text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
```go
package closer
import (
"errors"
"fmt"
"io"
"os"
"testing"
)
type closerSuccess struct {
}
func (c closerSuccess) Close() (err error) {
return
}
type closerError struct {
}
func (c closerError) Close() (err error) {
err = errors.New("closer error")
return
}
func TestCloser(t *testing.T) {
getStdout := func(obj io.Closer) (out []byte, err error) {
rescueStdout := os.Stdout
defer func() { os.Stdout = rescueStdout }()
r, w, err := os.Pipe()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
os.Stdout = w
Closer(obj)
err = w.Close()
if err != nil {
return
}
out, err = io.ReadAll(r)
return
}
cs := closerSuccess{}
ce := closerError{}
type args struct {
body io.Closer
}
type expected struct {
err bool
}
tests := []struct {
name string
args args
want expected
}{
{
name: "success",
args: args{
body: cs,
},
want: expected{
err: false,
},
},
{
name: "error",
args: args{
body: ce,
},
want: expected{
err: true,
},
},
}
for _, tt := range tests {
t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
out, err := getStdout(tt.args.body)
if err != nil {
t.Error(err)
return
}
if (len(out) > 0) != tt.want.err {
fmt.Printf("out: %q\n", string(out))
t.Errorf("closer() unexpected log %q", string(out))
}
})
}
}
``` |
Cries and Whispers is a live album by bassist Dominic Duval recorded in 1999 and released on the Cadence Jazz label.
Reception
Allmusic reviewer Steve Loewy states "this is one of the finest examples of free jazz at the turn of the century as you are likely to find, performed by five respected practitioners of the genre". In JazzTimes Aaron Steinberg noted "Overall, Cries and Whispers is not an easy album to listen to, and Duval's advocates already know what they're getting into with this. Nevertheless, Duval and his men modulate this program very well; they pay attention not only to mood, tempo and dynamics, but also to form, structure and development in a way that doesn't retard their improvisational aims but still makes for great and listenable chunks of music".
Track listing
All compositions by Domenic Duval.
"Cries and Whispers I" – 13:40
"Cries and Whispers II" – 5:19
"Cries and Whispers III" – 8:13
"Cries and Whispers IV" – 10:57
"Cries and Whispers V" – 9:08
"Cries and Whispers VI" – 10:35
"Cries and Whispers VII" – 5:58
Personnel
Dominic Duval – bass
Joe McPhee – tenor saxophone, flugelhorn
Mark Whitecage – alto clarinet, alto saxophone
Jason Hwang – violin
Tomas Ulrich – cello
References
2001 live albums
Cadence Jazz Records live albums
Dominic Duval live albums |
The Conference of Poros was a meeting held in 1828 by British, French and Russian diplomats to determine the borders of independent Greece.
Background
In 1821, the Greeks had revolted against the Ottoman Empire. As the Greek plight attracted much sympathy, in 1827 the British, French and Russian fleets had destroyed the Ottoman and Egyptian fleets at the Battle of Navarino. After the battle, the London conference of 1832, consisting of the British Foreign Secretary and the French and Russian ambassadors, met to determine what would be the borders of Greece once independence was gained from the Ottoman Empire.
The Conference
Unable to reach an agreement in London, the British, French and Russian ambassadors to the Sublime Porte were instructed to meet on the island of Poros in September 1828 to resolve the problem. There were two main options:
Greece to cover everything south of a line running from the Gulf of Volos up to Arta.
Greece to consist of just the Peloponnese and everything north of the Isthmus of Corinth was to remain Ottoman.
There were also two more intermediate options between the two extremes. According to the memorandum presented by Ioannis Kapodistrias the northern Greek border should reach a line from Delvino to Thessaloniki or at least the most southern line from Preveza to Lamia. After much discussion, the three ambassadors reported that Greece should stretch from Arta to Gulf of Volos with the islands of Euboea and Samos, and possibly Crete included as well. The leading pro-Greek voice at the conference was Stratford Canning. The ambassadors all reported that this was the most defensible line possible and to just limit the Greek state to the Peloponnese would cause hundreds of thousands of Greeks to flee south, overwhelming the cash-strapped Greek state. The conference also concluded that Greece should be a monarchy.
Result
The British prime minister, the Duke of Wellington, who was hostile to the whole idea of granting Greece independence, rejected the Conference's report, saying his aim "was not to conquer territory from the Porte, but to pacify a country in a state of insurrection". Wellington stated he wanted the Greek state to consist only of the Peloponnese with the rest of Greece remaining Ottoman. Britain, France and Russia accepted the Poros Conference's recommendations as the basis of negotiation only, which caused Canning to resign in disgust. The Sublime Porte still believed that the war could be won, and having had already rejected the demand for an armistice, likewise rejected the conference's recommendations. However, after being defeated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29, the Ottomans were finally force to accept the idea of Greek independence. Under the terms of the Treaty of Adrianople, in September 1829, the Ottomans promised to accept whatever decision reached by the London Conference.
On 3 February 1830, the London Conference decided to offer Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg the Greek throne, with a border far short of what the Poros Conference had decided. This caused Leopold to decline the offer of the Greek throne on 21 May 1830, saying he would only accept a Greek throne with the borders agreed to at the Poros Conference.
References
Sources and Further reading
Anderson, M.S. The Eastern Question, 1774-1923: A Study in International Relations (1966) online
Brewer, David The Greek War of Independence, London: Overlook Duckworth, 2011
Crawley, Charles William. The Question of Greek Independence (Cambridge University Press, 2014).
1828 in Greece
1828 conferences
September 1828 events
1828 in international relations
Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)
Treaties of the Russian Empire
Diplomacy during the Greek War of Independence
Ioannis Kapodistrias
Poros
Borders of Greece
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington |
Christopher David Dean (born 17 January 1988) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played as a forward or on the in the 2000s and 2010s.
He played for St Helens in the Super League, and on loan from St. Helens at the Widnes Vikings in the Championship. Dean also played for the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats in the top flight, as well as Widnes in the top flight and the second tier.
Background
Dean was born in Higher End, Wigan, Greater Manchester, England.
Career
Dean signed for St Helens aged 15 from the Orrell St James club in the Orrell district of Wigan.
Dean made 23 first team appearances for St Helens scoring 10 tries. In December 2010, Wakefield Trinity Wildcats announced that Dean had joined the club on a one-year contract from Saints for the 2011 season in which he picked up 9 tries from 21 appearances.
In August 2011 it was reported that Dean would join Widnes for the 2012 season having previously had two loan spells at the club. Dean signed a three-year extension with Widnes in October 2014, followed in 2016 by a further extension until the 2018 season.
References
External links
Widnes Vikings profile
(archived by web.archive.org) St Helens profile
SL profile
Saints Heritage Society profile
1988 births
Living people
English rugby league players
Rugby league centres
Rugby league players from Wigan
Rugby league second-rows
St Helens R.F.C. players
Wakefield Trinity players
Widnes Vikings players |
Roque ( ) is an American variant of croquet played on a hard, smooth surface. Popular in the first quarter of the 20th century and billed "the Game of the Century" by its enthusiasts, it was an Olympic sport in the 1904 Summer Games, replacing croquet from the previous games.
Roque court and equipment
Roque is played on a hard sand or clay 30 by 60 foot (approximately 9 by 19 m) court bordered by a boundary wall, a curb bevelled at the ends to form an octagon. Players use this wall to balls similarly to how billiard balls are played off the cushions of a billiard table.
The wickets, called arches, are permanently anchored in the court. The arches are narrow as in professional six-wicket croquet. The court has ten arches in seven points configured in a double diamond (or figure-8). The two farthest end points and the central point of the figure-8 are double arches (one after the other) while the four side (or corner) points have single arches. Each arch of the double arches at either end of the court count as a separate arch, but the double arches in the center (which are closer together) are scored as a single arch. While in nine-wicket croquet the single central wicket opens up to the length of the court facing the stakes, in roque the double center arches face the sides of the court. Roque uses two stakes: at the head of the court is the "head stake," the other stake at the far end of the court is the "turning stake."
The mallets with which the balls are struck have a shorter handle (approx. 24 inches or 60 cm) than croquet mallets. One end of the mallet is surfaced with rubber, the other with wood, plastic, or aluminum.
Differences from croquet
The rules of roque are largely similar to those of croquet, with some notable exceptions:
In roque, a wall marks the boundary of the court off of which the ball may be caromed. There is also a "playing line" 28 inches in from the wall marked in chalk. A player's ball which comes to rest between the playing line and the wall is out of bounds and the fouled ball is placed at the point where the ball crossed the line (rather than a point nearest the line as in croquet).
The hard court surface is "faster" than the grass croquet court, which affects and much as the speed of billiard table cloth affects billiard play.
Using the rubber side of the mallet, roque players apply spin to a ball to affect its movement, as in billiards.
In croquet, the two teams are the balls colored red and yellow versus blue and black. In roque, the two teams are red and blue versus black and white. The order of play is red, white, blue, black.
In roque, the starting player is determined similarly to billiards: each player "" the ball, i.e. shoots it from one end of the court to the other, and the player whose ball is closest to the playing line at the opposite end of the court without touching the opposing wall, arches, or other balls, wins the lag and goes first.
After the opening lag, the balls are placed on the court at the four boundary line corners nearest the center of the court, with partner balls (red and blue, white and black) diagonally opposite from each other. The playing ball and ball next in sequence occupy the corners at the head of the court, with the choice of corners going to the player who won the lag. The player then attempts to make the first arch through roqueting another ball, caroming into the arch, or by any other lawful means. The player may also forfeit his opening shot.
While croquet is played with six wickets or nine wickets, roque is played with ten arches configured similarly to nine-wicket lawn croquet. However, the two center arches count as a single arch. Roque has two stakes, as in lawn croquet, the "home stake" and the "turning stake."
The double center arches score as a single arch. While the center arches can be made in several successive turns of play, the ball must remain "within limits of center," have committed no foul, and contacted no live ball.
After scoring the center arches, the player scores the side (or corner) arches by passing the ball from the corner of the court through the arch heading towards the center of the court, opposite from lawn croquet.
"A ball is within the limits of the center when any part of it is within the lines of a rectangle circumscribed by laying a straight edge successively against the inside of both stems of each arch, the inside of the stem of each arch nearest the home stake, and the inside of the stem of each arch nearest the turning stake." Rule 95, Official Rules and Regulations of the American Roque League (1958).
The double arches at the head and turn of the court count as separate arches and are wider apart than the center arches.
The most points that can be scored by one side in a game is 32: 16 points per ball (14 points for the arches and 2 points for the stakes).
Like baseball, roque is played in "innings," with ten innings per game. The game is over once one side either "stakes out" (thus scoring 32 points) or after ten innings expire. If both teams have the same score after 10 innings, the game ends in a tie (although some tournaments may permit extra innings). Scoring all of the arches in a single inning, thus winning the game outright, is called a "home run." Some games could, by agreement or tournament rule, be timed.
In roque, the side (or corner) arches (identified as points 3, 5, 11, and 13) can only be scored by a roquet or continuation shot.
Unlike croquet, both balls must be staked out in the same turn in order to outright win the game. By necessity, this requires the first ball to be staked out on a roquet shot and the second ball to be staked out on the ensuing continuation shot. Thus, unlike croquet, one side cannot defensively "stake-out" an opponent's rover in roque.
Like croquet, roque makes use of deadness. However, unlike American croquet which employs the carryover deadness rule, roque follows the Association rule wherein deadness is cleared after the player's turn ends.
Like croquet, roque players mark their progress on the court by placing colored markers on the arches. However, while croquet traditionally places the marker on the top of the wicket for the first pass-through and on the side of the wicket for the second pass, roque markers were usually placed at the top of the arch and were labeled on one side. The labeled side would be facing the position side.
Roque developed sub-variants, including two-ball roque and royal roque.
History
Historical roque
The name "roque" was suggested by Samuel Crosby of New York City in 1899, who came to it by removing the initial "c" and final "t" from "croquet." The National Croquet Association, formed in 1882, thereafter changed its name to the National Roque Association in 1899. "Roque" is not to be confused with "roquet" , the term used in both roque and croquet for the bonus shot a player earns after striking another ball (on which he is not "dead") with his own.
The American Roque League was founded in 1916 and, after mergers with various other roque entities, became the centralized roque league on August 20, 1920. It last published its rules in the 1950s; the National Two Ball Roque Association last published its revised rules in 1961.
Contemporary roque
In 2004, the American Roque and Croquet Association suspended tournaments indefinitely as the number of participants at the Nationals had dropped to single figures.
Roque is still played by a small number of people in the United States. An historic roque court in Clinton, Illinois was restored to playing condition in 2013. A roque tournament is held annually in Angelica, New York.
References
External links
Roque at the 1904 Summer Olympics
A column in the St.Petersburg (Florida) Times.
Croquet in the United States
Former Summer Olympic sports
Lawn games
Precision sports
sv:Krocket#Beskrivning |
Ilansky () is a town and the administrative center of Ilansky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the Ilanka River east of Krasnoyarsk. Population:
History
It was founded in 1645 as the village of Ilanskaya (). Town status was granted to it in 1939.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Ilansky serves as the administrative center of Ilansky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with the village of Algasy, incorporated within Ilansky District as the district town of Ilansky. As a municipal division, the district town of Ilansky is incorporated within Ilansky Municipal District as Ilansky Urban Settlement.
In popular culture
Prominently featured as a time rift location at alternative history sci-fi Kirov novel series
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Official website of Ilansky
Ilansky Business Directory
Cities and towns in Krasnoyarsk Krai
1645 establishments in Russia |
Live at London's Talk of The Town is a 1970 live album recorded by The Temptations at the Talk of the Town nightclub in London, England. It was the final live album released by the group for over thirty years, until The Temptations in Japan, recorded in 1973, was released in 2004.
The album reached No. 21 on the Billboard 200 Pop Album Chart, and No. 5 on its R&B album chart.
The songs performed included Temptations hits such as "My Girl", "I Can't Get Next to You" and "Cloud Nine".
Despite this album's success, as of 2016, it has never been released in the CD format. However its tracks are available for sale as a digital download, available on Amazon, I Tunes, and other websites.
Track listing
"Get Ready" (Smokey Robinson) (lead: Eddie Kendricks)
"Girl (Why You Wanna Make Me Blue)" (Norman Whitfield, Eddie Holland) (lead: Eddie Kendricks)
"Beauty Is Only Skin Deep" (Whitfield, Holland) (lead: Dennis Edwards)
"You're My Everything" (Roger Penzabene, Cornelius Grant, Whitfield) (lead: Eddie Kendricks, Dennis Edwards)
"My Girl" (Robinson, Ronnie White) (lead: Paul Williams)
"Ain't to Proud To Beg" (Holland, Whitfield) (lead: Dennis Edwards)
"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me" (Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff, Jerry Ross) (lead: Eddie Kendricks)
"The Impossible Dream" (Mitch Leigh, Joe Darion) (lead: Paul Williams)
"Runaway Child, Running Wild" (Whitfield, Barrett Strong) (lead: Dennis Edwards, Paul Williams, Eddie Kendricks, Melvin Franklin, Otis Williams)
"Don't Let the Joneses Get You Down" (Whitfield, Strong) (lead: Dennis Edwards, Melvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, Paul Williams, Otis Williams)
"A Time For Us" (Nino Rota, Henry Mancini) (lead: Eddie Kendricks)
"I Can't Get Next To You" (Whitfield, Strong) (lead: Dennis Edwards, Melvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, Paul Williams, Otis Williams)
"This Guy's In Love With You" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David) (lead: Otis Williams)
"Introduction of Band and Group"
"I've Gotta Be Me" (Walter Marks) (lead: Paul Williams)
"(I Know) I'm Losing You" (Grant, Whitfield, Holland) (lead: Dennis Edwards)
"Cloud Nine" (lead: Dennis Edwards, Paul Williams, Eddie Kendricks, Melvin Franklin, Otis Williams)
"Everything Is Going To Be Alright" (lead: Dennis Edwards)
Personnel
Burt Rhodes and His Orchestra
Cornelius Grant – lead guitar, musical director
Bill White – bass
Melvin Brown – drums
Stacey Edwards – congas
References
1970 live albums
The Temptations live albums
albums produced by Norman Smith (record producer)
Gordy Records live albums |
John Hiley Addington (August 1759 – 11 June 1818) was a British Tory party politician. He served as a Member of Parliament for various constituencies between 1787 and 1818.
Background and education
Addington was the second son of Anthony Addington and his wife Mary, daughter of Haviland John Hiley. His older brother was Henry Addington, who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and under whose lifelong influence and patronisation he was. He was educated at Cheam School and then at Winchester College. Addington studied in Ealing until 1776 and afterwards at Brasenose College, Oxford.
Political career
Addington entered the British House of Commons in 1787, having been elected for Truro. He represented the constituency until 1790 and after a break of four years was returned to Parliament for Winchelsea until 1796. In the following general election Addington stood successfully for Wendover. He held that seat until the Act of Union 1801 and then became a member of the newly established Parliament of the United Kingdom. In 1802 Addington won the election for Bossiney, however he resigned his seat the following year. Instead he ran for Harwich in a by-election, which had been triggered by the death of his predecessor. Addington sat for the constituency for the rest of his life.
During his time as Member of Parliament, he was appointed a Lord of the Treasury in December 1800, by the then Prime Minister William Pitt. In March of the following year he became a Secretary to the Treasury until 1802, when on his own request he returned to his former office. Addington was made Paymaster of the Forces in 1803 and on this occasion was sworn of the Privy Council. When in the next year his brother Henry's government failed, he was replaced as Paymaster. In 1806, Addington joined the Board of Control as a commissioner, however left it after a year. He accepted an appointment as Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs in 1812, retiring after a collapse in 1818.
In 1803 Addington was nominated High Steward of Harwich and lieutenant-colonel of the Mendip Volunteers.
Family and death
In 1785, Addington married Mary, daughter of Henry Unwin. The couple had two sons and a daughter. Addington died at Longford Court in 1818 from complications after an operation on his stomach. He was survived by his wife until 1833. His younger son Henry was a diplomat and civil servant.
The writer Hannah More was a close friend of Addington and his family.
Notes
References
External links
1759 births
1818 deaths
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
British MPs 1784–1790
British MPs 1790–1796
British MPs 1796–1800
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
People educated at Cheam School
People educated at Winchester College
Tory MPs (pre-1834)
UK MPs 1801–1802
UK MPs 1802–1806
UK MPs 1806–1807
UK MPs 1807–1812
UK MPs 1812–1818 |
Romuald Jankowski (19 February 1934 – 12 February 1994) was a Polish politician from the Polish People's Party. He served as member of the Senate from 14 October 1993 until almost one month after his death, 10 March 1994.
References
1934 births
1994 deaths
People from Lutsk
People from Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939)
Polish People's Party politicians
Members of the Senate of Poland 1993–1997 |
Our Lady of Africa (French: Notre-Dame D'Afrique; Arabic: السيدة الإفريقية), also known as Our Mother of Africa, is a Catholic title of the Blessed Virgin Mary associated with a statue of her as a Black woman, located in the major shrine of Notre-Dame d'Afrique in Algiers, Algeria. The devotion was spearheaded by Bishop Louis-Antoine-Augustin Pavy of Algiers, who established the basilica under that title in 1856.
The devotion has since gained traction across the African continent, as well as in the African diaspora. Churches under the title have been established around the world, including in the United States.
History
The statue of Our Lady of Africa was originally modeled on a French sculpture entitled Virgo Fidelis ("Faithful Virgin") a copy of an earlier work completed in 1838 by Edmé Bouchardon. The copy was gifted to the Ladies of the Sacred Heart in Paris. A later derivation was ordered by Antoine-Adolphe Dupuch, the first Bishop of Algiers, in 1840, and it continued to pass hands in the next few years until ending up with a group of Trappist monks in Staouéli.
Bishop Louis-Antoine-Augustin Pavy succeeded Dupuch in Algiers in 1846, and later planned to build a church in the city dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. The site he chose had been a place of prayer since 1846, when two women (Anne Cinquin and Agarite Berger) who worked at the local minor seminary had used it to recite the Rosary.
The Ladies of the Sacred Heart in Lyons, his home diocese, proposed that he make use of the Virgo Fidelis that their fellow sisters had possessed. He agreed, though changing to Our Lady Africa after consulting with his advisors. It was installed in a small chapel in 1857. The church, Notre-Dame d'Afrique, designed by Jean-Eugène Fromageau, was completed nextdoor by Bishop Charles Lavigerie, M.Afr., Pavy's successor in Algiers. The statue was moved there the same year. A bronze sculpture, it was eventually represented in art as a Virgin Mary with Black skin and African features. As part of the church's development, the French missionaries dedicated the entire African continent to the patronage of Our Lady of Africa.
Lavigerie established an order of nuns under the patronage of Our Lady of Africa in 1869, the Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa, closely associated with Lavigerie's own order of priests and brothers, the White Fathers (also known as the Missionaries of Africa). They work among various African peoples providing education and religious instruction. Both congregations were assigned by Lavigerie to assist in operating the new church, which quickly became associated with miraculous healings attributed to the intercession of Our Lady of Africa.
The statue of Our Lady of Africa received a canonical coronation from Pope Pius IX in 1876, in the same ceremony wherein the church was elevated to the status of a minor basilica. A blue gown was added to the statue in 1886.
The archivist of the White Fathers spoke of Our Lady of Africa as such in 1989:The blessings of Our Lady of Africa also extend, we are sure, to all of Africa and to all those women and men who, while belonging to a multitude of communities, everywhere make up a single large family, fulfilling the function assigned to them and bringing their share to the common task in favor of Africa.
—René Xavier LameyThe White Fathers have described the devotion in terms of the Virgin Mary's protection of missionaries serving the African continent:It was therefore necessary that she be given the same maternal task, for the missionaries who were to bring the Good News to Africa, for the Africans and for all the Muslims who already honoured her as Mother of the Prophet. Since she was also offered to us as mother under the name of Our Lady of Africa, may she accompany us Africans, we Missionaries of Africa, in our task of proclaiming the Good News to the African world. May she watch over Africa, may she intercede for all her children throughout the world and especially at this time when every frightened child would do well to seek refuge and security in the arms of his mother.
—Fr Patient Bahati, M.Afr.A renovation of the basilica in Algiers was completed in 2010, following damage incurred during World War II and the 2003 Boumerdès earthquake. An inscription remains above the statue that reads, in French: “Our Lady of Africa, pray for us and for the Muslims.” The church has served as a site of prayer for both Christians and Muslims.
In 2009, Pope Benedict XVI addressed the Synod for Africa during a visit to Cameroon and Angola with a message ending in a prayer to Our Lady of Africa.
Devotion
The feast of Our Lady of Africa is celebrated on April 30 and is celebrated as a solemnity in Northern Africa, occasioning obligatory attendance of Mass. It is also included in the liturgical calendars of the Catholic Church in Nigeria, Kenya, and Southern Africa. The White Fathers also treat the day as a major feast and have provided liturgical texts for the celebration outside of Africa.
The devotion has gained traction across the African continent, as well as in the African diaspora. Churches under the title have been established around the world, including in the United States (where a church was renamed in her honor in Chicago in 2021). Notre Dame D'Afrique, Bangui is located in the Central African Republic, and the Our Mother of Africa Chapel was completed in Washington, D.C., in 1997.
As the devotion has spread across the world, the original statue in Algiers has not been the exclusive representation of the Marian title. As such, it has become associated with various Black representations of the Virgin Mary.
Churches
Major shrine
Notre-Dame d'Afrique, Algiers, Algeria
Churches and other shrines
Notre Dame D'Afrique, Bangui, Central African Republic
Shrine of Our Lady of Africa, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
Our Lady Queen of Africa Cathedral, El-Obeid, Sudan
Mémorial Notre Dame d’Afrique, Théoule-sur-Mer, France
Our Mother of Africa Chapel, Washington, D.C., United States
Our Mother of Africa Catholic Church, Chicago, United States
Our Lady of Africa Parish, Kitwe, Zambia
Gallery
See also
Notre-Dame d'Afrique
Shrines to the Virgin Mary
White Fathers
Cardinal Charles Lavigerie
Our Lady of Kibeho
Our Lady of Zeitoun
References
Canonical coronation
Marian devotions
Catholic Mariology
Catholic Church in Algeria
20th century in Algeria
History of Algeria
French Algeria
French colonial empire
White Fathers missions
French colonisation in Africa |
The Government of Portugal, also referred to as the Government of the Portuguese Republic, the Portuguese Government or simply the Government, is one of the four of the Portuguese Republic, together with the President of the Republic, the Assembly of the Republic and the courts. It is both the body of sovereignty that conducts the general politics of the country and the superior body of the Portuguese public administration.
The term "constitutional government" or simply "government" also refers to the team of ministers and its period of management under one prime minister. This concept is similar to an "administration" in the parlance of a presidential republic or to a "collective ministry" in the parlance of some Commonwealth countries. Each government in this sense is identified by a roman number, with the present one (formed in March 2022) being the XXIII Constitutional Government of Portugal since the establishment of the current democratic regime, in 1976.
Composition
The Government comprises the prime minister, ministers and secretaries of state (junior ministers). Governments may also include one or more deputy prime ministers and deputy secretaries of state. Each minister usually heads a ministry and has assigned to him or her one or more secretaries of state, while certain governments may also assign one or more deputy ministers, as well.
Formation
After the elections for the Assembly of the Republic or the resignation of the previous government, the president listens to the parties in the Assembly of the Republic and invites someone to form a government.
The prime minister chooses members of the council of ministers. Then the president swears in the prime minister and the Government.
Functions
The Government has political, legislative and administrative functions. These include, among other things, the power to negotiate with other countries or international organizations, to submit bills to the Assembly of the Republic, to issue decrees and to take administrative choices.
The Government guides its actions by the governmental program and implements it in the state budget that is submitted to the Assembly of the Republic each year, in the laws that it proposes, in the decrees that it issues in the Portuguese Council of Ministers, and in individual decisions made by its members.
There are no guarantees that the government will stick to its government program, but if it fails to do so, its actions will be judged by the citizens in forthcoming elections.
The Government may also be questioned by the other three sovereignty organs: the president of the republic, the Assembly of the Republic and the courts. The president may veto governmental decrees and a government bill may fail to pass in the Assembly of the Republic, where a motion of no confidence may be approved.
The Council of Ministers
The Council of Ministers is a collegial executive body within the Government of Portugal. It is usually presided over by the prime minister, but the president of the republic can preside over it at the prime minister's request. Besides the prime minister, the vice prime ministers and all ministers are members of the Council of Ministers. When the prime minister finds it fit, certain secretaries of state can also attend its meetings, but without being able to vote.
List of governments (since 1976)
See also
Cabinet (government)
Ministry (collective executive)
Politics of Portugal
Notes
References
External links
European governments |
Scleral reinforcement is a surgical procedure used to reduce or stop further macular damage caused by high myopia, which can be degenerative.
High myopia
Myopia is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. It is caused by both genetic and environmental factors, such as mechanical stretching, excessive eye work and accommodation, as well as an elevated intraocular pressure. It affects both children and adults. In many cases, myopia will stabilize once the growth process has been completed, but in more severe chronic cases, loss of vision can occur.
Degenerative myopia, also known as malignant, pathological, or progressive myopia, is characterized by posterior sclera elongation and thinning (at least 25.5 mm to 26.5 mm) and high refractive errors of at least -5 to -7.5 diopters with an increase per year. There may also be changes in the fundus, including posterior staphyloma, caused by the eye growing posteriorly and losing its spherical shape. Since enlargement of the eye does not progress at a uniform rate, abnormal protrusions of uveal tissue may occur through weak points in the eye. Staphyloma is marked by a thinning of sclera collagen bundles and decreased number of collagen striations. It correlates with a large posterior temporal bulge. Curtin described five varieties, based on size, shape, and change in appearance of the optic nerve and retinal vessels, but the posterior pole type is the most common. As the posterior staphyloma enlarges, choroidal tissue becomes thin and Bruch's membrane begins to break, creating lesions called lacquer cracks. Neovascularization may occur, causing blood vessels to protrude through the cracks and leak in the space underneath the photoreceptor cell layer. This hemorrhaging can lead to scarring and macular degeneration, causing vision to gradually deteriorate. If left untreated, high myopia can cause retinal detachment, glaucoma, and a higher risk of cataracts.
History
The condition of posterior staphyloma in high myopia was first described by Scarpa in the 1800s. Speculation about reinforcement of the eye began in the 19th century, when Rubin noted that sclera reinforcement “is probably the only one of all the surgical techniques [for myopia] which attempts to correct a cause, rather than an effect”. Procedures in early literature aimed at shortening the length of the eyeball by resecting a ring of sclera from the equator of the eye. Later procedures focused on modifying the axial length of the eye, by preventing elongation and staphyloma progression by placing grafts over the posterior part of the eye. In 1930, Shevelev proposed the idea of transplantation of fascia lata for sclera reinforcement. Curtin promoted the use of donor-sclera grafting for reinforcement. In 1976, Momose first introduced Lyodura, a material derived from processed cadaver dura mater. At this point, many different surgeons made alterations to existing techniques. Snyder and Thompson modified reinforcement techniques and had positive outcomes, while others, like Curtin and Whitmore, expressed dissatisfaction with their negative conclusions.
Purpose
The surgery aims to cover the thinning posterior pole with a supportive material to withstand intraocular pressure and prevent further progression of the posterior staphyloma. The strain is reduced, although damage from the pathological process cannot be reversed. By stopping the progression of the disease, vision may be maintained or improved.
Methods of surgery
There are three basic techniques, referred to as X-shaped, Y-shaped, and single strip support. In X-shaped and Y-shaped, the arms run the risk of the being pulled medially, which would press on the optic nerve and could result in optic nerve atrophy. In single strip support, the material covers the posterior pole vertically between the optic nerve and insertion of the inferior oblique muscle. Often, this method is preferred, since it is the easiest method for placement, provides the widest area of support, and reduces the risk of optic nerve interference.
Materials
Many different materials have been used in the past, including fascia lata, Lyodura (lyophilized human dura), Gore-Tex, Zenoderm (porcine skin dermis), animal tendons, and donor's or cadaver’s sclera. Human sclera is thought to offer the best support, as well as Lyodura, which is biologically compatible with the eyeball and has sufficient tensile strength. Artificial materials, such as nylon or silicone, are not suggested. Sclera from cadaver’s or animal tendons run the risk of being rejected.
Procedure
While there have been many modifications, Thompson’s procedure has often been used as a basis. First, the conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule are incised about 6 mm from the corneal limbus. The lateral, superior, and inferior recti muscles are separated using a strabismus hook. The connecting tissue is then separated from the posterior pole, as well as the inferior oblique muscle. The strip of material is passed under the separated muscles, and pushed down deeply towards the posterior pole. Both ends of the material strip are crossed over the medial rectus muscle and sutured to the sclera on the medial side of the superior and inferior recti muscles. The conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule are then closed together.
Complications
Long-term complication rates are usually low, but short-term complications may include chemosis, choroidal edema or hemorrhage, damage to the vortex vein, and transient motility problems.
Controversy
Scleral reinforcement surgery is not presently popular in the United States, and there has been a scarcity of published clinical studies. Donor sclera material is also difficult to acquire and store, and artificial materials are still being tested. This procedure is much more popular in other countries, such as the former Soviet Union and Japan.
There is also controversy regarding in what developmental stage this procedure should be performed. Some feel efforts should be made as soon as possible to arrest progression in children. Others feel that the procedure should only be done in cases where high myopia is indicated with macular changes. Furthermore, different surgeons have particular criteria that must be met by patients in order to receive surgery.
References
Visual disturbances and blindness
Disorders of choroid and retina
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction |
Clive Campbell may refer to:
Clive Campbell (cricketer) (born 1951), Jamaican cricketer
Clive Campbell (footballer), New Zealand footballer
DJ Kool Herc (Clive Campbell, born 1955), Jamaican American DJ |
```c
/**
******************************************************************************
* @file system_stm32f37x.c
* @author MCD Application Team
* @version V4.0.0
* @date 21-January-2013
* @brief CMSIS Cortex-M4 Device Peripheral Access Layer System Source File.
* This file contains the system clock configuration for STM32F37x devices,
* and is generated by the clock configuration tool
* STM32f37x_Clock_Configuration_V1.0.0.xls
*
* 1. This file provides two functions and one global variable to be called from
* user application:
* - SystemInit(): Setups the system clock (System clock source, PLL Multiplier
* and Divider factors, AHB/APBx prescalers and Flash settings),
* depending on the configuration made in the clock xls tool.
* This function is called at startup just after reset and
* before branch to main program. This call is made inside
* the "startup_stm32f37x.s" file.
*
* - SystemCoreClock variable: Contains the core clock (HCLK), it can be used
* by the user application to setup the SysTick
* timer or configure other parameters.
*
* - SystemCoreClockUpdate(): Updates the variable SystemCoreClock and must
* be called whenever the core clock is changed
* during program execution.
*
* 2. After each device reset the HSI (8 MHz Range) is used as system clock source.
* Then SystemInit() function is called, in "startup_stm32f37x.s" file, to
* configure the system clock before to branch to main program.
*
* 3. If the system clock source selected by user fails to startup, the SystemInit()
* function will do nothing and HSI still used as system clock source. User can
* add some code to deal with this issue inside the SetSysClock() function.
*
* 4. The default value of HSE crystal is set to 8MHz, refer to "HSE_VALUE" defined
* in "stm32f37x.h" file. When HSE is used as system clock source, directly or
* through PLL, and you are using different crystal you have to adapt the HSE
* value to your own configuration.
*
* 5. This file configures the system clock as follows:
*=============================================================================
* Supported STM32F37x device
*=============================================================================
* System Clock source | PLL (HSE)
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* SYSCLK(Hz) | 72000000
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* HCLK(Hz) | 72000000
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* AHB Prescaler | 1
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* APB2 Prescaler | 1
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* APB1 Prescaler | 2
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* HSE Frequency(Hz) | 8000000
*your_sha256_hash------------
* PLLMUL | 9
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* PREDIV | 1
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* USB Clock | ENABLE
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* Flash Latency(WS) | 2
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* Prefetch Buffer | ON
*your_sha256_hash-------------
*=============================================================================
******************************************************************************
* @attention
*
* <h2><center>© COPYRIGHT 2013 STMicroelectronics</center></h2>
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*
******************************************************************************
*/
/** @addtogroup CMSIS
* @{
*/
/** @addtogroup STM32F37x_System
* @{
*/
/** @addtogroup STM32F37x_System_Private_Includes
* @{
*/
#include "stm32f37x.h"
/**
* @}
*/
/** @addtogroup STM32F37x_System_Private_TypesDefinitions
* @{
*/
/**
* @}
*/
/** @addtogroup STM32F37x_System_Private_Defines
* @{
*/
/*!< Uncomment the following line if you need to relocate your vector Table in
Internal SRAM. */
/* #define VECT_TAB_SRAM */
#define VECT_TAB_OFFSET 0x0 /*!< Vector Table base offset field.
This value must be a multiple of 0x200. */
/**
* @}
*/
/** @addtogroup STM32F37x_System_Private_Macros
* @{
*/
/**
* @}
*/
/** @addtogroup STM32F37x_System_Private_Variables
* @{
*/
uint32_t SystemCoreClock = 72000000;
__I uint8_t AHBPrescTable[16] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9};
/**
* @}
*/
/** @addtogroup STM32F37x_System_Private_FunctionPrototypes
* @{
*/
static void SetSysClock(void);
/**
* @}
*/
/** @addtogroup STM32F37x_System_Private_Functions
* @{
*/
/**
* @brief Setup the microcontrollers system.
* Initialize the Embedded Flash Interface, the PLL and update the
* SystemCoreClock variable.
* @param None
* @retval None
*/
void SystemInit (void)
{
/* FPU settings ------------------------------------------------------------*/
#if (__FPU_PRESENT == 1) && (__FPU_USED == 1)
SCB->CPACR |= ((3UL << 10*2)|(3UL << 11*2)); /* set CP10 and CP11 Full Access */
#endif
/* Set HSION bit */
RCC->CR |= (uint32_t)0x00000001;
/* Reset SW[1:0], HPRE[3:0], PPRE[2:0], ADCPRE, SDADCPRE and MCOSEL[2:0] bits */
RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)0x00FF0000;
/* Reset HSEON, CSSON and PLLON bits */
RCC->CR &= (uint32_t)0xFEF6FFFF;
/* Reset HSEBYP bit */
RCC->CR &= (uint32_t)0xFFFBFFFF;
/* Reset PLLSRC, PLLXTPRE, PLLMUL and USBPRE bits */
RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)0xFF80FFFF;
/* Reset PREDIV1[3:0] bits */
RCC->CFGR2 &= (uint32_t)0xFFFFFFF0;
/* Reset USARTSW[1:0], I2CSW and CECSW bits */
RCC->CFGR3 &= (uint32_t)0xFFF0F8C;
/* Disable all interrupts */
RCC->CIR = 0x00000000;
/* Configure the System clock frequency, AHB/APBx prescalers and Flash settings */
SetSysClock();
#ifdef VECT_TAB_SRAM
SCB->VTOR = SRAM_BASE | VECT_TAB_OFFSET; /* Vector Table Relocation in Internal SRAM. */
#else
SCB->VTOR = FLASH_BASE | VECT_TAB_OFFSET; /* Vector Table Relocation in Internal FLASH. */
#endif
}
/**
* @brief Update SystemCoreClock according to Clock Register Values
* The SystemCoreClock variable contains the core clock (HCLK), it can
* be used by the user application to setup the SysTick timer or configure
* other parameters.
