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The Chesapeake Bay ( ) is the largest estuary in the United States. The Bay is located in the Mid-Atlantic region and is primarily separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the Delmarva Peninsula, including parts of the Eastern Shore of Maryland, the Eastern Shore of Virginia, and the state of Delaware. The mouth of the Bay at its southern point is located between Cape Henry and Cape Charles. With its northern portion in Maryland and the southern part in Virginia, the Chesapeake Bay is a very important feature for the ecology and economy of those two states, as well as others surrounding within its watershed. More than 150 major rivers and streams flow into the Bay's drainage basin, which covers parts of six states, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia, and all of Washington, D.C.
The Bay is approximately long from its northern headwaters in the Susquehanna River to its outlet in the Atlantic Ocean. It is wide at its narrowest (between Kent County's Plum Point near Newtown in the east and the Harford County western shore near Romney Creek) and at its widest (just south of the mouth of the Potomac River which divides Maryland from Virginia). Total shoreline including tributaries is , circumnavigating a surface area of . Average depth is , reaching a maximum of . The Bay is spanned twice, in Maryland by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge from Sandy Point (near Annapolis) to Kent Island and in Virginia by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel connecting Virginia Beach to Cape Charles.
Known for both its beauty and bounty, the Bay has become "emptier", with fewer crabs, oysters and watermen (fishermen) since the mid-20th century. Nutrient pollution and urban runoff have been identified as major components of impaired water quality in the bay stressing ecosystems and compounding the decline of shellfish due to overharvesting. Restoration efforts that began in the 1990s have continued into the 21st century and show potential for growth of the native oyster population. The health of the Chesapeake Bay improved in 2015, marking three years of gains over a four-year period. Slight improvements in water quality were observed in 2021, compared to indicators measured in 2020. The bay is experiencing other environmental concerns, including climate change which is causing sea level rise that erodes coastal areas and infrastructure and changes to the marine ecosystem.
Etymology
The word is an Algonquian word referring to a village 'at a big river'. It is the seventh-oldest surviving English place-name in the United States, first applied as Chesepiook by explorers heading north from the Roanoke Colony into a Chesapeake tributary in 1585 or 1586. The name may also refer to the Chesapeake people or the Chesepian, a Native American tribe who inhabited the area now known as South Hampton Roads in the U.S. state of Virginia. They occupied an area that is now the Norfolk, Portsmouth, Chesapeake, and Virginia Beach areas. In 2005, Algonquian linguist Blair Rudes "helped to dispel one of the area's most widely held beliefs: that 'Chesapeake' means something like 'great shellfish bay'. It does not, Rudes said. The name might have actually meant something like 'great water', or it might have just referred to a village location at the Bay's mouth."
Physical geography
Geology and formation
The Chesapeake Bay is an estuary to the North Atlantic, lying between the Delmarva Peninsula to the east and the North American mainland to the west. It is the ria, or drowned valley, of the Susquehanna River, meaning that it was the alluvial plain where the river flowed when the sea level was lower. It is not a fjord, because the Laurentide Ice Sheet never reached as far south as the northernmost point on the Bay. North of Baltimore, the western shore borders the hilly Piedmont region of Maryland; south of the city the Bay lies within the state's low-lying coastal plain, with sedimentary cliffs to the west, and flat islands, winding creeks and marshes to the east. The large rivers entering the Bay from the west have broad mouths and are extensions of the main ria for miles up the course of each river.
The Bay's geology, its present form, and its very location were created by a bolide impact event at the end of the Eocene (about 35.5 million years ago), forming the Chesapeake Bay impact crater and much later the Susquehanna River valley. The Bay was formed starting about 10,000 years ago when rising sea levels at the end of the last ice age flooded the Susquehanna River valley. Parts of the Bay, especially the Calvert County, Maryland, coastline, are lined by cliffs composed of deposits from receding waters millions of years ago. These cliffs, generally known as Calvert Cliffs, are famous for their fossils, especially fossilized shark teeth, which are commonly found washed up on the beaches next to the cliffs. Scientists' Cliffs is a beach community in Calvert County named for the desire to create a retreat for scientists when the community was founded in 1935.
Hydrology
Much of the Bay is shallow. At the point where the Susquehanna River flows into the Bay, the average depth is , although this soon diminishes to an average of southeast of the city of Havre de Grace, Maryland, to about just north of Annapolis. On average, the depth of the Bay is , including tributaries; over 24 percent of the Bay is less than deep.
Because the Bay is an estuary, it has fresh water, salt water and brackish water. Brackish water has three salinity zones: oligohaline, mesohaline, and polyhaline. The freshwater zone runs from the mouth of the Susquehanna River to north Baltimore. The oligohaline zone has very little salt. Salinity varies from 0.5 ppt (parts per thousand) to 10 ppt, and freshwater species can survive there. The north end of the oligohaline zone is north Baltimore and the south end is the Chesapeake Bay Bridge. The mesohaline zone has a medium amount of salt and runs from the Bay Bridge to the mouth of the Rappahannock River. Salinity there ranges from 1.07% to 1.8%. The polyhaline zone is the saltiest zone, and some of the water can be as salty as sea water. It runs from the mouth of the Rappahannock River to the mouth of the Bay. The salinity ranges from 1.87% to 3.6%. (3.6% is as salty as the ocean.)
The climate of the area surrounding the Bay is primarily humid subtropical, with hot, very humid summers and cold to mild winters. Only the area around the mouth of the Susquehanna River is continental in nature, and the mouth of the Susquehanna River and the Susquehanna flats often freeze in winter. It is rare for the surface of the Bay to freeze in winter, something that happened most recently in the winter of 1976–77.
The Chesapeake Bay is the end point of over 150 rivers and streams. The largest rivers flowing directly into the Bay, in order of discharge, are:
Susquehanna River
Potomac River
James River
Rappahannock River
York River
Patuxent River
Choptank River
For more information on Chesapeake Bay rivers, see the List of Chesapeake Bay rivers.
Flora and fauna
The Chesapeake Bay is home to numerous fauna that either migrate to the Bay at some point during the year or live there year-round. There are over 300 species of fish and numerous shellfish and crab species. Some of these include the Atlantic menhaden, striped bass, American eel, eastern oyster, Atlantic horseshoe crab, and the blue crab.
Birds include ospreys, great blue herons, bald eagles, and peregrine falcons, the last two of which were threatened by DDT; their numbers plummeted but have risen in recent years. The piping plover is a near threatened species that inhabits the wetlands.
Larger fish such as Atlantic sturgeon, varieties of sharks, and stingrays visit the Chesapeake Bay. The waters of the Chesapeake Bay have been regarded as one of the most important nursery areas for sharks along the east coast. Megafaunas such as bull sharks, tiger sharks, scalloped hammerhead sharks, and basking sharks and manta rays are also known to visit. Smaller species of sharks and stingrays that are known to be regular to occasional residents in the bay include the smooth dogfish, spiny dogfish, cownose ray, and bonnethead.
Bottlenose dolphins are known to live seasonally/yearly in the Bay. There have been unconfirmed sightings of humpback whales in recent years. Endangered North Atlantic right whale and fin, and minke and sei whales have also been sighted within and in the vicinity of the Bay.
A male manatee visited the Bay several times between 1994 and 2011, even though the area is north of the species' normal range. The manatee, recognizable due to distinct markings on its body, was nicknamed "Chessie" after a legendary sea monster that was allegedly sighted in the Bay during the 20th century. The same manatee has been spotted as far north as Rhode Island, and was the first manatee known to travel so far north. Other manatees are occasionally seen in the Bay and its tributaries, which contain sea grasses that are part of the manatee's diet.
Loggerhead turtles are known to visit the Bay.
The Chesapeake Bay is also home to a diverse flora, both land and aquatic. Common submerged aquatic vegetation includes eelgrass and widgeon grass. A report in 2011 suggested that information on underwater grasses would be released, because "submerged grasses provide food and habitat for a number of species, adding oxygen to the water and improving water clarity." Other vegetation that makes its home in other parts of the Bay are wild rice, various trees like the red maple, loblolly pine and bald cypress, and spartina grass and phragmites. Invasive plants have taken a significant foothold in the Bay; plants such as Brazilian waterweed, native to South America, have spread to most continents with the help of aquarium owners, who often dump the contents of their aquariums into nearby lakes and streams. It is highly invasive, and has the potential to flourish in the low-salinity tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay. Dense stands of Brazilian waterweed can restrict water movement, trap sediment and affect water quality. Various local K-12 schools in the Maryland and Virginia region often have programs that cultivate native bay grasses and plant them in the Bay.
History
Pre-Columbian
It is presumed that Chesapeake Bay was once inhabited by Paleoindians 11,000 years ago. "Paleoindians," or the first humans in the Chesapeake Bay region, lived off the land by hunting game and living off the earth in small nomadic groups. Archeologists have also noted the presence of “foreign” stones in projectile points that came via trade from other parts of North America. For thousands of years, Native American societies lived in villages of wooden longhouses close to water bodies where they fished and farmed the land. Agricultural products included beans, corn, tobacco, and squash. Villages often lasted between 10 and 20 years before being abandoned due to local resources such as firewood running out or soil depleting. To produce enough food, labor was divided with men hunting while the women supervised the village's farming. All village members took part in the harvesting of fish and shellfish from the local bodies of water. As time went on, communities around Chesapeake Bay formed confederations such as the Powhatan, the Piscataway, and the Nanticoke. Each of these confederations consisted of a collections of smaller tribes falling under the leadership of a central chief.
European exploration and settlement
In 1524, Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, (1485–1528), in service of the French crown, (famous for sailing through and thereafter naming the entrance to New York Bay as the "Verrazzano Narrows", including now in the 20th century, a suspension bridge also named for him) sailed past the Chesapeake, but did not enter the Bay. Spanish explorer Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón sent an expedition out from Hispaniola in 1525 that reached the mouths of the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. It may have been the first European expedition to explore parts of the Chesapeake Bay, which the Spaniards called "Bahía de Santa María" ("Bay of St. Mary") or "Bahía de Madre de Dios."("Bay of the Mother of God") De Ayllón established a short-lived Spanish mission settlement, San Miguel de Gualdape, in 1526 along the Atlantic coast. Many scholars doubt the assertion that it was as far north as the Chesapeake; most place it in present-day Georgia's Sapelo Island. In 1573, Pedro Menéndez de Márquez, the governor of Spanish Florida, conducted further exploration of the Chesapeake. In 1570, Spanish Jesuits established the short-lived Ajacan Mission on one of the Chesapeake tributaries in present-day Virginia.
The arrival of English colonists under Sir Walter Raleigh and Humphrey Gilbert in the late 16th century to found a colony, later settled at Roanoke Island (off the present-day coast of North Carolina) for the Virginia Company, marked the first time that the English approached the gates to the Chesapeake Bay between the capes of Cape Charles and Cape Henry. Three decades later, in 1607, Europeans again entered the Bay. Captain John Smith of England explored and mapped the Bay between 1607 and 1609, resulting in the publication in 1612 back in the British Isles of "A Map of Virginia". Smith wrote in his journal: "Heaven and earth have never agreed better to frame a place for man's habitation." The Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail, the first designated "all-water" National Historic Trail in the US, was established in 2006 by the National Park Service. The trail follows the route of Smith's historic 17th-century voyage. Because of economic hardships and civil strife in the "Mother Land", there was a mass migration of southern English Cavaliers and their servants to the Chesapeake Bay region between 1640 and 1675, to both of the new colonies of the Province of Virginia and the Province of Maryland.
American Revolution to the present
The Chesapeake Bay was the site of the Battle of the Chesapeake (also known as the "Battle of the Capes", Cape Charles and Cape Henry) in 1781, during which the French fleet defeated the Royal Navy in the decisive naval battle of the American Revolutionary War. The British defeat enabled General George Washington and his French allied armies under Comte de Rochambeau to march down from New York and bottle up the rampaging southern British Army of Lord Cornwallis from the North and South Carolinas at the siege of Battle of Yorktown in Yorktown, Virginia. Their marching route from Newport, Rhode Island through Connecticut, New York State, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware to the "Head of Elk" by the Susquehanna River along the shores and also partially sailing down the Bay to Virginia. It is also the subject of a designated National Historic Trail as the Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route.
The Bay would again see conflict during War of 1812. During the year of 1813, from their base on Tangier Island, British naval forces under the command of Admiral George Cockburn raided several towns on the shores of the Chesapeake, treating the Bay as if it were a "British Lake". The Chesapeake Bay Flotilla, a fleet of shallow-draft armed barges under the command of U.S. Navy Commodore Joshua Barney, was assembled to stall British shore raids and attacks. After months of harassment by Barney, the British landed on the west side of the Patuxent at Benedict, Maryland, the Chesapeake Flotilla was scuttled, and the British trekked overland to rout the U.S. Army at Bladensburg and burn the U.S. Capitol in August 1814. A few days later in a "pincer attack", they also sailed up the Potomac River to attack Fort Washington below the National Capital and raided the nearby port town of Alexandria, Virginia.
There were so-called "Oyster Wars" in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Until the mid-20th century, oyster harvesting rivaled the crab industry among Chesapeake watermen, a dwindling breed whose skipjacks and other workboats were supplanted by recreational craft in the latter part of the century.
In the 1960s, the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant on the historic Calvert Cliffs in Calvert County on the Western Shore of Maryland began using water from the Bay to cool its reactor.
Navigation
The Chesapeake Bay forms a link in the Intracoastal Waterway, of the bays, sounds and inlets between the off-shore barrier islands and the coastal mainland along the Atlantic coast connecting the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal (linking the Bay to the north and the Delaware River) with the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal (linking the Bay, to the south, via the Elizabeth River, by the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth to the Albemarle Sound and Pamlico Sound in North Carolina and further to the Sea Islands of Georgia). A busy shipping channel (dredged by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers since the 1850s) runs the length of the Bay, is an important transit route for large vessels entering or leaving the Port of Baltimore, and further north through the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal to the ports of Wilmington and Philadelphia on the Delaware River.
During the later half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, the Bay was plied by passenger steamships and packet boat lines connecting the various cities on it, notably the Baltimore Steam Packet Company ("Old Bay Line").
In the later 20th century, a series of road crossings were built. One, the Chesapeake Bay Bridge (also known as the Governor William Preston Lane, Jr. Memorial Bridge) between the state capital of Annapolis, Maryland and Matapeake on the Eastern Shore, crossing Kent Island, was constructed 1949–1952. A second, parallel, span was added in 1973. The Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel, connecting Virginia's Eastern Shore with its mainland (at the metropolitan areas of Virginia Beach, Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Chesapeake), is approximately long; it has trestle bridges as well as two stretches of tunnels that allow unimpeded shipping; the bridge is supported by four man-made islands. The Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel was opened for two lanes in 1964 and four lanes in 1999.
Tides
Tides in the Chesapeake Bay exhibit an interesting and unique behavior due to the nature of the topography (both horizontal and vertical shape), wind-driven circulation, and how the Bay interacts with oceanic tides. Research into the peculiar behavior of tides both at the northern and southern extents of the Bay began in the late 1970s. One study noted sea level fluctuations at periods of 5 days, driven by sea level changes at the Bay's mouth on the Atlantic coast and local lateral winds, and 2.5 days, caused by resonant oscillations driven by local longitudinal winds, while another study later found that the geometry of the Bay permits for a resonant period of 1.46 days.
A good example of how the different Chesapeake Bay sites experience different tides can be seen in the tidal predictions published by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (see figure at right).
At the Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel (CBBT) site, which lies at the southernmost point of the Bay where it meets the Atlantic Ocean near Norfolk, Virginia, and the capes of Charles and Henry, there is a distinct semi-diurnal tide throughout the lunar month, with small amplitude modulations during spring (new/full moon) vs. neap (one/three quarter moon) tidal periods. The main forcing of the CBBT tides are typical, semi-diurnal ocean tides that the East Coast of the United States experiences.
Baltimore, in the northern portion of the Bay, experiences a noticeable modulation to form its mixed tidal nature during spring vs. neap tides. Spring tides, when the sun-earth-moon system forms a line, cause the largest tidal amplitudes during lunar monthly tidal variations. In contrast, neap tides, when the sun-earth-moon system forms a right angle, are muted, and in a semi-diurnal tidal system (such as that seen at the CBBT site) this can be seen as a lowest intertidal range.
Two interesting points that arise from comparing these two sites at opposite ends of the Bay are their tidal characteristics - semi-diurnal tide for CBBT and mixed tide for Baltimore (due to resonance in the Bay) - and the differences in amplitude (due to dissipation in the Bay).
Economy
Fishing industry
The Bay is well-known for its seafood, especially blue crabs, clams, and oysters. In the middle of the 20th century, the Bay supported 9,000 full-time watermen, according to one account. Today, the body of water is less productive than it used to be because of runoff from urban areas (mostly on the Western Shore) and farms (especially on the Eastern Shore and in the Susquehanna River watershed), over-harvesting, and invasion of foreign species.
The plentiful oyster harvests led to the development of the skipjack, the state boat of Maryland, which is the only remaining working boat type in the United States still under sail power. Other characteristic bay-area workboats include sail-powered boats such as the log canoe, the pungy, the bugeye, and the motorized Chesapeake Bay deadrise, the state boat of Virginia.
In addition to harvesting wild oysters, oyster farming is a growing industry in the Bay. Oyster aquaculture is passive in that the Bay provides all the natural oyster food needed, making it an environmentally-friendly practice in contrast to other kinds of fish farming. Oyster farms provide jobs as well as a natural effort for filtering excess nutrients from the water in an effort to reduce the effects of eutrophication pollution (too much algae). The Chesapeake Bay Program promotes oyster restoration projects to reduce the amount of nitrogen compounds entering the bay.
The Bay is famous for its rockfish, a regional name for striped bass. Once on the verge of extinction, rockfish have made a significant comeback because of legislative action that put a moratorium on rockfishing, which allowed the species to re-populate. Rockfish can now be fished in strictly controlled and limited quantities.
Other popular recreational fisheries in the Chesapeake Bay include shad, cobia, croaker, and redfish, winter flounder, and summer flounder. Recently, non-native blue catfish have proliferated in tributaries like the James River and may be moving to other areas of the Bay. A commercial fishery exists for menhaden, too oily for human consumption but instead used for bait, fish oil, and livestock feed.
Tourism and recreation
The Chesapeake Bay is a main feature for tourists who visit Maryland and Virginia each year. Fishing, crabbing, swimming, boating, kayaking, and sailing are extremely popular activities enjoyed on the waters of the Chesapeake Bay. As a result, tourism has a notable impact on Maryland's economy. One report suggested that Annapolis was an appealing spot for families, water sports and boating. Commentator Terry Smith spoke about the Bay's beauty:
One account suggested how the Chesapeake attracts people:
The Chesapeake Bay plays an important role in Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania's economies, in addition to the ecosystem. The nature-based recreation of wildlife, boating, and ecotourism are dependent on enforcement of the Clean Water Act (CWA), which regulates pollutant discharges and supports related pollution control programs. In 2006, "roughly eight million wildlife watchers spent $636 million, $960 million, and $1.4 billion in Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania" according to the Chesapeake Bay Foundation.
Cuisine
In colonial times, simple cooking techniques were used to create one pot meals like ham and potato casserole, clam chowder, or stews with common ingredients like oysters, chicken or venison. When John Smith landed in Chesapeake in 1608 he wrote: "The fish were so thick, we attempted to catch them with frying pans". Common regional ingredients in the local cuisine of Chesapeake included terrapins, smoked hams, blue crab, shellfish, local fish, game meats and various species of waterfowl. Blue crab continues to be an especially popular regional specialty.
Environmental issues
Pollution
In the 1970s, the Chesapeake Bay was found to contain one of the planet's first identified marine dead zones, where waters were so depleted of oxygen that they were unable to support life, resulting in massive fish kills. In 2010 the bay's dead zones were estimated to kill 75,000 tons of bottom-dwelling clams and worms each year, weakening the base of the estuary's food chain and robbing the blue crab in particular of a primary food source. Crabs are sometimes observed to amass on shore to escape pockets of oxygen-poor water, a behavior known as a "crab jubilee". Hypoxia results in part from large algal blooms, which are nourished by the runoff of residential, farm and industrial waste throughout the watershed. A 2010 report criticized Amish farmers in Pennsylvania for raising cows with inadequate controls on the manure that they generate. Farms in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania generate large quantities of manure that washes into tributaries of the bay.
The pollution entering the bay has multiple components that contribute to algal blooms, principally the nutrients phosphorus and nitrogen. The algae prevents sunlight from reaching the bottom of the bay while alive and deoxygenates the bay's water when it dies and rots. Soil erosion and runoff of sediment into the bay, exacerbated by devegetation, construction and the prevalence of pavement in urban and suburban areas, also block vital sunlight. The resulting loss of aquatic vegetation has depleted the habitat for much of the bay's animal life. Beds of eelgrass, the dominant variety in the southern Chesapeake Bay, have shrunk by more than half there since the early 1970s. Overharvesting, pollution, sedimentation and disease have turned much of the bay's bottom into a muddy wasteland.
The principal sources of nutrient pollution in the bay are surface runoff from farms, as well as runoff from urban and suburban areas. About half of the nutrient pollutant loads in the bay are generated by manure and poultry litter. Extensive use of lawn fertilizers and air pollution from motor vehicles and power plants are also significant nutrient sources.
One particularly harmful source of toxicity is Pfiesteria piscicida, which can affect both fish and humans. Pfiesteria caused a small regional panic in the late 1990s when a series of large blooms started killing large numbers of fish while giving swimmers mysterious rashes; nutrient runoff from chicken farms was blamed for the growth.
Depletion of oysters
While the bay's salinity is ideal for oysters and the oyster fishery was at one time the bay's most commercially viable, the population has in the last fifty years been devastated. Maryland once had roughly of oyster reefs. In 2008 there were about . It has been estimated that in pre-colonial times, oysters could filter the entirety of the bay in about 3.3 days; by 1988 this time had increased to 325 days. The harvest's gross value decreased 88% from 1982 to 2007. One report suggested the bay had fewer oysters in 2008 than 25 years earlier.
The primary problem is overharvesting. Lax government regulations allow anyone with a license to remove oysters from state-owned beds, and although limits are set, they are not strongly enforced. The overharvesting of oysters has made it difficult for them to reproduce, which requires close proximity to one another. A second cause for the oyster depletion is that the drastic increase in human population caused a sharp increase in pollution flowing into the bay. The bay's oyster industry has also suffered from two diseases: MSX and Dermo.
The depletion of oysters has had a particularly harmful effect on the quality of the bay. Oysters serve as natural water filters, and their decline has further reduced the water quality of the bay. Water that was once clear for meters is now so turbid that a wader may lose sight of his feet while his knees are still dry.
Institutional responses to pollution problems
Concern about the increasing discoveries of bay pollution problems, and of the institutional challenges of organizing bay restoration programs over a large geographical area, led to Congress directing the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to take a greater role in studying the scientific and technical aspects of the problems beginning in the late 1970s. The agency conducted its research over a seven-year period and published a major report in 1983. The report stated that the bay was an "ecosystem in decline" and cited numerous instances of declines in the populations of oysters, crabs, freshwater fish and other wildlife.
The growing concerns about pollution also prompted the legislatures of Maryland and Virginia to establish the Chesapeake Bay Commission, an advisory body, in 1980. The commission consults with the state legislatures and executive agencies, as well as Congress, about environmental, economic and social issues related to the bay.
As an initial follow-up to the EPA report, the Chesapeake Bay Commission and EPA developed the Chesapeake Bay Agreement in 1983. The agreement was signed by the governors of Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania; the Mayor of the District of Columbia; and the EPA Administrator. The parties agreed to:
creation of an "Executive Council" consisting of cabinet-level appointees from each state and Washington, D.C., and the EPA Regional Administrator
the council's creation of an implementation committee to coordinate technical issues and development management plans for bay restoration
the establishment of the Chesapeake Bay Program as a liaison office for all of the participating organizations. The program's office, based in Annapolis, is partially funded by EPA and staffed by experts from the member states, EPA and other federal agencies, and academic institutions.
Concurrent with the 1983 agreement EPA began providing matching grants to the bay states for research and restoration projects.
In 1987 the parties agreed to set a goal of reducing the amount of nutrients that enter the bay by 40 percent by 2000. In 1992, the bay program partners agreed to continue the 40 percent reduction goal beyond 2000 and to attack nutrients at their source: upstream, in the bay tributaries.
Restoration efforts
Efforts of federal, state and local governments, working in partnership through the Chesapeake Bay Program along with the Chesapeake Bay Foundation and other nonprofit environmental groups, to restore or at least maintain the current water quality, have had mixed results. One particular obstacle to cleaning up the bay is that much of the polluting substances are discharged far upstream in lying within states far removed from the bay: New York and Pennsylvania. Despite the State of Maryland spending over $100 million to restore the bay, conditions have continued to grow worse. In the mid-20th century, the Bay supported over 6,000 oystermen. As of 2008, there were fewer than 500.
In June 2000, the Chesapeake Bay Program adopted Chesapeake 2000, an agreement adopted by the member jurisdictions, intended to guide restoration activities throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed through 2010. One component of this agreement was a series of upgrades to sewage treatment plants throughout the watershed. In 2016 EPA stated that the upgrades "have resulted in steep reductions in nitrogen and phosphorus pollution... despite increases in human population and wastewater volume."
EPA published a series of scientific documents on water quality criteria for the bay between 2004 and 2010. The criteria documents, which describe specific pollutants and their effects on aquatic species, are used by the states to develop water quality standards (WQS) for individual water bodies. Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia adopted WQS for various Chesapeake Bay tributaries in the mid-2000s, referencing the EPA criteria documents, as well as their own extensive data gathering and modeling efforts.
Restoration efforts that began in the 1990s have continued into the 21st century and show potential for growth of the native oyster population. Efforts to repopulate the bay using oyster hatcheries have been carried out by a group called the Oyster Recovery Partnership, with some success. In 2011 the group placed 6 million oysters on of the Trent Hall sanctuary. Scientists from the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William & Mary claim that experimental reefs created in 2004 now house 180 million native oysters, Crassostrea virginica, which is far fewer than the billions that once existed.
Regulatory actions
In 2009 the Chesapeake Bay Foundation (CBF) filed suit against EPA for its failure to finalize a total maximum daily load (TMDL) ruling for the bay, pursuant to the Clean Water Act. The TMDL would restrict water pollution from farms, land development, power plants and sewage treatment plants. EPA, which had been working with the states on various components of the TMDL since the 1980s (e.g. water quality criteria, standards for individual tributaries, improvements in data gathering and modeling techniques), agreed to settle the lawsuit and issued its TMDL for nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment pollution on December 29, 2010. This was the largest, most complex TMDL document that EPA had issued to date. The TMDL was challenged in litigation by the agriculture and construction industries, but EPA's document was upheld by the courts.
In 2020 the CBF filed another lawsuit against EPA for its failure to require the states of New York and Pennsylvania to comply with their TMDL goals and reduce pollution in the bay.
EPA's 2010 TMDL document requires all states in the bay watershed region to develop detailed implementation plans for pollutant reduction. The states have been developing their plans for years, in many cases building upon restoration projects that they had initiated before EPA's TMDL was finalized. These plans are long and complex, involving regular consultation with many stakeholders (i.e. governments, industry, agriculture, citizen groups). The plans include multiple milestone goals for project initiation or continued progress in water quality, through the use of pollution control upgrades (such as at sewage treatment plants) and more widespread utilization of various best management practices (BMPs). The BMPs are designed for specific sites to control pollution from nonpoint sources, principally agriculture, land development and urban runoff. For example, a farmer may install vegetated stream buffers along a stream bank to reduce runoff of sediment, nutrients and other pollutants. A land developer may install stormwater management facilities such as infiltration basins or constructed wetlands during the construction of housing or commercial buildings.
In 2011 both Maryland and Virginia enacted laws to reduce the effects of lawn fertilizer use, by restricting nitrogen and phosphorus content. The Virginia law also banned deicers containing urea, nitrogen or phosphorus.
Installation of stormwater management facilities is already a requirement for most new construction projects in the bay region, under various state and local government requirements. These facilities reduce erosion and keep sediment and other pollutants from entering tributaries and the bay. However retrofitting such facilities into existing developed areas is often expensive due to high land costs, or difficult to install among existing structures. As a result, the extent of such retrofit projects in the bay region has been limited.
Water quality improvements
In 2010 bay health improved slightly in terms of the overall health of its ecosystem, earning a rating of 31 out of 100, up from a 28 rating in 2008. An estimate in 2006 from a "blue ribbon panel" said cleanup costs would be $15 billion. Compounding the problem is that 100,000 new residents move to the area each year. A 2008 Washington Post report suggested that government administrators had overstated progress on cleanup efforts as a way to "preserve the flow of federal and state money to the project." In January 2011, there were reports that millions of fish had died, but officials suggested it was probably the result of extremely cold weather.
The health of the Chesapeake Bay improved in 2015, marking three years of gains over a four-year period, according to a 2016 report by the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES). In 2021 scientists at the UMCES reported slight improvements in bay water quality compared to levels measured in 2020. The greatest improvements were seen in the lower bay areas, while the Patapsco River and Back River (Maryland) regions showed minimal improvement. Positive indicators included decreased nitrogen levels and increases in dissolved oxygen.
The CBF reported that as of 2022 pollution control efforts in the bay have continued to show mixed results, with no improvement in levels of toxic contaminants, nitrogen and dissolved oxygen, and a small decrease in water clarity compared to 2020 levels (measured as Secchi depth). Oyster and rockfish populations in the bay have improved, but blue crab populations have continued to decline.
Climate change
The Chesapeake Bay is already experiencing the effects of climate change. Key among these is sea level rise: water levels in the bay have already risen one foot, with a predicted increase of 1.3 to 5.2 feet in the next 100 years. This has related environmental effects, causing changes in marine ecosystems, destruction of coastal marshes and wetlands, and intrusion of saltwater into otherwise brackish parts of the bay. Sea level rise also compounds the effects of extreme weather on the bay, making coastal flooding as part of the events more extreme and increasing runoff from upstream in the watershed.
With increases in flooding events and sea level rise, the 11,600 miles of coastline, which include significant historic buildings and modern infrastructure, will be at risk of erosion. Islands such as Holland Island have disappeared due to the rising sea levels.
Beyond sea level rise, other changes in the marine ecosystem due to climate change, such as ocean acidification and temperature increases, will put increasing pressure on marine life. Projected effects include decreasing dissolved oxygen, more acidic waters making it harder for shellfish to maintain shells, and changing the seasonal cycles important for breeding and other lifecycle activities. Seasonal shifts and warmer temperatures also mean that there is a greater likelihood of pathogens to stay active in the ecosystem.
Climate change may worsen hypoxia. However, compared to the current effects of nutrient pollution and algal blooms, climate change’s effect to increase hypoxia is relatively small. Warmer waters can hold less dissolved oxygen. Therefore, as the Bay warms, there may be a longer duration of hypoxia each summer season in the deep central channel of the Bay. However, comparing the effects of climate change and nutrient pollution, reduced nutrient pollution would increase oxygen concentrations more dramatically than if climate change were to level out.
Climate change adaptation and mitigation programs in Maryland and Virginia often include significant programs to address the communities in the Chesapeake Bay. Key infrastructure in Virginia, such as the port of Norfolk, and major agriculture and fishing industries of the Eastern Shore of Maryland will be directly impacted by the changes in the Bay.
Scientific research
Researchers work in the Chesapeake Bay to collect information about water quality, plant and animal abundances, shoreline erosion, tides, waves, and harmful algal blooms. For example, the Virginia Institute of Marine Science monitors the abundance of submerged aquatic vegetation in the shallow areas of the Chesapeake Bay each summer. Many organizations run continuous monitoring programs. Monitoring programs set out instruments at fixed stations on buoys, moorings, and docks throughout the Bay to record things like temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a concentration, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity over time.
Organizations actively collecting data in the Chesapeake Bay include, but are not limited to:
Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve in Maryland
Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve in Virginia
Chesapeake Bay Program
Hampton Roads Sanitation District
Maryland Department of Natural Resources
NASA GSFC Ocean Biology group
NASA GSFC Applied Sciences group (Water Resources and Human Health areas)
NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office
Old Dominion University’s Earth and Ocean Sciences Department
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
United States Geological Survey
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science
Virginia Department of Environmental Quality
Virginia Department of Health
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Virginia Marine Resources Commission
Underwater archaeology
Underwater archaeology is a subfield of archaeology that focuses on the exploration of submerged archaeological sites in seas, rivers, and other bodies of water. In 1988, the Maryland Maritime Archeology Program (MMAP) was established with the goal to manage and explore the various underwater archaeological sites that line the Chesapeake Bay. This was in response to the National Abandoned Shipwreck Act passed in 1987, which gave ownership of historically significant shipwrecks to those states with proper management programs.
Water makes up 25% of the State of Maryland and there are over 550 submerged archaeological sites that have been located across the Chesapeake Bay and its surrounding watersheds. Ranging from 12,000-year-old, precolonial native settlements to shipwrecks from as recent as World War II, the MMAP researches thousands of years' worth of history in these archaeological sites. Susan Langley has been Maryland's State Underwater Archaeologist, one of only nine state-appointed underwater archaeologists in the United States, since assuming the role in 1995. Before Langley was hired, only 1% of the underwater archaeological sites in the bay area had been examined. Over the next 10 years, Langley made significant improvements to the MMAP's marine technology, allowing her and her team to explore 34% of the underwater archaeological sites by 2004.
Location and research processes
The Chesapeake Bay watershed has been heavily impacted by natural forces such as erosion, tides, and a history of hurricanes and other storms. Along with environmental factors, the bay has been negatively impacted by humans since being settled in the 17th century, bringing with them problems like pollution, construction, and destruction of the environment. All of these circumstances have made it increasingly difficult for the MMAP to identify potential underwater archaeological sites. As sea levels rise and historically significant areas are sunk and covered in sediment, the MMAP relies on various pieces of equipment to locate these man-made anomalies but also ensure that the material being examined is kept intact. Using marine magnetometers(detects iron/absent space), side-scan sonar,(detects objects on sea floor), along with precise global positioning systems, Langley and the MMAP have been much more successful in locating submerged archaeological sites. After locating the site, Langley and her team have a strict process in order to preserve the site and its contents, allowing more accurate and thorough research to be conducted. The remains of nearly every site have been submerged in saltwater for sometimes centuries, the integrity of shipwrecks and other materials are fragile and careful precaution must be used when working with them. Taking photos and videos, creating maps, and constructing models are all a part of the process of preserving remains. Susan Langley notes herself, “If you have only ten percent of a ship’s hull, you can reconstruct the ship. Construction techniques can tell us about the people who built the vessels, artifacts can tell us about the people who profited from the ship’s trade, and eco-facts—evidence of insect infestation and organic remains, such as seeds, that are preserved in anaerobic, muddy environments—can tell us about the climate and season when a ship sank." Still, the MMAP makes it a point to publish their data and information once a site is officially identified; however, the details of the location are left out to sway would-be looters, who have plagued marine archaeologists for decades.
Significant sites
Altogether there are more than 1,800 ship and boat wrecks that scatter the bottom of the Chesapeake Bay and its surrounding waterways. Dozens of precolonial era canoes and artifacts have been extracted from the bay, helping to portray a better picture of the lives of Native Americans (e.g., Powhatan, Pamunkey, Nansemond) In 2014, underwater archaeologists identified the skull of a prehistoric mastodon, which through carbon dating was found to be 22,000 years old. Along with the skull, a carved blade was also discovered in the same area. Unable to accurately carbon date the stone tool, archaeologists looked at similar styles of blade carving in order to gauge when it was made. The technique was similar to the Solutrean tools that were crafted in Europe between 22,000 and 17,000 years ago and it was noted that the stone tool must be at least 14,000 years old. The Solutrean hypothesis challenges the previous theory regarding the first inhabitants of North America, whereas it is commonly accepted amongst anthropologists that the Clovis people were the first to settle the region somewhere around 13,000 years ago. There is some controversy surrounding these findings; many anthropologists have disputed this, claiming that the environment and setting make properly identifying the origins of these artifacts nearly impossible.
The Chesapeake Bay Flotilla, which was constructed using shallow barges and ships to provide a blockade to the British during the War of 1812. After holding strong for some months, the British eventually dispersed the flotilla and dozens of these vessels were burnt and sunk. Starting in 1978, there were numerous expeditions launched in hopes of successfully discovering what was left of the Chesapeake Bay Flotilla. Since then, hundreds of artifacts and remains have been extracted from the submerged ships such as weapons, personal items, and many other objects. Underwater archaeologists have also been successful in constructing accurate models and maps of the wreckage amongst the sea floor.
In October 1774, a British merchant ship arrived at the port of Annapolis loaded with tea disguised as linens and garments. The tea was hidden by the British to avoid conflict with the colonists as the recently imposed tea tax had created hostility and uncertainty among the colonies. Named Peggy Stewart, the British vessel arrived and attempted to tax the colonists for the purchased tea. The colonists refused to pay the tax and after a few days of public meetings, the colonists decided to burn Peggy Stewart and the contents of it. The British ship was sunk in what became known as the 'Annapolis Tea Party' and has since become an important site for underwater archaeologists in the Chesapeake Bay. In 1949, after the Nazi's defeat in World War 2, the United States seized a German U-1105 built with sonar-evading rubber sheathing for study purposes. It was sunk the same year in the Potomac River off of the Chesapeake Bay following a high explosives test hosted by the U.S. Navy and has since been a popular site for underwater archaeologists.
Maryland has controlled the majority of underwater archaeology research around the Chesapeake Bay; however, Virginia's Department of Historic Resources has had a State Underwater Archaeologist since the 1970s. In 1982, the Virginia Department of Historic Resources along with the first State Underwater Archaeologist, John Broadwater, led an expedition to explore and research a sunken fleet of Revolution-era battleships. In September 1781, during the Revolutionary War, the British intentionally sunk more than a dozen ships in the York River, near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Led by Lord Charles Cornwallis, a fleet of British ships was pushed back towards the rivers of the Chesapeake, in a desperate attempt to avoid surrendering, Cornwallis began burning and sinking his own vessels with the hopes of stalling the incoming French and American ships. Cornwallis was eventually forced to surrender on October 19 and the ships along with its contents were at the bottom of the York River. One of the British ships, called Betsy, has been explored more than any other and over 5,000 relics were removed from Betsy on their original expedition in 1982, including weapons, personal objects, and some valuable metals. Broadwater and his team were awarded a 20-page article in the magazine National Geographic for their findings. Virginia has recently been granted funding for further research of these sunken vessels and expeditions are currently underway with the goal to fully explore this destroyed fleet of British ships. Unfortunately, following the publicity of these sunken ships, many divers have taken it upon themselves to explore the wreckage for 'treasure'.
Publications
There are several magazines and publications that cover topics directly related to the Chesapeake Bay and life and tourism within the Bay region.
The Bay Journal provides environmental news for the Chesapeake Bay watershed region.
Bay Weekly is the Chesapeake Bay region's independent newspaper.
The Capital, a newspaper based in Annapolis, reports about news pertaining to the Western Shore of Maryland and the Annapolis area.
Chesapeake Bay Magazine and PropTalk focus on powerboating in the Bay, and SpinSheet focuses on sailing.
What's Up Magazine is a free monthly publication with special issues focused on Annapolis and the Eastern Shore.
Cultural depictions
In literature
Beautiful Swimmers: Watermen, Crabs and the Chesapeake Bay (1976), a Pulitzer Prize-winning non-fiction book by William W. Warner about the Chesapeake Bay, blue crabs, and watermen.
Chesapeake (1978), a novel by author James A. Michener.
Chesapeake Requiem: A Year with the Watermen of Vanishing Tangier Island (2018), by Earl Swift, a New York Times bestselling nonfiction book about the crabbing community of Chesapeake Bay.
Dicey's Song (1983) and the rest of Cynthia Voigt's Tillerman series are set in Crisfield on the Chesapeake Bay.* John Barth wrote two novels featuring Chesapeake Bay
Jacob Have I Loved (1980) by Katherine Paterson, winner of the 1981 Newbery Medal. This is a novel about the relationship between two sisters in a waterman family who grow up on an island in the Bay.
Patriot Games (1987), in which protagonist Jack Ryan lives on the fictional Peregrine Cliffs overlooking the Chesapeake Bay, and Without Remorse (1993), in which protagonist John Kelly (later known as John Clark when he goes to work for the CIA), lives on a boat and an island in the Bay, both by Tom Clancy.
Red Kayak (2004) by Priscilla Cummings portrays class conflict between waterman people and wealthy newcomers.
Sabbatical: A Romance (1982) centered on a yacht race through the Bay, and The Tidewater Tales (1987) detailed a married couple telling stories to each other as they cruise the Bay, both novels by John Barth.
The Oyster Wars of Chesapeake Bay (1997) by John Wennersten, on the Oyster Wars in the decades following the Civil War.
In film
The Bay, a 2012 found footage-style eco-horror movie about a pandemic due to deadly pollution from chicken factory farm run-off and mutant isopods and aquatic parasites able to infect humans.
Expedition Chesapeake, A Journey of Discovery, a 2019 film starring Jeff Corwin created by The Whitaker Center for Science and the Arts.
In TV
In Chesapeake Shores, the O'Brien family lives in a small town in the Bay, not far from Baltimore.
In MeatEater by Steven Rinella, Season 8, Episode 3-4 "Ghosts of the Chesapeake" features the Chesapeake Bay eastern shore.
Other media
Singer and songwriter Tom Wisner recorded several albums, often about the Chesapeake Bay. The Boston Globe wrote that Wisner "always tried to capture the voice of the water and the sky, of the rocks and the trees, of the fish and the birds, of the gods of nature he believed still watched over it all." He was known as the Bard of the Chesapeake Bay.
The Chesapeake Bay is referenced in the hit musical Hamilton, in the song "Yorktown (The World Turned Upside Down)." It describes the famous Battle of Yorktown, the last battle in the Revolutionary War. When describing the US army's plan for attack, Hamilton sings: "When we finally drive the British away, Lafayette is there waiting in Chesapeake Bay!"
See also
Chesapeake Bay Interpretive Buoy System
Chesapeake Bay Retriever
Chesapeake Climate Action Network
Chesepian
Chessie (sea monster)
Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation
Great Ireland
List of islands in Maryland (with the islands in the Bay)
National Estuarine Research Reserve
Old Bay Seasoning
Notes
References
Further reading
Cleaves, E.T. et al. (2006). Quaternary geologic map of the Chesapeake Bay 4º x 6º quadrangle, United States [Miscellaneous Investigations Series; Map I-1420 (NJ-18)]. Reston, VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
Crawford, S. 2012. Terrapin Bay Fishing. Chesapeake Bay Tides and Currents
Meyers, Debra and Perrealt, Melanie (eds.) (2014). Order and Civility in the Early Modern Chesapeake. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Phillips, S.W., ed. (2007). Synthesis of U.S. Geological Survey science for the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem and implications for environmental management [U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1316]. Reston, VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
Thomas, William G., III. "The Chesapeake Bay." Southern Spaces, April 16, 2004.
William W. Warner, Beautiful Swimmers, about the history, ecology and anthropology of the Chesapeake Bay, published 1976
External links
Chesapeake Bay History & Culture, U.S. National Park Service
Chesapeake Bay Program
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Research and science application activities emphasizing Chesapeake Bay and its watershed.
Maryland Department of Natural Resources Eyes on the Bay Real-time and historical Chesapeake Bay water quality and satellite data.
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Environment of the Mid-Atlantic states
Estuaries of Maryland
Estuaries of Virginia
Intracoastal Waterway
Marine ecoregions
Ramsar sites in the United States
Estuaries of the United States
Eutrophication |
The Fibres Research Centre was a research centre of ICI in Harrogate in North Yorkshire. The site today is a redeveloped business park.
History
ICI Fibres was formed on 1 April 1956, and all textile research for ICI moved to Harrogate.
The fibres were made by ICI at a plant at Kilroot in County Antrim, Northern Ireland.
Structure
It was sited in the south-west of North Yorkshire.
See also
Winnington Laboratory
References
External links
Harrogate: Boardroom of the North
Chemical industry in the United Kingdom
Chemical research institutes
History of the textile industry in the United Kingdom
Imperial Chemical Industries
Organisations based in Harrogate
Research institutes in North Yorkshire |
John Augustus Barron (July 11, 1850 in Toronto, Canada West – January 8, 1936 in Stratford, Ontario) was a Canadian politician and lawyer. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in 1887 as Member of the Liberal Party in the riding of Victoria North. He was re-elected in 1891 but unseated by petition and lost in the riding by-election on February 11, 1892. Prior to his federal experience, he was reeve of Lindsay, Ontario for eight years. He also participated in the Fenian Raids between 1866 and 1871. He also authored numerous books.
In 1897, Barron was appointed judge of Perth County and served as county judge until his retirement in 1925. Barron died in Stratford, Ontario. He is buried at Avondale Cemetery in Stratford.
The geography Township of Barron in Nipissing District was named after him, which in turn gave its name to the Barron River.
Ice hockey pioneer
John Barron was one of the early pioneering forces regarding organized competitive ice hockey in Canada. While in Ottawa he was a member of the Rideau Hall Rebels ice hockey team (alongside James Creighton and Lord Frederick Stanleys two sons Arthur and Edward) which toured western Ontario and played exhibition games in order to stimulate interest in the game.
Between 1890 and 1891, during the first two years of the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA), Barron acted as a vice-president of the league. When the OHA was founded on November 27, 1890, at Queen's Hotel in Toronto Barron was chairman of the meeting.
John Barron's son Frederic "Fritz" Barron died while playing a game of ice hockey at the Auditorium Rink in Winnipeg with his Dominion Bank team on February 1, 1901. He was 22 years old. Fritz Barron, who was said to have had a weak heart, was allegedly hit by a puck in the solar plexus region and died not long after. His physician claimed cause of death was due to his weak heart condition coupled with too vigorous participation in the game.
Electoral record
References
General
External links
1850 births
1936 deaths
Ice hockey executives
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Ontario Hockey Association executives
Politicians from Toronto |
Potápky ("The Grebes") or bedly ("The Parasol Mushrooms") were a Czech urban youth subculture primarily defined by the interest in American culture, primarily in swing music. It corresponded to the subcultures of Swingjugend (literally "Swing Youth", commonly translated as "Swing Kids") in Nazi Germany and zazou in France at the same time period.
Potápky were distinguished by their eccentric fashion ("zoot suit", deformed hat, colored socks), long hair, body postures, and slang.
As with many youth subcultures it was characterized by the rebellion against the older generation, and during the Nazi occupation (Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia), by rebellion against the Nazis.
See also
Czech bluegrass
Czech tramping
Mánička
Stilyagi, a similar subculture in the Soviet Union of 1960s
References
Swing music
History of subcultures
Musical subcultures
Czech youth culture
Americana in the Czech Republic
World War II resistance movements |
The Snapper is a 1993 Irish television film directed by Stephen Frears and starred Tina Kellegher, Colm Meaney and Brendan Gleeson. The film is based on the novel by Irish writer Roddy Doyle, about the Curley family and their domestic adventures. For his performance, Meaney was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.
