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Copper benzoate is the chemical compound with the formula Cu(C6H5CO2)2. This coordination complex is derived from the cupric ion and the conjugate base of benzoic acid. Because copper emits blue in a flame, this salt has found some use as a source of blue light in fireworks.
Preparation
In laboratory, copper benzoate can be made by combining aqueous solutions of potassium benzoate with copper sulfate. Copper benzoate precipitates as a pale blue solid:
2 C6H5COOK + CuSO4 → Cu(C6H5COO)2 + K2SO4
The primary use of this compound is in production of blue flame in fireworks. Copper benzoate made from sodium benzoate for use in fireworks may result in strong yellow dilution of the flame unless the precipitate is carefully washed to remove sodium ion (which emits brightly yellow). Emission from potassium does not complicate the emission spectrum.
Structure
Copper(II) benzoates exists in at least two structural forms, depending on the degree of hydration. As of copper(II) acetate, the benzoate adopts a "Chinese lantern" structure, wherein a pair of copper centers are linked by four bridging carboxylate ligands. Typically one site on each copper center is occupied by water, which can be replaced by other ligands. A hydrated form is also known, wherein each Cu(II) centre is bound to four water ligands and benzoate.
References
Copper(II) compounds
Benzoates |
The 2008 UC Davis football team represented the University of California, Davis as a member of the Great West Conference (GWC) during the 2008 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by 16th-year head coach Bob Biggs, UC Davis compiled an overall record of 5–7 with a mark of 2–1 in conference play, placing second in the GWC. The team outscored its opponents 342 to 326 for the season. The Aggies played home games at Aggie Stadium in Davis, California.
The GWC had previously been a football-only conference, but began sports other sports in the 2008–09 school year.
Schedule
UC Davis players in the NFL
No UC Davis Aggies players were selected in the 2009 NFL Draft.
The following finished their UC Davis career in 2008, were not drafted, but played in the NFL:
References
UC Davis
UC Davis Aggies football seasons
UC Davis Aggies football |
List matches of Polish men's volleyball national team conducted by Andrea Anastasi, who was a coach of Polish national team from February 23, 2011 to October 24, 2013.
Achievements
Official matches
2011 FIVB World League
Pool A
Final round
Pool E
Semifinal
3rd place match
2011 European Championship
Pool D
Playoff
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
3rd place match
2011 FIVB World Cup
First round (Site A)
Second round (Site A)
Third round (Site A)
Fourth round (Site A)
2012 FIVB World League
Pool B
Final round
Pool F
Semifinal
Final
2012 Olympic Games
All times are British Summer Time (UTC+01:00).
Pool A
Quarterfinal
2013 FIVB World League
Pool A
2013 European Championship
Pool B
Playoff
Friendly matches
2011
2011 Memoriał Huberta Jerzego Wagnera
2012
2012 Memoriał Huberta Jerzego Wagnera
2013
2013 Memoriał Huberta Jerzego Wagnera
Polish men's volleyball national team |
Alfred Richard Gurrey Sr. (1852–1944) was an English-born landscape painter who moved to the United States at age 20. In 1900, his employer, Fireman's Fund Insurance Company, transferred him from San Francisco to Hawaii. In Hawaii, he worked as an insurance adjuster and was secretary of the Board of Fire Underwriters of the Territory of Hawaii. Although without formal art training, he painted Hawaiian landscapes and opened an art and antiques store in Honolulu. Gurrey was a member of the Kilohana Art League. In 1916, he retired from the Board of Fire Underwriters and moved to Kauai, where he continued to paint. His son, Alfred Richard Gurrey Jr. (1874–1928) and daughter-in-law, Caroline Haskins Gurrey (1875–1927), were photographers active in Hawaii.
In 1996, Alfred Gurrey’s daughter Florence and her husband Carl Bayer donated 30 of Alfred R. Gurrey Sr.’s paintings to the Kauai Museum in Lihue, Hawaii. His painting Moonlight on Ocean (Kauai), c. 1918, is in the collection of the Hawaii State Art Museum
References
Forbes, David W., He Makana, The Gertrude Mary Joan Damon Haig Collection of Hawaiian Art, Paintings and Prints, Hawaii State Foundation of Culture and the Arts, 2013, pp. 26–31
Severson, Don R. Finding Paradise: Island Art in Private Collections, University of Hawaii Press, 2002, p. 111, 203.
Footnotes
External links
Alfred Richard Gurrey Sr. in AskArt.com
History of the Bayer Estate
1852 births
1944 deaths
Artists from Hawaii
19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
19th-century American male artists
20th-century American male artists
British emigrants to the United States
People of the Territory of Hawaii |
There is a small community of Japanese people in Egypt, mainly of expatriates from Japan. According to Japan's Ministry of Foreign affairs, there are about 1,051 Japanese residents in Egypt as of 2009.
Overview
Japanese Rail engineers and experts, who were dispatched by Japan International Cooperation Agency, have been coming to Cairo to provide technical guidance on inspection and repair work at Cairo Metro and Japanese firms "Kinki Sharyo Co." and the "Toshiba Corporation" have been contracted to produce the majority of the rolling stock for the project. There is also a team of Japanese archaeologists working in Egypt for over 40 years. One of their major projects was radar scanning inside and outside the Great Pyramid and they have also conducted important work at Dashur and Abusir.
Following the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, many Japanese nationals in Egypt left the country. About 470 Japanese nationals fled the growing unrest in Cairo on three Japanese government-charted airplanes arranged by the Japanese Foreign Ministry's emergency task force in February 2011. The Japanese government is also scrambling to check the safety of all Japanese nationals living in Egypt in the wake of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation
Education
Japanese schools in Egypt:
Cairo Japanese School
The Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology is located in Alexandria.
See also
Egypt–Japan relations
Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology
References
External links
Cairo Japanese Club (カイロ日本人会)
Japan Foundation Cairo Office (国際交流基金カイロ日本文化センター)
Japan Foundation Cairo Office
Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) Cairo
Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) Cairo (Archive)
Asian diaspora in Egypt
Egypt
Japanese
Egypt |
NZR A 88 was a railway passenger carriage converted into the Buckhurst petrol carriage railcar in 1924. It was the only railcar operated by NZR not designated as a member of the NZR RM class; while a railcar, it retained the designation of A 88. This designation was wholly unrelated to the steam locomotive A class of 1873 or A class of 1906.
History
In the 1910s, NZR began experimenting with railcar technology to cater for passengers on routes that could not economically support locomotive-hauled dedicated passenger trains and thus had to settle for undesirably slow mixed trains (freight trains with passenger carriages attached). World War I and its subsequent economic impacts brought research to a halt after three unsuccessful experiments. In 1924, work resumed at Christchurch's Addington Workshops after a local engineer, E. B. Buckhurst, was given approval to convert a regular passenger carriage into a railcar. A 88 was the carriage chosen for the task; it had been imported from the United States in 1878 and prior to its renovation, it provided seated accommodation for second class passengers.
Technical details
A 88 was fitted with a unique gearbox designed by Buckhurst. Power was provided by a Hudson six cylinder petrol engine typically used by cars that was slung laterally beneath the long, carriage. Compartments for the driver were installed at each end of the carriage, giving it a passing resemblance to trams of the era. A total of 48 passengers could be carried by an A 88 in its railcar guise.