*
* @note Each time the core clock (HCLK) changes, this function must be called
* to update SystemCoreClock variable value. Otherwise, any configuration
* based on this variable will be incorrect.
*
* @note - The system frequency computed by this function is not the real
* frequency in the chip. It is calculated based on the predefined
* constant and the selected clock source:
*
* - If SYSCLK source is HSI, SystemCoreClock will contain the HSI_VALUE(*)
*
* - If SYSCLK source is HSE, SystemCoreClock will contain the HSE_VALUE(**)
*
* - If SYSCLK source is PLL, SystemCoreClock will contain the HSE_VALUE(**)
* or HSI_VALUE(*) multiplied/divided by the PLL factors.
*
* (*) HSI_VALUE is a constant defined in stm32f37x.h file (default value
* 8 MHz) but the real value may vary depending on the variations
* in voltage and temperature.
*
* (**) HSE_VALUE is a constant defined in stm32f37x.h file (default value
* 8 MHz), user has to ensure that HSE_VALUE is same as the real
* frequency of the crystal used. Otherwise, this function may
* have wrong result.
*
* - The result of this function could be not correct when using fractional
* value for HSE crystal.
* @param None
* @retval None
*/
void SystemCoreClockUpdate (void)
{
uint32_t tmp = 0, pllmull = 0, pllsource = 0, prediv1factor = 0;
/* Get SYSCLK source -------------------------------------------------------*/
tmp = RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_SWS;
switch (tmp)
{
case 0x00: /* HSI used as system clock */
SystemCoreClock = HSI_VALUE;
break;
case 0x04: /* HSE used as system clock */
SystemCoreClock = HSE_VALUE;
break;
case 0x08: /* PLL used as system clock */
/* Get PLL clock source and multiplication factor ----------------------*/
pllmull = RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL;
pllsource = RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC;
pllmull = ( pllmull >> 18) + 2;
if (pllsource == 0x00)
{
/* HSI oscillator clock divided by 2 selected as PLL clock entry */
SystemCoreClock = (HSI_VALUE >> 1) * pllmull;
}
else
{
prediv1factor = (RCC->CFGR2 & RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1) + 1;
/* HSE oscillator clock selected as PREDIV1 clock entry */
SystemCoreClock = (HSE_VALUE / prediv1factor) * pllmull;
}
break;
default: /* HSI used as system clock */
SystemCoreClock = HSI_VALUE;
break;
}
/* Compute HCLK clock frequency ----------------*/
/* Get HCLK prescaler */
tmp = AHBPrescTable[((RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_HPRE) >> 4)];
/* HCLK clock frequency */
SystemCoreClock >>= tmp;
}
/**
* @brief Configures the System clock frequency, AHB/APBx prescalers and Flash
* settings.
* @note This function should be called only once the RCC clock configuration
* is reset to the default reset state (done in SystemInit() function).
* @param None
* @retval None
*/
static void SetSysClock(void)
{
__IO uint32_t StartUpCounter = 0, HSEStatus = 0;
/******************************************************************************/
/* PLL (clocked by HSE) used as System clock source */
/******************************************************************************/
/* SYSCLK, HCLK, PCLK2 and PCLK1 configuration -----------*/
/* Enable HSE */
RCC->CR |= ((uint32_t)RCC_CR_HSEON);
/* Wait till HSE is ready and if Time out is reached exit */
do
{
HSEStatus = RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY;
StartUpCounter++;
} while((HSEStatus == 0) && (StartUpCounter != HSE_STARTUP_TIMEOUT));
if ((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY) != RESET)
{
HSEStatus = (uint32_t)0x01;
}
else
{
HSEStatus = (uint32_t)0x00;
}
if (HSEStatus == (uint32_t)0x01)
{
/* Enable Prefetch Buffer and set Flash Latency */
FLASH->ACR = FLASH_ACR_PRFTBE | (uint32_t)FLASH_ACR_LATENCY_1;
/* HCLK = SYSCLK / 1 */
RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_HPRE_DIV1;
/* PCLK2 = HCLK / 1 */
RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_PPRE2_DIV1;
/* PCLK1 = HCLK / 2 */
RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_PPRE1_DIV2;
/* PLL configuration */
RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC | RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL));
RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC_PREDIV1 | RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE_PREDIV1 | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL9);
/* Enable PLL */
RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_PLLON;
/* Wait till PLL is ready */
while((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_PLLRDY) == 0)
{
}
/* Select PLL as system clock source */
RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_SW));
RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SW_PLL;
/* Wait till PLL is used as system clock source */
while ((RCC->CFGR & (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SWS) != (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SWS_PLL)
{
}
}
else
{ /* If HSE fails to start-up, the application will have wrong clock
configuration. User can add here some code to deal with this error */
}
}
/**
* @}
*/
/**
* @}
*/
/**
* @}
*/
/************************ (C) COPYRIGHT STMicroelectronics *****END OF FILE****/
``` |
Abbas Torabian (عباس ترابیان, born 12 January 1952, Tehran, Iran) is the former team manager of Iran national football team and the current head of futsal committee in Islamic Republic of Iran Football Federation. He was deputy chairman of the Esteghlal FC from 1998 to 2008, and was appointed as head of the futsal committee by Ali Kafashian in November 2008. He became team manager and director of Iran national football team in April 2011 after his successful talks with Carlos Queiroz to become head coach of the national team but resigned in November 2011 to continue his career at the futsal committee. He was an employee in the Ministry of Petroleum before starting football careers.
Suspension
In June 2019, Abbas Torabian and Ali Kafashian were suspended by the Iranian Football Federation's Ethic Committee for financial corruption.
References
1952 births
Living people
Iranian football chairmen and investors |
Platnickia is a genus of spiders in the family Zodariidae. It was first described in 1991 by Jocqué. , it contains 5 South American species.
References
Zodariidae
Araneomorphae genera
Spiders of South America |
The Dairying and Clean Streams Accord is an agreement signed in 2003 in New Zealand between Fonterra, Ministry for the Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and regional councils. The Accord was prompted by the high-profile "dirty dairying" campaign by Fish and Game New Zealand which highlighted water pollution of lakes, rivers and streams due to the intensification of dairy farming in parts of New Zealand.
In 2014 the Dairying and Clean Streams Accord was succeeded by the Sustainable Dairying: Water Accord.
Purpose
The stated purpose of the accord is to provide "a statement of intent and framework for actions to promote sustainable dairy farming in New Zealand. It focuses on reducing the impacts of dairying on the quality of New Zealand streams, rivers, lakes, ground water and wetlands." The goal is to ensure that water is suitable for fish, drinking by stock and swimming (in designated areas).
Politically the accord was intended to prevent further regulation of the dairy industry following Fish and Game New Zealand’s dirty dairying campaign begun in 2003.
The performance targets are:
Dairy cattle excluded from 50% of streams, rivers and lakes by 2007, 90% by 2012
50% of regular crossing points have bridges or culverts by 2007, 90% by 2012
100% of farm dairy effluent discharges to comply with resource consents and regional plans immediately
100% of dairy farms to have in place systems to manage nutrient inputs and outputs by 2007
50% of regionally significant wetlands to be fenced by 2005, 90% by 2007
Progress
Progress reports on achieving the performance targets are prepared annually. The 2006-2007 report, released in February 2008, notes 83% compliance for the target of excluding cattle from waterways, 97% for bridging waterways, 93% for correct dairy farm effluent treatment and a 64-97% for preventing nutrient losses. The integrity of this data was later questioned when a 2012 independent report commissioned by MAF indicated that while Fonterra’s survey of farmers suggests that nationally 84% of properties have stock excluded from waterways, an independent audit by the Ministry of Primary Industries revealed a position that only 42% of farms nationally had stock exclusion. A scientist at the University of Waikato described the 2006/2007 report as self-congratulatory and accused the Government of a lack of leadership.
Almost ten years later, a 2018 report from Forest and Bird found that regional councils had 425 reported cases of serious non-compliance in 2016-17, and this was likely a significant under-reporting.
Criticism
In December 2002, the farming lobby group, Federated Farmers, initially opposed the accord since they considered that Fonterra was going beyond their brief and they had not consulted farmers. However, since then, the Dairy and Clean Stream Accord has become "the cornerstone of dairying's defences against accusations it's doing nothing to protect the environment".
In a report jointly released by Fish and Game New Zealand and Forest and Bird the Accord is criticised for failing to improve water quality. The main reason given for this is that the Accord does not focus on measurable improvements in water quality. Other faults mentioned in the report are; a lack of independent auditing of the self-reporting by farmers, a failure to meet the principal targets, inconsistency in reporting progress, and the use of incorrect measures in the progress reports. A Federated Farmers review was critical of the report and claimed it was poorly constructed, was written as a campaign tool, made unfounded suppositions and contained "leaps in logic". The review, written by Federated Farmers including a staff member who has a diploma in communications and public relations, could be open to criticism.
The 2008/2009 report, released in March 2010, was criticised by Fonterra, Federated Farmers and the Minister of Agriculture David Carter saying that it revealed unacceptable levels of effluent management.
In June 2010, an editorial in the Dominion Post argued that the self-regulated approach of the Clean Streams Accord was not working and that the Minister for the Environment Nick Smith must enact more effective measures such as rules, as there are some farmers who regard “environmental standards as an inconvenience in the pursuit of higher production and higher profits”.
See also
Dairy farming in New Zealand
Agriculture in New Zealand
Water pollution in New Zealand
References
External links
Dairying and Clean Streams Accord at the Ministry for Primary Industries
The Clean Streams Accord page at Forest and Bird
Environment of New Zealand
Agriculture in New Zealand
Dairy farming in New Zealand
Water in New Zealand
2003 in the environment
Water pollution in New Zealand
Fonterra |
The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link, normally shortened to The WELL or, alternatively, The Well, was launched in 1985. It is one of the oldest continuously operating virtual communities. By 1993 it had 7,000 members, a staff of 12, and gross annual income of $2 million. A 1997 feature in Wired magazine called it "The world's most influential online community." In 2012, when it was last publicly offered for sale, it had 2,693 members. It is best known for its Internet forums, but also provides email, shell accounts, and web pages. Discussion topics are organized into conferences that cover broad areas of interest. User anonymity is prohibited.
History
The WELL was started by Stewart Brand and Larry Brilliant in 1985. The name follows the naming of some of Brand's earlier projects, including the Whole Earth Catalog. Initially The WELL was owned 50% by The Point Foundation, publishers of the Whole Earth Catalog and Whole Earth Review, and 50% by NETI Technologies Inc. a Vancouver-based company of which Larry Brilliant was at that time chairman. Its original management team—Matthew McClure, soon joined by Cliff Figallo and John Coate—collaborated with its early users to foster a sense of virtual community. McClure, Coate and Figallo were all veterans of the 1970s commune called The Farm.
John Coate left the WELL to help create SFGate, the San Francisco Chronicle's first web site. In 1991 Figallo hired Gail Ann Williams as a community manager. Williams, one of the principals of the satirical group the Plutonium Players, had been working in nonprofit theater management and was already an active member of the WELL.
In 1992 Cliff Figallo also left his job at The WELL and long time WELL member Maurice Weitman was hired as general manager. Figallo's resignation letter to the Board cited changes in company approach: "I am too much identified with the permissive and accommodating attitude that has been part of The Well's growth to preside over a more restrictive régime."
From 1994 to 1999 The WELL was owned by Bruce R. Katz, founder of Rockport, a manufacturer of walking shoes. Katz upgraded the infrastructure and hired staff, but alarmed members with plans to franchise the WELL. "Let's just say there was a communications mismatch," Howard Rheingold wrote.
The WELL was a California-run enterprise in 1998 and before.
In April 1999 it was acquired by Salon, several of whose founders, such as Scott Rosenberg, had previously been regular participants there. Wired reported, "The surprise move... gives Salon a dose of new credibility by tying it directly into a members-only community of scores of artists, writers, thinkers, scientists, programmers, and visionaries."
In August 2005 Salon announced that it was looking for a buyer for The WELL, to concentrate on other business lines. In November 2006, a press release from The WELL said "As Salon has not found a suitable purchaser, it has determined that it is currently in the best interest of the company to retain this business and has therefore suspended all efforts to sell The WELL."
In June 2012 Salon once again announced that it was looking for a buyer for The WELL as its subscriber base "did not bear financial promise". Salon also announced that it had entered into discussions with various parties interested in buying the well.com domain name and that the remaining WELL staff had been laid off at the end of May. The community pledged money to take over The WELL itself and rehire important staff.
In September 2012, Salon sold The WELL to a new corporation, The WELL Group Inc., owned by eleven investors who were all long-time members. The sale price was reported to be $400,000. Members have no official role in the management, but "can ... go back to what they do best: conversation. And complaining about the management." The CEO was Earl Crabb, a programmer and supporter of the Bay Area folk music community, who died on February 20, 2015. No announcement was made as to his successor.
Technology and Structure
The original hardware for the WELL, a VAX 11/750, cost "a quarter of a million dollars and required a closet full of telephone lines and modems." The WELL's core conferencing software, PicoSpan is written in The C Programming Language and runs on Unix. PicoSpan was written by Marcus D. Watts for Network Technologies International (NETI). A license for PicoSpan, in exchange for a half interest in the company, was part of NETI's initial investment in The WELL (along with the VAX computer running the mt Xinu variant of Unix). In 1996, the WELL began also using and licensing the "Engaged" conferencing software, which was built on top of PicoSpan and provides a Web-based user interface which requires less technological expertise from users. The Wall Street Journal was among the websites reported to use Engaged for online community.
The WELL's conferencing system is organized into forums reflecting member interests, and include arts, health, business, regions, hobbies, spirituality, music, politics, games, software and many more. These community forums, known as conferences, are supervised by conference hosts who guide conversations and may enforce conference rules on civility and/or appropriateness. Initially all hosts were selected by staff members. In 1995, Gail Ann Williams changed the policies to enable user-created forums. Participants can create their own independent personal conferences—either viewable by any WELL member or privately viewable by those members on a restricted membership list—on any subject they please with any rules they like. Public conferences are open to all members, while private conferences are restricted to a list of users controlled by the conference hosts. Some "featured private" or "private independent" conferences (such as "Women on the WELL" and "Recovery") are listed in the WELL's directory and members may request admission to such conferences. Within the conferences, logged-in members can see the real name of the author of each post. The intent is to foster a more intimate community through "people taking responsibility for opinions, obsessions, insights, silliness, and an occasional faux pas."
Women form a large percentage of the WELL's user community, and play strong leadership roles. "[A]lthough women made up only 10 percent of people going online, they constituted 40 percent of the population on the WELL."
Initially, in 1985, the WELL was a dial-up bulletin board system (BBS) influenced by EIES. Access to the WELL was via computer modem and phone line, then, when the internet opened to commercial traffic in the 1990s, the WELL became one of the original dial-up gateway ISPs to provide access to it. Over time, web technology evolved and support for dial-up access was dropped. Today users access the WELL via SSH or the web.
In addition to its conferencing services, the WELL also provided access to the Unix operating system for people who didn't have access to an institutional or corporate computer network, and management encouraged members to make and share Unix tools. This was described by early community manager John Coate as an early expression of what would later be called "maker culture." Reflecting back on that era in 1993, Howard Rheingold said that these factors made it an attractive environment for "young computer wizards."
Policy and governance
Many early writings about the WELL stress members’ attempts to test utopian forms of self-government in the online community. Kevin Kelly recalled the original goal was for the WELL to be cheap, open-ended, self-governing and self-designing. Cliff Figallo said the "exercise of free speech and assembly in online interaction is among the most significant and important uses of electronic networking," and hoped that the WELL would be a grass-roots alternative to "electronic consumer shopping malls." But members were shaken in 1990 when one popular and active member "scribbled" (deleted) all his posts, then died by suicide, despite other members’ attempts to reach out to him. A few years later, two members involved in a messy real-life relationship posted about it across several conferences, dividing the community and ultimately becoming a central narrative device for Katie Hafner's book about the WELL. "People who had to live with each other, because they were all veteran addicts of the same social space, found themselves disliking one another," Howard Rheingold wrote.
In retrospect, Gail Ann Williams said the "cyber utopianism" of the founders may have always been overly optimistic. Although the ideal was egalitarian and democratic, the early pricing structure charged users based on their time spent connected to the service, which might have allowed wealthier users to dominate the conversations in what Williams called a "postocracy." Thomas Valovic, then a research manager with International Data Corporation and adjunct faculty at Northeastern University, theorized that a "single articulate and entertaining person" might be able to steer a discussion through "sheer number of postings," and that this tactic could be used effectively to spread propaganda: "The same, of course, is true of other online systems." Valovic also noted that this early pricing structure gave an edge to people whose work subsidized their time on the WELL. For journalists whose work encouraged them to be online, the distinction between public and private discourse became blurred in WELL conversations, and it was not always easy to tell when people were speaking in their official roles: "[...]the online environment has a way of homogenizing work and play to the point that separating the two becomes increasingly difficult." The WELL's utopianism was also challenged by its sale to Bruce Katz, whose vision for the company was more corporate. In her 1994 essay, “Pandora's Vox,” WELL member Carmen Hermosillo observed that by posting her thoughts and feelings where an online platform could profit from them, "I had commodified myself."
On the other hand, during a panel at the 1994 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Figallo reported that "encouraging the formation of core groups of users who shared their desire for minimal social disruption" had been generally successful in promoting free discussion without the need for heavy-handed intervention by management. Looking back in a 2007 interview with Rolling Stone, Stewart Brand said, "Communes failed, drugs went nowhere, free love led pretty directly to AIDS. ... But the counterculture approach to computers – which was of great ingenuity and great enthusiasm, and great disinterest in either corporate or government approaches to their problems – absolutely flourished, and to a large extent created the Internet and the online revolution."
Stewart Brand's original member agreement was, "You Own Your Own Words" or “YOYOW”). Gail Ann Williams recalled the phrase had a number of different interpretations: In an era when it was uncertain how laws applied to online content, Brand intended it to place legal responsibility for posts on the people who wrote them, she said. But “a lot of people saw it as being about property, that it was about copyright, and other people saw it as meaning you have to own up to your words, if you say something heinous, it won't go away, you're going to have to live it down." Currently, the agreement notes members have both the rights to their posted words and the responsibility for those words. Members can also delete their posts at any time, but a placeholder indicates the former location and author of a deleted or "scribbled" post, as well as who deleted it.
Cultural impact
The WELL's influence online has been significant (see Katie Hafner's 1997 article, "The Epic Saga of the WELL,".) Howard Rheingold noted that both Steve Case (AOL) and Craig Newmark (Craigslist) were WELL members before founding their companies. Frequent in-person meetings of WELL members have also been an important facet of The WELL. Monthly WELL Office Parties began in September 1986 and continued for many years thereafter, in the Bay Area and elsewhere. Looking back at the early years, journalist Jon Carroll wrote, "Suddenly there were chili cook-offs and outings to ballgames and brunches and evenings of song... .""
The Berkeley Singthing
The "Berkeley Singthing," a casual gathering to play and sing popular music, is perhaps the longest running of the in-person gatherings of WELL members. Started in 1991, and taking its name from the Berkeley conference in the WELL where it was originally organized it is one of the many ways that WELL members connect in the physical world.
"AOL for Deadheads"
Sociologist Rebecca Adams noted that “Deadheads were electronic pioneers long before it became fashionable to use the Internet or populate the World Wide Web,” with Grateful Dead-related Usenet forums predating the creation of the first WELL conference for Deadheads on March 1, 1986. Musician David Gans, who was hosting an hour of Grateful Dead music on a San Francisco radio station, launched the conference with Bennett Falk and Mary Eisenhart as co-hosts. The creation of the Grateful Dead conference led to a "growth spurt" in the number of WELL members, and in the early years, Deadheads who used its conferences to make plans, trade audiotapes or discuss lyrics were the largest source of revenue for the WELL. Matthew McClure, part of the WELL's original management team, recalled: “The Deadheads came online and seemed to know instinctively how to use the system to create a community around themselves... Suddenly our future looked assured.” By 1997, Eric F. Wybenga's almanac of Grateful Dead resources said the WELL "is to Deadheads what AOL is to the average American online."
The Electronic Frontier Foundation
The WELL was the forum through which Grateful Dead lyricist John Perry Barlow, John Gilmore, and Mitch Kapor, the founders of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, first met. Barlow wrote that a visit from an FBI agent investigating the theft of some Apple code made him aware how little law enforcement understood the Internet, and even though he was able to persuade the agent he was not involved in the case, he became concerned about the potential for overreach. EFF was formed in 1990 and Mike Godwin, also a WELL member, was hired as the first on-staff attorney. Barlow and Kapor hosted the EFF conference on the WELL, which discussed topics related to free speech and internet regulation. Godwin helped publicize flaws in a notorious early study of pornography on the Internet, which had led to calls for legislative censorship.
Craigslist
Craigslist founder Craig Newmark joined the WELL shortly after moving to San Francisco in 1993, and was inspired by members’ discussions about internet community, as well as by examples of members offering other members time and professional help without compensation. In 1995, he started sending out an email list of events and job opportunities to friends. Even after this list expanded to a public LISTSERV and incorporated as a for-profit, Newmark said he viewed it as a community trust and emphasized, "The purpose of the Internet is to connect people to make our lives better."
Salon
Salon.com was founded in the wake of the San Francisco newspaper strike of 1994 by a group of journalists that included WELL members. "The Well [sic] is where a lot of us got our first experience online," Salon co-founder Scott Rosenberg wrote. "In Salon's formative days in 1995 we actually used a private conference [on the WELL] to plan our launch." Salon hired WELL management team member Cliff Figallo in 1998 and WELL conference host Mary Elizabeth Williams to direct its online community, Table Talk. After Salon purchased the WELL in 1999, WELL community manager Gail Ann Williams (no relation) became a Salon employee.
Kevin Mitnick hacking case
In 1995, Tsutomo Shimomura noticed some of his stolen software had been stored in a WELL account. He worked with WELL management to track and identify hacker Kevin Mitnick as the culprit. This effort was described in Shimomura's book Takedown, which he wrote with John Markoff, and in a Wired article excerpted from the book.
Media coverage of the internet and online community
The WELL was described in the early 1990s as a "listening post for journalists," with members who were staff writers and editors for the New York Times, Business Week, the San Francisco Chronicle, Time, Rolling Stone, Byte, Harper's, and the Wall Street Journal. This early visibility may have been helped by the early policy of providing free accounts for interested journalists and other select members of the media. Notable journalists who have written about their experiences on the WELL include John Seabrook of the New Yorker, Katie Hafner of the New York Times, Wendy M. Grossman of the Guardian, and Jon Carroll of the San Francisco Chronicle.
In the news
In March 2007, The WELL was noted for refusing membership to Kevin Mitnick, and refunding his membership fee.
The WELL also received numerous awards in the 1980s and 1990s, including a Webby Award for online community in 1998, and an EFF Pioneer Award in 1994.
Publications about The WELL
Beckerman, Gal, The Quiet Before: On the unexpected origins of radical ideas (2022) Crown The chapter, "Interlude: Cyberspace," covers the WELL and lessons learned about virtual community.
Bruckman, Amy; Curtis, Pavel; Figallo, Cliff; and Laurel, Brenda. “Approaches to Managing Deviant Behavior in Virtual Communities." Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Boston, Massachusetts, April 24–28, 1994. Conference Companion. ResearchGate. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
Coate, John. "Cyberspace Innkeeping: Building Online Community." Proceedings of Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC-92). Berkeley, California, May 2–3, 1992. Collected in Reinventing Technology, Rediscovering Community: Critical Explorations of Computing as a Social Project. Philip E. Agre and Douglas Schuler, eds. Greenwich, Conn.: Ablex Publications, 1997. . An updated and revised version, "Building Online Community," is hosted on his website.
Driscoll, Kevin, The Modem World: A Prehistory of Social Media. (2022) Yale University. . It contrasts The WELL's paid membership model with the volunteer structure of most BBSes, and notes that The WELL was one of the first dial-up systems directly accessible from the internet.
Grossman, Wendy M. Net.wars. New York University Press, 1997. .
Hafner, Katie, The WELL: A Story of Love, Death and Real Life in the Seminal Online Community (2001) Carroll & Graf Publishers Hafner's book was expanded from a Wired Magazine article.
Kirk, Andrew. "Appropriating Technology: The Whole Earth Catalog and Counterculture Environmental Politics". In Environmental History, 374–94, 2001.
-- Counterculture Green: The Whole Earth Catalog and American Environmentalism. Lawrence, Kan: University Press of Kansas, 2007.
Ludlow, Peter, ed. High Noon on the Electronic Frontier: Conceptual Issues in Cyberspace. Foreword by Mike Godwin. MIT Press, 1996. .
Rheingold, Howard, The Virtual Community. (1994) Perennial (Hardcover) – (2000 revised paperback edition)
Rushkoff, Douglas. "Cyberia: Life in the Trenches of Cyberspace.” 2nd ed. Clinamen Press, 2002. .
Seabrook, John, Deeper: My Two-Year Odyssey in Cyberspace (1997) Simon & Schuster (Hardcover) – (Paperback)
Tierney, John. "Stewart Brand: An Early Environmentalist, Embracing New 'Heresies. The New York Times, February 27, 2007, sec. Environment.
Turner, Fred, From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism (2006) University of Chicago Press
--"Where the Counterculture met the New Economy: The WELL and the Origins of Virtual Community", Technology and Culture, Vol.46, No.3 (July 2005), pp. 485–512.
--"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: How the Whole Earth Catalog Brought Us Virtual Community." (June 21, 2013) Keynote, the Anthropocene Project, Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin. Video (English). HKW on YouTube.
Virtual community and social network difference
There is often confusion between a virtual community and social network. They are similar in some aspects because they both can be used for personal and professional interests. A social network offers an opportunity to connect with people one already knows or is acquainted with. Facebook and Twitter are social networks. Platforms such as LinkedIn and Yammer open up communication channels among coworkers and peers with similar professions in a more relaxed setting. Often social media guidelines are in place for professional usage so that everyone understands what is suitable online behavior. Using a social network is an extension of an offline social community. It is helpful in keeping connections among friends and associates as locations change. move. Each user has their own spider web structure which is their social network.
Virtual communities differ in that users aren't connected through a mutual friend or similar backgrounds. These groups are formed by people who may be complete strangers but have a common interest or ideology. Virtual communities connect people who normally wouldn't consider themselves to be in the same group. These groups continue to stay relevant and maintained in the online world because users feel a need to contribute to the community and in return feel empowered when receiving new information from other members. Virtual communities have an elaborate nest structure because they overlap. Yelp, YouTube, and Wikipedia are all examples of a virtual community. Companies like Kaiser Permanente launched virtual communities for members. The community gave members the ability to control their health care decisions and improve their overall experience. Members of a virtual community are able to offer opinions and contribute helpful advice. Again, the difference between virtual communities and social network is the emergence of the relationship.
The WELL distinguished itself from the technology of the time by creating a networked community for everyone. Users were responsible and owned the content posted, a rule created to protect the information from being copyrighted and commoditized.
See also
CIX
Hugh Daniel
Digerati
Global Business Network
Tom Mandel
John Seabrook
Gail Williams
References
External links
The WELL
Retained in 2008 as a text museum and served via HTTP till around 2012
www.well.sf.ca.us, 16 August 2000
Wired news: Salon buys The WELL
Wired magazine: "The Epic Saga of the WELL" by Katie Hafner
The WELL: Small Town on the Internet Highway System by Cliff Figallo
Net Wars at The Inquirer: "You own your own 20th anniversary"
1985 establishments in the United States
Bulletin board systems
Culture of San Francisco
Gopher (protocol)
Internet forums
Pre–World Wide Web online services
Shell account providers
Webby Award winners
Whole Earth Catalog
Internet properties established in 1985 |
Villa de Guadalupe may refer to:
Villa de Guadalupe, Mexico City, Mexico
Villa de Guadalupe, San Luis Potosí, Mexico |
```c++
//
//
// path_to_url
//
#include "pxr/imaging/hd/rprim.h"
#include "pxr/imaging/hd/changeTracker.h"
#include "pxr/imaging/hd/instancer.h"
#include "pxr/imaging/hd/perfLog.h"
#include "pxr/imaging/hd/renderIndex.h"
PXR_NAMESPACE_OPEN_SCOPE
HdRprim::HdRprim(SdfPath const& id)
: _instancerId()
, _materialId()
, _sharedData(HdDrawingCoord::DefaultNumSlots,
/*visible=*/true)
{
_sharedData.rprimID = id;
}
HdRprim::~HdRprim() = default;
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
/// Rprim Hydra Engine API : Pre-Sync & Sync-Phase
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
bool
HdRprim::CanSkipDirtyBitPropagationAndSync(HdDirtyBits bits) const
{
// For invisible prims, we'd like to avoid syncing data, which involves:
// (a) the scene delegate pulling data post dirty-bit propagation
// (b) the rprim processing its dirty bits and
// (c) the rprim committing resource updates to the GPU
//
// However, the current design adds a draw item for a repr during repr
// initialization (see _InitRepr) even if a prim may be invisible, which
// requires us go through the sync process to avoid tripping other checks.
//
// XXX: We may want to avoid this altogether, or rethink how we approach
// the two workflow scenarios:
// ( i) objects that are always invisible (i.e., never loaded by the user or
// scene)
// (ii) vis-invis'ing objects
//
// For now, we take the hit of first repr initialization (+ sync) and avoid
// time-varying updates to the invisible prim.
//
// Note: If the sync is skipped, the dirty bits in the change tracker
// remain the same.
bool skip = false;
HdDirtyBits mask = (HdChangeTracker::DirtyVisibility |
HdChangeTracker::NewRepr);
if (!IsVisible() && !(bits & mask)) {
// By setting the propagated dirty bits to Clean, we effectively
// disable delegate and rprim sync
skip = true;
HD_PERF_COUNTER_INCR(HdPerfTokens->skipInvisibleRprimSync);
}
return skip;
}
HdDirtyBits
HdRprim::PropagateRprimDirtyBits(HdDirtyBits bits)
{
// If the dependent computations changed - assume all
// primvars are dirty
if (bits & HdChangeTracker::DirtyComputationPrimvarDesc) {
bits |= (HdChangeTracker::DirtyPoints |
HdChangeTracker::DirtyNormals |
HdChangeTracker::DirtyWidths |
HdChangeTracker::DirtyPrimvar);
}
// when refine level changes, topology becomes dirty.
// XXX: can we remove DirtyDisplayStyle then?
if (bits & HdChangeTracker::DirtyDisplayStyle) {
bits |= HdChangeTracker::DirtyTopology;
}
// if topology changes, all dependent bits become dirty.
if (bits & HdChangeTracker::DirtyTopology) {
bits |= (HdChangeTracker::DirtyPoints |
HdChangeTracker::DirtyNormals |
HdChangeTracker::DirtyPrimvar);
}
// Let subclasses propagate bits
return _PropagateDirtyBits(bits);
}
void
HdRprim::InitRepr(HdSceneDelegate* delegate,
TfToken const &reprToken,
HdDirtyBits *dirtyBits)
{
_InitRepr(reprToken, dirtyBits);
}
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
/// Rprim Hydra Engine API : Execute-Phase
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
const HdRepr::DrawItemUniquePtrVector &
HdRprim::GetDrawItems(TfToken const& reprToken) const
{
if (HdReprSharedPtr const repr = _GetRepr(reprToken)) {
return repr->GetDrawItems();
}
static HdRepr::DrawItemUniquePtrVector empty;
TF_CODING_ERROR("Rprim has no draw items for repr %s", reprToken.GetText());
return empty;
}
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
/// Rprim Hydra Engine API : Cleanup
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
void
HdRprim::Finalize(HdRenderParam *renderParam)
{
}
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
/// Rprim Data API
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
void
HdRprim::SetPrimId(int32_t primId)
{
_primId = primId;
// Don't set DirtyPrimID here, to avoid undesired variability tracking.
}
void
HdRprim::SetMaterialId(SdfPath const& materialId)
{
_materialId = materialId;
}
bool
HdRprim::IsDirty(HdChangeTracker &changeTracker) const
{
return changeTracker.IsRprimDirty(GetId());
}
void
HdRprim::UpdateReprSelector(HdSceneDelegate* delegate,
HdDirtyBits *dirtyBits)
{
if (HdChangeTracker::IsReprDirty(*dirtyBits, GetId())) {
_authoredReprSelector = delegate->GetReprSelector(GetId());
*dirtyBits &= ~HdChangeTracker::DirtyRepr;
}
}
void
HdRprim::UpdateRenderTag(HdSceneDelegate *delegate,
HdRenderParam *renderParam)
{
_renderTag = delegate->GetRenderTag(GetId());
}
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
/// Rprim Shared API
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
HdReprSharedPtr const &
HdRprim::_GetRepr(TfToken const &reprToken) const
{
_ReprVector::const_iterator reprIt =
std::find_if(_reprs.begin(), _reprs.end(),
_ReprComparator(reprToken));
if (reprIt == _reprs.end()) {
TF_CODING_ERROR("_InitRepr() should be called for repr %s on prim %s.",
reprToken.GetText(), GetId().GetText());
static const HdReprSharedPtr ERROR_RETURN;
return ERROR_RETURN;
}
return reprIt->second;
}
void
HdRprim::_UpdateVisibility(HdSceneDelegate* delegate,
HdDirtyBits *dirtyBits)
{
if (HdChangeTracker::IsVisibilityDirty(*dirtyBits, GetId())) {
_sharedData.visible = delegate->GetVisible(GetId());
}
}
void
HdRprim::_UpdateInstancer(HdSceneDelegate* delegate,
HdDirtyBits *dirtyBits)
{
if (HdChangeTracker::IsInstancerDirty(*dirtyBits, GetId())) {
SdfPath const& instancerId = delegate->GetInstancerId(GetId());
if (instancerId == _instancerId) {
return;
}
// If we have a new instancer ID, we need to update the dependency
// map and also update the stored instancer ID.
HdChangeTracker &tracker =
delegate->GetRenderIndex().GetChangeTracker();
if (!_instancerId.IsEmpty()) {
tracker.RemoveInstancerRprimDependency(_instancerId, GetId());
}
if (!instancerId.IsEmpty()) {
tracker.AddInstancerRprimDependency(instancerId, GetId());
}
_instancerId = instancerId;
}
}
VtMatrix4dArray
HdRprim::GetInstancerTransforms(HdSceneDelegate* delegate)
{
SdfPath instancerId = _instancerId;
VtMatrix4dArray transforms;
HdRenderIndex &renderIndex = delegate->GetRenderIndex();
while (!instancerId.IsEmpty()) {
transforms.push_back(delegate->GetInstancerTransform(instancerId));
HdInstancer *instancer = renderIndex.GetInstancer(instancerId);
if (instancer) {
instancerId = instancer->GetParentId();
} else {
instancerId = SdfPath();
}
}
return transforms;
}
PXR_NAMESPACE_CLOSE_SCOPE
``` |
Joseph Maestas (born 1960/1961) is an American politician and engineer who is the current Auditor of New Mexico. He previously served as a member of the New Mexico Public Regulation Commission. Elected in 2020, he assumed office on January 1, 2021, succeeding Valerie Espinoza. He announced his candidacy for State Auditor on July 19, 2021. He was elected in 2022 and assumed office in January 2023, succeeding Brian Colón.
Early life and education
Maestas was born in Santa Fe, New Mexico and raised on a farm in Santa Cruz, New Mexico. He earned a Bachelor of Science from the University of New Mexico and a Master of Science from Arizona State University, Tempe, both in civil engineering.
Career
For over 30 years, Maestas has worked as an engineer and government regulator. In 2014, he was elected to serve as a member of the Santa Fe City Council for the second district. From 2006 to 2010, he was the mayor of Española, New Mexico. Maestas was also a candidate for mayor of Santa Fe in 2018, losing to Alan Webber.
In the 2020 election, Maestas was a candidate for the third district on the New Mexico Public Regulation Commission. He defeated Brian Harris in the Democratic primary and Libertarian nominee Chris Luchini in the November general election. He assumed office on January 1, 2021.
In 2022, he was elected New Mexico state auditor. He started his four-year term on January 1, 2023.
References
21st-century American politicians
American civil engineers
Engineers from New Mexico
Living people
Mayors of places in New Mexico
New Mexico city council members
New Mexico Democrats
People from Española, New Mexico
Politicians from Santa Fe, New Mexico
State auditors of New Mexico
University of New Mexico alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Green Square railway station is located on the Airport line in the locality of Green Square. The station is situated at a five-way intersection which is the meeting point of the four suburbs, Alexandria, Zetland, Waterloo and Beaconsfield. It is served by Sydney Trains T8 Airport & South line services.