Plot
Soon after a wild night at the pub, twenty-year-old Sharon Curley finds herself expecting a little "snapper" by a man she loathes. Her refusal to name the father sets in motion a family drama involving her three brothers, two sisters, and her parents, along with her employers and all her friends. Kellegher, playing the role as a coarse, earthy, yet remarkably sensible young woman soon discovers who her friends really are, as some people tease and torment her, some make remarks to her siblings, some force her father to take direct action in her defence, and all spread gossip. She decides to keep the baby ("snapper") and her family, each in their own way, eventually decides to support her. Her father particularly studies up on childbirth and female anatomy (with gratifying results for his wife as a bonus).
Des Curley, Sharon's father, shows the whole world in his face, his emotions ranging from outrage toward Sharon for embarrassing the family to tender concern as her time draws near. As the eight-member family trips all over each other emotionally (symbolised in their battles for the one bathroom, often occupied by Sharon), the tensions within the family grow more intense. Widespread speculation as to the identity of the father disrupts the neighbourhood, with some hotheads visiting their own brand of justice on the Curleys. It is revealed that father of the baby is George Burgess, a friend of Sharon's father. George had sex with an inebriated Sharon. The arrival of the baby offers a chance at resolution.
Cast
Tina Kellegher as Sharon Curley
Colm Meaney as Des Curley
Brendan Gleeson as Lester
Pat Laffan as George Burgess
Rynagh O'Grady as the Neighbour
Stanley Townsend as the Anaesthetist
Stuart Dunne as Bertie
Barbara Bergin as Dawn
Birdie Sweeney as the Loner
Cathleen Delany as the Oul'One
Cathy Belton as the Desk Nurse
Tom Murphy as the Pal
Stephen Kennedy as the Supermarket Trainee Manager
Roddy Doyle as himself
Karen Woodley as Yvonne Burgess
Virginia Cole as Doris Burgess
Denis Menton as Pat Burgess
Peter Rowen as Sonny Curley
Eanna MacLiam as Craig Curley
Colm O'Byrne as Darren Curley
Joanne Gerrard as Lisa Curley
Ciara Duffy as Kimberley Curley
Deirdre and Dierdre O'Brien as Mary Curley
Aisling Conlan and Alannagh McMullen as Baby Curley
Sheila Flitton as Missis Twix
Jack Lynch as Cancer
Ronan Wilmot as Paddy
Fionnuala Murphy as Jackie O'Keefe
Production
The surname of the Rabbitte family in the book had to be changed to Curley as 20th Century Fox owns the rights to the Rabbitte name from The Commitments (1991), which featured the same characters. The film was shot in many familiar locations around Dublin including Raheny, Kilbarrack, Ballybough, Dún Laoghaire & The Old Shieling Hotel.
Theatrical release
The film opened theatrically in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 6 August 1993 on 28 screens. It was released by Electric Pictures in the UK and Buena Vista in Ireland.
Reception
The film grossed £74,754 in its opening weekend in the United Kingdom and Ireland (including £34,043 from 10 screens in Ireland) and went on to gross £474,206 in the UK. In the United States and Canada, the film grossed $3.3 million.
Year-end lists
4th – Douglas Armstrong, The Milwaukee Journal
Top 7 (not ranked) – Duane Dudek, Milwaukee Sentinel
Top 10 (not ranked) – Dennis King, Tulsa World
External links
References
Films directed by Stephen Frears
1993 television films
British television films
BBC television dramas
1993 comedy-drama films
1993 films
Films set in Dublin (city)
Films shot in Dublin (city)
Films based on Irish novels
Irish television films
English-language Irish films
Teenage pregnancy in film
BBC Film films
Toronto International Film Festival People's Choice Award winners |
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The Prix Rothschild is a Group 1 flat horse race in France open to thoroughbred fillies and mares aged three years or older. It is run at Deauville over a distance of 1,600 metres (about 1 mile), and it is scheduled to take place each year in late July or early August.
History
The event was established in 1929, and it was originally called the Prix d'Astarté. It was named after Astarte, a goddess of fertility.
Deauville Racecourse was closed during World War II, and the Prix d'Astarté was not run in 1940. For the remainder of this period it was switched between Longchamp (1941–42, 1944–45) and Le Tremblay (1943).
The present system of race grading was introduced in 1971, and the Prix d'Astarté was initially given Group 3 status. It was promoted to Group 2 level in 1982, and to Group 1 in 2004.
The race was renamed the Prix Rothschild in 2008. This was in memory of Guy de Rothschild (1909–2007), a prominent owner-breeder, and it was an acknowledgement of his family's contribution to French racing.
Records
Most successful horse (4 wins):
Goldikova – 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011
Leading jockey (6 wins):
Freddy Head – Carabella (1967), Prudent Miss (1970), Thorough (1982), Northern Aspen (1985), Navratilovna (1989), Hydro Calido (1992)
Olivier Peslier – Shaanxi (1996), Goldikova (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011), Amazing Maria (2015)
Leading trainer (5 wins):
John Cunnington Sr. – Otero (1945), Procureuse (1947), Balle Negre (1948), Action (1968), Princess Arjumand (1973)
François Mathet – Lilya (1958), Breloque (1960), Tin Top (1961), Tamoure (1965), Kirmiz (1972)
David Smaga – Thorough (1982), Elle Seule (1986), Navratilovna (1989), Leariva (1991), Miss Berbere (1998)
André Fabre – Nashmeel (1987), Ski Paradise (1993), Smolensk (1995), Daneskaya (1997), Esoterique (2014)
Freddy Head – Goldikova (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011), With You (2018)
Leading owner (4 wins):
Teruya Yoshida – Shaanxi (1996), Lady of Chad (2000), Marbye (2004), Elusive Kate (2012)
Wertheimer et Frère – Goldikova (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011)
Winners since 1980
Earlier winners
1929: Tivoli
1930: Starlight
1931: Celerina
1932: Confidence
1933: Arpette
1934: Eleda
1935: Rarity
1936: Pamina
1937: Aziyade
1938: Tonnelle
1939: Dixiana
1940: no race
1941: Thread
1942: Picture
1943: Thiorba
1944: Laelia
1945: Otero
1946: Salamis
1947: Procureuse
1948: Balle Negre
1949:
1950: Fontaine
1951: Marcalla
1952:
1953: Dynastie
1954:
1955: Tanina
1956: Djanet
1957: Careless Love
1958: Lilya
1959: Begrolles
1960: Breloque
1961: Tin Top
1962:
1963: Mona Louise
1964: Palinda
1965: Tamoure
1966: Cover Girl
1967: Carabella
1968: Action
1969: Zelinda
1970: Prudent Miss
1971: Madame's Share
1972: Kirmiz
1973: Princess Arjumand
1974: Gay Style
1975: Infra Green
1976: Carolina Moon
1977: Sanedtki
1978: Clear Picture
1979: Topsy
See also
List of French flat horse races
Recurring sporting events established in 1929 – this race is included under its original title, Prix d'Astarté.
References
France Galop / Racing Post:
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france-galop.com – A Brief History: Prix Rothschild.
galop.courses-france.com – Prix d'Astarté – Palmarès depuis 1983.
galopp-sieger.de – Prix Rothschild (ex Prix d'Astarté).
horseracingintfed.com – International Federation of Horseracing Authorities – Prix Rothschild (2018).
pedigreequery.com – Prix Rothschild – Deauville.
Mile category horse races for fillies and mares
Deauville-La Touques Racecourse
Horse races in France
Recurring sporting events established in 1929
1929 establishments in France |
Surbiton railway station is a National Rail station in Surbiton, south-west London, in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames. The station is managed and served by South Western Railway, and is in Travelcard Zone 6. It is from and is situated between and on the main line.
It has been considered one of the finest modernist stations in Great Britain and is a Grade II listed building.
History
The London and Southampton Railway intended its line to go via Kingston but Kingston Corporation objected, fearing a harmful impact on their coaching trade, and the railway passed about south of the town with the first Kingston station opening in 1838 on the east side of King Charles Road. In either 1840 or in 1845 it was resited west to Surbiton, then little more than a farm. The Hampton Court Branch was built in 1849, the New Guildford Line which diverges at the same point opened in 1885.
Successive renamings of the station were Kingston Junction in late 1852, Surbiton and Kingston in 1863 when the present Kingston railway station opened on the branch line, and Surbiton in 1867. The station was completely rebuilt in 1937 by the Southern Railway with two island platforms with Southern Railway designed canopies. The buildings were designed by James Robb Scott in an art deco style. In 1984/85 a large mural titled 'Passengers' was painted in the booking hall by artist Graeme Willson. It has since been removed.
The station had a moderately sized goods yard which was situated on the eastern side of the station platforms. Two additional sidings were located on the western 'up' side of the station and were served by a short loading platform. In addition to local goods facilities, the main yard was also used as the loading point for the short lived Surbiton – Okehampton car carrier service that ran between 1960 and 1964.
The main goods yard finally closed in 1971 with all localised freight operations then being moved to the nearby goods yard at Tolworth on the Chessington branch. The former goods yard site at Surbiton ultimately became the main station car park although some land was also subsequently developed into residential flats.
One of the two 'up' sidings remains in place and still sees occasional use with civil engineering stock.
A major incident occurred on 4 July 1971 when a freight train derailed on the points at the London end of platforms 3 & 4. Unaware of the incident, the driver continued through the station with the result that two derailed wagons eventually toppled over south of the platforms and obstructed the down fast through line. At the same time, a down express passed through the station and collided with the derailed wagons at a speed that caused the front of the express to derail and topple over. The leading coach finally came to rest as it struck the road bridge that passes under the line south of the station. There were no fatalities and the cause of the initial derailment was eventually attributed to overloading of some of the ballast wagons in the freight train which resulted in buffer locking when the train initially left Clapham Junction yard that day.
The front ticket office at Surbiton is open seven days a week.
Services
South Western Railway operate all services at Surbiton using Class 450 and 455 EMUs. Until 2022, Class 456 trains were often attached to the latter to form ten carriage trains, but these units were withdrawn on 17 January with the introduction of a new timetable.
The station is served by both inner and outer suburban South Western Railway services.
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
4 tph to (fast, 2 of these run non-stop and 2 call at only)
4 tph to London Waterloo (semi-fast)
2 tph to London Waterloo (all stations)
2 tph to
2 tph to (all stations)
2 tph to via Cobham & Stoke d'Abernon
2 tph to (semi-fast)
2 tph to (semi-fast)
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the fast services to London Waterloo, Alton and Basingstoke are currently reduced to 1 tph each.
Platforms
The station has four platforms on two islands, all of which can be accessed by 12 carriage trains.
Platform 1: for most services to London Waterloo.
Platform 2: for some services to London Waterloo, mostly in the early morning and late evening. Non-stopping up trains use its track.
An additional track for non-stopping down trains lies between Platforms 2 and 3.
Platform 3: for trains to Basingstoke and the Alton Line.
Platform 4: for trains to Woking, the Hampton Court Branch and the New Guildford Line
Connections
London Buses routes 71, 281, 465, K1, K2, K3 and K4 and non-TFL routes 514 and 515 serve the station.
Appearances in media
The station was used for filming of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince in October 2007.
Surbiton station also appears in Agatha Christie's Poirot: "The Adventure of the Clapham Cook", a TV adaptation of the short story by Agatha Christie and the first episode of the 1989 ITV series. Having been set in the 1930s Art Deco period and external shots of Hercule Poirot's fictional residence Whitehaven Mansions being filmed at Florin Court, the station assists in maintaining the authenticity of the programme and was built within a year of Florin Court.
Notes
References
External links
London Transport Museum: Kingston – The growth of London through transport – with 1875 map
Art Deco architecture in London
Railway stations in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1845
Former London and South Western Railway stations
Railway stations served by South Western Railway
Art Deco railway stations
Railway station
James Robb Scott buildings
Grade II listed buildings in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames
Grade II listed railway stations
Modernist architecture in London |
Hackapike Bay is an anchorage northwest of Ryswyck Point, entered west of False Island along the northeast coast of Anvers Island, in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It was charted and named by the British Graham Land Expedition, 1934–37, under John Rymill.
See also
Gerlache Strait Geology
Anvers Island Geology
References
Bays of the Palmer Archipelago |
The 2017 Derby City Classic was a professional pool tournament held from the January 20 to 28, 2017 in Horseshoe Southern Indiana in Elizabeth, Indiana. It was the 19th hosting the event. Competitions were held in the disciplines nine-ball, ten-ball, one-pocket, straight, and bank pool. The event was the 2017 edition of the Derby City Classic.
The Master of the Table awarded for the best player overall was won by Dennis Orcollo who defeated Shane Van Boening 9–3 in the final of the nine-ball competition and won third place in the one-pocket competition.
Results
Bigfoot 10-Ball-Challenge
The Bigfoot ten-ball challenge competition ran from January 20–24, 2017. Below is the results from the last-16 onwards.
References
External links
Derby City Classic 2017 at sixpockets.de
2017 in cue sports
Derby City Classic |
"Tied Up" is a song recorded by English-born Australian singer Olivia Newton-John for her second greatest hits album Olivia's Greatest Hits Vol. 2 (1982). Written by John Farrar and Lee Ritenour, and produced by the former, the song was the second single released from the album, following "Heart Attack". "Tied Up" reached number 38 on the US Billboard Hot 100.
The song also features Tom Scott on horns, who also was the opening act for Newton-John's 1982 Physical Tour.
Billboard called it a "heavily textured production that's strong on bass drums and echoey vocal tracks."
Ritenour also recorded the song for his 1982 album Rit 2, with Eric Tagg performing vocals.
Charts
References
1983 singles
Olivia Newton-John songs
MCA Records singles
Songs written by John Farrar
Song recordings produced by John Farrar
Songs written by Lee Ritenour |
This is a list of number one singles on the Billboard Brasil Hot 100 chart in 2011. Billboard publishes a monthly chart.
Chart history
References
See also
Billboard Brasil
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2011 (Brazil)
Crowley Broadcast Analysis
Brazil
2011 Hot 100
vi:Danh sách ca khúc nhạc pop quán quân năm 2010 (Brazil) |
The ocellate spot skate (Okamejei kenojei), also known as the spiny rasp skate or swarthy skate, is a species of skate in the family Rajidae and is commonly found in the north-western Pacific Ocean. O. kenojei is a bottom-feeding carnivore that consumes mainly shrimp, fishes, and crabs. Its diet also includes small quantities of amphipods, mysids, cephalopods, euphausiids, copepods, isopods, and polychaetes.
References
ocellate spot skate
Fish of Korea
Fish of East Asia
Taxa named by Johannes Peter Müller
Taxa named by Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle
ocellate spot skate |
Heinrich Adolf Gottron (10 March 1890 – 23 June 1974) was a German dermatologist remembered for Gottron's papules and Gottron's syndrome.
He also edited Joseph Jadassohn's Handbook of Skin and Venereal Diseases.
References
External links
1890 births
1974 deaths
German dermatologists
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany |
Morin is a French surname.
Morin may also refer to:
Places
Morin-Heights, Quebec, a town in the Laurentian Mountains region of Quebec, Canada
Morin Lake, a small lake northwest of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Canada
Morin River, a tributary of the Rivière aux Écorces in Quebec, Canada
Morinville, a town within Sturgeon County in Alberta, Canada
Grand Morin, a 118 km long river in France, left tributary of the Marne
Petit Morin, an 86 km long river in France, left tributary of the Marne
Quartier-Morin, a municipality in the Cap-Haïtien Arrondissement, in the Nord Department of Haiti
Val-Morin, Quebec, a municipality in the Laurentides region of Quebec, Canada
Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner, a banner of Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China
Other uses
Morin (flavonol), a molecule
Morin khuur, a Mongolian bowed stringed instrument (within whose name the word morin translates as "horse")
That Pig Of A Morin in a short story by Guy de Maupassant
See also
Morini (disambiguation)
Morrin (disambiguation) |
Francisco Wellington Barbosa de Lisboa (19 January 1995), simply known as Robinho, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Confiança.
Club career
Brazil
Robinho began his career with Itapipoca in 2014. During that season he appeared in 9 matches and scored 1 goal. This caught the attention of Série B team, Ceará, where he was transferred and finished out the 2014 season with 5 appearances for the team. In 2015, Robinho played in 17 matches in various competitions for the team, but was loaned to Confiança Esporte Clube and finished the season with 13 appearances and 2 goals. In 2016, he maid 5 appearances in Série B for Ceará, but again was loaned out. This time to Esporte Clube Novo Hamburgo where he made 13 appearances and scored 2 goals. In 2017, Robinho was loaned to Cuiabá Esporte Clube in Série C making 8 appearances. In 2018, Ceará was promoted to Série A, the first division of the Brazilian football league system, Robinho made 2 appearances for the team before being loaned to Santa Cruz in Série C.
In total, Robinho totaled 14 goals in 119 appearances in all competitions during his time in Brazil.
Columbus Crew
Despite bouncing around the lower divisions in Brazil, Robinho impressed former Columbus Crew coach Gregg Berhalter who made the signing before he left the Crew for a reported $200,000 The move to Columbus became official on 18 January 2019. Despite depth at the wing positions for Columbus, Robinho managed to make 17 appearances during the first half of the season.
Orlando City
On 11 July 2019, Robinho was traded to Orlando City for $50,000 in Targeted Allocation Money (TAM). He made his debut for the team on 18 July 2019, starting in a 1–1 draw away to Portland Timbers. After making a total of 12 appearances in two seasons, Robinho had his contract option declined as part of the club's end of season roster moves in December 2020.
On 1 February 2021, Robinho returned to Brazil to sign for newly-promoted Campeonato Brasileiro Série B side Confiança.
Career statistics
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Columbus Crew players
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Ceará Sporting Club players
Cuiabá Esporte Clube players
Santa Cruz Futebol Clube players
Major League Soccer players
Orlando City SC players
Footballers from Ceará |
Tessa Wullaert (born 19 March 1993) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Dutch club Fortuna Sittard and the Belgium national team.
Club career
Belgium
Wullaert's first team was SV Zulte Waregem in the Belgian First Division, where she played from 2008 to 2012. For the 2012–13 season, when a new joint league between Belgium and the Netherlands called BeNe League was created, she moved to RSC Anderlecht, with which she won the Belgian Cup. She left after one year at the club and signed for Standard Liège, scoring 16 league goals during the 2013–14 season and winning the Belgian Cup again. On her second season (2014–15) playing for Standard, she won the BeNe League top scorer award with 18 goals helping the club win the title.
Wolfsburg
In May 2015, Wullaert moved to VfL Wolfsburg. She spent three seasons with the club, winning two Bundesliga and three DFB-Pokal titles. She also appeared in two Champions League finals, both as a substitute.
Manchester City
In June 2018, Wullaert signed for English FA WSL club Manchester City. In her first season with the club, Wullaert won the FA Cup and League Cup double, finishing runner-up in the league. Following two seasons with the club, Wullaert announced she had declined a new contract and would be leaving.
Anderlecht
In 2020 Wullaert moved back to Belgium to be closer to her family and boyfriend. She signed a contract with Anderlecht that made her the only fully professional female footballer in Belgium at the time.
Fortuna Sittard
After 2 years in her native Belgium Wullaert agreed terms with newcomers to the Dutch Eredivisie Fortuna Sittard just across the border from Belgium.
International career
Wullaert represented Belgium at the 2011 UEFA Women's U-19 Championship and in the same year made her debut for the senior national team. After only a few years, she achieved the record for highest number of international goals by a Belgian female football player, she caught up with team captain Aline Zeler in Oktober 2015 and overtook her in March 2016.
Career statistics
Scores and results list Belgium's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Wullaert goal.
Honours
Anderlecht
Belgian Women's Super League: 2021, 2022
Belgian Women's Cup: 2013, 2022
Standard Liège
BeNe League: 2014–15
Belgian Women's Cup: 2014
VfL Wolfsburg
DFB-Pokal: 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18
Bundesliga: 2016–17, 2017–18
UEFA Women's Champions League runner-up: 2015–16, 2017–18
Manchester City
FA Women's League Cup: 2018–19
FA Cup: 2018–19
Individual
BeNe League top scorer: 2014–15
Belgian Golden Shoe: 2016, 2018, 2019
Belgian Professional Footballer of the Year: 2021–22
References
External links
Player German domestic football stats at DFB
1993 births
Living people
Women's association football forwards
Belgian women's footballers
Belgium women's international footballers
Belgian expatriate women's footballers
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate women's footballers in Germany
VfL Wolfsburg (women) players
Standard Liège (women) players
Manchester City W.F.C. players
Women's Super League players
RSC Anderlecht (women) players
People from Tielt
Frauen-Bundesliga players
BeNe League players
FIFA Women's Century Club
Footballers from West Flanders
UEFA Women's Euro 2022 players
UEFA Women's Euro 2017 players
Fortuna Sittard (women) players
Eredivisie (women) players |
General Sir Charles Pyndar Beauchamp Walker, (7 October 1817 – 19 January 1894) was a senior officer in the British Army.
Military career
He was born in Redland, Bristol, the eldest son of industrialist and later Mayor of Bristol Charles Ludlow Walker . He was educated at Winchester College and commissioned as an ensign in the 33rd Foot on 27 February 1836.
He was promoted lieutenant in 1839 and captain in 1846. He served with the regiment at Gibraltar, the West Indies and North America before transferring to the 7th Dragoon Guards in 1849. In 1854 he was in the Crimea as Aide-de-Camp to Lord Lucan, commander of the cavalry division. After being present at the battles of Alma, Balaclava, and Inkerman, he was transferred aboard ship as ADC to Lord George Paulet and was present aboard HMS Bellerophon for the naval attack on Sebastopol. He was awarded the Crimea Medal with four clasps, the Turkish medal, and the Order of the Medjidie (fifth class).
In 1854, he was promoted major and left the Crimea the following year to serve as Assistant Quartermaster-General (AQMG) in Ireland as a lieutenant-colonel. In 1858 he joined the 2nd Dragoon Guards to help put down the Indian Mutiny, commanding a field force in Oudh which successfully engaged the rebels at Bangaon and seeing action at the Jirwah Pass under Sir James Hope Grant.
In 1860, he was posted to China as AQMG of cavalry in Sir Hope Grant's expedition and was present at the actions of Sinho, Chankiawan, and Palikao, narrowly escaping death in an ambush when reconnoitring for a campsite outside Peking. He became a colonel in the army the same year.
He returned home in 1861 to be AQMG at Shorncliffe Army Camp but in 1865 was appointed military attache to the embassy at Berlin, a post he held until 1876. During the Austro-Prussian war of 1866 and the Franco-German war of 1870-1 he acted as British military commissioner to the Crown Prince of Prussia's army and was present at the battles of Weissenburg, Wörth, Sedan and the Siege of Paris. He was promoted major-general in 1873 and lieutenant-general in 1877.
He left the post in Berlin to be Inspector-General of military education until 1884, when he retired with the honorary rank of full general. He was awarded KCB in 1881 and later that year given the colonelcy of the 2nd Dragoon Guards, a position he held until his death.
He died in London on 19 Jan 1894, and was buried in Brompton Cemetery. He had married Georgiana, daughter of Captain Richard Armstrong of the 100th Foot. Extracts from his letters and journals during active service were published after his death under the title "Days of a Soldier's Life".
References
British Army personnel of the Crimean War
British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
British military personnel of the Second Opium War
British Army generals
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays) officers
Duke of Wellington's Regiment officers
7th Dragoon Guards officers
1817 births
1894 deaths
Burials at Brompton Cemetery
Military personnel from Bristol
People educated at Winchester College |
Pretty Ricky' is an American R&B/hip hop group originating from Miami, Florida. The group originally consisted of brothers Diamond (Baby Blue) Smith and Spectacular Smith, plus Corey (Slick 'Em) Mathis and Marcus (Pleasure P) Cooper. Pleasure P was the group's main singer, while the other three members performed as rappers. After he departed in 2007 to embark on a solo career, the group shuffled through several replacement vocalists.
The name "Pretty Ricky" was taken from a character in the sitcom Martin. The group enjoyed its biggest success in the mid-2000s with their gold-selling albums Bluestars and Late Night Special, and the platinum singles "Grind With Me" and "On the Hotline".
Baby Blue, who appears on the show Love & Hip Hop: Miami, pleaded guilty to participating in a scheme to file at least 79 fraudulent loan applications seeking more than $24 million in forgivable PPP loans. Baby Blue used the loan proceeds to make "luxury purchases", including a Ferrari for $96,000.
History
1997–2003: Beginnings
In 1997, while performing together in Miami, Pretty Ricky was signed to Bluestar Entertainment by CEO Joseph "Blue" Smith. Supported by their father, Joseph Smith Sr., who also served as the band's manager and who is of Jamaican descent, the group developed their music under the name of "Pretty Rickie and The Maverix" before changing it to "Pretty Ricky". With the help from producer Jim Jonsin of the Unusual Suspects production team, Pretty Ricky began to gain desirable attention through their local performances. However, it was not until 2002 that the group encountered their initial success as their song "Flossin'" became a huge hit on Miami radio station Power 96.
2004–2005: Bluestars
In 2004, Pretty Ricky released their first official single, "Grind With Me". It reached #7 on the Billboard Hot 100, and was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
The single made its way to popularity on WPOW-Power 96, and station program director Ira Wolf (Tony the Tiger) sent the single to Craig Kallman of Atlantic Records. After auditioning with Kallman, Pretty Ricky was offered a record deal on the spot.
On May 17, 2005, Pretty Ricky released their debut album titled Bluestars. It debuted at #16 on the Billboard 200 chart, selling 56,000 copies in the first week, and within several months, was certified Gold by RIAA. On June 15, 2005, Pretty Ricky released their second single from the album, "Your Body", which charted on the Billboard Hot 100 at #12.
In the summer of 2005 the group toured with Omarion, Bow Wow, Chris Brown, Bobby V, and other acts in the Scream Tour IV concert series.
2006–2009: Late Night Special and Pleasure P's departure
On November 9, 2006, Pretty Ricky released the first single off their second album, Late Night Special, titled "On the Hotline". It peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at #97 and was certified platinum by the RIAA. In January 2007, Late Night Special topped the Billboard 200 album charts with over 132,000 copies sold in the first week. The second single from the album, "Push It Baby", featured Sean Paul but failed to crack the Hot 100, reaching only #109. Pleasure P later left the group after, and was replaced by Carl "Mowet" Lovett and soon after Christopher "4Play" Myers in 2007.
In 2008, Pretty Ricky began work on a new album, Eighties Babies, with an intended release date of October 14, 2008, but the album was shelved due to leaking and creative differences. 4Play quit the group in 2009 and was replaced by Emanuel "Lingerie" DeAnda. Pretty Ricky then split from Atlantic and signed with independent Atlanta label Big Cat Records, who released their official third album, Pretty Ricky, in November 2009. It charted for only one week on the Billboard 200, at #97.
2010–present
In 2010, Pretty Ricky released the singles "Personal Freak" and "Cookie Cutter", neither of which charted. On August 10, 2010, they released an extended play titled Topless. In December 2010, the group announced their fourth album, Bluestars 2, was in the works, but the album was never produced.
On August 12, 2011, Pretty Ricky released a mixtape titled Sex Music Vol. 1: Streets N The Sheets''.
After a three-year hiatus, Pretty Ricky released the non-charting single "Puddles" on February 16, 2015. This marked the return of Pleasure P.
In 2019, Pretty Ricky joined The Millennium Tour along with B2K, Mario, Chingy, Ying Yang Twins, Lloyd, and Bobby Valentino. On February 21, 2020, Pretty Ricky returned with a new single titled "Body", which is set to appear on the group's reunion album.
Discography
Studio albums
EPs
Mixtapes
Singles
References
External links
Pop-rap groups
American contemporary R&B musical groups
1997 establishments in Florida
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
2012 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups from Miami
African-American musical groups |
Eva McCall Hamilton (December 13, 1871 – January 28, 1948) was an American politician from the state of Michigan. A Republican, she was Michigan's first woman to be elected to the Michigan Legislature and served as a State Senator from 1921 to 1922. Hamilton was a teacher from Grand Rapids.
Early life
Born on December 13, 1871, in Memphis, Michigan to Scottish and English parents who saw that she was well educated for her era, and that she graduated as a teacher from a normal school.
Political activism
During her life, Hamilton was involved with public issues and serve on various local, state, and national committees focusing on initiatives designed to encourage women to take a large role in civic affairs. One of these was the Michigan League of Women Voters, established in Grand Rapids in 1919 and today known as the League of Women Voters of Michigan.
Suffrage movement
Hamilton was a leader of Grand Rapid's women's suffrage movement. Hamilton was a delegate to several state and national suffrage organizations and traveled around Michigan to establish other "equal suffrage" organizations. Her marriage to Charles B. Hamilton, an advertising executive and founder of the Grand Rapids Furniture Association, helped her gain access to Grand Rapid's community leaders. Due in part to Hamilton's efforts, the city became a hub of Michigan's suffrage movement.
In 1910, Hamilton – wearing a wide-brimmed hat – held the reins of a large horse-drawn "Lilly Float for Suffragists" entry by the Grand Rapids Equal Franchise Club, followed by 75 local suffragists in decorated cars, in Grand Rapid's annual homecoming parade. Suffrage parade entries were unusual at that time.
In 1912, she was one of three Grand Rapids women who mailed out six tons of "Votes for Women" literature, buttons, postcards, stickers, rubber stamps, paper napkins and lantern slides. Governor Chase Osborn commended Hamilton in a letter on March 30, 1912, for her efforts in the "woman's suffrage cause", when he wrote, "I think no one has done better work for the cause than you."
Farmers markets
Hamilton was also a leader in the campaign to establish city farmers markets like the one that still operates at East Fulton Street and Fuller Avenue in Grand Rapids. Though the markets were opposed by the dozens of neighborhood grocers in the city, Hamilton and other members of the "High Cost of Living Commission" argued the markets were a preferable option of getting fresh food to city residents. Despite the opposition, they were able to convince city commissioners to set up three farmers markets throughout the city. In 1917, civic ordinances prohibiting farmers from selling directly to customers were ended and helped combat the rising cost of city living.
Political career
Hamilton was elected to the Michigan Senate's 16th District in 1920 by a 2-to-1 margin in the first election in which women were allowed to vote. Her arrival in the Senate attracted a high level of media attention and initially drew concerns from her male colleagues. Hamilton told reporters, "I'm not here to revolutionize the legislature. I only want to cooperate with my fellow members of the Senate and do what I can with the others to give Michigan the best legislature the state ever had."
She had an uncle that had served in the Michigan Legislature, Thomas W. McCall, which helped her to network, however, she called herself "Eva M. Hamilton" to avoid capitalizing on her uncle's name. During her term, she was involved in passage of laws dealing with women and children. She served on four committees – banks and corporations, taxation, normal schools, and insurance – and chaired a fifth, the industrial schools committee, which oversaw the state's training schools for juvenile offenders.
Hamilton's first speech in the Senate Chamber argued for the passage of a bill requiring applicants for marriage licenses to supply proof that they were free of sexually transmitted diseases – diseases that she felt condemned women to a form of involuntary suicide. The bill did not pass. One of her successful bills raised the mill tax in certain cities to fund pay raises for teachers. Another achievement was her work on Senator McArthur's 1921 bill to reform the Michigan Mothers' Pension Act. Laws such as this were revolutionary because they provided public funds for supporting underprivileged children in their homes rather than in institutions.
In 1922, she was defeated in a three-way Republican primary election by Charles R. Sligh, a furniture manufacturer who abandoned the seat in 1924, when he ran an unsuccessful campaign for governor. At the time of her departure, she was considered to have been respected by her colleagues, having received endorsements from several of them in her failed re-election bid. A press endorsement stated that her record was one "any man could be proud of in the state legislature."
Death
Hamilton died of heart failure on January 28, 1948, in Grand Rapids. She was cremated, an unusual decision to make at the time.
Legacy
When she died in 1948 at age 76, Hamilton was still the first and only woman to serve in the Michigan Senate. In 2018, Democratic Senator Winnie Brinks defeated state representative Chris Afendoulis to secure the seat as the second woman, after Hamilton, to represent Grand Rapids in the Michigan Senate.
She was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame in 2012.
Portrait in Michigan State Capitol
A portrait of Hamilton is one of six large portraits displayed in the Senate Chamber of the Michigan State Capitol in Lansing, Michigan. The portraits is located on the northwest wall, along with a portrait of Governor Lewis Cass. The portrait was painted by Larry J. Blovits, also from Grand Rapids.
References
Politicians from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Republican Party Michigan state senators
Women state legislators in Michigan
1871 births
1948 deaths
Schoolteachers from Michigan
20th-century American educators
20th-century American women educators
American people of Scottish descent
American people of English descent
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians |
Friedrich Resch (born 7 February 1944) is an Austrian equestrian. He competed in two events at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
References
1944 births
Living people
Austrian male equestrians
Olympic equestrians for Austria
Equestrians at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people) |
The Ring magazine was established in 1922 and has named a Fighter of the Year since 1928, which this list covers. The award, selected by the magazine editors, is based on a boxer's performance in the ring.
Award winners
Numbers in brackets indicate the number of times a boxer has won the award by that year.
1920s
1928: Gene Tunney
1929: Tommy Loughran
1930s
1930: Max Schmeling
1931: Tommy Loughran (2)
1932: Jack Sharkey
1933: no award given
1934: Tony Canzoneri and Barney Ross
1935: Barney Ross (2)
1936: Joe Louis
1937: Henry Armstrong
1938: Joe Louis (2)
1939: Joe Louis (3)
1940s
1940: Billy Conn
1941: Joe Louis (4)
1942: Sugar Ray Robinson
1943: Fred Apostoli
1944: Beau Jack
1945: Willie Pep
1946: Tony Zale
1947: Gus Lesnevich
1948: Ike Williams
1949: Ezzard Charles
1950s
1950: Ezzard Charles (2)
1951: Sugar Ray Robinson (2)
1952: Rocky Marciano
1953: Bobo Olson
1954: Rocky Marciano (2)
1955: Rocky Marciano (3)
1956: Floyd Patterson
1957: Carmen Basilio
1958: Ingemar Johansson
1959: Ingemar Johansson (2)
1960s
1960: Floyd Patterson (2)
1961: Joe Brown
1962: Dick Tiger
1963: Cassius Clay (Muhammad Ali)
1964: Emile Griffith
1965: Dick Tiger (2)
1966: Muhammad Ali (2) (originally not awarded; retroactively awarded in 2016)
1967: Joe Frazier
1968: Nino Benvenuti
1969: José Nápoles
1970s
1970: Joe Frazier (2)
1971: Joe Frazier (3)
1972: Muhammad Ali (3) and Carlos Monzón
1973: George Foreman
1974: Muhammad Ali (4)
1975: Muhammad Ali (5)
1976: George Foreman (2)
1977: Carlos Zarate
1978: Muhammad Ali (6)
1979: Sugar Ray Leonard
1980s
1980: Thomas Hearns
1981: Sugar Ray Leonard (2) and Salvador Sánchez
1982: Larry Holmes
1983: Marvin Hagler
1984: Thomas Hearns (2)
1985: Marvin Hagler (2) and Donald Curry
1986: Mike Tyson
1987: Evander Holyfield
1988: Mike Tyson (2)
1989: Pernell Whitaker
1990s
1990: Julio César Chávez
1991: James Toney
1992: Riddick Bowe
1993: Michael Carbajal
1994: Roy Jones Jr.
1995: Oscar De La Hoya
1996: Evander Holyfield (2)
1997: Evander Holyfield (3)
1998: Floyd Mayweather Jr.
1999: Paulie Ayala
2000s
2000: Félix Trinidad
2001: Bernard Hopkins
2002: Vernon Forrest
2003: James Toney (2)
2004: Glen Johnson
2005: Ricky Hatton
2006: Manny Pacquiao
2007: Floyd Mayweather Jr. (2)
2008: Manny Pacquiao (2)
2009: Manny Pacquiao (3)
2010s
2010: Sergio Martínez
2011: Andre Ward
2012: Juan Manuel Márquez
2013: Adonis Stevenson
2014: Sergey Kovalev
2015: Tyson Fury
2016: Carl Frampton
2017: Vasiliy Lomachenko
2018: Oleksandr Usyk
2019: Canelo Álvarez
2020s
2020: Tyson Fury (2) and Teófimo López
2021: Canelo Álvarez (2)
2022: Dmitry Bivol
Fighter of the Decade
1910s: Sam Langford
1920s: Benny Leonard
1930s: Henry Armstrong
1940s: Sugar Ray Robinson
1950s: Sugar Ray Robinson (2)
1960s: Muhammad Ali
1970s: Roberto Durán
1980s: Sugar Ray Leonard
1990s: Roy Jones Jr.
2000s: Manny Pacquiao
2010s: Floyd Mayweather Jr.
See also
Sugar Ray Robinson Award, a similar award by the Boxing Writers Association of America
Best Boxer ESPY Award and its successor, the Best Fighter ESPY Award
References
External links
1928 establishments in the United States
Awards established in 1928
Boxing awards
Most valuable player awards
Fighters of the year
Ring |
"Empty Souls" is a song by Welsh alternative rock band Manic Street Preachers. It was released in January 2005 by record label Epic as the second and final single taken from their seventh studio album, Lifeblood. The song debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and reached number 18 in Ireland.
Content
"Empty Souls" is said to be the political response from the band in relation to the September 11 attacks.
The single edit features a lyric that was changed from the album version. The chorus line on the album version runs "collapsing like the Twin Towers", but for the single it was changed to "collapsing like dying flowers". The backing vocals can still be heard to sing the original line, although this may have been kept in by mistake.
Music video
The music video for the song sees the band separated throughout, only to meet up at the end after treks through various parts of Berlin, Germany.
Release
"Empty Souls" was released on 10 January 2005 by record label Epic as the second and final single from the band's seventh studio album, Lifeblood. The single reached number two on the UK Singles Chart, missing out on becoming the 1,000th number one in UK chart history to the latest in a series of Elvis number-one single re-issues making the top of the charts at the time.
The DVD version of the single features two new songs which are both sung entirely by the band's bassist, Nicky Wire. The music for "Dying Breeds" is also entirely written by him, and the music for "Failure Bound" is the track "No Jubilees" played backwards. The video for "Dying Breeds" was directed by Wire's brother Patrick Jones, who made similar short videos for album tracks such as "1985".
Track listings
UK CD1
"Empty Souls"
"All Alone Here"
UK CD2
"Empty Souls"
"No Jubilees"
"Litany"
"Empty Souls" (video)
UK DVD single
"Empty Souls" (video)
Dying Breeds (short film)
"Failure Bound"
Charts
References
External links
Drowned in Sound review of the single
2004 songs
2005 singles
Manic Street Preachers songs
Songs written by James Dean Bradfield
Songs written by Nicky Wire
Songs written by Sean Moore (musician)
Sony Music UK singles |
The Sheriff of Orkney and Shetland, also known as the Sheriff of Orkney and Zetland, was historically the royal official responsible for enforcing law and order in Orkney and Shetland, Scotland. The office was combined with the role in Shetland of the "foud" and the "foudry". The foud was a bailiff who returned customs and rents due the crown, including butter and oil known as "fat goods".
The sheriffdom of Orkney and Shetland was created in the 16th century upon the ceding of the islands to Scotland for non-payment of the dowry of Margaret's marriage to King James III of Scotland by King Christian I, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Prior to 1748 most sheriffdoms were held on a hereditary basis. From that date, following the Jacobite uprising of 1745, the hereditary sheriffs were replaced by salaried sheriff-deputes, qualified advocates who were members of the Scottish Bar
The position was merged in 1870 with that of the Sheriff of Caithness to create the new position of Sheriff of Caithness, Orkney & Shetland.
Sheriffs of Orkney and Shetland
Olave Sinclair (foud)
Robert Stewart (1564)
Gilbert Balfour of Westray, Sheriff of Orkney (1566).
Laurence Bruce (1571)
John Dishington (1581-1610)
Lt-Col. Patrick Blair 1663, 1669–1672
Sheriffs-Depute
Robert Craigie, 1786–1791 (Sheriff of Dumfries, 1791–1811)
Charles Hope, 1792–1801
William Rae, 1801–1809 (Sheriff of Edinburgh, 1809)
William Erskine, 1809–?1822 (died 1822)
James Allan Maconochie, 1822–?1845 (died 1845)
Charles Neaves, 1845–1852
William Edmondstoune Aytoun, 1852–1865
Adam Gifford, 1865–1870
For sheriffs after 1870 see Sheriff of Caithness, Orkney and Shetland
See also
Historical development of Scottish sheriffdoms
References
Orkney
Sheriff |
Bulongosteus liui is an extinct genus of selenosteid arthrodire placoderm from the Early Famennian upper Zhulumute Formation of what is now the Junggar Basin of Xinjiang. It is the first arthrodire known from the region and the first aspinothoracid arthrodire known from continental strata. It lived in a braided river environment, and is believed to be euryhaline.
Description
Bulongosetus is known from a single fragmentary head and trunk shield, the anatomy of which differs from other selenosteids. The fragments connected form a shield with a length of over , though the size and features of its full body are unknown. It is identified as a member of the family by its large orbitals and slender posterior. Its plating is smooth and featureless. It most resembles the selenosteids Pachyosteus and Melanosteus.
Paleoecology
Pachyosteomorphids had previously only been found in marine strata, indicating they were saltwater group. However, the Zhulumute Formation in which Bulongosteus was found was a braided river environment, indicating Bulongosteus could tolerate freshwater. This corroborates earlier research which indicated placoderms could tolerate a wide range of salinities, and implies Bulongosteus may have traveled between salt and freshwater ecosystems as well.
References
Selenosteidae
Fossil taxa described in 2020
Placoderms of Asia |
Opentracker is a free (licensed as beerware) BitTorrent peer tracker software (a special kind of HTTP or UDP server software) that is designed to be fast and to have a low consumption of system resources.
Features
Several instances of opentracker may be run in a cluster, with all of them synchronizing with each other. Besides the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) opentracker may also be connected to via User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which creates less than half of the tracker traffic HTTP creates. It supports IPv6, gzip compression of full scrapes, and blacklists of torrents. Because there have already been cases of people being accused of copyright violation by the fact that their IP address was listed on a BitTorrent tracker, opentracker may mix in random IP address numbers for the purpose of plausible deniability.
Technology
It runs completely in RAM, accounting for much of its speed advantage over other tracker software. It is written in C and based on the library libowfat that manages network connections.
For some new functionality like the UDP support with IPv6 or the syncing of several instances of BitTorrent tracker software, new extensions to the BitTorrent protocol were made.
Adoption
The world's largest tracker at The Pirate Bay switched from their selfmade software Hypercube to opentracker in the end of 2007.
The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation uses it to distribute their own TV shows.
Popular public torrent trackers opentrackr and coppersurfer are known to use opentracker.
See also
Comparison of BitTorrent tracker software
References
Further reading
External links
Stories from an Opentracker (blog)
Git repository
24c3: Tracker fahrn – lecture of the software author at the 24th Chaos Communication Congress
BitTorrent tracker for Linux
Free network-related software |
James D'Arcy (born Simon Richard D'Arcy; 24 August 1975) is an English actor and film director. He is known for his portrayals of Howard Stark's butler, Edwin Jarvis, in the Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Agent Carter and the 2019 film Avengers: Endgame, and murder suspect Lee Ashworth in the second season of the ITV series Broadchurch. D'Arcy also co-starred as Colonel Winnant in Christopher Nolan's war movie Dunkirk (2017).
Early life
D'Arcy was born on 24 August 1975 in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, and was raised in Fulham, London, with his younger sister Charlotte by their mother Caroline, a nurse. His father died when he was young. He has family in Ireland, England and Scotland, with his English relatives based around the Midlands.
After completing his education at Christ's Hospital in 1991, at age 17, D'Arcy went to Australia for a year. He worked in the drama department of Christ Church Grammar School in Perth, which gave him an interest in acting. When he returned to London he applied for drama school. He did a three-year course at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA), completing a BA in Acting in 1995.
During his time at LAMDA, he appeared in training productions of Heracles, As You Like It, Wild Honey, The Freedom of the City and Sherlock Holmes.
Career
His first appearances on television were small roles on the television series Silent Witness (1996) and Dalziel and Pascoe (1996), followed by roles in television films such as Nicholas Hawthorne in Ruth Rendell's Bribery and Corruption, Lord Cheshire in The Canterville Ghost, and Jonathan Maybury in The Ice House (all 1997).
In 1997, he played Blifil in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling. In 1999, he acted in the World War I drama The Trench as well as having a small role in the comedy Guest House Paradiso. From 2001 to the present, he played bigger roles and leading characters in the mini-series Rebel Heart (2001 as Ernie Coyne), The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (2001, Nicholas Nickleby) and Revelation (2001, Jake Martel). In 2002, he portrayed a young Sherlock Holmes in the television film Sherlock: Case of Evil.
In 2003, he played the role of Barnaby Caspian in the film Dot the I, and the character Jim Caddon on the series P.O.W. He also gained wider recognition when he portrayed Lt. Tom Pullings in Peter Weir's Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003).
He appeared in the horror films Exorcist: The Beginning (2004, Father Francis), An American Haunting (2005, Richard Powell) and Rise: Blood Hunter (2007, Bishop). He also appeared on television as Derek Kettering in Agatha Christie's Poirot, The Mystery of the Blue Train (2005), as Jerry Burton in Agatha Christie's Marple: The Moving Finger, as Tiberius Gracchus in the Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire episode "Revolution" (2007), as Toby Clifford in Fallen Angel (2007) and as Tom Bertram in ITV's production of Mansfield Park (2007).
He lent his voice to BBC radio dramas such as Thomas Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Winifred Holtby's The Crowded Street. He played the role of Duncan Atwood in Secret Diary of a Call Girl. In 2011, he played the role of King Edward VIII in W.E., the second film directed by Madonna. In 2012, he played Rufus Sixsmith (young and old) in addition to two other minor roles in the independent film Cloud Atlas, as well as Psycho star Anthony Perkins in Hitchcock.
In 2013, he played the role of Eric Zimit in After the Dark (other title: The Philosophers). In mid-2014, he played the role of Lee Ashworth in series 2 of Broadchurch. He also appeared as the main villain in the 2014 action comedy Let's Be Cops, as a malevolent Los Angeles crime boss. He starred as a British Army Colonel Winnant in Christopher Nolan's Dunkirk (2017).
In 2018 he appeared in the Showtime series Homeland. Between January 2015 and March 2016, D'Arcy was a series regular in the television series Agent Carter, which shares continuity with the Marvel Cinematic Universe. In the series, he played Edwin Jarvis, the loyal butler of Howard Stark. He reprised his role of Edwin Jarvis in Avengers: Endgame, making D'Arcy the first to have portrayed the same character originally from an MCU TV series into an MCU film.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards
Nominated for the Ian Charleson Award in 2002 (Outstanding Performance in a Classical Role) for Edward II.
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
Actors from Amersham
Actors from Fulham
Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art
English male film actors
English male television actors
English male voice actors
Male actors from Buckinghamshire
Male actors from London
People educated at Christ's Hospital
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors |
The AMC AMX is a two-seat GT-style muscle car produced by American Motors Corporation from 1968 through 1970. As one of just two American-built two-seaters, the AMX was in direct competition with the one-inch (2.5 cm) longer wheelbase Chevrolet Corvette, for substantially less money. It was based on the new-for-1968 Javelin, but with a shorter wheelbase and deletion of the rear seat. In addition, the AMX's rear quarter windows remained fixed, making it a coupe, while the Javelin was a true two-door hardtop.