Trials
The first test run of the railcar was to Sandy Knolls, from Addington, and subsequent trials meant the railcar covered a distance of more than . The railcar successfully operated at a speed of , with its top attained speed approximately , but problems and faults became manifest over the trial period. The most notable problem was that the engine tended to overheat, and this combined with other flaws meant that the project became uneconomic and was abandoned before A 88 entered regular passenger service. The railcar parts were removed and sold and A 88 was returned to regular locomotive-hauled service in passenger trains after being re-converted into an un-motorised carriage.
References
External links
Photograph of Buckhurst railcar, 1925 (Alexander Turnbull Library image)
Railcars of New Zealand
Rail transport in New Zealand
Petrol railcars |
Friedrich Peter (13 July 1921 – 25 September 2005) was an Austrian politician who served as chairman of the Freedom Party of Austria from 1958 to 1978. He was an active Nazi between 1938 and 1946.
World War II and SS service
Born in Attnang-Puchheim, Upper Austria, as the son of a social democratic engine driver and a master baker's daughter, Peter joined the NSDAP in 1938 and volunteered for the Waffen-SS at the age of 17. During World War II, he served at the western and eastern fronts and achieved the rank of Obersturmführer in the 10th regiment of the 1st SS Infantry Brigade. Parts of this brigade were detached to Einsatzgruppe C. The Einsatzgruppen systematically shot hundreds of thousands of Jews, Romani, communists, and others behind the front during the summer of 1941. Although his unit was almost exclusively engaged in this activity, Peter denied any involvement or knowledge about them after the war. Historian Martin Cüppers said it was impossible that Peter didn't know what was happening and unlikely that he didn't directly participate in such atrocities. He was interned by American forces for a year in Glasenbach.
After his release, he became an elementary school and special education teacher, later Landesschulinspektor (state school supervisor).
Early political career
From 1955 to 1966, Peter served as a deputy in the Upper Austrian Landtag, first as a representative of the Verband der Unabhängigen, later of the Freedom Party (FPÖ), whose chairman he became in 1958. In 1966, he was elected into the Austrian Nationalrat and became the leader of his party's delegation in 1970.
As early as in 1962/1963, the FPÖ began to cautiously approach the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ), which antagonized parts of the right-wing extremist-national wing and caused some members to split away from the party. The SPÖ wanted to maintain the option of a coalition with the FPÖ and also supported that party financially. The idea was to weaken the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP), which turned out not to work. Under Peter's chairmanship, the FPÖ attempted to gain a reputation to become a potential coalition partner and tried to give a liberal impression on the outside. At the party convention of 1964, Peter declared that "nationalists and liberals together have a place in the FPÖ."
This "liberalization" of the party led to some internal resistance, against which Peter reacted by expelling dissenters. However, this process did not thoroughly transform the party, neither in terms of its political program nor in terms of its membership. The political views of the party ranks had not shifted towards liberalism.
Even though the FPÖ had declared during the election campaign that there would not be a "red chancellor", it supported Bruno Kreisky's minority government after the 1970 elections. This greatly increased the party's significance.
Kreisky-Peter-Wiesenthal Affair
Simon Wiesenthal, at that time head of the Jewish Historical Documentation Centre in Vienna, published a report on Friedrich Peter's Nazi past after the 1975 elections. The report documented that Peter had served as Obersturmbannführer in an SS unit involved in mass murder. Chancellor Kreisky, who had himself been persecuted by the Nazis, defended Peter and accused Wiesenthal of employing mafia methods and of collaboration with the Gestapo. This public dispute is remembered as the Kreisky-Peter-Wiesenthal affair.
In 1978, Peter stepped down as party chairman to be succeeded by the mayor of Graz, Alexander Götz. However, he retained control over the party behind the scenes. After the SPÖ had lost its majority in 1983, he negotiated a coalition between SPÖ and FPÖ with Bruno Kreisky, which took office under the leadership of Chancellor Fred Sinowatz (SPÖ) and vice chancellor Norbert Steger. However, he had to decline the offer to take the office of the third president of the Nationalrat after severe public protests, in order not to endanger the coalition.
Controversy with Jörg Haider, later life
His relationship to Jörg Haider was rather strained. The final split came in 1992 after Haider made a public comment on the "Third Reich's proper employment policies". Peter spoke of a "shameful lapse" of Haider, saying that this statement "forced him to break his self-imposed silence and to remind party leaders of their political and statutory responsibilities in public."
Friedrich Peter died on 25 September 2005 in Vienna's Hanuschkrankenhaus hospital, where he had been treated for kidney disease for several weeks.
Political career
1955–1971 FPÖ State party chairman of Upper Austria
1958–1978 FPÖ Federal Party Chairman
1955–1966 Member of the Upper Austrian Landtag
1966–1986 Member of the Nationalrat
1970–1986 Party delegation leader of the FPÖ
1992 Resigned his party membership because of the FPÖ's shift to an anti-EC position
References
Literature (in German)
Brigitte Bailer-Galanda, Wolfgang Neugebauer: Handbuch des österreichischen Rechtsextremismus. Wien 1996, .
Kurt Piringer: Die Geschichte der Freiheitlichen. Beitrag der Dritten Kraft zur österreichischen Politik. Wien 1982.
Wolfgang Neugebauer: Die FPÖ: Vom Rechtsextremismus zum Liberalismus? In: Rechtsextremismus nach 1945. Hrsg. v. Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstandes. 1981.
External links (in German)
www.wienerzeitung.at/ Friedrich Weissensteiner: Der Wegbereiter Friedrich Peter
http://www.nationalsozialismus.at/ Skandale und tabuisierte Vergangenheit Österreichs
Wandelte sich vom SS-Mann zum Demokraten auf www.networld.at
Obituary from Der Standard
| width="30%" align="center" | Anton Reinthaller
| width="40%" align="center" | FPÖ Party Chairman1958–1978
| width="30%" align="center" | Alexander Götz
1921 births
2005 deaths
Austrian prisoners of war
People from Vöcklabruck District
Austrian Nazis
Freedom Party of Austria politicians
Deaths from kidney failure
SS-Obersturmführer
Einsatzgruppen personnel
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Waffen-SS personnel
World War II prisoners of war held by the United States |
The year 1839 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.
Events
May – Cambridge Camden Society is established in England by John Mason Neale, Alexander Hope and Benjamin Webb to promote Gothic architecture; also this year the Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society is founded as the Society for Promoting the Study of Gothic Architecture.
Buildings and structures
Buildings completed
Ponce Cathedral, Puerto Rico
St Mary's Church, Derby, England (Roman Catholic), designed by Augustus Pugin
St Francis Xavier Church, Hereford, England (Roman Catholic), designed by Charles Day
Upper Brook Street Chapel, Manchester, England (Unitarian), designed by Charles Barry
Halifax County Courthouse (Virginia), designed by Dabney Cosby
Old Customshouse (Erie, Pennsylvania), designed by William Kelly
Lyceum (Alexandria, Virginia)
Åbo Svenska Teater, Åbo (Turku), Finland
Pulkovo Observatory, Russia
Söderarm, lighthouse, Sweden
Nine Elms railway station, London, designed by William Tite
Avon, Maidenhead and Moulsford Railway Bridges on the Great Western Railway of England, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Queen's Tower (Sheffield), England, a house designed by Woodhead & Hurst
Wrest Park near Silsoe, Bedfordshire, England, a house designed by Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey, for himself
Awards
Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Hector Lefuel.