History
Green Square station opened on 21 May 2000 when the Airport line opened from Central to Wolli Creek. Like other stations on the line, Green Square was built and is operated by the Airport Link Company as part of a public–private partnership.
Prior to March 2011, passengers were required to pay an access fee to use the station. The access fee was removed after the State Government reached an agreement with the Airport Link Company to pay the fee at Green Square and Mascot stations on behalf of passengers. Patronage increased by around 70% at the two stations in the months following the removal of the fee. By 2018, patronage was growing at an annual rate of around 25 percent, leading to overcrowding at peak times.
Green Square station featured in the music video clip for Marvin Priest's "Own This Club".
Platforms and services
Station layout
References
External links
Green Square Station at Transport for New South Wales (Archived 10 June 2019)
Easy Access railway stations in Sydney
Railway stations located underground in Sydney
Railway stations in Australia opened in 2000
Waterloo, New South Wales
Airport Link, Sydney |
Sadaf Siddiqui (born August 27, 1985) is a Pakistani track and field sprint athlete from Lahore who has competed in international sprint races for Pakistan. Siddiqui represented Pakistan at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing where she competed in 100 meter, placing seventh in her heat without advancing to the second round.
Career
Siddiqui participated in the sprint events: 100 meters and 200 meters.
International
In 2006,at the South Asian Games held in Colombo, Sri Lanka, Sadaf won a bronze medal in the women's 200m race at 12:07. Siddiqui was part of the women's relay team participating in the Colombo South Asian Games along with Saira Fazal, Naseem Hameed and Nadia Nazir.
In 2008, she represented Pakistan at the Summer Olympics in Beijing. Siddiqui was one of the two female competitors in Pakistan's 37-member contingent for the Olympic games held in Beijing, the other being Kiran Khan in swimming category. Siddiqui competed in the 100 meter sprint and placed seventh in her heat without advancing to the second round. She ran the distance in a time of 12.41 seconds at the Bird's Nest national stadium.
In the Dhaka South Asian Games 2010, Sadaf along with athletes Nadia Nazir, Naseem Hameed and Javeria Hassan was part of the women relay team that won bronze medal.
Drug Ban
In 2010, Sadaf Siddiqui, along with many other top athletes failed the doping tests conducted during national trials, prior to the Commonwealth Games conducted in New Delhi. Siddiqui was banned by the Athletics Federation of Pakistan (AFP) for 2 years for the use of steroids.
Siddiqui claimed that the doping test came positive due to a medicine she had taken to combat her fever. She said if she had known earlier about it, she would not have taken the medicine. Siddiqui said that players are not aware of the kind of medicines to not be taken prior to doping test and there should be an awareness campaign to educate players competing at international level. Siddiqui took up to the government and the media to help her in her case to lift the ban. She appealed to the Minister Sports Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Syed Aqil Shah at Olympic Secretariat to remove her ban. According to Siddiqui, she had appealed before the appellate tribunal within the next 14 days of the ban but it was rejected. The athlete said that after two years, her career would finish
Marriage
Sadaf Siddiqui married journalist and former General Secretary of Rawalpindi Islamabad Sports Journalist Association (RISJA), Afzal Javed in 2011.
The wedding was attended by politicians and many high-end personalities including Interior Minister Rehman Malik, House in the Senate leader Syed Nayar Hussain Bukhari, PM's advisor on law and justice Advocate Farooq Awan, Babar Awan and other notable people.
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Pakistani female sprinters
Olympic athletes for Pakistan
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Pakistani women
Olympic female sprinters |
In Love is the seventh extended play released by the South Korean girl group Kara, on May 26, 2015 with the lead single "Cupid".
This marks their final release under DSP prior the expired contract in early 2016 and last Korean release featuring member Hara before her death in 2019.
Background
On April 14, 2015, DSP Media confirmed that the group will be releasing their seventh mini album in May. The girls were reportedly working with a new team to show their transformation while pouring their heart and soul into the album production. During the album showcase, the members stated that their goal with the album was to show the evolution of the definition of being "KARA-style" while maintaining the "healthy, energetic image" that their fans originally admired about them. Member Seungyeon stated that while maintaining this style, they wanted to start a new golden era.
Composition
The mini album contains six tracks. The promotional track, "Cupid", was described as a rhythmical track with shuffle elements and is a fun, flirtatious song about a girl wanting to capture the heart of her love interest. It was produced by e.one, who previously worked with Rain, EXO, Shinhwa and A Pink.
Promotions
The group revealed the title track for the album, "Cupid", at the 2015 Dream Concert on May 23 before the official release of the album and song. After which, the group held an album showcase on May 26, which is the same day as the EP's release, at the Blue Square Samsung Card Hall at 8PM KST. It was broadcast live on 1theK's YouTube channel, and they also had an exclusive interview before the live event. They began their promotion cycle in music programs starting from MBC's Show Champion by performing "Starlight" and the promotional single "Cupid" on May 28. The following week, they took first place and won a trophy on their comeback stage at MTV Korea's The Show on June 2. The group wrap up the promotion cycle for the album on June 21, 2015.
Track listing
The track listing for 'In Love' was revealed on May 22 at 12AM KST on Kara's official Twitter. A video of the album preview was uploaded on Kara's official YouTube channel as well.
Commercial performance
On its first week of release, the album reached number two on Gaon Chart's National Physical Albums ranking. The promotional single, Cupid, also earned 69,802 of online downloads and also ranked number one in the Gaon Social Chart with 73,242 points.
Chart performance
Sales and certifications
Release history
Notes
References
2015 EPs
Korean-language EPs
Kara (South Korean group) EPs
Kakao M EPs |
Ilama is a municipality in the department of Santa Bárbara, Honduras.
The last census registered 2,476 people. The patron saint is the Virgin of Lourdes and her name is celebrated in the municipality February 11/12.
Demographics
At the time of the 2013 Honduras census, Ilama municipality had a population of 9,058. Of these, 97.02% were Mestizo, 1.50% White, 1.14% Indigenous (1.03% Lenca) and 0.34% Black or Afro-Honduran.
References
Municipalities of the Santa Bárbara Department, Honduras |
Through A Glass Darkly is a 1978 album by Peter Howell and the BBC Radiophonic Workshop. It featured six original instrumental compositions including "Through A Glass Darkly - A Lyrical Adventure", a 19-minute track which took up the whole of the first side of the record. Much of the music on the album leaned far more towards the prog rock of the 1970s than the previous output by the Radiophonic Workshop. The track "The Astronauts" later featured as the B-side to the 1980 single release of Howell's arrangement of the Doctor Who theme.
It was reissued as part of the Record Store Day exclusive 6-CD box set Four Albums 1968 - 1978 29 August 2020.
Track listing
Musicians
Peter Howell – piano, synthesisers, acoustic guitar
Terence Emery - timpani
Howard Tibble - drums
Brian Hussey - drums
Tony Catchpole - electric guitar
Des McCamley - bass guitar
References
External links
mb21 Discography entry
1978 albums
BBC Radiophonic Workshop albums
BBC Records albums |
Eugene Simeon Matthews (July 9, 1872 – July 13, 1954) was a Florida politician and newspaperman. He served in the Florida House of Representatives and owned and edited the Bradford County Telegraph for forty years.
Early life
Matthews was born in Fort Call in Bradford County, Florida, the son of Florida natives W.W. and Ella Liddon Matthews. His father served as a first lieutenant in the Confederate States Army and spent eighteen months as a prisoner at Rock Island Arsenal after being captured at the Battle of Chickamauga. Matthews attended school in Bradford County and Gainesville, Florida and trained in the newspaper business starting at age eleven.
Newspaper owner in boomtown Dunellon
In 1888, Matthews edited and published the Lake Weir Independent. In 1891, following the discovery of phosphate in Dunnellon, Florida and the subsequent mining boom, Matthews founded the Dunnellon News and served as town clerk. After writing about poor treatment of convicts leased to work in phosphate mines, the resulting pressure and threats from mine owners led Matthews to sell the News and move to Ocala, Florida for work with the Daily Capitol.
Move to Starke and entry into politics
In January 1893, Matthews moved to Starke, Florida. With Ben J. Farmer, Matthews purchased the Bradford County Telegraph, a newspaper founded in 1879 by William Wyatt Moore. After five years, Farmer sold his interest to Matthews, who edited the Telegraph for forty years. Starting in 1933, his son, Eugene L. Matthews, edited the newspaper for another forty years until retiring and selling the newspaper in 1973. The newspaper is still published today.
Matthews was Alderman of Starke from 1897 to 1898. From 1897 to 1898, he was Captain of the Bradford County Guards, which served as Company M of the 1st Florida Volunteer Infantry during the Spanish–American War, but the regiment ventured no further from Florida than Alabama. In 1899, he was promoted to Major and commanded the 2nd battalion of the 2nd Regiment of the Florida State Troops.
Election to the state legislature
Matthews was elected to the Florida State Legislature in 1904, 1907, 1911 and 1923 and served as Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives in 1907. Governor Cary A. Hardee appointed Matthews to the Florida Railroad Commission, where he served from 1924 to 1946. His son credits Matthews with bringing the route of State Road 13 (now U.S. Route 301 and State Road 200) from Tampa, Florida to Jacksonville, Florida through Starke, creating an economic boom there.
References
1872 births
1954 deaths
People from Bradford County, Florida
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Florida city council members
Members of the Florida House of Representatives
Speakers of the Florida House of Representatives
People from Ocala, Florida
People from Starke, Florida
People from Dunnellon, Florida |
The seventh season of Indonesian Idol premiered on RCTI on February 17, 2012. The show aired every Friday at 8:00 pm and Re-run aired every Sunday at 1:00 pm. Daniel Mananta returned as the host, while Anang Hermansyah and Agnes Monica returned as the judges, and musician and hits-maker Ahmad Dhani replaced Erwin Gutawa as the third judges. Fabian Dharmawan became the new Executive Producer. Vokal Plus founder & CEO Indra Aziz, and Irvan Nat, both of them are professional vocal couches, became the new in-house mentors to work with the contestants on a weekly basis. Universal Music Indonesia replaced Sony Music Entertainment Indonesia as Idol's official partner record label. Cross Mobile, Coolant, Honda and Mie Sedaap, were the official sponsors of the show. This season followed the same format as American Idol season 11 and used the new title screen & logo with a different font started from Spectacular round.
Season 7 is the first season to have a finale with two female contestants, while the second and third seasons had a finale with two male contestants. It is the first season where a saved contestant, Kamasean Matthews to reach the finale. Regina Ivanova is the second contestants of all seasons had never been in the bottom 2 or 3 prior to the finale and the first to be the winner.
On July 8, 2012, Regina Ivanova became the winner of the seventh season of Indonesian Idol, beating Kamasean Matthews, the first female recipient of the judges' save.
The top two finalists from this season — Regina Ivanova and Kamasean Matthews — and 6th place finalist, Maria Rosalia a.k.a. Rosa Yoladetta were signed to record labels.
Judges
The two official judges, Anang Hermansyah and Ahmad Dhani confirmed on early December 2011. There is some issues that says Agnes Monica will not return as judge due to her duty of her international career In Los Angeles, USA. But on 30 January 2012 Untung Pranoto, Operational Production Manager of RCTI announced all official judges, includes Agnes Monica.
Hedi Yunus, Nina Tamam and Andien were brought as guest judges during the auditions in Medan, Surabaya and Yogyakarta because Agnes Monica didn't appear those auditions. Piyu 'PADI', Audy and Meltho 'PASTO' are the guest judges for school audition in Palembang, Padang, Manado and Ambon. While Nina Tamam, Charly Van Houten, Hedi Yunus and Baron are the guest judges for bus audition.
In the beginning, many people were rumored to be in the running to join the judging panel, including Rossa, Sherina Munaf, Ello, Dewi Sandra, Rio Febrian and Tompi. Rio Febrian and Tompi have said (by their Twitter) that they would not be judges for this show, while Rossa said (by her Twitter) her schedule was busy and that it would probably be only as a guest judge on this season.
Selection process
Auditions
Regional auditions
Auditions took place in the following cities:
Requirement : Contestants must be 16–27 years old before 24 November 2011 and lives in Indonesia at least 5 years.
One auditioner who received widespread publicity was M. Ridho, also known as "Neng Neng Nong Neng", he auditioned with his original song titled "Ku Ingin Kita Lama Pacaran Disini". His catchy song was bought by Ahmad Dhani as 5 million rupiahs and he will get the royalty for 5 years.
Online audition
Online audition is the new feature in seventh season. Audition was opened from 1–15 January 2012 and can be voted by viewers from YouTube until 23 January 2012. Contestant with the highest 'LIKE' automatically will through to judging in Jakarta.
Street auditions & School auditions
Street audition held in city centers such as the mall, markets, station, town square and others. While the school auditions held in schools with the best musical talent in each city. Indonesia is first country in the world to do school auditions and these have now been picked up by Indian Idol.
Bus audition
It's the third season of Indonesian Idol auditioned with the bus. Bus audition has gone to Malang, Madiun, Solo, Semarang, Tegal, Cirebon and Sukabumi.
Elimination round
The Elimination rounds were held at Studio 4 RCTI Jakarta starting 7 February 2012. There were 109 contestants at the start of Elimination round (one of them was disqualified because didn't attend the judging). The contestants performed solo for the first round, and 52 advanced to the next round, where the contestants performed in groups. The contestants were then separated into five rooms, with two room of contestants being eliminated and one room of contestants that must perform again in front of judges. The remaining 27 contestants made it through to the final "Sing For Your Life" round. In that round, each contestant performed a song of their own choosing. Only 15 contestants made it through to the Top 15.
Semi-finalists
After the 27 remaining contestants sang their final solo in the Sing For Your Life round, they were called one by one to hear the final judgement. The semi-finalists were announced in the 30 March episode, with the top fifteen being revealed at the episode’s end. Due to personal reasons, Henriyanto, one of Top 15 chosen, withdrew from the competition and was replaced by previously eliminated contestant Kanza Dinar.
Top 15 show
The Top 15 Show was aired LIVE on 6 April at 8:30 pm. Below are the contestants listed in their performance order. The top five viewers' choice and top five judges' choice advanced to the Spectacular. There were fifteen semifinalists, nine females and six males. The contestants perform songs of their choice (there was no particular theme).
Wild Card round
At the end of the episode revealing the top ten, it was announced that the judges (except Anang Hermansyah) wanted to add two more finalists in Spectacular. The five possibilities were Ni Putu Karina, Intania Ayu, Febri Yoga, Maria Rosalia and Shandy Eugene. After the judges discussed, it was announced that Febri Yoga and Maria Rosalia were the top twelve finalists.
Finalists
Regina Ivanova Polapa (born December 4, 1985) is from Jakarta, Jakarta Special Capital Region and was 26 years old at the time of the show. She had auditioned for Idol 6 times before and never made it through. She auditioned in Jakarta with Adele's "One and Only". She is the sister of Topodade personnel, Mia Sani who won the DreamGirls Indonesia in 2009. She was the oldest contestant to reach the Spectacular and Finale. Her musical influences are Adele and Beyoncé Knowles. She is the second contestants of all seasons that had never been in the bottom 2 or 3 prior to the finale. Regina was announced as the winner on 7 July 2012.
Kamasean Yoce Matthews (born June 30, 1995) is from Bekasi, West Java and was 16 years old at the time of the show. She auditioned in Bandung with Agnes Monica's "Cinta Mati". She had competed on season 3 of Akademi Fantasi Indosiar Junior, and made it to the ninth place. She was the youngest contestant to reach the Spectacular and Finale. Her musical influence is Alicia Keys. She was saved from elimination by the judges after receiving the lowest number of votes in the top five round, making her the first female contestant to be saved by the judges. Kamasean was announced as the runner-up on 7 July 2012.
Prattyoda Bhayangkara (born February 9, 1987) is from Kebumen and was 25 years old at the time of the show. He auditioned in Jakarta with Bad English's "When I See You Smile". He is the vocalist of the Today band. He was eliminated on 23 June 2012 and came in 3rd place.
Dionisius Agung Subagyo (born April 30, 1986) is from Purwokerto, Central Java and was 25 years old at the time of the show. He was born in Temanggung. He auditioned in Jakarta with "Tanjung Perak" in the jazz version. He impressed the judges with his performance of "Tanjung Perak" in his final solo Sing For Your Life round. He was eliminated on 16 June 2012 and came in 4th place.
Febri Yoga Sapta Rahardjo (born February 28, 1988) is from Tegal, Central Java and was 23 years old at the time of the show. He auditioned in Bus Audition Tegal with Krisdayanti's "Menghitung Hari". Febri was chosen by Agnes Monica as one of the Wild Cards to join the Top 12 finalists. His musical influence is Matthew Bellamy from Muse which his vocal is similar to. He was eliminated on 9 June 2012 and came in 5th place.
Maria Rosalia Yola Detta (born October 31, 1991) is from Solo, Central Java and was 20 years old at the time of the show. She auditioned in Yogyakarta with Kotak's "Pelan-Pelan Saja". She competed on Suara Indonesia, making it to the finale and placed as first runner-up. Maria was chosen by Ahmad Dhani as one of the Wild Cards to join the Top 12 finalists. She was eliminated on 25 May 2012 and came in 6th place.
Non Dera Anggia Putri Prawitasari (born December 2, 1993) is from Sukabumi, West Java and was 18 years old at the time of the show. She was born in Cianjur. She auditioned in Bus Audition Sukabumi with Dewa 19's "Cemburu". She was eliminated on 18 May 2012 and came in 7th place.
Rosandy Sriwidia Nugroho (born August 6, 1986) is from Jakarta, Jakarta Special Capital Region and was 25 years old at the time of the show. He was born in Solo. He auditioned in Jakarta with David Cook's cover song "Always Be My Baby". He used to be vocalist of the Putih band. He was eliminated on 11 May 2012 and came in 8th place.
Rio Agung Pangestu Hamdan (born July 19, 1994) is from Sumedang, West Java and was 17 years old at the time of the show. He auditioned in Bandung with Ruth Sahanaya's "Ingin Ku Miliki". He impressed the judges with his great voice in the audition room, although his first look wasn't convincing the judges. He was eliminated on 4 May 2012 and came in 9th place.
Ivan Saputra (born July 12, 1988) is from Jakarta, Jakarta Special Capital Region and was 23 years old at the time of the show. He auditioned in Jakarta with Adera's "Lebih Indah". He was eliminated on 27 April 2012 and came in 10th place.
Belinda Hanrisna Fueza (born March 7, 1992) is from Bekasi, West Java and was 20 years old at the time of the show. She auditioned in Jakarta. She competed on season 3 of Mamamia, making it to the quarterfinals. Belinda's only appearance in season 7 was during the green mile round. She sang "Selalu Cinta" by Kotak for the Sing for Your Life round and she impressed the judges. She was eliminated on 20 April 2012 and came in 11th place. Her musical influence is Demi Lovato.
Kanza Dinar Adibah (born June 19, 1994) is from Jakarta, Jakarta Special Capital Region and was 17 years old at the time of the show. She auditioned in Jakarta with Bebi Romeo's "Aku Cinta Kau dan Dia". She was cut in the green mile round, but she was called back by judges to replace Henriyanto, who withdrew from the competition. She was eliminated on 13 April 2012 and came in 12th place.
Spectacular show
This is the fifth season in which there are 10 weeks of the Spectacular and 12 finalists, with one of the 12 finalists eliminated each week. The Andra & The Backbone's "Selamat Tinggal Masa Lalu" became the send-off song played when a contestant is eliminated.
Top 12 – The Star is Born
Top 11 – The Biggest Band
Top 10 – Songs of Dedication
Top 9 – Tribute to Judges / Boy & Girl band Indonesia
Guest mentor: Agnes Monica
Top 8 – The Power of Love / Duets
Guest judges: Melly Goeslaw
Agnes Monica did not appear on the judging panel for week 5 due to her international album project in Los Angeles, so Melly Goeslaw took her place on the panel. Agnes still judging via Skype from Los Angeles.
Top 7 – Viewers' Choice
Guest judges: Dimas Djayadiningrat
Agnes Monica did not appear on the judging panel for week 6 due to her international album project in Los Angeles, so Dimas Djayadiningrat, season 1-3 judge, took her place on the panel.
Group performance: "Jomblowati" (SHE) / "PUSPA" (ST 12) / "Lelaki Buaya Darat" (Ratu) / "Naluri Lelaki" (Samsons) / "Perempuan Paling Cantik di Negeriku Indonesia (T.R.I.A.D) / "Racun Dunia" (The Changcuters) / "Cari Pacar Lagi" (ST 12)
Top 6 – Dhani's Choice
Guest mentor: Ahmad Dhani
Guest judges: Jaclyn Victor
Each contestant performed two songs.
Agnes Monica did not appear on the judging panel for week 7 due to her international album project in Los Angeles, so Jaclyn Victor, winner of first season Malaysian Idol, took her place on the panel.
Top 5 (first week) – The Lucky Songs
Top 5 (second week) – Favorite & Dream Songs
Start on spectacular 9, the show aired Saturday. Spectacular 9 held on 18:00, due to be aired at 22:300 on UEFA Euro 2012 match between Netherlands and Denmark.
Top 4 – Solo & Duet
Top 3 – Indonesian Hits / International Hits / Tribute to Chrisye
Top 2 – Judge's Challenge / Disney's Duet / Tribute to Vina Panduwinata / Winning Song
Elimination chart
Due to the judges using their one 'Judges' Save' per season, in order to save Kamasean, the 'Top 5' remained intact for another week.
It was only announced that Dionisius Agung received the lowest number of votes this week. The other member(s) of bottom two or three were never revealed, and safe contestants were announced in random order.
Results show performances
Indonesia Nielsen ratings
The premiere was watched by 18.9 million viewers. It was up 10 percent from the previous year's premiere, which was watched by 17.7 million viewers. Season 7 of Indonesian Idol is the most successful series in the history of Indonesian Idol.
Begin this episode, the show airs at 8:30 PM
Begin this episode, the show airs at 8:00 PM
Begin this episode, the show airs every Saturday. Especially for this episode, the show airs at 6:00 PM due to UEFA Euro 2012 match Netherlands and Denmark.
Controversies
Hendriyanto's Exit
Top 15 contestant Hendriyanto decided to withdraw from Indonesian Idol because he was not ready to leave his family in Brastagi.
Apkasi's 350 Million Prizes
Asosiasi Pemerintah Kabupaten Seluruh Indonesia (Apkasi) or Indonesian Regency Administration Association has given a total Rp 350 million ($36.8 thousand) to Top 5 Indonesian Idol, but it made public controversy why Apkasi support Indonesian Idol whom is foreign franchise with profit oriented and not support local culture interests.
Southeast Asia television rights
Notes:
Republic of Singapore was delayed telecasts in 2012 Indonesian reality television singing competition Indonesian Idol with Indonesian dubbing and English subtitles.
See also
Indonesian Idol
Indonesian Idol (Season 1)
Indonesian Idol (Season 2)
Indonesian Idol (Season 3)
Indonesian Idol (Season 4)
Indonesian Idol (Season 5)
Indonesian Idol (Season 6)
References
External links
Official Site
Indonesian Idol
2012 Indonesian television seasons |
Where There's Smoke There's Cheech & Chong is an anthology album by Cheech & Chong. Released in 2002, it collects the duo's most popular comedy routines and songs from their eight studio albums, and additional rare material, including tracks that are exclusive to this set, including radio commercials for the film Up in Smoke, "(How I Spent My Summer Vacation) Or A Day At The Beach With Pedro & Man" and "Santa Claus And His Old Lady", which were previously only released as singles, and a live recording of the duo performing the "Old Man In The Park" sketch.
Content
Much of the content on Where There's Smoke There's Cheech & Chong derives from the albums Cheech and Chong, Big Bambu, Los Cochinos, Cheech & Chong's Wedding Album, Sleeping Beauty and Let's Make a New Dope Deal. The title track from the Up in Smoke soundtrack is also included, as well as "Born in East L.A.", from the album Get Out of My Room.
The anthology also includes the tracks "Santa Claus And His Old Lady" and "(How I Spent My Summer Vacation) Or A Day At The Beach With Pedro & Man-Part 1", which were previously only available as singles, and on compilations, but had not appeared on any previous Cheech & Chong release. The "How I Spent My Summer Vacation" single contained a second part which is not featured on this compilation and is otherwise unavailable.
Exclusive to the anthology were two radio commercials for the film Up in Smoke, and a live recording of the sketch "Old Man in the Park", which had not been recorded for any Cheech & Chong album. Also, at the time of the anthology's release, the albums Sleeping Beauty, Let's Make A New Dope Deal and Get Out Of My Room were out of print, although they have since been reissued.
The tracks "Santa Claus and His Old Lady", "Earache My Eye" and "Born in East L.A." were commercial hits.
Liner notes for the anthology were written by Dr. Demento.
Reception
AllMusic reviewer Richie Unterberger described the material on Where There's Smoke There's Cheech & Chong as being "more juvenile than it is funny", appraising the duo's sound design and musical satires, singling the tracks "Blind Melon Chitlin'", "Framed", and "Earache My Eye" as highlights.
Track listing
Personnel
From Warner Bros./Ode Sounds & Visual/Rhino's 2002 2-CD release R2 74265 liner notes
Cheech & Chong
"Basketball Jones" Musicians: Tyrone Shoelaces & Rap Brown Jr. H.S. Band
George Harrison: guitar
Klaus Voormann: bass
Jim Karsten: drums
Jim Keltner: percussion
Carole King: electric piano
Nicky Hopkins: piano
Billy Preston: organ
Tom Scott: saxophone
George Bohanon, Dick "Slyde" Hyde & Paul Hubinon: horny guys
Cheerleaders:
The Blossoms: Darlene Love, Fanita Jones & Jean King
Michelle "Trixie" Phillips
Sister Mary Elephant Santana St. School 6th Grade Class:
Rae Dawn Chong, Robbie Chong, Sherry Goffin, Kierk Goodwich, Scott Harper, Nolia Kienholz, Leslie Manikas, Leslie Oyler, Bonnie Pollei, Lisa Romane, Jill & Scott Smith
"Framed" Musicians:
Tim Weston, David Bluefield & Ricky Fataar
Arranged & Conducted by: Tom Scott
"Up In Smoke" Musicians:
Danny "Kootch" Kortchmar: guitars
Waddy Wachtel: guitars
Stanley Sheldon: bass
Andy Muson: bass
Rick Marotta: drums
Bobby Jay La Kind: percussion
Jai Winding: keyboard
David Sanborn: saxophone
Gene Page: horn arrangements
"Bloat On"
Arranged & Conducted by: David Foster
References
Cheech & Chong albums
2002 compilation albums
Rhino Records compilation albums
2000s comedy albums |
Palaverikadu is a village in the Pattukkottai taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India. It is surrounded by other villages, including Athivetti, Kalyanaoodai, Krishnapuram, Parakalakottai and Odhiyadikadu.
Most of the local population are farmers, who raise crops such as paddy, coconut, maize, blackgram, gingelly and sugarcane. It is irrigated by the Paatuvanachi river and a small canal from kallanai.
Pattukottai, Madhukkur, Muthupet and Adhirampattinam are the nearest towns.
Demographics
As of the 2001 census, Palaverikadu had a total population of 1,553 with 777 males and 776 females. The literacy rate was 80%.
References
Villages in Thanjavur district |
Ebenezer William Peyto ( ; 14 February 1869 – 23 March 1943) was an English-Canadian pioneer, mountain guide, and early park warden of Banff National Park.
Life and career
Peyto was born in Welling, Kent in 1869 and immigrated to Canada, settling in Calgary in February 1887. He found his way to the Canadian Rocky Mountains where he initially worked as a railway labourer. By the mid-1890s Peyto had built a small log cabin close to the Bow River where he kept his outfitting and trapping gear. Peyto eventually found work as a mountain guide under Tom Wilson, and led early expeditions to attempt to climb Mount Assiniboine, including once with James Outram in the 1890s. He was also chosen to lead Edward Whymper to Vermilion Pass.
Peyto enlisted to serve in Lord Strathcona's Horse Regiment during the Boer War in 1899, and during World War I in Belgium and France with the Twelfth Mounted Regiment and Machine Gun Brigade. He was wounded in his right leg at the Battle of Ypres.
Peyto worked as a park warden in the Banff National Park from 1913 until his retirement in 1937.
Death and legacy
Peyto married Emily Wood in 1902; she died in 1906. He later married Ethel Wells, a native of Lewes, Sussex, England, in 1921. She died in 1940.
Bill Peyto died from cancer on 23 March 1943 in Calgary, Alberta and was buried at the Banff Town Cemetery. At the time of his death, he was survived by one son, Robert. Two brothers, Walter and Sam Peyto, also lived in Banff.
A large photograph of Peyto prominently marks the entrance to the town of Banff, Alberta. Peyto Glacier on the Continental Divide and Peyto Lake are named in his honour.
References
External links
Bill Peyto: A rare breed in Banff
The Alberta Historical Review 1976: Bill Peyto
Settlers of Canada
1869 births
1943 deaths
English emigrants to Canada
People from Banff, Alberta |
Dothiorella santali is an endophytic fungus that might be a canker pathogen, specifically for Eucalyptus gomphocephala. It was isolated from said trees in Western Australia.
References
Further reading
Pavlic-Zupanc, D., et al. "Molecular and morphological characterization of Dothiorella species associated with dieback of Ostrya carpinifolia in Slovenia and Italy, and a host and geographic range extension for D. parva."
Urbez-Torres, Jose Ramon, et al. "Characterization of fungal pathogens associated with grapevine trunk diseases in Arkansas and Missouri." Fungal diversity 52.1 (2012): 169–189.
Pitt, Wayne M., José Ramón Úrbez-Torres, and Florent P. Trouillas. "Dothiorella and Spencermartinsia, new species and records from grapevines in Australia." Australasian Plant Pathology 44.1 (2015): 43–56.
External links
MycoBank
santali
Fungi described in 2009 |
Ulrich IV of Württemberg (born after 1315–1366, at Castle Hohenneuffen), Count of Württemberg. He reigned, together with his brother Eberhard II from 1344 until 1362.
During his reign he stood in the shadow of his brother Eberhard II. Because of that he temporarily strove towards the division of the realm. This is the reason why Eberhard II forced him to sign a treaty that stipulated the indivisibility of the county on 3 December 1361. Soon after that Ulrich relinquished his participation in the government of Württemberg on 1 May 1362.
Ulrich IV married countess Katharina von Helfenstein before 1350, producing no children.
14th-century births
1366 deaths
14th-century counts of Württemberg |
```go
package vm
import (
"encoding/binary"
)
func opVerify(vm *virtualMachine) error {
err := vm.applyCost(1)
if err != nil {
return err
}
p, err := vm.pop(true)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if AsBool(p) {
return nil
}
return ErrVerifyFailed
}
func opFail(vm *virtualMachine) error {
err := vm.applyCost(1)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return ErrReturn
}
func opCheckPredicate(vm *virtualMachine) error {
err := vm.applyCost(256)
if err != nil {
return err
}
vm.deferCost(-256 + 64) // get most of that cost back at the end
limit, err := vm.popInt64(true)
if err != nil {
return err
}
predicate, err := vm.pop(true)
if err != nil {
return err
}
n, err := vm.popInt64(true)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if limit < 0 {
return ErrBadValue
}
l := int64(len(vm.dataStack))
if n > l {
return ErrDataStackUnderflow
}
if limit == 0 {
limit = vm.runLimit
}
err = vm.applyCost(limit)
if err != nil {
return err
}
childVM := virtualMachine{
context: vm.context,
program: predicate,
runLimit: limit,
depth: vm.depth + 1,
dataStack: append([][]byte{}, vm.dataStack[l-n:]...),
}
vm.dataStack = vm.dataStack[:l-n]
childErr := childVM.run()
vm.deferCost(-childVM.runLimit)
vm.deferCost(-stackCost(childVM.dataStack))
vm.deferCost(-stackCost(childVM.altStack))
return vm.pushBool(childErr == nil && !childVM.falseResult(), true)
}
func opJump(vm *virtualMachine) error {
err := vm.applyCost(1)
if err != nil {
return err
}
address := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(vm.data)
vm.nextPC = address
return nil
}
func opJumpIf(vm *virtualMachine) error {
err := vm.applyCost(1)
if err != nil {
return err
}
p, err := vm.pop(true)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if AsBool(p) {
address := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(vm.data)
vm.nextPC = address
}
return nil
}
``` |
Odrowąż is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stąporków, within Końskie County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately east of Stąporków, south-east of Końskie, and north of the regional capital Kielce.
References
Villages in Końskie County |
Shiveh (, also Romanized as Shīveh) is a village in Shenetal Rural District, Kuhsar District, Salmas County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 203, in 30 families.
References
Populated places in Salmas County |
The Non-Religious Pastoral Support Network (NRPSN) is an organisation supporting a network of people who work in non-religious pastoral care which also promotes and advocates for non-religious pastoral care provision within the UK in institutions such as the NHS and HM Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS), the British Armed Forces and within the British education system.
It was formed in 2016 and the current chair is Lindsay Van Dijk. The current head of pastoral support at Humanists UK is Clare Elcombe Webber, who is responsible for developing the organisation. Six other people make up the governing board within the constitution of the organisation.
History
NRPSN was set up in 2016 as part of Humanists UK under the name Humanist Care. It originated partly in response to a British Social Attitudes Survey which concluded that 53% of people in Britain considered themselves to have no religion, and from what Humanists UK perceived to be a huge demand for trained non-religious people in the field of pastoral care to meet the needs of this demographic, both as recipients and providers of care.
People within the organisation refer to themselves as a "non-religious pastoral carer" rather than the traditional equivalent, chaplain, which is deemed to have religious overtones, and this led to the name Non-Religious Pastoral Support Network. Humanist Care now remains as the website for general enquiry and NRPSN for accredited volunteers and professionals and is headed by Jessica Grace
Non-religious pastoral care in the UK
Following an equality analysis by NHS England, within the NHS pastoral care provision is covered by guidelines drawn up by National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) to ensure equality and standards of practice are met in the provision of spiritual and religious care in, for example, hospitals and hospices. In 2018, palliative care charity Marie Curie released a report which highlighted some of the deficits in pastoral care provision which included provision for people with learning disabilities, dementia and people with no religion. The three-year project which covered terminal patients in Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan summarised, "Many non-religious participants felt that concerns around how we provide spiritual care for the non- religious would be a barrier to their access to care. People said they fear "religious evangelism and attempts to convert during times of extreme emotional stress" or simply a lack of any provision of support for non-religious people based on an assumption that they would not need spiritual support."
The appointment of the first ever humanist pastoral carer and member of NRPSN, Jane Flint, within the chaplaincy at University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust took place on 4 January 2016. Flint's post was originally funded by Leicester Hospitals Charity but since January 2017 has been funded by the NHS.
In April 2018 Lindsay van Dijk, quality assurance officer and board member of NRPSN, was appointed the first non-religious head chaplain at Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust. Van Dijk's appointment was criticised by Tim Dieppe of Christian pressure group Christian Concern who said "It's a further move away from the Christian principles upon which the NHS was founded." Elsewhere, Humanists UK has pointed out that the NHS's founders (Bevan, Attlee, and Beveridge) were in fact self-identified humanists.
In the UK, NHS trusts are required to fund and account for chaplains according to the demographic of the population served by the trust. Canon Michael Brown (Church of England) said "those appointing chaplains have to give a clear reason if an appointment is specifically designated as requiring someone of a particular religious denomination or belief. This might be to reflect, for example, the makeup of the local population."
British military pastoral care is provided by the Royal Army Chaplains' Department, Royal Air Force Chaplains Branch and Royal Navy Chaplaincy Service. As of 2021 there are no non-religious 'chaplains' in the British armed forces which the NRPSN continues to advocate for in conjunction with the Defence Humanists and Defence Secular Society.
Following an initial pilot programme at HMP Winchester, NRPSN now has volunteers working within Winchester prison and across several other British prisons, and is working with the National Offender Management Service to increase provision although numbers have not been published.
See also
Clinical pastoral education
Military Religious Freedom Foundation
Palliative care
Secular humanism
The Clergy Project
References
External links
Submission to parliament by Humanists UK on the provision of non-religious pastoral care with as it pertains to the Prison Act 1952
Humanist pastoral support
Humanist associations
Secularist organizations
Organizations established in 2016
Secular humanism
Charities based in England
Chaplains |
Jan de la Fontaine ( 1684 – 6 May 1743) was governor of the Cape from 1729 to 1737, after also acting as governor in 1724 to 1727.
Career
De la Fontaine started his career with the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1708 when he was sent to Batavia. In 1710 he was re-employed to the Dutch Cape Colony and arrived at the Cape in March 1710. At the Cape he was appointed assistant and junior merchant and progressed through the ranks to member of the council of policy in 1713 and in 1717, was given the rank of merchant.