Fitted with the standard high-compression or optional AMC V8 engine, the AMX offered sporty performance at an affordable price. In spite of this value and enthusiastic initial reception by automotive media and enthusiasts, sales never thrived. However, the automaker's larger objectives to refocus AMC's image on performance and to bring younger customers into its dealer showrooms were achieved. After three model years, the two-seat version was discontinued.
The AMX's signature badging was transferred to a high-performance version of its four-seat sibling, the Javelin, from the 1971 to 1974 model years. American Motors capitalized the respected reputation of the original two-seat AMXs by reviving the model designation for performance-equipped coupe versions of the compact Hornet in 1977, Concord in 1978, and the subcompact Spirit in 1979 and 1980.
Origin
The AMX name originates from the "American Motors experimental" code used on a concept vehicle and then on two prototypes shown on the company's "Project IV" automobile show tour in 1966. One was a fiberglass two-seat "AMX", and the other was a four-seat "AMX II". Both of these radically styled offerings reflected the company's strategy to shed its "economy car" image and appeal to a more youthful, performance-oriented market.
The original AMX full-scale models were developed in 1965 by AMC's advanced styling studios under the direction of Charles Mashigan. The two-seat AMX was a "big hit on the auto show circuit in 1966" and featured a rumble seat that opened out from the rear decklid for extra passengers called a "Ramble" seat. AMC executives saw the opportunity to change consumers' perceptions of the automaker from Romney's economy car image, to the realities of the new marketplace interested in sporty, performance-oriented vehicles. Robert B. Evans requested a car like the AMX to be put into production quickly.
Two simultaneous development programs emerged for a production car: one for a modified Javelin and another for a completely new car bodied in fiberglass. The first approach was selected allowing AMC to use its existing technology and unibody manufacturing expertise to make fairly inexpensive modifications to the Javelin approximating the prototype's styling and proportions. The automaker could turn out steel bodies in large numbers, so it rejected developing plastic (or fiberglass) bodies because those are intended only for low-production models. The first fully operational unit debuted as part of AMC's AMX project in 1966. The once-"frumpy" automaker jumped on the "pony car bandwagon" with its "attractive Javelin" and soon introduced the "unique" AMX featuring a design where "hoods didn't come any longer, nor decks any shorter".
Vic Raviolo, previously responsible for the Lincolns that raced in the Carrera Panamericana during the 1950s was involved with engineering AMC's new sports-car-type coupe. The AMX was the first steel-bodied, two-seat American performance car since the 1957 Thunderbird, Ford's original two-seater having long since evolved into a four-seat personal luxury car. The AMX was also the only mass-produced, domestic two-seater to share the market with Chevrolet's Corvette since the 1957 Thunderbird. With a short, , wheelbase, the AMX's direct competition was the one-inch longer ( Chevrolet Corvette. The AMX's manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP) was US$3,245 (US$ in dollars ), nearly 25% below and over $1,000 less than the Corvette's price tag.
The AMX was introduced to the press at the Daytona International Speedway on 15 February 1968; just over four months after the Javelin went on sale. In the demonstrations on the race track, the new AMXs ran at speeds up to . American Motors' group vice president, Vic Raviolo, described the AMX as "the Walter Mitty Ferrari". The AMX was designed to "appeal to both muscle car and sports car enthusiasts, two camps that rarely acknowledged each other's existences." The problem was the "tire-melting" acceleration of the two-seater made it "a quick car that handled like a sports car, confusing the buying public." Automotive journalist Tom McCahill summed up, "the AMX is the hottest thing to ever come out of Wisconsin and ... you can whip through corners and real hard bends better than with many out-and-out sports cars."
It was also the only American-built steel-bodied two-seater of its time, the first since the 1955–1957 Ford Thunderbird.
Record-breaking
In January 1968, two specially-prepared AMXs set 106 world speed and endurance records at Goodyear's track in Texas driven by world land speed record holder Craig Breedlove, his wife Lee, and Ron Dykes. As a way to promote the new car, AMC's Performance activities manager, Carl Chakmakian, asked Breedlove to put the AMX through its paces before the new cars were even available for sale. Breedlove's "Spirit of America" crew and Traco Engineering had six weeks to prepare the cars before they were to be displayed at the Chicago Auto Show in February.
The AMC V8 engines, such as the engine in one car was bored out to and the in the other to . The shop installed exhaust headers, eight-quart oil pans, oil coolers, hi-rise intake manifolds, racing camshafts with solid lifters and stronger springs, and larger carburetors. The cars had engine and rear-end oil coolers, and cell-type safety fuel tanks. Engine components were X-rayed and Magnafluxed to check for cracks, as were chassis components.
Chassis preparation included heavy-duty front and rear springs (part of the factory's optional handling package), rear spring traction control arms, heavy-duty shock absorbers, and a "panhard" type track bar in the rear to eliminate side sway. Stock wheels and tires were replaced by wide magnesium racing wheels and Goodyear racing tires. The cars were aerodynamically modified: the front ends were lowered, the hoods were slanted down and spoilers were installed below the front bumpers. The car interiors had structure-stiffening roll cages for driver protection, a stock bucket seat modified for additional support, and supplementary engine-monitoring instruments.
Breedlove also took the AMX to Bonneville reaching in a United States Auto Club (USAC) sanctioned run, as well as an unofficial run of over .
Industry firsts
The AMX was not only sporty and attractive, but it introduced many industry firsts.
The American Society of Automotive Engineers named the AMX as the "best engineered car of the year" in 1969 and 1970.
For its first year recognition, the reasons cited included the car's dashboard, which was injection-molded in one piece "for safety purposes, an industry first." The AMX's new engine was developed to have a large displacement within its minimal external dimensions and moderate weight, while the use of common components and machining with AMC's 290 and 343 engines assured manufacturing economy. The 1968 models also included an innovative fiberglass safety padding, a "plastic" on the inside of the windshield posts that was first used on the AMC Javelins.
For the following year's award, the citation included the 1970 AMXs (and Javelins) being the first production cars to use windshields that were safer, thinner, and lighter than ordinary laminated glass. Developed by Corning, the glass featured a chemically hardened layer designed to give under impact and crumble into small granules to reduce injuries. The inner layer has "stress raisers that will cause it to break before excessively high concussion forces can be developed in the occupant's skull."
American Motors also incorporated new designs for windshield sealing for the 1970 models, and developed a systems solutions process that began in the styling studio to insure maximum efficiency.
1968
American Motors promoted the mid-model year launch of the AMX to automotive journalists at Daytona to emphasize its sports car performance, as well as with a marketing agreement with Playboy Enterprises. To introduce the AMX to its dealers, AMC held meetings at nine Playboy Clubs.
The AMX was introduced to the public on 24 February 1968, five months after the Javelin and other 1968 AMC cars. The AMX was promoted as "the only American sports car that costs less than $3500". American Motors advertisements also showed "a helmeted race driver revving up at the starting line in one of AMC's sporty AMX models, which it describes as ready to do 125 miles an hour."
The two-seat AMX was "meant for a small, well-defined market niche, and it pulled young people into AMC dealer showrooms in never before seen numbers". Numerous road tests described the new AMX as a "handsome two-seater with American-style acceleration and European-style handling". Journalists gave it a real run workout on all kinds of terrain and wrote "that the AMX is one of the best-looking cars – if not the best-looking car – made in the U.S.A."
All AMXs came with four-barrel carbureted small block AMC V8 engines in several versions: (, N-code), (, T-code), as well as the "AMX" featuring with of torque (X-code). All derived from the same external sized block. However, the three engines differed vastly internally, with the smallest engine having small intake and exhaust valves, thin block webbing, and a cast nodular iron crankshaft; the 343 used larger valves with a thicker block webbing; and the 390 moved up to a forged steel crankshaft and connecting rods, as well as larger rod bearings, compared to in the smaller two versions.
A BorgWarner T-10 four-speed manual transmission was standard, as were special traction bars, dual exhaust system, and fatter tires for better traction. A "Shift-Command" three-speed automatic transmission with the capability of manual shifting (BorgWarner model M-11B or M-12) was optional together with a floor console mounted shifter.
A popular "Go-Package" option came with either the four-barrel 343 or 390 engine and included power-assisted front disk brakes, "Twin-Grip" differential, E70x14 red-stripe performance tires on 6" wide steel wheels, heavy-duty suspension with thicker sway-bars, heavy-duty cooling, as well as other performance enhancements. A wide range of specialized performance parts were also available through AMC dealers for installation on customer's cars. These were known as "Group 19" parts because of the way AMC organized its parts books.
Breedlove AMX
According to several sources, "Breedlove Replica" cars to commemorate the speed and endurance records were offered by AMC. The Standard Catalog of American Muscle Cars 1960–1972 describes an estimated 50 "Breedlove" AMXs were sold featuring the red, white, and blue paint scheme along with the standard 4-barrel V8 with four-speed manual transmission.
However, AMC historians argue there was no "factory literature, order sheets, advertising, photographs, or anything else to properly document any factory 1968 or 1969 'Breedlove Replica' AMXs." According to historians a new car that was ordered by a dealer in Canada could not have been painted at the factory, but rather outsourced to local Kenosha body shops to perform the final painting.
Playmate AMX
Playboy magazine's 1968 Playmate of the Year, Angela Dorian, was awarded a specially painted "Playmate Pink" 1968 AMX. It was powered by the base 290 V8 with automatic transmission, air conditioning, tilt wheel, AM/8-track radio and optional rear bumper guards. Aside from the unique color, it differed from other AMXs with its dashboard number plate containing Dorian's measurements, making her car AMX 36–24–35. The car, currently owned by Mark Melvin who purchased it from Dorian in 2010, was featured in an episode of Jay Leno's Garage.
Some sources describe other AMXs to have been painted Playmate Pink at the factory. AMC's marketing vice-president, Bill , who handed over the keys to Angela Dorian's car mentioned that "a number of them" were finished in pink.
In late 1968, a Playmate Pink AMX was special-ordered by a dealership in rural Potosi, Missouri. This 1969 model year car's door tag indicates a "00" paint code (meaning a special-order color) and it has a 390 V8 with automatic transmission, as well as the performance "GO" Package, air conditioning, and leather seats.
Hertz rent-a-racer
In the late-1960s, The Hertz Corporation offered "rent-a-racer" program in selected locations that included cars such as Corvettes, Jaguar XK-Es, Shelby Mustangs, and AMXs. There is no record of how many AMXs were ordered by Hertz for their fleet, but the factory "Build Sheet" for a car may indicate that AMC sold the car to Hertz.
Von Piranha Edition
An estimated 22 new AMXs were modified by Thoroughbred Motors in Denver, Colorado for select AMC dealerships to have ready-made racers for both the dragstrips and road courses nearby. They were named "Von Piranha" and the changes included the addition of two sets of air scoops on each C-pillar with ducts to cool the rear brakes and on the roof above the windshield that was reportedly functional to cool the cockpit on race-bred versions. The AMX's twin hood bulges were cut open to increase airflow in the engine bay. It is believed the original Piranha buildup included AMC's Group 19 R4B intake stamped with the Von Piranha logo along with a 950 CFM Holley three-barrel carburetor. The sales manager at Thoroughbred at the time and local racing legend, Ronald Hunter, raced a Piranha at the Continental Divide Raceways and other events.
1969
The AMX's full second model year saw only slight changes, except for a $52 increase in its base price. The five-spoke Magnum 500 steel road wheels were no longer chrome plated, but now came with a stainless steel trim ring. The racing stripes were now available in five colors. The interior featured a revised instrumentation with the 0–8000 rpm tachometer moved to match the speedometer that was now calibrated to . Interior door panels were revised, carpeting was upgraded, new leather upholstery was optional, and the gas pedal became suspended. Later production cars received a hood over the instruments in front of the driver. Trunk capacity was .
Starting January 1969, all manual transmission AMXs came with a Hurst floor shifter. The center console-mounted three-speed "Shift-Command" automatic remained optional with "1", "2", and "D" forward settings. The "D" mode was for fully automatic operation, but the driver could shift manually through all three gears by starting out in the "1" setting for first-gear with no upshift, then the "2" setting for second-gear with no upshift, and finally to third-gear in the "D" setting.
A "Big Bad" paint option for $34 became available starting in mid-1969. The neon brilliant blue (BBB), orange (BBO), and green (BBG) exteriors included color-matched front and rear bumpers, as well as a special slim bright lower grille moulding for the front bumper and two vertical rubber-faced painted bumper guards for the rear. The factory-painted 1969 AMXs were 195 in BBB, 285 in BBO, and 283 in BBG.
Popular Mechanics wrote that the 1969 "AMX preserves the status quo this year, being virtually unchanged, remains an absolute delight to drive."
California 500 Special
The "California 500 Special" is a version of 1969 AMXs that was sold only by members of the Southern California American Motors Dealer Association. It was part of a marketing campaign to commemorate the 1969 season at the Riverside International Raceway. They would serve as pace car and the dealers would sell replicas. All were finished in Big Bad Green with black stripes and included the 390 Go-Pac, automatic transmission, air conditioning, power steering, adjustable steering wheel, tinted windows, radio, light group, visibility group, and a saddle leather interior. The cars also featured "Trendsetter Sidewinder" exhaust side pipes in place of the molding strips on the rocker panels and were identified by brass plaques mounted on the hood blisters that had crossed checkered racing flags and the words 500 Special. A total of 283 AMXs were built in Big Bad Green for the 1969 model year; however, the exact number of California 500 Special versions is unknown with only an estimate of 32.
Super Stock AMX
AMC also introduced the Super Stock AMX. To maximize quarter-mile performance, the 390 engine was equipped with twin Holley carburetors and 12.3:1 compression-ratio cylinder heads, plus aftermarket Doug's headers and exhaust system, and the tires were drag slicks. Hurst Performance carried out several additional modifications.
American Motors rated the car at , but the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) rated it at and shuffled it among various competition classes that included SS/G and SS/D. The Super Stock AMXs were also put in SS/E class by NHRA on the basis of the car's weight and estimated and ultimately slotted into the SS/C class.
Most of the cars were prepared and custom painted by AMC dealers to be campaigned at big racing events where they ran in the low 11s on the tracks. The best recorded quarter-mile was 10.73 seconds at .
The Super Stock AMX was meant for the race track and lacked comfort equipment such as a heater. The car could be ordered all white or in the vertical bands of red, white, and blue that distinguished numerous AMC competition cars of the day. The base price was $5,994, approximately $1,900 more than a fully loaded regular 1969 AMX. Moreover, the factory warranty was not available for these cars.
Pikes Peak cars
The Pikes Peak International Hill Climb used 1969 AMXs as pace cars for the hillclimb race to the summit of Pikes Peak that was held on 29 June 1969 in Colorado.
The AMX Pace and Courtesy cars were used by racers (including Bobby Unser) to practice the week prior to the race up the mountain. There were 12 (10 according to some sources) pace/courtesy AMXs, and all were equipped with the "390 Go-Pac" option and finished in "Frost White" with red stripes and red interiors.
A number of AMC and Jeep vehicles have participated in the annual race, winning class titles and setting records, but the only two-seat AMX that was officially raced in the hill climb was a 1969 model piloted by Larry G. Mitchell in the 1987 "Vintage" class.
AMX-R
The original AMX's "Ramble" seat idea was considered for possible production. A working prototype was built in 1968 from a regular AMX by James Jeffords, a designer-customizer, and was named the AMX-R. Jeffords was also head of the Javelin Trans Am Racing Team for AMC. Together with industrial designer Brooks Stevens, they decided to also "plush up" the interior, add custom paint treatment and hood with Jeffords's name in badge form, as well as a modified suspension as part of their plan to offer an optional Ramble seat for 500 production cars. The first prototype was prepared by Dave Puhl's House of Kustoms in Palatine, Illinois. However, numerous problems prevented serial production, including safety and product liability concerns, AMC's refusal to sell him the cars to modify, as well as the negative reaction from Ralph Nader to the exposed exterior seating idea. The AMX-R's special blacked-out hood treatment would later be offered as "shadow mask" option on 1970 AMX models.
1970
American Motors 1970 AMX advertising headlined, "We made the AMX look tougher this year because it's tougher this year". They were mildly facelifted resembling the first two model years, but the changes were different enough to be a separate design for 1970. Featured was a new front end design with a longer hood that had a "power blister" with two large openings. These were a functional cold ram-air induction system with the popular "Go Package" available with the 360 and 390 engines. The new grille was flush and full-width incorporating the headlamps. The revised rear end also featured full-width taillamps and a single center-mounted backup light. Side marker lights were now shared with several other AMC models. Riding on the same wheelbase as before, the changes increased the AMX's overall body length by about to .
American Motors also changed the AMX's engine lineup for 1970 with the introduction of a new four-barrel (, P-code) to replace the V8. The smallest 290 was dropped and AMC could claim 65 more base horsepower than the AMXs had previously. The V8 engine continued, but upgraded to new heads with combustion chambers that increased power to at 4800 rpm and of torque at 3200 rpm. The code remained "X" for the engine on the vehicle identification number (VIN). The "Go package" was available with the engine (including power front disc brakes, F70x14 raised white letter tires, handling package, heavy duty cooling, and the ram-air induction system) for $298.85, or including the 390 engine for $383.90.
Also new, the front double wishbone suspension had ball joints, upper and lower control arms, coil springs and shock absorbers above the upper control arms; as well as trailing struts on the lower control arms. The "Magnum 500" road wheels were now standard, but the new "Machine" 15x7 inch slot-styled wheels became a mid-year option.
The interiors of the AMX were also redesigned. The broad wood-grained dashboard, center console, and two-spoke "Rim Blow" steering wheel were new. Tall bucket seats now featured a "clamshell design" integrating the headrests. Leather upholstery was $34 extra. The exterior rearview mirror featured a new design and in some cases matched the car's body color. The three "Big Bad" exterior paints continued to be optional on the 1970 AMXs, but they now came with regular chrome bumpers. A new "shadow mask" exterior finish applied over any available AMX color was a $52 option, which included a satin black-painted hood, engine compartment, front fender tops, and side window surrounds offset by thin silver striping. The optional "C-stripe" was $32.
The manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP) for the base model was US$3,395 (US$ in dollars) as AMC promoted the 1970 AMX as, "A sports car for the price of a sporty car."
Motor Trend summed up a road test of a 1970 AMX with the 390 engine as "one of the better constructed cars around." Described as "the best version yet of this blend of muscle car and sports car", the 1970 model was also the last "true AMX".
Performance figures
Original road test of a 390 AMX by Car and Driver (1968)
0 to = 6.6 seconds
0–100 mph = 16.3 seconds
Dragstrip acceleration = 14.8 seconds @
Top speed =
Original road test of a 390 AMX by Motor Trend (December 1969)
0 to = 6.56 seconds
Dragstrip acceleration = 14.68 seconds @
with an AMX running a standard 4-barrel carburetor and 10.2:1 compression ratio:
0 to acceleration = 6.5 seconds
Dragstrip acceleration = 14.1 seconds
Racing
As an American-built two-seater, the AMC AMX was a high-performance car with few equals. They were campaigned with factory support and by independents in a variety of road and track racing series as well as being classified as grand tourers.
The cars were regular performers on dragstrips around the country. Drivers included Shirley Shahan, better known as the "Drag-On Lady", and Lou Downy. National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) champion Wally Booth raced AMXs in both the Super Stock and the Pro Stock classes. Herman Lewis, often described "as 'the Godfather of AMC Racing' ... won 200 events in his hellacious red, white, and blue AMX."
The 1968 and 1969 AMXs with AMC's engines compete in contemporary Nostalgia Super Stock drag racing. Owners have also modified AMXs to compete in modern Pro Touring car racing.
The Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) classed the AMX in B Production for amateur competition, the same class as the Shelby GT350. An AMX scored second place in the 1969 SCCA national championship. Dwight Knupp drove his AMX just 1 minute and 14 seconds behind a Corvette's winning average of on 30 November 1969, at the Daytona International Speedway with 16 cars in the B production class, and placed sixth overall out of the total of 28 A and B class cars competing in the race. The two-seat AMX was never eligible for SCCA Trans-Am competition.
A 1969 AMX was entered in the 1971 and 1972 Cannonball Baker Sea-to-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash, an unofficial automobile race from New York City and Darien, CT, on the US Atlantic (east) coast, to Redondo Beach, a Los Angeles suburb on the Pacific (west) coast. A team of enthusiastic brothers, Tom and Ed Bruerton, finished the 1971 competition in fifth place. They drove in 37 hours and 48 minutes at an average of , with no speeding tickets. Their AMX already had on the odometer and the brothers had previously taken it on numerous endurance rides, including "a rocky ride the entire length of the Baja California Peninsula." They again entered "their battlescarred AMX one more time" in the 1972 run. The brothers finished in eighth place, making the coast-to-coast outlaw race in 39 hours and 42 minutes at an average of .
Production
The two-seat AMX was built for three model years following its debut as a mid-year model on 15 February 1968. The first 1968 model year cars were scheduled to appear in dealer showrooms on 19 March 1968.
AMC AMX model year production totals in the U.S., by engine and transmission:
In 1969, American Motors showed the next generation AMX/2 concept car in the automobile show circuit. As the two-seater AMX production ceased in 1970, AMC was developing a sophisticated European-engineered alternative, the AMX/3 for 1971 introduction. However, overall economic conditions changed with spiraling inflation pushing sales of smaller cars along with the insurance companies' decision to penalize high-powered automobiles resulting in decreasing the sports-type car market segment, and the AMX was made into a high-performance model of the 4-seat Javelin starting in 1971.
Assembly in Australia
A total of 24 right hand drive 1969 model year AMXs were hand assembled under license in Australia by Australian Motor Industries (AMI) between August, 1969, and July, 1970. They used the name Rambler AMX as AMI produced the Rambler range of cars since October 1960. Complete knock down (CKD) kits were shipped from Kenosha, Wisconsin to AMI's facilities at Port Melbourne in Victoria. Only three colours were offered: White, Safety Wattle Yellow, and Signal Red.
Differences to the RHD Australian AMXs (compared to the U.S. models) included different outside rear-view mirrors, and black vinyl trim inside the "AMX" circle logo on the C-pillars. As with other Australian-assembled AMC models built in right-hand drive, windscreen wipers were not reversed, remaining LHD pattern, but the power brake booster and heater on the firewall were swapped over. Although the power steering pump remained in its usual left location, the remainder of the steering components were on the right side of the car. The cars came with and automatic transmission, power steering, power disk brakes, "twin-grip" rear axle, and other items that were optional on the U.S. models. All of the Australian AMX interiors were finished in black and featured unique seats, door panels, and a fiberglass RHD dashboard with a wood-grained instrument cluster in front of the driver. The Australian AMXs came with a large high level of equipment and were promoted as "personal super cars".
Concept and show cars
1966 AMX
A concept car with a folding exposed rear seat was introduced by AMC at the 1966 Society of Automotive Engineers convention in Detroit. This was the first "AMX" (American Motors Experimental) named car. The sports car design features a rumble seat for two additional passengers that was described as a "Ramble Seat" in homage to the automaker's predecessor Rambler models. This back seat folds into the trunk space and the rear window flips down, but these are not fully weatherproofed designs. The roof design also has no "A" pillars providing for greater visibility. The fiberglass-bodied "pushmobile" concept has no interior, engine, drivetrain, or suspension. It was widely covered by the automotive media and appeared on several auto magazine covers. It was painted in orange or a metallic blue to be shown on the auto show circuit. It received positive reviews that convinced management to put the car into production.
This 1966 AMX also gave rise to several other AMX show cars.
AMX I
A fiberglass-bodied AMX I concept car was made in 1966 to be part of AMC's "Project IV" exhibit. Built by Smith Inland of Ionia, Michigan, one of the two fiberglass-bodied concept cars was reportedly destroyed in a crash test convincing AMC's engineers and designers to use a traditional steel body. The remaining domestic-built fiberglass prototype features round headlamps.
American Motors' president Roy Abernethy sanctioned the Turin coachbuilder Vignale to construct an operational car in steel. It was hand-built show car using a modified 1966 Rambler American chassis on a wheelbase powered by a V8 engine. Delivered in 78 days and known as the "AMX Vignale", it was first displayed at the 1966 New York International Auto Show. The Vignale car features a "split-vee" windshield, a cantilever-type roof that incorporates a built-in concealed roll bar, rectangular European-type headlamps, and a custom interior with full bucket seats flanking an aircraft-type console. The fully functional "Ramble-seat" was operated by a push-button from inside the car.
AMX II
Vince Gardner, an outside consultant, designed the fiberglass-bodied AMX II, a less radical two-door for the "Project IV" exhibit. This four-passenger hardtop (no B-pillar) notchback coupe had little in common with the AMX I. This car featured a longer wheelbase and an overall length of . The windshield wiper blades were concealed by a panel that raises when wipers are activated and the grille that was surrounded by a massive bumper had horizontal multi-bars with hidden headlamps. Safety innovations included doors that locked automatically when the engine is started, reflectors on the sides of the rear fenders, rear tail lamps that signaled the driver's intentions: green when the car is in motion, amber when the driver removes foot from the accelerator, and red when braking.
AMX GT
Developed for the 1968 auto show circuit, the AMX GT is a concept car based on a shortened and "chopped" Javelin with a Kammback rear end. The AMX GT show car provided several design clues to future production models and performance options.
AMX-400
In the late-1960s, George Barris made bolt-on customizing kits for the AMX that were marketed through AMC dealers. Changing customer preferences meant that traditional car customization was being replaced by quick bolt-on accessory personalization. Barris joined this trend by offering a variety of spoiler, body additions, and wheel options. American Motors requested Barris to offer enhancements for the Javelins and the AMX. Available through AMC dealers as complete kits or as separate items. The total package included a performance hood, rear spoiler, grille, racing side mirrors, and special wheels.
Barris also performed a radical custom treatment on a 1969 AMX. The car was built for the second Banacek TV season episode. It was a true custom for that time and working with Joe Bailon, the car was lowered and its body was heavily modified. Its roof was cut down almost and the car was lengthened by . Featuring a sculpted body with louvered accents, it became known as the AMX-400. The car featured a taillight system that glowed green during acceleration, amber during deceleration, and red during braking.
AMX/3
A third-generation AMX concept car, the AMX/3, debuted at the February 1970 Chicago Auto Show. Engine-less and fashioned in fiberglass, the original AMX/3 prototype was a "push-mobile" show car only. The functional steel prototype introduced in Rome of March 1970 were constructed by Giotto Bizzarrini, Salvatore Diomante and Giorgetto Giugiaro of Italdesign.
American Motors placed an order for 30 operational cars. The AMX/3 body mold was sent to Italian grand tourer maker Giotto Bizzarrini, whose Turin facility hand made driveable mid-engined, steel bodied cars. Built on a wheelbase, the Bizzarrini prototypes used the AMC V8 and an Italian OTO Melara four-speed transaxle. The AMX/3 is considered one of Bizzarrini's car-masterpieces.
The steel Italian cars differed from the original AMC design in having fewer but functional rear decklid louvers, louvered hoods, and, in some cases, hood scoops to direct fresh air into the heating-A/C system. Further engineering improvements and road testing was done by BMW, which declared the AMX/3's chassis one of the stiffest having a 50% higher stiffness compared to a benchmark Mercedes-Benz model. The car's steel semi-monocoque chassis design with its welded on steel body provided a strong overall structure while the top speed was verified to , with reports indicating the AMX/3 could go faster if it was not for the tendency for the front end to lift at those speeds, but BMW found the car to be most neutral handling they had ever tested. The BMW engineers also refined numerous components of the AMX/3 into "a world-class contender among the mid-engined super car elite of its time." One of the cars became known as the "Monza" after it achieved a top speed of in testing at the famed Italian race track."
Five completed cars were produced before the US$2,000,000 development program was canceled. The original projection by AMC called for building 5,000 AMX/3s per year, but the estimated retail price kept increasing. The AMX/3 was "beautiful and sleek, the kind of car that would have made hearts race in the day" and was to be a "flagship or halo car" to lure customers to AMC dealerships, "where they would often end up with other, more practical models." However, escalating costs and pending bumper regulations put a stop to the mid-engined AMX/3.
Some remaining parts from the canceled, second group of five cars were used by erstwhile Bizzarrini collaborator Salvatore Diomante to assemble the sixth car, named and marketed as Sciabola. Additionally, an open two-seat Spider featuring no weather protection was built in the 1990s using an unfinished AMX/3 modified chassis and the 7th AMX/3, on display at the Autoworld Museum in Belgium, were both finished by Giorgio Giordanengo.
1971 Teague AMX
Sales of the two-seat AMX were not up to the numbers that American Motors management wanted, but AMC's vice president for styling, Dick Teague, wanted to continue the sports model. American Motors' Advanced Design Studio made design proposals for a 1971 AMX and Teague requestedand received permissionto produce a fully working concept car.
Starting with a Frost White 1968 AMX coupe as the development mule, Teague updated its front end to the grille and swooping front fenders of what was incorporated into the production 1971 Javelin. The concept car also featured the interior to what was to become AMC's characteristic high-backed bucket seats and corduroy upholstery introduced in 1970. The concept car was repainted light metallic blue with red striping to match the interior. A short-wheelbase, two-seat 1971 AMX was not approved for production by the automaker, but Teague used this car as his daily driver.
Collectibility
Automotive historian and author, Richard M. Langworth noted that the AMX has "all the right sports-car stuff" and that the "little machine that can only go up in value over the long haul."
Prior to 2004 the AMX had been under-appreciated from an investment standpoint, according to CNN.
In 2004, there was considerable variation between the values of two-seat AMXs and four-seat Javelin AMXs. Craig Fitzgerald mentioned "the satisfaction in owning a car that you don't see every single day, or on the cover of every single magazine," and favored the two-seater, on the grounds of its rarity; but he noted that parts for either car were extremely expensive.
In 2006, the editors of Hemmings Muscle Machines magazine said that AMCs had "experienced notable value increases over the last few yearsespecially AMXs..." The book Keith Martin's Guide to Car Collecting, in collaboration with the editors of the monthly Sports Car Market, lists the 1970 AMX as one of the picks under $40,000 among "Nine Muscle Car Sleepers".
Unique versions, such as the California 500 Specials and the 52 Hurst-modified SS/AMX drag race cars are perhaps the most highly sought after by collectors. In 2006, a California 500 AMX sold for $54,000 at the Barrett-Jackson auction in Scottsdale, Arizona, while a regular AMX went for over $55,000 at the Mecum collector auction in Belvidere, Illinois. In 2007, Hemmings wrote that only about 39 of the original SS/AMX turn-key race cars may have survived.
By 2007, the AMX was "among the most highly sought AMC cars" and "really taking off in the muscle-car market". Also in 2007, Hemmings said that the two-seater AMX had "a strong following among old car hobbyists and collectors of historic vehicles and nearly every one of the 19,134 built...remains in circulation and in demand, ensuring a good future for the first-generation AMX as a collectible muscle car." The 2007 book Classic Cars states that AMC's small and powerful AMX "had tire-burning speed" and "all have become collector's items."
Noting the increasing values of the 1968–1970 AMXs, Hemmings listed them among the "21 hottest cars" that enthusiasts wanted in 2007 "and will want tomorrow."
In 2008, Hemmings said that buyers had "only recently 'discovered' the AMX; they're now snapping them up left and right. Prices ... are on the rise, though they still represent a relative bargain compared to many more common muscle machines."
In 2010, Hemmings Classic Car included the two-seat AMXs in their list of 32 best cars to restore in terms of economic sense after factoring purchase price, parts availability, as well as restored value and desirability.
Although low in production, the AMX shared parts and components with other AMC models. There are many active AMC car clubs for these cars. Parts, including reproduction components, are available. However, "AMC did not build cars in the vast numbers the Big Three did back in the day; therefore, there are fewer to restore and not as many parts to go around." As of 2010, Hemmings Classic Car wrote that the AMXs are "pretty basic" so they are not hard to restore, and that "reproduction parts are available" and continues to grow with many mechanical parts interchanging with other cars.
More valuable according to automotive historian and author, James C. Mays, is the "wow factor". His book, The Savvy Guide to Buying Collector Cars at Auction, explains this important and measurable pleasure to an owner, whether their car is driven or sits in a climate-controlled garage, such as a red 1969 AMX that attracts more attention than the more prestigious Ferraris and Lamborghinis.
The 100th issue of Hemmings Classic Car listed the "Top 100 American collector cars ever made" as selected by the editors of Hemmings Motor News on the basis of "the most popular models among both enthusiasts and collectors" and included the 1968–1969 AMXs for both rarity and high interest, as well as "they boast sporting lines, traditional long-hood/short-deck proportions, and a smattering of performance options to add spice."
Old Cars Weekly describes the AMX as an "appealing little package for adrenaline junkies and guys ... who have an appetite for something a little offbeat and different ... a car that famed automotive scribe Tom McCahill once described as 'harrier than a Borneo gorilla.'"
Automotive journalist Patric George noted the AMC AMX is "great vintage American iron" and with only "two seats, making it more of a sports car than a lot of other muscle cars."
Scale models
A variety of scale models of the AMX are available including promotional 1/25-scale model manufactured under license from AMC by Jo-Han in factory colors. Hot Wheels offered a 1969 AMX custom in 1:64 scale, and in 1971 issued the AMX/2 show car model. Newer models in 1:18 scale diecast were issued, including the Playboy Pink version in the "Best of the Best" series, as well as the modified "Drag-On Lady" race car. According to the editors of Die Cast X Magazine, "muscle cars are the largest, most popular category in die-cast" collectors, and they included the AMC AMX among the 34 models that represent "the best and most important from the genre ... performance and style that are the hallmarks of the high point of American automotive history."
See also
AMC Javelin AMX: 1971–1974
AMC Hornet AMX: 1977
AMC Concord AMX: 1978
AMC Spirit AMX: 1979–1980
De Tomaso Pantera – first shown a month later, and sometimes confused with.
Footnotes
External links
AMX390.com
AMX-perience.com
JavelinAMX.com
AMC Rambler ClubClub for 1958–1969 AMCs
American Motors OwnersClub for 1958–1987 AMCs
1970s cars
AMX
Coupés
Grand tourers
Mid-engined vehicles
Muscle cars
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 1968 |
The Road to Escondido is a collaborative studio album by J. J. Cale and Eric Clapton. It was released on 7 November 2006. Contained on this album are the final recordings of keyboardist Billy Preston. The album is jointly dedicated to Preston and Brian Roylance.
In 2004, Eric Clapton held the Crossroads Guitar Festival, a three-day festival in Dallas, Texas. Among the performers was J. J. Cale, giving Clapton the opportunity to ask Cale to produce an album for him. The two started working together and eventually decided to record an album. A number of high-profile musicians also agreed to work on the album, including Billy Preston, Derek Trucks, Taj Mahal, Pino Palladino, John Mayer, Steve Jordan, and Doyle Bramhall II. In a coup, whether intended or not, the entire John Mayer Trio participated on this album in one capacity or another.
Escondido is a city in San Diego County near Cale's home at the time located in the small, unincorporated town of Valley Center, California. Eric Clapton owned a mansion in Escondido in the 1980s and early '90s. The road referenced in the album's title is named Valley Center Road. It runs from Valley Center to Escondido. Cale and Clapton thought it would be a good name for the album because it connected the two locales.
The album won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album in 2008.
Background
Cale first came into Clapton's orbit in the late sixties when he heard Cale's obscure 1966 Liberty single "Slow Motion", which featured "After Midnight" as the B-side. Clapton copied the arrangement of "After Midnight" and scored a radio hit with it in 1970. Cale, who worked for a time as an engineer in Leon Russell's home studio in Los Angeles for a few years, was barely making ends meet in Tulsa when the song became a hit. Cale recalled to Mojo magazine that when he heard Clapton's version playing on his radio, "I was dirt poor, not making enough to eat and I wasn't a young man. I was in my thirties, so I was very happy. It was nice to make some money." Clapton then recorded other Cale songs, such as the 1977 hit "Cocaine", and the songwriting royalties earned from artists like Clapton covering his songs enabled Cale to have a comfortable, if not commercially successful, recording career. In a 2014 interview with NPR, Clapton spoke about Cale's influence on his music:
Clapton, who toured with Delaney & Bonnie in 1969, recalled in the 2005 documentary To Tulsa and Back, "Delaney Bramlett is the one that was responsible to get me singing. He was the one who turned me on to the Tulsa community. Bramlett produced my first solo album and "After Midnight" was on it, and those [Tulsa] players played on it. I mean, the first part of my solo career was really tailored on Cale's philosophy. I mean, 461 Ocean Boulevard was my kind of homage to J.J."
Despite their association in the public's mind, the pair had rarely socialized or played together over the years, but in 2004 Clapton invited Cale to perform at his Crossroads Festival in Dallas. Cale, who was coming off an eight-year hiatus with the release of To Tulsa and Back, accepted, and it was during this period that Clapton asked him to produce his next album, which blossomed into a full-fledged collaboration.
Recording
Cale wrote 11 of the 14 tracks on the album, with two cuts, "Any Way the Wind Blows" and "Don't Cry Sister", being re-recordings of songs that Cale recorded previously in the seventies. Vocally, the pair's singing styles are so symbiotic on the album that they are nearly indistinguishable, with Stephen Thomas Erlewine observing in his AllMusic review that the LP "reveals exactly how much Clapton learned from Cale's singing; their timbre and phrasing is nearly identical, to the point that it's frequently hard to discern who is singing when. Disconcerting this may be, but it's hardly bad, since it never feels like Clapton is copying Cale; instead, it shows their connection, that they're kindred spirits." Musically the tone is relaxed and casual, a mix of bluesy grooves and up-tempo boogies that play to the duo's strengths. The fiddle-driven "Dead End Road", the galloping "Any Way the Wind Blows", and the optimistic "Ride the River" exude the general vibe of camaraderie that permeates the recordings, while Clapton's "Three Little Girls" speaks to the bliss of domestic life. The Brownie McGhee cover "The Sporting Life" and the seen-it-all minor blues "Hard to Thrill" (composed by Clapton and John Mayer) display the pair's tasteful guitar licks and vocals.
Reception
AllMusic: "It's relaxed and casual in the best possible sense: it doesn't sound lazy, it sounds lived-in, even with [Simon] Climie's too-clean production, and that vibe - coupled with Cale's sturdy songs - makes this an understated winner." David Fricke of Rolling Stone wrote the LP "has the natural glow and nimble jump of a house-party jam."
Track listing
All songs by J. J. Cale except where noted.
"Danger" – 5:34
"Heads in Georgia" – 4:12
"Missing Person" – 4:26
"When This War Is Over" – 3:49
"Sporting Life Blues" (Brownie McGhee) – 3:31
"Dead End Road" – 3:30
"It's Easy" – 4:19
"Hard to Thrill" (Eric Clapton, John Mayer) – 5:11
"Anyway the Wind Blows" – 3:56
"Three Little Girls" (Clapton) – 2:44
"Don't Cry Sister" – 3:10
"Last Will and Testament" – 3:57
"Who Am I Telling You?" – 4:08
"Ride the River" – 4:35
Personnel
Musicians
J. J. Cale: guitars, keyboards, vocals
Eric Clapton: guitars, vocals
Derek Trucks: guitar
John Mayer: guitar
Albert Lee: guitar
Doyle Bramhall II: guitar
Christine Lakeland: acoustic guitar, backing vocals
Nathan East: bass guitar
Gary Gilmore: bass guitar
Willie Weeks: bass guitar
Pino Palladino: bass guitar
Jim Karstein: drums, percussion
James Cruce: drums, percussion
Steve Jordan: drums
Abe Laboriel Jr.: drums
Simon Climie: percussion, programming
David Teegarden: percussion
Billy Preston: Hammond organ, Fender Rhodes, Wurlitzer
Walt Richmond: acoustic piano, Wurlitzer, Fender Rhodes
Taj Mahal: harmonica
Dennis Caplinger: fiddle
Bruce Fowler: horns
Marty Grebb: horns
Steve Madaio: horns
Jerry Peterson: horns
Production
Eric Clapton: producer, album cover concept
J. J. Cale: producer, mixing
Simon Climie: co-producer, Pro Tools engineering
Alan Douglas: recording engineer, mixing
Brian Vibberts: assistant engineer
Jimmy Hoyson: assistant engineer
Phillippe Rose: assistant engineer
Mick Guzauski: mixing
Tom Bender: mix assistant
Joel Evenden: Pro Tools assistant
Bob Ludwig: mastering at Gateway Mastering (Portland, ME).
Bushbranch: management for Eric Clapton
Mike Kappus: management for J. J. Cale
Lee Dickson: guitar technician
Debbie Johnson: studio coordinator (Los Angeles).
Catherine Roylance: art direction and design
David McClister: location photography
Nathan East: additional studio photography
Christine Lakeland: additional studio photography
Jim Karstein: additional studio photography
Nigel Carroll: personal assistant to Eric Clapton, additional studio photography
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
J.J. Cale official website
Eric Clapton official website
Review on Modern Guitars Magazine
2006 albums
Eric Clapton albums
Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album
J. J. Cale albums
Reprise Records albums |
The electoral district of Launceston was a multi-member electoral district of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. It was based in Tasmania's second city, Launceston, and the surrounding rural area.
The seat was created as a three-member seat ahead of the Assembly's first election held in 1856, and was abolished at the 1871 election, when it was divided up into the seats of Central, North and South Launceston.
At the 1897 election, the Hare-Clark electoral model was trialled in Launceston and Hobart, with Launceston being recreated as a 4-member seat. It continued for two terms, before being broken up again in 1903 into Central, North, East and West Launceston. In 1909, the entire state adopted Hare-Clark, and the Launceston region became part of the Bass division.
Members for Launceston
First incarnation: 1856–1871
Second incarnation: 1897–1903
References
Parliament of Tasmania (2006). The Parliament of Tasmania from 1956
Launceston |
Oceanport Draw is railroad moveable bridge over the Oceanport Creek (MP 8.4), a tributary of the Shrewsbury River, in Oceanport in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. It is owned and operated by New Jersey Transit Rail Operations (NJT).
History
The bridge was built in 1914 and was used by New York and Long Branch Railroad, which was jointly owned and operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) and the Central Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ). It became property of Conrail in 1976. It is identified as the Oceanport Creek Bridge (ID#2041) by the New Jersey's state historic preservation office (SHPO; April 4, 1984).
Operations
The swing bridge serves the North Jersey Coast Line (MP 19.80) between the Little Silver and Monmouth Park stations. As of 2008 the Code of Federal Regulations stipulated that it open on signal with exceptions: four hours notice is required from January 1 through March 31 from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m.; from April 1 through April 30 and November 1 through November 30 (from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. Monday through Thursday, and midnight Sunday through 6 a.m. Monday; and from December 1 through December 31 from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.
See also
NJT movable bridges
List of crossings of the Raritan River
References
External links
EPA
Railroad bridges in New Jersey
NJ Transit bridges
Swing bridges in the United States
Oceanport, New Jersey
Bridges in Monmouth County, New Jersey
Bridges completed in 1914
Central Railroad of New Jersey
Pennsylvania Railroad bridges
1914 establishments in New Jersey |
This is a glossary of spirituality-related terms. Spirituality is closely linked to religion.
A
Afterlife: (or life after death) A generic term referring to a purported continuation of existence, typically spiritual and experiential, beyond this world, or after death.
Agnosticism: the view that the existence of God or the supernatural is unknown or unknowable.
Ahimsa: A religious principle of non-violence and respect for all life. Ahimsa ( ) is Sanskrit for avoidance of himsa, or injury. It is interpreted most often as meaning peace and reverence toward all sentient beings. Ahimsa is the core of Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. Its first mention in Indian philosophy is found in the Hindu scriptures called the Upanishads, the oldest dating about 800 BC. Those who practice Ahimsa are often vegetarians or vegans.
Aikido: ( , also using an older style of kanji) Literally meaning "harmony energy way", or with some poetic license, "way of the harmonious spirit", aikido is a gendai budo – a modern Japanese martial art. Practitioners of aikido are known as aikidoka. Aikido is also considered to contain a significant spiritual component.
Akashic Records: (Akasha is a Sanskrit word meaning "sky", "space" or "aether") In the religion of theosophy and the philosophical school called anthroposophy, the Akashic records are a compendium of all universal events, thoughts, words, emotions and intent ever to have occurred in the past, present, or future in terms of all entities and life forms, not just human. They are believed by theosophists to be encoded in a non-physical plane of existence known as the mental plane.
Ancestor worship: (拜祖), also ancestor veneration (敬祖) A religious practice based on the belief that one's ancestors possess supernatural powers.
Animism: The religious belief that all objects, places, and creatures possess a distinct spiritual essence.
Asceticism: Denotes a life which is characterised by refraining from worldly pleasures (austerity). Those who practice ascetic lifestyles often perceive their practices as virtuous and pursue them to achieve greater spirituality.
Atheism: In the broadest sense, is the absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is the rejection of belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Atheism is contrasted with theism, which, in its most general form, is the belief in at least one deity.
B
Bagua (concept): (, Korean 한국어: 팔괘) An ancient Chinese philosophical concept, the bagua is an octagonal diagram with eight trigrams on each side. The concept of bagua is applied not only to Chinese Taoist thought and the I Ching, but is also used in other domains of Chinese culture, such as fengshui, martial arts, navigation, etc.
Baháʼí Faith: A global religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh, a nineteenth-century Iranian exile.
Blessing: (from to bless, Old English bleodsian or bletsian) Originally meant "sprinkling with blood" during the pagan sacrifices, the Blóts (reference: AHD). A blessing, (also used to refer to bestowing of such) is the infusion of something with holiness, divine will, or one's hopes. Within Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and similar traditions, formal blessings of the church are performed by bishops, priests, and sometimes deacons, but as in many other religions, anyone may formally bless another.
C
Chakra: In Hinduism and its spiritual systems of yoga and in some related eastern cultures, as well as in some segments of the New Age movement—and to some degree the distinctly different New Thought movement—a chakra is thought to be an energy node in the human body.
Chant: The rhythmic speaking or singing of words or sounds, either on a single pitch or with a simple melody involving a limited set of notes and often including a great deal of repetition or statis. Chant may be considered speech, music, or a heightened form of speech which is more effective in conveying emotion or expressing ones spiritual side.
Channelling: The act of attaining information (from a state of being in the present moment) from higher power or spirits and bringing it forth through writing, speaking, teaching or music.
Creation: The term creation refers to the beginnings of humanity, earth, life, and the universe (cosmogony). Some accounts of creation describe the beginnings of the universe as a deliberate act of "Creation" by a supreme being.
Consciousness: A quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and one's environment. Many philosophers divide consciousness into phenomenal consciousness which is experience itself and access consciousness which is the processing of the things in experience.
Many cultures and religious traditions place the seat of consciousness in a soul separate from the body. Conversely, many scientists and philosophers consider consciousness to be intimately linked to the neural functioning of the brain dictating the way in which the world is experienced. This aspect of consciousness is the subject of much debate and research in philosophy of mind, psychology, brain biology, neurology, and cognitive science.
Contemplation: A type of prayer or meditation in the Christian, especially Catholic, tradition. It is an attempt to experience God directly. It is connected to Christian mysticism, and authors such as Teresa of Avila, Margery Kempe, Augustine Baker and Thomas Merton have written about it extensively. It is briefly described in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraphs 2709 onwards, where the Song of Songs is quoted.
Cosmogony: [Gr. Kosmogonia from Kosmos the world and root of gignesthai to be born] A description (or model) of the coming into existence, the creation and origination of the universe. It is also the study of these aspects. So a cosmogony describes how the Universe came to be; hence, the account of the creation of the world in the Book of Genesis is one such cosmogony, and there are many others, both scientific and mythological. This contrasts with cosmology, which studies the Universe at large, throughout its existence.