Births
May 17 – Alexander Davidson, Scottish architect active in Australia (died 1908)
June 13
Robert William Edis, English architect and interior decorator (died 1927)
Ernest George, English architect and painter (died 1922)
October 29 – Imre Steindl, Hungarian architect (died 1902)
November 12 – Frank Furness, American architect (died 1912)
Deaths
January 24 – Michele Cachia, Maltese architect and military engineer (born 1760)
May 22 – William Atkinson, English Gothic Revival country house architect (born 1774/5)
August 31 – William Wilkins, English architect, classical scholar and archaeologist (born 1778)
November 15 – Giocondo Albertolli, Swiss-born architect, painter and sculptor active in Italy (born 1743)
References
Architecture
Years in architecture
19th-century architecture |
Memphis State Recreation Area (SRA) is a 163-acre state recreation area in east-central Nebraska, United States. The recreation area surrounds the 48-acre Memphis Lake where you can go fishing for largemouth bass, bluegill, and channel catfish. You can also go non-powered boating. Within the recreation area you can also camp and hike. The recreation area is managed by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission.
The recreation area is approximately 20 miles west of Omaha.
References
External links
Memphis State Recreation Area - Nebraska Game & Parks Commission
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission
Protected areas of Saunders County, Nebraska
Protected areas of Nebraska
State parks of Nebraska |
Adams County Regional Medical Center (ACRMC) is a 25-bed public hospital located near Seaman, Ohio. Operating since the 1940s, they moved to a new building in 2007. The hospital serves Adams County, Ohio.
Services
Services include Inpatient Hospice Suite, Sleep Studies Center, Outpatient IV Therapy Suite and Outpatient Observation, Emergency Department; a Surgical Suite, an endoscopy suite and a same-day surgery suite. ACRMC is certified as an American Heart Association Training Center. ACRMC has maintained accreditation by The Joint Commission since 1986.
Hospital rating data
The HealthGrades website contains the latest quality data for Adams County Medical Center, as of 2015. For this rating section three different types of data from HealthGrades are presented: quality ratings for four inpatient conditions and procedures, four patient safety indicators, percentage of patients giving the hospital a 9 or 10 (the two highest possible ratings).
For inpatient conditions and procedures, there are three possible ratings: worse than expected, as expected, better than expected. For Adams County Medical Center the data for this category is:
Worse than expected - 2
As expected - 2
Better than expected - 0
For patient safety indicators, there are the same three possible ratings. For this hospital four indicators were rated as:
Worse than expected - 0
As expected - 4
Better than expected - 0
Data for patients giving this hospital a 9 or 10 are:
Patients rating this hospital as a 9 or 10 - 66%
Patients rating hospitals as a 9 or 10 nationally - 69%
References
External links
Adams County Regional Medical Center (ACRMC) Web Site
Ohio Hospital Association profile
Adams County, Ohio
Buildings and structures in Adams County, Ohio
Hospital
Hospitals in Ohio |
Blue Star Chios (), formerly Nissos Chios (), is a high-speed ro-pax ferry of Blue Star Ferries, built, along with its sister ship Blue Star Mykonos, at Elefsis Shipyards. It was an old wish of Gerasimos Strintzis. In February 2006 the first pieces of the ship were loaded at Skararamangas and were transported to Elefsis Shipyards and on November 15, 2006, construction was launched at Elefsis Shipyards. It was delivered in June 2007 for Hellenic Seaways. Its construction was completed in a very short time.
The original name of the ship means in Greek "Island of Chios", which is one of the islands of the North Aegean. It was, when launched, the newest Greek ship with frequent travels. In January 2020 the Nissos Chios was renamed Blue Star Chios together with its sister ship Nissos Mykonos, which was renamed Blue Star Mykonos, after the ships changed service from Hellenic Seaways to Blue Star Ferries.
There was a 1967-built Greek passenger-car ferry with the same name. The old Nissos Chios was scrapped in 2006.
Routes
Sailing from Piraeus the ship serves several Cyclades' islands within Blue Star's COVID caused reduced schedule.
References
External links
Ferries of Greece
Ships built in Greece
2006 ships
Ships of Blue Star Ferries |
Betty Goes Green is a Belgian rock band founded in 1990.
Biography
The group convinced Mike Rathke (producer and guitar player of Lou Reed) to produce their album Hunuluria, of which two good singles are taken: "Cold by the sea" and "Life Long Devotion".
Rathke also produces their album "Hand Some", on which Lou Reed also sings on one song. On the album, the guitars are being played by Tjenne Berghmans (Clouseau), due to a fatal illness of their original guitarist Pieter De Cort. He dies of cancer in 1994.
In 1996, the group decides to take a step down: they sign up for a smaller record label (B-Track) and record a new album. Their devoted friend Lou Reed is still enthusiastic and takes the group with him on his European Tour.
The single "The Well" becomes a huge radio hit. In 1998, singer Luc Crabbe en Tony Gezels also take part in a new project of Kloot Per W called "Zen-On".
The album Dreamers & Lovers was recorded in the band's own home studio, with only a brass section with Bart Maris coming to the aid of the band. Dreamers & Lovers got an international release in the Fall of 2000.
Discography
Studioalbums
Hell Of A Show (1991, Boom!)
Hunaluria (1993, BMG/Ariola)
Hand Some (1994, BMG)
Hedonic Tone (1996, B-track)
The Well (1998, Sony Columbia)
Dreamers and Lovers (2000, B-track)
Singles
Betty Goes Green (1991, Boom!)
Cold By The sea (1993, BMG/Ariola)
Life Long devotion (1993, BMG/Ariola)
I Love It (1994, BMG)
Go To Hook Her (1994, BMG)
Ring Ring (1996, B-Track)
Heimet (1997, Sony Columbia)
The Well (1998, Sony Columbia
External links
Official site
Belgian alternative rock groups
Musical groups established in 1990 |
```xml
import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';
import { AfterContentInit, ChangeDetectionStrategy, Component, ContentChildren, EventEmitter, Input, NgModule, Output, QueryList, TemplateRef, ViewEncapsulation, inject, booleanAttribute } from '@angular/core';
import { PrimeNGConfig, PrimeTemplate, SharedModule, TranslationKeys } from 'primeng/api';
import { TimesCircleIcon } from 'primeng/icons/timescircle';
/**
* Chip represents people using icons, labels and images.
