laffey only identified one and did not say it belonged to Heirens when he testified at the sentencing hearing. Only the prints not found by the FBI and allegedly discovered after Heirens' arrest were mentioned at the sentencing hearing and not the two front prints that were supposedly "indisputable" proof of Heirens' culpability. They were hardly mentioned, nor were they linked to Heirens, in a court hearing in which the witnesses had to testify under oath.
As a further indication of what could be called ineffective defense by Heirens' lawyers, none of these issues were raised at the sentencing hearings and no objections were made, nor did they bring up chain-of-custody issues.
Doorjamb print
A "bloody, smudged" print of an end and middle joint of a finger was found on the doorjamb of a door between the bathroom and dressing room in Frances Brown's apartment. A photograph of the print was taken, but no match was made with anything on file. After Heirens was arrested on June 26, his prints were compared with the Degnan note. When Laffey claimed a match with Heirens and the prints on the Degnan note, an attempt was made to match him with the doorjamb print. It was unsuccessful, and the police declared him cleared of the Brown murder because the print at the crime scene was not his. Twelve days later, however, it was declared to match Heirens' prints to 22 points of comparison, well above the FBI standard.
At Heirens' sentencing, Laffey testified that the end joint of the bloody print had an eight-point comparison to Heirens' and the middle joint a six-point comparison. The middle joint didn't live up to Laffey's personal standard of seven or eight points to make a positive identification match.
Another source of contention is that the Brown crime scene fingerprint has the appearance of having been rolled, which is the practice of taking a person's inked finger and rolling it on an index card, and not the smudged, bloody and unreadable print as originally reported. Traditionally, after the fingertip is covered in ink from either the suspect's hand being pressed on top of an ink pad or an ink roller being run across it, the finger is placed on the card on one edge. It is rolled once from one edge to the finger's other edge to produce a large, clear print.
Heirens' attorneys did not question the veracity of the prints, however.
Confession
Twenty-nine inconsistencies have been found between his confession and the known facts of the crime. It has since become the understanding that the nature of these inconsistencies is a clear indicator of false confessions. Some details did seem to match, like the police theory that Suzanne Degnan was dismembered by a hunting knife and Heirens confessed to throwing a hunting knife onto a section of the Chicago Subway "El" trestle near the Degnan residence. However, it was never determined scientifically that it was at least the dismemberment tool and Heirens had an alternate explanation for it. Further, it was not initially recovered by the police, but members of the press, who recovered it from the transit track gang who found it.
Alternative suspects
After the Degnan murder, but before Heirens became a suspect, Chicago police interrogated 42-year-old Richard Russell Thomas, a drifter passing through the city of Chicago at the time of Degnan's murder, found in the Maricopa County Jail in Phoenix, Arizona. Police handwriting expert Charles B. Arnold, head of the forgery detail of the Phoenix police in Thomas' hometown of Phoenix, noted similarities between the handwritten Degnan ransom note and Thomas' handwriting when Thomas wrote with his left hand, and suggested that Chicago police investigate Thomas.
Upon being questioned, Thomas confessed to the crime, but he was released from custody after Heirens became the prime suspect. Others contend that Thomas was a strong suspect, given that:
Thomas previously had been convicted of an attempted extortion – with a ransom note that threatened the kidnapping of a little girl.
As previously noted, handwriting experts at the time stated that the Thomas' ransom note from his previous conviction of extortion bears similarity in both style in regard to the wording and in form of the actual structure of the letters formed, to the Degnan ransom note.
Thomas was in Chicago at the time of the Degnan murder.
At the time he confessed to the Degnan crime, he was awaiting sentencing for molesting his daughter.
Thomas had a history of violence, including spousal abuse.
Thomas was a nurse who was known to masquerade as a surgeon. He often boasted to his friends that he was a doctor and he was known to steal surgical supplies. Chicago Police had previously developed a profile of the Degnan killer as having surgical skills or being a butcher.
He frequented a car agency near the Degnan residence. Parts of Suzanne Degnan's body were found in a sewer across the street from the car agency.
Like Heirens, he was a known burglar.
He had confessed freely to the Degnan murder, although he later recanted.
The Chicago detectives dismissed Thomas' claims after Heirens became a suspect. Thomas died in 1974 in an Arizona prison. His prison record and most of the evidence of his interrogation regarding the Chicago murders have been lost or destroyed.
George Hodel is also a prominent suspect according to the findings of his son and former LAPD officer Steve Hodel, who has attempted to link him to the Black Dahlia murder and the Zodiac Killer murders.
Aftermath
Soon after Heirens was arrested, his parents and younger brother changed their surname to "Hill." His parents divorced after his conviction.