D
Deism: Historical and modern deism is defined by the view that reason, rather than revelation or tradition, should be the basis of belief in God. Deists reject organized religion and promote reason as the essential element in making moral decisions. This "rational" basis was usually founded upon the cosmological argument (first cause argument), the teleological argument (argument from design), and other aspects of what was called natural religion. Deism has become identified with the classical belief that God created but does not intervene in the world, though this is not a necessary component of deism.
Deity: (or a god) A postulated preternatural being, usually, but not always, of significant power, worshipped, thought holy, divine, or sacred, held in high regard, or respected by human beings. They assume a variety of forms, but are frequently depicted as having human or animal form. Sometimes it is considered blasphemous to imagine the deity as having any concrete form. They are usually immortal. They are commonly assumed to have personalities and to possess consciousness, intellects, desires, and emotions much like humans. Such natural phenomena as lightning, floods, storms, other "acts of God”, and miracles are attributed to them, and they may be thought to be the authorities or controllers of every aspect of human life (such as birth or the afterlife). Some deities are asserted to be the directors of time and fate itself, to be the givers of human law and morality, to be the ultimate judges of human worth and behavior, and to be the designers and creators of the Earth or the universe. Some of these "gods" have no power at all-they are simply worshipped.
Dhammapada: (Pali, translates as Path of the Dharma. Also Prakrit Dhamapada, Sanskrit Dharmapada) A Buddhist religious scripture, containing 423 verses in 26 categories. According to tradition, these are answers to questions put to the Buddha on various occasions, most of which deal with ethics.
Dharma: (sanskrit, roughly law or way) The way of the higher Truths. Beings that live in harmony with Dharma proceed quicker towards moksha, nirvana, or personal liberation, a concept first taught in Indian religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism).
Dhikr: Arabic. ("pronouncement", "invocation" or "remembrance") also spelled zikr based on its pronunciation in Turkish and Persian.
Dhikr is the remembrance of God commanded in the Qur'an for all Muslims. To engage in dhikr is to have awareness of God according to Islam. Dhikr as a devotional act includes the repetition of divine names, supplications and aphorisms from hadith literature, and sections of the Qur'an. More generally, any activity in which the Muslim maintains awareness of God is considered dhikr.
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Emanationism: Technically is a henotheism component in the cosmology of certain religious or philosophical systems that argue a Supreme Being did not directly create the physical universe, but instead emanated lower spiritual beings who created the world.
Enlightenment: As a concept is related to the Buddhist Bodhi but is a cornerstone of religious and spiritual understanding in practically all religions. It literally means being illuminated by acquiring new wisdom or understanding.
Entheogen: A modern term derived from two Ancient Greek words, ἔνθεος (entheos) and γενέσθαι (genesthai). Entheos means literally "in God", more freely translated "inspired". The Greeks used it as a term of praise for poets and other artists. Genesthai means "to cause to be". So an entheogen is "that which causes (a person) to be in God". The translation "creating the divine within" that is sometimes given is not quite correct -- entheogen implies neither that something is created (as opposed to just perceiving something that is already there) nor that that which is experienced is within the user (as opposed to having independent existence).
Epigenesis: The philosophical/theological/esoteric idea that since the mind was given to the human being, it is this original creative impulse, epigenesis, which has been the cause of all of mankind's development.
Epiphany: (, "the appearance; miraculous phenomenon") A Christian feast intended to celebrate the 'shining forth' or revelation of God to mankind in human form, in the person of Jesus. The observance had its origins in the eastern Christian churches, and included the birth of Jesus; the visit of the three Magi (Caspar, Melchior and Balthasar) who arrived in Bethlehem; and all of Jesus' childhood events, up to his baptism in the Jordan by John the Baptist. The feast was initially based on, and viewed as a fulfillment of, the Jewish Feast of Lights. This was fixed on January 6.
Eschatology: (from the Greek eschatos meaning "last" + -logy) A part of theology concerned with the final events in human history or the ultimate fate of human kind, commonly phrased as the end of the world. In many religions, the end of the world is a future event prophesied in sacred texts or folklore. More broadly, eschatology may encompass related concepts such as the messiah or messianic era, the afterlife, and the soul.
Esotericism: Refers to knowledge suitable only for the advanced, privileged, or initiated, as opposed to exoteric knowledge, which is public. It is used especially for mystical, occult and spiritual viewpoints.
Eternal return: (or sometimes eternal recurrence) A concept originating from ancient Egypt and developed in the teachings of Pythagoras.
Eternity: While in the popular mind, eternity often simply means existing for an infinite, i.e., limitless, amount of time, many have used it to refer to a timeless existence altogether outside of time. There are a number of arguments for eternity, by which proponents of the concept, principally, Aristotle, purported to prove that matter, motion, and time must have existed eternally.
Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism: Eutheism and dystheism are dialectic opposites within the spectrum of theistic religious beliefs.
Eutheism is the belief that God exists and is good.
Dystheism is the belief that God exists but is not good.
Existence: There is no universally accepted theory of what the word existence means. The dominant (though by no means universal) view in twentieth-century and contemporary Anglo-American philosophy is that existence is what is asserted by statements of first-order logic of the form "for some x Fx". This agrees with the simple and commonsensical view that, in uttering "There is a bridge across the Thames at Hammersmith", or "A bridge crosses the Thames at Hammersmith", we are asserting the existence of a bridge across the Thames at Hammersmith. The word "existence", on this view, is simply a way of describing the logical form of ordinary subject-predicate sentence.
Exorcism: The practice of evicting demons or other evil spiritual entities which are supposed to have possessed (taken control of) a person or object. The practice, though ancient in roots, is still part of the belief system of many religions. The word "exorcism" means "I cause [someone] to swear," referring to the exorcist forcing the spirit to obey a higher power.
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Faith healing: The use of solely spiritual means in treating disease, sometimes accompanied with the refusal of modern medical techniques. Another term for this is spiritual healing. Faith healing is a form of alternative medicine.
Fasting: The act of willingly abstaining from all food and in some cases drink, for a period of time. Depending on the tradition, fasting practices may forbid sexual intercourse, (or any sexual desire), masturbation, as well as refraining from eating certain types or groups of food (e.g. meat).
Fasting for religious and spiritual reasons has been a part of human custom since pre-history. It is mentioned in the Qur'an, in the Mahabharata, in the Upanishads, and in the Bible, in both the Old and New Testament.
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Glossolalia: (from the Greek, "γλώσσα" (glossa), tongue and "λαλώ" (lalô), to speak) comprises the utterance of what appears (to the casual listener) either as an unknown foreign language (xenoglossia), meaningless syllables, or utterance of an unknown mystical language; the utterances sometimes occur as part of religious worship (religious glossolalia) and are commonly referred to in such circles as "speaking in tongues".
Gnosticism: A blanket term for various mystical initiatory religions, sects and knowledge schools, which were most prominent in the first few centuries AD. It is also applied to modern revivals of these groups and, sometimes, by analogy to all religious movements based on secret knowledge gnosis, thus can lead to confusion.
God: The term God is capitalized in the English language as a proper noun when used to refer to a specific monotheistic concept of a supernatural Supreme Being in accordance with Christian, Jewish (sometimes as "G-d" - cf. Names of God in Judaism), and more recently (in the U.S.A) Muslim and some Hindu traditions.
Goddess: a female deity in polytheistic religions.
Great Awakenings: Commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in American religious thought. The Great Awakenings appear to form a cycle, with a period of roughly 80 years. There are three generally accepted Great Awakenings in American history: The First Great Awakening (1730s - 1740s); The Second Great Awakening (1820s - 1830s); The Third Great Awakening (1880s - 1900s).
Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji (): Granth is Punjabi for book; Sahib is Hindi meaning master, from Arabic, meaning companion, friend, owner, or master – is more than a holy book of the Sikhs. The Sikhs treat this Granth (holy book) as a living Guru. The holy text spans 1430 pages and contains the actual words spoken by the founders of the Sikh religion and various other Saints from other religions including Hinduism and Islam.
Guru: (, ) A teacher in Hinduism, Buddhism or Sikhism. Based on a long line of philosophical understanding as to the importance of knowledge, the guru is seen in these religions as a sacred conduit, or a way to self-realization. In India and among people of Hindu, Buddhist, or Sikh belief, the title retains a hallowed meaning.
Guru also refers in Sanskrit to Brihaspati, a Hindu figure analogous to the Roman planet/god Jupiter. In Vedic astrology, Jupiter/Guru/Brihaspati is believed to exert teaching influences. Indeed, in many Indian languages, such as Hindi, the occidental Thursday is called either Brihaspativaar or Guruvaar (vaar meaning period or day).
In contemporary India and Indonesia, guru is widely used within the general meaning of "teacher". In Western usage, the original meaning of guru has been extended to cover anyone who acquires followers, and not necessarily in an established school of philosophy or religion. In a further metaphorical extension, guru is used of a person who has authority because of his or her perceived knowledge or skills in a domain of expertise.
The importance of discerning between a true guru and a false one is explored in scriptures and teachings of religions in which a guru plays a role. The assessment and criticism of gurus and the Guru-shishya tradition are espoused in the discourse about cults and new religious movements by Western secular scholars, theologians, anti-cultists, and by skeptics both in the West and in India.
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Hymn: A song specifically written as a song of praise, adoration or prayer, typically addressed to a god.
A writer of hymns is known as a hymnist or hymnodist, and the process of singing a hymn is called hymnody; the same word is used for the collectivity of hymns belonging to a particular denomination or period (e.g. "nineteenth century Methodist hymnody" would mean the body of hymns written and/or used by Methodists in the nineteenth century). Books called hymnals are collections of hymns, which may or may not include music.
Ancient hymns include the Great Hymn to the Aten, composed by the pharaoh Akhenaten, and the Vedas, a collection of hymns in the tradition of Hinduism. The Western tradition of hymnody begins with the Homeric Hymns, a collection of ancient Greek hymns, the oldest of which were written in the 7th century BCE in praise of the gods of Greek mythology.
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I Ching: The oldest of the Chinese classic texts. It describes an ancient system of cosmology and philosophy which is at the heart of Chinese cultural beliefs. The philosophy centers on the ideas of the dynamic balance of opposites, the evolution of events as a process, and acceptance of the inevitability of change (see Philosophy, below). In Western cultures, the I Ching is regarded by some as simply a system of divination; others believe it expresses the wisdom and philosophy of ancient China.
Iconolatry: (from the two Greek terms eikon denoting simply a picture or image, and latreia to adore or worship) Icon in Greek simply denotes a picture but has now come to be closely associated with religious art used by the Eastern Orthodox and the Catholic Churches. Icons are used by Eastern Orthodox Churches to assist in prayer and worship of God. Icon (image) is the same word used in the Bible in Genesis 1:27, Colossians 1:15.
Inner peace: (or peace of mind) A colloquialism that refers to a state of being mentally or spiritually at peace, with enough knowledge and understanding to keep oneself strong in the face of discord or stress. Being "at peace" is considered by many to be healthy (homeostasis) and the opposite of being stressed or anxious. Peace of mind is generally associated with bliss and happiness. Most religious people believe that it is only truly possible to achieve inner peace with divine intervention of some form or another.
Peace of mind, serenity, and calmness are descriptions of a disposition free from the effects of stress. In some cultures, inner peace is considered a state of consciousness or enlightenment that may be cultivated by various forms of training, such as prayer, meditation, tai chi or yoga, for example. Many spiritual practices refer to this peace as an experience of knowing oneself.
Integrity: Comprises the personal inner sense of "wholeness" deriving from honesty and consistent uprightness of character. The etymology of the word relates it to the Latin adjective integer (whole, complete). Evaluators, of course, usually assess integrity from some point of view, such as that of a given ethical tradition or in the context of an ethical relationship.
Involution: the process by which the Divine manifests the cosmos is called involution. The process by which the creation rises to higher states and states of consciousness is the evolution. Involution prepares the universe for the Big Bang; evolution continues from that point forward. The term involution comes from the idea that the divine involves itself in creation.
After the creation, the Divine (i.e. the Absolute, Brahman, God; all these essentially mean the same thing) is both the One (the Creator) and the Many (that which was created).
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Japa: (or Japam) A spiritual discipline in which a devotee repeats a mantra or the name of the God. The repetition can be aloud or just the movement of lips or in the mind. This spiritual practice is present in the major religions of world. This is considered as one of the most effective spiritual practices.
Jihad: ( jihād) An Islamic term, from the Arabic root jhd ("to exert utmost effort, to strive, struggle"), which connotes a wide range of meanings: anything from an inward spiritual struggle to attain perfect faith to a political or military struggle to further the Islamic cause. The meaning of "Islamic cause" is of course open to interpretation. The term is frequently mistranslated into English as "holy war", although jihad can apply to warfare. Mainstream Muslims consider jihad to be the most misunderstood aspect of their religion by non-Muslims. The Islamic religious legitimacy of the goals or methods of various Islamist movements who adopt the terminology of jihad is often brought into question, usually by moderate and liberal Muslims.
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Karma: (Sanskrit: कर्म from the root kri, "to do", meaning deed) or Kamma (Pali: meaning action, effect, destiny) A term in several Indian religions that comprises the entire cycle of cause and effect. Karma is a sum of all that an individual has done and is currently doing. The effects of those deeds actively create present and future experiences, thus making one responsible for one's own life. In religions that incorporate reincarnation, karma extends through one's present life and all past and future lives as well.
Koan: A story, dialog, question, or statement in the history and lore of Chan (Zen) Buddhism, generally containing aspects that are inaccessible to rational understanding, yet that may be accessible to Intuition. Koans are often used by Zen practitioners as objects of meditation to induce an experience of enlightenment or realization, and by Zen teachers as testing questions when a student wishes to validate their experience of enlightenment.
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Love: Has many different meanings in English, from something that gives a little pleasure ("I loved that meal") to something one would die for (patriotism, pairbonding). It can describe an intense feeling of affection, an emotion or an emotional state. In ordinary use, it usually refers to interpersonal love. Probably due to its psychological relevance, love is one of the most common themes in art.
Just as there are many types of lovers, there are many kinds of love. Love is inherent in all human cultures. It is precisely these cultural differences that make any universal definition of love difficult to establish. See the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis.
Expressions of love may include the love for a "soul" or mind, the love of laws and organizations, love for a body, love for nature, love of food, love of money, love for learning, love of power, love of fame, love for the respect of others, et cetera. Different people place varying degrees of importance on the kinds of love they receive. Love is essentially an abstract concept, easier to experience than to explain.
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Mantra: A religious syllable or poem, typically from the Sanskrit language. Their use varies according to the school and philosophy associated with the mantra. They are primarily used as spiritual conduits, words and vibrations that instill one-pointed concentration in the devotee. Other purposes have included religious ceremonies to accumulate wealth, avoid danger, or eliminate enemies. Mantras originated in India with Vedic Hinduism and were later adopted by Buddhists and Jains, now popular in various modern forms of spiritual practice which are loosely based on practices of these Eastern religions.
Meaning of life: The question “What is the meaning of life?” means different things to different people. The ambiguity of the query is inherent in the word “meaning”, which opens the question to many interpretations, such as: “What is the origin of life?”, “What is the nature of life (and of the universe in which we live)?”, “What is the significance of life?”, “What is valuable in life?”, and “What is the purpose of, or in, (one's) life?”. These questions have resulted in a wide range of competing answers and arguments, from practical scientific theories, to philosophical, theological and spiritual explanations. Similar questions people ask themselves about the origin and purpose of life are “Why am I here?” and “Why are we here?”.
Meditation: Refers to any of a wide variety of spiritual practices (and their close secular analogues) which emphasize mental activity or quiescence. The English word comes from the Latin meditatio, which could perhaps be better translated as "contemplation." This usage is found in Christian spirituality, for example, when one "meditates" on the sufferings of Christ; as well as Western philosophy, as in Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy, a set of six mental exercises which systematically analyze the nature of reality.
In the late nineteenth century, Theosophists adopted "meditation" to refer to various spiritual practices drawn from Hinduism, Buddhism, and other Eastern religions. Thus the English word "meditation" does not exclusively translate any single term or concept from the sacred languages of Asia, such as the Sanskrit dhyana, samādhi, or pranayama. (Note that whereas in Eastern religions meditation is often a central part of religious/spiritual practice, in Christianity it is rather a fringe activity if practised at all.)
Metaphysics: (Greek words meta = after/beyond and physics = nature) A branch of philosophy concerned with the study of "first principles" and "being" (ontology). Problems that were not originally considered metaphysical have been added to metaphysics. Other problems that were considered metaphysical problems for centuries are now typically relegated to their own separate subheadings in philosophy, such as philosophy of religion, philosophy of mind, philosophy of perception, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science. In rare cases subjects of metaphysical research have been found to be entirely physical and natural, thus making them part of physics.
Mind's eye: (or third eye) A phrase used to refer to one's ability to "see" things (such as visions) with the mind. This is, essentially, a reference to imagination and memory, although it can have religious or occult connotations. Also, the term "third eye" has been associated with the Pineal gland.
Miracle: According to many religions, a miracle, derived from the Latin word miraculum meaning 'something wonderful', is a striking interposition of divine intervention by God in the universe by which the operations of the ordinary course of Nature are overruled, suspended, or modified. One must keep in mind that in Judaism, Christianity, Islam and in other faiths people have substantially different definitions of the word miracle. Even within a specific religion there is often more than one usage of the term.
Sometimes the term miracle may refer to the action of a supernatural being that is not a god. Then the term divine intervention refers specifically to the direct involvement of a deity.
Moksha: (Sanskrit: मोक्ष, liberation) or Mukti (Sanskrit: विमुक्ति, release) Refers, in general, to liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth. In higher Hindu philosophy, it is seen as a transcendence of phenomenal being, of any sense of consciousness of time, space, and causation (karma). It is not seen as a soteriological goal in the same sense as in, say, a Christian context, but signifies dissolution of the sense of self, or ego, and the overall breakdown of nama-roopa (name-form). It is, in Hinduism, viewed as analogous to Nirvana, though Buddhist thought tends to differ with even the Advaita Vedantist reading of liberation. Jainism and Surat Shabda Yoga traditions also believe in Moksha.
Muraqaba: The Sufi word for meditation. Literally it means "to watch over", "to take care of" or "to keep an eye". Metaphorically, it implies that with meditation, a person watches over or takes care of his spiritual heart (or soul), and acquires knowledge about it, its surroundings and its creator.
Mysticism: From the Greek (mueo, "to conceal"), is the pursuit of achieving communion with or conscious awareness of ultimate reality, the divine, spiritual truth, or God through direct, personal experience (intuition or insight) rather than rational thought; the belief in the existence of realities beyond perceptual or intellectual apprehension that are central to being and directly accessible through personal experience; or the belief that such experience is a genuine and important source of knowledge. In the Hellenistic world, "mystical" referred to secret religious rituals.
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Nasma: A body made of the purest form of light (called Noor) which is more pure than any visible color. Shah Wali Ullah was the first who give hints about this body. Qalandar Baba Auliya give its more details while Khwaja Shamsuddin Azeemi thoroughly described that body. This body is actually that is controlling the human physical body. The lights coming from Nasma to material body are visible only through Kirlian photography.
Neopaganism: (sometimes Neo-Paganism) Describes a heterogeneous group of new religious movements which attempt to revive ancient, mainly pre-Christian and often pre-Judaic Indo-European religions. As the name implies, these religions are Pagan in nature, though their exact relationship to older forms of Paganism is the source of much contention.
New Age: Describes a broad movement of late twentieth century and contemporary Western culture characterised by an individual eclectic approach to spiritual exploration. It has some attributes of a new, emerging religion but is currently a loose network of spiritual seekers, teachers, healers and other participants. The name "New Age" also refers to the market segment in which goods and services are sold to people in the movement.
Nirvana: In the Indian religions Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism, nirvāna (from the Sanskrit निर्वाण, Pali: Nibbāna -- Chinese: 涅槃; Pinyin: niè pán), literally "extinction" and/or "extinguishing", is the culmination of the yogi's pursuit of liberation. Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, described the Dharma as a raft which, after floating across a river, will enable the passenger to reach nirvana. Hinduism and Jainism also use the word nirvana to describe the state of moksha, and it is spoken of in several Hindu tantric texts as well as the Bhagavad Gita.
Nondualism: The belief that dualism or dichotomy are illusory phenomenae. Examples of dualisms include self/other, mind/body, male/female, good/evil, active/passive, and many others. A nondual philosophical or religious perspective or theory maintains that there is no fundamental distinction between mind and matter, or that the entire phenomenological world is an illusion (with the reality being described variously as the Void, the Is, Emptiness, or the Mind of God).
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Pandeism: (Greek pan=all, en=in and Latin Deus=God; "all-in-God") is a term generally used to describe philosophical systems, often mixing elements of pantheism and deism. This use has been inconsistent over time.
Panentheism (Greek words: pan=all, en=in and Theos=God; "all-in-God") is the view that God is both immanent within all creation, and also maintains a transcendent character.
Pantheism: ( = all and Theos = God) Literally means "God is All" and "All is God". It is the view that everything is of an all-encompassing immanent God; or that the universe, or nature, and God are equivalent. More detailed definitions tend to emphasize the idea that natural law, existence and/or the universe (the sum total of all that it was and shall be) is represented or personified in the theological principle of 'God'.
Parapsychology: The study of the evidence involving phenomena where a person seems to affect or to gain information about something through a means not currently explainable within the framework of mainstream, conventional science. Proponents of the existence of these phenomena usually consider them to be a product of unexplained mental abilities.
Physical universe: The part of the universe composed of matter, as opposed to a spiritual or supernatural essence.
Pilgrimage: A term primarily used in religion and spirituality of a long journey or search of great moral significance. Sometimes, it is a journey to a sacred place or shrine of importance to a person's beliefs and faith. Members of every religion participate in pilgrimages. A person who makes such a journey is called a pilgrim.
Plane: In metaphysics and esoteric cosmology, a plane of existence (sometimes called simply a plane, dimension, vibrating plane, or an inner, invisible, spiritual, supraphysical world or egg) is a theoretical region of space and/or consciousness beyond the known physical universe, or the region containing the universe itself. Many esoteric teachings (e.g., theosophy and rosicrucianism) propound the idea of a whole series of subtle planes or worlds or dimensions which, from a center, interpenetrate themselves and the physical planet in which we live, the solar systems, and all the physical structures of the universe. This interpenetration of planes culminates in the universe itself as a physical structured, dynamic and evolutive expression emanated – through a series of stages, becoming progressively more material and embodied – from The Supreme Being: which allows from Itself the irruption of auto-Singularities, as the Big Bang, originated from Its unintelligible Chaos.
Prayer: An effort to communicate with God, or to some deity or deities, or another form of spiritual entity, or otherwise, either to offer praise, to make a request, or simply to express one's thoughts and emotions.
Prophecy: In a broad sense, is the prediction of future events. The etymology of the word is ultimately Greek, from pro- "before" plus the root of phanai "speak", i. e. "speaking before" or "foretelling", but prophecy often implies the involvement of supernatural phenomena, whether it is communication with a deity, the reading of magical signs, or astrology. It is also used as a general term for the revelation of divine will.
Throughout history, people have sought knowledge of future events from special individuals or groups who were thought to have the gift of prophecy, such as Oracles at Delphi in ancient Greece. Cultures in which prophecy played an important role include the North American Indians, Mayans, Celts, Druids, Chinese, Chaldeans, Assyrians, Egyptians, Hindus, Hebrews, Tibetans, Greeks, and many in the Christian tradition, among others.
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Qi: Also commonly spelled ch'i, chi or ki, is a fundamental concept of everyday Chinese culture, most often defined as "air" or "breath" (for example, the colloquial Mandarin Chinese term for "weather" is tiān qi, or the "breath of heaven") and, by extension, "life force" or "spiritual energy" that is part of everything that exists. References to qi or similar philosophical concepts as a type of metaphysical energy that sustains living beings are used in many belief systems, especially in Asia.
Qigong: () An increasingly popular aspect of Chinese medicine involving the coordination of different breathing patterns with various physical postures and motions of the body. Qigong is mostly taught for health maintenance purposes, but there are also some who teach it, especially in China, for therapeutic interventions. Various forms of traditional qigong are also widely taught in conjunction with Chinese martial arts, and are especially prevalent in the advanced training of what are known as the neijia (internal martial arts).
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Reality: In everyday usage means "everything that exists." The term "Reality," in its most liberal sense, includes everything that is, whether or not it is observable, accessible or understandable by science, philosophy, theology or any other system of analysis. Reality in this sense may include both being and nothingness, whereas "existence" is often restricted to being.
Reincarnation: As a doctrine or mystical belief, holds the notion that one's 'Spirit' ('Soul' depending on interpretation), 'Higher or True Self', 'Divine Spark', 'I' or 'Ego' (not to be confused with the ego as defined by psychology) or critical parts of these returns to the material world after physical death to be reborn in a new body. The natural process is considered integrative of all experiences from each lifetime. A new personality feature, with the associated character, is developed during each life in the physical world, based upon past integrated experience and new acquired experiences. Some Reincarnation theories express that usually rebirth is made each time in alternated female and male type of bodies. Also that there is interaction between pre-determinism of certain experiences or lessons intended to happen during the physical life, and the free will action of the individual as they live that life.
Religion: Sometimes used interchangeably with faith or belief system—is commonly defined as belief concerning the supernatural, sacred, or divine; and the moral codes, practices, values, institutions and rituals associated with such belief. In its broadest sense some have defined it as the sum total of answers given to explain humankind's relationship with the universe. In the course of the development of religion, it has taken many forms in various cultures and individuals. Occasionally, the word "religion" is used to designate what should be more properly described as "organized religion" – that is, an organization of people supporting the exercise of some religion, often taking the form of a legal entity (see religion-supporting organization). There are many different religions in the world today.
Religious ecstasy: A trance-like state characterized by expanded mental and spiritual awareness and is frequently accompanied by visions, hallucinations, and physical euphoria. Such an experience usually lasts about a half-hour. However, there are many records of such experiences lasting several days, and some people claim to have experienced ecstasy over a period of over three decades, or to have recurring experiences of ecstasy during their lifetime.
Repentance: The feeling and act in which one recognizes and tries to right a wrong, or gain forgiveness from someone that they wronged. In religious contexts it usually refers to repenting for a sin against God. It always includes an admission of guilt, and also includes at least one of: a solemn promise or resolve not to repeat the offense; an attempt to make restitution for the wrong, or in some way to reverse the harmful effects of the wrong where possible.
Revelation: Refers to an uncovering or disclosure of that which had been previously wholly or partly hidden via communication from the divine. In monotheistic religions, revelation is the process in which God makes himself, his will, and/or other information known to mankind. The recipient of revelation is commonly referred to as a prophet, and sometimes is termed a messenger.
There are a number of ways that religious thinkers have traditionally approached this topic; many widely differing views have been proposed. Generally speaking, one can find all of the following viewpoints in varying segments of Judaism and in varying groups within Christianity.
Revivalism: A revival is the apparent restoration of a living creature from a dead state to a living state. In a New Testament story, Lazarus was revived by divine intervention. In religious terms, Revival is the substitution of religious fervor in life and worship, for an intellectualized, pragmatic approach to everyday conduct (often stigmatized by revivalists as 'pride').
Ritual: A formalised, predetermined set of symbolic actions generally performed in a particular environment at a regular, recurring interval. The set of actions that comprise a ritual often include, but are not limited to, such things as recitation, singing, group processions, repetitive dance, manipulation of sacred objects, etc. The general purpose of rituals is to express some fundamental truth or meaning, evoke spiritual, numinous emotional responses from participants, and/or engage a group of people in unified action to strengthen their communal bonds. The word ritual, when used as an adjective, relates to the noun 'rite', as in rite of passage.
S
Sacrifice: (from a Middle English verb meaning 'to make sacred', from Old French, from Latin sacrificium : sacer, sacred; sacred + facere, to make) Commonly known as the practice of offering food, or the lives of animals or people to the gods, as an act of propitiation or worship. The term is also used metaphorically to describe selfless good deeds for others.
Sadhana: Spiritual exercise by a Sadhu or a Sadhaka to attain a desired goal. The goal of sadhana is to attain some stage, which can be either moksha, liberation from the cycle of birth and death (Samsara), or a particular goal such as the blessing by a deity through his or her appearance before the Sadhaka at the end of the limited Sadhana. Sadhana can involve meditation, puja to a deity, namasmarana (sometimes with the help of a japa mala), mortification of the flesh or unorthodox practices such as in a smashana sadhana on a cremation ground. Each type of Yoga entails its own type of sadhana. To embark on a sadhana, a guru is required to give one the necessary know-how and the seed for the future result, in the form of some diksha, initiation, which he or she has received from his or her guru.
Saint: Generally refers to someone who is exceptionally virtuous and holy. It can be applied to both the living and the dead and is an acceptable term in most of the world's popular religions. The Saint is held up by the community as an example of how we all should act, and his or her life story is usually recorded for the edification of future generations.
The process of officially recognizing a person as a Saint, practiced by some churches, is called canonization, though many Protestant groups use the less formal, broader usage seen in Scripture to include all who are faithful as saints.
Salvation: Refers to deliverance from undesirable state or condition. In theology, the study of salvation is called soteriology and is a vitally important concept in several religions. Christianity regards salvation as deliverance from the bondage of sin and from condemnation, resulting in eternal life with God.
Satguru: (or Sadguru) Means true guru (Sanskrit सदगुरू sat=true), literally: true teacher. The title means that his students have faith that the guru can be trusted and will lead them to moksha, enlightenment or inner peace. It is based on a long line of Hindu philosophical understandings of the importance of knowledge and that the teacher, guru, is the sacred conduit to self-realization.
SBNR: Acronym used by individuals who define themselves as Spiritual But Not Religious.
Seven Virtues: Derived from the Psychomachia, an epic poem written by Prudentius (c. 410). Practicing these virtues is alleged to protect one against temptation toward the Seven Deadly Sins. The Seven Virtues considered by the Roman Catholic church are those of humility, meekness, charity, chastity, moderation, zeal and generosity. These are considered to be the polar opposite of the seven deadly sins, namely pride, wrath, envy, lust, gluttony, sloth and greed.
Shabd: (or Shabda) Literally means “sound” or “word” in Sanskrit. Esoterically, Shabd is the “Sound Current vibrating in all creation. It can be heard by the inner ears.” Variously referred to as the Audible Life Stream, Inner Sound, Sound Current or Word in English, the Shabd is the esoteric essence of God which is available to all human beings, according to the Shabd path teachings of Eckankar, the Quan Yin Method, Sant Mat and Surat Shabd Yoga.
Adherents believe that a Satguru, or ECK Master, who is a human being, has merged with the Shabd in such a manner that he or she is a living manifestation of it at its highest level (the “Word made flesh”). However, not only can the Satguru can attain this, but all human beings are inherently privileged in this way. Indeed, in Sant Mat the raison d’être for the human form is to meditate on the Sound Current, and in so doing merge with it until one’s own divinity is ultimately realized.
Shamanism: Refers to the traditional healing and religious practices of Northern Asia (Siberia) and Mongolia. By extension, the concept of shamanism has been extended in common language to a range of traditional beliefs and practices that involve the ability to diagnose, cure, and sometimes cause human suffering by traversing the axis mundi and forming a special relationship with, or gaining control over, spirits. Shamans have been credited with the ability to control the weather, divination, the interpretation of dreams, astral projection, and traveling to upper and lower worlds. Shamanistic traditions have existed throughout the world since prehistoric times.
Shinto: (神道 Shintō) (sometimes called Shintoism) A native religion of Japan and was once its state religion. It involves the worship of kami, which can be translated to mean gods, spirits of nature, or just spiritual presences. Some kami are local and can be regarded as the spirit or genius of a particular place, but others represent major natural objects and processes, for example, Amaterasu, the Sun goddess. The word Shinto was created by combining two kanji: "神" shin meaning god (the character can also be read as "kami" in Japanese) and "道" tō meaning Tao ("way" or "path" in a philosophical sense). Thus, Shinto means "the way of the gods."
After World War II, Shinto lost its status of state religion; some Shinto practices and teachings, once given a great deal of prominence during the war, are no longer taught nor practiced today, and some remain largely as everyday activities without religious connotations like omikuji (a form of sortition).
Shunyata: (Śūnyatā, शून्यता (Sanskrit, Pali: ), or "Emptiness") In Buddhist metaphysical critique and Buddhist epistemology and phenomenology, shunyata signifies that everything one encounters in life is empty of soul, permanence, and self-nature. Everything is inter-related, never self-sufficient or independent; nothing has independent reality. Yet shunyata never connotes nihilism, which Buddhist doctrine considers to be a delusion, just as it considers materialism to be a delusion.
Simran: 'Simran', derived from the word 'Smarana,' (from Sanskrit), means: remembering or contemplating on the highest – that which should be valued in memory, in general. It teaches that: everything changes while inner and outer purity naturally happen. Smarana does not project about restriction through God or religion. It shows that remembering the highest aspect of life that one has seen will eventually open up what's important to an individual.
Soul: The soul, according to many religious and philosophical traditions, is the ethereal substance – spirit (Hebrew:rooah or nefesh) – particular to a unique living being. Such traditions often consider the soul both immortal and innately aware of its immortal nature, as well as the true basis for sentience in each living being.
The concept of the soul has strong links with notions of an afterlife, but opinions may vary wildly, even within a given religion, as to what happens to the soul after death. Many within these religions and philosophies see the soul as immaterial, while others consider it possibly material.
Spirit: The English word spirit comes from the Latin spiritus, meaning breath. In religion and spirituality, the respiration of the human being has for obvious reasons been strongly linked with the very occurrence of life. A similar significance has been attributed to human blood. Spirit has thus evolved to denote that which separates a living body from a corpse, but can be used metaphorically (she performed the piece with spirit or she put up a spirited defence) where it is a synonym for such words as 'vivacity'.
Spiritism: A religious and philosophic doctrine established in France in the mid-19th century by Allan Kardec. The term was coined by him as the specific name of the doctrine he was about to publish but, given the fact that the word was created from roots taken from the common language, it was soon incorporated into the normal use and has been used to name other doctrines as well, though the authentic Spiritists protest against this usage.
During the late 19th century, many well educated people from Europe and the United States embraced Spiritism as a logical explanation of themes related to the Christian Revelation. Most of the initial enthusiasm receded, while in some places the work of a few dedicated preachers managed to achieve a solid foundation.
Spiritism is not to be confused with spiritualism. Its use with that meaning is regarded as pejorative by both Spiritualists and Spiritists. Uncapitalised, the word, in English, is an obsolete term for animism and other religious practices involving the invocation of spiritual beings, including shamanism.
Spiritual evolution: The philosophical/theological/esoteric idea that nature and human beings and/or human culture evolve along a predetermined cosmological pattern or ascent, or in accordance with certain pre-determined potentials. Predeterminism of evolution concept is also complemented with the idea of a creative impulse of human beings, known as epigenesis.
Within this broad definition, theories of spiritual evolution are very diverse. They may be cosmological (describing existence at large), personal (describing the development of the individual), or both. They can be holistic (holding that higher realities emerge from and are not reducible to the lower), idealist (holding that reality is primarily mental or spiritual) or nondual (holding that there is no ultimate distinction between mental and physical reality). All of them can be considered to be teleological to a greater or lesser degree.
Spiritualism: May refer to a variety of modern religious ideologies, primarily active in the United States and Europe. Central tenets of Spiritualist liturgy and dogma are the beliefs and practices of mediumship which purports to be evidence of the continued existence of an individual's spirit or soul after death. The origin of Spiritualism is commonly considered to be the Modern Spiritualist movement of the 19th century United States.
Spirituality: In a narrow sense, is a concern with matters of the spirit, however that may be defined; but it is also a wide term with many available readings. It may include belief in supernatural powers, as in religion, but the emphasis is on personal experience. It may be an expression for life perceived as higher, more complex or more integrated with one's worldview, as contrasted with the merely sensual.
Sufi whirling: The practice of Sufi whirling (or Sufi spinning), is a twirling meditation that originated among the ancient Indian mystics and Turkish Sufis, which is still practiced by the Dervishes of the Mevlevi order. Following a recommended fast of several hours, Sufi whirlers begin with hands crossed onto shoulders and may return their hands to this position if they feel dizzy. They rotate on their left feet in short twists, using the right foot to drive their bodies around the left foot. The left foot is like an anchor to the ground, so that if the whirler loses his or her balance, he or she can think of their left foot, direct attention towards it and regain balance back.
Sufism: (Arabic تصوف taṣawwuf) A mystic tradition of Islam, which is based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as a definite goal to attain. In modern language it might also be referred to as Islamic spirituality or Islamic mysticism. While fiqh focuses on the legal aspects of Islam, Sufism focuses on the internal aspects of Islam, such as perfecting the aspect of sincerity of faith and fighting one's ego. Sufi practitioners are organized into a diverse range of brotherhoods and sisterhoods, with a wide diversity of thought. Sufi orders ("tariqas") can be Shi'a, Sunni, both or neither.
Supplication: (also known as petitioning) The most common form of prayer, wherein a person asks a supernatural deity to provide something, either for that person who is praying or for someone else on whose behalf a prayer of supplication is being made. One example of supplication is the Catholic ritual of novena (from novem, the Latin word for "nine") wherein one repeatedly asks for the same favor over a period of nine days. This ritual began in France and Spain during the Middle Ages when a nine-day period of hymns and prayers led up to a Christmas feast, a period which ended with gift giving. In Islam, the Arabic word du'a is often used for supplication. Du'a may be made in any language, although there are many traditional Islamic supplications in Arabic, Persian and Turkish.
T
Tao Te Ching: (Chinese: 道德經, Dào dé jīng) Roughly translated as The Book of the Way and its Virtue (see article on translating the title) is an ancient Chinese scripture. Tradition has it that the book was written around 600 BCE by a sage called Laozi (WG: Lao Tzu, "Old Master"), a record-keeper in the Emperor's Court of the Zhou Dynasty. A careful reading of the text, however, suggests that it is a compilation of maxims sharing similar themes. The authenticity of the date of composition/compilation and the authorship are still debated.
Tenrikyo: (天理教; Tenrikyō, lit. Teaching of Divine Reason, also known as Tenriism) A religion of Japanese Shinto origin with some Buddhist influence. It was founded by a female peasant, Nakayama Miki, who underwent a revelatory experience from 1838 onwards. After this date she is referred to as Oyasama (lit. Honoured Parent) by followers. Tenrikyo is estimated to have about 2 million followers worldwide with 1.5 million of those in Japan.
Theism: The belief in one or more gods or goddesses. More specifically, it may also mean the belief in God, a god, or gods, who is/are actively involved in maintaining the Universe. This secondary meaning is shown in context to other beliefs concerning the divine. The term is attested in English from 1678, and was probably coined to contrast with atheism attested from ca. 1587.
Theosis: In Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic theology, theosis, meaning divinization (or woodenly, deification or, to become god), is the call to man to become holy and seek union with God, beginning in this life and later consummated in the resurrection. Theosis comprehends salvation from sin, is premised upon apostolic and early Christian understanding of the life of faith, and is conceptually foundational in both the East and the West.
Tithe: (from Old English teogotha "tenth") A one-tenth part of something, paid as a voluntary contribution or as a tax or levy, usually to support a Jewish or Christian religious organization. Today, tithes (or tithing) are normally voluntary and paid in cash, checks, or stocks, whereas historically tithes could be paid in kind, such as agricultural products. There are still European countries today that allow some churches to assess a mandatory tithe which is enforced by law.
Torah: (תורה) A Hebrew word meaning "teaching," "instruction," or "law." It is the central and most important document of Judaism revered by Jews through the ages. It primarily refers to the first section of the Tanakh—the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, but the term is sometimes also used in the general sense to also include both of Judaism's written law and oral law, encompassing the entire spectrum of authoritative Jewish religious teachings throughout history, including the Mishnah, the Talmud, the midrash, and more.
Transcendentalism: The name of a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that advocates that there is an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the physical and empirical and is only realized through a knowledgeable intuitive awareness that is conditional upon the individual. The concept emerged in New England in the early-to mid-nineteenth century. It is sometimes called "American Transcendentalism" to distinguish it from other uses of the word transcendental. It began as a protest against the general state of culture and society at the time, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard and the doctrine of the Unitarian church which was taught at Harvard Divinity School.
U
Unitarian Universalism: (UU or UUism) A theologically liberal, inclusive religion formed by the merger of Unitarian and Universalist organizations in the mid-20th century. UUs generally: cherish creativity, freedom, and compassion; embrace diversity and interconnectedness; and promote personal spiritual growth and justice-making through worship, fellowship, personal experience, social action, deeds, and education. While one UU may differ from another in personal creed, the term UU is a distinct theological signifier and Unitarianism or Universalism should not be confused or interchanged with Unitarian Universalism.
V
Veneration: In traditional Christian churches (for example, Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy), veneration (Latin veneratio, Greek δουλια dulia), or veneration of saints, is a special act of honoring a dead person who has been identified as singular in the traditions of the religion, and through them honoring God who made them and in whose image they are made. Veneration is often shown outwardly by respectfully bowing or making the sign of the cross before a saint's icon, relics, or cult image. These items are often also kissed.
Vipassana: (Sanskrit: vipasyanā) The practice of Insight Meditation. While it is often referred to as Buddhist meditation, the practice taught by the Buddha was non-sectarian, and has a universal application. It does not require conversion to Buddhism. While the meditation practices themselves vary from school to school, the underlying principle is the investigation of phenomena (Sanskrit: dharmas) as they manifest in the five aggregates (Skandha) namely, matter or form (Rupa), sensation or feelings (Vedana), perception (Samjna), mental formations (Sankara) & consciousness (Vijnana). This process leads to direct experiential perception, Vipassanā.
W
Wabi-sabi: (in Kanji: 侘寂) Represents a comprehensive Japanese world view or aesthetic. It is difficult to explain wabi-sabi in Western terms, but the aesthetic is sometimes described as one of beauty that is imperfect, impermanent, or incomplete. A concept derived from the Buddhist assertion of the first noble truth—Dukkha.
Worship: Usually refers to specific acts of religious praise, honour, or devotion, typically directed to a supernatural being such as a god or goddess. It is the informal term in English for what sociologists of religion call cultus, the body of practices and traditions that correspond to theology. Religious worship may be performed individually, in informally organized groups, or as part of an organized service with a designated leader (as in a church, synagogue, temple, or mosque). In its older sense in the English language of worthiness or respect, worship may sometimes refer to actions directed at members of higher social classes (such as lords or monarchs) or to particularly esteemed persons (such as a lover). Typical acts of worship include: prayer; sacrifice (korban in Hebrew); rituals; meditation; holidays, festivals; pilgrimages; hymns or psalms; the construction of temples or shrines; the creation of idols of the deity.
Y
Yana (Buddhism): A Sanskrit word with a range of meanings including nouns such as vehicle, journey, and path; and verbs such as going, moving, riding, and marching. In the Indian religions Buddhism and Hinduism, both yana and marga (road or path) express the metaphor of spiritual practice as a path or journey. Ancient texts in both religions discuss doctrines and practices associated with various yanas. In Buddhism, yana often augments the metaphor of the spiritual path with the idea of various vehicles that convey a person along that path. The yana/marga metaphor is similar to the Chinese image of the Tao (path or way) but Indian and Chinese cultures appear to have evolved such similar metaphors independently.
Yin and yang: The concept of yin and yang (; Revised: eumyang; McCune–Reischauer: ŭmyang; ; ) originates in ancient Chinese philosophy and metaphysics, which describes two primal opposing but complementary forces found in all things in the universe. Yin, the darker element, is passive, dark, feminine, downward-seeking, and corresponds to the night; yang, the brighter element, is active, light, masculine, upward-seeking and corresponds to the day.
Yoga: (Sanskrit योग, "union") A family of spiritual practices that originated in India, where it is seen primarily as a means to enlightenment (or bodhi). Traditionally, Karma yoga, Bhakti yoga, Jnana yoga, and Rāja yoga are considered the four main yogas. In the West, yoga has become associated with the asanas (postures) of Hatha yoga, which are popular as fitness exercises. Yoga as a means to enlightenment is central to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.
Z
Zazen: In Zen Buddhism, sitting meditation or zazen (; literally "seated concentration") is a meditative discipline practitioners perform to calm the body and the mind and experience insight into the nature of existence. While the term originally referred to a sitting practice, it is now commonly used to refer to practices in any posture, such as walking.
See also
Glossary of Buddhism
Glossary of the Catholic Church
Glossary of ancient Roman religion
Glossary of Christianity
Glossary of Hinduism terms
Glossary of Islam
Glossary of Shinto
Spirituality
Spiritual concepts
Wikipedia glossaries using unordered lists |
is the third indie single released by Japanese pop rock band Scandal. It was limited to 2,000 copies, came in a CD+DVD format only, and was exclusive to Tower Records in Japan. It was sold on Scandal's United States tour. The single reached #122 on the Oricon weekly chart and charted for one week, selling 586 copies.
Track listing
CD
DVD
References
2008 singles
Scandal (Japanese band) songs
Songs written by Tomomi Ogawa |
Springport is a town in Cayuga County, New York, United States. The population was 2,367 at the 2010 census. The name is derived from the local springs and lakeports. Springport is on the western border of the county and is southwest of Auburn.
History
The town lies in the former territory of the Cayuga tribe. A mission to the tribe by the Jesuits was established in 1688. The Sullivan Expedition destroyed the Cayuga villages in 1779.
The town was excluded from the Central New York Military Tract and set apart as a reservation for the Cayugas who returned after the American Revolution. In 1789, they gave up this land to New York, thus opening it to settlers. The first settlers were occasionally asked to leave due to disputes with the tribal members, but eventually the population of outsiders grew. By 1799, most of the Cayuga, including a few Tuscarora, had sold out and departed the area.
The town of Springport was formed in 1823 from parts of the towns of Scipio and Aurelius. The presence of mineral springs and gypsum proved important in the early economy of Springport.
The village of Union Springs was incorporated in 1848.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Springport has a total area of , of which is land and , or 20.24%, is water.
Cayuga Lake defines the western town line, the border of Seneca County. Great Gully Creek flows into the lake south of Farleys, forming the southern town boundary.
New York State Route 90 runs north-south along Cayuga Lake and intersects New York State Route 326 north of Union Springs.
One of the few Finger Lakes islands, Frontenac Island, is located near Union Springs.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,256 people, 865 households, and 629 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 1,157 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 97.87% White, 0.75% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 0.22% from other races, and 0.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.71% of the population.
There were 865 households, out of which 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.9% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.2% were non-families. 22.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.04.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.5 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $44,792, and the median income for a family was $51,842. Males had a median income of $32,266 versus $26,051 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,370. About 6.3% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.0% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those age 65 or over.
Communities and locations in Springport
Cayuga Junction – A hamlet north of Union Springs by Cayuga Lake.
Crossroads – A hamlet north of Union Springs.
Farleys – A hamlet south of Union Springs by Cayuga Lake.
Farley Point – A projection into Cayuga Lake by Farleys.
Frontenac Island – A small island in Cayuga Lake near Union Springs. The island was of great ceremonial importance to the Cayuga. It is now part of the Union Springs village.
Gwau-gwah A former principal Cayuga village once located north of Union Springs.
Howland Point – A projection into Cayuga Lake north of Union Springs.