On the death of governor, Maurits Pasques de Chavonnes on 8 September 1724, De la Fontaine was appointed acting governor. He served in this capacity until 25 February 1727, when the new governor, Pieter Gysbert Noodt, assumed office. De la Fontaine then applied for discharge from the service of the VOC, but his request was rejected, and the company gave him a promotion to senior merchant and increased his salary substantially. When Noodt died in 1729, De la Fontaine again was appointed acting governor on 24 April 1729 and on 8 March 1730 the Lords XVII (Heren XVII) confirmed his appointment as governor and he took the oath on 21 March 1731.
During his administration, De la Fontaine endeavoured to expand the Cape settlement into the interior. In July 1734, he travelled to the vicinity of Mossel Bay and although he thought little of the harbour, he claimed the bay for the VOC and proclaimed the Great Brak River as the eastern boundary of Cape. New outposts were also established in 1734, at Riviersonderend, at Rietvlei on the Buffeljags River, and at St Helena Bay.
In 1736 De la Fontaine again asked to be released, in part because he wanted to ensure good education for his children. His request was granted and in August 1737 he handed his duties to his successor, Adriaan van Kervel.
Personal
De la Fontaine was the eldest of the four children of Jacques (Jacob) de la Fontaine and Barbara van der Burgh and was baptized in Amsterdam on 23 April 1684. At the Cape he married Maria Elisabeth de Man on 10 May 1711, who was born and died at the Cape and they had a son and a daughter. In February 1738, De la Fontaine and his family sailed for Holland, where he bought Westerhout, a farmstead at Wijk aan Zee and lived there until his death.
See also
1720s in South Africa
1730s in South Africa
References
1684 births
1743 deaths
Dutch East India Company people from Amsterdam
18th-century Dutch colonial governors
Governors of the Dutch Cape Colony |
St. Anne of the Sunset Catholic Church in San Francisco is a parish of the Archdiocese of San Francisco in San Francisco, California. St. Anne is one of four Sunset District Catholic churches and mainly caters to the Inner Sunset area near Golden Gate Park and the University of California, San Francisco hospital campus.
The larger, rosy-red church can easily be seen from anywhere in the Inner Sunset and a MUNI streetcar has a line that travels along Judah Street in front of the Church. Every year, the parishioners of St. Anne's hold a novena honoring their patron saint, in which they have a procession around the neighborhood, commencing in the vestibule of the church.
The parish has an illustrious history, dating back to its founding in 1904. The parish grew up with the Sunset neighborhood, originally known as the "Outside Lands," which were made up entirely of sand dunes extending out to present-day Ocean Beach. The first church, a small wood-frame structure, was built in 1905 on land donated by a Mrs. Jane Callahan. The church, which seated up to 450 people, was toppled in the 1906 earthquake. Though it was rebuilt and extended to accommodate the growing parish, it became apparent that a new church was needed. Groundbreaking and construction began in 1930 and the church was completed three years later and dedicated by Archbishop John J. Mitty.
The church is notable for its Romanesque-revival architecture, massive dome, uneven twin towers, great rose windows, and the frieze sculpture that adorns the front facade entrance. The sculpture, created by Mission San Jose Sister Justina Niemierski, depicts a "scriptural account of the whole of salvation history." The parish school opened in 1920 and still serves the children of the neighborhood.
In addition to English, the church celebrates mass in Arabic and Cantonese, a reflection of the very diverse parish.
Pastors
Fr. Joseph J. McCue (1904-1911)
Fr. William O’Mahoney (1911-1936)
Msgr. Patrick G. Moriarty (1936-1970)
Msgr. John T. Foudy (1970-1990)
Fr. Richard S. Deitch (1990-1995)
Fr. Anthony E. McGuire (1995-1998)
Fr. Eduardo A. Dura (1998-2006)
Fr. Raymund M. Reyes (2006-2014)
Fr. Daniel Nascimento (2014-present)
External links
St. Anne of the Sunset website
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco
Christian organizations established in 1904
Roman Catholic churches in San Francisco
Romanesque Revival church buildings in California
Buildings and structures destroyed by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1932 |
Westwind is a 2011 German romantic drama film directed by Robert Thalheim. It is based on a true story.
Plot
In 1988, two inseparable teenage twin sisters from East Germany, Doreen and Isabel travel outside the country for their first time. They visit a summer sports camp on the bank of lake Balaton in Hungary training for a sculling championship. They also travel to a part of the Soviet block. After missing their bus, the sisters accept a lift from five young men including Arne and Nico from Hamburg in West Germany who were holidaying. The girls get scolded by their supervisor for communicating with West Germans who are considered as enemy. Doreen gets romantically involved with Arne; and in the meeting of east and west, the love as well as the bond between the sisters are tested.
Cast
Friederike Becht as Doreen
Luise Heyer as Isabel
as Arne
Volker Bruch as Nico
Hans-Uwe Bauer as Balisch
as Klaus
Albrecht Schuch as Ronny
References
External links
2011 comedy films
2011 films
German comedy films
2010s German-language films
2010s German films
Films set in East Germany
Films set in Hungary
Films set in 1988
Rowing films |
On the evening of February 26, 2012, in Sanford, Florida, United States, George Zimmerman fatally shot Trayvon Martin, a 17-year-old African-American.
Zimmerman, a 28-year-old man who self-identifies as Hispanic, was a neighborhood watch coordinator for the gated community where Martin was visiting relatives at the time of the shooting. Zimmerman became suspicious of Martin and called police; Zimmerman was injured during a physical altercation between the two and shot Martin with a pistol he was licensed to carry.
In a widely reported trial, Zimmerman was charged with murder of the second degree for Martin's death, but acquitted by the jury after claiming self-defense. The incident was reviewed by the Department of Justice for potential civil rights violations, but no additional charges were filed.
Parties involved
Trayvon Martin
Trayvon Benjamin Martin was the son of Sybrina Fulton and Tracy Martin, who were divorced in 1999. He was a junior at Dr. Michael M. Krop High School and lived with his mother and older brother in Miami Gardens, Florida. On the day he was fatally shot, he and his father were visiting his father's fiancée and her son at her town home in Sanford, Florida. She lived in The Retreat at Twin Lakes, a gated community Martin had visited several times before.
According to his autopsy, Martin was tall and weighed at the time of his death.
George Zimmerman
George Michael Zimmerman was born in Manassas, Virginia and is the son of Gladys (née Mesa) Zimmerman, born in Peru, and Robert Zimmerman Sr., a retired Virginia magistrate. At the time of the shooting, Zimmerman was employed as an insurance fraud investigator. He had been working toward an associate degree in criminal justice at Seminole State College. In one of his interviews with the police, he said his goal was to become a judge.
At the time of his arrest on April 11, 2012, Zimmerman's height was reportedly 5 feet 7 inches and his weight , according to the Seminole County Sheriff's Office Inmate Booking record. Zimmerman's height was shown as 5 feet 8 inches and his weight at on the Sanford Police Department Offense Report for February 26, 2012, the night of the shooting.
Zimmerman and his wife moved to The Retreat at Twin Lakes in 2009.
Sanford Police Department
Bill Lee had been chief of the Sanford Police Department for ten months when the shooting of Martin occurred. Prior to Lee becoming chief, the department had been accused of protecting relatives of police officers involved in violent incidents with black people. Trayvon Martin's case resulted in increased distrust between the police and Sanford's black community.
On March 22, Chief Lee temporarily stepped down from his position because of public criticism over his handling of the Trayvon Martin shooting. In April, the Sanford City Commission refused to accept Lee's resignation and stated that "Lee's spotless record showed there needed to be further review to determine if he failed in his duties." Lee was fired on June 20, 2012, by Sanford City Manager Norton Bonaparte. Lee responded by saying, "I continue to stand by the work performed by the Sanford Police Department in this tragic shooting, which has been plagued by misrepresentations and false statements for interests other than justice."
On June 26, 2012, the lead investigator of the case, Christopher Serino, was transferred from the Sanford Police Department's investigative unit and reassigned to the patrol division at his own request. Serino said he felt pressured by several of his fellow police officers to press charges against Zimmerman, although he believed there was not enough evidence to do so. One of the officers pressuring him was a friend of Martin's father.
In September 2012, Orlando TV station WFTV released a leaked memo in which interim police chief Richard Myers blamed the police department spokesperson, Sgt. David Morgenstern, for having mishandled the Trayvon Martin case. Myers removed Morgenstern from that position.
Martin family attorneys
Benjamin Crump, the lawyer representing the interests of the Martin family, operates a law firm in Tallahassee, Florida, with his partner Daryl Parks. The firm has eight lawyers who focus on wrongful death, malpractice, personal injury and civil rights.
The Martin family was also represented by Natalie Jackson, an Orlando civil rights attorney.
Background of the shooting
The Retreat at Twin Lakes is a 260-unit, gated, townhome community in Sanford, Florida. The population of the development at the time of the shooting was about 49% non-Hispanic white, 23% Hispanic (of any race), 20% black, and 5% Asian, according to Census figures. Both George Zimmerman and Tracy Martin's fiancée were renting homes in the development at the time of the shooting. Martin had been staying with his father's fiancée at The Retreat.
From January 1, 2011, through February 26, 2012, police were called to The Retreat at Twin Lakes 402 times. Crimes committed at The Retreat in the year prior to Martin's death had included eight burglaries, nine thefts, and one shooting. Twin Lakes residents said there were dozens of reports of attempted break-ins, which had created an atmosphere of fear in their neighborhood.
In September 2011, the Twin Lakes residents held an organizational meeting to create a neighborhood watch program. Zimmerman was selected by neighbors as the program's coordinator, according to Wendy Dorival, Neighborhood Watch organizer for the Sanford Police Department.
Zimmerman had made nearly 50 calls to police between 2004 and 2012 to report various local disturbances, such as loud parties, open garage doors, potholes, and children playing in the street. Following break-ins in the neighborhood in 2011, Zimmerman's calls to police increasingly focused on reporting people he suspected of criminal activity.
During the months leading up to the February 26, 2012, shooting, Zimmerman called the police several times to report people he believed to be suspicious. On each of the calls, Zimmerman offered information about the race of the suspects only when specifically asked by the dispatcher to do so; his reports said that all were black males.
According to friends and neighbors of Zimmerman, three weeks prior to the shooting on February 26, Zimmerman called police to report a young man peering into the windows of an empty Twin Lakes home. By the time police arrived, the suspect had fled. On February 6, workers witnessed two young black men lingering in the yard of a Twin Lakes resident around the same time a new laptop and some gold jewelry was stolen from her home. The next day, police discovered the stolen laptop in the backpack of a young black man that Zimmerman identified as the same person he had spotted peering into windows on February 2.
Zimmerman had been licensed to carry a firearm since November 2009.
Shooting
On the evening of February 26, 2012, Zimmerman observed Martin as he returned to the Twin Lakes housing community after having walked to a nearby convenience store. At the time, Zimmerman was driving through the neighborhood on a personal errand.
At approximately 7:09 p.m., Zimmerman called the Sanford police non-emergency number to report a suspicious person in the Twin Lakes community. Zimmerman said, "We've had some break-ins in my neighborhood, and there's a real suspicious guy ...". He described an unknown male "just walking around looking about" in the rain and said, "This guy looks like he is up to no good or he is on drugs or something." Zimmerman reported that the person had his hand in his waistband and was walking around looking at homes. He also mentioned that Martin was wearing a "dark hoodie, like a grey hoodie." On the recording, Zimmerman is heard saying, "these assholes, they always get away."
About two minutes into the call, Zimmerman said, "he's running". The dispatcher asked, "He's running? Which way is he running?" Noises on the tape at this point have been interpreted by some media outlets as the sound of a car door chime, possibly indicating Zimmerman opened his car door. Zimmerman followed Martin, eventually losing sight of him. The dispatcher asked Zimmerman if he was following him. When Zimmerman answered, "yeah", the dispatcher said, "We don't need you to do that." Zimmerman responded, "Okay." Zimmerman asked that police call him upon their arrival so he could provide his location. Zimmerman ended the call at 7:15 p.m.
After Zimmerman ended his call with police, a violent encounter took place between him and Martin. It ended with Zimmerman fatally shooting Martin from the rear door of the townhouse where Martin was staying.
Investigations
Zimmerman arrested and released
Sanford Police Officer Timothy Smith arrived at the scene at approximately 7:17 p.m., between 5 and 65 seconds after the fatal shot was fired. He reported finding Zimmerman standing near Martin, who was lying face down in the grass and unresponsive. At that time, Zimmerman stated to Smith that he had shot Martin and was still armed. Smith handcuffed Zimmerman and confiscated his black Kel-Tec PF-9 9mm semi-automatic pistol. Smith observed that Zimmerman's back was wet and covered with grass, and he was bleeding from the nose and the back of his head.
Ricardo Ayala, the second officer to arrive that night, noticed Officer Smith had Zimmerman in custody, then observed Martin lying face down in the grass and attempted to get a response from him. At this time, Sgt. Anthony Raimondo arrived and together with Ayala began CPR. Paramedics from Sanford Fire and Rescue arrived and continued CPR, finally declaring Martin dead at 7:30 p.m.
Other officers who had arrived by this time secured the area and made contact with neighbors in the area and obtained statements from witnesses at the scene. The officers, who believed Zimmerman proceeded solely on foot before the attack, did not seize Zimmerman's vehicle until after his wife had moved it. Zimmerman was treated and released by paramedics while still at the scene of the incident. After placing Zimmerman in his police vehicle, Officer Smith heard Zimmerman say, "I was yelling for someone to help me, but no one would help me." Zimmerman was then transported to the Sanford Police Department where he was questioned by investigators for approximately five hours. The police determined that Zimmerman yelled for help at least 14 times in a 38-second span. The question of who was calling for help has been disputed since then by others and remains inconclusive .
Zimmerman arrived at the police station at 7:52 p.m., according to a police video. He was interviewed by Investigator Doris Singleton and by Detective Chris Serino. Crime Scene Tech D. Smith photographed his injuries and hands and collected gunshot residue. Zimmerman's weapon was placed into evidence. His clothes were also taken as evidence after his wife arrived with a change of clothes. During the interview, detectives falsely told Zimmerman that surveillance camera footage had captured the entire incident and Zimmerman appeared relieved at this news.
Five hours later, Zimmerman was released. The police chief said that there was no evidence to refute Zimmerman's claim of having acted in self-defense, and that under Florida's Stand Your Ground statute, the police were prohibited by law from making an arrest. The police chief also said that Zimmerman had a right to defend himself with lethal force.
The day after the shooting, Zimmerman performed a videotaped reenactment of the incident for police.
Some observers, such as University of Florida law professor and defense attorney Michelle Jacobs and Columbia University law professor Patricia Williams, said that the police failed to fully investigate the shooting when they did not test Zimmerman for drugs or alcohol intoxication. However, Miami, Florida police experts told the Miami Herald that homicide suspects are not typically tested for drugs or alcohol unless the suspect has been accused of having been driving while intoxicated.
Martin's body identified
Martin's body was taken to the morgue, where he was tagged as a John Doe, as he was not carrying any identification. The mobile phone found at the shooting scene was malfunctioning to the point that the police Cellebrite data recovery device could not access it. Martin's father, Tracy Martin, called to file a Missing Persons report early on February 28, and police officers arrived at his fiancée's condo with photographs of his dead son about 9:20 a.m.
The Martin family alleged that Seminole County Attorney Wolfinger met personally with Sanford Chief Lee on the night of the shooting and instructed Lee not to make an arrest. Based on their accusation, the Martin family requested that the Justice Department investigate the State prosecutor's office. Wolfinger responded that the family's accusations were "outright lies" and denied that any such meeting or communication took place. Wolfinger's office reported that the Sanford police consulted with Kelly Jo Hines, the prosecutor on call the night of the shooting, but it has not been disclosed what was talked about.
State Attorney's investigation
On March 12, 2012, Police Chief Lee turned the investigation over to the State Attorney's office for review. Lee said there was not enough evidence to arrest Zimmerman. "In this case Mr. Zimmerman has made the statement of self-defense," Lee said. "Until we can establish probable cause to dispute that, we don't have the grounds to arrest him." In response to criticisms of the investigation, Lee responded that "We are taking a beating over this" and defended the investigation. "This is all very unsettling. I'm sure if George Zimmerman had the opportunity to relive Sunday, February 26, he'd probably do things differently. I'm sure Trayvon would, too."
On March 13, 2012, Detective Chris Serino sent a capias request to the state's attorney recommending charges of negligent manslaughter against Zimmerman, though Serino maintains he did not believe they had the evidence to support those charges and that manslaughter was only included in the capias in order for the prosecutor's office to continue with their own investigation. The capias states, "the encounter between George Zimmerman and Trayvon Martin was ultimately avoidable by Zimmerman, if Zimmerman had remained in his vehicle and waited the arrival of law enforcement or conversely if he had identified himself to Martin as a concerned citizen and initiated dialog in an effort to dispel each party's concern.... There is no indication that Trayvon Martin was involved in any criminal activity at the time of the encounter." The State Attorney's office initially determined there was insufficient evidence to charge Zimmerman and did not file charges based on the capias request.
On March 16, Serino told the Orlando Sentinel that his investigation had turned up no reliable evidence that cast doubt on Zimmerman's account; that he had acted in self-defense. "The best evidence we have is the testimony of George Zimmerman, and he says the decedent was the primary aggressor in the whole event, everything I have is adding up to what he says."
FDLE and FBI investigations
On March 20, 2012, State attorney Norm Wolfinger announced that a Seminole County grand jury would be convened on April 10 to investigate the death of Martin. However, after State Attorney Angela Corey was assigned to the case by Florida Governor Rick Scott on March 22, she decided that her office would decide whether to press charges. She commented: "I always lean towards moving forward without needing the grand jury in a case like this, I foresee us being able to make a decision, and move on it on our own."
Governor Scott asked the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) to investigate the shooting and Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi confirmed that the FDLE was involved and stated "no stone will be left unturned in this investigation".
On March 20, 2012, the Justice Department announced that it was opening investigations into the incident. The FBI opened a parallel investigation into whether Martin's civil rights were violated, interviewed witnesses, and looked into Zimmerman's background.
On July 12, 2012, reports of some of the more than 30 interviews conducted by the FBI were released by Special Prosecutor Angela Corey to Zimmerman's attorney, who released them to the public. The released reports do not draw any conclusions in the DOJ investigation. The Sanford Police Department's lead investigator, Chris Serino, told FBI agents that he believed Zimmerman's actions were not based on Martin's race, but instead on Martin's attire, the circumstances of the encounter, and previous burglaries in the neighborhood. Zimmerman's neighbors and co-workers were interviewed as well. Neighbors who knew Zimmerman had nothing derogatory to say about him and his co-workers were complimentary of him.
Serino also told the FBI that he had felt pressure from three officers within the department to charge Zimmerman although he "did not believe he had enough evidence at the time to file charges", and accused one of these officers of being friendly with Martin's father. He also expressed concern to the FBI about possible leaks of evidence to the media from within the department.
On July 13, 2013, shortly after the trial verdict, the U.S. Justice Department issued a statement saying its investigation into the civil rights aspects of the case was continuing. On February 24, 2015, 35 months after it began, the civil rights investigation of the Justice Department was terminated for lack of evidence. The FBI investigation was concurrently terminated for the same reason.
County medical examiner's autopsy report
The Volusia County medical examiner found that Martin was killed by an injury resulting from a single gunshot to the chest, fired at "intermediate range" between , according to a forensic expert. An FDLE analysis of Martin's body and clothes described the distance as "a contact shot". The autopsy also found that Martin had one small abrasion on his left ring finger below the knuckle. No other injuries were found on Martin's body at the time of his death. Physicians who reviewed the official autopsy report for the Orlando Sentinel stated in their opinion that Martin lived from 20 seconds to several minutes after he was shot, and that Martin likely remained conscious "for a little time, anyway".
The autopsy report stated that Martin had trace levels of THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, in his blood and urine. The toxicology report found the levels to be 1.5 nanograms/ml of THC and 7.3 nanograms/ml of THC-COOH, the main secondary metabolite of THC which stays in the system for weeks after cannabis has been smoked. Larry Kobilinsky, a professor of forensic science, stated that the THC amount was so low that it may have been ingested days earlier and played no role in Martin's behavior. While under oath, the medical examiner who performed the autopsy testified that "marijuana could have no effect or some effect" on Martin's behavior.
Witness accounts
Recordings of eight calls to the police made on the night of the shooting were released by the Sanford police on March 17, 2012.
The only eyewitness to the end of the confrontation stated that Martin was on top of Zimmerman and punching him, while Zimmerman was yelling for help. This witness, who identified himself as "John", stated that "the guy on the bottom, who had a red sweater on, was yelling to me, 'Help! Help!' and I told him to stop, and I was calling 911". He went on to say that when he got upstairs and looked down, "the guy who was on the top beating up the other guy, was the one laying in the grass, and I believe he was dead at that point."
A 13-year-old boy walking his dog saw a man on the ground shortly before the shooting and identified him as wearing red. His mother later disputed the testimony and claimed that the police pressured him into choosing the color that the man was wearing and that her son could not see any details in the dark. She also stated that the police waited five days before requesting to even question her son and said that the lead homicide investigator told her that he did not believe the shooting was self-defense.
Mary Cutcher and her roommate, Selma Mora Lamilla, appeared on AC 360, and Cutcher stated that she believes that "there was no punching, no hitting going on at the time, no wrestling" just prior to the shooting but admitted that she neither saw the shooting nor the preceding altercation. Cutcher and her roommate heard the pair in their backyard and a "very young voice" whining, with no sounds of a fight. They heard a gunshot; the crying stopped immediately, and they saw Zimmerman on his knees straddling Martin on the ground. Mary Cutcher phoned police after the fatal shooting and said the black man was standing over another man, although Trayvon Martin was already dead. According to the Orlando Sentinel article, "Police spokesman Sgt. Dave Morgenstern [on March 15] issued a statement disputing Cutcher's version of events, calling her statements to WFTV 'inconsistent with her sworn testimony to police'". However, Cutcher and her roommate maintain that their account of the incident to the police did not agree with Zimmerman's, and they demanded the police issue a retraction.
On March 29, 2012, an eyewitness, referred to as a male, said that he saw two men on the ground scuffling, then heard the shooting and saw Zimmerman walk away with no blood on him. The witness later appeared on AC360, referred to as a female, giving more details on her account. She pointed out that she heard an argument between a younger and an older voice. During the time that she witnessed the incident, the scuffling happened on the grass. She said that the larger man, who walked away after the gunshot, was on top and that it was too dark to see blood on his face.
A witness who arrived shortly after the shooting revealed photos that he took that night that showed "blood trickling down the back of Zimmerman's head from two cuts. It also shows a possible contusion forming on the crown of his head". In revealing the photo to ABC News in mid-April, he noted that he had heard but had not seen the scuffle, had been the first to arrive, and had been the first to talk to Zimmerman after the shooting.
One eyewitness statement given the night of the shooting describes "a black male, wearing a dark colored 'hoodie' on top of a white or Hispanic male who was yelling for help." The witness said that the black male was throwing punches "MMA [mixed martial arts] style". After hearing a "pop", he saw the black male "laid out on the grass".
When the witness was subsequently interviewed weeks later by a different agency, the witness said he thought that the black male was either punching or pinning the lighter skinned male underneath him. He was no longer certain who was calling for help, having not seen their mouths in the dark. He was still certain that the black male had been on top of the lighter-skinned male.
On March 20, 2012, Martin family attorney Benjamin Crump revealed that Martin had been on the phone with a friend moments before he was shot. This friend later identified Zimmerman as the aggressor in the deadly confrontation. At Zimmerman's trial, this friend testified that she did not know whether Zimmerman or Martin started the fight. During an ABC News exclusive report, Crump allowed portions of his recorded interview with Martin's friend to be aired. She said that Martin told her that a man was watching him from his vehicle while talking on the phone before the man started following Martin. Martin told his friend at one point that he had lost the man but the man suddenly appeared again. The friend, originally known only as "Witness 8" (now known as Rachel Jeantel), said that she told Martin to run to the townhouse where he was staying with his father and his father's fiancée. She then heard Martin say, "What are you following me for?" followed by a man's voice responding, "What are you doing around here?" She testified that she then heard what sounded like Martin's phone earpiece dropping into wet grass, and she heard the sound of Martin's voice saying "Get off! Get off!" The phone then went dead, she said: "I was trying to say, 'Trayvon, Trayvon, what's going on'", Jeantel testified, "I started hearing a little of Trayvon saying 'Get off, get off', when the phone went silent". She immediately attempted to call him back, but was unable to reach him. Crump stated that he would turn the information over to the Justice Department because "the family does not trust the Sanford Police Department to have anything to do with the investigation." Martin's friend was subsequently interviewed by state prosecutors on April 2, 2012. During her interview with the prosecutor, Martin's friend recounted her last phone call with Martin and added that Martin had described the man as "crazy and creepy", watching him from a vehicle while the man was talking on the phone. She also testified that Martin referred to Zimmerman as a "creepy ass cracker" and "nigga" during their telephone conversation. On March 6, 2013, prosecutors admitted that she had lied under oath, when she falsely testified that she had been in the hospital on the day of Martin's funeral. She later admitted being embarrassed about lying and that she felt guilty about Martin's death and not doing more to help. Crump had refused to disclose the identity of Witness 8, stating that she was only 16, a minor at the time of the shooting, and asked the media to respect her privacy. It was subsequently revealed that she was actually 18 at the time when she said she was on the phone with Martin. According to the defense, her actual age had been edited out of previously released disclosures. Crump has denied intentionally giving any misleading statements about her age. Witness 8 was subsequently identified as Rachel Jeantel, a friend with whom Martin had attended elementary school and high school.
George Zimmerman's account of events
On the advice of his legal counsel, Zimmerman did not speak to the media after the shooting. The statements he gave to police investigators were publicly released on June 21, 2012, when Zimmerman's attorney, Mark O'Mara, published his written and recorded statements on Zimmerman's legal defense web site. Prior to the release of the statements, the only publicly available information about Zimmerman's version of the incident came from interviews with some of his family members and friends and from leaks to the news media by sources inside the investigation and his recorded phone call to 9-1-1. Zimmerman maintained his public silence until he was interviewed by Sean Hannity of Fox News on July 18, 2012.
According to early news reports on the incident, on the night of the shooting and afterwards, Zimmerman described in detail for investigators what took place.
Zimmerman said he was driving to the grocery store when he spotted Trayvon Martin walking through the neighborhood. Zimmerman's father said that, while his son was not on duty that night as Neighborhood Watch captain, there had been many break-ins and he thought it suspicious that someone he did not recognize was walking behind the town homes instead of on the street or the sidewalk. Zimmerman therefore called a non-emergency police line to report Martin's behavior and summon police. During the call, Zimmerman told the dispatcher that Martin was "coming to check me out." A source to the Orlando Sentinel said in May that Zimmerman told investigators that at one point Martin circled his vehicle, and he rolled up his window to avoid a confrontation.
After telling the police dispatcher that Martin "ran", Zimmerman left his vehicle on Twin Trees and walked down the sidewalk between Twin Trees and Retreat View Circle to determine his location and ascertain in which direction Martin had fled. The dispatcher asked if Zimmerman was following Martin, and Zimmerman replied "Yeah." Then the dispatcher said, "OK, we don't need you to do that." Zimmerman replied with "OK" and stated that Martin got away. After a discussion about where Zimmerman would meet police, the call ended, and Zimmerman told investigators he was returning to his vehicle after locating an address on Retreat View Circle when Martin approached him from his left rear and confronted him. According to Zimmerman, Martin then punched him in the face, knocking him down, and began beating his head against the sidewalk. Zimmerman said he called out for help while being beaten, and at one point Martin covered his mouth to muffle the screams. According to Zimmerman's father, during the struggle while Martin was on top of Zimmerman, Martin saw the gun Zimmerman was carrying and said something to the effect of "You're gonna die now" or "You're gonna die tonight" and continued to beat Zimmerman. Zimmerman and Martin struggled over the gun, and Zimmerman shot Martin once in the chest at close range. Zimmerman told police he shot Martin in self-defense.
On June 21, 2012, Zimmerman's attorneys released audiotapes of several interviews he had with police shortly after the shooting. Also included were Zimmerman's written statement of February 26, 2012, and video recordings of his reenactment of the incident and a voice stress test that he passed.
In the interviews, Zimmerman says he took note of Martin because he was near a home that he had previously called police about. He also said "he was just walking casually, not like he was trying to get out of the rain" and he felt "something was off" about Martin.
In a reconstruction video-recorded by police the next day, Zimmerman said that after he initially saw Martin on Retreat View Circle he parked his vehicle in front of the club house at the corner of Retreat View Circle and Twin Trees Lane and observed Martin go past him and onto Twin Trees Lane where he lost sight of Martin. He stated the dispatcher asked "can you get to somewhere where you can see him?" and that he then left the club house parking lot and drove onto Twin Trees Lane where he parked. He further stated that at one point Martin circled his truck while he was parked on Twin Trees Lane. Zimmerman eventually left his truck and walked down the sidewalk between Twin Trees Lane to Retreat View Circle and gave police an address on Retreat View Circle. He told investigators that he was not following Martin but was "just going in the same direction he was" to find an address, but admitted that he had also left his truck to try to see in which direction Martin had gone. The altercation began, he said, when Martin suddenly appeared while Zimmerman was walking back to his vehicle. He described Martin at different points in the interviews as appearing "out of nowhere", "from the darkness", and as "jump[ing] out of the bushes". Zimmerman said that Martin asked, "You got a fucking problem, homie?" Zimmerman replied no, then Martin said "You got a problem now" and punched Zimmerman. As they struggled on the ground, Zimmerman on his back with Martin on top of him, Zimmerman yelled for help "probably 50 times". (See Background yells for help in 9-1-1 calls) Martin told him to "Shut the fuck up" as he hit him in the face and pounded his head on a concrete sidewalk. When Zimmerman tried to move off the concrete, Martin saw his gun and said "You're going to die tonight motherfucker!" Martin grabbed for the gun, but Zimmerman grabbed it first. He said after firing his weapon at Martin, he was not sure at first that he had hit him, so he got on top of him in order to subdue him. Bystanders and police arrived shortly after Martin was shot.
Police reports state Zimmerman "appeared to have a broken and a bloody nose and swelling of his face". Zimmerman was offered three chances to be taken to the hospital, but declined each time, according to police reports released by the prosecution. ABC News reported that a medical report compiled by Zimmerman's family physician showed that, following the altercation with Martin, Zimmerman was diagnosed with a closed fracture of his nose, two black eyes, lacerations to the back of his head, a minor back injury, and bruising in his upper lip and cheek.
In the course of Zimmerman's recorded interviews, Detective Chris Serino questioned aspects of Zimmerman's account, such as Zimmerman's statement that he didn't know the name of a street in the Twin Lakes community where he had lived for three years. Zimmerman said in response that he had a bad memory and takes medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Investigators also questioned the extent of his injuries and why he didn't identify himself to Martin as a Neighborhood Watch coordinator. Zimmerman said he didn't want to confront Martin.
On June 26, 2012, the prosecution released the results of a voice stress test performed on George Zimmerman the day after the shooting. Zimmerman was asked, "Did you confront the guy you shot?", to which Zimmerman answered, "No." Zimmerman was asked, "Were you in fear for your life, when you shot the guy?", to which Zimmerman answered, "Yes." The examiner concluded that Zimmerman "told substantially the complete truth" in the examination, and Zimmerman was classified as "No Deception Indicated (NDI)" according to the report. Voice stress analysis is a controversial product because of the "scientific implausibility" of its principles and "ungrounded claims of the aggressive propaganda from sellers of voice stress analysis gadgets".
During a bond hearing on April 20, 2012, Investigator Dale Gilbreath testified under oath that he did not know whether Zimmerman or Martin started the fight and that there is no evidence to contradict Zimmerman's claim that he was walking back to his vehicle when Martin confronted him. Gilbreath, however, questioned Zimmerman's statement that Martin was slamming his head against the sidewalk just before he shot the teenager, saying it was "not consistent with the evidence we found." Gilbreath was one of two investigators who attested to the facts stated in the probable cause affidavit.
Zimmerman's first media interview
On July 18, 2012, Zimmerman, accompanied by his attorney Mark O'Mara, gave his first long media interview to Sean Hannity, and part of the interview appeared on Hannity that evening. During the interview, Zimmerman said that he did not regret his actions on the night of the shooting and that he felt that what had happened "was all God's plan". However, towards the end of the interview, he backtracked and said, "I do wish there was something, anything I could have done that wouldn't have put me in the position where I had to take his life. I want to tell everyone, my wife, my family, my parents, grandmother, the Martins, the city of Sanford and America: I'm sorry that this happened. I'm truly sorry."
When Hannity asked Zimmerman why his suspicions were aroused when he noticed Martin, Zimmerman replied in part:
I felt he was suspicious because it was raining. He was in-between houses, cutting in-between houses, and he was walking very leisurely for the weather.... It didn't look like he was a resident that went to check their mail and got caught in the rain and was hurrying back home. He didn't look like a fitness fanatic that would train in the rain.
Following the interview with Hannity, Special Prosecutor Angela Corey filed formal notice that she intended to use the interview as evidence against Zimmerman. According to an article in the Orlando Sentinel, Zimmerman's story differed in at least two details from previous versions of what he said happened the night he shot Martin—specifically, that he told Hannity he had walked toward Martin because he was trying to find a street address to provide the police, but during the police's investigation he had said that the reason he approached Martin was that he was looking for the name of the street, which he had forgotten; and that he told Hannity that Martin had been "skipping, going away quickly", not running away out of fear, but he had previously told Sanford police that Martin had run away as Zimmerman was reporting him.
Florida defense lawyers said it was a mistake for Zimmerman to do a television interview and discuss what happened that night. One of them said, "It's really baffling what he thought he'd gain from it. I question who's in charge of the defense strategy, Zimmerman or O'Mara". O'Mara told reporters that the interview was intended to help increase the number of donations to Zimmerman's nearly exhausted legal defense fund, which would pay the costs for Zimmerman's legal defense as well as for shelter and security. O'Mara said that Zimmerman had promised Hannity three months earlier that he would give his first interview to Hannity, and that Hannity had agreed to promote Zimmerman's website during the interview, although he said Hannity did not. ABC News' Barbara Walters also said that Zimmerman was in desperate need of money and was worried about the safety of his family. She had flown from New York to Florida to record a television interview with Zimmerman that was to be shown following the Hannity interview, but the television network refused to meet Zimmerman's request that they pay for a month's hotel stay and security for his wife.
Martin's parents said they did not accept Zimmerman's apology for killing their son. Martin's mother, Sybrina Fulton, said she doubted that Zimmerman's apology was sincere. "I have a hard time accepting it because he also said that he doesn't regret anything that he did that night" Fulton stated.
Affidavit of probable cause
On April 11, 2012, an affidavit of probable cause was filed in support of second-degree murder charges against Zimmerman. The affidavit described what investigators alleged took place between Zimmerman and Martin on the night of the shooting.
Prosecutors alleged that Zimmerman profiled Martin as he was walking back from a nearby 7-Eleven store to the townhouse where he was temporarily living. Prosecutors said Zimmerman was driving in his vehicle when he saw Martin and assumed he was a criminal and perceived that Martin was acting suspicious and felt that he did not belong in the gated community. Zimmerman called the police, and prosecutors said the dispatcher told Zimmerman an officer was on the way and to wait for him. In the call, Zimmerman made reference to people he felt had gotten away with break-ins in the neighborhood.
Investigators alleged that while Zimmerman was talking to the dispatcher, Martin was on the phone with a friend and she said that Martin was scared because he was being followed by an unknown man. Investigators said that Martin attempted to run home, but Zimmerman followed him because he didn't want Martin to get away. When the police dispatcher realized Zimmerman was following Martin, he told Zimmerman that was unnecessary and that police would meet him there. Prosecutors alleged that Zimmerman ignored the dispatcher and continued following Martin and confronted him and a struggle ensued. When police arrived at the scene, Zimmerman admitted to shooting Martin in the chest.
Analysis of charges
Legal analysts criticized the prosecution for over-charging Zimmerman, claiming that the probable cause affidavit did not support a charge of second-degree murder. Harvard Law Professor Alan Dershowitz claimed the affidavit may have been perjurious if Special Prosecutor Angela Corey knowingly omitted facts favorable to Zimmerman's self-defense claim.
Richard Kuritz, a former prosecutor who worked with Angela Corey, said the state attorney had no obligation to include exculpatory evidence in the affidavit. He stated that Dershowitz could face civil action for making accusations that Corey committed a crime. "To suggest that she's committing any crime, Dershowitz is way off on that", Kuritz said.
Background yells for help in 9-1-1 calls
In recordings of the 9-1-1 calls, yells for help are audible in the background. Zimmerman's family says it was Zimmerman yelling for help, Martin's family says it was Martin yelling for help, and independent audio analysts offer differing opinions as to who was yelling for help. During the trial, friends and family members of both Zimmerman and Martin testified as to who they thought the voice was, but expert testimony regarding voice identification was not allowed.