Heirens was first housed at Stateville Prison in Joliet, Illinois. He learned several trades, including electronics and television and radio repair, and at one point he had his own repair shop. Before a college education was available to prison inmates, Heirens, on February 6, 1972, became the first prisoner in Illinois history to earn a four-year college degree, receiving a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree, later earning 250 course credits by funding the cost of correspondence courses with 20 different universities from his savings. Passing courses as varied as languages, analytical geometry, data processing and tailoring, he was forbidden by authorities to take courses in physics, chemistry or celestial navigation. He managed the garment factory at Stateville for five years, overseeing 350 inmates, and after transfer to Vienna Correctional Center, he set up their entire educational program. He aided other prisoners' educational progress by helping them earn their General Educational Development (GED) diplomas and becoming a "jailhouse lawyer" of sorts, helping them with their appeals.
Heirens was given an institutional parole for the Degnan murder in 1965, and in 1966 he was discharged on that case and began serving his second life sentence. Although not freed, parole policies of the day meant that he was considered rehabilitated by prison authorities and that the Degnan case could no longer legally be put forward as a reason to deny parole. Based on the regulations of 1946, Heirens should have been discharged from the Brown murder in 1975 and from all remaining charges in 1983. However, in 1973 the focus moved from rehabilitation to punishment and deterrence, which blocked moves to release Heirens.
In 1983, the Seventh District U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that it was unconstitutional to refuse parole on deterrence grounds to inmates convicted before 1973. Magistrate Gerald Cohn ordered Illinois to release Heirens immediately. The brother and sister of Suzanne Degnan went public, pleading with authorities to fight the ruling. Attorney General Neil Hartigan stated "Only God and Heirens know how many other women he murdered. Now a bleeding-heart do-gooder decides that Heirens is rehabilitated and should go free ... I'm going to make sure that kill-crazed animal stays where he is," a sentiment supported by the media. The Illinois Senate passed a resolution that as the "confessed murderer of Suzanne Degnan, a 6-year-old girl whom he strangled in 1946 ... that it is the opinion of the chamber that the release of William Heirens at this time would be detrimental to the best interests of the people of the state." With the support of prominent politicians, the 1983 court ruling was later reversed.
In 1975, he was transferred to the minimum security Vienna Correctional Center in Vienna, Illinois, and then in 1998 upon his request to the Dixon Correctional Center minimum security prison in Dixon, Illinois. He resided in the hospital ward. He suffered from diabetes, which had swollen his legs and limited his eyesight, making him have to use a wheelchair. He continued with his efforts to win clemency.
Petition for clemency
In 2002, Lawrence C. Marshall, et al., filed a petition on Heirens' behalf seeking clemency. The appeal was eventually denied.
Former Los Angeles police officer Steve Hodel, who had spent 25 years on the force, met Heirens in 2003 when he was investigating the murders. He was convinced that Heirens was innocent of the crimes. "I felt compelled to write an appeal to the Illinois Prisoner Review Board stating my professional belief that Heirens is innocent."
Heirens' most recent parole hearing was held on July 26, 2007. The Illinois Prisoner Review Board decision in a 14–0 vote against parole, was reflected by Board member Thomas Johnson, who stated that "God will forgive you, but the state won't". However, the parole board also decided to revisit the issue once per year from then on.
Death
After being taken to the University of Illinois Medical Center on February 26, 2012, due to complications from diabetes, Heirens died on March 5, 2012, at the age of 83.
See also
List of serial killers in the United States
References
Further reading
Before I Kill More Lucy Freeman. New York: Pocket Books, 1958.
William Heirens: His Day in Court Dolores Kennedy. Chicago: Bonus Books, 1991.
External links
"The Monster That Terrorized Chicago"
1928 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American criminals
American male criminals
American murderers of children
American people convicted of burglary
American people convicted of murder
American people of Luxembourgian descent
American people who died in prison custody
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
American serial killers
Criminals from Chicago
Deaths from diabetes
People from Lincolnwood, Illinois
People convicted of murder by Illinois
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Illinois
Prisoners who died in Illinois detention
Serial killers from Illinois
Serial killers who died in prison custody
University of Chicago alumni
Violence against women in the United States |
Monica Ngezi Mbega (born 22 April 1956) is a Tanzanian CCM politician and Member of Parliament for Iringa Mjini constituency in the National Assembly of Tanzania since 1995.