Oakwood – A hamlet in the northeastern part of Springport on NY-326.
Powers Corner – A hamlet northeast of Union Springs on NY-326.
Union Springs – The village of Union Springs is located near the center of the town, on NY-90 and the shore of Cayuga Lake.
References
External links
Town of Springport official website
Early history of Springport
Springport History, Old Newspaper Articles, Genealogy
Towns in Cayuga County, New York
Towns in New York (state)
Springport, New York |
Cabaret Voltaire were an English music group formed in Sheffield in 1973 and initially composed of Stephen Mallinder, Richard H. Kirk, and Chris Watson. Named for the Zürich nightclub that fostered the early Dada movement, the band are often characterized as among the most innovative and influential electronic acts of their era.
The band's early work consisted of experimentation with DIY electronics and tape machines, as well as Dada-influenced performance art, helping to pioneer industrial music in the mid-1970s. Finding an audience during the post-punk era, they integrated their experimental sensibilities with dance styles. After Watson's 1981 departure, the group continued as a two-piece until disbanding in 1994. Kirk revived the name as a solo project from 2009 to his death in 2021.
History
Formation
By the early 1970s, Chris Watson of Sheffield, England, began experimenting with electronic devices to make "music without musical instruments." Inspired by Brian Eno of Roxy Music, and helped along by his work as a telephone engineer, Watson's experimentation with tape loops evolved to include custom-built kit oscillators obtained by mail order by the time he met fellow Sheffield local and Eno devotee Richard Kirk. Kirk and Watson began exploring the intersection of technology and music, producing tapes loops to generate sound collages and unusual sound structures. Kirk began to add traditional instrumentation, including clarinet and guitar. In late 1973, they brought in Kirk's friend Stephen Mallinder to provide vocals and bass guitar. Some of these early experiments were first documented on the Industrial Records cassette 1974-1976 (1980), then later on the triple album CD set Methodology '74/'78: The Attic Tapes (Mute 2002).
The band eventually turned to live performance, often sharing the bill with Joy Division, though much of their earliest public performance tended more towards being unconventional and provocative stunts rather than conventional shows. The trio would deploy to various parts of Sheffield with their portable tape recorders and play their experimental compositions in places as diverse as public toilets and on the streets from loudspeakers on the top of a friend's van. This raucous and punkish attitude followed the band onstage to great effect; their first live concert in May 1975 ended in a fight between the band and the audience that sent Mallinder to hospital. In another incident, Mallinder was hospitalised with a chipped backbone after objects were thrown at the band. However, the arrival of punk rock brought a more accepting audience for their industrial, electronic sound and they were championed by Sheffield punk fanzine Gunrubber edited by Paul Bower of local band 2.3.
In 1977, Watson financed the establishment of the band's own recording studio on the second floor of a building called the Western Works on Portobello Street in Sheffield. The "Western Works" studio served as the band's studio for many years as well as providing a social gathering spot for the local Sheffield scene. Western Works produced some of the earliest recordings of pioneering local bands including Clock DVA, The Human League, and New Order.
Emergence: Mix-Up to Red Mecca (1979–1981)
In 1978, Cabaret Voltaire signed to Rough Trade Records. Manchester-based Factory Records had offered to sign the band, and Throbbing Gristle were also interested in signing the band to Industrial Records, but it was with an offer of a four-track Revox tape machine (in lieu of an advance) that Rough Trade secured the deal. With Rough Trade, they released several acclaimed, musically-experimental singles and EPs, including Extended Play and "Nag Nag Nag", and albums such as Three Mantras and The Voice of America in 1980, and Red Mecca in 1981.
In the 27 June 1978 edition of NME, Andy Gill said "I firmly believe Cabaret Voltaire will turn out to be one of the most important new bands to achieve wider recognition this year. Wait and see". Subsequently, "Nag Nag Nag" sold 10,000 copies, despite poor reviews, and reached as far afield as France and Belgium, while the debut album Mix-Up reached number 12 on the UK Indie charts. Their success continued with The Voice of America and Red Mecca, reaching number three and number one on the UK Indie charts respectively.
Watson departs, Kirk and Mallinder continue (1981–1982)
Watson left the band in 1981 to work for Tyne Tees Television and went on to found The Hafler Trio with Andrew M. McKenzie before becoming a BBC sound engineer and then a soloist. On 25 June 1981, John Peel broadcast a session on the BBC, recorded previously by the band, which included four songs: "Black Mask", "Greensborough", "Walls of Jericho" and "Jazz the Glass".
During this time, Cabaret Voltaire toured Europe, Japan, and the United States without major record label support, releasing Hai!, a live album recorded in Japan, in 1982.
In late 1982, Cabaret Voltaire decided consciously to turn in a more commercial direction. Introduced by New Order to the American dance music producer John Robie, Cabaret Voltaire enlisted him to remix "Yashar", a track from their 1982 album 2x45. The 12-inch single was released by Factory Records in May 1983, and received extensive play in dance clubs.
The Virgin years: The Crackdown to The Covenant (1983–1985)
In 1983, Stevo Pearce signed the duo to his Some Bizzare label and leveraged a licensing deal with Virgin. The £50,000 advance from Some Bizzare allowed Kirk and Mallinder to significantly improve their operation at Western Works, but came with the stipulation of having to record their next LP in London and making certain production changes to their music. The relationship with Some Bizzare and Virgin resulted in greater exposure and promotion for the band. In August 1983, the album The Crackdown was released and reached number 31 in the UK Albums Chart – over 60 places higher than their previous (and, at the time, only) chart placement. The album's single for "Just Fascination" peaked at number 74.
In 1984, the singles "Sensoria" and "James Brown" from the album Micro-Phonies charted on the UK Indie Chart, as well as getting play in the underground dance scene. The 12" mix of "Sensoria", co-produced by Robin Scott of the new wave band M, was a vastly improved melding of two of the album's tracks, "Sensoria" and "Do Right". The video for the single was directed by Peter Care and earned significant air time and acclaim including a Los Angeles Times Best Video award for 1985.
1985 proved to be a busy year for the band with numerous releases as well as an American tour. Gasoline in your Eye was released that year, which was a compendium of singles videos along with prototype footage for the band's unfinished film "Earthshaker" and other band-filmed footage put to unreleased Cabaret Voltaire music. A double 12" release was derived from the video and released as Drinking Gasoline. The band rounded-out 1985 with a new album, The Covenant, The Sword and the Arm of the Lord and its single, "I Want You," which would be the last releases for the band on Virgin.
The EMI years begin: Code and an identity crisis (1986-1987)
By 1986, Virgin offered to extend Cabaret Voltaire's record contract, but EMI group signalled an intent to invest more in the group and the lure of increased resources through a major label proved irresistible. One of these resources was access to producer Adrian Sherwood, who produced 1987's Code and its singles "Don't Argue" and "Here to Go". Code also featured additional musicians including on guitar and Mark Brydon on bass.
While 1987 proved to be a successful year musically, in other respects the band was faltering. The decision was made to abandon the original Western Works studio after a series of break-ins and the emergence of financial issues due to accounting problems from years before threatened to force a sale of their new studio. Additionally, Mallinder moved to London and took on more of a socialite lifestyle while Kirk remained in Sheffield. This formed a schism between the band members characterized by the extroverted Mallinder and the reluctant Kirk that was a mirror of the identity crisis of an experimental/unconventional band on the verge of going pop.
Solo excursions and house/techno era (1988–1994)
Prior to 1988, each member of Cabaret Voltaire had released several solo recordings under their own names, and Kirk had worked with Peter Hope of The Box on an album and single. The band's physical separation — with Kirk in Sheffield and Mallinder in London — and the burgeoning house and acid house movements opened new opportunities for solo collaborations. In 1988, Mallinder collaborated with Robert Gordon, co-founder of Warp Records, and David Ball of Soft Cell on a one-off house album under the name Love Street, and Kirk produced a solo acid house 12" as Wicky Wacky.
The band's interest in house music created new connections for the band in America. After trying in vain to contact New York producer Todd Terry, an introduction was made by an Atlantic Records executive to Chicago house producer Marshall Jefferson. The introduction led to a cross-Atlantic collaboration, with the members of Cabaret Voltaire spending a month in Chicago to produce material for their 1990 album Groovy, Laidback and Nasty. Marshall brought numerous guest artists into the album's production including Ten City and Kym Mazelle, and the lead single from the album — "Hypnotised" — featured remix talent from Fon Force (Mark Brydon and Robert Gordon), A Guy Called Gerald, and Daniel Miller.
Despite the newfound energy and direction, the band amassed significant debt under EMI and the label dropped Cabaret Voltaire from their roster. Released from the label, Kirk began a series of projects between 1990 and 1992, including Sweet Exorcist with Richard Barratt, The Technocrats with Ralf Dörper, XON with Robert Gordon, Citrus with Steve Cobby, and solo as Sandoz.
Cabaret Voltaire returned to Les Disques Du Crépuscule to release the Body and Soul album in 1991. The album featured a more minimal sound than Groovy, Laidback and Nasty and was the last Cabaret Voltaire release to feature Mallinder on vocals. In 1991, the band entered an agreement with Mute Records to release new and past works from the band's own Plastex label imprint in the US. Between 1992 and 1994, the band released a trio of instrumental works.
Parting ways and rumours of revival (1995–2009)
In 1995, Mallinder moved to Perth, Australia, and effectively left Cabaret Voltaire in order to step away from the commercial and financial pressures of what had become of his music career. Opting instead to make music with less emphasis on product, Mallinder set up his own music company in Perth, OffWorld Sounds, while he pursued an academic career. Eventually Mallinder returned to music collaboration with a number of projects including Sassi & Loco and Kuling-Bros. Mallinder also contributed to synthesizer and programming on Shaun Ryder's solo album Amateur Night at the Big Top.
Meanwhile, Kirk remained in England and continued in the vein of where Cabaret Voltaire left off through the remainder of the '90s and into the 2000s with more releases under his own name, as Sandoz, and as a new solo project, Electronic Eye.
Hopes of a Cabaret Voltaire reunion were raised when Kirk dropped hints in the late 1990s, the most significant being in the notes of a reissue of Radiation, but this never happened. In a special 'Depeche Mode/History of Electro-pop' edition of Q magazine, Kirk suggested he was still considering resurrecting the Cabaret name, but this time he planned to "Get some young people involved".
Kirk revives the band (2009–2021)
In 2009, Kirk resurrected the Cabaret Voltaire name and released an album with New Zealand band Kora called Kora! Kora! Kora! and another with Sheffield band The Tivoli called National Service Rewind. The new material was recorded at Western Works studios.
In July 2014, Berlin Atonal reported that Cabaret Voltaire were to perform at the festival. The performance – the first in twenty years – saw a set list of all new material performed by a line-up "consisting solely of machines, multi-screen projections and Richard H. Kirk", the lone remaining member of the 'group'.
In early August 2016, Cabaret Voltaire performed an hour long set of otherwise unreleased material at the Dekmantel festival in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Circa 2017, the Coachella Festival made a significant offer to Kirk to reform the original Cabaret Voltaire for a reunion show. Kirk refused, stating that "Cabaret Voltaire was always about breaking new ground and moving forward. It would be so sad to see it as a nostalgia act."
In August 2020, Cabaret Voltaire announced a new studio album Shadow of Fear. Backed by the first single "Vasto," the album was released on 20 November 2020. These are the first strictly Cabaret Voltaire recordings with Richard H. Kirk as the group's sole member. These were followed in 2021 by the release of a new EP, Shadow of Funk, and two albums, Dekadrone and BN9Drone.
Richard Kirk died in September 2021 at the age of 65.
Legacy and influence
New Order lead singer and guitarist, Bernard Sumner, said that Cabaret Voltaire influenced his songwriting, having helped him understand that one "could make music without guitars". In Alan Cross's 2012 biography of Skinny Puppy, Cabaret Voltaire's "industrial-grade thumping and noise terrorism" was cited as an influence on the band. In 2012, Trent Reznor stated that the Cabaret Voltaire was a major influence when working on his debut album with How To Destroy Angels. Others who have cited Cabaret Voltaire as an influence include Horrid Red, Fluke and Front Line Assembly. Depeche Mode's Martin Gore once listed Cabaret Voltaire among his favourite bands. David J of Bauhaus named the group as one of the "few bands on the [post-punk] scene at the time to whom we related".
As well as helping pioneer industrial music in the 1970s, Cabaret Voltaire have been considered influential on the industrial techno movement of the 1990s. Alain Jourgensen, while working with the band on the Acid Horse project, observed the irony of Cabaret Voltaire's turn towards house music circa 1989 as closing the circle on a genre they helped influence:
Jourgensen's assertion was an echo of Mick Fish's observation in his 1989 book Cabaret Voltaire: The Art of the Sixth Sense:
Alternative Press included Cabaret Voltaire in their 1996 list of "100 underground inspirations of the past 20 years."
The experimental 'Sensoria Music & Film Festival' is named after the Cabaret Voltaire song, and has become an annual event held in Sheffield since 2008.
Personnel
Richard H. Kirk – guitars, keyboards, clarinet, saxophone, tapes, sampling, drum machines, sequencer programming (1973–1994, 2009–2021; died 2021)
Stephen Mallinder – vocals, bass, keyboards (1973–1994)
Chris Watson – keyboards, tapes (1973–October 1981)
Discography
Mix-Up (1979)
The Voice of America (1980)
Red Mecca (1981)
2x45 (1982)
The Crackdown (1983)
Micro-Phonies (1984)
The Covenant, the Sword and the Arm of the Lord (1985)
C O D E (1987)
Groovy, Laidback and Nasty (1990)
Body and Soul (1991)
Plasticity (1992)
International Language (1993)
The Conversation (1994)
Shadow of Fear (2020)
Dekadrone (2021)
BN9Drone (2021)
Related projects
Acid Horse featuring Al Jourgensen, Chris Connelly and Bill Rieflin with Mallinder and Kirk.
Hafler Trio featuring Watson.
Sweet Exorcist featuring DJ Parrot and Kirk.
Xon featuring Kirk.
See also
Bands and musicians from Yorkshire and North East England
Cut-up technique
Sources
References
Further reading
External links
1973 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
2009 establishments in England
2021 disestablishments in England
British industrial music groups
English electronic music groups
English experimental musical groups
English post-punk music groups
British electronic body music groups
English techno music groups
English house music groups
Acid house groups
Factory Records artists
Musical groups from Sheffield
Musical groups established in 1973
Musical groups disestablished in 1994
Musical groups reestablished in 2009
Musical groups disestablished in 2021
Remixers
Mute Records artists
Rough Trade Records artists
Virgin Records artists
Factory Benelux artists
Industrial Records artists
Sub Rosa Records artists
Instinct Records artists
Some Bizzare Records artists
Cassette culture 1970s–1990s |
"Girls on Top" is a song by English-Dutch girl group Girl Thing. It was released on 30 October 2000 in Australia and on 6 November 2000 in the United Kingdom as the second single from their self-titled debut studio album (2001). Despite previous single "Last One Standing" peaking at number eight on the UK Singles Chart, "Girls on Top" charted at number 25, resulting in the group being dropped by their record label and their album not being released in the UK.
Charts
Release history
References
2000 singles
2000 songs
Girl Thing songs
RCA Records singles
Song recordings produced by Absolute (production team)
Songs written by Andy Watkins
Songs written by Paul Wilson (songwriter)
Songs written by Tracy Ackerman |
Royal Air Force Nicosia or more simply RAF Nicosia is a former Royal Air Force station on the island of Cyprus, built in the 1930s. The station served as Headquarters Royal Air Force Cyprus from 8 June to 29 July 1941.
The original principal airport for Cyprus, Nicosia International Airport, was built within the site of the RAF station. Both civil and military aviation on the island operated from the site, although the RAF disestablished the station in 1966.
The 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus led to the cessation of commercial operations from the airport, although the site is still owned by the British Ministry of Defence, but is controlled by the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus and used as a base by United Nations peace-keeping patrol helicopters.
Station history
Source: Britain's Small Wars
No. 6 Squadron RAF first used the airfield on 3 October 1946 with the Supermarine Spitfire LF.9 before re-equipping with the Hawker Tempest F.6 in December of that year and moving to RAF Shallufa on 5 September 1947. The squadron returned on 5 April 1951 with the de Havilland Vampire FB 5 before leaving to RAF Deversoir on 22 May 1951 however the unit soon returned on 31 May 1952 with the Vampire FB 9 before leaving on 11 July 1952 moving to RAF Habbaniya. The unit returned on 28 August 1954 with the de Havilland Venom FB 1 before moving again to Habbaniya on 5 October 1954, on 7 November 1955 the unit returned for the final time with the Venom FB 4. The squadron moved to Habbaniya on 12 December 1955.
No. 8 Squadron RAF – operating Auster AOP.6 (from Jul. 1950); de Havilland Vampire (from Jul. 1953)
No. 29 Squadron RAF – operating Gloster Javelin (from Mar. 1963)
No. 32 Squadron RAF – operating English Electric Canberra B2
No. 33 Squadron RAF – operating Gloster Javelin FAW7
No. 39 Squadron RAF – operating Gloster Meteor NF13
No. 43 Squadron RAF – operating Hawker Hunter FGA 9 (from Jun. 1961)
No. 46 Squadron RAF – operating unknown aircraft.
No. 70 Squadron RAF – operating Vickers Valetta C1, Handley Page Hastings
No. 73 Squadron RAF – operating de Havilland Venom FB4
No. 74 Squadron RAF – operating Spitfire V, later Mk IX (from Sep. 1943)
No. 80 Squadron RAF – operating Hawker Hurricane MkI (from Jun. 1941)
No. 84 Squadron RAF – operating Vickers Valetta C1
No. 103 Squadron RAF – operating Bristol Sycamore HC1
No. 114 Squadron RAF – operating Vickers Valetta C1, de Havilland Chipmunk T10
No. 127 Squadron RAF – operating unknown aircraft.
No. 162 Squadron RAF – operating unknown aircraft.
No. 185 Squadron RAF – operating ???
No. 202 Squadron RAF – operating Hawker Hunter F6
No. 203 Squadron RAF – operating unknown aircraft.
No. 208 Squadron RAF – operating Spitfire FR XVIII
No. 213 Squadron RAF – operating Tempest VI
No. 230 Squadron RAF – operating Scottish Aviation Pioneer CC1
No. 234 Squadron RAF – operating ???
No. 243 Squadron RAF – operating unknown aircraft.
No. 249 Squadron RAF – operating de Havilland Venom FB1
No. 250 Squadron RAF – operating unknown aircraft.
No. 256 Squadron RAF – operating ???
No. 261 Squadron RAF – operating unknown aircraft.
No. 272 Squadron RAF – operating unknown aircraft.
No. 284 Squadron RAF – operating Bristol Sycamore HR14
No. 294 Squadron RAF – operating unknown aircraft.
No. 451 Squadron RAAF – operating unknown aircraft.
No. 459 Squadron RAAF – operating unknown aircraft.
No. 603 Squadron RAF – operating ???
No. 680 Squadron RAF – operating unknown aircraft.
No. 14 Squadron RNZAF – operating de Havilland Vampire (1952–55)
RAF Regiments
No. 2 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 21 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 26 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 27 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 29 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 34 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 37 Squadron RAF Regiment
Current use
The site is now the currently largely disused Nicosia International Airport.
See also
List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force
List of former Royal Air Force stations
List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
The murder of Corporal Patrick J. Hale at RAF Nicosia
RAF Nicosia
Royal Air Force stations in Cyprus
Royal Air Force stations of World War II in Europe
Royal Air Force stations of World War II in the Middle East
World War II airfields in Cyprus |
Mike Jenkins (born 1953) is a Welsh poet and fiction writer in English. He is also the father of the Plaid Cymru politician Bethan Sayed (née Jenkins) and of the journalist Ciaran Jenkins.
Early life and education
Born in Aberystwyth, Jenkins was educated there at the University College of Wales.
Work
A former winner of the Wales Book of the Year competition for Wanting to Belong (Seren), Jenkins is a former editor of Poetry Wales and a long-term co-editor of Red Poets. He taught English at Radyr Comprehensive School in Cardiff for nearly a decade and Penydre High School, Gurnos, Merthyr Tydfil, for some two decades before that. At the end of the 2008–2009 academic year, Jenkins took voluntary redundancy. He now writes full-time, capitalising on experiences gleaned from former pupils.
An extract from one of Jenkins' poems has been used as part of the public-realm regeneration scheme for Merthyr Tydfil town centre.
In 2009 Jenkins judged the 3rd International Welsh Poetry Competition.
In 2011–12 he produced an Arts Council of Wales-funded touring exhibition and booklet titled Dim Gobaith Caneri, in collaboration with fellow Merthyr Tydfil resident, the painter Gustavius Payne, using Welsh language idioms, through the medium of English, to comment on current world affairs, including the banking crisis and a local open-cast mine. He continues to live in Merthyr Tydfil, and has done so for over 30 years.
His 2013 collection, Barkin!, published by Gwasg Carreg Gwalch was shortlisted for 2014's Wales Book of the Year Award.
Selected publications
The Common Land (Poetry Wales Press, 1981) (Poetry)
The Valleys (An anthology from south Wales Valleys, co-edited with John Davies) (Poetry Wales Press, 1984) (Poetry and prose)
Empire of Smoke (Poetry Wales Press, 1983) (Poetry)
Invisible Times (Seren, 1986) (Poetry)
A Dissident Voice (Seren, 1990) (Poetry)
Graffiti Narratives (Planet, 1994) (Poetry and stories in Merthyr dialect)
Are You Talking To Me? (Together with four other poets) (Pont, 1994) (Poetry for teenagers)
This House, My Ghetto (Seren, 1995) (Poetry)
Wanting to Belong (Seren, 1997) (Short stories). Winner of Wales Book of the Year 1998
Red Landscapes: New and Selected Poems (Seren, 1999) (New and selected poems)
Coulda Bin Summin (Planet, 2001) (Poems in dialect)
Barbsmashive (Pont, 2002) (Novella for children)
Laughter Tangled in Thorn and Other Poems (Corgi Series: 3) (Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, 2002) (Selected poems)
Poems for Underage Thinkers (Pont, 2004) (Poetry for children)
The Language of Flight (Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, 2004) (Poetry)
Child of Dust (Gomer, 2005) (Short fiction)
Walking on Waste (Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, 2007) (Poetry)
The Fugitive Three (Cinnamon Press, 2008) (Novel)
The Climbing Tree (Pont, 2010) (Young adult fiction)
Moor Music (Seren, 2011) (Open field poems)
Dim Gobaith Caneri (Self-published using Arts Council of Wales funding, 2011) (Poetry and micro-fiction using Welsh language idioms in English)
Barkin! (Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, 2013) (Poems & stories in Merthyr dialect)
Question Island (Alun Books, 2013) (A novel for teenagers)
Shedding Paper Skin (Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, 2015) (Poetry)
From Aberfan t Grenfell (with Alan Perry) (Culture Matters, 2019) (Poetry & drawings)
Anonymous Bosch (with Dave Lewis) (Culture Matters, 2021) (Poetry & photography)
References
External links
Poet's website
Literature Wales: Mike Jenkins profile
Wales Online: Author's notes
1953 births
Living people
Welsh writers
British poets
Writers from Aberystwyth
People from Penparcau
People from Merthyr Tydfil
Socialist Labour Party (UK) members
Welsh republicans
British male poets
21st-century Welsh poets
21st-century British male writers
21st-century Welsh writers |
```c
/*
*
*/
#include <zephyr/drivers/i2c.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <zephyr/internal/syscall_handler.h>
static inline int z_vrfy_i2c_configure(const struct device *dev,
uint32_t dev_config)
{
K_OOPS(K_SYSCALL_DRIVER_I2C(dev, configure));
return z_impl_i2c_configure((const struct device *)dev, dev_config);
}
#include <zephyr/syscalls/i2c_configure_mrsh.c>
static inline int z_vrfy_i2c_get_config(const struct device *dev,
uint32_t *dev_config)
{
K_OOPS(K_SYSCALL_DRIVER_I2C(dev, get_config));
K_OOPS(K_SYSCALL_MEMORY_WRITE(dev_config, sizeof(uint32_t)));
return z_impl_i2c_get_config(dev, dev_config);
}
#include <zephyr/syscalls/i2c_get_config_mrsh.c>
static uint32_t copy_msgs_and_transfer(const struct device *dev,
const struct i2c_msg *msgs,
uint8_t num_msgs,
uint16_t addr)
{
struct i2c_msg copy[num_msgs];
uint8_t i;
/* Use a local copy to avoid switcheroo attacks. */
memcpy(copy, msgs, num_msgs * sizeof(*msgs));
/* Validate the buffers in each message struct. Read options require
* that the target buffer be writable
*/
for (i = 0U; i < num_msgs; i++) {
K_OOPS(K_SYSCALL_MEMORY(copy[i].buf, copy[i].len,
copy[i].flags & I2C_MSG_READ));
}
return z_impl_i2c_transfer(dev, copy, num_msgs, addr);
}
static inline int z_vrfy_i2c_transfer(const struct device *dev,
struct i2c_msg *msgs, uint8_t num_msgs,
uint16_t addr)
{
K_OOPS(K_SYSCALL_OBJ(dev, K_OBJ_DRIVER_I2C));
/* copy_msgs_and_transfer() will allocate a copy on the stack using
* VLA, so ensure this won't blow the stack. Most functions defined
* in i2c.h use only a handful of messages, so up to 32 messages
* should be more than sufficient.
*/
K_OOPS(K_SYSCALL_VERIFY(num_msgs >= 1 && num_msgs < 32));
/* We need to be able to read the overall array of messages */
K_OOPS(K_SYSCALL_MEMORY_ARRAY_READ(msgs, num_msgs,
sizeof(struct i2c_msg)));
return copy_msgs_and_transfer((const struct device *)dev,
(struct i2c_msg *)msgs,
(uint8_t)num_msgs, (uint16_t)addr);
}
#include <zephyr/syscalls/i2c_transfer_mrsh.c>
static inline int z_vrfy_i2c_target_driver_register(const struct device *dev)
{
K_OOPS(K_SYSCALL_OBJ(dev, K_OBJ_DRIVER_I2C));
return z_impl_i2c_target_driver_register(dev);
}
#include <zephyr/syscalls/i2c_target_driver_register_mrsh.c>
static inline int z_vrfy_i2c_target_driver_unregister(const struct device *dev)
{
K_OOPS(K_SYSCALL_OBJ(dev, K_OBJ_DRIVER_I2C));
return z_impl_i2c_target_driver_unregister(dev);
}
#include <zephyr/syscalls/i2c_target_driver_unregister_mrsh.c>
static inline int z_vrfy_i2c_recover_bus(const struct device *dev)
{
K_OOPS(K_SYSCALL_OBJ(dev, K_OBJ_DRIVER_I2C));
return z_impl_i2c_recover_bus(dev);
}
#include <zephyr/syscalls/i2c_recover_bus_mrsh.c>
``` |
Thimble End is a neighbourhood on the outskirts of Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham, England. It has been developed several times with the construction and expansion of housing estates on the land with the most recent being completed in 2005.
Situated between Walmley, Minworth and Signal Hayes, the area is small in comparison to Walmley and Minworth and is covered by the Sutton New Hall ward. The area was once farmland used by farmers residing in Walmley and Minworth however the need for extra living space after World War II prompted the construction of a small housing estate on the site. This was further expanded in the 1970s and the final part of the farmland was constructed on by 2005. The newest housing estate was named Thimble End Court. Birmingham City Council also developed land adjacent to the newest estate by constructing a £98,000 children's play area.
The road that forms the eastern boundary of the estate is called Thimble End Road.
External links
Travellers World entry
1889 Ordnance Survey map of Thimble End
Areas of Birmingham, West Midlands
Sutton Coldfield |
Velem is a village in Vas county, Hungary. The village is situated on the slopes of Kőszeg Mountains, at the westernmost tip of the county and the region known as Alpokalja (Lower Alps). Velem is notable for its picturesque environment and healthy climate.
History
Velem was first mentioned in records in 1279. One of the notable archaeological sights of Central Europe can be found on St. Vid Hill above the village. The church on the top of the hill can be seen from several kilometers away. Owing to the excellent climatic conditions, Velem has become a well-known resort and holiday centre with full infrastructure. In the village, there is a House of Crafts preserving the tradition of local folk arts.
At the end of World War II the Szálasi Government was based in a prominent Velem mansion called the Stirling Villa. The Holy Crown of Hungary was preserved and safeguarded there between 29 December 1944 and 19 March 1945.
Today the Stirling Villa is a venue for seminars and conferences while the House of Crafts next door hosts workshops where traditional and almost forgotten crafts can be learnt from experienced craftsmen. Preserving traditions is an organic part of this village where wooden barns stand among houses mainly built of stone and vernacular wine presses with cellars dotted along the Pákó Stream (Pákó-patak).
There is a still operational water mill situated near the village. The starting point of the national 'blue' tourist route is in Velem. The village is situated on the grounds of Írottkő Nature Park with a bicycle route crossing the village. The most frequently visited local event is the Chestnut Feast (Gesztenyeünnep) in October every year.
Archaeology
Velem and its surroundings were already inhabited in the Neolithic. The remains of a Bronze Age fortified settlement dating from the 16th century BC have also been excavated. The settlement controlled a significant trade route passing through the mountains. Due to the copper and antimony found nearby, a metal processing and metalworking centre of outstanding importance was formed besides the fortification. One of the most spectacular results of the excavations is a gold diadem dating from the 14th-9th centuries BC, during the Urnfield culture period. Further excavations have been carried out since 1973 by staff at the Savaria Museum, in which, in addition to the citadel, residential buildings on the terraces on the east and south sides of the mountain have been excavated.
Notable residents
Mari Törőcsik, a major Hungarian actress.
Gyula Maár, a noted film director and husband of Mari Törőcsik.
References
External links
Street map (Hungarian)
A blog about the water mill (Hungarian)
Populated places in Vas County |
Turkey participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "Düm Tek Tek" written by Sinan Akçıl, Stefan Fernande and Hadise. The song was performed by Hadise. The entry was selected through an internal selection organised by Turkish broadcaster Türkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu (TRT).
Before Eurovision
Internal selection
On 18 September 2008, TRT opened the suggestions for the public to nominate potential artists for consideration. In October 2008, TRT announced that two artists were shortlisted following public input: Hadise and Şebnem Ferah. Hadise was considered due to her being a likeable artist that would appeal to the European countries, while Ferah was considered as her rock music would be better for the contest. On 21 October 2008, TRT announced that Belgian-Turkish singer Hadise had been internally selected to represent Turkey in Moscow. It was also announced that she would have total control of the song she would perform at the contest, including the lyricist, composer, arranger and language of the song. The singer later stated that she would be personally working on the lyrics as well as possibly collaborating with songwriters in Belgium. Three songs were submitted by Hadise to the broadcaster in December 2008 and a selection committee selected "Düm Tek Tek" as the song she would perform at the contest.
On 1 January 2009, "Düm Tek Tek" was presented to the public during the TRT New Year's Eve television special. As such, Turkey was one of the first countries to have had its artist and song selected for the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest, and only the second to do so before the end of 2008. The song was written by Sinan Akçıl, Stefan Fernande, as well as Hadise herself.
At Eurovision
Turkey competed in one of the two semi-finals after Mor ve Ötesi came 7th in the 2008 contest. In the semi-final 1 she performed 9th, following Switzerland and preceding Israel. Turkey was ranked second, with 172 points and qualifying for the final. In the final, Turkey performed 18th, following Germany and preceding Albania, and ended 4th with 177 points.
Voting
Points awarded to Turkey
Points awarded by Turkey
Detailed voting results
References
2009
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009
Eurovision |
Heroes of Might and Magic V is the fifth installment of the Heroes of Might and Magic fantasy turn-based strategy video game series. The game was released by Ubisoft in Europe on May 16, and then in the United States and Canada on May 24, 2006, with the publisher guiding Russian studio Nival Interactive in its development. Following the closure of The 3DO Company, Ubisoft bought the rights to the Might and Magic franchise, and used Heroes V as a means to reboot the series with a brand-new setting, called Ashan, and no continuity to previous titles.
Like the other games in the series, players take control of "heroes" (leaders with magical abilities) who provide their services for a faction, recruiting an army from settlement strongholds, such as castles, out of various forces (humanoid, undead, monsters, and so forth) and then doing battle against roaming armies, enemy heroes and rival factions. The game features a campaign series that covers six factions from Ashan, along with stand-alone and multiplayer scenarios. Unlike the preceding games in the series, which used 2D computer graphics but with some isometric touches, Heroes V was the first to be completely 3D.
Gameplay
A hero can learn a new skill, upgrade an existing one, gain a new ability or create combos of multiple abilities upon gaining a new level or visiting special buildings on the adventure map. There are two sets of skills available to heroes: racial skills and regular skills. A hero can have up to five regular skills and always has the proper racial skill.
Skills are divided into four levels: Basic, Advanced, Expert, and Ultimate. Each skill is associated with three to five abilities, depending on the race of the hero. Each level of skill gives the hero a chance to learn one ability under the skill. That is, a hero with Basic level of a skill can learn one ability, Advanced level two, and Expert level three. An ability is not immediately learned when the hero increases the corresponding skill level.
The racial skill that a hero learns is dependent on their native faction. All heroes from a faction learn the same racial skill and racial abilities. Each racial skill culminates in an 'ultimate ability' that can only be gained by learning a very specific set of regular skills and abilities. In addition to the three levels of skills that apply to regular skills, the racial skill can reach an ultimate level when a certain artifact is worn by the hero.
There are six factions in the game: Haven, Inferno, Necropolis, Dungeon, Sylvan and Academy. Additionally, the game's expansion packs added the Fortress and Stronghold alignments.
Haven Haven is a faction populated by humans and ruled by religious warlords; the Holy Griffin Empire propagates "Law and Order" and faith in Elrath, the Dragon of Light. Arising from their military tradition, they have the ability to train their soldiers, promoting them from one level to another. They are the primary protagonists of the game's campaign missions. Their main Heroes are young Queen Isabel and faithful Godric, the king's uncle and the top general for the Griffin Empire.
Inferno A dark kingdom of demons from the underworld known as Sheogh, the Inferno is a faction which uses "Gating", a method used to summon additional, though temporary, reinforcements onto the battlefield. Making their infernal abode on blasted lava terrain, the demons are the primary antagonists in the game, led by Urgash, the Dragon of Chaos, and their evil overlord, the Demon Sovereign Kha-Beleth. They are the protagonists of the second act of the campaign, where they are led by the ambitious and ruthless Agrael.
Necropolis Once a secret cult flourishing within the dark underside of the Empire and the Silver Cities, the Necropolis faction resides in Heresh and is ruled by corrupted wizards who worship a twisted spider version of Asha, the Dragon of Order, seeking to find everlasting peace and beauty in death that has been denied to them in life. They can use the dark magic of necromancy to re-animate slain enemies and fill their own ranks with shambling corpses. The Hero for the Necropolis campaign is the shrewd and cunning Markal.
Dungeon Hailing from the underground empire of Ygg-Chall, the dark elves Dungeon faction are a group of fallen elves whose society is built around faith in Malassa, the Dragon of Darkness, secrecy, plots, and betrayal. They were once part of the Sylvan faction, but became renegades when they made a pact with the mysterious Faceless (in fact they are falsely accused of Brittiga's burning and the king Arniel's death, and they had to turn to Malassa for their survival). They mastered the ability of Irresistible Magic, which made their spells so powerful that even those who had the strongest resistance to magic have little chance to resist. The hero for the dark elf campaign is Raelag, a mysterious and ambitious warlock.
Sylvan The old Rampart faction from HoMM III in spirit, the Sylvan faction is more distinctly Elvish this time around, residing in the Elven kingdom Irollan which is said to be blessed by Sylanna, the Dragon of Earth. Their heroes focus on archery, and so do their creatures, who can finish off their enemies without touching them. Their racial skill gives entire armies bonuses when fighting certain enemies they have slain previously. They are the counterpart to the Dungeon. The hero for the Sylvan Campaign is Findan, a diplomat and a determined fighter.
Academy The Academy faction is a town dominated by wizards and magical creatures since its debut in the second game of the series. Not much has changed besides its location, moving away from the snowy mountains of the Tower City in Heroes of Might and Magic III to a vibrant desert scene closer to the original Wizard castle, now filled with middle-eastern dresses. Most of its heroes focus on magic, and their army comprises mostly shooters and flyers. Their Dragon is Sar-Elam, also known as the Seventh Dragon and the very first wizard who had so much power he became a Dragon and helped to banish the malicious Urgash, the Dragon of Chaos. The hero for the Academy Campaign is the young and brash Zehir, the son of the late Arch-mage Cyrus and the new Arch-mage of the Silver Cities.
Development
In August 2003, Ubisoft acquired the rights to the Might and Magic franchise for USD$1.3 million after 3DO filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Ubisoft announced their plan to develop the fifth game in the series under the direction of producer Fabrice Cambounet. This news caused controversy as New World Computing under 3DO had already started making the fifth Heroes game. Although Ubisoft gained access to NWC's progress on Heroes V (which envisioned it as an isometric 2D game in the Heroes IV engine), it was decided to start over and create a completely new 3D game.
Reception
The game received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.
It was a commercial success. Its sales surpassed 350,000 units by the end of June 2006, and it reached #1 on sales charts in Germany, France and the UK.
Expansions
The first Heroes V expansion pack, called Hammers of Fate, was released on November 17, 2006 in Europe and November 24, 2006 in North America. It includes a new race, the Dwarves, who have exclusive access to a new kind of magic, known as Rune Magic. Other features include the much-awaited random map generator and the return of the Heroes IV caravans. This expansion pack requires the full version of Heroes of Might and Magic V to play.
The stand-alone second expansion pack is called HOMMV: The Tribes of the East and was released on October 12, 2007 in Europe and on October 19, 2007 in North America. Tribes of the East includes the new Stronghold faction, alternate upgrades for all units currently in the game (bringing the total number of creatures to 177), as well as new artifacts and spells.
Sequel
On August 17, 2010, a trailer for Might & Magic Heroes VI was shown on Gamescom. The release date was announced as September 8, 2011, but was changed to October 13, 2011.
Notes
References
External links
Official Heroes of Might and Magic V website
Ubisoft Heroes of Might and Magic V website
2006 video games
Freeverse Inc. games
Heroes of Might and Magic
Lua (programming language)-scripted video games
MacOS games
Nival games
Silent Storm engine games
Turn-based strategy video games
Ubisoft games
Video games about angels
Video games developed in Russia
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games scored by Paul Romero
Video game reboots
Video games with expansion packs
Windows games
Multiplayer and single-player video games |
Christopher Izama Madrama is a Ugandan lawyer and judge, on the Supreme Court of Uganda,. He was appointed to the Supreme court on 31 October 2022.
Background and education
He was born in Uganda, circa 1962. He studied law at Makerere University, Uganda's largest and oldest public university, graduating in 1989 with a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree. The next year, he received a Diploma in Legal Practice, from the Law Development Centre, in Kampala, the national capital. He was then admitted to the Uganda Bar. Later, he obtained a Master of Laws degree in Women's Law, from the University of Zimbabwe.
Work experience
In 1990, he took up employment as a state attorney, in the Uganda Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs, working in that capacity until 1999. He was then elevated to Principal State Attorney.
Later in 1999, he left the Justice ministry and joined the Law Development Centre as a Senior Legal Officer. From 2001 until 2010, Christopher Madrama was a Principal Legal Associate at Katende Ssempebwa and Company Advocates, a large firm in the city of Kampala, Uganda's capital. This was his last job in the private sector, prior to joining the bench.
Judicial career
He was appointed as a judge of the High Court of Uganda in June 2010. Over the years, he served in the various divisions of the high curt, including the commercial division and the executions division. In February 2018, Madrama was appointed to the Uganda Court of Appeal, and was successfully vetted by the Ugandan parliament.
Other considerations
Christopher Madrama has authored several publications including; "The Problem HIV/AIDS: A Discourse on Laws, Marriage and the Subordinate Status of Women in Uganda". From 1994 until 1995, he served as a research assistant with the Commission of Inquiry into the Judiciary of Uganda.
See also
Supreme Court of Uganda
Constitutional Court of Uganda
References
External links
Judge rescues Chinese Lady’s house from Sudhir As of 2 September 2016.
20th-century Ugandan lawyers
21st-century Ugandan judges
1962 births
Living people
Makerere University alumni
Law Development Centre alumni
University of Zimbabwe alumni
People from Northern Region, Uganda
People from West Nile sub-region
Justices of the Court of Appeal of Uganda |
Louis Charles de Saint-Albin (Paris, 5 April 1698 - Paris 9 April 1764), also called Abbé d'Orléans, was Bishop of Laon and Archbishop of Cambrai.
Biography
Louis Charles was the illegitimate son of French Regent and nephew of Louis XIV, Philipp d'Orléans and the opera dancer Florence Pellerin (1660-1716). However, his father legitimized him in 1708. He was on good terms with his grandmother Liselotte of the Palatinate, although she otherwise did not appreciate bastards. She was even present at his Rigorosum at the Sorbonne.
Like all of his legitimate and illegitimate children, Duke Philip also looked after Louis Charles appropriately and appointed him Abbot of Saint-Ouen Abbey, Rouen and on 6 October 1721, Bishop and Duke of Laon and Peer of France. After the death of the minister Guillaume Dubois, Charles de Saint-Albin took up the now vacant dignity of Archbishop and Duke of Cambrai on 17 October 1723. The consecration was carried out by Armand Gaston Maximilien de Rohan, Cardinal-Archbishop of Strasbourg. However, Saint-Albain hardly stayed in his diocese, but mostly at the court of Louis XV.
Louis Charles de Saint-Albin is immortalized in a painting by Hyacinthe Rigaud, now in the Getty Center, Los Angeles. He is buried in the Saint Sulpice Church in Paris.
References
1698 births
1764 deaths
Bishops of Laon
Archbishops of Cambrai
18th-century French Roman Catholic bishops
House of Orléans
Burials at Saint-Sulpice, Paris |
KMCC (channel 34), branded on-air as "Vegas 34", is an independent television station licensed to Laughlin, Nevada, United States, serving the Las Vegas area. It is owned by the E. W. Scripps Company alongside ABC affiliate KTNV-TV (channel 13). The two stations share studios on South Valley View Boulevard in the nearby unincorporated community of Paradise (though with a Las Vegas mailing address). KMCC uses a distributed transmission system, with the main transmitter located near Dolan Springs, Arizona, and a secondary transmitter at the KTNV studios.
Channel 34 was originally intended to be built at Lake Havasu City, Arizona. However, the original permittee, Meridian Communications Company, had the channel reallocated to Laughlin in order to allow it to broadcast NBC programming, increase its service area, and overcome various technical restrictions. The station began broadcasting in August 2003 and was soon after sold to Cranston II LLC, which used it to broadcast Spanish-language programming from a series of services: TeleFórmula, Multimedios Televisión, Mega TV, VasalloVision, and MundoFox/MundoMax. Entravision Communications acquired KMCC in 2017 and switched its programming source to Azteca América.
Ion Media acquired KMCC in early 2020 and was in turn acquired by the E. W. Scripps Company. In 2023, Ion programming moved to a subchannel, and the station became a new English-language independent station under the name Vegas 34. This coincided with Scripps obtaining the broadcast rights to Vegas Golden Knights hockey, which will air on KMCC beginning in the 2023–24 season.
History
On May 14, 1996, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued a construction permit to Meridian Communications Company (later Mojave Broadcasting Company) for a full power television station on UHF channel 34 to serve Lake Havasu City, Arizona. Its original call letters were to be KAUE, adopted in February 1997, but changed to KMCC a month later.
In July 1996, while preparing to build the station, Mojave Broadcasting determined that the proposed transmitter location was inadequate for a full-power television operation and that the alternate site near Oatman, Arizona, could not provide city-grade service to Lake Havasu City due to terrain. In early 1999, the company requested to move the station and both the analog and digital allotments to Laughlin, Nevada, with the transmitter at the Oatman site. It later modified its proposal to specify a transmitter in Laughlin, allowing it to secure an affiliation with NBC, since the new location would not interfere with Las Vegas NBC station KVBC (channel 3, now KSNV); the children of James Rogers, chairman of KVBC owner Sunbelt Communications Company, owned Mojave Broadcasting, and Sunbelt had signed a time brokerage agreement with KMCC.
The FCC formally granted the request in June 2000, and Mojave Broadcasting began building the station in Laughlin. The FCC granted a construction permit for a digital companion channel, UHF 32, on January 15, 2002, and granted special temporary authority (STA) on April 6, 2004, to broadcast in digital at reduced power from the analog transmitter location.
The analog station signed on August 21, 2003, as a satellite of KVBC, and was granted a license on May 28, 2004. The arrangement was temporary, as before the station was licensed, Cranston II LLC had agreed to buy KMCC from Mojave Broadcasting. The sale was approved by the FCC in October 2004 and consummated in July 2005. Upon taking ownership, Cranston changed the station to Spanish-language programming from TeleFórmula, the cable news arm of Grupo Fórmula. In March 2006, equipment failure forced the station to reduce power significantly; in November, it switched to Multimedios Television.
KMCC had a construction permit to broadcast on UHF channel 32 from a transmitter location approximately NNE of the analog transmitter location. The site, located near Dolan Springs, Arizona, is over higher in elevation than the analog site, so while the analog station served the Mohave Valley from Bullhead City, Arizona, and Laughlin down to Needles, California, the digital station, when fully built and operational, would not only serve Laughlin and the Colorado River Valley, but most of central Mohave County, Arizona, and would reach beyond Las Vegas. , however, the station was broadcasting on STA from the analog site at 15 kW with coverage approximately that of the analog signal. Cranston filed a request to extend the STA until January 1, 2007.
On January 26, 2009, KMCC switched to Mega TV, an independent television network based in Florida. The station again changed affiliations on January 1, 2010, affiliating with VasalloVision. KMCC then became an affiliate of MundoFox (later MundoMax) when it launched on August 13, 2012. In 2015, KMCC aired a music video format 24/7 called TheCoolTV on digital channels 32.2, 32.3 with some local programming. On December 1, 2016, with the demise of MundoMax, KMCC switched to Luken Communications' The Action Channel and Heartland networks.
Entravision Communications agreed to purchase KMCC for $2.75 million on March 1, 2017; the sale created a duopoly with Univision affiliate KINC. The sale was completed on January 17, 2018. In April 2018, KMCC became an Azteca América affiliate.
On January 27, 2020, it was announced that Ion Media would purchase KMCC from Entravision for an undisclosed price. The sale was completed on April 3. On September 24, 2020, the Cincinnati-based E. W. Scripps Company (owners of ABC affiliate KTNV-TV, channel 13) announced that it would purchase Ion Media for $2.65 billion, with financing from Berkshire Hathaway.
On May 4, 2023, the Vegas Golden Knights announced that KMCC, through the E. W. Scripps Company's Scripps Sports arm, would become the team's new television partner, replacing AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain after the latter's parent company, Warner Bros. Discovery, announced its intentions to exit the RSN business. Along with broadcasting all Golden Knights non-exclusive games over the air in partnership with a network of stations across the Golden Knights' broadcast territory, KMCC rebranded as Vegas 34 and became independent on August 14, 2023, with Ion programming moving to the station's second subchannel.
Programming
The station will carry all regional Vegas Golden Knights games beginning in the 2023–24 NHL season. It will also air ancillary programming such as Knight Life.''