* @group Components
*/
@Component({
selector: 'p-chip',
template: `
<div [ngClass]="containerClass()" [class]="styleClass" [ngStyle]="style" *ngIf="visible" [attr.data-pc-name]="'chip'" [attr.aria-label]="label" [attr.data-pc-section]="'root'">
<ng-content></ng-content>
<img [src]="image" *ngIf="image; else iconTemplate" (error)="imageError($event)" [alt]="alt" />
<ng-template #iconTemplate><span *ngIf="icon" [class]="icon" [ngClass]="'p-chip-icon'" [attr.data-pc-section]="'icon'"></span></ng-template>
<div class="p-chip-text" *ngIf="label" [attr.data-pc-section]="'label'">{{ label }}</div>
<ng-container *ngIf="removable">
<ng-container *ngIf="!removeIconTemplate">
<span
tabindex="0"
*ngIf="removeIcon"
[class]="removeIcon"
[ngClass]="'pi-chip-remove-icon'"
[attr.data-pc-section]="'removeicon'"
(click)="close($event)"
(keydown)="onKeydown($event)"
[attr.aria-label]="removeAriaLabel"
role="button"
></span>
<TimesCircleIcon tabindex="0" *ngIf="!removeIcon" [class]="'pi-chip-remove-icon'" [attr.data-pc-section]="'removeicon'" (click)="close($event)" (keydown)="onKeydown($event)" [attr.aria-label]="removeAriaLabel" role="button" />
</ng-container>
<span *ngIf="removeIconTemplate" tabindex="0" [attr.data-pc-section]="'removeicon'" class="pi-chip-remove-icon" (click)="close($event)" (keydown)="onKeydown($event)" [attr.aria-label]="removeAriaLabel" role="button">
<ng-template *ngTemplateOutlet="removeIconTemplate"></ng-template>
</span>
</ng-container>
</div>
`,
changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush,
encapsulation: ViewEncapsulation.None,
styleUrls: ['./chip.css'],
host: {
class: 'p-element'
}
})
export class Chip implements AfterContentInit {
/**
* Defines the text to display.
* @group Props
*/
@Input() label: string | undefined;
/**
* Defines the icon to display.
* @group Props
*/
@Input() icon: string | undefined;
/**
* Defines the image to display.
* @group Props
*/
@Input() image: string | undefined;
/**
* Alt attribute of the image.
* @group Props
*/
@Input() alt: string | undefined;
/**
* Inline style of the element.
* @group Props
*/
@Input() style: { [klass: string]: any } | null | undefined;
/**
* Class of the element.
* @group Props
*/
@Input() styleClass: string | undefined;
/**
* Whether to display a remove icon.
* @group Props
*/
@Input({ transform: booleanAttribute }) removable: boolean | undefined = false;
/**
* Icon of the remove element.
* @group Props
*/
@Input() removeIcon: string | undefined;
/**
* Callback to invoke when a chip is removed.
* @param {MouseEvent} event - Mouse event.
* @group Emits
*/
@Output() onRemove: EventEmitter<MouseEvent> = new EventEmitter<MouseEvent>();
/**
* This event is triggered if an error occurs while loading an image file.
* @param {Event} event - Browser event.
* @group Emits
*/
@Output() onImageError: EventEmitter<Event> = new EventEmitter<Event>();
config = inject(PrimeNGConfig);
visible: boolean = true;
removeIconTemplate: TemplateRef<any> | undefined;
get removeAriaLabel() {
return this.config.getTranslation(TranslationKeys.ARIA)['removeLabel'];
}
@ContentChildren(PrimeTemplate) templates: QueryList<PrimeTemplate> | undefined;
ngAfterContentInit() {
(this.templates as QueryList<PrimeTemplate>).forEach((item) => {
switch (item.getType()) {
case 'removeicon':
this.removeIconTemplate = item.template;
break;
default:
this.removeIconTemplate = item.template;
break;
}
});
}
containerClass() {
return {
'p-chip p-component': true,
'p-chip-image': this.image != null
};
}
close(event: MouseEvent) {
this.visible = false;
this.onRemove.emit(event);
}
onKeydown(event) {
if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === 'Backspace') {
this.close(event);
}
}
imageError(event: Event) {
this.onImageError.emit(event);
}
}
@NgModule({
imports: [CommonModule, TimesCircleIcon, SharedModule],
exports: [Chip, SharedModule],
declarations: [Chip]
})
export class ChipModule {}
``` |
Harry Bacharach (October 24, 1873 – May 13, 1947) was the Mayor of Atlantic City, New Jersey, in 1912 for 6 months, and from 1916 to 1920, and again from 1930 to 1935. A Republican, he also served as a city commissioner.
Biography
Bacharach was born in 1873 in Philadelphia, to Betty (Nusbaum) and Jacob Bacharach. His brother was United States Congressman Isaac Bacharach.
In 1914, Bacharach was tried for election fraud in the 1910 mayoral election.
He died on May 13, 1947, in Atlantic City.
Heritage
The Bacharach Giants, a Negro league baseball team that played in Atlantic City, were created by his political allies and used his name as a promotional vehicle for the 1916 mayoral election.
Harry and his brother, Congressman Isaac Bacharach, founded the Betty Bacharach Home for Afflicted Children in honor of their mother, which opened in 1924. The home cared for children afflicted with infantile paralysis. The building at 2305 Atlantic Avenue, Longport, New Jersey, became the borough hall in 1990.
Mr. Bacharach was also nicknamed “ Shore Gate “ after he shut down the major roads for the summer
In popular culture
Bacharach was played by actor John Rue in the HBO television series Boardwalk Empire.
References
1873 births
1947 deaths
Politicians from Philadelphia
Mayors of Atlantic City, New Jersey
Jewish mayors of places in the United States
New Jersey Republicans
Jewish American people in New Jersey politics |
The Royal Navy Rugby Union (RNRU) was formed in 1907 to administer the playing of rugby union in the Royal Navy. It fields a representative side that competes in the Army Navy Match, although a side representing the Royal Navy predates the formation of the union by at least twenty-eight years. The RNRU also has had a number of international players within its representative squads in all forms of the game. In 2011 the RNRU produced its first women's international as well as providing the captain of England VIIs.
History
At the beginning of the twentieth century, a number of service-based clubs existed but found it hard to gain support from service players, because it was considered necessary to turn out for civilian clubs to get first-class games. However, in 1902 the United Services Recreation Ground began to give financial support to the United Services Portsmouth Rugby Football Club to stimulate interest. The club quickly began performing strongly and gained an excellent reputation and equally strong fixture list. The appeal that had been sent out to all naval players to support Service clubs had worked and a definite movement had been made to induce all officers in the Navy to give up playing for civilian clubs. In November 1907 the press were invited to a luncheon where the formation of the Royal Navy Rugby Union was announced Upon formation the Royal Navy Rugby Union contained many players of international standard. In his book Rugby Football (and how to play it) WJA Davies makes reference to the same point made by Marshall and Tosswill and also makes reference to the formation of the Royal Navy Rugby Union in 1906 however, this chapter contains a number of inaccuracies and it is believed by many that WJA Davies chose the date from the season when the first capped Army Navy match was played, 1906/07. This may have been the source of subsequent confusion as the Royal Navy Rugby Union continued to advertise their formation as 1906 and there were a number of anniversary events over the years, particularly in 2006 when they celebrated their 'centenary' which included a match against the Barbarians FC. A second cause of confusion may have been that the match in February 1907 was a capped game but these caps were awarded retrospectively by the Royal Navy Rugby Union following a meeting held by the Royal Navy Rugby Union in August 1910. In 2006 a project was undertaken to investigate the History of Navy Rugby and this project uncovered the original minutes as well as various press reports detailing the formation of the Union. The project also had access to private correspondence from the time. In March 2018 the RNRU Executive Committee acknowledged that the evidence pointed to a formation date of November 1907 but decided that despite this they would still use 1906
The highlight of the RNRU season is the annual Army Navy Match held at Twickenham. The first of these matches took place in 1878 at the Kennington Oval, but it was not until 1907 that the match became an annual fixture as part of the Inter-Service Competition. In 1919, an Inter-Service Championship was arranged by the Army Rugby Union, which included Service teams from Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa, as well as a Royal Air Force Rugby Union team and a British Army team playing under the name 'Mother Country'. The Mother Country and New Zealand Army reached the final at Twickenham, with New Zealand winning the encounter to lift the King's Cup. In 1920 the Army Navy competition was expanded to include the Royal Air Force.