In an interview with prosecutors on March 19, Zimmerman's father identified the yells as George Zimmerman's, stating, "There is no doubt who is yelling for help. It is absolutely my son." Other relatives of Zimmerman, including his brother, concur and are equally adamant. During a bond hearing on June 29, the 9-1-1 recording was played in court, and Zimmerman's father testified that "it was definitely George's" voice heard yelling for help in the recorded 9-1-1 call.
According to police reports, after listening to audio recordings of the 9-1-1 calls, Martin's father, Tracy Martin, told police investigators that it was not Trayvon Martin's voice yelling for help. Martin has since told reporters he was uncertain at that time, but that when he heard an enhanced recording on March 16 he was convinced it was his son yelling for help. Investigators interviewed Martin's mother, Sybrina Fulton, who reviewed the 9-1-1 calls to police and identified the voice crying for help as her son. Investigators also interviewed Martin's cousin who stated that without a doubt "on a stack of bibles" it was Martin yelling for help on the 9-1-1 tape.
Zimmerman's attorneys requested a Frye hearing regarding the admissibility of the testimony of the audio analysts, to determine if the methods used by them are generally accepted by the scientific community. The judge said in her ruling that, "There is no evidence to establish that their scientific techniques have been tested and found reliable." Her ruling did not prevent the 9-1-1 calls from being played at trial.
Shooting aftermath
Martin family response
Tracy Martin doubted the account of his son's death told to him by Sanford police investigators and believed Zimmerman did not act in self-defense. Two days after the shooting, he was referred to civil rights attorney Benjamin Crump, who was retained to pursue legal action and to persuade the news media to cover the case. Attorney Natalie Jackson and publicist Ryan Julison, both of Orlando, also joined the Martin team. Due to their efforts, the case started to receive national attention on March 7. On March 9, Crump announced he was suing to have 911 calls from the night of the shooting made public. They were released by the Sanford mayor on March 16. As attention to the case grew, Tracy Martin and Sybrina Fulton gave media interviews and appeared at some of the protests being held which called for Zimmerman's arrest.
On April 5, 2013, more than a year after the shooting, it was reported that the Martin family had settled a wrongful death claim against the Retreat at Twin Lakes Homeowners Association. The details of the agreement were sealed under court order, and the amount of the settlement was not disclosed, but the Orlando Sentinel claimed that the sum was thought to be more than $1 million.
On June 28, in an interview with CNN conducted during the trial of George Zimmerman, Alicia Stanley, Trayvon Martin's step-mother (Trayvon's father's former wife), stated that she believed Zimmerman had profiled Trayvon as a criminal, although she was not convinced that the profiling was based on race. She said that she had no doubt that Zimmerman had started the fight and that Martin had reacted only in self-defense.
Zimmerman and family
While the shooting was being investigated, Zimmerman, his wife, and his parents went into hiding due to threats they were receiving as the case gained more attention. Zimmerman left his job, and his school expelled him, citing safety concerns.
On April 9, Zimmerman placed a self-created web site on the internet, which included some brief statements, but no information about the shooting, since he had been advised by legal counsel not to discuss it. He also solicited donations for living expenses and legal defense costs.
After taking over as Zimmerman's defense counsel on April 11, Mark O'Mara took down Zimmerman's self-created web site and replaced it with a professional information site. He arranged for a second web site to be set up to collect donations overseen by an independent third party. Following Zimmerman's April 20 bond hearing, he and his wife were accused by prosecutors of not disclosing the funds raised through the original web site; as a result of these allegations, Zimmerman's original bail was revoked. He was subsequently released again with a higher bail amount. Zimmerman's wife, Shellie Zimmerman, was charged with felony perjury in June 2012. She pleaded guilty to misdemeanor perjury on August 28, 2013, as part of a plea deal and was sentenced to 100 hours of community service and one year of probation, as well as writing a letter of apology to Judge Kenneth Lester Jr. The conviction will be expunged at the end of her probation period.
George Zimmerman's defense team had set up a Twitter account, a Facebook page and a website with a defense fund registered with the Florida Division of Consumer Services. After three months, the Facebook page was shut down by O'Mara, because he said it was leading to unhelpful discussions.
In July 2012, Zimmerman reactivated his original website, and his parents also created their own website. Both sites discuss how the case has changed the Zimmermans' lives and seek donations for living expenses.
On January 30, 2013, Zimmerman's attorney, Mark O'Mara, asked on Zimmerman's defense fund website for the public to donate more money. O'Mara stated that Zimmerman's legal defense could cost up to $1 million.
Public response
After the shooting, Zimmerman was criticized by the Martin family and in the media for following Martin and for carrying a weapon. Sanford police chief Bill Lee stated that neighborhood watch volunteers are not encouraged to carry a gun but have a Constitutional right to do so. Lee further stated, "Mr. Zimmerman was not acting outside the legal boundaries of Florida Statute by carrying his weapon when this incident occurred." Sanford Police volunteer program coordinator Wendy Dorival told the Miami Herald that she met Zimmerman in September 2011 at a community neighborhood watch presentation, and recalls advising: "If it's someone you don't recognize, call us. We'll figure it out.... Observe from a safe location". The director of the National Sheriffs' Association (NSA) said Zimmerman's "alleged action ... significantly contradicts the principles of the Neighborhood Watch Program". The Neighborhood Watch program that employed Zimmerman was overseen by the local police department rather than the NSA.
Protests were staged around the U.S. prior to Zimmerman's April 11 indictment on murder charges. Over 2.2 million signatures were collected on a Change.org petition, created by Martin's mother, calling for Zimmerman's arrest. It was the website's largest petition ever.
Since Martin was killed while wearing a hoodie, hoodies were used as a sign of protest over the handling of the case. Additionally, some professional athletes, including Carmelo Anthony, Dwyane Wade, LeBron James, and the entire Miami Heat roster, donned hoodies in Martin's honor.
Bags of Skittles candy and cans of Arizona Iced Tea were also used as protest symbols. Martin was reported to be returning from a 7-Eleven convenience store with these items when he was shot, although the beverage he purchased was actually a can of Arizona Watermelon Fruit Juice Cocktail.
Walkouts were staged by students at over a dozen Florida high schools, and thousands of people attended rallies around the country to demand Zimmerman's arrest. Members of the Occupy movement marched in solidarity during the "Million Hoodie March".
A number of high-profile citizens made public comments or released statements calling for a full investigation, including Reverend Al Sharpton, Reverend Jesse Jackson, and President Barack Obama.
Speaking on the day of Zimmerman's arrest, Al Sharpton said, "Forty-five days ago, Trayvon Martin was murdered. No arrest was made. The Chief of Police in Sanford announced after his review of the evidence there would be no arrest. An outcry from all over this country came because his parents refused to leave it there." Jesse Jackson also referred to Martin as "murdered and martyred". And U.S. Rep. Frederica Wilson (Dem.), who represents Martin's hometown of Miami, used the word "murdered" when she referred to Martin's fatal shooting.
President Obama, speaking to reporters on March 23 after federal investigators were deployed to Sanford, said, "When I think about this boy, I think about my own kids, and I think every parent in America should be able to understand why it is absolutely imperative that we investigate every aspect of this.... If I had a son, he would look like Trayvon."
Former education secretary William Bennett criticized what he called a "mob mentality", saying that "... the tendency in the first days by some, including Al Sharpton, Jesse Jackson and an angry chorus of followers, was to rush to judgment with little regard for fairness, due process, or respect for the terrible death of a young man".
According to Zimmerman's father, George Zimmerman received death threats after the shooting and was forced to move out of his home. The New Black Panther Party offered a $10,000 reward for the "capture" of George Zimmerman; this was condemned by the city of Sanford.
In parts of the U.S., various acts of vandalism, assaults and crimes were connected in part to alleged revenge for the shooting of Trayvon Martin.
Professor Alan Dershowitz criticized the probable cause affidavit against Zimmerman as "so thin that it won't make it past the judge", calling it "irresponsible and unethical", and opined that the charges were motivated by prosecutor Corey's desire to be re-elected. The deadline for qualifying to run against Corey was 9 days after she filed charges, and no one stepped forward to challenge her, so she won re-election. In June, Dershowitz said that Corey had contacted the dean of Harvard Law School about his remarks, threatening to sue Dershowitz for libel and slander, and the school too, and saying she wanted him to be disciplined by the American Bar Association. Dershowitz said the dean defended his remarks under academic freedom, and he commented that "[e]ven if Angela Corey's actions were debatable, which I believe they were not, I certainly have the right, as a professor who has taught and practiced criminal law nearly 50 years, to express a contrary view." CNN legal analyst Mark NeJame expressed concern over Corey's threats and questioned if the prosecution of Zimmerman was for political reasons.
Fox News Channel host Geraldo Rivera claimed that Martin's "gangsta style clothing" was "as much responsible for Trayvon Martin's death as George Zimmerman was". Rivera was quoted saying, "I am urging the parents of black and Latino youngsters particularly to not let their children go out wearing hoodies." Faced with outrage over his statements, Rivera apologized, saying that he had "obscured the main point that someone shot and killed an unarmed teenager".
When a 7-Eleven surveillance video showing Martin making a purchase on the night of the shooting was released two months later, however, Rivera referred to the clothes he had been wearing as "thug wear". His comments were criticized by the Martin family attorney, Benjamin Crump, who compared them to people blaming rape victims for wearing short skirts.
Bill O'Reilly of Fox News called for restraint and urged other pundits to stop trying the case in the media. He said that the case is a "tragedy" but should not be tried in the media.
After Zimmerman's bond was revoked for misrepresenting how much money he had when his bond was set, Martin family attorney Benjamin Crump said he expected the prosecution to bring Zimmerman's credibility "front and center in this entire case". Zimmerman's attorney, Mark O'Mara stated that it was a "mistake" that had "undermined his credibility, which he will have to work to repair".
Alleged race issues
Allegations against Zimmerman
Zimmerman was accused of being motivated by racism and of having racially profiled Martin. During early media coverage of the incident, Zimmerman's call to the police dispatcher was deceptively edited by NBC making it appear Zimmerman had volunteered Martin's race. The unedited audio recording proved that the police dispatcher asked about Martin's race, and only then did Zimmerman reveal that Martin was black. NBC apologized for the misleading edit and disciplined those involved, including firing the producer who was responsible for the deceptive edit to the 911 call.
Defense of Zimmerman's character
In an open letter on March 15, 2012, Zimmerman's father, Robert Zimmerman, defended his son against allegations that his actions were racially motivated, stating that Zimmerman was Hispanic, was raised in a multiracial family, and "would be the last to discriminate for any reason whatsoever", saying that the portrayal of his son as a racist "could not be further from the truth". Just as George Zimmerman's trial was set to begin, Robert Zimmerman published an e-book about the case in which he said that prior to the shooting, he had generally believed racism was no longer much of a problem and that he had personally not experienced much racism, despite being married to a Hispanic woman, but that since the shooting he had found that racism is "flourishing at the insistence of some in the African American Community". In a chapter called "Who are the True Racists", Robert Zimmerman listed a host of African Americans he says are racist, including the Congressional Black Caucus, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the National Basketball Players Association, the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives, the National Black Chamber of Commerce, and the United Negro College Fund, among others.
According to George Zimmerman's family, some of Zimmerman's relatives are black. Zimmerman's former lawyer Craig Sonner stated that Zimmerman is not a racist, and that he had mentored black youths in the past. Joe Oliver, a former television news reporter who is acquainted with Zimmerman, noted "I'm a black male and all that I know is that George has never given me any reason whatsoever to believe he has anything against people of color."
In early April, an anonymous letter to the NAACP, which was signed "A Concerned Zimmerman Family Member" said Zimmerman had been one of the few to take any action to protest the 2010 beating of Sherman Ware, a black homeless man, by the son of a Sanford police officer. Zimmerman's father confirmed his son's efforts on Ware's behalf.
In May, the Miami Herald secured an audiotape of the January 8, 2011, Sanford City Hall community forum. On the audiotape, Zimmerman was heard criticizing the conduct of the Sanford Police Department in the Ware case. Zimmerman criticized former chief, Brian Tooley, and said Tooley had engaged in a "cover-up" and that he should lose his pension. He also said he'd been on ride-alongs with Sanford police where he found them to be lazy. The Herald also reported that it had contacted five out of six black churches where Zimmerman was reported to have distributed fliers on the Ware beating, however no one recalled receiving them.
On July 12, 2012, reports of some of the more than 30 interviews conducted by the FBI were publicly released. Sanford Police investigator Chris Serino told FBI agents that he believed Zimmerman's actions were not based on Martin's race. Zimmerman's neighbors had nothing derogatory to say about him, and his co-workers were complimentary. CNN headlined its article on the FBI interviews "Witnesses tell FBI that George Zimmerman is no racist".
Allegations against Martin
During the trial, defense attorney Don West implied that the language Martin had allegedly used was evidence that Martin had introduced race into the confrontation. State's Witness 8, Rachel Jeantel, testified that Martin, during his telephone conversation with her just prior to the shooting, had referred to Zimmerman as a "creepy-ass cracker". On cross-examination, West asked Jeantel, "So it was racial, but it was because Trayvon Martin put race in this?" and "You don't think that 'creepy ass cracker' is a racial comment?" Jeantel replied that she believed race was involved because Martin was being followed by a white man, not because Martin had called Zimmerman a "creepy-ass cracker." She said that people in her community call white people "cracker" and she did not find the term offensive. Jeantel also testified that Martin, during his telephone conversation, referred to Zimmerman as a "nigga." Jeantel said that Martin's use of the word "nigga" to describe Zimmerman was "slang" when asked by lead prosecutor Bernie De La Rionda.
Allegations against the Sanford police
For not arresting Zimmerman, the Sanford police faced heavy criticism, protests, and allegations of racial bias. The NAACP wrote U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder expressing "no confidence that, absent federal oversight, the Sanford Police Department will devote the necessary degree of care to its investigation" and requesting that personnel be detailed to Sanford to review the case without bias. Lee repeatedly defended the investigation, stating that the Sanford police did not feel they had conducted a racially biased investigation and welcomed a review of their efforts.
Allegations were also made that the Sanford police were protecting Zimmerman. Lee told reporters that they could not arrest Zimmerman because no evidence contradicted his story, and that to do so would leave the police open to litigation. In regards to the 9-1-1 dispatcher telling Zimmerman that "We don't need you to [follow him]", Lee said "That is a call taker making a recommendation to him. He's not under a legal obligation to do that, so that is not something we can charge him with."
On March 21, 2012, three out of the five members of the Sanford City Commission, including the mayor, passed a motion of no confidence in regards to the Police Chief Bill Lee, and his handling of the case; however, the vote was advisory only. The following day, Lee announced that he had temporarily stepped down from his position as chief of police, stating "my involvement in this matter is overshadowing the process." Lee further stated, "I do this in the hopes of restoring some semblance of calm to a city which has been in turmoil for several weeks." On April 23, 2012, the city of Sanford announced that Police Chief Bill Lee would resign but city commissioners voted to reject the resignation. Some commissioners had concerns about the fairness of Lee losing his job and the mayor stated he preferred to wait for the results of an investigation. Lee was to remain on paid leave.
In an interview with CNN, following his testimony at Zimmerman's trial, Bill Lee said that he felt pressure from city officials to arrest Zimmerman to placate the public rather than as a matter of justice. Lee said, "It was relayed to me that they just wanted an arrest. They didn't care if it got dismissed later." Lee further stated in the interview that the Sanford Police conducted a "sound" investigation, and the evidence provided no probable cause to arrest Zimmerman at the scene. Lee said that the police needed to do a job, and there was some outside, and inside influence, that "forced a change in the course of the normal criminal justice process." The former police chief said the investigation was taken away from us and "we weren't able to complete it." Lee also said that his lead investigator made a recommendation that Zimmerman be charged with manslaughter, as a matter of protocol. The Sanford police presented a "capias request" to the state's attorney, asking that they determine whether it was a "justifiable homicide".
"Stand your ground" laws
The Zimmerman defense team initially planned to seek to dismiss the case against Zimmerman under the protection afforded by Florida's "stand your ground" self-defense law. The controversial law, passed in 2005, permits the use of deadly force when someone reasonably feels they are at risk of great bodily harm in a confrontation. Zimmerman's defense team ultimately did not seek a pretrial hearing for immunity from prosecution based on the stand your ground law. However, as required by the stand your ground provision of the law, during the trial the judge instructed the jurors that Zimmerman had had no duty to retreat and had had a right to stand his ground and use deadly force if he reasonably believed doing so was necessary to defend himself. Prior to the passage of Florida's stand your ground law, the standard jury instructions from the judge would have included a statement that a person had a duty to attempt to retreat using "every reasonable means" before using deadly force.
Self-defense laws in the United States, particularly regarding justifiable homicide, vary by state. In many states, such laws exempt people in their own homes from the common-law requirement that one first attempt to retreat, if one can safely do so, before resorting to the use of deadly force (the so-called "castle doctrine", based on the notion that "a person's home is his castle"). Florida's stand your ground law extends the no-retreat doctrine to vehicles and public places. At the time of Martin's shooting, 22 other states had adopted similar stand your ground laws.
Three weeks after the shooting, Florida Governor Rick Scott commissioned a 19-member task force to review the Florida statute that deals with justifiable use of force, including the Stand Your Ground provision. After holding seven public hearings around the state, and reviewing more than 11,000 comments submitted by the public—nearly three times as many of which were opposed to the law as were in support of it, the task force recommended against repealing the statute, saying that Florida residents have a right to defend themselves with deadly force without a duty to retreat if they feel threatened.
Critics said that the members appointed to the task force had been chosen to heavily bias the panel against any significant changes in the law, and that, as a result, the panel's conclusions were no surprise. The task force did suggest that law enforcement agencies and the courts increase training on the self-defense law to ensure the law is applied fairly, and that the legislature more clearly define the role of neighborhood watch participants to avoid vigilantism and fund a study of how the law had been applied, examining effects such as race, ethnicity, and gender. However, the task force largely rejected recommendations of Miami-Dade County State Attorney Katherine Fernandez-Rundle (one of the task force members) that would have restricted the law, including a recommendation to limit immunity from prosecution to defendants who have not provoked a confrontation. In January 2013, Martin's mother joined two Democratic lawmakers in Florida and called for the repeal of the state's "stand your ground" law. Several bills subsequently introduced in the Republican-controlled legislature's 2013 session proposing to repeal or revise the Stand Your Ground provisions of the law died without committee hearings.
Several months following Zimmerman's acquittal, in October 2013 bills to revise Florida's Stand Your Ground law provisions in accordance with several of the suggestions offered in 2012 by the governor's task force began advancing through the Florida legislature with bipartisan support. A proposal offered by State Senator David Simmons, a Republican who had served on the governor's task force and who had been a principal author of the original law, and State Senator Chris Smith, the Democratic senate minority leader, would clarify language in the law to deny aggressors in a confrontation from being able to claim immunity under the law, would allow innocent bystanders harmed by a person standing their ground to sue for negligence, and would require the establishment of guidelines and training protocols for neighborhood watch programs that would restrict neighborhood watch volunteers to only observing and reporting. The proposal was received favorably by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement, the Florida Sheriffs Association, the state public defenders association, and the NAACP, although several Republican state legislators voted to block the bill's passage and gun rights advocates expressed opposition to several of the proposals. The Dream Defenders, who several weeks earlier had occupied the state capitol demanding that the legislature take up debate on the Stand Your Ground law, said the bill did not go far enough and urged the legislature to repeal the law entirely.
Media coverage
For the first 10 days after Martin's death, the story was covered only by local media outlets in Florida. In order to bring more attention to the case, Martin family attorney Natalie Jackson sought the assistance of publicist Ryan Julison on March 5.
On March 7, 2012, Reuters covered the story, and the following day, CBS News, acting on a tip it received from the network's local bureau in Atlanta, Georgia, obtained an exclusive interview with Tracy Martin and Sybrina Fulton that was broadcast on CBS This Morning.
Also on March 8, The Huffington Post, The Young Turks, and TheGrio.com, which is affiliated with NBC News, started to cover the case.
On March 9, 2012, ABC World News featured the story on their nightly broadcast.
CNN first reported on the case on March 12, 2012, and by the end of that week, radio hosts and bloggers were also reporting on the story.
National coverage started to increase the week of March 12 and intensified after March 16, when tapes of 9-1-1 calls were released to the public. Having the 9-1-1 calls, which the police had previously declined to release, gave radio and TV reporters more material on which to report.
The Project for Excellence in Journalism reported that media coverage of the Trayvon Martin case became the first story in 2012 to be featured more than the presidential race. According to the Project, the varying types of media have focused on the case in different ways. An article in the Tampa Bay Times wrote that, "on Twitter, people are outraged at Zimmerman and want justice, while on cable news and talk radio people are discussing the state's laws for self-defense and gun control and on blogs the focus has been on race."
Fox News host Geraldo Rivera, a former NBC employee, asserted that MSNBC "made an ideological decision that... they would argue strenuously for the prosecution of George Zimmerman and the ultimate conviction of George Zimmerman... [T]hey are cheerleading for the conviction of George Zimmerman."
Portrayals of Martin and Zimmerman
The contrast in the photos of Martin and of Zimmerman which were most widely used in early media reports of the shooting may have influenced initial public perceptions of the case. The most commonly published image of Martin, provided to media by his family, showed a smiling "baby-faced" teen. The only image of Zimmerman initially available to news media was a 7-year-old police booking photograph released by law enforcement officials after the shooting. The image showed a heavy-set Zimmerman who appeared to be unhappy or angry, with an imposing stare. The AP quoted academic Kenny Irby on the expected effect, "When you have such a lopsided visual comparison, it just stands to reason that people would rush to judgment," and another academic, Betsi Grabe, as saying that journalists will present stories as a struggle between good and evil "[i]f the ingredients are there."
Zimmerman's ethnicity
The initial police report on the shooting described Zimmerman as white. Early news media reports which mentioned Zimmerman's race also referred to him as white. Although Zimmerman had personally identified as Hispanic on his voting records and driver's license, this information was not revealed to the public in early media reports, when Zimmerman had gone into hiding and no one was speaking to the media on his behalf. That changed when Zimmerman's father delivered a statement to the Orlando Sentinel calling Zimmerman "a Spanish speaking minority." Several media outlets, such as CNN and The New York Times, subsequently began describing Zimmerman as a "white Hispanic" in their reports on the case, prompting discussion, and some criticism, of the choice of that term. Conservative commentators, including Rush Limbaugh and Bernard Goldberg, accused the media of misrepresenting Zimmerman's race to fit a political narrative of a racially motivated killing. Goldberg opined that "if George Zimmerman did something good ... they wouldn't refer to him as white Hispanic, he'd just be Hispanic." Other commentators remarked on the difficulty of deciding how best to describe Zimmerman's race in media reports intended for audiences largely unfamiliar with the complexity of Hispanic identity in contemporary America. Michael Getler, the ombudsman for PBS, said that after reviewing viewers' criticism of the PBS NewsHour's having called Zimmerman "white" in an April 2012 broadcast, the NewsHour staff suggested that it might be best in future reports to simply show an image of Zimmerman and not try to describe him.
Zimmerman's call to police
Economist and commentator Thomas Sowell criticized the national media for implying that Zimmerman had continued to follow Martin after the police dispatcher said, "We don't need you to do that." He said that they mostly left out Zimmerman's answer, "O.K." because "too many people in the media see their role as filtering and slanting the news."
After the audio of the call was released, reports by CNN and other news outlets alleged that Zimmerman had said "fucking coons" two minutes and twenty-one seconds (2:21) into the call. Two weeks later on April 4, 2012, CNN claimed that enhanced audio revealed that Zimmerman had said "fucking cold" (alluding to ongoing rain in February). The following day, April 5, 2012, CNN's Martin Savidge reported that forensic audio expert Tom Owen claimed it was "fucking punks." It is said to be "fucking punks" in the affidavit of probable cause, dated April 11, 2012. Other reviewers of the call have offered alternate interpretations of what was said, some labeling it "unintelligible." According to the Associated Press, the alleged racial slur "fed growing outrage over the police department's initial decision not to arrest Zimmerman."
Audio editing by NBC
Between March 19 and 27, 2012, the NBC Nightly News, NBC's Today show, and NBC's network-owned Miami affiliate WTVJ ran segments which misleadingly merged parts of Zimmerman's call. On one version of the recording played by NBC, Zimmerman was heard saying, "This guy looks like he's up to no good or he's on drugs or something... He's got his hand in his waistband, and he's a black male." In another, Zimmerman's voice was spliced to say "This guy looks like he's up to no good. He looks black." In the original 9-1-1 recording, Zimmerman said: "This guy looks like he's up to no good. Or he's on drugs or something. It's raining and he's just walking around, looking about." The 9-1-1 operator then asked: "OK, and this guy, is he black, white or Hispanic?", and Zimmerman answered, "He looks black." The phrase, "He's got his hand in his waistband, and he's a black male" came several exchanges after that point in the conversation.
Erik Wemple of The Washington Post wrote that NBC's alterations "would more readily paint Zimmerman as a racial profiler. In reality... Zimmerman simply answered a question... Nothing prejudicial at all in responding to such an inquiry... To portray that exchange in a way that wrongs Zimmerman is high editorial malpractice..."
NBC issued an apology for "an error made in the production process that we deeply regret," but never apologized on the air. The network said that the Today show and Miami edits took place in two separate incidents involving different people. A Miami-based NBC News producer lost her job, WTVJ reporter Jeff Burnside was fired, and two other employees were disciplined. Lilia Luciano, who was the reporter on broadcasts containing both edited versions of the audio, was also fired, and some of her aired reports on the Trayvon Martin story, along with the misleading audio, were removed from the NBC News website.
On December 6, 2012, Zimmerman filed a defamation lawsuit against NBC alleging that they intentionally edited the phone call so that Zimmerman would sound racist. The lawsuit said, "NBC saw the death of Trayvon Martin not as a tragedy but as an opportunity to increase ratings, and so set about to create the myth that George Zimmerman was a racist and predatory villain."
An NBC spokeswoman said the network strongly disagreed with the accusations that Zimmerman made in the complaint, stating, "There was no intent to portray Mr. Zimmerman unfairly and we intend to vigorously defend our position in court." In June 2014, a summary judgment was issued in the network's favor which ended the lawsuit filed by Zimmerman. In the ruling, the judge wrote that there was "no clear and convincing evidence that defendants knew that the information published was false at the time it was published, or recklessly disregarded the truth or falsity of those statements".
Surveillance video mistake
ABC News obtained a surveillance video of Zimmerman walking unassisted into the Sanford police station after the shooting. An officer is seen pausing to look at the back of Zimmerman's head, but ABC originally said that no abrasions or blood can be seen in the video. ABC later reported that it had "re-digitized" the video, and said that this version showed "what appear to be a pair of gashes or welts on George Zimmerman's head," but the story's main focus was on a doctor who claimed it was unlikely that Zimmerman's nose had been broken.
Juror B29 controversy
In his July 26, 2013, column, Slate journalist William Saletan accused several major news organizations of editing interviews with "Juror B29" to make it appear that she maintained Zimmerman had gotten away with murder when, according to Saletan, she had not actually done so.
Trial and verdict
As news of the case spread, thousands of protesters across the country called for Zimmerman's arrest and a full investigation. On April 11, 2012, amid widespread, intense, and in some cases misleading media coverage, Zimmerman was charged with second-degree murder by a special prosecutor appointed by Governor Rick Scott. Zimmerman's trial began on June 10, 2013, in Sanford. Opening statements took place on June 24, 2013. Jury deliberations began on July 12. On July 13, 2013, the jury found him not guilty.
On February 24, 2015, the United States Department of Justice announced that "there was not enough evidence for a federal hate crime prosecution."
Aftermath
Some legal scholars, including Charles Rose of Stetson University and Jonathan Turley of George Washington University, were not surprised by the verdict and said the prosecution had tactically erred by charging Zimmerman with second-degree murder, which, given Florida's laws on self-defense, made it almost impossible for the prosecution to prove their case beyond a reasonable doubt with the evidence at their disposal. Several attorneys commenting on the case, such as Paul Butler of Georgetown University, said that the prosecution had failed to adequately prepare their witnesses for trial and had been out-maneuvered by the defense attorneys. Harvard Law Professor Alan Dershowitz remained extremely critical of State Attorney Angela Corey's actions in the case, charging that "her conduct bordered on criminal conduct" and "in 50 years of litigating cases ... rarely have I seen [a prosecutor] as bad as this prosecutor".
George Zimmerman remained in hiding after the verdict, although it was reported that on July 17, four days after the verdict, Zimmerman helped rescue several people from an overturned vehicle in Sanford, Florida. The family rescued by Zimmerman had planned a press conference but later dropped the plan because they were worried about adverse public reaction to saying anything positive about Zimmerman. A month later, Zimmerman was seen in Cocoa, Florida, touring a factory of the company that manufactured the gun he had used in the shooting. Zimmerman was said to have asked about the legality of buying a 12-gauge shotgun.
Zimmerman's parents claimed that they too had received a large number of death threats and that they were still afraid to return to their home after the verdict. A Winter Park, Florida, woman, whose phone number was posted online by a website that mistakenly identified the number as George Zimmerman's said she also received death threats. The woman said that when she reported the calls to the Seminole County Sheriff's Department, she was told that the sheriff's office was receiving 400 death threats per minute on social media websites.
The day after the verdict was delivered, the NAACP posted a petition formally requesting the Justice Department to open a civil rights case against George Zimmerman. Within hours, 130,000 people had signed the petition.
During a speech to the NAACP, Attorney General Eric Holder stated that the Department of Justice was continuing to investigate Zimmerman for civil rights violations after the verdict, and also criticized existing "stand-your-ground" laws. Holder's speech was denounced by the National Rifle Association of America (NRA) and Florida Governor Rick Scott.
Although there were scattered incidents of disturbances and vandalism following the not-guilty ruling, fears of widespread civil unrest (as per the Rodney King verdict in 1992) were unrealized. A Hispanic man in Baltimore was reportedly beaten by a group of youths–one of whom armed with a handgun–who allegedly chanted "This is for Trayvon!" A white man in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin said he was beaten by a group of African-American youth who were yelling "this is for Trayvon Martin!" The man said he was saved from the assailants by a young African-American couple who came to his rescue. In Washington, D.C., an adult white male was kicked by three African-American men, and robbed of his phone and wallet. The man said the three assailants yelled out "This is for Trayvon!" Police investigated the incident as a hate crime. On the night of the trial, a protest in the Crenshaw neighborhood of Los Angeles turned violent as the protesters began attacking bystanders, setting objects ablaze, and began looting and vandalizing stores including a Wal-Mart and the Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza before Los Angeles Police were able disperse the crowd by blocking traffic on Crenshaw Boulevard.
Days after the Zimmerman trial verdict had been announced, several dozen activists known as the Dream Defenders began to camp outside Governor Rick Scott's office in the Capitol, demanding that the governor call the legislature into special session to pass what the activists called The Trayvon Martin Civil Rights Act, which would repeal the Stand Your Ground law, outlaw racial profiling, and discourage the use of zero tolerance policies in schools. As the occupation entered its second week, Governor Scott maintained that he would not order a special session of the legislature.
Democratic leaders in the Florida legislature, Senate Minority Leader Chris Smith and House Minority Leader Perry Thurston also called on the governor to convene a special session of the legislature, in order to overhaul or possibly repeal the Stand Your Ground provisions of Florida's self-defense laws. Senator Smith said that the verdict in the Zimmerman trial showed the adverse effect of the Stand Your Ground law.
On July 19, six days after the verdict, President Barack Obama gave an impromptu 20-minute speech in the White House Press Room, in which he spoke about the trial and about race relations in the United States. Obama said that he identified with Trayvon, that "Trayvon Martin could have been me, 35 years ago." He also said that black men in the United States, including himself, commonly suffered racial profiling.
A week after the verdict, peaceful rallies and vigils were held in more than 100 cities nationwide to protest racial profiling, demand the repeal of Stand Your Ground laws, and call for a federal trial of Zimmerman for violations of civil rights laws.
A nationwide poll conducted for The Washington Post and ABC News found sharp divisions along racial and political lines over the shooting and over the jury's verdict. Nearly 90% of African Americans called the shooting unjustified, compared to 33% of whites; and some 62% of Democrats disapproved of the verdict, compared to 20% of Republicans. Gallup reported that the reaction was "almost exactly the opposite" of that following the O. J. Simpson murder case, when 89% of African Americans agreed with the jury decision, compared to 36% of whites. A Pew Research Center poll found similar divisions along racial lines in the Zimmerman case. The Pew poll also found large differences in reactions to the trial verdict according to age. The majority of Americans younger than 30 expressed dissatisfaction with the verdict (53% to 29%), while the reaction was reversed for those age 65 and older (50% satisfied versus 33% dissatisfied).
During and following the trial, Facebook users started posting the phrase "black lives matter," which would inspire the Black Lives Matter movement.
In December 2019, George Zimmerman filed a lawsuit against Trayvon Martin's family, their attorneys, the prosecutors in the trial, and others. The suit alleged a civil conspiracy by the Martin family and their lawyers, malicious prosecution by the prosecutors, and defamation by several parties. The suit asked for more than $100 million in damages. The lawsuit was unsuccessful and was dismissed in February 2022.
See also
List of solved missing person cases
Killing of Markeis McGlockton
Killing of Sara-Nicole Morales
Notes
References
External links
Zimmerman Defense websites:
George Zimmerman's defense team website
Other George Zimmerman legal websites:
Official website for George Zimmerman's complaint against NBC
Collected news and commentary
Justice for Trayvon website maintained by GlobalGrind.com
Trayvon Martin collected news and commentary at Orlando Sentinel
Trayvon Martin collected news and commentary at Miami Herald
(as archived on May 14, 2013)
Walk throughs and graphics of events leading up to the shooting:
Map showing one version of events from Wagist.com
Trayvon Martin: a walk-through of the shooting scene from The Reid Report
The Events Leading to the Shooting of Trayvon Martin
Trayvon Martin George Zimmerman Crime Scene Map Analyzed from BCCList.com
Other:
Exclusive: George Zimmerman breaks silence on 'Hannity': Video and transcript
George Zimmerman Trial and Trayvon Martin Case
Statement by the President, Barack Obama, July 14, 2013 (day after the verdict)
2010s missing person cases
2012 controversies in the United States
2012 deaths
2012 in Florida
African-American history of Florida
African-American-related controversies
Deaths by firearm in Florida
Deaths by person in Florida
February 2012 events in the United States
Formerly missing people
History of African-American civil rights
Anti-black racism in Florida
Incidents of violence against boys
Mass media-related controversies in the United States
Missing person cases in Florida
Race and crime in the United States
Sanford, Florida
Stand-your-ground law
21st-century American trials |
The Mills Cross Telescope was a two-dimensional radio telescope built by Bernard Mills in 1954 at the Fleurs field station of the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in the area known now as Badgerys Creek, about 40 km west of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Each arm of the cross was 1500 feet (450 m) long, running N–S and E–W, and produced a fan beam in the sky. Mills said it "consists of two rows of 250 half-wave dipole elements backed by a plane wire mesh reflector; the individual dipoles are aligned in an E-W direction." The cross operated at a frequency of 85.5 MHz (3.5m wavelength), giving a 49 arcminute beam.
When the voltages of the two arms were multiplied a pencil beam was formed, but with rather high sidelobes. The beam could be steered in the sky by adjusting the phasing of the elements in each arm.
Science
Between 1954 and 1957, Bernard Mills, Eric R. Hill and O. Bruce Slee, using the Mills Cross, carried out a detailed survey of the sky and recorded over 2,000 sources of discrete radio emission, publishing results in a series of research papers in the Australian Journal of Physics. The differences between these sources and the Cambridge 2C survey were a cause of scientific disquiet until serious questions about the 2C survey results were resolved several years later.
In 1963, the Fleurs site was transferred to the School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Sydney. The observatory was effectively closed in 1991. The 18 m dish antenna installed at Fleurs in 1959 was transferred to the Parkes Observatory.
Two of the old 13.7m dish antennas were relocated from the University of Sydney site to the CSIRO at Marsfield in 2005, as part of a precursor study into the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) development.
Other cross telescopes
Fleurs was also the site of:
the Shain Cross Telescope, 1956 named after Alex Shain, solar observatory
19.7 MHz, beam width of 1.4 degrees, N–S and E-W arms of 1105 m and 1036 m respectively
the Chris Cross Telescope, 1957 named after Dr. Wilbur Norman Christiansen, solar observatory
N–S and E-W arms each 378m containing 32 parabolic dishes 5.8m in diameter
in 1959, an 18m parabola was installed at the eastern end of the Chris Cross, moved in 1963 to the Parkes Observatory
then, six 13.7m stand-alone antennas were sited at and beyond the ends of the N–S and E–W solar arrays, which comprised the Fleurs Synthesis Telescope with a resolving power of 20 arc seconds, used in the 1970s and until its closure in 1988 studying individual radio sources but particularly large radio galaxies, supernova remnants and emission nebulae.