KMCC airs four hours of local news each weekday, simulcasting programming from sister station KTNV-TV. KMCC also simulcasts select programming from Scripps News and airs games from the Henderson Silver Knights, a minor league affiliate of the Golden Knights.
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
References
External links
Television channels and stations established in 2003
2003 establishments in Nevada
Equity Media Holdings
MCC
Independent television stations in the United States
Ion Television affiliates
Court TV affiliates
Scripps News affiliates
Defy TV affiliates
Bounce TV affiliates
E. W. Scripps Company television stations |
"The Borders" is a song performed by English musician Sam Fender. The song was released as a digital download on 2 September 2019 by Polydor Records as the seventh single from his debut studio album Hypersonic Missiles. The song peaked at number 59 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was written by Sam Fender and produced by Bramwell Bronte.
Background
In a press release, "The Borders is Fender's personal favourite song from the new album Hypersonic Missiles. At once deeply personal, traumatic event, Sam tells a story of two boys growing up together and then going their separate ways, the release reads. Memories inferred but not directly addressed. It's a storming tune with a powerful story, as so many of Sam's songs are.
Track listing
Charts
Certifications
Release history
References
2019 songs
Sam Fender songs
Polydor Records singles |
DTN or DtN may refer to:
Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood
Delay-tolerant networking, or Disruption-tolerant networking, an approach to computer network architecture
DTN (company), provider of specialized news services with data from financial markets, weather, etc.
Decision Theater North, an immersive visualization space for complex decision making in Fairbanks, Alaska
Down to Nothing, a straight-edge hardcore band from Richmond, Virginia
Dorsal tegmental nucleus, a brain region
Dictius Te Necare (Latin: "You must kill yourself") a 1996 album by German black metal band Bethlehem
Daystar Television Network, an evangelical Christian television broadcaster
the IATA airport code for Shreveport Downtown Airport in Shreveport, Louisiana
the UK railway station code for Denton railway station in Denton, Greater Manchester
the term downtown |
Coal dust is a fine-powdered form of coal which is created by the crushing, grinding, or pulverization of coal rock. Because of the brittle nature of coal, coal dust can be created by mining, transporting, or mechanically handling it.
Grinding or pulverizing coal to a dust form before combusting it improves the speed and efficiency of burning, which makes the coal easier to handle. However, coal dust is hazardous to workers if it is suspended in air outside the controlled environment of grinding and combustion equipment. It poses the acute hazard of forming an explosive mixture in air and the chronic hazard of causing pulmonary illness in people who inhale excessive quantities of it.
The distribution of the particle-size of coal dust is frequently measured in mesh. The British slang term for cheap fuel consisting of coal dust (slack) containing small lumps of coal (nuts) is nutty slack.
Energy generation
For use in thermal power plants, coal is ground into dust using a device called a powdered coal mill. The resulting product, called powdered coal or pulverized coal, is then generally used in a fossil fuel power plant for electricity generation. Pulverized coal is a significant dust explosion hazard, as large quantities are suspended in air for transfer from the mill to the power plant. Explosions have occurred when the flow drops and flames in the burning chamber pass back along the ductwork delivering fuel.
Hazards
Coal dust is a fugitive combustible dust - a dust that is both a pollutant and combustible when dispersed into the air. Due to the small particle size and combustible nature of this dust, there is a risk of an explosion and inhalation. The control of coal dust is difficult due to the coal dust being such a fine particle, allowing it to escape and be suspended in the air for a large amount of time.
Explosions
Coal dust suspended in air is explosive—coal dust has far more surface area per unit weight than lumps of coal, and is more susceptible to spontaneous combustion. However, five elements are needed for an explosion to occur: oxygen, an ignition source, coal dust, dispersion of the coal dust, and confinement of the dust. For instance, a nearly empty coal store is a greater explosion risk than a full one. This is due to the increase of space in the store for oxygen and dispersion to take place.
The worst mining accidents in history have been caused by coal dust explosions, such as the disaster at Senghenydd in South Wales in 1913 in which 439 miners died, the Courrières mine disaster in Northern France which killed 1,099 miners in 1906, the Luisenthal Mine disaster in Germany, which claimed 299 lives in 1962, and the worst: the explosion at Benxihu Colliery, China, which killed 1,549 in 1942. Such accidents were usually initiated by firedamp ignitions, the shock wave of which raised coal dust from the floor of the mine galleries to make an explosive mixture. The problem was investigated by Michael Faraday and Charles Lyell at the colliery at Haswell County Durham of 1844, but their conclusions were ignored at the time.
Inhalation
Coalworker's pneumoconiosis, or black lung disease, is caused by inhaling coal dust, typically dust produced in coal mining. Government agencies in the United States have set exposure limit guidelines for coal dust inhalation.
Prevention
For safe handling/storage of coal dust, the dust must be controlled, maintained, and protected properly. With the presence of coal dust within multiple industries, such as: mining, energy generation, and concrete production, different approaches are necessary. However, a common procedure to undergo is the three C's: contain, capture, and clean. Following this procedure can help prevent unnecessary inhalation or explosions from occurring if following correctly.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (Permissible exposure limit) for coal dust exposure in the workplace as 2.4 mg/m3 (5% SiO2) over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 1 mg/m3 (measured by MSHA) or 0.9 mg/m3 (measured by ISO/CEN/ACGIH) over an 8-hour workday.
Hygiene
It is always the best practice to maintain a clean workplace and control any hazardous material, especially with a fugitive combustible dust such as coal dust. Many explosions from combustible dust are due to accumulation on walls, floors, and other surfaces. The accumulation of uncontrolled coal dust in a workplace is a dangerous situation that needs to be eliminated. The control of coal dust can be improved by implementing the use of dust-approved vacuums, dust collection systems, methods to reduce fugitive coal dust, and following general housekeeping procedures.
Explosions
To prevent explosions, it is best to promote and execute good hygiene practices in the workplace by controlling both the coal dust and any possible ignition sources. Some ignition sources that may need to be controlled or used carefully around coal dust includes heavy machinery, electrical components, and open flames or sparks. The main attempts at preventing explosions due to coal dust include using safety lamps, adding stone dust coffers to mine galleries to dilute the coal dust, watering workings and ensuring efficient ventilation of all the workings.
Another means of preventing explosions is by placing rock dust in the coal mine, which is usually pulverized limestone dust, which absorbs thermal energy from the heated gasses. Rock dusting has been used since the early 1900s, but there have been technological improvements since then. Since then, NIOSH developed a Coal Dust Explosibility Meter (CDEM) to test the mixture between coal and rock dust in mines. This field testing process allows miners to gauge the explosibility of their work environment.
See also
Coal burner
Coal-water slurry fuel
Pulverized coal-fired boiler
References
External links
Mining Topic: Explosion Prevention
Dust
Dust
Mine safety
Occupational diseases
Powders |
Michael Rezendes is an American journalist and a member of the global investigative team at Associated Press. He is the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize for his investigative work for The Boston Globe. Since joining the Globe he has covered presidential, state and local politics, and was a weekly essayist, roving national correspondent, city hall bureau chief, and the deputy editor for national news.
Personal life and education
Rezendes is of Portuguese descent, born in Maine. He graduated from Boston University with a BA in English and with an MFA from American Film Institute. In 2008 and 2009, he was the recipient of a John S. Knight journalism fellowship at Stanford University.
Career
Before arriving at The Boston Globe, Rezendes was a staff writer at The Washington Post, and a government and politics reporter for the San Jose Mercury News and the Boston Phoenix. He was also a contributing writer at Boston magazine and the editor of the East Boston Community News.
He joined The Boston Globe in 1989 and moved to Associated Press in the Spring of 2019.
Catholic church scandal
For more than a decade, Rezendes was a member of the The Boston Globe's Spotlight Team, a group of investigative reporters whose work in exposing the Roman Catholic church's cover-up of clergy sex abuse earned the newspaper the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service. For his reporting and writing on the Church, he also shared the George Polk Award for National Reporting, the Goldsmith Prize for Investigative Reporting, the Selden Ring Award for Investigative Reporting, and numerous other honors.
Rezendes's reporting revealed that top Catholic officials covered up the abuses committed by the Rev. John Geoghan, a Boston priest who molested more than 100 children at six parishes over three decades. Rezendes also broke stories about similar cover-ups by Church officials in New York City and Tucson, Arizona.
Further investigations as Spotlight member
Rezendes and the Spotlight Team were also Pulitzer Prize finalists for a series of stories that uncovered abuses in the debt collection industry. "Debtors Hell" won the Public Service Award from the Society of Professional Journalists and was a finalist for the Goldsmith Prize.
As a Spotlight Team member, Rezendes played a key role in many of the Globe's most significant investigations, including those probing the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, financial corruption in the nation's charitable foundations, and the plight of mentally ill state prisoners. He was also on a team of reporters that won a first-place award from the Education Writers Association for a special section on school desegregation.
LDS Church scandal
On August 4, 2022, Rezendes published "Seven years of sex abuse: How Mormon officials let it happen," which described how the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) had handled certain sexual abuse allegations received through their help line. The article revealed a number of instances in which LDS Church knew about sexual abuse but did not report it to civil authorities because such communication was claimed by the Church to have been given under clergy privilege under state law. There have been criticisms of Rezendes' article from the LDS Church and church members, including allegations of misrepresentation of evidence found in court cases relied upon in the article. However, the church's official statement did not dispute any facts in Rezendes' story.
Alaska Daily
From 2022 to 2023, Rezendes worked as a staff writer for 10 episodes in ABC's crime drama Alaska Daily. The show stars Hilary Swank, a journalist who, after a fumbling a major story about a U.S. general, leaves New York to work for The Daily Alaskan, a fictional newspaper based on the Anchorage Daily News, in Anchorage, Alaska. The show was inspired by the 2019 Anchorage Daily News and ProPublica article series Lawless: Sexual Violence in Alaska, as well as subsequent related reporting by the project's lead reporter Kyle Hopkins. In May 2023, ABC cancelled the series after one season.
Books
He is a co-author of Betrayal: The Crisis in the Catholic Church, and a contributing author to Sin Against the Innocents: Sexual Abuse by Priests and the Role of the Catholic Church.
In popular culture
In the 2015 film Spotlight, he was portrayed by Mark Ruffalo, who was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance.
References
American investigative journalists
The Boston Globe people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
American people of Portuguese descent
The Mercury News people
The Washington Post journalists
Pulitzer Prize for Public Service winners |
The Benedore River is a perennial river with no defined major catchment, located in the East Gippsland region of the Australian state of Victoria.
Course and features
The Benedore River rises in the Benedore River Reference Area and flows generally south southeast, through the Seal Creek Reference Area, before reaching its mouth with Bass Strait within the Croajingolong National Park in the Shire of East Gippsland. The river descends over its course.
The four beaches at the river mouth, south of Mallacoota, form a naturally occurring dam resulting in a long, narrow, winding lake behind the southeast sea-facing beaches.
See also
References
External links
East Gippsland catchment
Rivers of Gippsland (region)
Croajingolong National Park |
The Sulawesi goshawk (Accipiter griseiceps) is a species of bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It is endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.
References
Endemic birds of Sulawesi
Accipiter
Birds of prey of Asia
Birds described in 1848
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
The 2002 Audi presents Petit Le Mans was the tenth and final round of the 2002 American Le Mans Series season. It took place at Road Atlanta, Georgia, on October 12, 2002.
Official results
Class winners in bold.
Statistics
Pole Position - #1 Audi Sport North America - 1:12.343
Fastest Lap - #1 Audi Sport North America - 1:11.877
Distance - 1610.567 km
Average Speed - 170.232 km/h
External links
World Sports Racing Prototypes - Race Results
P
Petit Le Mans |
3-Hydroxyphencyclidine (3-HO-PCP) is a dissociative of the arylcyclohexylamine class related to phencyclidine (PCP) that has been sold online as a designer drug.
Pharmacology
3-HO-PCP acts as a high-affinity uncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor via the dizocilpine (MK-801) site (Ki = 30 nM). It has much higher affinity than PCP for this site (Ki = 250 nM, for comparison; 8-fold difference). The drug also has high affinity for the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) (Ki = 39–60 nM) in animal test subjects, the κ-opioid receptor (KOR) (Ki = 140 nM), and the sigma σ1 receptor (Ki = 42 nM; IC50 = 19 nM), whereas it has only low affinity for the δ-opioid receptor (Ki = 2,300 nM). The high affinity of 3-HO-PCP for opioid receptors is unique among arylcyclohexylamines and is in contrast to PCP, which has only very low affinity for the MOR (Ki = 11,000–26,000 nM; 282- to 433-fold difference) and the other opioid receptors (Ki = 4,100 nM for the KOR and 73,000 nM for the DOR).
Although it was hypothesized that 3-HO-PCP might be a metabolite of PCP in humans, there is no evidence that this is the case.
Chemistry
3-HO-PCP is an arylcyclohexylamine. Close analogues of 3-HO-PCP include PCP, 3-MeO-PCP, 4-MeO-PCP, 3-MeO-PCMo, and somewhat more distantly ketamine, methoxyketamine, 3-MeO-PCE, methoxetamine and dimetamine.
Society and culture
Legal status
On October 18, 2012, the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs in the United Kingdom released a report about methoxetamine, saying that the "harms of methoxetamine are commensurate with Class B of the Misuse of Drugs Act (1971)", despite the fact that the act does not classify drugs based on harm. The report went on to suggest that all analogues of MXE should also become class B drugs and suggested a catch-all clause covering both existing and unresearched arylcyclohexamines, including 3-HO-PCP.
3-HO-PCP is banned in Sweden and Switzerland.
See also
2-FDCK
4-Keto-PCP
Delucemine
Desmetramadol
Hydroxetamine
Dimetamine
References
Arylcyclohexylamines
Designer drugs
Dissociative drugs
NMDA receptor antagonists
Opioid modulators
Phenols
1-Piperidinyl compounds
Sigma receptor ligands
Synthetic opioids |
Clann Taidg was the name of a medieval cantred located in what is now County Galway, Ireland.
It consisted of the parishes of Athenry, Monivea, Tiaquin, Kilkerrin, Moylough, Killererin, Ballynakill-Aghiart (in Killian), Kilmoylan, and possibly Abbeyknockmoy.
Clann Taidg consisted of a number of túaths, including Corca Mogha and Uí Diarmata.
Clann Taidg seems to have come into existence during a wave of expansion by the Uí Briúin, specifically in the reign of King Tadg of Connacht (925-956). His son, Muiredaig mac Tadg, was the ancestor to the Uí Taidg an Teaghlaigh sept of the Síl Muiredaig who are recorded in the annals from 1048 onwards. The area, previously part of Uí Briúin Seóla, was called after the sept who are believed to have become its lords sometime in the mid-eleventh century. However, by the end of the twelfth century it was said to have been seized by Donn Cathaig Mór Mac Airechtaig of Síl Muiredaig.
Adrian Martyn notes that "an Teaghlaigh," meaning "of the household," denotes that Clann Taidg were "hereditary marshalls to their cousins, the kings of Connacht." Clann Taidg are also credited with evicting the Ui Mainnin Kings of Soghain from the Athenry area, c. 1135-52.
By 1241 much of the area was seized by Meyler de Bermingham, who made Athenry the seat of his lordship.
See also
Clann Fhergail
Conmhaícne Mara
Delbhna Tir Dha Locha
Donn Óge Mag Oireachtaigh
Muintir Murchada
Senchineoil
Uí Maine
Soghain
Trícha Máenmaige
Uí Díarmata
Cóiced Ol nEchmacht
Síol Anmchadha
Iar Connacht
Maigh Seola
Cenél Áeda na hEchtge
References
Sources
Medieval Ireland: Territorial, Political and Economic Divisions, Paul MacCotter, Four Courts Press, 2008, pp. 134–135.
History of County Galway
Gaelic-Irish nations and dynasties
Connacht
Geography of County Galway |
The 7th Armoured Division () was an armoured division of the French Army. The division was active during the Cold War and some time after the fall of the Berlin Wall, before being disbanded. Its traditions were carried on by the 7th Armoured Brigade.
History
The division was created in 1955 as the 7e Division Mecanique Rapide (7th Fast Mechanised Division), commanded by General François Huet and based in Constance (Germany). It was an experimental formation of the French Army and served to test of new structures and tactics for the expected nuclear battlefield and also new weapons, being the first large unit equipped with the new, light-weight Panhard EBR armoured cars and AMX-13 tanks.
In early 1956 the division was transferred to French North Africa, where its soldiers served as infantry supporting French operations in the Algerian War. In late 1956 the division was hurriedly reunited with its tanks and armoured cars to take part in Operation Musketeer, the invasion of Egypt by Franco-British forces. It then returned to Algeria where it remained until 1961.
The division was transferred to Metropolitan France, with its headquarters at Besançon, forming part of I Corps. The division was renamed, becoming the 7e Division Légère Blindée (7th Light Armoured Division). It became simply the 7e Division Blindée (7th Armoured Division) in 1963 when the 8th Motorised Infantry Brigade joined the division. In the 1970s the French Army returned to the idea of smaller, more flexible divisions, the idea which had originally led to the creation of the division. It was selected to test the new ideas, and its 7th Mechanised Brigade did much of the experimental work.
With the adoption of the new divisional structure in 1977, the 7th Armoured Division was dissolved and the new 7th Armoured, as well as the 4th Armoured and 8th Infantry Divisions, was created from the remains. The new division continued to be based at Besançon. It was later reassigned from I Corps, at Metz to III Corps at Lille. It too was reorganised on 1 July 1999, as part of the changes which followed the end of the Cold War and the professionalisation of the French Army, to create the new 7th Armoured Brigade which carries on the traditions of the 7th Armoured.
Composition
1955 to 1963
2e Régiment de Dragons (2e RD)
Régiment Colonial de Chasseurs de Chars (RCCC)
3e Régiment de Chasseurs d'Afrique (3e RCA)
21e Régiment d'Infanterie Coloniale (21e RIC)
72e Groupe d'Artillerie
457e Groupe d'Artillerie
57e Bataillon du Génie
57e Bataillon des services
57e Compagnie de quartier général
57e Compagnie de réparation divisionnaire
2e Groupe aéromobile
1963 to 1977
As 7e Brigade Mécanisé of 7e Division Blindée
1er Régiment de Dragons (1er RD) Armoured Regiment
30e Régiment de Dragons (30e RD) Armoured Regiment
35e Régiment d'Infanterie (35e RI) Infantry Regiment
1er Régiment d'Artillerie (1er RA) Artillery Regiment
1977 to 1999
As 7e Division Blindée
3e Régiment de Cuiriassiers (3e RC) Armoured Regiment
1er Régiment de Dragons (1er RD) Armoured Regiment
5e Régiment de Dragons (5e RD) Armoured Regiment
35e Régiment d'Infanterie (35e RI) Infantry Regiment
170e Régiment d'Infanterie (170e RI) Infantry Regiment
(to 1990) 30e Groupe de Chasseurs (30e GC) Infantry Regiment
1er Régiment d'Artillerie (1er RA) Artillery Regiment
(to 1993) 60e Régiment d'Artillerie (40e RA) Artillery Regiment
(from 1993) 32e Régiment d'Artillerie (32e RA) Artillery Regiment
19e Régiment du Génie (19e RG) Engineer Regiment
7e Régiment de commandement et de Soutien (7e RCS) Command and Signals Regiment
References
Armored divisions of France
Military units and formations established in 1955
Military units and formations disestablished in 1999
1955 establishments in France |
Tejeda is a village and a municipality in the mountainous central part of the island of Gran Canaria in the province of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands.
Location
The village of Tejeda is situated north-west of the Pico de las Nieves and south-west of the island capital Las Palmas.
Geography
The municipality's area is , spreading near the centre of the island, on the latter's west side.
The south-eastern part of its territory includes the second highest point of Gran Canaria island, Pico de las Nieves ("Snows Peak") - . Other remarkable summits in the municipality are Roque Nublo ("Cloud Rock") and Roque Bentayga ("Bentayga Rock") with its ritual place (almogarén) and other features. Close by are the cuevas del Rey ("the King's caves", 1 km to the west of Rock Bentayga), an antique cave house village with granaries; and 2 km further west the antique cave house village of Acusa Seca. All these sites are listed Spanish Heritage as Properties of cultural interest ("Bien de Interés Cultural").
Geology : caldera de Tejeda
The village of Tejeda sits on the eastern edge of a volcanic basin or crater that bears its name (caldera de Tejeda).
The caldera’s dimensions are 28 km x 18 km, with a surface that extends from the head of Agaete's ravine (barranco de Agaete) near Artenara, to Verde Andén ("Green Platform") in the west, Veneguera and the head of Mogán ravine (barranco de Mogán) up to Arguineguín's ravine (barranco de Arguineguin). Only half of its perimeter remains standing; on what is left of it are found a few green-bluish peaks (such as "azulejos" de Veneguera - "Veneguera's tiles") and below these are the oldest basalts of the island, primitive substrate of Grand Canary.
The caldera was produced in probably less than two hours, by the explosion of the residual magma chambers During the collapse of the caldera de Tejera ignimbrite rock was produced, with a pink matrix dotted with white crystals. It exists because the explosive eruption by which the caldera collapsed was so powerful that the magma was pulverized in a very fine spray and created almost microscopic structures in the matrix rock. Ignimbrita is found on the outside of the periphery of the caldera.
The caldera also bears traces of a 2 million year period of evolution. This is especially notable at the heads of the Agaete ravine (barranco de Agaete) and Mogan ravine (barranco de Mogan), where we can see horizontal basaltic lavas in their lower parts and, above, thicker material in sloping layers.
Another rare feature of the caldera is its system of conical dykes in its center, that were damaged by the eruptions and determined the structure of the island by their own structure. The lava passed through these dykes during some eruptions, in particular basaltic eruptions ; this created a crack in the surrounding channels where the lava was injected, and from them the volcano arose. In Grand Canary these conical dykes were centered on a focal point located roughly 2 km under sea level, at what was in the past the center of the island. New magma would then tend to also take the same conical shape. Conical dykes of this size are not found in other islands; Vallehermoso on La Gomera island has some smaller ones.
Biologist Juan Sergio Socorro considers this crater to be one of the few clear examples in the world of a very large collapsed volcanic crater, particularly in comparison to the Cañadas del Teide for which several theories are held regarding its formation.
<div align=center>
Iglesia Nuestra Señora del Socorro
</div align=center>
Population
Its population was 2,028 in 2013.
Neighbouring municipalities
Villages
See also
List of municipalities in Las Palmas
Notes and references
Notes
References
External links
Municipalities in Gran Canaria |
```xml
/***************************************************************************************************
* Load `$localize` onto the global scope - used if i18n tags appear in Angular templates.
*/
import '@angular/localize/init';
/**
* This file includes polyfills needed by Angular and is loaded before the app.
* You can add your own extra polyfills to this file.
*
* This file is divided into 2 sections:
* 1. Browser polyfills. These are applied before loading ZoneJS and are sorted by browsers.
* 2. Application imports. Files imported after ZoneJS that should be loaded before your main
* file.
*
* The current setup is for so-called "evergreen" browsers; the last versions of browsers that
* automatically update themselves. This includes Safari >= 10, Chrome >= 55 (including Opera),
* Edge >= 13 on the desktop, and iOS 10 and Chrome on mobile.
*
* Learn more in path_to_url
*/
/***************************************************************************************************
* BROWSER POLYFILLS
*/
/** IE10 and IE11 requires the following for NgClass support on SVG elements */
// import 'classlist.js'; // Run `npm install --save classlist.js`.
/**
* Web Animations `@angular/platform-browser/animations`
* Only required if AnimationBuilder is used within the application and using IE/Edge or Safari.
* Standard animation support in Angular DOES NOT require any polyfills (as of Angular 6.0).
*/
// import 'web-animations-js'; // Run `npm install --save web-animations-js`.
/**
* By default, zone.js will patch all possible macroTask and DomEvents
* user can disable parts of macroTask/DomEvents patch by setting following flags
* because those flags need to be set before `zone.js` being loaded, and webpack
* will put import in the top of bundle, so user need to create a separate file
* in this directory (for example: zone-flags.ts), and put the following flags
* into that file, and then add the following code before importing zone.js.
* import './zone-flags';
*
* The flags allowed in zone-flags.ts are listed here.
*
* The following flags will work for all browsers.
*
* (window as any).__Zone_disable_requestAnimationFrame = true; // disable patch requestAnimationFrame
* (window as any).__Zone_disable_on_property = true; // disable patch onProperty such as onclick
* (window as any).__zone_symbol__UNPATCHED_EVENTS = ['scroll', 'mousemove']; // disable patch specified eventNames
*
* in IE/Edge developer tools, the addEventListener will also be wrapped by zone.js
* with the following flag, it will bypass `zone.js` patch for IE/Edge
*
* (window as any).__Zone_enable_cross_context_check = true;
*
*/
/***************************************************************************************************
* Zone JS is required by default for Angular itself.
*/
import 'zone.js/dist/zone'; // Included with Angular CLI.
/***************************************************************************************************
* APPLICATION IMPORTS
*/
``` |
Caroline Olivia Nonesi Moser is an academic specializing in social policy and urban social anthropology. She is primarily known for her field-based approach to research on the informal sector generally - but particularly aspects such as poverty, violence, asset vulnerability and strategies for accumulation in the urban setting. Gender analysis is central to her approach. She has looked at many countries, but the Americas have been her main interest. Countries studied closely include Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala and Jamaica.
She has also researched community participation, looking at the social dimensions of economic reform, the role of human rights, social protection and responses of the urban environment to climate change.
Education
Prof Moser has a Ph.D. from Sussex University, (1975) a postgraduate diploma from Manchester University (1968) and a BA from Durham University (1967).
Career
Her career has included time at University College London (1978–1986); London School of Economics (1986–1990); the World Bank (1990–2000); the Overseas Development Institute (2001–2002); The New School (New York)(2002–2003) Brookings Institution (2004–2007) and the University of Manchester (2007–present). She currently works as a lecturer and research practitioner in the Global Urban Research Centre within the University of Manchester.
Moser developed the Moser Gender Planning Framework, a tool for gender analysis in development planning. The goal is to free women from subordination and allow them to achieve equality, equity and empowerment. The framework defines six tools for systematically analyzing requirements and developing plans.
Gender and Planning Framework
One of Caroline Moser's more notable works is “Gender Planning in the Third World: Meeting Practical and Strategic Gender Needs.” Moser's studies led her to develop a framework in third world countries in terms of gender and planning. The basis of her theory is that men and women simply have different needs from one another, and therefore require different strategies to satisfy those needs. She primarily focused on women in her study, and how to improve frameworks based on the group's specific gender needs. In her paper, she states that when incorporating women into these third world countries’ plans, policy makers need to strategize based on gender – not the fact that they are women. Moser supports the feminist view that singling out women as a group as opposed to looking at genders is not useful in planning. She feels that utilizing a generalized gender concept ignores the social relationships that the genders bear to each other. This feminist concept serves as a basic foundation for her argument that since men and women have their own roles in society, they need to be planned for differently.
In her paper, Moser introduces her idea of “the triple role of women.” The three roles of women in low-income households can be summarized as reproductive and community managing work. She says that reproductive work pertains to being the mother in the household; generally, this refers to taking care of the children. Community managing is that women, as the mother figures of their household, are responsible for gathering and keeping the community in check. However, Moser claims that in this role they accept the structure of society and can do very little to actually maintain their community. In contrast, Moser describes men as productive workers with community leadership roles.
Moser feels that the two genders have quite contrasting roles in society, and in response, policy makers should take each role into consideration. Her main argument is that the roles mentioned for women (productive and community management) are viewed as natural, and therefore neglected in policy making. She believes that men's roles as the “breadwinners” and leaders of society is glorified, while the just-as-important roles of women are forgotten about because they are seen as domestic, natural attributes.
Another issue Moser finds with the Third World society model is that it discredits other types of household structures, and only takes the Nuclear family into consideration. Moser explains the model forgets about households with single women and ones with temporarily absent men figures. Her so-called “women-headed” households are increasing statistically, but Moser says that these women have difficulty accessing the same level of employment and success that their male counterparts achieve. The constraint is thought to be caused by the triple role of women. Moser states that these women must fulfill their roles and do not have the time or access to benefit from program policies and accommodations.
The basis for which Moser proposes a solution is that the system must look at the gender's needs. The categories for needs can be broken down into strategic and practical needs. Strategically, Moser believes that men and women need to have gender equality, while practical needs refer to what is relevant to women. Moser more specifically discusses needs regarding employment, human settlements and housing, and basic services. She feels that employment can be altered by teaching women jobs that are traditionally held by men. In her opinion, by introducing women into labor fields that typically men are a part of, it will open up opportunities to make a living and potentially erode at the existing divide of the sexes in the work force. Her framework continues to suggest the need to legalize household enterprises so that women that are tied to their homes can also earn money. Lastly, Moser argues that it is necessary for public transportation that can only be accessed by women. Moser's point of a female transport system is that it will allow women to feel safe when taking care of their needs and errands outside of the house.
Violence Framework
Moser also spent time studying in Latin America, where she wrote her paper “Latin American Urban Violence as a Development Concern: Towards a Framework for Violence Reduction.” As the title sounds, the paper pushes for a framework to improve the impoverished areas while taking violence into great consideration. She believes that it is crucial to understand and identify the driving forces of all the violence in these urban areas, and come up with a solution to diminish it. Moser promotes a cross-sectoral violence-reduction framework. This framework is important to anthropology because it takes all perspectives into consideration, including first-hand experience and statistics. She mentions that the reason she chose Latin America to develop this framework and study is because the nation has the highest rates of violence recorded. The framework highlights that there is a link between mainly inequality and impoverished communities, mixed in with a number of other factors including violence. Overall, the acts of violence in Latin American communities are contributing to a heightened number of homicides and deaths that the country has never seen before. As opposed to her framework on gender and planning, which primarily focuses on the needs of women, Moser's violence framework is intended to reinforce safety for both genders in impoverished regions.
In the paper, violence in distinguished into four main categories: political, institutional, economic, and social. She argues that in separating each form of violence into its own category, then it will become easier for policy makes to identify causes and form solutions. Different countries may have overlapping causes of violence, in which those developing policies can potentially be reused in numerous regions. Her paper introduces what she calls “roadmaps,” which essentially list the categories of violence, the kind of violence, and traces back to what may be the underlying cause.
Contributions
Moser's influence is widespread in articles discussing societal developments that will promote equality. Anthropologists have utilized her framework from “Gender Planning in the Third World: Meeting Practical and Strategic Gender Needs” as the driving force for their papers. For example, anthropologists Fenella Porter and Caroline Sweetman were motivated by Moser and explained how to use gender mainstreaming to raise awareness. They added onto her framework by suggesting education about the domestic/forgotten roles of women, in contrast to their expected roles. Similar to Moser, the article highlights the importance of identifying the various roles of both genders, and how it relates to their economic status.
Since Moser is a known feminist, there is a common misconception that she only addresses women in her work. However, some of her frameworks include benefiting both genders. Her gender and planning framework specifically examines the roles of women and how to develop policies that can cater to their needs. On the other hand, her violence framework does not only concern women, but includes men. The violence framework is aimed to protect both genders from the effects of inequality that result in brutality. The only part of her violence framework that separates the two genders is her call for changes in social violence. The other forms of violence are experienced by both genders, but social violence in particular most often portrays men as the violator and woman as the victim. Moser shows great interest in equality for society as a whole.
Works
Moser, C. (1993) Gender Planning and Development: Theory, Practice and Training, New York and London, Routledge.
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20101223045743/http://www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/research/gurc/
Staff Profile Manchester University Professor Caroline Moser Position: Professor of Urban Development and Director GURC
ODI Profile
Official Website
British sociologists
British women sociologists
English anthropologists
Social anthropologists
Living people
British women anthropologists
Academics of the University of Manchester
Academics of University College London
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of Durham University |
Głuszyca () is a town in Wałbrzych County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. As of 2019, the town has a population of 6,361. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Głuszyca, close to the Czech border. The town lies approximately south-east of Wałbrzych, and south-west of the regional capital Wrocław. It is located within the historic region of Lower Silesia.
History
The settlement was mentioned as Wustendorf in the Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis from around 1300 as a village owned by the Bishopric of Wrocław. It was founded in the late 13th century during the reign of Duke Bolko I the Strict of the Piast dynasty, named Neu-Gerhardisdorf ("Gerhard's new village") as a German settlement within the Holy Roman Empire.
After the town was devastated in the wake of the Hussite Wars, the town was resettled by miners from Saxony. Along with the region belonging to the Austria, it was ceded to the Kingdom of Prussia in the 18th century, and til 1945 it was also part of Germany. During World War II, the Germans created several forced labour camps in the village, subject to the Gross-Rosen concentration camp. Thousands of people, women and men were imprisoned there. After Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, the town was part of the region that became part of Poland under the terms of the Potsdam Agreement.
The local textile factories were heavily devastated because of their use by Germany for armaments production. In 1946 production started thanks to specialists from Łódź, and soon Głuszyca became one of the leading centers of the cotton industry in the region. Głuszyca was granted town rights in 1962.
Transport
There is a train station in the town.
Sports
The local football club is Włókniarz Głuszyca. It competes in the lower leagues.
References
Cities and towns in Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Wałbrzych County
Cities in Silesia |
```smalltalk
"
I do not match with any keyboard event.
I respond to the Null object pattern, since I represent the inexistance of a key combination.
"
Class {
#name : 'KMNoShortcut',
#superclass : 'KMKeyCombination',
#category : 'Keymapping-KeyCombinations',
#package : 'Keymapping-KeyCombinations'
}
{ #category : 'combining' }
KMNoShortcut >> + aKMModifier [
^ aKMModifier
]
{ #category : 'combining' }
KMNoShortcut >> , aShortcut [
^ aShortcut
]
{ #category : 'matching' }
KMNoShortcut >> matches: anEventBuffer [
^ false
]
{ #category : 'matching' }
KMNoShortcut >> matchesCompletely: anEventBuffer [
^ false
]
{ #category : 'printing' }
KMNoShortcut >> printOn: aStream [
]
``` |
Tavrichesky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Tavricheskoye. Population: 36,458 (2010 Census); The population of Tavricheskoye accounts for 36.0% of the district's total population.
Notable residents
Ilya Berkovsky (born 2000), football player, born in Tavricheskoye
Ivan Yagan (1934–2022), writer, born in Baydakovka
References
Notes
Sources
Districts of Omsk Oblast |
Kyle Briggs (born 7 December 1987) is an English professional rugby league footballer who has played in the 2000s and 2010s. He has played at club level for Doncaster, the Featherstone Rovers (four spells, including the second on loan), the Bradford Bulls, Harlequins RL (loan), the Dewsbury Rams (loan) and the Sheffield Eagles, as a or .
Bradford Bulls
2011 - 2011 Season
Kyle featured in two of the four pre-season games, he played against the Dewsbury Rams and he kicked a goal against the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats.
He featured in 7 games this season. His first was Round 1 (Leeds Rhinos). He picked up an injury and missed the next four. He was not selected again until Round 10 (Salford City Reds), he was dropped again but selected to play against the Hull Kingston Rovers (Rnd 14) and the Salford City Reds (Rnd 15). He was then sent out on loan to Harlequins RL but after he broke his wrist he returned to the Bradford Bulls, after recovering from the broken wrist he appeared against the Crusaders (Rnd 26) and Wakefield Trinity Wildcats (Rnd 27). Kyle scored tries against the Hull Kingston Rovers (1 try), the Salford City Reds (2 tries) and the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats (1 try).
2012 - 2012 Season
Briggs featured in three of the four pre-season friendlies. He played against the Castleford Tigers, the Dewsbury Rams and the Keighley Cougars. Kyle kicked a goal against the Castleford Tigers, scored a try and kicked 2 goals against the Keighley Cougars.
Kyle was loaned back to the Featherstone Rovers for the season.
Sheffield Eagles
Midway through the 2014 Season, Briggs signed for Sheffield Eagles.
References
External links
(archived by web.archive.org) Sheffield Eagles profile
Profile at featherstonerovers.net
1987 births
Living people
Bradford Bulls players
Dewsbury Rams players
Doncaster R.L.F.C. players
English rugby league players
Featherstone Rovers players
London Broncos players
Rugby league five-eighths
Rugby league halfbacks
Rugby league players from Leeds
Sheffield Eagles players |
Platform Youth Theatre was a theatre company for 16- to 26-year-olds based in the northern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. that was operational for eighteen years from 1998-2016. The Company was reflective of the cultural melting pot of the Darebin area, and was originally a program within the Darebin Council. It had a diversity of participants in its programs and a commitment to including marginalised young people (recent migrants, young people with disabilities and at risk youth) and a youth governance model.
Platform operated programs that dealt with multiple facets of the performing arts. These programs varied from group learning models to one-on-one mentorships, and were facilitated by professional artists from the Australian theatre industry. Platform's first production was in 1998. The company combined an inclusive cultural development process with the creation of art.
The public performance outcomes of all Platform's programs gave young people a voice.
Platform was awarded Australian Writers Guild Awards and Green Room Award nominations.
Previous productions
Platform @ La Mama 2015/15 (2015)
Platform @ La Mama: Step Into the Unknown (2014)
Platform @ La Mama 2013 (2013)
Month @ La Mama (2012)
Tenderness (2011)
Post (2011)
Crossed (2010)
Provokateur 2010 (2010)
Death - Crossed (2010)
One is Warm in Winter, the Other Has a Better View (2009)
Faith, Diversity and Difference Project (2009)
Perstilence (2008)
Enough (2008)
Tenderness (2008)
Dapper (2007)
The New Write (2007)
Golem of Rucker's Hill (2006/07)
The Yellow Peril/Citizen Corps (2006)
Cotton Wool and Camphor (2006)
Test Pattern (2005)
Faith, Hope and Surveillance (2004)
Walt and the Paradise Plaza (2002)
Shimmer (2001)
Home (2000)
Hogshairs and Leeches
Supporters
The closure of the company was tied to the loss of ongoing support by the Australia Council of the Arts at the end of 2015 (in which PYT was one of ten out of thirteen youth arts organisations to lose funding), and Creative Victoria at the end of 2016.
Platform received support from:
Creative Victoria (formerly Arts Victoria)
Australia Council for the Arts
City of Darebin.
Leadership and artists
For the bulk of its operative years, Platform ran with a board almost entirely of young people aged 16–26.
In this time the company was variously headed by Rose Godde, Jim Rimmer, and Kath Melbourne; and variously administered by combinations of staff including Myf Clark, Michelle Lee and others.
Notable artists who've worked with Platform include Adam Cass, Patricia Cornelius, Christos Tsiolkas, Nadja Kostich, Susie Dee, Lucy Freeman, Leticia Caceras, Angus Cerini, Wes Snelling, Wally Gunn, Caitlin Dullard, Richard Vabre, Marg Horwell, Emma Valente, Kelly Ryall and Matt Scholten.
Media quotes
"So much of what good theatre is all about is giving everything you've got to a performance, passionately and without self-censorship. Shimmer…is the embodiment of these ideals. It is community theatre at its most enriching, both for the performers and the audience." Melbourne Times
"No, it wasn't the MTC. But it was much, much better than any preconceptions of community would have had you believe. At shows end the packed audience gave rousing appreciation to all for delivering a night of heartfelt, engaging, but above all, entertaining - theatre." Jo Roberts, The Age
References
External links
Official Platform website
Youth theatre companies
Theatre companies in Australia
Theatre in Melbourne |
Getap is an Argentine radio program, aired in Vorterix.
Awards
2013 Martín Fierro Awards
Best journalist program.
Best female journalist (Romina Manguel)
References
Argentine radio programs |
In physics, interaction-free measurement is a type of measurement in quantum mechanics that detects the position, presence, or state of an object without an interaction occurring between it and the measuring device. Examples include the Renninger negative-result experiment, the Elitzur–Vaidman bomb-testing problem, and certain double-cavity optical systems, such as Hardy's paradox.
In Quantum Computation such measurements are referred to as Counterfactual Quantum Computation, an idea introduced by physicists Graeme Mitchinson and Richard Jozsa. Examples include Keith Bowden's Counterfactual Mirror Array describing a digital computer that could be counterfactually interrogated to calculate whether a light beam would fail to pass through a maze.
Initially proposed as thought experiments, interaction-free measurements have been experimentally demonstrated in various configurations.
Interaction-free measurements have also been proposed as a way to reduce sample damage in electron microscopy.
Counterfactual quantum communication
In 2012 the idea of counterfactual quantum communication has been proposed and demonstrated. Its first achievement was reported in 2017. According to contemporary conceptions of counterfactual quantum communication, information can thereby be exchanged without any physical particle / matter / energy being transferred between the parties, without quantum teleportation and without the information being the absence of a signal. In 2020 research suggested that this is based on some form of relation between the properties of modular angular momentum with massless current of modular angular momentum current crossing the "transmission channel" with their interpretation's explanation not being based on "spooky action at a distance" but properties of a particle being able to "travel locally through regions from which the particle itself is excluded".
See also
Counterfactual quantum computation
Counterfactual definiteness
References
Bibliography
Louis de Broglie, The Current Interpretation of Wave Mechanics, (1964) Elsevier, Amsterdam. (Provides discussion of the Renninger experiment.)
(Provides a recent discussion of the Renninger experiment).
(Section 4.1 reviews Renninger's experiment).
Paul G. Kwiat, The Tao of Quantum Interrogation, (2001).
Sean M. Carroll, Quantum Interrogation , (2006).
External links
Quantum measurement
Philosophy of physics
Thought experiments in quantum mechanics |
The Richmond Symphony is based in Richmond, Virginia and is the largest performing arts organization in Central Virginia and one of the nation's leading regional orchestras. The organization includes a full-time orchestra with more than 70 musicians, the Richmond Symphony Chorus with 150 volunteer members, and the Richmond Symphony Youth Orchestra programs with more than 260 student participants. Each season, approximately 200,000 community members enjoy live concerts and radio broadcasts by the Richmond Symphony, and 55,000 students and teachers participate in the Symphony's educational outreach programs.
The Richmond Symphony's Music Director is Valentina Peleggi (since 2020), with Chia-Hsuan Lin as Associate Conductor (since 2016). Previous Music Directors include Edgar Schenkman (1957–71), Jacques Houtmann (1971-86), George Manahan (1987–98), Mark Russell Smith (1999-2009), and Steven Smith (2010-2019). Previous Associate Conductors include William Henry Curry, Peter Bay, Marin Alsop, Thomas Wilkins, Eckart Preu, Clark Etienne Suttle, Sarah Hatsuko Hicks, Erin Freeman, and Keitaro Harada. Its Executive Director is Lacey Huszcza.
The Symphony has performed alongside internationally renowned musicians such as Claudio Arrau, Mason Bates, Joshua Bell, Carter Brey, Yefim Bronfman, Aldo Ciccolini, Aaron Copland, Emerson String Quartet, Pierre Fournier, Denyce Graves, Ani Kavafian, Kate Lindsey, Yo-Yo Ma, Edgar Meyer, Jessye Norman, Itzhak Perlman, Jean-Pierre Rampal, Christopher Riley, Leonard Rose, Shanghai String Quartet, Gil Shaham, Joseph Silverstein, Dmitry Sitkovetsky, Isaac Stern, William Grant Still, Jean-Yves Thibaudet, Elena Urioste, Jason Vieaux, André Watts, Julian Lloyd Webber, Tony Bennett, Ray Charles, the Dave Matthews Band, Aretha Franklin, Marvin Hamlisch, Bruce Hornsby, Jubilant Sykes, and Cleo Laine.
The Richmond Symphony was founded in 1957. The Symphony performed only three concerts in its inaugural season. The Richmond Symphony Chorus, founded in 1971, gave its first performance under the direction of Robert Shaw; its directors have been Dr. James Erb (1971-2007) and Dr. Erin R. Freeman (since 2007). The Richmond Symphony Youth Orchestra Program includes four ensembles of elementary to secondary school students.
As a nonprofit corporation, the Richmond Symphony is partially supported by the Virginia Commission for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Arts.
The orchestra performs five concert series: Masterworks, made up of new and traditional symphonic repertoire engaging some of the best classical guest artists in the industry; Metro Collection Series, made up of beloved chamber music and highlighting Richmond Symphony musicians as soloists in a more intimate setting; Pops, featuring popular guest artists and classical and pop repertoire; LolliPops, a family-friendly concert series; and Rush-Hour, one-hour casual concerts in the tasting room at Hardywood Park Craft Brewery. The Richmond Symphony also gives special concerts and tours throughout central, western and southern Virginia.
In 2015 the Richmond Symphony launched its nationally recognized "Big Tent" initiative that brings concerts and festivals to communities throughout the Richmond region. As of December 2019, "Big Tent" community festivals have reached tens-of-thousands of audiences members, generating more than 150 community partnerships and helped to raise over $400,000 for the purchase of 363 instruments and in support of arts programming in Richmond Public Schools. By the time the pilot period of the program is complete in 2019-20, the Symphony anticipates having raised over $500,000 in donations and buying more than 400 instruments to outfit all 32 RPS elementary and middle schools with a full string orchestra. The "Big Tent" program was a major factor in the Richmond Symphony being named a leader in orchestra innovation by the League of American Orchestras through its Futures Fund Initiative.
See also
List of symphony orchestras
Big Five (orchestras)
Richmond Symphony Youth Orchestra
Karen Johnson (violinist)
References
External links
Official Web Site
Musical groups established in 1957
American orchestras
Performing arts in Virginia
1957 establishments in Virginia
Culture of Richmond, Virginia |
KSDA-FM (91.9 FM) is the call sign for the radio station JOY FM broadcast at 91.9 FM from Agana Heights, in the United States territory of Guam.
KSDA began as "Adventist World Radio-Asia" (AWR-Asia) in 1987 and continues to broadcast on shortwave from Agat, Guam to various countries in Asia. In 1990, AWR launched a local FM station at 91.9 MHz. KSDA-FM first broadcast from AWR's Agat studio, and later from Agana Heights.
When AWR shifted its mission away from local broadcasting, KSDA-FM's operation was passed on to the church's Guam-Micronesia Mission in the early 1990s. In 2000, Good News Broadcasting Corporation (GNBC), a non-profit 501-c3 organization composed of members from various Adventist entities on Guam, received KSDA-FM's license from AWR.
The FM station was known as JOY 92 until mid-2008, when GNBC secured a construction permit for a transmitter on Saipan. The Saipan transmitter KORU rebroadcasts the Guam station on 89.9 MHz, necessitating the name change.
See also
List of radio stations in Guam
Media ministries of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
References
External links
SDA
Seventh-day Adventist media
Radio stations established in 1991
1991 establishments in Guam
Seventh-day Adventist Church in Oceania
Hågat, Guam
Shortwave radio stations in the United States |
Diestelow is a village and a former municipality in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Since 1 January 2012, it is part of the town Goldberg.
References
Former municipalities in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania |
The Nilgiri Mountains form part of the Western Ghats in northwestern Tamil Nadu, Southern Karnataka, and eastern Kerala in India. They are located at the trijunction of three states and connect the Western Ghats with the Eastern Ghats. At least 24 of the Nilgiri Mountains' peaks are above , the highest peak being Doddabetta, at .
Etymology
The word Nilgiri, comes from Tamil words neelam (blue) + giri (mountain), has been in use since at least 1117 CE. In Tamil literature it is mentioned as Iraniyamuttam It is thought that the bluish flowers of kurinji shrubs gave rise to the name.