Aside from the Army-Navy match and the Inter Service Championship the various Navy Representative teams (1st XV, U23, Women and Veterans) play in a number of competitions during the season in both the fifteen and seven aside games. There are three knockout cups run exclusively for the ships of the Fleet (this sentence is no longer valid as the ships no longer play for the max, midi or mini ships cups. These cup competitions were stopped in the early '90s ) and in the middle of December there is the final of the RNRU Knockout Cup, open to all Establishments, Ships and Royal Marine Units. The Inverdale Trophy (formerly the Blakeney Cup) is named after a past Life Member of the Royal Navy Rugby Union Surg Capt Inverdale RN. It is competed for annually by the five Commands of the Fleet Air Arm, Plymouth, Portsmouth, Royal Marines and Scotland. The competition has enjoyed many formats and is currently competed for over a week for the right to be called RNRU Command Champions and the opportunity to represent the RNRU at an overseas tournament.
The RNRU is a Constituent Body of the Rugby Football Union and in honouring its role in the evolution of the game in England it has as a mission statement: "To promote, develop, administer and finance rugby football in the Royal Navy throughout the world in support of the Rugby Football Union". This is achieved by financing coaching seminars and courses; administrating the game, and officiating the games through the provision of referees and touch judges.
Senior XV Cup Competitions
The Royal Navy Rugby Union Senior XV players annually for five cups as well as playing in the triennial Commonwealth Navies Rugby Cup. The longest cup competition is the annual Army Navy match which is held at Twickenham. The Unions first played each other in 1907. The Royal Navy has played the Royal Air Force annually since 1920 which is also the year that the Inter Service Competition was inaugurated. The Royal Navy annually play the Irish Defence Forces and have done since 2002. The final annual cup match is against the French Navy, the Marine Nationale. The first match was played in 2005 and since 2011 the Royal Navy Rugby Union have awarded caps for this fixture.
The Commonwealth Navies Rugby Cup is a triennial competition that was first played in 1997 where it was held in the UK. Since then it has been played in Australia (twice), New Zealand and also South Africa. The Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy have competed in every competition. The Royal New Zealand Navy missed the 2018 competition. The South African Navy competed in 2006. The Royal Navy won the first 6 tournaments with the loss of only one match, to the Royal New Zealand Navy in the 2006 competition. In 2014 the Royal New Zealand Navy were crowned champions on home soil following a 37–10 win over the Royal Navy and a 26-5 win over their Australian counterparts. The last time the competition was played was in 2018 when it was reduced to a single match between the hosts, Royal Navy, and the Royal Australian Navy, which the RN won.
Women's rugby
The RNRU does field a women's rugby side although in the women’s Inter-Service competition that was introduced in 2003 the Army have been the dominant side winning every title from 2003-2018. In 2019 the RAF Women won the title for the first time.
The Royal Navy Rugby Union started awarding caps from 2011 for the Women's XV with a qualification of six Inter Service matches since 2008, the first player to be awarded a cap under this qualification rule was Vic Percival and at the same match Sophie Roseman, Emma Swinton, Sarah Simms, Sophy Hinds and Pam Williams-Wilson qualified for their first cap.. In 2014 the qualifying criteria were altered and the Women were to be awarded their first cap after four Inter Service matches. The four matches had to be since 2009 and to include an appearance in IS2014 or later. This criterion left a couple of players in the hinterland between the old and the new criteria. After the 2014 match v the Royal Air Force Stacey Hargrave became the first to win her cap under the new criteria. The 2015 match against the Marine National Feminines was the first occasion that this game was considered a capped match. At the Annual General Meeting held in November 2017 the criteria were changed for a second time and the award of the Women's cap was brought in to alignment with the men's game. i.e. if you played in a capped game you received a cap without the requirement for any previous matches played. Like the previous change the amendment was not back dated.
The RN(W) players compete for the Roger Sherratt Trophy which is awarded to the member of the Royal Navy Women's Rugby Union Squad who is deemed to be the most valuable player of the season. This player will have shown strong leadership qualities both on and off the field, have provided a positive influence on the Squad and have displayed the attitude and bearing that epitomises the values of the Royal Navy Women Rugby Union Team.
Caps and Colours
The Royal Navy Rugby Union first awarded caps for players of its Senior XV in their matches against the British Army. When the Royal Air Force formed the Inter Services competition in 1920 the Royal Navy Rugby Union also awarded caps for these matches. At the 2010 Annual General Meeting it was decided to award caps to the Senior XV's match against the French Navy, the Marine Nationale, and also for members of the Royal Navy Rugby Union's Women's team for their matches against the British Army and Royal Air Force.
The Royal Navy Rugby Union also award colours to members of their Referee Society on the first occasion that they either referee or are an assistant referee at a match involving the Senior XVs during the Inter Service competition.
Notable former players
Scotland internationalists
The following former RNRU players have represented Scotland at full international level.
Bobby Clark
Drummond Ford
Wilf Crawford
Tremayne Rodd
Alec Valentine
Alpin Thomson
England internationalists
The following former RNRU players have represented England at full international level.
Dave Davies
Arthur Leyland Harrison
Cecil Kershaw
Norman Wodehouse
Thomas Woods
References
External links
Official website
Army Navy Match - Official site
Alligin Photography - largest collection of Navy Rugby Photographs and also some History of Navy Rugby - Very unofficial site
2010 Army v Navy Rugby Match - YouTube
Rugby union governing bodies in England
1906 establishments in the United Kingdom
Military sport in the United Kingdom
Sports organizations established in 1906 |
Osterstein Castle (, lit. 'Eastern Rock') is the former castle of the town of Zwickau, Germany, in Saxony (Bundesland Sachsen). Now it houses a nursing home.
History
First mentioned in 1292 as "Castrum Czwickaw", it was badly damaged in a fire in 1403, and demolished between 1404 and 1407 under William I, Margrave of Meissen. It was rebuilt during the reign of Christian I, Elector of Saxony in 1587-1590 as a magnificent Renaissance castle.
In the 18th century, Zwickau Prison (Zuchthaus Zwickau) was established in the castle, which with interruptions, was used until after the Second World War. There were numerous prominent prisoners, including Karl May, August Bebel, Rosa Luxemburg and Martin Hoop.
During the Second World War, it was used as a concentration camp. On 31 December 1962, after 187 years, the use of the castle as a prison ended, although a public bathhouse continued to operate in an intermediate wing of modern construction, on the Dr.-Friedrich-Ring. The former arsenal and the cell block were used to house the archives of the local coal mining industry, and for storage by various local businesses. Parts of the premises were demolished.
From the 1980s, the castle structure deteriorated rapidly. During the 1990s and into the early years of the 21st century, proposals for its reuse and plans for reconstruction and redevelopment repeatedly came to nothing. The castle became increasingly a blot on the urban landscape of Zwickau town centre, and a cause of civic embarrassment. After 2000, emergency measures were required to secure the building's safety.
On 3 November 2006, the foundation stone was laid for the reconstruction of the castle. The work was undertaken by GP Schuppertbau GmbH, who after repair, restoration and rebuilding converted the former castle into a nursing home, with future plans for some parts of the complex for restaurant and museum use. On 9 September 2007, the topping-out ceremony took place. On 7 November 2008, the keys were formally handed over to the Betreibergesellschaft Senioren- und Seniorenpflegeheim GmbH Zwickau, the company that runs a senior citizen's home and nursing home; the first residents moved in on 11 November 2008.