References
1956 births
Living people
Chama Cha Mapinduzi MPs
Tanzanian MPs 2010–2015
Place of birth missing (living people) |
```go
package memcache
type MemCache struct {
M map[string]interface{}
}
func (m *MemCache) Set(k string, val interface{}) {
m.M[k] = val
}
func (m *MemCache) Get(k string) interface{} {
return m.M[k]
}
``` |
Kevin Romy (born 31 January 1985) is a Swiss former professional ice hockey centre who played in the National League (NL) for Genève-Servette HC and HC Lugano. Romy was drafted by the Philadelphia Flyers in the 4th round (108th overall) in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. Romy also represented Switzerland at the 2014 Winter Olympics.
Romy won one NL title as a member of HC Lugano in 2006. He also won two Spengler Cup titles with Genève-Servette in 2013 and 2014
Playing career
Romy started playing hockey in his hometown, La Chaux-de-Fonds, with the junior team. He made his professional debut in the National League (NL) with HC La Chaux-de-Fonds in the 2000/01 season. He appeared in 17 regular season games, failing to score a single point. He then played 2 games (0 point) in the relegation round to conclude his first professional season. HC La Chaux-de-Fonds lost the relegation round, sending the team back to the Swiss League (SL) after only one season in the NL. Despite relegation, Romy remained with the team putting up 23 points in 35 regular season games and then added 10 points in 10 playoffs games at only 17 years old. At the end of the season, Romy drew interest from NL powerhouse, Genève-Servette HC, which signed him to a multi-year contract in the summer of 2002.
He suited up in 35 regular season games with Geneva the following season, racking up 4 points. He remained in the lineup for the 2003 playoffs, playing 6 games, scoring no point. Romy eventually played three full seasons with Geneva, before being shipped to HC Lugano 2 games into the 2005–06 season and with three years remaining on his contract. On 3 December 2008, Romy was signed to a three-year contract extension by Lugano.
On 8 December 2011, Romy agreed to a two-year contract with Genève-Servette HC for the 2012/13 season, leaving Lugano after seven seasons and one NL title. He won the Spengler Cup with Geneva on December 31, 2013, scoring 4 points in 4 games.
On 16 January 2014, Romy signed a two-year contract extension with Geneva. He participated in Geneva's back-to-back title at the Spengler Cup, tallying 2 points in 4 games in the 2014 edition.
On 14 September 2016, Romy was signed to a four-year contract extension by the Eagles which will keep him in Geneva until the end of the 2020–21 season.
On 15 June 2017, Romy was named captain of Genève-Servette. At the end of the 2017–18 season, he was stripped of the captaincy and Noah Rod took over as captain of the team.
Following the 2018–19 season, after two injury plagued seasons in a row, Romy opted to end his 19-year professional career on 23 July 2019.
International play
Romy was named to Switzerland's under-18 team for the 2002 IIHF World U18 Championships in Slovakia. He managed to score 14 points, including 9 goals in 8 games, helping Switzerland to avoid relegation. He was again named to the team for the 2003 IIHF World U18 Championships in Russia. He put up 12 points in 6 games as Switzerland was relegated.
Romy was selected to play in the 2003 IIHF World U20 Championship in Canada with Switzerland's under-20 team. He played 6 games and scored 5 points as Switzerland won the relegation round. He played 1 game in the 2004 IIHF World U20 Championship in Finland as Switzerland was again saved from relegation. He played 6 games scoring 5 points in the 2005 IIHF World U20 Championship in the United States, helping Switzerland to remain in the elite in his final junior year.
Romy made his debut with Switzerland men's team in the 2004–05 season. He earned a spot on the team for the 2005 IIHF World Championship in Austria as Switzerland fell to Sweden in the quarter-finals. He played a total of 25 games with the men's team this season, failing to score a single point. Romy was also selected to represent Switzerland for the 2006, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2015 editions. He was also selected to represent Switzerland at the 2014 Winter Olympics where he tallied 1 assist in 4 games as Switzerland lost to Latvia in the qualifying game for the quarter-finals.
Personal life
Romy has 2 daughters with his wife, Marine.
His cousin is Thomas Déruns who played more than 750 games in the NL.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1985 births
Genève-Servette HC players
HC La Chaux-de-Fonds players
HC Lugano players
Living people
People from La Chaux-de-Fonds
Philadelphia Flyers draft picks
Swiss ice hockey centres
Olympic ice hockey players for Switzerland
Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from the canton of Neuchâtel |
Tonson or Tõnson is a surname. Notable people with this surname include the following.