Location
The Nilgiri Hills are separated from the Karnataka Plateau to the north by the Moyar River.
Three national parks border portions of the Nilgiri mountains. Mudumalai National Park lies in the northern part of the range where Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu meet, covering an area of . Mukurthi National Park lies in the southwest part of the range, in Kerala, covering an area of , which includes intact shola-grassland mosaic, habitat for the Nilgiri tahr. Silent Valley National Park lies just to the south and contiguous with those two parks, covering an area of .
Conservation
The Nilgiri Hills are part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (itself part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves.), and form a part of the protected bio-reserves in India.
History
The high steppes of the Nilgiri Hills have been inhabited since prehistoric times, demonstrated by a large number of artifacts unearthed by excavators. A particularly important collection from the region can be seen in the British Museum, including those assembled by colonial officers James Wilkinson Breeks, Major M. J. Walhouse and Sir Walter Elliot.
The first recorded use of the word Nila applied to this region can be traced back to 1117 CE. In the report of a general of Vishnuvardhana, King of Hoysalas, who in reference to his enemies, claimed to have "frightened the Thodas, driven the Kongas underground, slaughtered the Poluvas, put to death the Maleyalas, terrified Chieftain Kala Nirpala and then proceeded to offer the peak of Nila Mountain.(presumably Doddabetta or Rangaswami peak of Peranganad in East Nilgiris) to Lakshmi, Goddess of Wealth. Neelagiri was ruled by Baduga King Kala Raja before 1117 CE."
A hero stone (Veeragallu) with a Kannada inscription at Vazhaithottam (Bale thota) in the Nilgiri District, dated to 10th century CE, has been discovered. A Kannada inscription of Hoysala king Ballala III (or his subordinate Madhava Dannayaka's son) from the 14th century CE has been discovered at the Siva (or Vishnu) temple at Nilagiri Sadarana Kote (present-day Dannayakana Kote), near the junction of Moyar and Bhavani rivers, but the temple has since been submerged by the Bhavani Sagar dam.
In 1814, as part of the Great Trigonometrical Survey, a sub-assistant named Keys and an apprentice named McMahon ascended the hills by the Danaynkeucottah (Dannayakana Kote) Pass, penetrated into the remotest parts, made plans, and sent in reports of their discoveries. As a result of these accounts, Messrs. Whish and Kindersley, two young Madras civilians, ventured up in pursuit of some criminals taking refuge in the mountains, and proceeded to observe the interior. They soon saw and felt enough favorable climate and terrain to excite their own curiosity, and that of others.
After the early 1820s, the hills were developed rapidly under the British Raj, because most of the land was already privately owned by British citizens. It was a popular summer and weekend getaway for the British during the colonial days. In 1827, Ooty became the official sanatorium and the summer capital of the Madras Presidency. Many winding hill roads were built. In 1899, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway was completed by influential and enterprising British citizens, with venture capital from the Madras government.
In the 19th century, when the British Straits Settlement shipped Chinese convicts to be jailed in India, the Chinese men settled in the Nilgiri mountains near Naduvattam after their release and married Tamil Paraiyan women, having mixed Chinese-Tamil children with them. They were documented by Edgar Thurston.
Peaks in the Nilgiris
The highest point in the Nilgiris and the southern extent of the range is Doddabetta Peak (), 4 km east southeast of Udhagamandalam, .
Closely linked peaks in the west of Doddabetta range and nearby Udhagamandalam include:
Kolaribetta: height:
Makurni (2594 m)
Hecuba:
Kattadadu:
Kulkudi:
Snowdon (height: () is the northern extent of the range. Club Hill () and Elk Hill () are significant elevations in this range. Snowdon, Club Hill and Elk Hill with Doddabetta, form the impressive Udhagamandalam Valley.
Devashola (height: ), notable for its blue gum trees, is in the south of Doddabetta range.
Kulakombai () is east of the Devashola. The Bhavani Valley and the Lambton's peak range of Coimbatore district stretch from here.
Muttunadu Betta (height: ) is about 5 km, north northwest of Udhagamandalam. Tamrabetta (Coppery Hill) (height: ) is about 8 km southeast of Udhagamandalam. Vellangiri (Silvery Hill) () is 16 km west-northwest of Udhagamandalam.
Waterfalls
The highest waterfall, Kullakamby Fall, north of Kolakambai hill, has an unbroken fall of . Nearby is the Halashana falls. The second highest is Catherine Falls, near Kotagiri, with a fall, named after the wife of M.D. Cockburn, believed to have introduced coffee plantations to the Nilgiri Hills. The Upper and Lower Pykara falls have falls of , and , respectively. The Kalhatti Falls is off the Segur Peak. The Karteri Fall, near Aruvankadu had the first power station which supplied the original Cordite Factory with electricity. Law's Fall, near Coonoor, is interesting due to its association with the engineer Major G. C. Law who supervised building of the Coonoor Ghat road.
Flora and fauna
Over 2,800 species of flowering plants, 160 species of fern and fern allies, countless types of flowerless plants, mosses, fungi, algae, and land lichens are found in the sholas of the Nilgiris. No other hill station has as many species. It is also home to mammals like the Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, Indian leopard, chital deer, gaur, sambar deer, dhole, golden jackal, Indian boar, Nilgiri tahr, Indian spotted chevrotain, black buck, Asian palm civet, sloth bear, four-horned antelope, Nilgiri marten, Indian crested porcupine, Malabar giant squirrel, honey badger, Indian grey mongoose, Indian pangolin, Indian fox, smooth coated otter, and painted bat. The Indian python, king cobra, common krait, Indian cobra, Malabar pit viper, Nilgiri keelback, Oriental garden lizard, Eryx whitakeri and mugger crocodile are reptiles found here. Primates include the lion tailed macaque, Nilgiri langur, gray langur and bonnet macaque. The birds found here are Indian peacock, Nilgiri laughing thrush, Nilgiri flycatcher, grey junglefowl, Malabar pied hornbill, Malabar parakeet, great hornbill, Nilgiri wood pigeon, Indian vulture, black-hooded oriole, grey-headed bulbul and Malabar grey hornbill. Amphibians on the list are the purple frog, Silent valley brush frog, Malabar gliding frog, Beddomixalus and many more. It is the only place in South India to have the white tiger.
The dominant type of habitat is tropical rainforest. Montane forests and tropical moist forests are also found here. Much of the forest habitats have been much disturbed or destroyed by extensive tea plantations, easy motor-vehicle access, extensive commercial planting and harvesting of non-native eucalyptus and wattle (Acacia dealbata, Acacia mearnsii) plantations, and cattle grazing. The area also features one large and several smaller hydro-electric impoundments. Scotch broom has become an ecologically damaging invasive species.
Threatened plants of the Nilgiris include:
Vulnerable species: Miliusa nilagirica, Nothapodytes foetida, Commelina wightii
Rare species: Ceropegia decaisneana Ceropegia pusilla, Senecio kundaicus
Endangered species: Youngia nilgiriensis, Impatiens neo-barnesii, Impatiens nilagirica, Euonymus angulatus and Euonymus serratifolius.
References
External links
Mountains of the Western Ghats
Mountain ranges of India
Tourist attractions in Nilgiris district
Landforms of Tamil Nadu
Geography of Coimbatore |
```javascript
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
function TestFunctionPrototypeSetter() {
var f = function() {};
var o = {__proto__: f};
o.prototype = 42;
assertEquals(42, o.prototype);
assertTrue(o.hasOwnProperty('prototype'));
}
TestFunctionPrototypeSetter();
function TestFunctionPrototypeSetterOnValue() {
var f = function() {};
var fp = f.prototype;
Number.prototype.__proto__ = f;
var n = 42;
var o = {};
n.prototype = o;
assertEquals(fp, n.prototype);
assertEquals(fp, f.prototype);
assertFalse(Number.prototype.hasOwnProperty('prototype'));
}
TestFunctionPrototypeSetterOnValue();
function TestArrayLengthSetter() {
var a = [1];
var o = {__proto__: a};
o.length = 2;
assertEquals(2, o.length);
assertEquals(1, a.length);
assertTrue(o.hasOwnProperty('length'));
}
TestArrayLengthSetter();
function TestArrayLengthSetterOnValue() {
Number.prototype.__proto__ = [1];
var n = 42;
n.length = 2;
assertEquals(1, n.length);
assertFalse(Number.prototype.hasOwnProperty('length'));
}
TestArrayLengthSetterOnValue();
``` |
Zwanowice may refer to:
Zwanowice, Brzeg County, Opole Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
Zwanowice, Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
Żwanowice, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland) |
A piste () is a marked ski run or path down a mountain for snow skiing, snowboarding, or other mountain sports.
This European term is French ("trail", "track") and synonymous with 'trail', 'slope', or 'run' in North America. The word is pronounced using a long "e" sound so that it rhymes with "beast".
North Americans employ its common European antonym, 'off piste', to describe backcountry skiing, especially when referring to skiing outside officially approved areas of a ski resort.
Construction
Pistes are not naturally occurring features, and must be created through human means. This can be done by "clearing" (removing the trees only) or by "grading" (clearing followed by reshaping of the surface by machines like graders).
Maintenance
Pistes are usually maintained using tracked vehicles known as snowcats to compact or "groom" the snow to even out trail conditions, remove moguls, and redistribute snow to extend the ski season. Natural snow is often augmented with snow making machines and snow reserves, early in the season or when the snowpack is low, and to ensure the snow lasts throughout the season.
Ratings
Typically, grading is done by the resort, and grades are relative to other trails within that resort. As such, they are not classified to an independent standard; although they are likely to be roughly similar, skiers should be cautious about assuming that grades in two different resorts are absolutely equivalent.
North America, Australia and New Zealand
In North America, Australia and New Zealand, a color–shape rating system is used to indicate the comparative difficulty of trails (otherwise known as slopes or pistes).
The steepness of ski trails is usually measured by grade (as a percentage) instead of degree angle. In general, beginner slopes (green circle) are between 6% and 25%. Intermediate slopes (blue square) are between 25% and 40%. Difficult slopes (black diamond) are 40% and up. However, this is just a general "rule of thumb". Although slope gradient is the primary consideration in assigning a trail difficulty rating, other factors come into play. A trail will be rated by its most difficult part, even if the rest of the trail is easy. Ski resorts assign ratings to their own trails, rating a trail compared only with other trails at that resort. The resort may take into consideration the width of the trail, sharpest turns, terrain roughness, the direction of the fall line, and whether the trail is groomed regularly.
Europe
In Europe, pistes are classified by a color-coded system. The actual color system differs in parts for each country, although in all countries blue (easy), red (intermediate) and black (expert) are used. Shapes are often not used, sometimes all ratings are circles as being defined in the basic rules of the German Skiing Association DSV. The three basic color codes of the DSV have been integrated into the national standards DIN 32912 in Germany and ÖNORM S 4610 f in Austria.
In Scandinavia, a similar system is used with the addition of shapes, simplifying the identification of snow covered signs (see table below).
Slopes marked green, blue or red are groomed in all countries; blacks are groomed in Italy, Austria, Switzerland and Scandinavian resorts, while in France most black slopes are not groomed, but some are. All other classifications are generally not groomed. Sometimes slopes are marked on piste maps as dotted or as dashed lines, this also signifies that the slope is not groomed.
Alpine slope classification in Europe is less rigidly tied to slope angle than in North America. A lower angle slope may be classified as more difficult than a steeper slope if it requires better skiing ability because, for example, it is narrower, requires carrying speed through flatter sections or controlling speed through sharp hairpin turns, or features off-camber slope angles or exposed rock.
Scandinavia
In Norway, Sweden and Finland, a system is used with similar colours as elsewhere in Europe, but with shapes as well.
Japan
Japan uses a color-coded system, but shapes do not usually accompany them. Some resorts, mainly those catering to foreigners, use the North American or European color-coding system, adding to the confusion. The usual ratings are:
Japan has more than 1000 ski areas (115 in Nagano Prefecture alone), many of them small and family-oriented, so comparisons between slope classifications in Japan and "equivalent" slopes in Europe or North America can be misleading.
See also
Cross-country skiing trail
Dry ski slope
Night skiing
Snow road
Trail difficulty rating system
References
Ski areas and resorts
Skiing equipment |
Marcelo Nicolas Medina Zamora (San Vicente de Tagua Tagua, Chile, February 11 of 1980) is a footballer from Chile. He plays as a defender with San Marcos in the Primera División de Chile using the jersey No. 4.
External links
Profile at BDFA
O'Higgins F.C. footballers
Ñublense footballers
Coquimbo Unido footballers
Living people
1980 births
Chilean men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
People from Cachapoal Province
Footballers from O'Higgins Region |
Stanislav Khristenko (); born May 25, 1984, in Kharkiv, Ukraine, is a Ukrainian-American concert pianist.
Life
Stanislav Khristenko was born in Kharkiv, Ukraine into a Ukrainian-Jewish family and started taking piano lessons at the age of 7. He got his professional training at Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory and Cleveland Institute of Music.
Career
In 2010, Khristenko made his Vienna Konzerthaus debut and released his Ernest Krenek Works CD on Oehms Classics.
In 2013, Khristenko won the Maria Canals International Music Competition, Cleveland Piano Competition, and Fourth prize at the Queen Elisabeth Piano Competition.
In 2014, Khristenko made his debut in Zankel Hall at Carnegie Hall and released his album Fantasies on the Steinway recording label
In February 2015, Khristenko was officially added to the roster of Steinway Artists. In the summer of 2015, he also debuted at the Ravinia Festival and released the first volume of his recording of Ernst Krenek's piano works on Toccata Classics
Recordings
2020 – Toccata Classics – Ernst Krenek: Piano Music Volume Two
2015 – Toccata Classics – Ernst Krenek: Piano Music Volume One
2014 – Steinway & Sons Label – Fantasies
2013 – Queen Elisabeth Competition Winners CD
2012 – Oehms Classics – Ernst Krenek Piano Works
Awards
2013
Cleveland International Piano Competition (USA, I prize)
Queen Elizabeth Competition (Belgium, IV prize)
Maria Canals International Music Competition (Spain, I prize)
2012
Parnassos International Piano Competition (Mexico, I prize)
UNISA International Piano Competition (South Africa, III prize)
2011
V Campillos International Piano Competition (Spain, I prize)
Almaty International Piano Competition (Kazakhstan, I prize)
2010
"Citta di Cantu" International Competition for Piano and Orchestra
(Italy, I prize & Grand Prix)
Jose Iturbi International Piano Competition (Los Angeles, CA, USA, I prize)
2009
Bosendorfer International Piano Competition (Tempe, AZ, I prize)
Virginia Waring International Piano Competition (Palm Desert, CA, I & II prizes)
2008
Isang Yun International Piano Competition (South Korea, II prize)
Wideman International Piano Competition (Shreveport, LA, USA, I prize)
2007
1st International Gaidamovich Chamber Music Competition (Russia, I prize)
International Rubinstein Chamber Music Competition (Russia, II prize)
2006
Mauro Paolo Monopoli Prize International Piano Competition (Italy, I prize)
Takamatsu International Piano Competition (Japan, II prize )
"Benedetto XIII prize" International Piano Competition (Italy, I prize)
2005
Cleveland International Piano Competition (USA, III prize)
Pausylipon Prize International Piano Competition (Italy, I prize )
2004
Dimitrios Vikelas International Piano Competition (Greece, I prize)
1999
Kosice International Piano Competition (Slovakia, I prize)
1998
Ettlingen International Piano Competition for young pianists (Germany, IV prize)
References
External links
Stanislav Khristenko Official Web Site
1984 births
Living people
Cleveland International Piano Competition prize-winners |
"Lost in Emotion" is a song by urban contemporary band Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam that appeared on their 1987 album Spanish Fly. The song hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on October 17, 1987. The song was their second number-one single, after "Head to Toe" earlier in the year. The song also went to number one on the Black Singles chart, and number eight on the dance chart.
Full Force member Lou George describes "Lost in Emotion" as "a combination" of two Mary Wells' hits: "Two Lovers" and "You Beat Me to the Punch", an idea which occurred to George as the result of his playing Wells' Greatest Hits album on which "Two Lovers" and "You Beat Me to the Punch" were sequential tracks. George - "We didn't steal the riffs: all we did was get the flavoring...We [used] a xylophone and some bells because back in the Motown days they always used those simple instruments."
Video
The video for the song was filmed at the 116th Street Festival in Harlem. With the exception of the group dance routine, the video has an unstructured, almost unrehearsed feel. This was done intentionally for the carnival setting. In a 2020 interview with NJArts.net, Lisa Lisa recalled telling the director, “Look, just have the camera follow us and we’re going to have fun with this.”
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
1987 singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam songs
Song recordings produced by Full Force |
Viktor Ivanov (sometimes credited as Victor Ivanov) is a Russian film director and veteran stunt coordinator best known for the feature film White Gold and for his design of the spectacular car chase through the streets of Moscow in The Bourne Supremacy, for which he won the "Best Vehicle" award at the 2005 Taurus World Stunt Awards.
References
External links
Living people
Russian film directors
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Clinton Township is a township in Divide County, North Dakota, United States.
External links
Information on the township www.city-data.com
Townships in Divide County, North Dakota |
The 1987 season was the New York Giants' 63rd in the National Football League (NFL) and their fifth under head coach Bill Parcells. The Giants entered the season as the defending Super Bowl champion but failed to qualify for the playoffs. They were the sixth team in NFL history to enter a season as the defending Super Bowl champion and miss the playoffs. The Giants started the season 0–5, becoming the first defending Super Bowl champion to lose their first 5 games. Ultimately, the Giants never recovered from their 0–5 start and failed to improve on their 14–2 record from 1986 and finished at 6–9. They were eliminated from playoff contention for the first time since 1983. They also placed last in their division for the first time since that same season.
Offseason
NFL Draft
Personnel
Staff
NFL replacement players
After the league decided to use replacement players during the NFLPA strike, the following team was assembled:
Roster
Preseason
Regular season
Schedule
Game summaries
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
Week 9
Week 10
Week 11
Week 12
Week 13
Week 14
Week 15
Standings
Awards and honors
Lawrence Taylor, NFC Pro Bowl selection
Lawrence Taylor, Pro Football Weekly: 1st team all-conf.
Lawrence Taylor, UPI: 2nd team all-conf.
Lawrence Taylor, Associated Press: 2nd team all-NFL
Lawrence Taylor, Pro Football Weekly: 1st team all-NFL
References
External links
1987 New York Giants at Pro-Football-Reference.com
New York Giants seasons
New York Giants
New York Giants season
20th century in East Rutherford, New Jersey
Meadowlands Sports Complex |
The siege of Baghdad was a fifty-day blockade of Baghdad, the seat of the Abbasid caliphs, in 1136. The siege began when the Seljuk ruler of Iraq, Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud, attacked the caliph al-Rashid Billah. During the siege, the populace of Baghdad rose in revolt against the caliph, plundering the Tahirid Palace. In the end, al-Rashid fled the city for Mosul, where he abdicated the caliphate. His uncle, al-Muqtafi, was raised to the throne instead by Mas'ud, who then retired to the east.
References
Sources
1136 in Asia
Baghdad 1136
1136
Baghdad 1136
Baghdad 1136
Conflicts in 1136
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia
Baghdad under the Abbasid Caliphate
12th century in the Abbasid Caliphate |
```xml
/*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
export * from "./datetimeUtils.js";
export * from "./generateIsomorphicTests.js";
export * from "./testErrorBoundary.js";
export * from "./utils.js";
``` |
"Church Key" is an instrumental single that was released by California surf group The Revels on Tony Hilder's Impact Records label in 1960. It was a hit for the group and later a hit for Dave Myers and his Surf-Tones.
The title refers to the slang use of "church key" to mean a device for opening beer cans or beer bottles.
Background
The song was written by Dan Darnold and Norman Knowles.
A version of the song by The Biscaynes appears on the Surf's Up! At Banzai Pipeline compilation album.
The Revels version
History
The involvement with Tony Hilder came about as a result of meeting him early in 1960. The group were playing for a March of Dimes benefit in San Luis Obispo at a Chevrolet dealership. Hilder had come into town to promote a couple of his artists, Billy Watkins and Charles Wright. He was looking for a band to back them while on tour. Knowles wanted Hilder to think about The Revels as the backing group. It didn't happen but Hilder still left his business card. The second time that the group came across Hilder was in the summer of 1960. The group had driven down to LA for what was to be their second recording session. They were at a small studio located on the corner of Santa Monica and Western. The session wasn't too fruitful so Knowles decided to ring Hilder with his experience to come over to help them with the session. Soon Hilder arrived with Robert Hafner who was his partner and songwriter. Hilder's attention was drawn to Dan Darnold's playing around with the vibrato bar. Hafner helped with a melody centering around a hook with the vibrato. An arrangement was developed and later the title "Church Key" came about. Barbara Adkins, Hilder's girlfriend and future wife provided the giggles on the recording. Robert Hafner had some other tunes with him, one of which was "Vesuvius". The band learnt it in the studio and recorded it. Not having his own label to release the recording at the time, Hilder and Norman Knowles started their own co. as partners, splitting the costs as well as the profits.
The A side which was credited to The Revels with Barbara Adkins. The B side to the single was "Vesuvius which was written by Robert J. Hafner However, the 1959 release on CT 1-IM, 1-IMX credits Norman Knowles as the composer. Knowles' involvement as well As Hafner's is confirmed in Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third series.
This was the first release on Hilder's Impact Records label. It was also previously released on the CT label which was another record label of Hilders. According to Norman Knowles, the song was banned in some cities because of it being "derogatory of religion." According to the liner notes in the CD release of Intoxica! The Best Of The Revels by John Blair (author of The Illustrated Discography of Surf Music, 1961-1965), Adkins who did the female giggling voice on the recording was Tony Hilder's girlfriend and future wife.
Appearances
It appears on The Revels 1964 album Revels on a Rampage, Intoxica!!! The Best of the Revels in 1995 and various artist compilations Kahuna Classics: Surf Music, Surf Wax: Songs of the Beach and Instro Poker of Aces.
The single was picked up by Liberty Records for national distribution. The banner that it was released under was that of Impact. This was to retain the identity of Tony Hilder's label.
The track
The track starts off with a guitar intro, following with the main theme of the number is handled by the guitar in a 12 bar blues progression. There is a party atmosphere in the track. The title of the track is spoken. There is the sound of a beer can being opened as well as a voice of giggling female. The piano player on the track is said to be Langdon Winner.
The group
"Church Key" and "Comanche" were the tracks The Revels were best known for. "Church Key" was a hit for them in 1960. The band's next single was "Intoxica" / "Tequila" which was released in 1961.
Dave Myers and his Surf-Tones version
Dave Myers and The Surftones had their version released on Impact records as well. Their version which was backed with "Passion" was released on Impact 27 / 27-IM / 27-IMX. The B side composition was credited to Robert J. Hafner and Anthony Hilder. They managed to have a local hit with it in L.A. in 1963.
The version of "Church Key" by Dave Myers & The Surftones is on the ultimate surf music playlist by SurferToday.com.
Releases including other versions
Note: "Church Key" by The Fabulous Pharaohs released in 1966 is a different track all together and was credited to Fisher-Stevenson.
References
1960 songs
1960 singles
1960s instrumentals
Surf instrumentals |
Eupolis (; c. 446c. 411 BC) was an Athenian poet of the Old Comedy, who flourished during the time of the Peloponnesian War.
Biography
Very little is known about Eupolis' life. His father was named Sosipolis. There are few sources on when he first appeared on the stage. A short history of Greek Comedy, written by an anonymous writer of antiquity, reported that Eupolis first produced a play in the year when Apollodorus was the Eponymous archon, which would be 430/429 BC. The same source claims Phrynichus also had his debut that year. However, the Chronicon of Eusebius of Caesarea places Eupolis' debut in 428–27 BC and adds that Aristophanes also produced a play that year. This is the version preserved in the Latin translation by Jerome. But the Armenian translation places the event in 427/426 BC.
Cyril of Alexandria placed the debut of Eupolis at some point between 428 and 424 BC, and placed the debuts of Aristophanes and Plato the comic poet during that same period. George Syncellus gives the same dates, but merely states that Eupolis and Aristophanes were becoming prominent, not when they had their debuts. Syncellus also includes Sophocles. Sophocles had actually become the pre-eminent playwright in Athens c. 456 BC, around when Aeschylus died.
Based on the primary sources above, modern historians conclude that Eupolis had his debut as a playwright during the 420s BC, probably in 429 BC. His first production was probably at the Lenaia, the lesser theatrical festival of his time. The Lenaia are thought to have allowed novices to compete, so they could prove themselves before presenting plays at the Dionysia festival. His first known play was either Prospaltioi or Heilotes. Surviving fragments from the Prospaltioi include allusions to, and near-quotations of, Sophocles' Antigone (442 BC). Scholars are convinced the play targeted Pericles, due to a famous reference to Aspasia. This makes it likely that Pericles, who died in 429 BC, was still alive when Eupolis was working on the text.
The Suda claims Eupolis was only 17 years old when he started his career. (This would place his birth around 447/446 BC.) Sources also claim Aristophanes and Menander were adolescents (epheboi) at the start of their own careers. This suggests a tradition concerning the precociousness of poets.
Although he was at first on good terms with Aristophanes, their relationship subsequently became strained, and they accused each other, in most virulent terms, of imitation and plagiarism. In the parabasis of his play The Clouds, Aristophanes publicly accused Eupolis' play Maricas of being a copy of fellow comic Phrynichus and his own Knights:
Eupolis, indeed, first of all craftily introduced his Maricas, / having basely, base fellow, spoiled by altering my play of the Knights, / having added to it, for the sake of the cordax, a drunken old woman, whom / Phrynichus long ago poetized, whom the whale was for devouring. —(Chorus [leader], in The Clouds, line 553–556, transl. William James Hickie, 1871)
Works
Eupolis obtained first prize seven times, but only fragments remain of the 19 titles attributed to him. Of these, the best known are:
Kolakes ("Flatterers"), in which he pilloried the spendthrift Callias, who wasted his money on sophists and parasites. This play won first prize in the City Dionysia of 421 BC, defeating Aristophanes' Peace.
Maricas, an attack on Hyperbolus, the successor of Cleon, under a fictitious name.
Baptai ("Dippers," Latinization: Baptae), against Alcibiades and his groups, at which profligate foreign rites were practised. The word Baptai was a name given to the priests of the Thracian goddess Cotytto.
Demoi ("Demes") and Poleis ("Cities") were political plays, dealing with the desperate condition of the state and with the allied (or tributary) cities.
Other people he attacked in his plays were Socrates, Cimon, and Cleon. The following 14 titles (with associated fragments) are also ascribed to Eupolis:
Ian Storey estimates a total output of 14 or 15 works for Eupolis, noting the doubtful paternity of some of the works attributed to the poet. He considers his career to have lasted from 429 to 411 BC, a period of 18 years.
Death and burial
Ian Storey notes that there are "four ancient traditions" on the manner of death and burial of Eupolis, each with details impossible to reconcile to each other. The first tradition is "the well-known story" concerning Alcibiades. Eupolis targeted that politician in his play Baptai, but then found himself serving under Alcibiades in the Sicilian Expedition. Alcibiades retaliated by having the poet drowned on the way to Sicily. This would place Eupolis' death in "the late spring or early summer" of 415 BC. The story, with small variations, can be found in the writings of Juvenal, Aelius Aristides, Themistius, Platonios, John Tzetzes and the Anonymus Crameri. The latter two add two new details. First, that Eupolis made fun of Alcibiades' rhotacism. Second, that soldiers dunked the poet repeatedly in the sea, making it unclear if the poet drowned or survived the experience. The story was reported in several ancient sources, but it also had its detractors. Eratosthenes pointed out that there were works by Eupolis which were produced following the Sicilian Expedition. Cicero quoted Eratosthenes and considered him a reliable source on the matter.
The second tradition is recorded by Pausanias the geographer. He reported that Eupolis was buried away from Athens, his tomb being located in the vicinity of Sicyon and the river Asopus. Pausanias never explains the reason for a burial away from home. But it might point to Eupolis having a family connection with Sicyon. Storey notes that there was one Athenian family with known connections to this city: the Alcmaeonidae.
The third tradition is recorded by Claudius Aelianus. He first narrates a tale concerning Augeas, a Molossus dog owned by Eupolis, and how it protected the property of its master from a thief. He then mentions that Eupolis eventually died and was buried in Aegina. Augeas maintained a constant vigil and lamented over the grave of its master until passing away himself. The location was reportedly named "Dog's Lament" (Ancient Greek: ) following that event. Modern scholars have pointed out that this account follows a familiar pattern in ancient literary biography of adding in a tale concerning a faithful dog and how its presence benefited its master (the said master invariably being the subject of the biography). Storey suggests that the story may have started as a tale mentioned in a comedy. Then later writers might have mistaken it for a historical account. He finds more intriguing the connection of Eupolis with Aegina. Verses 652-655 of "The Acharnians" imply that Aristophanes was also connected with this island.
The fourth tradition can be found in the Suda. It claims Eupolis was one of the casualties of the Peloponnesian War, dying "in a shipwreck" within the Hellespont (the Dardanelles). The source for the information is not given. Neither is the death associated with any particular naval battle. Storey notes that the death might be connected to any of three major battles in the region: the Battle of Cynossema (411 BC), the Battle of Arginusae (406 BC) or the Battle of Aegospotami (405 BC).
Reputation
Horace listed Eupolis, Cratinus, and Aristophanes (in that order) as the most prominent writers of Old Comedy, noting how they would "single out" the immoral in their comedies.<ref>Horace, Sermones" 1.4.1ff</ref> Persius addressed his works to those inspired by "bold Cratinus", "angry Eupolis", and "the grand old man" (Aristophanes). The Saturnalia by Macrobius mentions: "Everyone knows Eupolis, who must be considered among the elegant poets of Old Comedy."
Eupolis combined a lively and fertile imagination with sound practical judgement. He was reputed to equal Aristophanes in the elegance and purity of his diction, and Cratinus in his command of irony and sarcasm.
Notes
References
Sources
Braun, Thomas. (2000). The Choice of Dead Politicians in Eupolis's Demoi: Themistocles' Exile, Hero-cult and Delayed Rehabilitation, Pericles and the Origins of the Peloponnesian War. In The Rivals of Aristophanes: Studies in Athenian Old Comedy. Edited by David Harvey and John Wilkins, 191–231. London: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales.
Lozanova, Vanya. (1996). "Eupolis' Comedy Baptai and Some Religious Aspects of the Policy of Alcibiades." In New Studies on the Black Sea Littoral. Edited by Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, 31–40. Colloquia Pontica 1. Oxford: Oxbow.
Marshall, Christopher W., and George A. Kovacs, eds. (2012). No Laughing Matter: Studies in Athenian Comedy. London: Bloomsbury.
Nesselrath, Hans-Günther. (2000). "Eupolis and the Periodization of Athenian Comedy." In The Rivals of Aristophanes: Studies in Athenian Old Comedy. Edited by David Harvey and John Wilkins, 233–246. London: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales.
Parker, Letitia P. E. (1988). Eupolis the Unruly. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 34:115–122.
Rosen, Ralph M. (1998). "The Gendered Polis in Eupolis' Cities." In The City as Comedy. Society and Representation in Athenian Drama. Edited by Gregory Dobrov. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Ruffell, Ian A. (2000). "The World Turned Upside Down: Utopia and Utopianism in the Fragments of Old Comedy." In The Rivals of Aristophanes: Studies in Athenian Old Comedy. Edited by David Harvey and John Wilkins, 473-506. London: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales.
Sidwell, Keith. (1993). "Authorial Collaboration? Aristophanes' Knights and Eupolis." Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 34.4: 365-389.
Wright, Matthew. (2007). "Comedy and the Trojan War." The Classical Quarterly, 57(2), 412-431.
Zimmermann, Bernhard. (2000). "Lyric in the Fragments of Old Comedy." In The Rivals of Aristophanes: Studies in Athenian Old Comedy. Edited by David Harvey and John Wilkins, 273-284. London: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales.
External links
English translation of Eupolis, The Demes : Denys Page, Select Papyri III: Literary Papyri, 1941, at attalus.org 444 fragments of Eupolis (Ancient Greek text, Latin commentary) : Augustus Meineke, Fragmenta comicorum graecorum'', editio minor, 1847, t. I, p. 158 to 228, at Google Books
Pherecratis et Eupolidis fragmenta. Collegit et adnotationem adiecit Martinus Runkelius, Lipsiae, Libraria Weidmannia G. Reimer, 1829, p. 81 to 178, at Google Books
440s BC births
410s BC deaths
5th-century BC Athenians
Ancient Greek dramatists and playwrights
Old Comic poets
5th-century BC writers |
Patilla Pata is a stratovolcano in the Oruro Department in Bolivia. It is situated in the Sajama Province, in the west of the Curahuara de Carangas Municipality, at the border with Chile. Patilla Pata lies south-west of the mountain Jisk'a Kunturiri, north-east of the lake Q'asiri Quta (Khasiri Kkota) and the mountain Qullqi Warani, west of the little lake Sura Pata, south-east of the mountains Laram Q'awa, Kunturiri and Milluni and south of the little lake named Ch'iyar Quta.
The river Junt'uma K'uchu (Aymara junt'u warm, hot, uma water, k'uchu corner, "warm water corner", Junthuma Khuchu) originates south of Patilla Pata. It flows to the south-east as a right affluent of the Sajama River.
The date of its last eruption is unclear, but it is unlikely to be during the Holocene as the mountain is heavily glaciated. The composition of the volcano is largely andesitic, but there are also a number of basaltic lava flows.
See also
Jach'a Kunturiri
Sajama
List of volcanoes in Bolivia
References
Sources
Stratovolcanoes of Bolivia
Subduction volcanoes
Polygenetic volcanoes
Volcanoes of Oruro Department
Volcanoes of La Paz Department (Bolivia)
Pleistocene stratovolcanoes |
Cannabis in Uganda was legalized as of the 5th of May, 2023 by the Constitutional Court after the law prohibiting its use was nullified. It was ruled that, "[...] since the provisions that banned dealing in miraa were not handled by parliament independent of the rest of the provisions of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) Act, 2015, it is only prudent that the entire law is nullified"
The drug is locally referred to as njaga'or 'shada'.
History
In as early as 1902, the British banned the production of "opium" in Uganda, noting that opium "includes... also the preparation known as bhang, ganja, churus, and chandoo natron". A 1902 British ethnological work noted that cannabis was used in Uganda, only by men, and particularly smoked in a water pipe. Young men of fighting age were not allowed to smoke cannabis.
Cultivation
Although cannabis is grown all across the country, the total cultivated area, based on the 1998 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, is less than . Locally known as bhang, it is believed to be the only drug grown in Uganda. Cultivation is most prevalent in eastern Uganda, especially in Bugiri, Busia, Iganga, Kayunga, Mayuge, and Mukono. Ugandan cannabis is mainly smuggled to neighbouring African countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan.
Legality
Cannabis was legalized as of the 5th of May, 2023 by the Court after the law prohibiting its use was nullified. The 2010 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report highlighted that there were only two detection dogs for conducting drug searches and no drug test kits or X-ray machines to detect drugs, along with the fact that the local police were both corrupt and inadequately trained. From 2008 to 2010, the government's Anti-Narcotics Unit (ANU) seized of cannabis and officially arrested some 482 people for possession of the drug. The ANU also reported that of cannabis plants were destroyed from 2008 to 2009.
The export of cannabis for medicinal purposes was approved by the Ugandan Ministry of Health in January 2020, which stipulated among other things that all cannabis exporters had to have a minimum capital of one million US dollars plus $5 million as reserve capital. Prior to this, however, Industrial Hemp Uganda, a private company based in Hima, Kasese District, had already been exporting medicinal cannabis to Germany and China.
References
Uganda
Drugs in Uganda |
Jerry Hanson Nuzum (September 8, 1923April 23, 1997) was a professional American football player who played running back for four seasons for the Pittsburgh Steelers.
References
External links
100 Facts about New Mexico
1923 births
1997 deaths
People from Clovis, New Mexico
Players of American football from New Mexico
American football running backs
New Mexico State Aggies football players
Pittsburgh Steelers players |
The 64th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 64 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Europe, Asia and North America.
At this latitude the sun is visible for 21 hours, 1 minute during the summer solstice and 4 hours, 12 minutes during the winter solstice.
Around the world
Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 64° north passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="125" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or ocean
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Norwegian Sea
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Islands and skerries of Froan, Trøndelag
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Frohavet, Norwegian Sea
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Islands and skerries of, and Linesøya, Trøndelag
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Linesfjorden and Paulen, Norwegian Sea
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Mainland Trøndelag
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Beitstadfjorden, Trondheimsfjorden, Norwegian Sea
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Trøndelag
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|Passing just north of Umeå
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Onega Bay, White Sea, Barents Sea
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Bering Sea
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Alaska - passing through a runway of Allen Army Airfield
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Yukon - passing 6 km south of Dawson City Northwest Territories Nunavut
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Roes Welcome Sound, Hudson Bay
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut - Southampton Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | South Bay, Hudson Bay
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut - Southampton Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Foxe Channel
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut - Mill Island and neighbouring islands
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Hudson Strait
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut - Baffin Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Davis Strait
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| SermersooqPassing just south of Nuuk
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Passing just south of Reykjavík
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|}
See also
63rd parallel north
65th parallel north
n64 |
Clinton Banducci (born 5 April 1968) is a South African former tennis player.
Banducci qualified for the first round of the 1989 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles with Heather Ludloff and they defeated Steve DeVries and Rosemary Casals in the first round before losing to the number 4 seeds Robert Seguso and Lori McNeil in the second round. He was a Doubles All-American in 1988 and 1989 whilst playing for TCU Horned Frogs men's tennis at the Texas Christian University.
References
1968 births
Living people
South African male tennis players
White South African people
TCU Horned Frogs men's tennis players
Sportspeople from Benoni |
Chargha () is a deep fried chicken dish from Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The term chargha is a term of the Pashto (of the Pashtun people) language meaning "chicken". The dish is widely popular throughout Pakistan.
The whole chicken is marinated overnight in the refrigerator with sauce made of spices mixed with yoghurt, with horizontal cuts through the chicken in order to infuse the flavors. The marinated chicken is first steamed until tender and then fried in oil to give a crisp texture.
See also
List of chicken dishes
Lahori cuisine
Pakistani cuisine
Pakistani meat dishes
References
External links
In Lahore: A food lover's guide
Pakistani chicken dishes
Indian chicken dishes
Lahori cuisine |
This is a sublist of List of irregularly spelled English names.
These common suffixes have these regular pronunciations, yet would be counterintuitive (irregular) in normal English:
-b(o)rough and -burgh –
-bury –
-cester –
-combe, -coombe, -comb and -cambe – . When stand-alone: always (including in place names such as Castle Combe and Coombe Bissett)
-ford –
-gh – silent (usually as 'f' in a considerable minority of northern English place names and in Woughton, Milton Keynes)
-ham –
-holm(e) – ,
-mouth –
-shire – , , (esp. in Scotland)
-wich - ,
-wick –
Prefixes:
Al- – , ; with very few exceptions such as Alba, Alperton.
Saint- – , for most speakers.
Other:
-on- – as first syllable is usually as in London, Coningsby or Tonbridge (see Middle English handwriting preventing 'un' and 'um'); excludes a few such as Lonsdale
List
See Also
List of irregularly spelled places in the United States
Notes
References
Further reading
Irregularly spelled England
Irregularly spelled |
Waleffe Castle is a castle in Belgium.
See also
List of castles in Belgium
Castles in Belgium
Wallonia's Major Heritage |
Asociația Clubul Sportiv Suporter Club Oțelul Galați (), commonly known as Oțelul Galați or simply as Oțelul, is a Romanian football club based in the city of Galați, Galați County, which competes in the Liga I.
Founded in 1964 as the team of the Galați steel works, Oțelul spent the first two decades of its existence in the lower leagues. It reached the Liga I for the first time in 1986, and has since amassed 27 seasons in the competition. Oțelul won the league title in the 2010–11 campaign, becoming the first and only Romanian champion from the region of Moldavia to date; this triumph was followed by winning the 2011 Supercupa României. In the Cupa României, Oțelul's best result is reaching the final in 2004.
Internationally, the team's best performances are qualifying for the group stages of the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League and being one of the eleven co-winners of the 2007 UEFA Intertoto Cup. Oțelul's team colours are red, white and blue, and they play at the namesake Stadionul Oțelul.
History
Early years of football in Galați (1910–1964)
Football spread to Romania shortly before 1900, first appearing in the cities of Arad and Bucharest. It arrived in Galați about 10 years later, through foreign trade companies and offices in the city, as well as the efforts of one Officer Vladovici, a career soldier who studied in France and brought football game regulations and equipment to Galați. The first games took place , when Vladovici's team from the 3rd Artillery Regiment played groups of English sailors stationed in the harbour. A year later, the Cavalry Regiment of Galați established a second team in the city. This led to the organisation of several football matches, and the press highlighted the fact that matches were also possible with the sailors from British naval ships present in the Port of Galați. The students of Vasile Alecsandri High School (LVA) formed a team in 1919. A year later, emigrants from Turkey, Greece and Armenia set up the teams of Olimpia and Niki, consisting largely of players coming from Italy, Greece and Turkey, where football was much more developed as a sport. A exhibition match took place on 7 May 1921, in which Triumf București defeated Internaționala Galați 2–1. In the same year, the team of HMS Ladybird defeated Internaționala Galați 6–2. Though there were too few teams for organised competitions, inter-city matches intensified with Brăila, Tulcea, and Reni. There were also regular matches with local teams Internaționala, Niki, Olimpia, Şoimii Dacia, Atlas and LVA, as well as military teams.
In 1922, Dacia Soimii and LVA merged to found Dacia Vasile Alecsandri Galați (DVA). DVA gained great popularity and for two decades was one of the best football clubs in southern Moldavia and eastern Muntenia. Other new teams established in this era include Maccabi, Aviaţia, Şcoala Comercială, Sportul, and Baza Navală.
The new teams and increasing popularity allowed different competitions to emerge, and championships took place at the town and district level. Club structures grew with teams of seniors, reserves, youths and children. The Greek bourgeoisie teams of Ermis, Acropolis, and Foresta were created.
In 1926, the first district championship took place. There were ten teams from Galați (including the neighbourhood teams Şoimii and Gloria), two from Reni (Maccabi and Dunărea) and one team representing Tulcea. The competition was a commercial success with DVA the first champions. In the next round DVA defeated Concordia Iași 6–1 and advanced to a final tournament for the national trophy. Ten teams took part, among them Chinezul Timișoara, Unirea Tricolor București, Colțea Brașov and AMEFA Arad. Lacking experience at this level of competition, DVA lost to Brasov 1–7.
Because at that time military teams were in fashion, Captain Slătineanu transferred from Braşov the team of Fulgerul. However, due to financial difficulties, Fulgerul had a short life. 1920s regulations did not allow the team to participate in the district championships. Instead, it took part in a series of international matches and competitions. This allowed the new Galați team to gain experience playing the powerful teams MTK Budapest, Vasas, Újpest, OFK Beograd, ŽAK Subotica and Rapid Wien. These matches were played with the ticket office closed.
In the late 1920s, economic hardships led to the dissolution of most of the 20 clubs in Galați. At one time only three clubs took part in the district championship: DVA, Gloria, and Șoimii. In 1927, these latter two clubs, which had been founded as neighbourhood teams in Galați, merged as Gloria Şoimii. In 1932, at the initiative of the railroad workers, Gloria Şoimii and CFR Galați (the Galați railway football club) merged as Gloria CFR Galați.
Gloria CFR immediately joined the Lower Danube District Championship, alongside teams already experienced in official competitions such as: DVA, Ermis, Marina Danubiană and Unirea Tulcea. In the 1934–35 season, Gloria CFR were crowned champions of the Lower Danube District, and immediately promoted to Divizia C. A year later Gloria CFR were promoted to Divizia B. This promotion was possible after three promotion play-offs against Telefon Club București, but also due to the Romanian Football Federation, which recognised the value of the team. In the 1937–38 season, Gloria CFR, "the Railroad Workers", had a spectacular performance of 16 wins, a draw and a single defeat, and were promoted to Divizia A. In 1937, the club Metalosport Galați was formed in the city and had important results in the second and third leagues.
The championship schedule was interrupted by World War II and did not restart until 1946. Galați was then represented by Gloria CFR in Divizia B, while Metalosport, Şantierul Naval and FC Arsenal were in the Divizia C. In the early 1950s, DVA was dissolved due to financial problems, and Gloria CFR was relegated to Divizia C. The club Dinamo Galați (later renamed Siderurgistul Galați) was formed in 1955 and came very close to promotion to the country's top league in 1961 and 1962. Constructorul Galați was founded in 1950, and reached the Cupa României final in 1973. Siderurgistul was promoted in 1963 and was the best team in Galați until the mid-1960s.
Oțelul, founding and ascension (1964–1985)
In 1964, following the reorganisation of football in Galați, the club Oțelul was formed to represent the newly established Galați steel works.
After three seasons in the County Championship, Oțelul was promoted to Divizia C at the end of the 1966–67. The next year, they were promoted to Divizia B. The 1968 promotion was a close contest with Gloria Bârlad; both teams ended the season with 35 points, but Oțelul had a +23 goal differential to Gloria's +21. Oțelul's 1968 promotion squad included: Şerbănoiu, Berechet, Rusu, Florea–Boeru, Coman, Secăşeanu, Luban, Halmagy, Moşneagu, Cernega, Bruştiuc, Niculescu, Morohai, Leca, Ion Ionică, Ailoaiei, Obreja, Câmpeanu, Drăghiescu and Ogescu; with coaches Gh. Drăghiescu and Pompiliu Ionescu.
The rise of Oțelul led to the decline of Siderurgistul, which had been the city's primary team and had played the 1963 Cupa României final. In 1967, Siderurgistul gave up its place in the second league to Politehnica Galați and disappeared from Romanian football. After two seasons in the second league, in which Oțelul finished in 9th place in 1969 and 1970, there was another reorganisation of local football. Oţelul changed its name to FC Galați and later to FCM Galați, essentially forming a new club, known later mainly as Dunărea Galați. Between 1974 and 1980, this team played three seasons in Divizia A. Meanwhile, some of the players of the former Oțelul transferred to Divizia C club Dacia Galați, which in 1972 revived the name Oțelul.
Oțelul had not completely lost its identity after this manoeuvre, and in the 1973–74 season returned to the second league, finishing 7th. The team finished the 1974–75 season in 17th place with only 24 points, and was relegated to Divizia C, then disbanded. In 1976, the management of the steel industry decided to re-establish Oțelul, joining Divizia D, and climbing to Divizia C and B. From 1976 to 1977 to 1980–81, their rankings were: 1st (Divizia D); 11th, 10th, 9th, and 1st (Divizia C). The 1980–81 squad of Oțelul included: Șerbănoiu, Călugăru, Cucu, Borș, Căstăian, Morohai, Ceacu, Ciurea, Pătrașcu, Pavel, Gheorghiu, Adamache, Ion Ionică, Basalîc, Ticu, Potorac, and Podeț; with coach Petru Moțoc.