See also
List of castles
List of castles in Germany
Notes
External links
Senioren- und Seniorenpflegeheim Zwickau GmbH
Houses completed in 1590
Castles in Saxony
Prisons in Germany
Zwickau
Nazi concentration camps in Germany
Buildings and structures in Zwickau (district) |
Those Country Kids is a 1914 American short comedy film starring Fatty Arbuckle and Mabel Normand, and directed by Fatty Arbuckle.
Cast
In alphabetical order:
Roscoe 'Fatty' Arbuckle
Gordon Griffith
Billy Jacobs
Mabel Normand
Al St. John
Josef Swickard
See also
List of American films of 1914
Fatty Arbuckle filmography
References
External links
1914 films
Films directed by Roscoe Arbuckle
Silent American comedy films
1914 comedy films
1914 short films
American silent short films
American black-and-white films
American comedy short films
1910s American films |
```objective-c
/******************************************************************
iLBC Speech Coder ANSI-C Source Code
LPCencode.h
All Rights Reserved.
******************************************************************/
#ifndef __iLBC_LPCENCOD_H
#define __iLBC_LPCENCOD_H
void LPCencode(
float *syntdenum, /* (i/o) synthesis filter coefficients
before/after encoding */
float *weightdenum, /* (i/o) weighting denumerator coefficients
before/after encoding */
int *lsf_index, /* (o) lsf quantization index */
float *data, /* (i) lsf coefficients to quantize */
iLBC_Enc_Inst_t *iLBCenc_inst
/* (i/o) the encoder state structure */
);
#endif
``` |
A stutter step is a footwork technique in tennis and other sports.
The term has fallen out of usage in the modern game, but the technique is still used. The stutter step is basically running forward with small steps while squatting, having the back perpendicular to the ground, and having the racquet up in front. It is a technique used to approach the net after a strong approach shot in preparation for a volley. It allows the player to be in a stable ready position while moving forward and creating a higher percentage volley.
Common meaning in modern usage
Although the term is mainly used in tennis, it has also become a modern term that is used commonly meaning to "unsurely make a decision or perform a job or activity". For example, you could 'stutter step" in a decision, or take slow, unsure steps and be cautious towards it instead of to just make up your mind and go for it.
In basketball
In basketball, the stutter step is a common warm-up drill where you shuffle and scuff your feet in a quick moving motion across a length of flooring. This warm-up is supposed to keep the players alert and help them prepare to defend players in a real game, since the stutter step is a littler version of shuffling.
In track and field
In track and field, a stutter step is usually related to an event where foot placement needs to be precise: shortened adjustment steps leading up to a hurdle, or on a runway event where the final step initiates the jump, vault or throw.
In video games
RTS games have players issuing orders to units on a game field. Some units are unable to attack while moving. Stutter-stepping is when units are ordered to move the moment their attack animation begins, canceling the attack's animation while still allowing the attack to happen, thereby allowing them to follow or flee from enemy units while attacking.
References
Tennis terminology
Sport of athletics terminology |
Ambootia or Ambootay is a tea estate village in the Kurseong CD block in the Kurseong subdivision of the Darjeeling district in the state of West Bengal in India.
Geography
Location
Geo-location .
Ambootia is situated below Kurseong in the foothills of the Himalayan Mountains. Nepali is the main language spoken by the local population.
Area overview
The map alongside shows the eastern portion of the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region and a small portion of the terai region in its eastern and southern fringes, all of it in the Darjeeling district. In the Darjeeling Sadar subdivision 61.00% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 39.00% of the population lives in the urban areas. In the Kurseong subdivision 58.41% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 41.59% lives in the urban areas. There are 78 tea gardens/ estates (the figure varies slightly according to different sources), in the district, producing and largely exporting Darjeeling tea. It engages a large proportion of the population directly/ indirectly. Some tea gardens were identified in the 2011 census as census towns or villages. Such places are marked in the map as CT (census town) or R (rural/ urban centre). Specific tea estate pages are marked TE.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
Ambootia landslide
In October 1968, a large landslide in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region was triggered by high volumes of rainfall. The Ambootia landslide, as it was called, remained active until re-vegetation began to stabilise it in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Ambootia had a total population of 4,811 of which 2,344 (49%) were males and 2,467 (51%) were females. There were 370 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Ambootia was 3,512 (73.00% of the population over 6 years).
Tea
Ambootia, is one of the most well known tea estates in Darjeeling. It was amongst the first tea estates established by the British tea planters in the 1850s and is the second largest Darjeeling Tea producer in India. The Darjeeling Tea Company of England established Ambootia Tea Garden in 1861 and was taken over by Indian entrepreneurs in 1954 after India attained independence in 1947. When the Bansal Tea Group took over the garden in 1987, it had already been declared a sick unit.
"It has developed into a well-integrated, self sustaining, ecologically balanced and economically viable tea garden in the recent years."
Ambootia Group had 15 tea estates within its portfolio of which 12 estates are in Darjeeling and two each in Assam and Dooars. "Over the years, Ambootia – or the Darjeeling Organic Tea Estates Private Ltd – had acquired 12 of the 87 Darjeeling plantations and was internationally renowned for its high-quality teas".
In late 2022, due to a long going financial distress at Darjeeling Organic Tea Estates Pvt. Ltd., Ambootia along with 5 other gardens were handed over to Mr. Sushil Kumar Agarwal of Lemongrass Organic Tea Estates Pvt. Ltd. (LOTEPL), a Joint Venture between MLA Group and KK Group. With this acquisition, the Sushil Kumar Agarwal led LOTEPL manages 9 Tea Estates in Darjeeling region. LOTEPL is now becoming one of the most sought after company globally for Darjeeling Tea.
Ambootia Tea Garden has a total area of , tea is cultivated in . The garden has a fully operational and well maintained tea factory. In 1992, it transitioned to 100% certified organic and bio-dynamic production and in 1994, Ambootia was Fair Trade certified.
It employs around 800 workers (both permanent and casual) and 84 staff. "Wheat, rice and kerosene are provided to the labourers at subsidised rates. Coal or firewood, slippers and umbrella are given to the workers annually." The garden provides quarters to workers and staff. There are 4 creches for looking after the children of female employees. Four primary schools are run by the Gorkha Hill council and 3 by the West Bengal government. There is a garden hospital with 8 beds and a visiting doctor. Workers and their families are entitled to free treatment at the garden hospital.
LOTEPL group
The gardens of the Lemongrass Organic Tea Estates Private Ltd. are: Ambootia, Chongtong, Happy Valley, Monteviot, Moondakotee, Mullootar, Nagri (Mangarjung), Sepoydhoorah (Chamling) and Sivitar.
Transport
Notable persons
Hira Devi Waiba
Navneet Aditya Waiba
References
Villages in Darjeeling district
Economy of Darjeeling district
Tea estates in West Bengal
Tea brands
Tea companies of India |
Mycena fera is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. Found in South America, the fruit bodies of the fungus are bioluminescent.