Following the success of this design, Mills built another large cross antenna, the Molonglo Cross Telescope, near Canberra.
Other large cross-type radio telescopes were later built in the United States, Italy, Russia, and Ukraine.
See also
Lists of telescopes
References
Sources
"A new southern hemisphere synthesis radio telescope", Christiansen, W.N. Proceedings of the IEEE, Volume 61, Issue 9, September 1973 Page(s): 1266 – 1270
"A Catalogue of Radio Sources between Declinations +10° and −20°", Mills, B. Y.; Slee, O. B.; Hill, E. R. Australian Journal of Physics, Volume 11, Issue 3, September 1958, Page(s): 360 – 387, ADS:1958AuJPh..11..360M
"A Catalogue of Radio Sources between Declinations −20° and −50°", Mills, B. Y.; Slee, O. B.; Hill, E. R. Australian Journal of Physics, Volume 13, December 1960, Page(s): 676, ADS:1960AuJPh..13..676M
"A Catalogue of Radio Sources between Declinations −50° and −80°", Mills, B. Y.; Slee, O. B.; Hill, E. R. Australian Journal of Physics, Volume 14, December 1961, Page(s): 497, ADS:1961AuJPh..14..497M
External links
"The Flowering of Fleurs" – ATNF
Astronomical observatories in New South Wales
Interferometric telescopes
Radio telescopes
University of Sydney
1954 establishments in Australia
1991 disestablishments in Australia |
Dichloroacetyl chloride is the organic compound with the formula CHCl2COCl. It is the acyl chloride of dichloroacetic acid. It is a colourless liquid and is used in acylation reactions.
Preparation
Unlike typical acid chlorides, which are often prepared from the associated carboxylic acid, dichloroacetyl chloride is not prepared from dichloroacetic acid. Instead, industrial routes include oxidation of 1,1,2-trichloroethane, hydrolysis of pentachloroethane, and the carboxylation of chloroform:
CHCl2CH2Cl + O2 → CHCl2COCl + H2O
CHCl2CCl3 + H2O → CHCl2COCl + 2 HCl
CHCl3 + CO2 → CHCl2COCl + 1/2 O2
Uses
Hydrolysis gives dichloroacetic acid. It is one of the precursors to antibiotics, including chloramphenicol.
References
Acyl chlorides |
The 2010–11 Hawaii Rainbow Warriors basketball team represented the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in the 2010–11 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Rainbow Warriors, led by head coach Gib Arnold, played their home games at the Stan Sheriff Center in Honolulu, Hawaii, as members of the Western Athletic Conference. The Rainbow Warriors finished 5th in the WAC during the regular season, and lost in the first round of the WAC tournament to San Jose State.
Hawaii failed to qualify for the NCAA tournament, but were invited to the 2011 CIT. The Rainbow Warriors won their first game, but were then eliminated in the second round of the tournament, losing to San Francisco, 77–74.
Roster
Source
Schedule and results
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!colspan=9 style=|Exhibition
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!colspan=9 style=|Regular season
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!colspan=9 style=| WAC tournament
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!colspan=9 style=| CollegeInsider.com tournament
Source
References
Hawaii Rainbow Warriors basketball seasons
Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii men's basketball
Hawaii men's basketball |
Prawer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Joshua Prawer (1917–1990), Israeli historian
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1927–2013), German-born British and American author and screenwriter
Siegbert Salomon Prawer (1925–2012), German-born British professor of German literature at Oxford
Surnames of Jewish origin
Germanic-language surnames |
Easterville Airport is located adjacent to Easterville, Manitoba, Canada.
References
External links
Page about this airport on COPA's Places to Fly airport directory
Registered aerodromes in Manitoba |
The Blohm & Voss BV 143 was an early prototype rocket-assisted glide bomb developed by the German Luftwaffe during World War II.
Design
Blohm & Voss designers began to consider airborne missiles late in 1938, even before the outbreak of war. First of these to be developed was the Bv 143, a glide bomb with rocket booster. Trials began in 1939.
By 1941, Allied merchant ships were slow and easy targets for German coastal bombers, but were proving increasingly well-equipped with anti-aircraft artillery, making short-range attacks prohibitively costly. Interest was raised in the development of a stand off weapon to engage unarmored merchant ships from beyond the range of the Bofors 40 mm gun. The BV 143 was one of several stand off bomb and missile designs researched by the Blohm & Voss Naval Engineering Works for this anti-shipping role.
The Bv 143 was designed to be air-dropped from beyond the range of antiaircraft guns, glide towards the target, engage its solid rocket motor below the line of fire of guns, and commence a short (30 second, maximum) high speed dash to the target, striking above the waterline. The first design, with straight wings and cross-like tail, featured a 2-meter instrumented "feeler probe" suspended from the body, designed to start the rocket on contacting the sea surface. A pitch-only autopilot then maintained the bomb at the 2 m probe length until striking the target. The first working prototypes of this design were completed in February 1941. Tests during 1943 showed the probe-based design to be unworkable and after additional design time it was replaced with a radio altimeter, which although being less fragile also ultimately proved unsatisfactory.
The bomb proved consistently unable to reliably maintain altitude stability with either design, with rocket misfires and failures also proving troublesome. After building and testing 157 examples, the project was eventually abandoned in favor of the Henschel Hs 293.
Ship-to-ship variant
BV 143 B (Schiff-Schiff-Lenkflugkörper) was a late ship-to-ship variant of the BV 143 package. It was designed to launch the missile with an aircraft catapult. Only one test was ever conducted before the program was abandoned.
See also
Blohm & Voss BV 246 Hagelkorn
Blohm & Voss BV 950
Henschel Hs 293
Glide bomb
Anti-shipping missile
Stand-off missile
References
World War II guided missiles of Germany
Guided bombs
Anti-ship missiles of Germany
BV 143 |
Björn Erik Johansson (born January 15, 1956) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey defenceman. He was drafted in the first round of both the 1976 NHL Amateur Draft and the 1976 WHA Amateur Draft, by the California Golden Seals and Toronto Toros, respectively. He played 15 games in the National Hockey League with the Cleveland Barons, scoring one goal and one assist.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Totals do not include numbers from the 1975 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.
External links
1956 births
Binghamton Dusters players
California Golden Seals draft picks
Cleveland Barons (NHL) players
Frölunda HC players
Living people
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
Ice hockey people from Örebro
Phoenix Roadrunners (CHL) players
Rochester Americans players
Salt Lake Golden Eagles (CHL) players
Swedish ice hockey defencemen
Toronto Toros draft picks
World Hockey Association first round draft picks |
Chechen may refer to:
Chechens, an ethnic group of the Caucasus
Chechen language, Northeast Caucasian language
Metopium brownei, also known as the chechen, chechem, or black poisonwood tree
Related to Chechnya (Chechen Republic), a republic within Russia
Related to the former Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
See also
Ichkeria (disambiguation)
Chechens in Kyrgyzstan
Language and nationality disambiguation pages |
Christ at the Column is an oil on panel painting attributed to Donato Bramante, executed c. 1490 and held at the Pinacoteca di Brera, in Milan.
History
The panel was commissioned by the Abbey of Chiaravalle near Milan. It is the only known surviving panel painting attributed to Bramante. The attribution isn't universally accepted. Some scholars, such as William Suida, consider the painting more likely the work of Bramantino.
The work has been in the museum since 1915, on deposit from the abbey, where it was replaced by a copy. On January 15, 2017, following a malfunction of the heating system, the painting, together with another forty, suffered damage due to the sudden change in temperature. It was immediately taken to the museum's laboratory for restoration.
Description and style
The work depicts Christ tied to a column (in this case an ornate pillar with classical bas-relief decoration) before being scourged. The very close up shot transmits a very strong emotion, accentuating the already poignant scene and creating, on the whole, an atmosphere of strong psychological tension. Even more, the details, such as the rope dangling from the neck of Christ, contribute to create that remarkable emotional apprehension that flows from the entire composition. The procedure with which the idea of a vast colonnaded space is given is, in practice, the same used in the architecture of the fake choir of Santa Maria at San Satiro: the extension of the main elements beyond the boundaries of the painting and the suggestion of distance between foreground and background.
The classic modeling of the body of Christ attests the influence of the Urbino culture from which Bramante artistically came, while other details demonstrate the influence of the Flemish painting, such as the double lighting (frontal, in this case oriented from left to right, and from the window on the background), the view that fades into the distance, and the meticulous attention to detail. In this sense, the study on light stands out, creating a myriad of colored reflections, as in the reddish and blue ones in the hair and beard of Christ.
Some details refer to Leonardo da Vinci's influence, such as the study of the expressive potential of the face, or some details of extreme realism such as the flesh tightened by ropes or transparent tears.
A golden pyx rests on the windowsill, a reference to the Eucharist, which reveals the meaning of Christ's sacrifice.
References
1490 paintings
Paintings by Donato Bramante
Paintings in the Pinacoteca di Brera
Paintings depicting the Passion of Jesus
Torture in art |
Melville Land is an area in Peary Land, North Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park.
History
Robert Peary named the territory, together with Heilprin Land, in 1892 during his North Greenland Expedition sponsored by the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. He named it after Chief Engineer George W. Melville (1841–1912), chief of the Bureau of Steam Engineering of the United States Navy. Peary sighted the coast of Melville Land shore from afar to the northeast. He drew a rough map based on the panorama that he saw from Navy Cliff, at the head of Independence Fjord, but did not explore the area.
In 1912 Knud Rasmussen, during his First Thule Expedition, compared favorably Melville Land with the barren and desolate land that he had crossed south of Independence Fjord. He marveled at the abundance of game, including muskoxen, hares and ptarmigan. Birdlife was plentiful, and many seals lay out on the ice of the fjord, basking in the sun. He mentioned that
The territory was finally mapped with accuracy by Lauge Koch from a height of during his cartographic air expedition of 1938. Koch noted in his exploration that the land was ice-free.
Geography
Melville Land is located in southern Peary Land, on the northern side of the middle section of the Independence Fjord. To the west it is limited by the Bronlund Fjord, and to the east by Kjovesletten, a small coastal area beyond which lies Herlufsholm Strand. Cape Harald Moltke marks the southwestern end and Cape Caroline Marie the southeastern. The Børglum River flows from the Nordkrone southwards at the western end.
Remarkably for the high latitude the terrain is unglaciated. The part along the shore of Independence Fjord has high sandstone cliffs with elevations averaging , including the Pyramide Plateau in the western sector. The banks near the shore are dissected by small river valleys and ravines. The inner part to the north is mountainous and not clearly delimited, with the highest point reaching .
Bibliography
H.P. Trettin (ed.), Geology of the Innuitian Orogen and Arctic Platform of Canada and Greenland. 1991
B. Fristrup, Winderosion within the Arctic Deserts. 1953
See also
Cartographic expeditions to Greenland
Innuitian orogeny
References
External links
The Project Gutenberg eBook of My Arctic journal, by Josephine Diebitsch-Peary
mindat.org - Odins Fjord - Melville Land, Northeast Greenland National Park, Greenland
Full text of "Greenland" - Internet Archive
Geography of Greenland
Geography of the Arctic
Peary Land |
Human Hounds is a 1916 American silent comedy film starring Oliver Hardy.
Cast
Oliver Hardy as Plump (as Babe Hardy)
Billy Ruge as Runt
Bert Tracy as General Debility
Ray Godfrey as Mrs. Debility
Joe Cohen as Count de Lummox
Madge Cohen as Countess de Lummox
See also
List of American films of 1916
Oliver Hardy filmography
External links
1916 films
1916 short films
American silent short films
American black-and-white films
1916 comedy films
Silent American comedy films
American comedy short films
1910s American films
1910s English-language films |
Arum italicum subsp. canariense is a flowering plant subspecies in the family Araceae.
Description
Arum italicum subsp. canariense differs from other subspecies in having spathe tubes that are purple on the interior, staminodes in 2 or 3 whorls (versus 4 or 5 in other subspecies), and petioles and peduncles that are dull purple instead of green. Leaves and inflorescences of Madeiran plants are also reportedly larger than continental plants.
Habitat
It grows in clearings in Laurus forests in Madeira, the Canary Islands, and the Azores.
Taxonomy
It was described in 1848 as an independent species, Arum canariense. Within the genus Arum, it belongs to subgenus Arum, and section Arum. A recent molecular study found that this island subspecies is well-differentiated from its mainland relatives, although its specific status and relationship with the mainland Arum italicum and with Arum concinnatum are unclear.
References
italicum subsp. canariense |
Shaunie Henderson (née Nelson, formerly O'Neal; born November 27, 1974), is an American television personality and one of the executive producers of VH-1's reality TV series Basketball Wives, Basketball Wives LA, and Baller Wives. She was formerly a film marketer and ex-wife of former NBA player Shaquille O'Neal.
Career
Shaunie is one of the executive producers of Basketball Wives, a reality series that follows the wives, ex-wives, and girlfriends of professional basketball players. Another reality television show, Basketball Wives LA, follows the Los Angeles wives, ex-wives, and girlfriends of professional basketball players. O'Neal is the center of a third reality television series, Shaunie's Home Court, a reality series that follows the lives of her five children and family.
Personal life
On December 26, 2002, she married basketball player Shaquille O'Neal at the Beverly Hills Hotel. They got engaged after dating for two years and married two years later. Before and during their marriage, the couple had four children: Shareef (b. 2000), Amirah (b. 2001), Shaqir (b. 2003), and Me'arah (b. 2006). Shaunie has a son, Myles, from a previous relationship, while Shaquille O'Neal has a daughter, Taahirah, with his former girlfriend Arnetta Yardbourgh. Shaquille and Shaunie separated after five years of marriage on September 4, 2007, but reconciled shortly after. On November 10, 2009, Shaunie filed for divorce, citing "irreconcilable differences". The divorce was finalized in 2011. Their oldest son, Shareef, is a standout basketball player, who committed to UCLA in 2018, and later transferred to LSU in 2020.
Shaunie married Pastor Keion Henderson in Anguilla in 2022.
References
External links
Living people
Television producers from Texas
American women television producers
American socialites
People from Wichita Falls, Texas
Shaquille O'Neal
1974 births
Participants in American reality television series |
Incapora is a genus of land planarians in the subfamily Microplaninae.
Description
Species of the genus Incapora are characterized by the presence of two ventral orifices that lead to the posterior branches of the gut. These intestinal branches also connect to the copulatory apparatus by anastomosis with the bursal canal.
Species
The genus Incapora contains only two species:
Incapora anamallensis (de Beauchamp, 1930)
Incapora weyrauchi Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1953
References
Geoplanidae
Rhabditophora genera
Taxa named by Eveline Du Bois-Reymond Marcus |
The 2011–12 Trinidad and Tobago FA Trophy was the 82nd season of the FA Trophy, which is the oldest football competition for teams in Trinidad and Tobago. San Juan Jabloteh entered as the tournament's defending champion, who defeated North East Stars 1–0 in the 2010–11 final at Marvin Lee Stadium. The number of entrants in the tournament was expanded by the Trinidad and Tobago Football Association to allow four teams from the Secondary Schools Football League to compete in the competition against semi-professional and professional football clubs. The tournament began on 29 January 2012 with 36 teams competing in single elimination matches and concluded on 25 March 2012.
Qualification
The tournament featured teams from the top three levels of the football pyramid. These three levels and 9 leagues, namely the TT Pro League, National Super League, Central FA's Premier Division, Eastern FA's Premier Division, Eastern Counties' Football Union, Northern FA's Premier Division, Southern FA's Premier Division, Tobago FA's Premier Division, and the Secondary School Football League each have their own separate qualification process to trim their ranks down to their final team delegations.
All eight teams from the TT Pro League entered the competition. The top six following the 2011 National Super League season also met qualification. In addition, the six regional football associations were awarded three qualification positions. For the first time in the competition, four teams qualified from the Secondary Schools Football League.
The following clubs qualified for the 82nd edition of the FA Trophy:
Schedule
The schedule for the 2011–12 FA Trophy, as announced by the Trinidad and Tobago Football Association:
Results
All matches were played over two 45 minute halves, and in the process if the match were drawn at the end of regulation time, then two additional 15-minute halves were used, and if necessary, penalty kicks if still drawn after extra time.
First round
The draw for the most prestigious knockout tournament held by the Trinidad and Tobago Football Association was made on 20 January 2012 at its head office in Port of Spain, Trinidad with ties played in the week beginning 23 January 2012. As a result of the random draw, two TT Pro League clubs were drawn into the first round of the competition with Caledonia AIA facing Uprising Youths and Defence Force squaring off with St. Anthony's College. However, both clubs progressed into the second round with the Morvant/Laventille Stallions recording a 4–1 victory and the Teteron Boys narrowly defeating the Secondary Schools Football League team 3–2.
Second round
The draw for the second round took place on 31 January 2012 and involved the four winning teams from the first round and the remaining 28 teams that received byes into the second round. These were from the following levels:
8 from Level 1 (TT Pro League)
6 from Level 2 (National Super League)
15 from Level 3 (Regional Football Association Leagues)
3 from the Secondary Schools Football League
Matches in the second round were played in the week commencing 5 February 2012. The TT Pro League clubs progressed into the third round draw with relative ease. Michael Edwards of Defence Force recorded five goals in a rout over Makeking United 11–0. In addition, San Juan Jabloteh defeated El Dorado East with a 5–0 win following a hat-trick from Willis Plaza, W Connection dominated KC Perseverance by a score of 7–0, and North East Stars claimed victory over Dalthea Copious Suns 5–1. Police and St. Ann's Rangers later became the fifth and sixth Pro League teams to advance with wins over Youth Stars and WASA respectively. Caledonia AIA later joined their fellow professional clubs with a narrow 1–0 victory over 1.FC Santa Rosa. However, T&TEC became the first Pro League to fall to a giant-killer after the Electricity Boys tasted defeat 1–0 to St. Francois Nationals of the National Super League.
Third round
The draw for the third round took place on 9 February 2012 and involved the 16 winning teams from the second round. These were from the following levels:
7 from Level 1 (TT Pro League)
4 from Level 2 (National Super League)
4 from Level 3 (2 CFA Premier Division, 1 NFA Premier Division, 1 SFA Premier Division)
1 from the Secondary Schools Football League (Scarborough Secondary)
Matches in the third round were played in the week commencing 26 February 2012. Following the draw, three matches featured all-Pro League encounters with Defence Force advancing with a narrow 3–2 win over Police, Caledonia AIA upending North East Stars 4–3 on penalties after the match ended 1–1 in regulation, and W Connection eliminating the defending champions San Juan Jabloteh 1–0 with a goal from Shahdon Winchester. However, St. Ann's Rangers would not advance to the quarterfinals following a 3–1 defeat to Joe Public from the National Super League. Scarborough Secondary, the lone Secondary Schools Football League team remaining in the competition, continued their deep run with a 3–1 penalty shootout victory after the match ended in a 0–0 draw with Caroni Samba to advance into the quarterfinals.
Quarterfinals
The draw for the quarterfinals took place on 6 March 2012 and involved the 8 winning teams from the third round. The lowest ranked teams left in the competition were OJ's Soldado All-Stars of the Southern FA Premier Division, the third tier of Trinidad and Tobago football, and Scarborough Secondary of the Secondary Schools Football League. The eight remaining teams were from the following levels:
3 from Level 1 (TT Pro League)
3 from Level 2 (National Super League)
1 from Level 3 (OJ's Soldado All-Stars of the Southern FA Premier Division)
1 from the Secondary Schools Football League (Scarborough Secondary)
Matches in the quarterfinals were played on 11 March 2012. Caledonia AIA used goals from Devorn Jorsling and Ataullah Guerra to defeat Joe Public 2–0 and advance to the semifinal round. In addition, W Connection ended the cinderella run of Scarborough Secondary following a dominant 5–0 win with Hashim Arcia recording a hat-trick. Defence Force also easily advanced to the semifinals with a 5–0 triumph over St. Francois Nationals. In the only match involving teams outside the top flight, WASA from the National Super League defeated OJ's Soldado All-Stars 3–1.
Semifinals
The draw for the semifinals took place on 14 March 2012. The four remaining teams consisted of three clubs from the Pro League (1) which included Caledonia AIA, Defence Force, and W Connection. The other remaining team was WASA of the National Super League (2). Both semifinal matches took place at Manny Ramjohn Stadium on 18 March 2012.
On 18 March 2012 at the Manny Ramjohn Stadium, W Connection lost to Caledonia AIA 1–0 with a goal from Ataullah Guerra in the 35th minute to propel the Morvant/Laventille Stallions into the final. In the other semifinal match, Defence Force used first-half goals from Josimar Belgrave and Sean Narcis to defeat WASA 3–2.
Final
The final was played at Manny Ramjohn Stadium in Marabella, Trinidad on 25 March 2012. The match was decided between Caledonia AIA, who defeated W Connection 1–0 in the second semifinal match, and Defence Force who ended the giant-killing of WASA from the National Super League by a score of 3–2 in the other semifinal. Caledonia AIA raised the Trophy for the second time in their club's history (2008) after former soldier and striker Devorn Jorsling scored for the Morvant/Laventille Stallions against his former club, Defence Force, in the 81st minute to secure a hard fought 1–0 victory. The leading goal scorer of the tournament was jointly held by Michael Edwards of Defence Force and Andrew London of Club Sando. Edwards recorded five goals in a second round win over Mafeking United, whereas Andrew London scored four goals in the first round and followed with another goal in the third round.
References
External links
Official Website
Trinidad and Tobago Cup
Trinidad and Tobago Cup
Cup |
Adrien Demuth (born 14 April 1991) is a French chess grandmaster.
Chess career
Born in 1991, Demuth earned his international master title in 2011 and his grandmaster title in 2015. He is the No. 14 ranked French player as of March 2018.
References
External links
1991 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
French chess players
Sportspeople from Saint-Denis, Réunion
Sportsmen from Réunion
21st-century French people |
Josh Eilert (born December 2, 1983) is an American college basketball coach and is currently the interim head coach of the West Virginia Mountaineers in the Big 12 Conference.
Playing career
Eilert started his playing career at Cloud County Community College where he earned academic All-America honors as a sophomore, where he also averaged six points and five rebounds. Eilert would then walk on to Kansas State. In his time with Kansas State, Eilert played in eight games, where he totalled two points, four rebounds, and a block.
Coaching career
Eilert started his coaching career at Kansas State where he was a graduate assistant for three years. After that Eilert would head to West Virginia as the team's Video Coordinator where he would serve for seven years. He would the be promoted to Director of Basketball Operations, a position he would hold for ten years. After that Eilert would be promoted to Assistant Athletics Director for Basketball Operations for one year. Eilert would then get his first assistant coaching job as he would again be promoted by West Virginia, this time to be an assistant coach. Then on June 24 2023, Eilert would be promoted to be Mountaineers interim head coach after former coach Bob Huggins resigned.
References
1983 births
Living people
Basketball coaches from Kansas
Basketball players from Kansas
Cloud County Thunderbirds basketball
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Junior college men's basketball players in the United States
Kansas State Wildcats men's basketball players
Kansas State Wildcats men's basketball coaches
West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball coaches |
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell is the third release by American metalcore band A Plea for Purging. It was engineered and produced by Joey Sturgis and mixed and mastered by Brian Hood. This was the last album with guitarist Tyler Wilson.
Track listing
Critical reception
The NewReview gave the album a perfect 5 out of 5 and states "Quite simply, this is a record steeped in heart-racing psychedelic, bleak melodies, and wound together by an aching atmosphere and captivating concept, which proves The Marriage of Heaven and Hell to be the group's most impressive outing yet."
Sound In The Signals Magazine also gave the album a positive review stating:
"Overall, I'd say this is a good release from a genre that has been bled dry with copycats and dull ideas. Not the most original album you'll hear this year, but a fine addition to your metal library if you like this kind of thing. It should fit well between Norma Jean's O God, the Aftermath and The Chariot Wars and Rumors of Wars."
Jesusfreakhideout.com gave the album 4 stars out of 5, praising the band's "more mature and complete sound"; also stating that "the [general] song structure is more chaotic and dissonant, which is exactly where this band should be musically". The review also noted the band's use of clean vocals in some of the tracks as a significant "surprising... new development".
Personnel
A Plea for Purging
Andy Atkins – vocals
Blake Martin – lead guitar, clean vocals
Tyler Wilson – rhythm guitar
John Wand – bass
Aaron Eckermann – drums, percussion
Production
Produced by Joey Sturgis at The Foundation recording studio in Connersville, Indiana.
Mixed and Mastered by Brian Hood at 456 Recordings
Artwork by Dave Quiggle
Additional Musicians
Nate Click on track 6
References
Facedown Records albums
2010 albums
A Plea for Purging albums
Albums produced by Joey Sturgis |
The gens Iasdia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens appear in history, but a few are known from inscriptions. They were briefly prominent during the first half of the third century.
Members
(Gaius?) Iasdius Domitianus, having held numerous offices, including those of curule aedile, quaestor of Achaia, praetor, legate of the Legio XIV Gemina, governor of Pannonia Inferior, and governor of Roman Dacia from circa AD 222 to 235. He was buried at Rome about 238 or 239, with a monument dedicated by his sons, Iasdius Domitianus and Iasdius Honoratianus.
Iasdius Domitianus, son of the governor Domitianus, joined with his brother, Honoratianus, in dedicating a monument at Rome for their father.
Lucius Iasdius Aemilianus Honoriatianus, together with his brother, Domitianus, dedicated a monument at Rome to their father, the governor Iasdius Domitianus. He was tribune of the plebs in AD 240, and is recorded as magister of the Arval Brethren in 241.
See also
List of Roman gentes
References
Bibliography
Theodor Mommsen et alii, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated CIL), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present).
René Cagnat et alii, L'Année épigraphique (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated AE), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present).
Paul von Rohden, Elimar Klebs, & Hermann Dessau, Prosopographia Imperii Romani (The Prosopography of the Roman Empire, abbreviated PIR), Berlin (1898).
Roman gentes |
Nariman Jamshedji "Nari" Contractor (born 7 March 1934) is a former Indian cricket player, who was a left-handed opening batsman. Contractor made his debut in 1955 and played till 1962 when his professional career ended after a serious injury. He was the youngest Indian captain at the age of 26. In 2007, he received the C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award, the highest honour Indian board can bestow on a former player.
Cricket career
Contractor began his first-class career, playing for the Gujarat. The captain of Gujarat Phiroz Khambata saw how Nari played in the selection trial matches for MCA's Silver Jubilee matches in 1955. He did well in the trials and expected to be selected for the matches against Pakistan Services & Bhawalpur Cricket Association. He got to the team because Captain Kambatha had dropped out. Contractor scored hundreds in both innings of his debut, becoming the second man after Arthur Morris to do so.
Later he was chosen to play for India. Nari became an opener after one of the players Vinoo Mankad couldn't take part in a Test match against New Zealand at Delhi in 1955. Later he became an Indian captain.
At Lord's in 1959, he broke two ribs in the first innings by Brian Statham, despite which he scored 81. Later in the year, his 74 in the second innings at Kanpur was crucial in India winning its first Test against Australia. This innings ended when he pulled Alan Davidson, who was bowling left-arm spin at the time. Neil Harvey at short leg ducked and turned, but the ball got stuck between his legs.
Injury and consequences
Contractor led India to a series win against England in 1961–62 and captained the side to Caribbean the same season. After two Tests, Indian team traveled to Barbados. There, in a tour match against Barbados at the Kensington Oval in Bridgetown, in March 1962, he was on 2 not out while opening the batting with Dilip Sardesai during his side's first innings, when his attention was for a moment distracted as he faced Charlie Griffith in the fourth ball of the second over. He saw somebody open a window in the pavilion, and consequently was unable to concentrate on the ball following its delivery by Griffith, seeing the ball "just inches away before it hit" him. Contractor took a blow at the back of his skull fracturing it. A blood clot had developed inside his skull and pressing against the brain paralyzing him from the waist down. Two surgeries were performed to remove the clot. Requiring blood transfusion for the purpose, the West Indies captain Frank Worrell donated blood, alongside Contractor's teammates Chandu Borde, Bapu Nadkarni and Polly Umrigar. Contractor's life was saved but his international career was abruptly ended as a result. Mansoor Ali Khan of Pataudi took over the captaincy from the third test. In a recent interview, Contractor mentioned as his only regret that he wanted to play just one Test after the injury, but people did not want him to.
At the time Contractor was seriously injured, cricket batsmen did not wear helmets. They do now.
During his playing days, Contractor was considered a glamour boy of Indian cricket. In an interview with Simi Garewal in 1999, former Tamil Nadu chief minister Jayalalithaa stated that as a schoolgirl she had a crush on Contractor.
Present time
Nari Contractor belongs to the Parsi community. Contractor now lives in Mumbai where he coaches at the Cricket Club of India Academy. He received the C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award in 2007.
References
External links
"I would love to play the IPL": Nari Contractor Interview in 2012
"Simi Gatewal Rendezvous with Jayalalithaa"
1934 births
Living people
Gujarat cricketers
India Test cricket captains
India Test cricketers
Indian cricketers
Railways cricketers
Indian Universities cricketers
West Zone cricketers
North Zone cricketers
Parsi people
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
Indian cricket coaches
Indian cricket administrators
Cricketers from Gujarat
People from Panchmahal district |
```objective-c
/*
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY APPLE COMPUTER, INC. ``AS IS'' AND ANY
* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
* PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL APPLE COMPUTER, INC. OR
* CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
* EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
* PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
* PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY
* OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
* OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
#ifndef Int32Array_h
#define Int32Array_h
#include "wtf/IntegralTypedArrayBase.h"
namespace WTF {
class Int32Array final : public IntegralTypedArrayBase<int> {
public:
static inline PassRefPtr<Int32Array> create(unsigned length);
static inline PassRefPtr<Int32Array> create(const int* array, unsigned length);
static inline PassRefPtr<Int32Array> create(PassRefPtr<ArrayBuffer>, unsigned byteOffset, unsigned length);
using TypedArrayBase<int>::set;
using IntegralTypedArrayBase<int>::set;
ViewType type() const override
{
return TypeInt32;
}
private:
inline Int32Array(PassRefPtr<ArrayBuffer>,
unsigned byteOffset,
unsigned length);
// Make constructor visible to superclass.
friend class TypedArrayBase<int>;
};
PassRefPtr<Int32Array> Int32Array::create(unsigned length)
{
return TypedArrayBase<int>::create<Int32Array>(length);
}
PassRefPtr<Int32Array> Int32Array::create(const int* array, unsigned length)
{
return TypedArrayBase<int>::create<Int32Array>(array, length);
}
PassRefPtr<Int32Array> Int32Array::create(PassRefPtr<ArrayBuffer> buffer, unsigned byteOffset, unsigned length)
{
return TypedArrayBase<int>::create<Int32Array>(buffer, byteOffset, length);
}
Int32Array::Int32Array(PassRefPtr<ArrayBuffer> buffer, unsigned byteOffset, unsigned length)
: IntegralTypedArrayBase<int>(buffer, byteOffset, length)
{
}
} // namespace WTF
using WTF::Int32Array;
#endif // Int32Array_h
``` |
His excellency King Patrick Ramaano Mphephu ( 1924 – 17 April 1988) was the first president of the bantustan of Venda, which was granted nominal independence from South Africa on 13 September 1979.
Mphephu was born in Dzanani settlement and after graduating from high school worked for the Johannesburg City Council. A paramount chief of the Venda people, he was appointed Chairman of the Ramabulana Regional Authority in 1959, Chief Counsellor of the Venda Legislative Assembly on 1 June 1971 and Chief Minister of the two discontiguous territories on 1 February 1973 when South Africa first implemented the black homeland policy. Mphephu was reelected in elections in August 1973 and his title changed to president upon independence. As president, he was also leader of the Venda National Party, the only recognized political party in the new state. Mphephu died in office and was replaced by his finance minister, Chief Frank Ravele.
References
1920s births
1988 deaths
Presidents of Venda
Heads of state of Venda
People from Makhado Local Municipality
South African Venda people |
Daisy Town (also known as Lucky Luke) is a 1971 French-Belgian film based upon the comic book character Lucky Luke and making it his first animated appearance. A Lucky Luke comic based on the film, with the title Daisy Town was released in 1982, drawn by Pascal Dabère.
Plot
Crossing the plains, a wagon train comes across a solitary daisy growing out of the vast wasteland. The leader of the expedition decides that the rest of their party will set up their new town on the site. In honor of the flower, the citizens name the new homestead, 'Daisy Town'. However, no sooner is the town finished, then it begins to attract all manner of trouble-makers and desperadoes.
One day, Lucky Luke comes riding into town astride his horse, Jolly Jumper. After taking care of most of the trouble in the saloon, Luke is assailed on his way to find quarters for the night. However, every single outlaw is taken care of by Luke. These actions don't go unnoticed by the townsfolk. The next morning, The mayor and several more townsfolk go to meet with Luke, asking him if he would accept the position of Sheriff of Daisy Town. Luke replies with one word: "Yep".
It looks like peace has returned until word comes that the Dalton Brothers are in the vicinity. The Daltons begin robbing stores and even blow up the local hotel. Luke tries to incite the townsfolk to stop them, but most are apt to just let the Daltons have their way. This causes Luke to renounce being the town's sheriff.
The Daltons decide to run for major positions in the town. Joe Dalton decides to run for mayor, William Dalton for judge, and Jack Dalton for sheriff. When Averell Dalton asks what position he can run for, the others decide to simply make him their campaign manager. Luke uses this to his advantage and turns Averell against his brothers. The four brothers begin fighting each other and voting is called off.
The Daltons are tarred and feathered, and run out of town. Some distance off, they are accosted by some Indians, and taken captive. In a scheme to get free, Joe Dalton tells the chief of the tribe that the settlers coming across the land will mean the end of the prairie. His words end up inciting the chief to declare war on Daisy Town.
Lucky Luke manages to view the tribe's preparations for war and alerts the townsfolk. Luke works out a plan to make the Indians believe the settlers are abandoning the town but will load the conestoga wagons with armed men. The plan works, and the Indians try to attack. Luke calls for the wagons to circle, and then orders them to all turnaround. This strange spectacle happens several more times. The chief becomes dizzy from the constant turning around and calls for a pow-wow.
A peace treaty is instituted and everyone celebrates. The Mayor toasts Luke's work, proclaiming Daisy Town's bright future. However, no sooner has this toast been made, than a man runs into town shouting that gold has been found in the hills. With that news, all the inhabitants abandon Daisy Town, which quickly takes on the look of a ghost town. Before he leaves, Lucky Luke plucks the daisy at the base of the town's sign, putting it into Jolly Jumper's mane. The town's sign falls over into the dust, as Luke rides off into the sunset.
Production
The film is based on the series of comic books by Morris which was first published in 1946, this 1971 animated feature follows an original plot, but incorporates many characters and elements from previously published books. An adaptation of the film itself was finally published as a Lucky Luke album in 1983. Furthermore, a live-action version directed by and starring Terence Hill was released theatrically in some European countries in 1991. This served as the pilot to a short-lived live-action TV series, which used Daisy Town as the backdrop for most of its action.
In the Spanish language version, the story is not narrated by the horse unlike the original French.
For the English version, Canadian actor Rich Little voiced all the characters, using celebrity impersonations (Gary Cooper for Lucky Luke, James Stewart for the narrator, Boris Karloff for the undertaker Mathias Bones, etc.)
Published versions
There are several books based on this film.
In 1971, with the release of the film, a large-format book was published by Dargaud Éditeur, entitled Histoire d'un dessin animé - Lucky Luke. The book is made up of the story of the film illustrated by photos of the film. This story is followed in the same publication by a succession of all the stages in the construction of the cartoon in the cinema.
In 1972, Éditions PEG, offered by the TOTAL network, published the illustrated story of the film (not the same as in the previous book) entitled Lucky Luke - Daisy town.
In 1983, Daisy Town, a comic book retranscribed from the film, drawn by Pascal Dabère (from the Studio Dargaud), was released. This book has the usual album format and is part of the standard collection (T20 at Dargaud).
Album references
Although the plot was not based on any of the previously released Lucky Luke albums, almost every character and every incident in the film is a reference to the albums. For example, the idea of the Dalton Brothers trying to take over the town by becoming sheriff, judge, etc., is based on Lucky Luke contre Joss Jamon. The burgomeister is based on Herbert Hoofer from Le Pied-tendre and the barman is based on George le Barman from the same album.