The progress and growth of Oțelul was more difficult than that of traditional Romanian football clubs, due to the 1970 dissolution of the club in favour of Dunărea Galați, the 1972 reformation of Dacia Galați, and the 1975 refounding. In 1980, immediately after the promotion of the team to the second league, a political decision of Galați County gave Oțelul's place in Divizia B to Victoria Tecuci; some of the Oțelul players switched to the team from Tecuci, and others signed with Divizia C side Metalosport Galați, owned by the Cristea Nicolae factory. However, in the summer of 1982, there was a turnabout when Metalosport was sacrificed for Oțelul, allowing Oțelul to reach for prominence after years of being held back.
Oțelul took advantage of this political decision, finishing third in the 1982–83 season, eighth in 1983–84, and third in 1984–85 behind Petrolul Ploiești and local rival Dunărea Galați. Oțelul finished the 1984-85 season with a 24–4–6 record, 86 goals scored against 29 conceded, and were promoted to Divizia A. The squad that obtained that performance included: Călugăru, Ionel Dinu, Gh. Stamate, Oprea, Ciobanu, Popescu, Stoica, Radu, Ciurea, Burcea, Smadu, Marius Stan, A. Stamate, Petrescu, Basalic, Rusu, Claudiu Vaișcovici, Antohi, Bejenaru, Dumitru, Rotaru, Lala, Anghelinei, C. Stan, and Ralea; with coaches Constantin Rădulescu and Ioan Sdrobiş.
Divizia A and UEFA Cup first seasons (1986–1999)
In its first year in the top stage of Romanian football in 1986-87, Oţelul finished in 11th place. The next year, they finished in 4th place and qualified for the 1988–89 UEFA Cup season. In their first European Cup match, in front of 30,000 supporters, Oțelul upset Italian side Juventus 1–0, the goal scored by Ion Profir from the
penalty spot. The squad that played against Juventus in the first European match of the club included: Călugăru – G. Popescu, Anghelinei, Agiu, Borali (Adrian Oprea) – Nae Burcea, Marius Stan, I. Profir, Oct. Popescu – Ralea (Drăgoi), Puiu Antohi. For Juventus: Stefano Tacconi, Nicolò Napoli, Alessandro Altobelli, Rui Barros and Michael Laudrup, with coaches Dino Zoff and Cornel Dinu. The team lost the second leg match to Juventus in Turin, 5–0, and were eliminated from the European Cup.
At the end of the 1988-1989 regular season, Oţelul was relegated. The club finished third in Divizia B in 1989–90, and lost out on promotion to rival Progresul Brăila. In the 1990–91 season, under the management of Marius Stan and Mihai Stoica, the club was promoted to Divizia A; Oțelul finished six points ahead of second-place Gloria Buzău. "The Steelworkers" remained in the top division until 2015.
Following Oțelul's 1991 promotion, the club finished in the middle of the league: 8th in 1991–92 and 10th in 1992–93. The club participated in the 1991–92 Balkans Cup and lost in the final against Turkish side Sarıyer, 0–1 on aggregate. Oțelul barely escaped relegation in the 1993–94 season, finishing one point above the relegation line. The coach was replaced with Vasile Simionaș, former star of Politehnica Iași, and after two seasons finished at 13th place. At the end of the 1995–96 season, the club lost star players Radu Cașuba and Valentin Ştefan, but maintained a foundation moving forward with players such as: Iulian Arhire, Stelian Bordieanu, Gheorghe Bosânceanu, Gheorghe Cornea, Daniel Florea, Sorin Haraga, Gigi Ion, Viorel Ion, Costin Maleș, Dănuț Oprea, Tudorel Pelin, Emil Spirea, Adrian State, Viorel Tănase and Cătălin Tofan.
The 1996–97 season brought total football to Oțelul Stadium. Led by squad captain Valentin Ştefan and Viorel Ion, Oțelul finished the season in 4th place. During the season, Oțelul beat league-leader Dinamo București 3–1. They also defeated Rapid București in a 4–3 win at Giulești Stadium, which was an historic victory for the club. Then came an unexpected 5–1 victory against FC U Craiova, which pushed Oțelul to 2nd place in the table. With a 3–1 victory at FC Național (Romania's runners-up at the end of the season), Oțelul were only 3 points behind the leader. Winning the final match 3–0 against Sportul Studențesc, Oțelul finished 4th in the league, matching their previous best finish. Vasile Simionaș was named Romanian coach of the year, and Viorel Ion and Valentin Ştefan were named to the Romanian national team.
Simionaș remained as coach in Galați for two more seasons, with the team finishing 4th place in 1997–98 and 6th in 1998–99. Highlights of this period include 14 goals scored by Valentin Ștefan as a defensive midfielder in 1997–98; a 7–0 win against Jiul Petroșani in which Maleș scored Oțelul's 400th goal in the first league; and dramatic victories against Rapid București (1–0) and Progresul București (3–2).
After finishing in 4th place in 1997, Oțelul competed in the UEFA Cup for the second time. They played in the first qualifying round against Slovenian side HIT Gorica. Oțelul lost the first leg in Slovenia, 0–2. In the second match, Oțelul led 4–0 in Galați, but Gorica scored twice at 88 and 90 minutes, with goals from Nenad Protega and Enes Demirović. The clubs were tied 4–4 on aggregate, but Gorica advanced by virtue of away goals. Oțelul qualified again for the 1998–99 UEFA Cup, and beat Macedonian side Sloga Jugomagnat 4–1 on aggregate, advancing to the second round. Oțelul lost to Vejle Boldklub of Denmark in the second round, 0–6 on aggregate.
In this period, the club earned the nicknames Cimitirul Granzilor () and Campioana Provinciei ("The Provincial Champion"). The squad was also called Generația de Aur ("The Golden Generation"), although they were later overshadowed by the 2010–11 team. This generation could be considered one of the Oțelul's three best teams, along with the 1988 and 2011 squads. Simionaș was fired in 1999 after a conflict with sporting manager Mihai Stoica.
Golden Age of Oțelul (1999–2012)
After Simionaș was fired, Dumitru Dumitriu became the new coach. Oțelul fell to 8th place at the end of the 1999–2000 season. They dropped to 12th place in 2000-2001, but then rose to 5th place in 2001-2002, with Victor Roșca and then Marius Lăcătuș as coach.
This oscillation continued in 2002–03, as Oțelul finished in 13th place and faced a relegation play-off against FC Oradea. In the first leg at Galați, the Steelworkers won 2–1, with goals scored by Gheorghe Cornea and Mihai Guriță. In the second leg at Oradea, Oțelul lost 1–3. Bogdan Vrăjitoarea scored a hat-trick for the hosts, while Viorel Tănase scored for Oțelul. Oțelul lost 3–4 on aggregate and were facing relegation. However, top division clubs Astra Ploiești and Petrolul Ploiești merged after the season, leaving a vacant place in the league table for Oțelul.
The club was then bought by Nicolai Boghici, a businessman from Galați. Oțelul had a strong 2003–04 Divizia A season under coach Sorin Cârțu, finishing in 5th place. That year, they also made the club's first appearance in the Cupa României Final, where they lost 0–2 to Dinamo București. Immediately after this final, it was discovered that the association holding the club had debts of over 15 billion Romanian leu (ROL).
Oțelul earned a spot in the 2004–05 UEFA Cup qualifying rounds. Oțelul beat Dinamo Tirana in the first round, 8–1 on aggregate, but lost in the second round, 0–1 on aggregate against Partizan.
In the 2004–05 Divizia A season Oțelul finished 8th. Marius Stan was appointed as the club's president starting in the 2005–06 season. The team struggled early in the season and was rebuilt, with coach Aurel Şunda replaced by Petre Grigoraş and 18 new players brought to the team. The changes turned the team's season around, beginning with a 3–0 victory against Dinamo, and Oțelul finished in 9th place. In the Romanian Cup, Oţelul was eliminated in the quarterfinals in penalty shoot-outs against FC Național.
In the 2006–07 season Oțelul finished 5th in the standings. At the end of this season, prominent player Viorel Tănase retired, scoring a goal in his last match. Thanks to good positioning in the league table, the team qualified for the UEFA Intertoto Cup. In the Romanian Cup, Oțelul was once again eliminated in penalties, this time by Steaua București.
The first match of the 2007–08 season was in the UEFA Intertoto Cup, where Oțelul met Slavija Sarajevo (3rd place in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina). The first leg at Koševo Stadium ended 0–0. The second leg was played in Galați, and was an unexpected 3–0 win for Oțelul, with goals by Emil Jula (at 31 and 42 minutes) and Gabriel Paraschiv (70 min). In the next round, Oțelul faced well-known Turkish side Trabzonspor (4th place in the Süper Lig). Oţelul won the first match in Galați 2–1 in front of 5,000 spectators. Daniel Stan opened the scoring for Oţelul (28 min), and Ersen Martin tied it for Trabzonspor (83 min). The winner was scored by Oţelul's Gabriel Paraschiv (87 min). The second match was played at Hüseyin Avni Aker Stadium before more than 20,000 spectators. The Turkish side opened the scoring with a goal from 15 metres by Ceyhun Eriş (8 min). János Székely tied the matched for Oţelul five minutes later. Tadas Labukas connected with Emil Jula for a second Oţelul goal (77 min). Jula added a third goal for the Romanian side from the penalty spot in the 88th minute, and Oţelul qualified for the preliminary round of the UEFA Cup. In the UEFA Cup, Oțelul faced Lokomotiv Sofia (3rd place in the Bulgarian First League). The first leg was played at Balgarska Armia Stadium in Sofia, and Oţelul lost 1–3. The second leg finished 0–0, eliminating Oţelul from the competition.
In Liga I, Oţelul finished at 8th place. Emil Jula had the second-most goals in the league with 17. For these feats head coach Petre Grigoraș was called cel mai tare din oraș ("the best of the city").
Problems arose in the 2008–09 season. Oțelul finished 12th, and the club was close to bankruptcy. Petre Grigoraş left the following season and was replaced by Dorinel Munteanu. In the 2009–10 season, Oțelul finished in 8th place.
Oțelul achieved its best performance in the 2010–11 season, winning the first league, defeating main rival FC Timişoara in a match that decided the title. Two months later, the club won the Supercupa României in a 1–0 victory over Steaua București. The squad which won included: goalkeepers Branko Grahovac, Cristian Brăneţ, and Gabriel Abraham; defenders Cornel Râpă, Samoel Cojoc, Cristian Sîrghi, Milan Perendija, Sergiu Costin, Enes Šipović, Constantin Mișelăricu, Adrian Salageanu, and Silviu Ilie; midfielders Ionuț Neagu, Gabriel Giurgiu, Ioan Filip, Ciprian Milea, Liviu Antal, Laurenţiu Iorga, Laurenţiu Petean, John Ibeh, Gabriel Viglianti, Răzvan Ochiroşii, Laurenţiu Buş, and Gabriel Paraschiv; and forwards Marius Pena, Bratislav Punoševac and Róbert Elek; with coach Dorinel Munteanu.
In the 2011–12 season Oțelul finished in 6th place, and also played in the UEFA Champions League group stage for the first time. Their Champions League group featured Manchester United, Benfica and FC Basel. It was a huge moment for the club to play against top European teams, but Oțelul lost all six matches: 2–3 and 0–1 against Basel; 1–2 and 0–1 against Benfica; and 0–2 in both matches against Manchester United.
Decline and bankruptcy (2012–2016)
After two fantastic seasons, Oțelul faced difficulty as the club's shareholders wanted the money the club had received for Champions League participation.
In the 2012–13 season, Marius Stan left to become mayor of Galați, and Dan Adamescu became the new owner of the club. Oțelul lost Dorinel Munteanu as coach. Viorel Tănase, a star player who had retired in 2007, was named as his replacement. Tănase managed to finish the first part of the season outside the relegation zone, but during the winter break was replaced with Petre Grigoraş. Oțelul finished 11th with 43 points. In the Romanian Cup, they reached the semi-finals, where they were eliminated by Petrolul, the winner of the competition.
On 10 July 2013, despite the 22 million earned from its participation in the Champions League the previous season, Oțelul went into insolvency.
Grigoraş left the club at the end of the 2013–14 season, and Ionuţ Badea was hired for the new season. Poor results led to Badea's resignation and the arrival of Ewald Lienen, a German coach trained in the Bundesliga. He managed to finish the season with Oțelul in 10th place. After this season, Lienen and almost all of the players left due to financial mismanagement. The 2014–15 season brought huge changes at Oțelul. Team owner Dan Adamescu was arrested in a case of bribery, and a lack of financing made transfers difficult. Among the coaches brought in and subsequently fired were: Michael Weiß, Tibor Selymes and Florin Marin. Additionally, Liga I reorganised so the bottom six teams in the table were relegated instead of just four. Oțelul finished 17th and was relegated to Liga II after 23 consecutive seasons in the top flight of the Romanian football. Oțelul played 27 seasons in Liga I, holding 16th place in the Liga I All-time table. Oțelul is the second-best Moldovan team in this ranking, surpassed only by FCM Bacău, but it is the only Moldovan side to win a national title.
The next season in Liga II was painful one for many of Oțelul's fans. The team had to play many games with their youth squad, and finished last in the second league. Relegation was followed by the club's bankruptcy, declared on 1 April 2016 by the Bucharest Tribunal. Less than 5 years after winning the first champion title, the club had suddenly disappeared.
The fall of Oțelul gave rise to many concerns in the Romanian media. In 2016, Marius Stan accused Adamescu for the devaluation of the club:
In 2017, Adamescu's son, Alexander Adamescu, accused Stan of defective management and that the club was his piggybank:
Refounding and recent history (2016–present)
After the dissolution of the club, Oțelul supporters immediately founded a new association, called Asociația Supporter Club Oțelul Galați, and registered it to compete in Liga IV. On 19 July 2016, ASC Oțelul Galați was officially born with the objective of continuing the tradition of Oțelul football in Galați.
ASC Oțelul Galați was considered the spiritual successor of the old club because it wore the same colours, it played in the same stadium and was supported by the same fans. However, it didn't own the brand and league record of the old club, which had been bought at auction for 10,000. However, the winner of the auction did not pay the bid which became void. With the aid of a law firm, ASC Oțelul gained possession of the record and brand and became the official successor of the club on 12 September 2017.
At the end of its first season, Oțelul won Liga IV – Galați County and defeated the champions of Iași County, Unirea Mircești, in a play-off to win promotion to the Liga III. Under coach Stelian Bordeianu, a former player of the club, Oțelul won 30 of its 32 matches in all competitions, setting a record for Romanian football.
Former coach Dorinel Munteanu returned at the beginning of the 2021–2022 season and helped secure promotion after five years in Liga III. Oțelul dominated both the regular season and the playoffs, finishing first in Liga III Seria 2, nine points clear of second-place CSM Focsani. In the playoff semifinal, Oțelul got past Foresta Suceava with a 1–0 victory in Suceava, and a 2–0 win in Galaṭi. The first leg of the final, played in Botoșani against CS Dante Botoșani, ended in a 1–1 tie. The decisive match was played in Galați, in front of a crowd of 13,000 spectators on Stadionul Oțelul. George Carjan, Alin Nica and Denis Cires scored in a 3–0 win for Oțelul that propelled the Steelworkers into Liga II.
Youth program
The youth academy of Oțelul Galați developed young players including: Iulian Arhire, Florin Cernat, Romulus Chihaia, Daniel Florea, Silviu Ilie, Laurențiu Iorga, George Miron, Ionuț Neagu, Dănuț Oprea, Cornel Râpă, Viorel Tănase, Cătălin Tofan, or Alexandru Tudorie.
Their local rival is the Dunărea Galați football academy, from which many important footballers developed.
Grounds
The club plays its home matches at Stadionul Oțelul in Galați. Oțelul has also used other local venues, such as Stadionul Nicolae Rainea, Stadionul Siderurgistul, and Baza Sportivă Zoltan David, but only for short periods of time.
Support
Oțelul has many supporters in Galați and Galați County, but also in the region of southern Moldavia. Oțelul Galați has groups of ultras, including Steel Boys, Ultra Sud, Sidexplozia, SCOG and New Order. Regular fans that are not affiliated with any ultras groups can join the Liga Suporterilor Gălăţeni 1993 (The Galați Supporters League 1993) organisation. After the 2016 dissolution of the club, Oțelul fans from the aforementioned groups founded Supporter Club Oțelul Galați and enrolled the team in the Liga IV; this action kept the club from disappearing, and their actions proved the attachment of the fans to the red, white and blue side.
Rivalries
The main rivals of Oțelul Galați are Dacia Unirea Brăila, who they face in a competition known as Derby-ul Dunării de Jos ("The Lower Danube Derby"). Any Galați–Brăila match is considered a derby, taking this term from a regional derby in the early years of football. Another important local rivalry is against Dunărea Galați, a club born from the break-up of Oțelul in the 1960s. Oţelul fans also share a rivalry with Poli Iaşi supporters, following a series of clashes between the two sets of fans. A much newer rivalry is one against FC Vaslui. During periods of success, Oțelul has had contextual rivalries with Steaua București, Dinamo București and Rapid București, especially in the 1990s, as well as with Politehnica Timișoara between 2010 and 2011.
Honours
Domestic
Leagues
Liga I
Winners (1): 2010–11
Liga II
Winners (2): 1985–86, 1990–91
Liga III
Winners (4): 1967–68, 1980–81, 2020–21, 2021–22
Runners-up (1): 1972–73
Liga IV – Galați County
Winners (2): 1976–77, 2016–17
Cups
Cupa României
Runners-up (1): 2003–04
Supercupa României
Winners (1): 2011
European
UEFA Intertoto Cup
Co-winners (1): 2007
Players
First team squad
Out on loan
Club officials
Board of directors
Last updated: 10 October 2023
Source:
Current technical staff
Last updated: 10 October 2023
Source:
League history
Notable former players
The footballers enlisted below have had international cap(s) for their respective countries at junior and/or senior level and/or more than 100 caps for ASC Oțelul Galați.
Romania
Mario Agiu
Liviu Antal
Iulian Apostol
Eugen Baștină
Gabriel Boștină
Alexandru Bourceanu
Vasile Brătianu
Florin Cernat
Romulus Chihaia
Horațiu Cioloboc
Samuel Cojoc
Sergiu Costin
Gheorghe Dumitrașcu
Ioan Filip
Daniel Florea
Ramses Gado
Sorin Ghionea
Gabriel Giurgiu
Mihai Guriță
Victoraș Iacob
Silviu Ilie
Gigi Ion
Viorel Ion
Laurențiu Iorga
Silviu Iorgulescu
Emil Jula
Costin Maleș
Cosmin Mărginean
Andrei Miron
Ștefan Nanu
Răzvan Ochiroșii
George Ogăraru
Dănuț Oprea
Gabriel Paraschiv
Tudorel Pelin
Marius Pena
Cornel Râpă
Adrian Sălăgeanu
Cristian Sîrghi
Marius Stan
János Székely
Valentin Ștefan
Viorel Tănase
Cătălin Tofan
Adrian Toma
Alexandru Tudorie
Claudiu Vaișcovici
Algeria
Jugurtha Hamroun
Argentina
Gabriel Viglianti
Armenia
Marian Zeciu
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Branko Grahovac
Enes Šipović
Bulgaria
Stoyan Kolev
Zhivko Zhelev
Burkina Faso
Salif Nogo
Brazil
Didi
Marquinhos
Cape Verde
Hélder Tavares
Lithuania
Tadas Labukas
Nigeria
John Ibeh
Panama
Armando Cooper
Serbia
Zoran Ljubinković
Milan Perendija
Bratislav Punoševac
Slovenia
Jaka Štromajer
Uruguay
Mauro Goicoechea
Notable former managers
Sorin Cârțu
Gheorghe Constantin
Cornel Dinu
Dumitru Dumitriu
Petre Grigoraș
Traian Ivănescu
Marius Lăcătuș
Ewald Lienen
Ion Moldovan
Angelo Niculescu
Costel Orac
Constantin Rădulescu
Vasile Simionaș
Aurel Țicleanu
References
External links
Official website
1964 establishments in Romania
Association football clubs established in 1964
Fan-owned football clubs
Football clubs in Galați County
Liga I clubs
Sport in Galați |
The Inland Empire–Orange County (IEOC) Line is a commuter rail line run by Metrolink in Southern California. It runs from San Bernardino through Orange County to Oceanside in northern San Diego County. When the line opened it became the first Metrolink line not to serve Union Station in Los Angeles nor cross the Los Angeles River and was the only line until the Arrow service opened in October 2022. The line was also the first suburb-to-suburb commuter rail line in the United States.
The IEOC Line, Metrolink's sixth line to be introduced, opened between Riverside and Irvine on October 2, 1995. Following the completion of track improvements the line opened to San Bernardino on March 4, 1996. With the exception of the Anaheim Canyon station, the line shares all of its stations with the 91/Perris Valley Line, the Orange County Line, the Riverside Line, or the San Bernardino Line.
As of July 2016, eight trains in each direction serve the stations from San Bernardino - Downtown to Laguna Niguel/Mission Viejo on weekdays. The remainder of the trains servicing the IEOC Line cover more to all of the stations, except San Clemente Pier, which is only serviced on the weekends.
In July 2006, the Orange County Transportation Authority created weekend service on the IEOC and Orange County Lines. As of August 2016, the IEOC Line schedule has two trains on Saturday and two on Sunday, each servicing every station, including San Clemente Pier.
Metrolink's Downtown San Bernardino extension to San Bernardino Transit Center opened on December 16, 2017.
Stations
References
External links
Metrolink Schedules
Metrolink (California) lines
Public transportation in Orange County, California
Public transportation in Riverside County, California
Public transportation in San Bernardino County, California
Public transportation in San Diego County, California
Public transportation in Southern California
Orange County Transportation Authority
Railway lines opened in 1995
Transportation in the Inland Empire
Transportation in Riverside, California
Transportation in San Bernardino, California
1995 establishments in California |
The Leogang Mountains (, lit. "Leogang Rock Mountains") are a mountain range in Austria in the state of Salzburg and form part of the Northern Limestone Alps within the Eastern Alps. They are located between the Lofer valley, Saalfelden and Leogang and, together with the Lofer Mountains to the northwest, form two mountain massifs that are separated by the saddle of the Römersattel (1,202 m), but which the Alpine categorisation of the Eastern Alps defines as a single sub-group (the Lofer and Leogang Mountains). The Leogang Mountains are separated from the Kitzbühel Alps to the south and the Steinernes Meer to the east by deeply incised valleys. Typical of the Steinberge are high plateaux with steep sides and sharply undulating high cirques.
As typical karst mountains the Leogang Mountains are also pierced by numerous caves. The most famous of these is the Lamprechtsofen, over 50 km long, located immediately next to the federal road between Lofer and Saalfelden. A prominent rock formation is the Melkerloch in the southeastern face of the Birnhorn mountain.
At the Birnhorn is the highest peak in the range. The Hochfilzen Military Training Area used by the Austrian Army lies in the west of the Leoganger Steinberge.
Neighbouring ranges
The Leogang Mountains border on the following mountain groups in the Alps:
Lofer Mountains to the northwest
Berchtesgaden Alps to the east
Salzburg Slate Alps to the southeast
Kitzbühel Alps to the south
Kaiser Mountains to the west
Peaks
Birnhorn:
Kuchelhorn:
Passauerkopf:
Grießener Hochbrett:
Signalkopf:
Großes Rothorn:
Dürrkarhorn:
Hochzint:
Mitterhorn:
Fahnenköpfl:
Brandhorn:
Tourism
Alpine Club huts
In the Leogang Mountains there are only two mountain huts. They belong to the DAV - Deutscher Alpenverein - German Alpine Club but are operated by local Austrians. The DAV operates a Recripical Rights system so that OEVA - Austrian Alpine Club member discounts, were applicable, can be enjoyed.
Lamprechtsofen-Höhlengaststätte: Height: , only opened during the day in summer and winter, 6 mattress bunks, next to the Bundesstraße from Lofer to Saalfelden
Passauer Hut: Height: , open in summer from mid-June to end of September, 45 mattress bunks, winter accommodation with 6 bedspaces, Valley destinations: Leogang, walking time: 2.75 hours.
Mountain huts
Lettlkaser: height: , open in summer, no winter accommodation, no bedspaces, Valley destinations: Pernerwinkel-Gerstboden (2h walk), Wiesersberg-Gerstboden (2.5h walk), Leogang (2h walk), Mitterbrand (1.5h walk)
References
External links
Mountain ranges of the Alps
Northern Limestone Alps
Mountain ranges of Salzburg (state)
Mountain ranges of Tyrol (state) |
```xml
/*
*
* This source code is licensed under the MIT license which is detailed in the LICENSE.txt file.
*/
const TRIM_REGEX = />\s*</gm;
/**
* Trim whitespace from between tags in a HTML template string.
* @param inputString the template string to trim
* @return The newly trimed string.
*/
export function trimBetweenTags(inputString: string): string {
return inputString.replace(TRIM_REGEX, "><");
}
``` |
UNITED SIKHS is a civil and human rights, humanitarian aid non profit organization and disaster relief non-governmental organization which is also a United Nations affiliated group. The concept of United Sikhs was conceived in 1999 by three Sikh Americans. It is international in scope and aims to help people regardless of color, race, gender, nationality or creed.
References
External links
Political advocacy groups in the United States
Legal advocacy organizations in the United States
Sikhism in the United States
Sikhism in New York (state)
Organizations established in 1999
1999 establishments in New York (state)
Sikh organisations |
The Mamaroneck River is a freshwater stream located in Southern Westchester County, New York. The river forms in White Plains and Harrison and flows south through Mamaroneck Town and Village, where it empties into Mamaroneck Harbor and Long Island Sound. The name of the river comes from a local native American word meaning, "where the fresh water meets the salt water." The river flows into Long Island Sound.
The watershed of the Mamaroneck River is . It is dominated by suburban residential neighborhoods and commercial and retail tracts. High density residential development also is prevalent throughout the middle and lower portions of the watershed.
Detail
Originating above sea level in a small wetlands area in Harrison, the river flows south along the eastern boundary of White Plains. It joins the 'East Branch' near the junction of Anderson Hill Road and Westchester Avenue. The Mamaroneck River flows another to its confluence with the 'West Branch', where it forms the river's main stem. Human encroachment into the stream corridor and manipulation of the stream channel are byproducts of intense residential construction in and around the river's headwaters.
The main stem of the Mamaroneck River flows southeasterly, paralleling Westchester Avenue and the Hutchinson River Parkway. Below the parkway, the river flows south to its confluence with the West Branch of the Mamaroneck River at the Mamaroneck Reservoir. South of the reservoir, the river forms the municipal boundary between Mamaroneck Village and Harrison. At the New England Thruway, the Mamaroneck River flows southward through Mamaroneck Village, where it joins the Sheldrake River and finally emptying into Mamaroneck Harbor on Long Island Sound.
Tributaries
Two principal tributaries enter the Mamaroneck River, one from the east and one from the west. The East Branch of the Mamaroneck River is the furthest upstream tributary and originates in north Harrison near the intersection of Westchester Avenue and Anderson Hill Road. The West Branch originates just south of the Hutchinson River Parkway near Mamaroneck Avenue.
The East Branch of the Mamaroneck River is long. The main stem is long north of its confluence with the east branch. The east branch originates from a small pond in north Harrison at about above sea level and then flowing southeast into Forest Lake. South of Forest Lake, it flows westerly to its confluence with the main stem.
The West Branch of the Mamaroneck River is the smallest of the Mamaroneck River's two primary tributaries, draining an area of just south and southeast of downtown White Plains. The west branch originates from a wetland and pond adjacent to Archbishop Stepinac High School on Mamaroneck Avenue and flows about south and southwest through several stormwater management basins to its confluence with the main stem near the intersection of Mamaroneck Avenue and Hutchinson River Parkway.
See also
List of New York rivers
References
Mamaroneck, New York
Long Island Sound
Rivers of New York (state)
Rivers of Westchester County, New York |
Winter Begonia () is a 2020 Chinese television series starring Huang Xiaoming, Yin Zheng, and Charmaine Sheh, based on Shui Ru Tian Er's BL web novel of the same name. It aired exclusively on iQiyi and tells the story of the close relationship between a shrewd businessman and a Peking opera genius right before the World War II. While the original web novel depicted the relationship between the two main men as romantic, the adaptation changed this depiction into a "bromance".
The show has been praised for its story, visuals and tasteful promotion of Chinese traditional culture, particularly Peking opera. iQiyi released a talk show named Wang Peiyu Peking Opera Show alongside the drama, which features Peking opera performer Wang Peiyu as she elaborates about operatic repertoire/traditions found in Winter Begonia and in real life.
The series began airing on August 7 on Beijing TV at 19:30 CST.
Synopsis
In 1930s Beijing, Shang Xirui (Yin Zheng) is a famous Peking opera dan performer known for his talent and passion for his art. He meets Cheng Fengtai (Huang Xiaoming), a businessman who saves him from an unruly audience during a performance. Cheng becomes interested in Peking opera and the two men become close. Together, they overcome many obstacles including the objection of Fengtai's wife (Charmaine Sheh), and must struggle to preserve their art in the face of the incoming Japanese occupation.
Cast
Main
Huang Xiaoming as Cheng Fengtai, a businessman
Yin Zheng as Shang Xirui, an opera performer
Charmaine Sheh as Fan Xianger, Fengtai's wife
Supporting
Tan Jianci as Chen Renxiang
Merxat as Fan Lian
Tang Zengcao as Cao Guixiu
Liu Min as Cheng Meixin
Huang Shengyi as Gu Dali
Li Zefeng as Du Qi
Chin Shih-chieh as Jiang Rongshou
Du Chun as Yuan Xiaodi
Bai Bing as Jiang Mengping
Li Chunai as Xiao Lai
Wang Xichao as Jiang Dengbao
Ma Su as Yue Liang
Anna Fang as Shi Jiu
Tang Jingmei as Ceng Aiyu
Zhang Yixi as Cha Chaer
Huang Xingyou as Zhou Xiangyun
Cheng Feng as Xue Qianshan
Chi Shuai as Chang Zhixin
Wang Maolei as Shang Juzhen
Li Yixiao as Cheng Mu
Hei Zi as Cao Siling
Michelle Yim as Lao Fujin
Gao Yu'er as Yu Qing
Hou Yansong as Liu Hanyu
Zhang Gongshi as Wang Qi
Lei Han as Ning Jiulang
Wen Haibo as Chairman Zheng
Liu Boxiao as Lao Ge
Sun Di as Si Xi'er
Zhang Tianyun as Chun Xing
Shen Baoping as Hou Yukui
Production
Shooting
The previous 55 episodes were shortened to 49 in June 2018. Shooting began on December 13, 2018 at Hengdian World Studios. Principal photography ended on April 29, 2019, and entered post-production.
Peking opera depictions
To accurately depict the traditions of Peking opera on the small screen, production brought in experts of the craft to train the actors. The crew also invited 90-year old Peking Opera performing artist Bi Guyun as a drama consultant. Yin Zheng also received one month of closed training from the master. The crew also invited practitioners of specific styles of Peking opera, such as Hui opera, to direct the plays that are performed in the drama. As there were many scenes featuring Kunqu opera, it is reported that two Kunqu opera directors were needed.
Sets and costumes
The two theaters featured were one-on-one reconstructions of Beijing-Guangzhou Hall and Hu Guang Hall. The Cheng Fu Pavilion and Shui Yun Tower were also completely built by production, necessitating around 20,000 square meters.
More than 200 sets of costumes were used in the drama, with more than 100 of them customized by the production team. The Peking make-up and hairstyle on actors were also supervised by professional opera teachers. Art design was headed by Luan Hexin, while clothing design was headed by Song Xiaotao and Li Anqi. Li Xiaoli was in charge of makeup.
Original soundtrack
Winter Begonia Original Soundtrack was compiled and released on March 19, 2020 as an extended play.
Reception
Winter Begonia has been well received by viewers and critics. Its first 12 episodes debuted with a 7.3 out of 10 on Douban. By its conclusion, the show subsequently rose to an 8.1, aggregated by over 100,000 user reviews. The series reportedly went viral on Sina Weibo, in which the show's hashtag received 480 million clicks.
Beijing Youth Entertainment praised Huang Xiaoming and Yin Zheng's acting as well as the drama's depiction of Peking opera, highlighting it as an example of the potential for film and television to help spread traditional Chinese art and culture. People's Entertainment praised the show's visuals and the interesting depiction of female characters and their relationships.
Award and nominations
References
External links
Winter Begonia on Weibo
Winter Begonia on Douban
Chinese period television series
Chinese romance television series
2020 Chinese television series debuts
2020 Chinese television series endings
Television series by Huanyu Film
Mandarin-language television shows
Chinese web series
IQIYI original programming
Television shows based on Chinese novels
Fiction about Chinese opera |
Sabatia grandiflora is a flowering plant in the genus Sabatia. Commonly known as marsh-pink or largeflower rose gentian, the annual has pink flowers. It grows in parts of Florida and Alabama. The flowers have five pink petals and a yellow center.
References
grandiflora |
Min Chi-rok (; 1799 – 17 September 1858), formally honoured as Internal Prince Yeoseong (). He also known as Duke Hyojeong () or Duke Sungan (), was a Korean political figure of the Joseon Dynasty. He was the father of Empress Myeongseong and the maternal grandfather of King Sunjong of Korea. After he died, his son-in-law, King Gojong of Korea, promoted him to Uijeongbu and Yeonguijeong.
Early life
Min Chi-rok was born into the aristocratic Yeoheung Min clan in 1799 as the only son of Min Gi-hyeon, and his third wife, Lady Jeong of the Yeonil Jeong clan. Min was a great-great-grandson of Min Jin-hu; Queen Inhyeon’s eldest brother. He was also the 16th great-grandson of Min Yu (민유, 閔愉) who was the granduncle of Queen Wongyeong.
Min studied under scholar Oh Hui-sang (오희상) when he was young, and eventually married his daughter, Lady Oh of the Haeju Oh clan, as his first wife. But she later died at the age of 36 in 1833 with no offspring. After mourning for 3 years, he married Yi Gyu-nyeon's daughter, Lady Yi of the Hansan Yi clan in 1836. They eventually had a son and two daughters, but they all died prematurely. His wife then gave birth to a third daughter, Min Ja-yeong, on 17 November 1851 who would become the future Queen Consort to King Gojong. He died with an illness while he was in Sado City, Honshu, Japan on 17 September 1858.
Legacy
After his death, his wife and daughter went to live with his relatives in the House of Gamgodang, the house that King Sukjong built for Queen Inhyeon’s father in 1687, until his daughter became Queen.
In 1861, a relative of his clan, Min Seung-ho, became his adoptive son to continue his family line. When Min Jayeong became Queen Consort in 1866, he was granted the royal title of “Min Chi-rok, Internal Prince Yeoseong”, and appointed as Yeonguijeong after his death. His wife was also posthumously honored as Internal Princess Consort Hanchang (한창부부인). His first wife was also granted the royal title of “Internal Princess Consort Haeryeong of the Haeju Oh clan” (해령부부인 해주 오씨, 海寧府夫人 海州 吳氏) as she was also considered the mother of Queen Min.
Aftermath
On 30 November 1874, his wife and their adoptive son, Min Seung-ho, died from a bombing assassination.
Prior to his wife’s death, his daughter had started to involve herself in politics. She informally became known as Queen Min. Her political involvement eventually brought the Yeoheung Min clan more influence in politics and life threats from the Queen’s father-in-law, Heungseon Daewongun, who sought to get rid of her.
Queen Min was assassinated in her husband’s private living quarters on 8 October 1895. Her death brought rage from various western powers, as Queen Min brought their influence into Joseon Dynasty politics.
Family
Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather
Min Hyo-son (Hangul: 민효손, Hanja: 閔孝孫)
Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandmother
Lady Yun of the Papyeong Yun clan (본관: 파평 윤씨); daughter of Yun Ji-kang (윤지강)
Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather
Min Yeo-jun (민여준, 閔汝俊) (1539 - 1599)
Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandmother
Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (전주 이씨, 全州 李氏); descendant of Grand Prince Hyoryeong
Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather
Min Gi (Hangul: 민기, Hanja: 閔箕) (1568–18 January 1641)
Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandmother
Lady Hong of the Namyang Hong clan(남양 홍씨, 南陽 洪氏); daughter of Hong Ik-hyeon (홍익현, 洪翼賢)
Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather
Min Gwang-hun (Hangul: 민광훈, Hanja: 閔光勳) (1595–1659), scholar during the reign of King Injong.
Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandmother
Lady Yi of the Yeonan Yi clan (본관: 연안 이씨); daughter of Yi Gwang-jeong (이광정, 李光庭)
Great-Great-Great-Grandfather
Min Yu-jung (민유중, 閔維重) (1630–1687).
Great-Great-Great-Grandmother
Internal Princess Consort Eunseong of the Eunjin Song clan (은성부부인 은진 송씨, 恩城府夫人 恩津 宋氏) (1637 - 1672); Min Yu-jung's second wife, daughter of Song Jun-gil (송준길, 宋俊吉), Yeonguijeong during the reign of King Hyojong.
Great-Great-Grandfather
Min Jin-hu (민진후, 閔鎭厚) (1659 – 1720), eldest brother of Queen Inhyeon (second consort of King Sukjong).
Great-Great-Grandmother
Lady Yi of the Yeonan Yi clan (본관: 연안 이씨); Min Jin-hu’s second wife, daughter of Yi Deok-ro (이덕로, 李德老)
Great-Grandfather
Min Ik-su (민익수, 閔翼洙) (1690 – 1742).
Grandfather
Min Baek-bun (민백분, 閔百奮) (1723 – ?)
Grandmother
Lady Sim (심씨, 沈氏); daughter of Sim Jung-hyeon (심중현, 沈重賢)
Father
Min Gi-hyeon (민기현, 閔耆顯) (1751 – 1 August 1811); was appointed to Kaeseong Ministry
Mother
Stepmother - Lady Jo the Haman Jo clan (함안 조씨, 咸安 趙氏) (1748 - 4 April 1764); daughter of Jo Jung-cheom (조중첨)
Stepmother - Lady Yi of the Seongju Yi clan (성주 이씨, 星州 李氏) (1763 - 15 March 1792)
Biological mother - Lady Jeong of the Yeonil Jeong clan (본관: 연일 정씨, 延日 鄭氏) (1773 - 9 March 1838); Min Gi-hyeon’s third wife
Wives and their respective issue(s):
Internal Princess Consort Haeryeong of the Haeju Oh clan (해령부부인 해주 오씨, 海寧府夫人 海州 吳氏) (1798 - 15 March 1833)
Internal Princess Consort Hanchang of the Hansan Yi clan (한창부부인 한산 이씨, 韓昌府夫人 李氏) (1818 - 30 November 1874)
Unnamed son
Unnamed daughter
Unnamed daughter
Adoptive son - Min Seung-ho (민승호, 閔升鎬) (1830 - 30 November 1874); son of Min Chi-gu (1795-1874)
Adoptive daughter-in-law - Lady Kim of the Gwangsan Kim clan (본관: 광산 김씨, 光山 金氏) (? - ? 23 April); Min Seung-ho's first wife
Unnamed adoptive grandson (? - 1874)
Adoptive grandson - Min Yeong-ik (민영익, 閔泳翊) (1860-1914); eldest son of Min Tae-ho (1834-1884)
Adoptive daughter-in-law - Lady Kim of the Yeonan Kim clan (본관: 연안 김씨, 延安 金氏) (? - ? 11 February); Min Seung-ho’s second wife
Adoptive daughter-in-law - Lady Yi of the Deoksu Yi clan (본관: 덕수 이씨, 德水 李氏) (? - ? 1 July); Min Seung-ho’s third wife
Daughter - Min Ja-yeong, Empress Myeongseong of the Yeoheung Min clan (17 November 1851 - 8 October 1895) (민자영, 閔玆暎) (명성황후 민씨)
Son-in-law - Yi Myeong-bok, Emperor Gojong of Korea (8 September 1852 - 21 January 1919) (이명복 대한제국 고종황제)
Unnamed grandson (4 November 1871 - 8 November 1871)
Unnamed granddaughter (13 February 1873 - 28 September 1873)
Grandson - Yi Cheok, Emperor Sunjong of Korea (25 March 1874 - 24 April 1926) (이척 대한제국 순종황제)
Granddaughter-in-law - Empress Sunmyeong of the Yeoheung Min clan (20 November 1872 - 5 November 1904) (순명효황후 민씨)
Granddaughter-in-law - Yun Jeung-sun, Empress Sunjeong of the Papyeong Yun clan (19 September 1894 - 3 February 1966) (윤증순, 尹曾順) (순정황후 윤씨)
Unnamed grandson (5 April 1875 - 18 April 1875)
Unnamed grandson (18 February 1878 - 5 June 1878)
In popular culture
Portrayed by Lee Do-ryeon in 2001-2002 KBS2 TV series Empress Myeongseong
References
1799 births
1858 deaths
Joseon scholar-officials |
Mahendranagar (Nepali: महेन्द्रनगर) officially known as Bhimdattanagar (Nepali:भिमदत्त), is a municipality in Kanchanpur District of Sudurpashchim Province, Nepal. The city and the municipality were named Mahendranagar in the honour of late King Mahendra of Nepal. After becoming a republic in 2008, the Mahendranagar municipality name was changed to Bhimdatta municipality in honour of the revolutionary farmer leader Bhimdatta Panta. It is surrounded by Bedkot Municipality in the east, Dadeldhura District in the north, Shuklaphanta National Park in the south and Uttarakhand, India in the west.
Mahendranagar is the 9th largest city in Nepal. It is east of the Indian border and west of Kathmandu. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 62,050. According to the census of 2001, the city's population was 80,839. Bhimdatta is a hub of activity for industries running between India and Nepal. It is also a gateway to Shuklaphanta National Park, formerly Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve.
Demographics
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Bhimdatta Municipality had a population of 106,666. Of these, 58.6% spoke Doteli, 13.3% Nepali, 9.7% Baitadeli, 8.0% Tharu, 4.1% Bajhangi, 1.6% Achhami, 1.3% Darchuleli, 1.2% Hindi, 0.7% Maithili, 0.4% Bajureli, 0.3% Magar, 0.1% Bengali, 0.1% Bhojpuri, 0.1% Dadeldhuri, 0.1% Newar, 0.1% Sonaha, 0.1% Tamang, 0.1% Uranw/Urau and 0.1% other languages as their first language.
In terms of ethnicity/caste, 32.4% were Chhetri, 25.3% Hill Brahmin, 9.6% Thakuri, 8.2% Tharu, 6.6% Kami, 6.2% other Dalit, 2.7% Damai/Dholi, 2.3% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 1.7% Sarki, 1.1% Magar, 0.7% Lohar, 0.4% Kathabaniyan, 0.4% Newar, 0.3% Gurung, 0.2% Badi, 0.2% Hajjam/Thakur, 0.2% Jhangad/Dhagar, 0.2% Musalman, 0.1% Bengali, 0.1% Terai Brahmin, 0.1% foreigners, 0.1% Halwai, 0.1% Limbu, 0.1% Rai, 0.1% Tamang, 0.1% Teli, 0.1% other Terai and 0.1% others.
In terms of religion, 98.6% were Hindu, 0.5% Christian, 0.3% Buddhist, 0.2% Muslim, 0.2% Prakriti and 0.1% others.
In terms of literacy, 77.3% could read and write, 1.7% could only read and 20.9% could neither read nor write.
Society
The indigenous people living here are the Rana-Tharus but people from other parts mostly from the hill districts Baitadi, Darchula and Dadeldhura find themselves at home. Bhimdatta has become a unique combination of ethnic groups which has a different way of life within an already diverse country Nepal. The festivals celebrated by the ethnic Tharu people are Holi and Maghi. Tharu people celebrate Maghi as New year, while Hill People primarily celebrate Gora (commonly called Gaura Parba). Deepawali or Diwali or Tihar is a major festival which is celebrated with Laxmi Puja, Gai Puja, and Bhai Tika on their respective days. Dashain is also a major festival here. Small population from western Nepal mainly Arghakhachi, Gulmi, Pyuthan etc. have settled here (mostly in Bhasi), even before local people of the same region settled from the hills of Far-west Nepal.
Services
Bhimdatta is the business and educational hub of the Mahakali Zone. Since it is in close proximity to the border with India, Bhimdattaa plays a major role in trade in the region. Students from neighbouring districts come for education. Far-western University, which teaches diversified disciplines ranging from economics to the humanities to the sciences, is the only university in the city. People here are mainly occupied by agriculture as Nepal is an agrarian society. Business is another source of empowering the local economy which is concentrated in the bazaar area of Bhimdatta. Government services is a significant part of the economy. Being comparatively closer to the major industrial areas of India, Mahendranagar could serve as a portal for industrial exchange between India and Nepal.
Transport and communication
Nepal Telecom and Ncell provide 3G and 4G facilities in the area. Bhimdatta is connected to other parts of Nepal by East-West Highway which is the only road which connects it to the rest of Nepal. There is a domestic airport in Bhimdatta which is out of service. Bus service connects Bhimdatta to all the other parts of the country. There is a customs post for goods and third country nationals, while Indian and Nepalese nationals may cross the border freely. Banbasa, Uttarakhand state, India is the other side of the border. Bhimdatta is the nearest place in Nepal to Uttarakhand, part of India. Bhimdatta is also connected by sub-highways to hill towns Dipayal, Baitadi, Amargadhi, and Darchula.
Education
Mahendranagar is the home of the Far Western University, It has a number of colleges and educational institutes.
Florida International Boarding Higher Secondary School
Adarsh Vidya Niketan
Bal jagreeti secondary school
Diamond Public Higher Secondary School
Everest Evergreen English school
Ghatal higher secondary school
Holi Family English Boarding School
International Public Higher Secondary School
Kanchan Vidya Mandir
Little Buddha Academy
Mahakali Modern Public School
Oxford National Academy
Radient Secondary School
Rastriya Bal Vidhyalaya
Rauleshwar Multiple Campus Beldandi
Shree Shishya English Boarding school
Shree Siddhanath Science Campus
Sunrise Public Higher Secondary School
United public higher secondary school
Morning Glory higher secondary school Janaki Tole
Shree Jaycees Secondary School Rajipur
Sikhar Academy Rajipur
Shree Siddhanath Science Campus is the first Science Campus in Mahendranagar and was established in 2033 B.S. It is a constituent campus of Tribhuvan University.
Tourism
Lingaa
Shuklaphanta National Park
Jhilmila Lake
Bedkot Lake
Vishnu Temple
Dodhara Chandani Suspension Bridge
Bhimdatta Memorial Park
Kalikich Lake
Banda Lake
Siddhanath Temple
Mahendranagar is a beautiful city from a tourist point of view. There are natural, religious and historical areas here. Chure (चुरे) is connected to the east–west spread in the north. At the foot of the same Chure are the beautiful villages of Rautela (राउटेला) and Barakunda (बाराकुण्डा). Rautela temple (राउटेला मन्दिर) in Rautela and Bishnu temple (बिष्णु मन्दिर), Linga (लिंगा धाम), Shiva temple etc. are the major religious places here.
Dodhara Chandani is one of the famous bridge.
Jhilmila Lake (झिलिमिला ताल) and Bedkot Lake (बेदकोट ताल) are famous lakes. There are further more areas for tourists.
Media
To promote local culture Bhimdatta has many radio stations:
Radio Mahakali 96.2 MHz
Shuklaphanta FM 94.4 MHz
Radio Nagarik FM 104.3 MHz
References
Populated places in Kanchanpur District
Transit and customs posts along the India–Nepal border
Points for exit and entry of nationals from third countries along the India–Nepal border
Nepal municipalities established in 1977
Municipalities in Kanchanpur District |
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