Jacob Tonson, (1655 – 1736), English bookseller and publisher
Leopold Tõnson, (1878 – 1935), Estonian military
Ludlow Tonson, 3rd Baron Riversdale (1784 – 1861), Irish bishop
William Tonson, 1st Baron Riversdale (1724 – 1787), Irish politician
See also
Tenson (disambiguation)
Tondon (disambiguation)
Tonson Group
Tonton (disambiguation)
Towson (disambiguation)
Tân Sơn (disambiguation) |
Allyssa Wolf (born 1971) is an American poet. Her first book of poems Vaudeville was published in 2006 under the imprint Seismicity Editions, by the Otis College of Art and Design. She is the recipient of a 2006 Gertrude Stein Award and was 1st Runner-Up for the Robin Blaser Award in 2015. Her poetry was part of the Bunker Poetico installation and anthology for the 49th Venice Bienalle. Her second tract, Loquela, was published in 2011 by Insert Blanc Press. Her third book of poetry, The Book of Coming and Going Forth by Day was pulled from circulation by the author, as she refused to write or publish poetry for three years for political reasons, only then publishing one poem in a magazine out of Singapore, and submitting 3 to the Canadian Robin Blaser Award. She has said she is working on a novel called 'The Murder of the Real and has reportedly resumed writing poetry.
Life
Born in Columbus, Ohio, Wolf left home at seventeen and moved to the Lower East Side of Manhattan. She has since lived in Los Angeles, and, currently, San Francisco.
Career
Jacket magazine said of Vaudeville: "Read this book in a theatre or in the street propped on a fire hydrant. Read it between classes, in the library, on a train; read it at a poetry reading, read it in jail — anywhere. It is that book which begs to be myth. I have not seen pages nor have I heard poems. No. Reading this book I have allowed myself the gift of beauty redivivus!"
Recently, poet and critic Philip Jenks, reassessed the importance of Vaudeville, at The Poetry Foundation, saying, "It’s been ten years since Allyssa Wolf’s Vaudeville was published. It says so on the page, but I’m having trouble believing. Dare to suggest a timeless text was written not in some other era, not by some dead white man, not. I cannot prove anything (the analytics versus “Being, but an Ear” (Dickinson 340)), oppose the best of, but Wolf's is verse in its purest form. Speaks to and with. Ghosts, power relations, inhabitations, gender powers, the animals, comedic horrors, and language twisting old English into the presences, or wars, just: “twisting the night away” (Wolf 37). It's a “real show” with all the horror and comity of being, shredded thus", and, "Generativity, producing, creating, these makings of words and deeds to thieve from Arendt—they are fully capable of producing horrors if one seeks to create only within the loneliness of those “grave and grainy” rooms of modernity or postmodernity or what have you. Unless we make in concert with one another, without the in-between, world become monster. A) The Holocaust never ended and B) It was/is born of a continual alienation. And it is these truths that Allyssa Wolf's beckons the reader to perhaps examine. It is night everywhere... A sort of “night of the world” as Hegel wrote.."
Awards
The first poem of Vaudeville was chosen for a PIP Gertrude Stein Award for Innovative Writing by Douglas Messerli. "Allyssa Wolf...╬Winner of the PIP Gertrude Stein Awards for Innovative Poetry in English 2005-2006 for her poem, "First Doll".
Allyssa Wolf won First Runner-up for the Capilano's Review's Fourth Annual Robin Blaser Award (2015), chosen by Daphne Marlatt.
Works
Anthologies
References
21st-century American poets
Living people
Poets from Ohio
Poets from California
1971 births
21st-century American women writers
American women poets
Writers from Columbus, Ohio
Writers from San Francisco |
Barry Rigal (born 1958) is a bridge player, author, commentator and journalist. Born in England, he was married to world champion Sue Picus and lives in New York.
Rigal has represented England in the Camrose Trophy Home International series five times and won the Gold Cup; he was a multiple winner of the Spring Fours and Tollemache Trophy.
Rigal has been a Vugraph commentator for thirty years and chief commentator for the European Bridge League (EBL) and World Bridge Federation (WBF) since 2006. He has been an executive member of the International Bridge Press Association (IBPA) since the early 1990s and was appointed President in September 2016.
Publications
Rigal edited Bridge for Dummies, was co-editor of the seventh edition and a contributing editor of the sixth edition of The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge and author of Card Games for Dummies.
Rigal has written for the World Championship Book for two decades. Rigal's books include a series called Breaking the Rules and books on declarer and defender deception. He is a regular contributor to Bridge World in the US and Bridge Magazine in the UK. He is also a columnist for the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) and regularly contributes to the Daily Bulletins at national championships. Particulars follow:
Bridge accomplishments
Wins
Gold Cup (1) 1991
North American Bridge Championships (2)
Keohane North American Swiss Teams (1) 2005
Chicago Mixed Board-a-Match (1) 2000
Runners-up
Gold Cup (1) 1987
North American Bridge Championships (1)
Keohane North American Swiss Teams (1) 1994
Notes
External links
1958 births
Living people
British and Irish contract bridge players
English writers |
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