Cast
Additional Voices
Jacques Bodoin
André Legal
Jacques Hilling
Denise Bosc
References
External links
1971 Western (genre) films
1971 animated films
1971 films
1970s French animated films
Belgian animated films
Animated films based on Belgian comics
French animated feature films
French Western (genre) films
Lucky Luke films
Lucky Luke albums
Belgian children's films
French children's films
Films directed by René Goscinny
Films adapted into comics
Western (genre) animated films
Films with screenplays by René Goscinny
Films produced by René Goscinny
Films with screenplays by Morris (cartoonist)
Films with screenplays by Pierre Tchernia
Films scored by Claude Bolling
1970s French-language films
French-language Belgian films |
Van Ness may refer to:
People
Bethann Beall Faris Van Ness (1902–1993), American writer, YWCA executive
Cornelius P. Van Ness (1782–1852), Governor of Vermont, judge and diplomat
Frederick Van Ness Bradley (1898–1947), U.S. Representative from Michigan
George Van Ness Lothrop (1817–1897), Michigan politician
James Van Ness (1808–1872), son of Cornelius P. Van Ness, Mayor of San Francisco (1855–1856)
John Peter Van Ness (1769–1846), U.S. Representative from New York and Mayor of Washington, D.C. (1830–1834)
Jonathan Van Ness (born 1987), American television personality
Lukas Van Ness (born 2001), American football player
Marcia Van Ness (1782–1832), American socialite
Michael E. Van Ness (born 1974), American astronomer at the Lowell Observatory and discoverer of comets
Philip van Ness Myers (1846–1937), American historian
William P. Van Ness (1778–1826), United States District Judge
Places
Van Ness–UDC station, a subway station in Washington, D.C.
Forest Hills (Washington, D.C.), frequently referred to as "Van Ness", served by the Van Ness–UDC metro station
Van Ness Avenue in San Francisco, California, named for James Van Ness
Van Ness Bus Rapid Transit, a transit project on Van Ness Avenue
Van Ness station a subway station on Van Ness Avenue
Van Ness Avenue Elementary School, Los Angeles
Van Ness Mausoleum, Washington, D.C., constructed for the wife of John Peter Van Ness
Other
Van Ness' Regiment of Militia, a New York unit in the American Revolutionary War
See also
Van Nes, a Dutch surname
Vanness Wu (b. 1978), Taiwanese-American actor and singer
Carol Vaness (b. 1952), American soprano
Vannes (disambiguation)
Van (disambiguation)
Ness (disambiguation) |
KFST may refer to:
KFST-FM, a radio station (94.3 FM) in Fort Stockton, Texas, United States
KFST (AM), a radio station (860 AM) in Fort Stockton, Texas, United States |
The Rennsteig Cycle Path () follows for 195 km the Rennsteig trail that has existed at least since the Middle Ages as a courier and trade route. Most of this long distance cycle path is carefully ballasted, although parts of it also run along quiet country lanes. On the crest of the Thuringian Highland the cycle path is identical for long stretches with the hiking trail of the same name, but departs from it in places so that steep inclines can be avoided. It starts at Hörschel west of Eisenach and ends in Blankenstein by the River Saale.
Literature
Rennsteig Radwanderweg, 1 : 50 000, Verlag grünes herz.
Radwanderkarte Rennsteig-Radwanderweg, 1 : 50 000, Publicpress-Verlag,
External links
http://www.rennsteig.net/radwandern/radinfo.htm
Detailed route description of the Rennsteig Cycle Path with height and route profiles
Cycleways in Germany
Transport in Thuringia |
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1990.
Events
March – Anton Chekhov's play Three Sisters opens at the Gate Theatre in Dublin with locally born Sinéad, Sorcha and Niamh Cusack in the title rôles and their father Cyril Cusack as Dr. Chebutykin.
March 20 – Stephen Blumberg is arrested for stealing more than 23,600 books in North America.
May 24 – Alicia Girón García is the first woman to become director of the Biblioteca Nacional de España.
c. June – J. K. Rowling has the idea for Harry Potter while on a train from Manchester to London: "I was staring out the window, and the idea for Harry just came. He appeared in my mind's eye, very fully formed. The basic idea was for a boy who didn't know what he was." She begins writing Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, which will be completed in 1995 and published in 1997.
October – Nicci Gerrard marries Sean French in the London Borough of Hackney, to make up a writing team known as Nicci French.
Uncertain date – Austrian writer Ernest Bornemann is awarded the first Magnus Hirschfeld Medal for sexual research.
New books
Fiction
Felipe Alfau – Chromos (completed 1948)
Iain M. Banks – Use of Weapons
Greg Bear – Heads and Queen of Angels
Thomas Berger – Orrie's Story
Louis de Bernières – The War of Don Emmanuel's Nether Parts
William Boyd – Brazzaville Beach
Ray Bradbury – A Graveyard for Lunatics
John Bradshaw – Homecoming
A.S. Byatt – Possession (1990 Booker Prize winner)
Tom Clancy – Clear and Present Danger
Hugh Cook – The Wazir and the Witch and The Wishstone and the Wonderworkers
Bernard Cornwell – Sharpe's Waterloo and Crackdown
Michael Crichton – Jurassic Park
Jim Dodge – Stone Junction
Roddy Doyle – The Snapper
Dominick Dunne – An Inconvenient Woman
James Ellroy – L.A. Confidential
Neil Gaiman – The Sandman: The Doll's House (graphic novel; volume 2 of The Sandman series)
Neil Gaiman and Terry Pratchett – Good Omens
John Kenneth Galbraith – A Tenured Professor
John Gardner – Brokenclaw
Elizabeth George – Well-Schooled in Murder
Andrew Greeley – The Cardinal Virtues
Peter Høeg – Tales of the Night (Fortællinger om Natten)
Elizabeth Jane Howard – The Light Years, first of the Cazalet series
Robert E. Howard, L. Sprague de Camp and Lin Carter – The Conan Chronicles 2
Marsha Hunt – Joy
Monica Hughes – Invitation to the Game
P. D. James – Devices and Desires
Charles Johnson – Middle Passage (1990 National Book Award for Fiction)
Robert Jordan – The Eye of the World
Jamaica Kincaid – Lucy
Stephen King – Four Past Midnight and The Stand ("The Complete & Uncut Edition")
Hanif Kureishi – The Buddha of Suburbia
Joe R Lansdale – Savage Season
Elmore Leonard – Get Shorty
Robert Ludlum – The Bourne Ultimatum
Ian McEwan – The Innocent
Patrick McGrath – Spider
Alan Moore and David Lloyd – V for Vendetta (graphic novel)
Brian Moore – Lies of Silence
Alice Munro – Friend of My Youth (short stories)
Tim O'Brien – The Things They Carried
Orhan Pamuk – The Black Book
Robert B. Parker – Stardust
Rosamund Pilcher – September
Belva Plain – Harvest
Terry Pratchett – Eric and Moving Pictures
Thomas Pynchon – Vineland
W. G. Sebald – Vertigo (Schwindel. Gefühle)
Lucius Shepard – The Ends of the Earth
Danielle Steel – Message From Nam
James Tiptree, Jr. – Her Smoke Rose Up Forever
Christopher Tolkien (with J. R. R. Tolkien (d. 1973) and Alan Lee (illustrator)) – The War of the Ring (The History of The Lord of the Rings vol. 3; The History of Middle-earth vol. 8)
Scott Turow – The Burden of Proof
John Updike – Rabbit at Rest (1990 National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction; 1991 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)
Andrew Vachss – Blossom
Kurt Vonnegut – Hocus Pocus
Harry L. Watson – Liberty and Power
John Edgar Wideman – Philadelphia Fire (1991 PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction)
Banana Yoshimoto – Amrita
Children and young people
Chris Van Allsburg – Just a Dream
Avi – The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle
Lucy Cousins – Maisy Goes for a Swim (first in the Maisy Mouse series)
Gillian Cross – Wolf
Lynley Dodd - Slinky Malinki
Rumer Godden – Fu-Dog
Ken Kesey – Little Tricker the Squirrel Meets Big Double the Bear
Jean Marzollo – Pretend You're a Cat
Terenci Moix – Los Grandes Mitos del Cine (The Greatest Stories of Hollywood Cinema)
Inga Moore – Six-dinner Sid
Jim Murphy – The Boys' War: Confederate and Union soldiers talk about the Civil War
Bill Peet – Cock-a-doodle Dudley
Salman Rushdie – Haroun and the Sea of Stories
Dr. Seuss – Oh, the Places You'll Go
Diane Stanley – Good Queen Bess: The Story of Elizabeth I of England
Jacqueline Wilson – Glubbslyme (fantasy novel)
Drama
Brian Friel – Dancing at Lughnasa
Declan Hughes – I Can't Get Started
John Guare – Six Degrees of Separation
Girish Karnad – Taledanda (Kannada: ತಲೆದಂಡ, Death by Beheading)
Peter Shaffer – Lettice and Lovage
Poetry
Derek Walcott – Omeros
Non-fiction
Douglas Adams and Mark Carwardine – Last Chance to See
Bill Bryson – The Mother Tongue: English and How It Got That Way
Judith Butler – Gender Trouble
Cheikh Anta Diop – Alerte sous les tropiques: articles 1946–1960: culture et développement en Afrique noire (translated as Towards the African Renaissance: essays in African culture & development, 1946–1960)
Dougal Dixon – Man After Man: An Anthropology of the Future
Lawrence Durrell – Caesar's Vast Ghost: Aspects of Provence
Arun Shourie and Sita Ram Goel – Hindu Temples: What Happened to Them
Ryszard Kapuscinski – The Soccer War
Pierre Lévêque – The Birth of Greece
Michael Lynch – Scotland: A New History
Susan Mayse – Ginger: The Life and Death of Albert Goodwin
James A. Michener – Pilgrimage
Raphael Patai – The Hebrew Goddess
Ronald Reagan – An American Life
Barry Siegel – A Death in White Bear Lake
Gary Snyder – The Practice of the Wild
Hans-Jürgen Syberberg – On the Fortunes and Misfortunes of Art in Post-War Germany (Vom Unglück und Glück der Kunst in Deutschland nach dem letzten Kriege)
Births
March 29 – Kiran Millwood Hargrave, English poet, playwright and novelist
July 27 - Victoria Aveyard, American young-adult novelist
Mohamed Mbougar Sarr, Senegalese francophone fiction writer
Deaths
January 24 – Leon Kalustian, Romanian journalist, essayist and memoirist (born 1908)
February 27 – Alexandru Rosetti, Romanian linguist, editor and memoirist (burns, born 1895)
May 10 – Walker Percy, American novelist (born 1916)
May 25 – Lucy M. Boston, English children's novelist (born 1892)
July 15 – Zaim Topčić, Yugoslav and Bosnian writer (born 1920)
July 22 – Manuel Puig, Argentine novelist (heart attack, born 1932)
August 25 – Morley Callaghan, Canadian novelist, playwright and broadcasting personality (born 1903)
September 8 – Denys Watkins-Pitchford, English children's writer (born 1905)
September 26 – Alberto Moravia, Italian novelist and journalist (born 1907)
September 27 – Ion Biberi, Romanian social scientist, novelist, and essayist (born 1904)
September 30 – Patrick White, Australian novelist (born 1912)
October 23 – Louis Althusser, French Marxist philosopher (heart attack, born 1918)
November 7 – Lawrence Durrell, English novelist, dramatist, and travel writer (born 1912)
November 8 – Anya Seton, American genre novelist (born 1904)
November 23 – Roald Dahl, Welsh-born children's author (myelodysplastic syndrome, born 1916)
November 24 – Dodie Smith, English novelist and dramatist (born 1899)
December 1 – Irma Chilton, Welsh children's writer in Welsh and English (born 1930)
December 7 – Reinaldo Arenas, Cuban poet, novelist, and playwright (suicide, born 1943)
December 11 – David Turner, English dramatist (born 1927)
December 14 – Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Swiss dramatist (congestive heart failure, born 1921)
December 20 – Andrea Dunbar, English playwright (born 1961)
Uncertain date
Clare Hoskyns-Abrahall, English biographer and children's writer (born 1900)
Awards
Nobel Prize for Literature: Octavio Paz
Europe Theatre Prize: Giorgio Strehler
Camões Prize: João Cabral de Melo Neto
Australia
The Australian/Vogel Literary Award: Gillian Mears, The Mint Lawn
C. J. Dennis Prize for Poetry: Robert Adamson, The Clean Dark
Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry: Robert Adamson, The Clean Dark
Mary Gilmore Prize: Kristopher Rassemussen, In the Name of the Father
Miles Franklin Award: Tom Flood, Oceana Fine
Canada
See 1990 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.
France
Prix Goncourt: Jean Rouaud, Les Champs d'honneur
Prix Décembre: François Maspero, Les Passagers du Roissy–Express
Prix Médicis French: Les Quartiers d'hiver – Jean-Noël Pancrazi
Prix Médicis International: Amitav Ghosh, Les Feux du Bengale
United Kingdom
Booker Prize: A. S. Byatt, Possession: A Romance
Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Gillian Cross, Wolf
Cholmondeley Award: Kingsley Amis, Elaine Feinstein, Michael O'Neill
Eric Gregory Award: Nicholas Drake, Maggie Hannan, William Park, Jonathan Davidson, Lavinia Greenlaw, Don Paterson, John Wells
James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: William Boyd, Brazzaville Beach
James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Claire Tomalin, The Invisible Woman: The Story of Nelly Ternan and Charles Dickens
Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: Sorley Maclean
Whitbread Best Book Award: Nicholas Mosley, Hopeful Monsters
The Sunday Express Book of the Year: J. M. Coetzee, Age of Iron
United States
Agnes Lynch Starrett Poetry Prize: Debra Allbery, Walking Distance
Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry: W. S. Merwin
Bernard F. Connors Prize for Poetry: Christopher Logue, Kings
Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry: James Merrill, The Inner Room
Caldecott Award: Ed Young, Lon Po Po: A Red–Riding Hood Story from China
Compton Crook Award: Josepha Sherman, The Shining Falcon
Frost Medal: Denise Levertov / James Laughlin
Hugo Award for Best Novel: Dan Simmons for Hyperion
National Book Award for Fiction: Charles Johnson for Middle Passage
Nebula Award: Ursula K. Le Guin, Tehanu: The Last Book of Earthsea
Newbery Medal for children's literature: Lois Lowry, Number the Stars
Pulitzer Prize for Drama: August Wilson, The Piano Lesson
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: Oscar Hijuelos for The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love
Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Charles Simic: The World Doesn't End
Whiting Awards:
Fiction: Yannick Murphy, Lawrence Naumoff, Mark Richard, Christopher Tilghman, Stephen Wright
Nonfiction: Harriet Ritvo, Amy Wilentz
Plays: Tony Kushner
Poetry: Emily Hiestand, Dennis Nurkse
Elsewhere
Premio Nadal, Juan José Millás, La soledad era esto
References
Years of the 20th century in literature |
Less than Zero may refer to:
Written works
Less than Zero (novel), a 1985 novel by Bret Easton Ellis
Television and film
Less than Zero (film), a 1987 film directed by Marek Kanievska based on the novel
Less than Zero, a 2018 television series adaptation of the novel produced by Hulu
Songs and albums
"Less than Zero" (Elvis Costello song), a 1977 song by Elvis Costello
"Less than Zero" (The Weeknd song), a 2022 song by the Weeknd
Less than Zero (soundtrack), the soundtrack to the 1987 film
Less than Zero, a 2005 album by LA Symphony
Other meanings
Any negative number
See also
Below Zero (disambiguation) |
George Grimson (October 1915 - 14 April 1944) was a bomber crewman serving in RAF Bomber Command during the Second World War. He was shot down, captured and subsequently imprisoned in a succession of prisoner of war camps in Germany before escaping and forming a network which assisted fellow escapers. Grimson remained on the run in the Third Reich, hunted by the Gestapo, but eventually disappeared probably having been captured and murdered by the SS in or after mid-April 1944 in the Danzig area.
Early life
Grimson was born in Putney, south-west London in October 1915, the son of plumber William John Grimson and his wife Rebecca. The family lived in Bendemeer Road in Putney until 1930 when they moved to Gladwyn Road. He had two older brothers William John and Frederick, a sister Lilian and a younger brother Walter. Grimson abandoned his architectural studies to join the RAF in early 1938, in order to help support his mother and siblings after their father died in 1937.
Royal Air Force service
Grimson trained at RAF Uxbridge and trained as aircrew to fly as a wireless operator/air gunner. After completing training he was posted to No. 37 Squadron RAF and commenced flying operational sorties in Vickers Wellington bombers at the outbreak of war.
Prisoner of War
George Grimson was the wireless operator aboard a No. 37 Squadron RAF Vickers Wellington (serial number "L7792") squadron codes "LF-L" which was shot down by anti-aircraft flak on 15 July 1940 during a raid on barges in the dockyards of the German port of Hamburg by the anti-aircraft defences over Bremen. He was one of only two survivors who baled out before the bomber exploded.
Allocated prisoner of war number 134, Grimson passed through Luftwaffe interrogation centre Dulag Luft, before being sent to Stalag Luft I at Barth, Stalag VIIIb, Lamsdorf and back to Barth before finally being sent to Stalag Luft III.
Escaper
At Barth, Grimson escaped with a number of other prisoners while being used to bring the harvest in. Unlike his later more sophisticated escapes Grimson simply kicked his German guard in the backside and ran, but he was quickly recaptured. He started to learn to speak German and collate information which would aid his next attempt. Grimson began to work on relationships with any Germans who he felt might be able to supply something which could help him. Grimson assisted with another escape from Stalag Luft I Barth in which he dressed as a German guard to assist another prisoner, Tubby Dixon, to escape by digging a drainage trench under the wire. The attempt failed when a real guard was waiting outside the wire to recapture him.
In September 1942 Grimson made his first solo escape attempt when he noticed that the German in charge of the stores where he helped out, looked very similar to himself. Grimson stole the German corporal's pay book and camp pass and smuggled them into the camp for the prisoner's forgery department to quickly copy them so he could get them replaced before the soldier noticed. A copy of a German fatigue uniform was made for him with German badges, a leather belt and a pistol holder made from cardboard stained brown with boot polish. An RAF cap was adjusted to resemble the German version to complete the disguise. Dressed up he walked to the camp gate where the sentry opened the gate hardly looking at his papers and let him through reaching the outer gate the guard took a quick look at the papers and let him pass through. Grimson's pass would not let him out of the main gate until darkness so he hid for 6 hours and escaped through the gate by the officer's mess and into the woods where he changed into his civilian outfit and made straight for the railway station. His papers passed scrutiny and he then purchased a ticket to a point on his journey to the Swiss border. His papers were checked at the next stop and he was arrested and returned to prison camp.
In late December 1942, Grimson and Allan Morris walked out of the camp with a group of German servicemen but were recaptured 2 days later, when they showed more courtesy than was expected from a German Officer. The prisoner forgery department had produced the documents necessary for the escape and the German uniforms to go over their civilian clothing. Both Grimson and Morris had again noticed that they had near doubles serving as officers in the German guard company who they impersonated and both had lain in wait for 3 nights fully disguised in their German uniforms waiting for the right moment when the two clones attended the show. Outside the wire they changed into civilian clothes disguised as foreign workers, walking to Sagan station and catching a train to the outskirts of Leipzig before being caught.
In the late Spring of 1943 he made another attempt which was foiled before hatching a scheme to dress up as a guard with a fake rifle and march four prisoners out of the camp. Later he escaped again as the prisoners were being moved to Stalag Luft VI and was seen aboard the same train as the other prisoners; however, he was travelling in comfort impersonating a Gestapo agent. His plan was based on the confusion he had seen in the move to Heydekrug during which he had impersonated a German "ferret" (security search soldier). Wearing German overalls and leather belt pretending to test the boundary lighting, with a large ammeter fashioned from tins and dangling leads. Whilst the prisoners were preparing to transfer he stole a ladder setting it at a point 10 feet from a guard machine gun tower, calling up to the guard in fluent German he stepped over the warning wire and used his ladder to climb up to the lights, placing a plank across the two barbed wire fence lines. He tested a few bulbs, shouting to the guard each time he had to move. Twice Grimson was questioned by patrolling guards but each time he convinced them he was looking for a broken wire. 30 minutes later he dropped some pliers just inside the outer wire and told the guards that he was going to get them and return via the gate. He slowly lowered himself down, cracked a joke with the guard and retrieved his pliers. He walked calmly down the line until slipping into the woods where he changed into his civilian outfit and made off to the railway station. Grimson changed trains and was making his way towards the Baltic to Stettin in the hope of stowing away on a ship. On his fifth day of freedom, he was arrested as he tried to board a Swedish ship.
As a prisoner in Stalag Luft VI he was involved in the Tally-Ho network, whose acquisition of German uniforms, passes and ration cards from suborned guards enabled Grimson to escape from the camp in February 1944 dressed as a German soldier.
Arriving in Danzig (Gdańsk) he renewed contact with the Polish underground and organised a courier system using Germans on the Tally-Ho payroll. He travelled extensively through north-eastern Germany maintaining contact with the camp and even on occasion returning to its vicinity. Later Grimson secured employment as a boatman in Danzig harbour in which job he was able to pass escapees onto Swedish vessels.
He assisted two of his fellow RAF NCOs to escape to England via the underground escape route that he established.
Harold Bennett quotes in his Official RAF liberation questionnaire that he was "a member of the Tally-ho club in Sagan and Heydekrug and helped to gather information and escape kit together. Spoke German. Participated in the escapes of W/O Grimson, Flockhart, Gilbert, Townsend-Coles, etc. from Stalag Luft 6 – Heydekrug. Last heard of Grimson in Danzig where he was waiting to help Leaman to get through. Source of information not reliable".
Disappearance
Grimson was supported by anti-Nazi Germans, forced labourers from German-occupied countries and a network of informants but was constantly hunted by the Gestapo agents of SS-Obersturmbannführer Dr. Günther Venediger, a price was placed on his head and wanted posters printed. He was last seen on 14 April 1944 in the Danzig area and was probably seized by the Gestapo, disappearing in captivity.
Awards
Grimson was Mentioned in Despatches posthumously in December 1947 for bravery during his escaping attempts and for his work to assist fellow escapers. There is a dedication on the forces war records dedication wall.
References
Bibliography
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
1915 births
1944 deaths
Royal Air Force personnel killed in World War II
British escapees
Extrajudicial killings in World War II
British World War II prisoners of war
People from Putney
Military personnel from London |
Kenneth Gardner Hughes (born 11 February 1954) is a Canadian politician. He served as a member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1988 to 1993. Later he was chair of Alberta Health Services from 2008 to 2011, before being elected to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in 2012. He served in the provincial cabinet first as Energy minister, then as Municipal Affairs minister until resigning on 7 April 2014 to enter the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta leadership election. Hughes withdrew his candidacy on 12 May 2014 in order to endorse the eventual winner, Jim Prentice and resigned from the legislature on 29 September 2014.
Early life
Hughes holds an undergraduate degree in agriculture from the University of Alberta. He also has a master's in public administration from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University (1981-1983) with a focus on public and corporate finance.
Federal career
Hughes represented the Alberta riding of Macleod which he won in the 1988 federal election. Hughes served one term in the 34th Canadian Parliament after which he was defeated by Grant Hill of the Reform party in the 1993 election.
Health care career
Following his departure from federal politics, Hughes was appointed as board chairman for the Headwaters Health Authority, a role he filled from 1994 to 1995. He was appointed as the founding chairman of Alberta Health Services on 15 May 2008 and served in this role until 2011.
Provincial politics
Hughes left Alberta Health Services and ran for the Progressive Conservative nomination in Calgary-West that was held after incumbent Ron Liepert announced his retirement. He was defeated by former MLA Shiraz Shariff. Controversy would ensue as the nomination results were overturned by the party due to complaints and uncited irregularities. A second nomination meeting was held, which Hughes won.
Hughes won the Calgary-West seat during the 23 April 2012 election. Hughes was appointed to Cabinet by Premier Redford to the post of Minister of Energy. Following the Cabinet shuffle in November 2013, Hughes was asked to serve as the Minister of Municipal Affairs, resigning in April 2014 to run for party leader. While he was expected to be a frontrunner, he dropped out prior to the opening of nominations due to lack of support and endorsed Jim Prentice. He resigned from the Legislature on 29 September 2014.
References
External links
Ken Hughes - Legislative Assembly Biography
1954 births
Living people
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Members of the Executive Council of Alberta
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Alberta
People from High River
Politicians from Calgary
Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta MLAs
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
21st-century Canadian politicians
University of Alberta alumni |
Konstantin Vasilyevich Akashev (; 22 October 1888 – 9 April 1931) was a Belarusian revolutionary and aviator who became the first Chief Commander of the Soviet Air Forces.
Biography
Akashev was a member of an anarcho-communist group in Kiev from a young age. Following his participation in a failed attempt to assassinate Russian Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin, Akashev went into exile from Russia in 1908, spending time in Italy and France. He completed training as a pilot at the Caproni School of Aviation, Italy in 1911. He moved to France where he gained an engineering diploma from the Higher Institute of Aviation and Mechanics in 1914, and attended the Military Aviation School in 1915.
Akashev volunteered to serve in the French air forces when the First World War broke out, but in 1915 he returned to Russia. He worked in an aircraft factory as his past activities as a revolutionary prevented him being posted to active duty. In 1917, he participated in the October Revolution in Petrograd and became Commissar of the All-Russia Collegium for Direction of the Air Forces of the Old Army, when it was founded on December 20, 1917. When the Soviet Air Force was re-organised into the "Main Directorate of the Workers and Peasants Red Air Fleet (Glavvozdukhoflot)" in May–June, 1918 Akashev was retained as Commissar, becoming the military commander in July of that year. He fought at the front during the Russian Civil War commanding the Air Flotilla of the Eastern Front's 5th Army at Kazan.
During June–December, 1919, Akashev was Chief of Aviation and Aeronautics for the Southern Front. During August–September, 1919, he commanded an air group formed to combat the cavalry of General Konstantin Mamontov that was fighting in the Soviet rear areas. He personally flew the Sikorsky Ilya Muromets, bombing the enemy cavalry.
From March, 1920-February, 1921, Akashev again served primarily as the commander of the Soviet air forces.
In 1922 Akashev attended the international aviation conferences in London and Rome, and gave expert advice on aviation for the Genoa Conference.
Akashev later served in management roles at aviation factories in Leningrad and Moscow. He was accused of spying and arrested without grounds on March 3, 1930. He was executed on September 4, 1931.
He was rehabilitated in 1956.
References
Akashev, Konstantin Vasilevich, On Air power, accessed 13 June 2010
1888 births
1931 deaths
Belarusian aviators
Belarusian revolutionaries
Old Bolsheviks
Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
Executed Soviet people from Belarus
Belarusian people executed by the Soviet Union |
Ali Mohammad Al-Hussein Ali Al-Adeeb is an Iraqi politician and a senior member of the Islamic Dawa Party. In April 2006 he was tipped by the United Iraqi Alliance as a candidate for the post of Prime Minister, after their original choice, Ibrahim Jaafari, was vetoed by the Kurdistani Alliance and Iraqi Accord Front.
Adeeb was born in Karbala in 1944 and went to secondary school in Baghdad. He obtained a degree in Literature and Education from the Baghdad University and taught Psychology.
While Saddam Hussein was the President of Iraq, Adeeb was exiled to Iran, where he headed the Teheran-based Political Bureau of the Dawa party and took the nickname "Abu Bilal". He returned to Iraq in 2003 after the invasion.
Adeeb was appointed to the committee that drafted the Constitution of Iraq in 2004, and has been a member of the Iraqi Parliament since 2005.
Sources
Profile
References
1944 births
Living people
Members of the Council of Representatives of Iraq
Politicians from Karbala
Iraqi Shia Muslims
Islamic Dawa Party politicians
Government ministers of Iraq
University of Baghdad alumni
Al-Mustansiriya University alumni |
Gerald Weissinger Chatham (February 17, 1906 – October 9, 1956) was an American lawyer, best known for acting as lead prosecutor in the Emmett Till case in 1955.
Biography
Chatham was born in Hernando, Mississippi in 1906. He attended the University of Mississippi for both his undergraduate and law degrees. At the age of 35, he became District Attorney of Tallahatchie County and would hold that station until 1955, the year that he prosecuted J.W. Milam and Roy Bryant for the murder of Emmett Till. Chatham's family claims that the pressures of the trial harmed his health and ultimately led to a fatal heart attack a year after its completion. His son, Gerald Chatham Jr., who was 11 years old at the time of the trial, would later serve two terms as district attorney in the same district as his father.
Emmett Till trial
Chatham was aided by Robert B. Smith III and James Hamilton Caldwell Jr. during the trial, which started on September 19, 1955. He understood the national attention that the case was attracting, but said that he was "not concerned with the pressure and agitation which the trial ... produced, either within or outside the state of Mississippi". Chatham arduously implored the 12 members of the all-white jury to look past prejudice to bring justice to the crime. Nevertheless, a not guilty verdict was delivered on September 23, after just 67 minutes of deliberation.
References
1906 births
1956 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
People from Hernando, Mississippi
People from Tallahatchie County, Mississippi
University of Mississippi alumni |
Handbal Club Buzău, commonly known as HC Buzău, is a men's handball team from Buzău, Romania. The club was founded in 2012 and promoted for the first time in its history in the Liga Națională at the end of the 2017–18 Divizia A season.
The club is nicknamed as The Buzău Wolves and plays its home matches in Sala Sporturilor "Romeo Iamandi" from Buzău, a sports hall with a capacity of 1,868 people.
Kits
Honours
Divizia A:
Runners-up (1): 2018
Team
Current squad
Squad for the 2023–24 season
Goalkeeper
12 Eugen Crăciunescu
16 Cristian Tcaciuc
55 Gennadiy Komok
Left Wingers
14 Ștefan Armanu
20 Andrei Bejinariu
77 Sergio Barros
Right Wingers
5 Rizea Denis
7 Ionuț Broască
73 Robert Cîțu
Line Players
6 Zamfir Dumitrana
18 Bogdan Medurić
43 Bogdan Păunescu
Left Backs
8 Petruț Cristian
11 Viacheslav Sadovyi
25 Ivan Mošić
75 Aidenas Malašinskas
Central Backs
17 Lukas Juskenas
32 Luka Mitrovic
70 Valentin Ivancenco
Right Backs
13 Andrei Gopșa
24 Mihajlo Mitić
97 Mihai Anton
Transfers
Transfers for the 2023–24 season
Joining
Gennadiy Komok (GK) (from HC Motor Zaporizhzhia)
Valentin Ivancenco (CB) (from CSM Oradea)
Aidenas Malašinskas (CB) (from MT Melsungen)
Mihajlo Mitic (RB) (from Bidasoa Irún)
Ivan Mošić (LB) (from HC Ramat HaSharon)
Leaving
Petru Stroe (CB) (?)
Aleksandar Glendža (LB) (?)
Shahoo Nosrati (RB) (to CS Universitatea Cluj-Napoca)
Eduard Iordachi (RB) (to Minaur Baia Mare) (end of loan)
References
External links
Handball clubs in Romania
Sport in Buzău
Handball clubs established in 2012
2012 establishments in Romania
Liga Națională (men's handball)
Divizia A (men's handball) |
Eudoxiu Hurmuzachi (June 18, 1845–June 10, 1931) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian jurist and politician.
Born in Cernăuți, the son of Gheorghe Hurmuzachi, he began secondary school in his native city, finishing at Brussels in 1864. He then studied law at the University of Vienna, graduating in 1868. A civil servant in the provincial administration of the Duchy of Bukovina, he served as district captain at Suceava and Cernăuți until 1891. While in the former city, he proposed restoration of the Mirăuți Church, which the Austrian government accepted after multiple requests from bishop Silvestru Morariu Andrievici. A member of the Romanian National Party, he served in the Diet of Bukovina from 1883 to 1891, and was also elected to the House of Deputies in 1891. He helped found Romanian cultural institutions, and from 1887 to 1897 was president of the Society for Romanian Literature and Culture in Bukovina. In 1904, he headed the organizing committee commemorating 400 years since the death of Stephen the Great. He died in Cernăuți.
Notes
References
Emil Satco, Alis Niculică (eds.), Enciclopedia Bucovinei, Vol. II. Suceava: Editura Karl A. Romstorfer, 2018.
1845 births
1931 deaths
Politicians from Chernivtsi
University of Vienna alumni
Ethnic Romanian politicians in Bukovina
Members of the Diet of Bukovina |
O'Donoghue's Opera is an Irish film starring Ronnie Drew and his bandmates in The Dubliners. The film is a mock opera, based on the ballad "The Night That Larry Was Stretched". It was shot in 1965, but was left uncompleted after the film's production ran into financial difficulties. In 1996 filmmaker Sé Merry Doyle of Loopline film oversaw its restoration, and it was first shown at the Dublin Film Festival in the late 1990s. Producer Seamus Byrne's first job in the film industry was on this film working with the assistant director and the art director.
References
1965 films
Irish independent films
English-language Irish films |
Yaniv Iczkovits ( born May 2, 1975) is an Israeli writer known for his novels, essays and philosophical work. His 2015 fantasy-historical adventure novel The Slaughterman's Daughter, with an unlikely assortment of Jewish characters on a quest in late 19th century Czarist Russia, has been translated into several European languages and gained critical acclaim.
Early life and education
Iczkovits was born in Beersheba and grew up in Rishon Lezion. His grandparents immigrated to Mandatory Palestine after the Holocaust, from Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Romania. One grandfather was a survivor of the Auschwitz concentration camp.
In 1993, he enlisted in the IDF, volunteered for the Maglan elite commando unit and served as an officer. As a team commander he took part in the fighting in southern Lebanon. Upon his discharge from the IDF with the rank of lieutenant, he traveled to the Far East.
He enrolled in the Adi Lautman Interdisciplinary Program for Outstanding Students at Tel Aviv University for his undergraduate studies, and during his master's degree he spent a year as a Chevening fellow at Oxford University. His doctoral dissertation dealt with Ludwig Wittgenstein's thought and analyzed the interplay between ethics and language.
Academic career
He taught for eight years at the University of Tel Aviv's Philosophy Department. After receiving his PhD, he went on to pursue postdoctoral research at Columbia University in New York City, where he adapted his doctoral dissertation into the book Wittgenstein's Ethical Thought.
For the academic year 2021/2022, Iczkovits was appointed to serve as artist in residence at the Israel Institute for Advanced Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, a position previously held by poet Agi Mishol and playwright Joshua Sobol.
Views and positions
In 2002, after a stint of reservist service in Gaza during the Second Intifada, Iczkovits, together with social activist David Zonsheine, initiated the "Combatants' Letter," in which they declared their refusal to serve in the territories of Judea, Samaria and the Gaza Strip. An initial 51 soldiers and officers signed the letter, which was published as an advertisement in the mass-circulation daily newspaper Haaretz. This launched the movement known as Ometz LeSarev (Hebrew: "Courage to refuse"). Some six hundred Israeli soldiers affirmed their refusal to serve in the occupied territories. Iczkovits spent a month in military prison for refusing to go on additional reserve service in the territories.
Personal life
Iczkovits lives with his wife and three daughters in Tel Aviv.
Awards and nominations
Awards
2007 Inaugural Haaretz Books Prize for his first book, Pulse
2010 Prime Minister's Prize for Hebrew Literary Works (Levi Eshkol Prize), for Adam and Sophie
2015 Funding from the Ministry of Culture and Sport's People of the Book award for translation of Hebrew literature into foreign languages, for The Slaughterman's Daughter"
2016 The Ramat Gan Prize for Literature awarded for "literary excellence in the original novel category" for The Slaughterman's Daughter
2016 Inaugural award of the Agnon Prize for the Literary Arts, for The Slaughterman's Daughter
2021 The Jewish Quarterly-Wingate Prize for The Slaughterman's Daughter
Shortlisted
2017 The Slaughterman's Daughter: shortlisted for the Sapir Prize
2021 No One Leaves Palo Alto: shortlisted for the Sapir Prize
Reviewers' notable mention for The Slaughterman's Daughter
2020 The Economist – among the eight "Books of the Year" list
2020 The Times – among the ten "Books of the Year"
2021 Kirkus Reviews – "One of the 10 fiction books to look forward to in 2021"
2021 Publishers Weekly – "Best Books"
The Slaughterman's Daughter reviewed by the major press
2021 The Wall Street Journal – "Fiction: ‘In Memory of Memory’ Review"
2021 The New York Times – "Chasing Down a Deadbeat Dad, With a Knife Strapped to Her Leg"
Publications
Nonfiction
Wittgenstein's Ethical Thought (Based on his doctoral dissertation), London, Palgrave Macmillan,; 2012 .