See also
List of bioluminescent fungi
References
External links
fera
Bioluminescent fungi
Fungi described in 1997
Fungi of South America
Taxa named by Rudolf Arnold Maas Geesteranus |
Fort Tolukko is a small fortification on the east coast of Ternate facing Halmahera. It was one of the colonial forts built to control the trade in clove spices, which prior to the eighteenth century were only found in the Maluku Islands. It has been variously occupied by the Portuguese, the native Ternate Sultanate, the Dutch, the British and the Spanish. It was abandoned as a fort in 1864, renovated in 1996, and is now a tourist attraction.
Description
Fort Tolukko is located in the village of Dufa Dufa on the edge of Ternate City on the island of Ternate, one of the Maluku Islands in modern Indonesia. It is a tall, stone built fort, sitting on a cape about above sea level. Fort Tolukko's unusual phallic layout is a function of the immediate topography. Its small narrow layout with two bulwarks is distinctively Iberian, different with the Dutch built Fort Oranje and Fort Kalamata. Its primary function was to dominate a rare coral reef-free landing point, directly in front of the fort. It was built to hold a garrison of 160.
Construction and early history
After the arrival of Islam and the decline of Majapahit influence, the government organisation of North Maluku changed to a Sultanate by the fifteenth century, when the first Europeans arrived. Ternate was one of the so-called Spice Islands. Until the 18th century, cloves grew only on a few islands in the Moluccas: Bacan, Makian, Moti, Ternate, and Tidore. The trade in cloves and other spices from the Molaccas was a fabulously wealthy one and the European colonial powers competed to control it.
In November 1511, the Portuguese in Malacca learnt of the location of the Spice Islands in the Moluccas, and sent an expedition led by António de Abreu to find them. This arrived in early 1512, with Abreu going to Ambon while deputy commander Francisco Serrão went to Ternate. The Portuguese in Ternate was welcomed by the Ternate Sultanate, partly because the Portuguese promised to help the Ternatese in their fight against their rival, the Sultanate of Tidore, which was allied with the Spanish. The Ternate Sultanate allowed the Portuguese to build one fort in Ternate. In June 1522 they built one fort next to the sultan's residence in Gamalama (present Kastella). They called Fort of Sao Joao Batista (being founded on June 24, Feast Day of Saint John the Baptist).
It became clear to the Ternatese that the Portuguese intention was not merely to establish a trading port, but to monopolize the spice trade. This was formalised in a treaty which obliged the Ternatese to sell the spices as cheaply as possible to the Portuguese. In 1533, the Ternatese, led by Dajalo, tried to capture the Portuguese forts, but failed. António Galvão managed to calm the situation and maintain peace in Ternate, enabling the Portuguese to maintain their monopoly over the spice trade in the Maluku Islands. Their position was strengthened by a new treaty made in 1570 between Governor of the Moluccas, Lopez de Mesquita, and the Sultan of Ternate, Khairun Jamil.
However, not long after the treaty, Jamil was murdered on the orders of de Mesquita. Khairul's son Babullah declared war, which lasted for seven years. Gradually, the Portuguese fort were taken by Ternate and in 1575 the Ternatese managed to expel the Portuguese from the region. The fort of Sao Joao Batista was used by the Sultan of Ternate as a fortified royal residence.
Later history
The Dutch expanded in the East Indies in the early 17th century, just like the Spaniards did from the Philippines. In 1606 the Spanish settled in Ternate, on the old Portuguese fort of Sao Joao Batista (also called Gamalama where they found their new capital in Moluccas: City of Rosary). A year later the Dutch settled ten kilometers to the north, in the town of Malayo, where they founded a new fort called Fort Orange.
In 1611 Governor of Philippines Juan de Silva commanded a great expedition from Manila to Ternate with the intention of expelling the Dutch from the island. Once in Ternate, the Governor Juan de Silva, dispatched an expeditionary force under Captain Fernando de Ayala to conquest Fort Orange, so they decided to build the first fort above the local town of Tolukko, as they thought that from there, from the north, they could assault the Dutch Fort Orange. This new fort was called San Juan de Toluco.
Finally, the Spanish did not assault the Dutch capital in Ternate (instead of that they decided to start a military campaign on the east coast of Halmahera). With the Dutch fortress of Fort Oranje lying between Fort Tolukko and the main Spanish fortress of Kastella, the Spanish found it difficult to maintain Fort Tolukko, and it was abandoned in 1612. The Dutch captured Fort Tolukko in the same year, renaming it Fort Hollandia. It was repaired and improved by Jan Pieter Both for the Dutch East India Company. A few years later they gave it to the sultan of Ternate, so that he could establish his residence there.
In 1661, The Dutch government allowed the Ternate Sultan Mandar Syah of Ternate to occupy the Fort with his soldiers. At some point it was renamed Fort Tolukko after the tenth ruler of the Ternate Sultanate, Kaicil Tolukko, whose reign started in 1692. On April 16, 1799, a small group of Tidorese soldiers led by Kaicil Nuku, the nineteenth Sultan of Tidore, attacked Tolukko Fort. They were rapidly forced back by the combined forces of Ternate and Dutch East India Company. Continuous war between Ternate and Tidore greatly reduced the population of the city of Ternate, with many dying of starvation, being killed in the war, or fleeing to Halmahera. In 1810 the fort was occupied by the British during an invasion of the Moluccas during the Napoleonic Wars.
In 1864, the Dutch resident P. Van der Crab ordered the dilapidated buildings inside Fort Tolukko demolished and the fort vacated. In 1996, the fort area was renovated, but the lack of a proper conservation process resulted in the loss of some of the historic elements of the fort, such as the tunnels which connected the fort to the landing point on the beach.
See also
Fort Oranje
Fort Kalamata
Fort Kastela
Otanaha Fortress
References
Works cited
External links
The Portuguese in Indonesia: the Moluccas and the Lesser Sunda islands
Forts os the Moluccas / Toluko
Buildings and structures completed in 1512
Tolukko
Ternate
Dutch East India Company
Portuguese colonialism in Indonesia
Portuguese colonial architecture in Indonesia
Buildings and structures in North Maluku
Tourist attractions in North Maluku |
Luzarinaeis a subfamily of crickets in the family Phalangopsidae.