Convicts and Heroes: Wittgensteinian Afterthoughts on Uri Barabash's 'In Clean Conscience' and 'Double Alpha'. Article published by The Free Library, 2017
Fiction
Dofeq (Pulse), Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing, 2007, Danacode 310004255
in Italian: Batticuore, 2010, , ; translated by Antonio Di Gesù
Adam and Sophie, Hakibbutz Hameuchad – Siman Kriya, 2009, Danacode 310004656
Dinei Yerusha (Laws of Inheritance, novella), Achuzat Bayit Publishing, 2010,
Tikkun Ahar Hatzot (An After Midnight Prayer), Keter Publishing, 2015,
in Italian: Tikkun o la vendetta di Mende Speismann per mano della sorella Fanny, 2018, , ; translated by Ofra Bannet and Raffaella Scardi
in Dutch: De Slachtersdochter, 2019, De Geus, ; translated by Hilde Pach
in English (U.K. edition): The Slaughterman's Daughter: The Avenging of Mende Speissman by the Hand of her Sister Fanny, 2020, MacLehose Press, ; translated by Orr Scharf
in English (U.S. edition): The Slaughterman's Daughter: A novel, Feb. 23, 2021, Schocken Books, ; translated by Orr Scharf
in Polish: Córka rzeźnika, October 2021, , ; translated by Anna Halbersztat
Af Echad Lo Ozev et Palo Alto (Nobody Leaves Palo Alto), Keter Publishing, 2020, Danacode 10-279193
References
External links
Author's page at the Institute for the Translation of Hebrew Literature website
Author's page at Goodreads.com
1975 births
Jewish writers
Israeli Jews
Living people
Academic staff of Tel Aviv University
International Writing Program alumni
Adi Lautman Interdisciplinary Program for Outstanding Students alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Israeli writers
21st-century Israeli writers
Recipients of Prime Minister's Prize for Hebrew Literary Works |
The 2023 Engie Open Andrézieux-Bouthéon 42 was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the thirteenth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2023 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Andrézieux-Bouthéon, France between 23 and 29 January 2023.
Singles main-draw entrants
Seeds
1 Rankings are as of 16 January 2023.
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
Émeline Dartron
Gaëlle Desperrier
Elsa Jacquemot
Tiantsoa Sarah Rakotomanga Rajaonah
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Julie Belgraver
Maria Bondarenko
Aneta Laboutková
Andreea Mitu
Amandine Monnot
Céline Naef
Chloé Noël
Alice Tubello
The following players received entry from the special ranking draw:
Georgina García Pérez
Sofya Lansere
Champions
Singles
Océane Dodin def. Audrey Albié, 3–6, 6–2, 7–5
Doubles
Sofya Lansere / Oksana Selekhmeteva def. Conny Perrin / Iryna Shymanovich, 6–3, 6–0
References
External links
2023 Engie Open Andrézieux-Bouthéon 42 at ITFtennis.com
Official website
2023 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour
2023 in French tennis
January 2023 sports events in France |
Brooke Langton (born November 27, 1970) is an American actress. She had significant guest roles on the NBC series Friday Night Lights and on Life, in which Langton played a district attorney. She found early success on The Net (1998–99), and she was the female lead in the 2000 comedy film The Replacements.
Early life
Langton was born in Arizona, United States. Her love of improvisational theatre started at Second City in Chicago. Studying with acting Larry Moss and Ivanna Chubbock, Langton pursued independent films. Her first films Swingers, directed by Doug Lyman, and then Reach the Rock, produced by John Hughes (cult movie director of 16 Candles and many other iconic hits) as well as starring with Djimon Hounsou in another indy film Ink.
Langton was a regular cast member in the ABC adventure drama series, Extreme, co-starring opposite Julie Bowen and James Brolin.
In 1996, Langton joined the cast of the Fox prime time series Melrose Place, playing Samantha Reilly Campbell. She starred in the show during its fifth and sixth season, leaving early in the seventh season. After leaving Melrose Place, Langton was cast as lead in the USA Network series, The Net, a television drama based on the 1995 film of the same name. Langton portrayed the character Angela Bennett, who was played by Sandra Bullock in the film. The series was canceled after one season. She later starred alongside Keanu Reeves and Gene Hackman in the 2000 film The Replacements, her biggest feature credit to date. Langton also co-starred in the comedy films Playing Mona Lisa (2000), and Kiss the Bride (2002).
In 2001, Langton had the leading role in the Fox crime drama series, Fling, During her later career, she starred in a number of smaller films, including Partner(s) (2005) with Jay Harrington and Julie Bowen, and Beautiful Dreamer alongside Colin Egglesfield. In 2007, she starred in the horror film Primeval opposite Dominic Purcell. From 2007 to 2008, she had a recurring role in the NBC drama series, Friday Night Lights. During that same time she co-starred as Charlie Crews' attorney Constance Griffiths in another NBC drama, Life. In later years, Langton guest starred on The Closer, Bones, and Supernatural.
In 2015 Langton participated as a contestant on the Swedish show Allt för Sverige (Everything for Sweden), where she competed against other Americans for the prize to get to know her Swedish family and roots. The series was broadcast on SVT. In the second episode it was revealed that Langton was a relative of actor Adolf Jahr.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Actresses from Arizona
Actresses from Texas
American film actresses
American television actresses
21st-century American actresses
American female models
20th-century American actresses
American people of Swedish descent |
The following is a list of international bilateral treaties between Australia and Austria
Before 1948, treaties with Austria were extended to Australia by the British Empire, however they are still generally in force.
Earlier treaties are from the Austria-Hungary Empire
Later treaties with the European Union (not included)
References
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of Austria |
The Machita incident refers to events in southern Arizona between October 1940 and May 1941 related to the resistance by traditional O'odham chief and medicine man, Pia Machita (), to the United States draft of Native American men in the World War II era. Because the government feared his influence among Native American peoples, tribal and federal forces attempted to arrest Machita in October for this resistance.
During a physical altercation, his people gained his release, and he and about 25 followers fled into the desert. They evaded capture until May 17, 1941,when they were found at their village. Machita and two followers were originally sentenced to 18 months in a federal prison, but their sentences were reduced by the intervention of tribal chairman Peter Blaine. A late 20th-century historian described this as the "most dramatic of Indian resistance" efforts to the United States during the World War II-era.
Background
Pia Machita (, meaning He Has no Metate), was born around 1860 and was eighty to eighty-four years old when the trouble began. Known as a chief and medicine man of the Tohono O'odham tribe, he lived with his small band of about thirty people in the northwestern area of the Hickiwan District, at an isolated village called Stoa Pitk. The O'odham people were divided among those who followed more traditional ways, such as Machita and his band, and other bands that accepted more assimilation. According to tribal chairman at the time, Peter Blaine, many of the isolated villages in this district had not seen white men since the 1930s.
Machita identified as a Mexican citizen. He said that he did not recognize the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, by which the United States took "control" of O'odham land. He considered the US an enemy and recognized neither the authority of the federal government's Indian Bureau nor of the O'odham central tribal government established under it.
The Tohono O'odham tribe of southern Arizona was one of the last to begin assimilation. In the 1930s, some members had conducted non-violent resistance to the Bureau of Indian Affairs construction of water wells on the Papago Reservation, and were concerned about the loss of communal land. traditional leaders such as Machita feared that using the wells would make their people dependent on them for water; they preferred their communal methods of collecting and storing rain and spring water. In a 1934 meeting to discuss the Indian Reorganization Act with T.B. Hall, the superintendent of the Sells Indian agency, Machita said that "his people owed allegiance to Mexico." After the interview, Machita stopped cooperating with the Indian Bureau in regards to land conservation, inoculation of cattle, and taking of the 1940 census.
After the Selective Training and Service Act was passed in 1940, agents of the BIA worked to draft Native American men into the armed forces. Machita resisted the draft and encouraged young men in his band to refuse to register. According to author Brad Melton, the majority of Machita's band were illiterate and therefore ineligible for the draft, but Machita was not aware of this in his resistance.
By 1942, however, nearly 99 percent of eligible Native American men from the numerous tribes in Arizona had registered for the draft. The men also enlisted in the military services at a high rate.
Incident
On October 13, 1940, Indian agents arrived at Stoa Pitk to register eligible men of the village for the draft, but the O'odham refused to comply. After a few days, the tribal chief of police and a force of United States Marshals under the command of Ben McKinney raided Stoa Pitk to arrest Machita. The raid began at 2:00 AM on October 16, 1940. Entering with guns drawn and tear gas grenades at the ready, the law enforcement force captured Machita without a shot fired. While they withdrew, the O'odham villagers confronted the raiders and gained release of their chief. They severely beat one of the marshals in the process. After the scuffle, the police retreated to Tucson, and Machita fled into the desert with 25 followers.
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) tried to move quickly to suppress the "draft rebels," because they feared that the resistance to the draft would spread to other reservations. For the next seven months, Machita evaded both the police and the military. Machita and his band could have easily crossed the border into Sonora, Mexico, but accounts suggest that they remained within Arizona.
O'odham oral tradition says that US Army aircraft bombed their villages. Documentation has shown that the "bombs" were sacks of flour dropped to mark the villages for ground searches, as they blended in with the surrounding desert. Machita and his band were finally apprehended without incident at Stoa Pitk on May 21, 1941. Machita and two followers were sentenced to serve eighteen months at the Terminal Island Federal Prison in California. Tribal chairman Peter Blaine persuaded the judge in the case to set a lesser sentence.
Assessments
A 1941 newspaper editorial opined:
Late 20th century historians have approached the context of these incidents from a different point of view, assessing how the O'odham viewed their long and difficult history with European invaders and colonizers. They have placed Pia Machita among those who asserted the sovereignty of this indigenous people. For instance, Alison Bernstein described this as the "most dramatic of Indian resistance" efforts to United States policies during the World War II-era.
See also
Native Americans and World War II
References
1940 in Arizona
1941 in Arizona
Conflicts in 1940
Conflicts in 1941
History of Pima County, Arizona
Military history of the United States during World War II
Tohono O'odham
Combat incidents
Native American history of Arizona |
The 1957 Little All-America college football team is composed of college football players from small colleges and universities who were selected by the Associated Press (AP) as the best players at each position. For 1957, the AP selected three teams of 11 players each, with no separate defensive platoons.
The AP reiterated in 1957 the purpose of the Little All-America team to honor players "who competed for smaller colleges outside the glare of the headlines."
Norm Jarock of St. Norbert's led all small college players in total offense with 1,306 rushing yards and 252 passing yards.
Leonard Lyles of Louisville was the leading scorer in college football with 132 points.
Dan Nolan of Lehigh tallied 856 passing yards and 248 rushing yards in a nine-game schedule.
First team
Back - Dan Nolan (senior, 6'2", 185 pounds), Lehigh
Back - Charles Bradshaw (senior, 5'11", 170 pounds),
Back - Leonard Lyles (senior, 6'2", 198 pounds), Louisville
Back - Norman Jarock (senior, 6'0", 191 pounds), St. Norbert’s
End - Howard Clark (senior, 6'1", 200 pounds), Chattanooga
End - Peter Kasson (junior, 5'11", 165 pounds), Ripon
Tackle - Bruce Hartman (senior, 6'0", 245 pounds), Luther
Tackle - Dudley Meredith (senior, 6'4", 235 pounds), Lamar Tech
Guard - Howard Morris (senior, 5'10", 190 pounds), Linfield
Guard - Dave Young (senior, 5'10", 180 pounds), Randolph Macon
Center - Dick Huston (senior, 5'11", 200 pounds), Eastern Washington
Second team
Back - Tony Toto, Delaware
Back - Dick Camp, Wheaton
Back - Les Plumb, Springfield
Back - George Sullivan, Whitman
End - Tom Taylor, Albion
End - Jerry Hurst, Middle Tennessee
Tackle - Dave Triplett, Hillsdale
Tackle - George Kurker, Tufts
Guard - Charles Davis, McMurry State
Guard - James Hardin, Bowling Green
Center - Jerry Jurizik, St. Benedict's
Third team
Back - Terry Stevens, Upper Iowa
Back - Dale Thibault, Westminster (Utah)
Back - James Hirth, Abilene Christian
Back - Frank Capitani, Gettysburg
End - Jerry Richardson, Wofford
End - Clint Westemeyer, St. Ambrose
Tackle - Pete Williams, Lehigh
Tackle - Floyd Peters, San Francisco State
Guard - Lou Mooradian, Connecticut
Guard - Frank Farella, Arkansas State
Center - Al Vadnais, Hofstra
See also
1957 College Football All-America Team
References
Little All-America college football team
Little All-America college football team
Little All-America college football teams |
German submarine U-88 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.
She was laid down at the Flender Werke in Lübeck as yard number 292, launched on 16 August 1941 and commissioned on 15 October with Kapitänleutnant Heino Bohmann in command.
She was a fairly successful boat, succeeding in sinking 12,304 GRT of Allied shipping in a career lasting just one year over three patrols.
Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-88 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 6 V 40/46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . U-88 was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.
Service history
First patrol
Having moved from Kiel to Kirkenes in Norway in April 1942, U-88 departed for her first patrol on the 29th. She returned on 3 May.
Second patrol
The boat moved from Kirkenes to Narvik in early May and set-off for her second patrol on 17 June 1942. She sank two American ships, part of the ill-fated Convoy PQ 17, on 5 July. After a three-hour pursuit, the Carlton was hit by a torpedo which did not detonate. A second torpedo exploded on impact, the ship sank in ten minutes. U-88 then hit the Daniel Morgan which had already been attacked by German aircraft. Three men died, there were 51 survivors.
Third patrol and loss
U-88 left Narvik on 25 August 1942 for her final patrol. She was sunk south of Spitzbergen at by depth charges from the British destroyer on 12 September. Forty-six men died; there were no survivors.
Alternate account of loss
U-88 was sunk on 14 September 1942 by depth charges from the British destroyer .
Wolfpacks
U-88 took part in three wolfpacks, namely:
Strauchritter (29 April - 2 May 1942)
Eisteufel (21 June - 11 July 1942)
Trägertod (12 September 1942)
Summary of raiding history
See also
Convoy PQ 17
Convoy PQ 18
References
Bibliography
External links
German Type VIIC submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1941
U-boats sunk in 1942
U-boats sunk by depth charges
U-boats sunk by British warships
World War II submarines of Germany
World War II shipwrecks in the Arctic Ocean
1941 ships
Ships built in Lübeck
Submarines lost with all hands
Maritime incidents in September 1942 |
Alan Winston "Bill" McCoy (13 January 1906 – 1 January 1980) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played ten first-class matches for Auckland between 1929 and 1937.
McCoy was a lower-order batsman and leg-spin bowler. His highest first-class score was 68 not out against Wellington in the Plunket Shield in 1929-30, when he add 100 for the ninth wicket with Mal Matheson. His best bowling figures were 3 for 43 against Wellington in December 1931.
McCoy was educated at Auckland Grammar School. He served as a sergeant with the New Zealand Army in the Second World War, and was taken prisoner by the Germans. He became a bank manager in Auckland.
References
External links
1906 births
1980 deaths
New Zealand cricketers
Auckland cricketers
People educated at Auckland Grammar School
People from Geraldine, New Zealand
Cricketers from Canterbury, New Zealand
New Zealand prisoners of war in World War II |
The 1930 Colorado Teachers Bears football team was an American football team that represented the Colorado State Teachers College (later renamed University of Northern Colorado) in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1930 college football season. The team was led by third year head coach Bill Saunders and played its home games in Greeley, Colorado. The Bears finished with an overall and conference record of 2–2–3, good for sixth place in the conference.
Schedule
References
Colorado Teachers
Northern Colorado Bears football seasons
Colorado State Teachers Bears football |
Cuneiform KI (Borger 2003 nr. 737; U+121A0 ) is the sign for "earth".
It is also read as GI5, GUNNI (=KI.NE) "hearth", KARAŠ (=KI.KAL.BAD) "encampment, army", KISLAḪ (=KI.UD) "threshing floor", and SUR7 (=KI.GAG).
In Akkadian orthography, it functions as a determiner for toponyms and has the syllabic values gi, ge, qi, and qe.
Besides its phonetic value it also serves as determiner or "Sumerogram" marking placenames.
As a determiner, KI corresponds to Akkadian itti,
Cuneiform ki is used for syllabic "ki", and also for alphabetic "k", and alphabetic i. It has additional consonant usage for "q", instead of "k", and also "e", "é", and "í" for vowel "i". Its usage numbers from the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows: ke-(9), ki-(291), qé-(18), qí-(62), and KI-(288).
References
Cuneiform signs |
Vexillum fuscobandatum is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.
Description
The length of the shell attains 9.6 mm.
Distribution
This marine species occurs off Madagascar.
References
Bozzetti, L. (2007). Vexillum fuscobandatum (Gastropoda: Hypsogastropoda: Costellariidae) nuova specie dal Madagascar Meridionale. Malacologia Mostra Mondiale. 56: 9-10.
Gori, S.; Rosado, J.; Salisbury, R. A. (2019). Costellariidae (Gastropoda) from Dhofar, Oman with descriptions of eight new species and notes on Vexillum appelii (Jickeli, 1874). Acta Conchyliorum. 18: 25-48.
fuscobandatum
Gastropods described in 2007 |
The Rydberg–Klein–Rees method is a procedure used in the analysis of rotational-vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules to obtain a potential energy curve from the experimentally-known line positions.
Atomic physics |
Tropical Depression Five-E was a tropical depression which made landfall along the south-western Mexican coastline in July 2008. It was the fifth tropical cyclone of the 2008 Pacific hurricane season. The depression developed out of a weak tropical wave which formed off the coast of Africa on June 23. The wave remained poorly organized throughout its journey through the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. The wave entered the Eastern Pacific on July 2 after passing through Central America. The wave developed into an area of low pressure that afternoon.
The low moved towards the northwest, paralleling the coastline. Continued development led to the eventual upgrade of the low to Tropical Depression Five-E on July 5. It was initially thought that the depression would become a tropical storm before landfall but the winds failed to increase above . The depression made a turn towards the north-northwest and made landfall on July 7. It dissipated shortly after landfall due to the mountainous terrain. The depression produced heavy rainfall in parts of southwestern Mexico, peaking at . These rains triggered flooding that killed two people and left roughly MXN 30 million ($2.2 million) in damages.
Meteorological history
Tropical Depression Five-E formed out of a weak tropical wave, associated with scattered convection, which formed off the coast of Africa on June 23. The wave was moving towards the west at the rate of , due to an area of high pressure located over the north-central Atlantic Ocean leading to a prevailing easterly flow. Some cyclonic turning was noted and convection was on either side of the axis— the center of the storm—but was mainly in association with the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The wave remained very close to the intertropical convergence zone for the next several days without any further development.
On June 26, a small burst of moisture in the system was noted in the area of the wave, but no other notable development occurred. On July 2, the wave moved over Central America and produced scattered areas of strong convection off the coast of Honduras. Later in the day, the center of the wave became elongated as determined by a QuikSCAT satellite pass. By the afternoon, the wave developed into an area of low pressure and a tropical cyclone formation alert was issued as the possibility of a tropical cyclone developing within 48 hours was present.
Not long after the alert was issued, deep convection disappeared from the low while located 400 mi (645 km). Convection was anticipated to redeveloped later that night or early the next morning. The low was moving slowly towards the northwest due to a deep trough located over the Gulf of Mexico and a ridge of high pressure located over western Mexico. By the morning of July 3, convection had redeveloped near the low and its forward motion quickly increased to . The low remained disorganized for the next two days as it steadily moved towards the northwest.
During the morning of July 5, deep convection rapidly increased and banding features formed despite strong easterly wind shear. The convection persisted into the afternoon and the low was upgraded to Tropical Depression Five-E accordingly. Weak steering currents persisted as the depression moved towards the northwest at . Following the storm's upgrade, further development did not occur as the system tracked steadily towards the north-northwest. Early on July 7, the depression made landfall near Lazaro Cardenas with winds of . Rapid weakening followed shortly after landfall and the storm dissipated several hours later over the mountains of Mexico.
Preparations and impact
As Tropical Depression Five-E approached Mexico, the country's government released tropical storm watches and warnings for certain parts of the coastline. When the tropical depression formed on July 5, the government issued a tropical storm warning from Acapulco to Zihuatanejo. Other interests in the Pacific Ocean were asked to keep an eye on the developing depression. The morning of July 6, the Mexican government issued a tropical storm watch for Zihuatanejo to Manzanillo. The earlier tropical storm warning remained in effect, for another six hours, when the warning was demoted into a tropical storm watch. On the afternoon of July 6, the government discontinued the tropical storm watch up to Acapulco. The remaining tropical storm watch was discontinued on July 7, after the tropical depression had made landfall and began to weaken. The government's weather center also released thirteen tropical cyclone bulletins and four warnings for personal caution.
The tropical depression produced of rain in Manzanillo, with other locations also experiencing isolated rainfall. Cerro de Ortega, Colima reported of rain in a 24-hour period. The community of Ometepec reported . Other locations reported moderate rainfall, ranging around . One person was swept away by flood waters, reaching in depth. Heavy rains from the depression resulted in a traffic accident that killed one person and injured two others. In all, damages from the storm amounted to MXN 30 million ($2.2 million).
See also
2008 Pacific hurricane season
Timeline of the 2008 Pacific hurricane season
References
External links
The NHC's archive on Tropical Depression Five-E.
on Tropical Depression Five-E.
The NHC's Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Eastern Pacific.
2008 Pacific hurricane season
05E
05E
5-E |
Colin Peter Mayer was the Peter Moores Professor of Management Studies at the Saïd Business School at the University of Oxford. He was the Peter Moores Dean of the Saïd Business School between 2006 and 2011. He is a fellow of the British Academy, a fellow of the European Corporate Governance Institute, a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, and a research fellow of the Centre for Economic Policy Research. He is a professorial fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, an honorary fellow of St. Anne's College, Oxford, and an honorary fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. He is an ordinary member of the Competition Appeal Tribunal and was a member of the UK government Natural Capital Committee.
Over the last decade he has made the case against narrow shareholder value maximization by business firms and instead promoted the broader view of business purpose to promote economic and social well-being.
Current Activities
Colin Mayer has degrees in engineering science and economics (BA, First Class, 1974) and economics (BPhil, 1976; DPhil, 1981) from the University of Oxford. He is Academic Lead of the Future of the Corporation programme at the British Academy, board member of the European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI) in Brussels, and a director of the Finance Research Programme at the International Growth Centre, a research centre based jointly at The London School of Economics and Political Science and the University of Oxford. He researches in the fields of corporate finance, governance, regulation and taxation and has worked on international comparisons of financial systems and corporate governance and their effects on the financing and control of corporations.
Mayer was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to business education and the administration of justice in the economic sphere.
Previous Activities
Colin Mayer has previously been chairman of the European Science Foundation Network in Financial Markets, co-director of the Centre for Economic Policy Research's Network in Financial Market and a member of the executive committee of the Royal Economic Society. He was until 2005 the director of the Oxford Financial Research Centre. He was a lecturer in economics at St Anne's College, Oxford (1980–1986), professor of corporate finance at City University (now Cass) Business School (1987–1992), and professor of economics and finance at Warwick University (1992–1994). He was a Harkness Fellow at Harvard University (1979/80), a Houblon-Norman Fellow at the Bank of England (1989) and the first Leo Goldschmidt Visiting Professor in Corporate Governance at the Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles (2000 and 2001). He was a director of OXERA, an economics consultancy firm, from 1986 to 2010 and a governor of St Paul's School in London from 2002 until 2011.
Publications
New Issues in Corporate Finance, European Economic Review, 1988.
Asymmetric Information, Corporate Finance and Economic Development, in G. Hubbard, Financial Systems, Corporate Finance and Economic Development, NBER 1990.
Ownership and Control of Germany Corporations, with J. Franks, Review of Financial Studies, 2001.
Finance, Investment and Growth, with W. Carlin, Journal of Financial Economics, 2003.
Firm Commitment: Why the Corporation is Failing Us and How to Restore Trust in It, Oxford University Press, 2013.
Prosperity: Better Business Makes the Greater Good, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academics of the University of Oxford
Academics of Saïd Business School
Academics of Bayes Business School
Fellows of Wadham College, Oxford
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the British Academy |
Utricularia helix is an annual affixed aquatic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia (family Lentibulariaceae). It is endemic to Western Australia.
See also
List of Utricularia species
References
Carnivorous plants of Australia
Eudicots of Western Australia
helix
Lamiales of Australia
Plants described in 1986 |
Edward Hancock Custis Wilson (August 6, 1820 – November 1, 1870) was a justice of the Michigan Supreme Court from 1856 to 1857.
Born on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, Wilson graduated from Washington & Jefferson College in Pennsylvania at age 18, where he was a classmate of Clement Vallandigham, and then read law to be admitted to the Maryland bar. He moved to Michigan in 1845, where he was prosecuting attorney for Hillsdale County, and for two terms circuit judge.
In November 1856, Governor Kinsley S. Bingham appointed Wilson to a seat on the Michigan Supreme Court vacated by the resignation of Warner Wing. Wilson served for "a little more than a year". Wilson thereafter served as a circuit judge of the Michigan 1st Circuit Court from 1858 to 1863. He died in Denver, Colorado, at the age of 50.
References
1820 births
1870 deaths
People from Maryland
Washington & Jefferson College alumni
U.S. state supreme court judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law
Justices of the Michigan Supreme Court |
Colter Butte is a summit located in the Grand Canyon in Coconino County of northern Arizona, US. It is situated four miles southeast of Point Imperial, where it towers above Nankoweap Canyon. Its neighbors include Brady Peak, 2.5 miles to the west-northwest, Alsap Butte two miles to the northwest, and Swilling Butte one-half mile to the east. Colter Butte is named after James G. H. Colter (1844–1922), born in Nova Scotia, Canada, he came to the Arizona Territory in 1872 as a pioneer, farmer, cattleman, Apache and desperado fighter. He was the father of Arizona state senator Fred Colter. This geographical feature's name was officially adopted in 1932 by the United States Board on Geographic Names. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Colter Butte is located in a cold semi-arid climate zone. This butte is composed of Pennsylvanian-Permian Supai Group which overlays cliff-forming Mississippian Redwall Limestone, which in turn overlays slope-forming Cambrian Tonto Group. Precipitation runoff from this feature drains east to the Colorado River via Nankoweap Creek on the north side and Kwagunt Creek from the south slope.
See also
Geology of the Grand Canyon area
References
External links
Weather forecast: National Weather Service
Colter Butte photo by Harvey Butchart
1910 Photograph/portrait of James G.H. Colter
Grand Canyon
Landforms of Coconino County, Arizona
Buttes of Arizona
North American 2000 m summits
Colorado Plateau
Grand Canyon National Park |
International Textile Group (ITG) is a diversified American fabric maker based in Beverly Hills, California. The company was founded in Greensboro, North Carolina by Wilbur Ross and was sold to Platinum Equity in 2016, leading to its move from Greensboro to Beverly Hills.
Current operations
ITG's operating companies include:
Cone Denim
Burlington WorldWide Apparel
Burlington House Interior Fabrics
Carlisle Finishing
Automotive Safety Textiles
Locations
ITG continues to manufacture fabrics in North America, but it has also developed fabric mills in China, Vietnam and Central America. Its best-known fabrics are denim and specialty nylon fabrics used in automotive airbag systems.
Denim fabrics are made in the United States, in Greensboro, NC, in Mexico and are also now being made in China and Nicaragua in new company plants. In the summer of 2009, ITG reported that it had closed the Nicaragua mill- which it had just opened- because its main customer moved its cut and sew operation out of Nicaragua. This makes the venture to build the plant almost a total loss to ITG. Many ready-to-wear brands purchase fabrics from Cone Denim, including Levi's, Wrangler and American Eagle Outfitters. The company is also known for its worsted wool fabrics, which are made in North Carolina and in Mexico. The company has developed a source for wool fabrics in India by working with OCM India Limited, a mill in Amritsar, India, which is also owned by funds controlled by W.L. Ross & Co. Customers of the wool fabrics include many well-known makers of wool garments (such as Jos A. Bank and others). The company also produces some technical fabrics, such as fabrics made of polyester and nylon. These fabrics have a variety of uses, such as in uniforms, in performance apparel items and for safety services.
Brands
The ITG Automotive Group manufactures fabrics and cushion for airbags, which are sold to automotive safety groups, such as Autoliv, TRW and Delphi. Many automobiles throughout the world contain ITG's safety fabrics. The fabrics and cushion are manufactured in various locations (U.S., Germany, Poland, China, Mexico).
The company owns the brand BURLINGTON, which is licensed to a company in Germany for a European menswear brand.
History
The company was founded by Wilbur Ross. WL Ross & Co acquired the assets of the former Burlington Industries out of bankruptcy in late 2003, and the assets of the former Cone Mills Corporation in 2004.
In 2006, ITG merged with Safety Components International, Inc., a Greenville, South Carolina company that manufactures nylon fabrics that are used in automotive airbags, that was also controlled by Wilbur Ross.
In January 2007, ITG announced that it was selling it mattress fabric product line to Culp, Inc., another U.S. textile company that is based in High Point, NC. Also during 2007, the Company has opened a mill in China that will develop apparel and interior fabrics and the Company is developing a Vietnam venture that will supply apparel fabrics and garments.
On April 1, 2007, BST Safety Textiles came into the ITG family of business. By adding BST Safety Textiles ITG's business in automotive components has now grown significantly. However, in the summer of 2009, ITG's air bag unit filed bankruptcy and was taken over by secured creditors.
In December 2006, Wilbur Ross completed the purchase of BST Safety Textiles GmbH (BST), previously known as Berger Safety Textiles, of Maulburg, Germany. BST is a producer of flat fabric used in manufacturing automobile airbags, one piece woven (known as OPW) airbags, and narrow fabric used in automobile seatbelts and all types of industrial strapping applications. BST currently operates locations in southern Germany, Poland, and the US in Virginia. BST employs over 1200 persons worldwide.
Recently, the company sold certain trademark rights to the BURLINGTON brand in Europe to FALKE, a European high-fashion brand.
The company was sold to private equity firm Platinum Equity in 2016, and later moved its headquarters to its parent company's home city of Beverly Hills.
The White Oak denim mill ceased operations on December 31, 2017.
References
External links
Hoover's Overview, retrieved August 7, 2006.
International Textile Group at Yahoo! Finance
Official Website
Companies established in 2003
Textile companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in North Carolina
Companies based in Beverly Hills, California
2016 mergers and acquisitions |
Patrik Nechvátal (born July 8, 1992, in Brno) is a Czech professional ice hockey goaltender for JKH GKS Jastrzębie of the Polska Hokej Liga.
Nechvátal previously played for HC Litvínov, Orli Znojmo, HC Innsbruck, and Nice hockey Côte d'Azur.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
Les Aigles de Nice players
HC Baník Sokolov players
Czech ice hockey goaltenders
HC TWK Innsbruck players
JKH GKS Jastrzębie players
HC Litvínov players
HC Most players
HC Nové Zámky players
Orli Znojmo players
HK Poprad players
Ice hockey people from Brno
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Slovakia
Czech expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Czech expatriate sportspeople in France
Czech expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Expatriate ice hockey players in France
Expatriate ice hockey players in Poland
Expatriate ice hockey players in Austria |
The 1944 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 7, 1944. All contemporary 48 states were part of the 1944 United States presidential election. Voters chose 47 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.
New York was won by incumbent Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was running against local Republican Governor Thomas E. Dewey. Roosevelt ran with U.S. Senator from Missouri Harry S. Truman, and Dewey ran with Ohio Governor John W. Bricker, an opponent during the 1944 Republican primaries, as vice president.
New York weighed in for this election as 2% more Republican than the national average. The presidential election of 1944 was a very partisan for New York, with more than 99.6% of the electorate casting votes for either the Democratic Party or the Republican. In typical form for the time, the highly populated centers of New York City, Albany, Buffalo, and Rochester voted primarily Democratic, while the majority of smaller counties in New York turned out for Dewey as the Republican candidate. Much of Roosevelt's margin of victory was provided by his dominance in New York City. Roosevelt took over 60% of the vote in Manhattan, Brooklyn and the Bronx, and decisively won New York City as a whole, although the boroughs of Queens and Staten Island remained Republican as they had voted in 1940.
The immensely popular Roosevelt won the election in New York by a solid 5-point margin, despite it also being Dewey's home state. Dewey campaigned hard against much of President Roosevelt's New Deal, claiming that it suffocated job growth in the country, while Roosevelt's campaign focused on maintaining the New Deal, and putting an end to the war with Japan and Germany as quickly as possible. Governor Dewey's stance on the New Deal put him and his campaign in sharp contradiction with the majority voters across the country, including states such as New York, which had suffered through years of over 15% unemployment during the Great Depression, and who largely attributed the economic recovery to Roosevelt's leadership, and heightened federal regulation and spending.
The 1944 presidential election was the last time until 2016 in which both major party candidates declared New York as their home state.
Along with his first run for governor in 1938, the 1944 presidential election marked the only time that Dewey lost a statewide vote in New York. The 1944 presidential election was the only time that Dewey lost a statewide vote in New York during his time as governor, as Dewey would carry New York State in 1948 against Roosevelt's successor Harry S. Truman. Subsequent to 1944, Dewey would be reelected as Governor in 1946 and 1950 before not seeking reelection in 1954.
Results
New York City results
Results by county
See also
United States presidential elections in New York
Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Presidency of Harry S. Truman
World War II
Hell-Bent for Election
References
New York
1944
1944 New York (state) elections
Articles containing video clips |
Corona Apartments is a historic three-story building in Salt Lake City, Utah. It was built by the Bowers Building Company in 1925, and designed in the Prairie School style. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October 20, 1989.
References
National Register of Historic Places in Salt Lake City
Prairie School architecture in Utah
Residential buildings completed in 1925
1925 establishments in Utah |
Chenega may refer to:
Places in the United States
Chenega, Alaska, a community
Chenega Bay, Alaska, a community
Chenega Glacier, a glacier on Prince William Sound
Chenega Island, an island in Prince William Sound
Vessels
MV Chenega, an Alaska Marine Highway System vessel
See also
Chengara, Kerala, India |
"Ich am of Irlaunde", sometimes known as "The Irish Dancer", is a short anonymous Middle English dance-song, possibly fragmentary, dating from the early 14th century, in which an Irish woman issues an invitation to come and daunce wit me in Irlaunde. The original music for this song is now lost. It is historically important as being the earliest documented reference to Irish dance. "Ich am of Irlaunde" is well-known as the source of W. B. Yeats's poem "I Am of Ireland", and it was itself included in The Oxford Book of English Verse, The Norton Anthology of English Literature and The Longman Anthology of British Literature.
Text
Transmission
The poem survives in only one manuscript, Bodleian Library Rawlinson D.913, which was bequeathed to the library in 1755 by the antiquarian bibliophile Richard Rawlinson. Bound into this manuscript is a strip of vellum, eleven inches by four inches, on which are written about a dozen poems including "Ich am of Irlaunde", "Hay! Robyne, Malkin", and the well-known lyric "Maiden in the mor lay".
"Ich am of Irlaunde" was first published by the German academic Wilhelm Heuser in 1907 in the academic journal Anglia, but came to wider attention when Kenneth Sisam included it in his 1921 anthology Fourteenth Century Verse & Prose, and still more when it was adapted by W. B. Yeats (see below).
Composition
The name of the poet is unknown, but the poem dates from the early 14th century. Opinions differ as to the dialect of the poem, and hence the place where it might be presumed to have been written. It has been identified as an Irish English poem, or again as the work of a poet in England writing in southern English dialect.
Criticism
"Ich am of Irlaunde" has been described as "problematic", "mysterious", "enigmatic", and as having a "a magic that tantalizes". In part, the mystery may stem from the fact that the surviving lines are by some scholars considered to be no more than a fragment of a poem now otherwise lost. Critics are generally agreed that they form the lyric of a dance-song, or perhaps some kind of dramatic performance. Dance-songs, or carols, were divided into the refrain (the first three lines of this poem), which were sung by the dancers as they danced in a ring, and the verse (the remaining four lines) sung by a soloist. "Ireland", it has been proposed, may have been simply a name for the centre of the dance-floor where the soloist stood. Some critics have suggested that the phrase holy londe might imply a Celtic Otherworld, and that the song was used in a May or Midsummer dance deriving ultimately from the rites of a pre-Christian Nature religion. Such dances were, perhaps, "the ritual which unites male and female, and in so doing unites the everyday, secular space of here and now with the sacred elsewhere". On the other hand the holy londe of Irlande could be a reminder that Ireland is famous for its "saints and scholars", while phrases like sainte charite, and even come and daunce wit me, are perhaps interpretable in terms of Christian allegory. As an expression of Christian love the dancer's overt invitation to dance with her could represent a covert one to marry her.
Influence
W. B. Yeats's poem "I Am of Ireland", written in August 1929 and collected in his Words for Music, Perhaps, and Other Poems (1932), is based on the Middle English poem, which had been read aloud to him by Frank O'Connor, possibly from St John Seymour's Anglo-Irish Literature 1200–1582. Yeats expands on the original poem, giving it a contemporary political theme of appeal to idealism.
The Canadian-born American poet John Malcolm Brinnin's "Ich Am of Irlaunde" was published in The New Yorker in 1956. The poem begins:
The Fijian-Australian poet Sudesh Mishra included, in his poem-sequence "Feejee", an adaptation of "Ich am of Irlaunde" presenting the racial tensions between native Fijian and Indo-Fijian in the aftermath of the 1987 coups:
Settings
Though it is believed that "Ich am of Irlaunde" was originally sung, the music that it was sung to has not survived. The Irish choral group Anúna performed their own setting of this poem on their album Invocation.
Footnotes
References
14th-century poems
Irish dance
Irish poems
Middle English poems
Works of unknown authorship |
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