Subdivisions
The Orthoptera Species File lists the following taxonomy for Luzarinae:
subtribe Amphiacustina Hubbell, 1938
Amphiacusta Saussure, 1874
Arachnopsita Desutter-Grandcolas & Hubbell, 1993
†Araneagryllus Heads, 2010
Cantrallia Desutter-Grandcolas, 1994
Caribacusta Gorochov, 2014
Leptopedetes Desutter-Grandcolas, 1994
Longuripes Desutter-Grandcolas & Hubbell, 1993
Mayagryllus Desutter-Grandcolas & Hubbell, 1993
Nemoricantor Desutter-Grandcolas & Hubbell, 1993
Noctivox Desutter-Grandcolas & Hubbell, 1993
subtribe Lernecina Desutter-Grandcolas, 1987
Lerneca Walker, 1869
Lernecopsis de Mello, 1995
Microlerneca de Mello, 1995
Prosthacusta Saussure, 1874
subtribe Luzarina Hebard, 1928
Acantoluzarida Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992
Allochrates Desutter-Grandcolas, 1993
Amazonacla Gorochov, 2011
Amusina Hebard, 1928
Amusodes Hebard, 1928
Dyscophogryllus Rehn, 1901
Gryllosoma Hebard, 1928
Koilenoma Desutter-Grandcolas, 1993
Lecticusta Cadena-Castañeda & García García, 2012
Leptopsis Desutter-Grandcolas, 1996
Luzara Walker, 1869
Luzarida Hebard, 1928
Luzaridella Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992
Megalamusus Hebard, 1928
Melanotes Desutter-Grandcolas, 1993
Niquirana Hebard, 1928
Ochraperites Desutter-Grandcolas, 1993
Palpigera Hebard, 1928
Peru Koçak & Kemal, 2008
Peruzara Gorochov, 2011
Rehniella Hebard, 1928
Tairona Hebard, 1928
Ucayacla Gorochov, 2011
genus group Aracambiae Souza-Dias & Desutter-Grandcolas, 2014
Aracamby de Mello, 1992
Cacruzia de Mello, 1992
Desutterella Souza-Dias, Campos & de Mello, 2017
Izecksohniella de Mello, 1992
Marcgraviella Souza-Dias & Desutter-Grandcolas, 2014
Marliella Mews & Mól, 2009
Vanzoliniella de Mello & Cezar dos Reis, 1994
genera without subtribe or other placement
Adenopygus Bolfarini & de Mello, 2012
Anacusta Hebard, 1928
Bambuina de Mello, Horta & Bolfarini, 2013
Cophella Hebard, 1928
Grandcolasia Koçak & Kemal, 2010
Guabamima de Mello, 1993
Joadis Mews & Sperber, 2009
Mellomima Desutter-Grandcolas, 2020
Mellopsis Mews & Sperber, 2010
Miogryllodes Hebard, 1928
Ottedana de Mello & de Andrade, 2003
Paracophella Hebard, 1928
Pizacris Souza-Dias & Desutter-Grandcolas, 2015
Prosthama Hebard, 1928
Saopauloa Koçak & Kemal, 2008
Sishiniheia de Mello & Souza-Dias, 2016
Strinatia Chopard, 1970
References
Crickets
Orthoptera subfamilies |
The Fox Theatre in Redwood City, CA opened in 1929, was remodeled in 1950, and was listed on National Register of Historic Places in 1994.
History
The Fox Theatre opened its door to the public on January 2, 1929 as The New Sequoia Theater by Ellis John Arkursh to show motion pictures. Touring Europe Arkush gathered all of his favorite architectural details from various venues to create the Moorish feel and style on the inside and the gothic feel on the exterior which was executed beautifully by the Reid & Reid architects of San Francisco.
Used mainly for motion pictures, the theater was purchased by the Fox West Coast Chain only a few months after the opening and it continued to be used for movie attractions for a number of years until the theater was closed for renovations in June 1950 for 4 months before re-opening its doors September 1950 for live performances and shows.
After its renovations the theater became a popular venue for such artists as Vanessa Williams, Etta James, Bill Cosby, Chris Isaak, Neil Young, Carl Palmer, Tony Bennett, Melissa Etheridge, and BB King.
In 1993 the theater was inducted to the National Register of Historic Places.
In 2009 the theater went into foreclosure owing unpaid taxes and mortgage payments. Coast Capital Income Fund, one of the creditors, planned to auction off the property in October of that year.
In the summer of 2010, the Fox Theatre Redwood City was purchased by local entrepreneurs Eric Lochtefeld and Lori Lochtefeld, along with Eric's company Dream Careers Inc. It was reopened in September 2010.
In February 2017, it was announced that Peter Pau had acquired the theater. The Lochtefelds stated that they planned to continue to operate the theater for four more years and then retire after operating the theater continuously for ten years.
Gallery
See also
San Mateo County History Museum
National Register of Historic Places listings in San Mateo County, California
Fox Theatres
References
External links
Fox Theatre at Cinema Treasures
Redwood City, California
Theatres in the San Francisco Bay Area
Cinemas and movie theaters in California
National Register of Historic Places in San Mateo County, California
Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Reid & Reid buildings |
The A79 motorway is a motorway in the Netherlands. It is located entirely in the Dutch province of Limburg.
Overview
The motorway, 17 km long and entirely two lanes, connects the A2 motorway at the interchange Kruisdonk with Valkenburg, the A76 motorway at interchange Kunderberg, and the city of Heerlen.
The Kruisdonk interchange can be used only by traffic between the A79 and the southern part of the A2. Traffic from and to the northern part of the A2 must local roads.
No European routes follow the A79 motorway.
Exit list
External links
Motorways in the Netherlands
Motorways in Limburg (Netherlands)
South Limburg (Netherlands)
Transport in Heerlen
Meerssen |
Air Ecosse was a Scottish commuter airline based in Aberdeen operating in the late 1970s to mid-1980s. They flew between Aberdeen and cities in northern England, such as Liverpool and Carlisle as well as to Edinburgh and Glasgow. They also carried out mail flights for the Royal Mail. The company's first scheduled flight was in June 1977, between Aberdeen and Wick. By 1985 the company had 165 employees.
History
The airline was formed in June 1977 as a subsidiary of Fairflight Charters based at Biggin Hill in Kent, England.
The airline started flights from Aberdeen to Dundee, Glasgow, Manchester, Wick and Sumburgh.
In the 1980s, the airline started flights to other destinations such as Edinburgh, Liverpool and Carlisle. The airline also started flights for the Royal Mail.
In November 1988 it was taken over by Peregrine Air Services Limited which was named after the famous bird of prey with the same name.
Aberdeen Airways
The new company became Aberdeen Airways (callsign: Granite). Aberdeen Airways subsequently also filed for bankruptcy protection, moved to East Midlands (EMA) and finally ended operations. After the airline's collapse, many staff moved to the new airline Malinair.
Destinations
Denmark
Esbjerg Airport
England
Barrow/Walney Island Airport
Blackpool Airport
Carlisle Airport
Durham Tees Valley
East Midlands airport
Gatwick Airport
Heathrow Airport
Humberside Airport
Leeds Bradford Airport
Liverpool Airport
Manchester Airport
Norwich Airport
Faroe Islands
Vagar Airport
Northern Ireland
Belfast International Airport
Scotland
Aberdeen Airport
Dundee Airport
Edinburgh Airport
Glasgow Airport
Prestwick Airport
Sumburgh Airport
Wick Airport
The Republic of Ireland
Cork Airport
Dublin Airport
Shannon Airport
Fleet
Air Ecosse had the following aircraft in their fleet at the time that operations ceased;
Britten-Norman Trislander
DHC-6 Twin Otter
Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante
Handley Page HPR-7 Herald 209
Short 330-200
Short 360
See also
List of defunct airlines of the United Kingdom
References
Defunct airlines of Scotland
Companies based in Aberdeen |
```objective-c
//===-- SnippetFile.cpp -----------------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
//
// See path_to_url for license information.
//
//===your_sha256_hash------===//
///
/// \file
/// Utilities to read a snippet file.
/// Snippet files are just asm files with additional comments to specify which
/// registers should be defined or are live on entry.
///
//===your_sha256_hash------===//
#ifndef LLVM_TOOLS_LLVM_EXEGESIS_SNIPPETFILE_H
#define LLVM_TOOLS_LLVM_EXEGESIS_SNIPPETFILE_H
#include "BenchmarkCode.h"
#include "LlvmState.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Error.h"
#include <vector>
namespace llvm {
namespace exegesis {
// Reads code snippets from file `Filename`.
Expected<std::vector<BenchmarkCode>> readSnippets(const LLVMState &State,
StringRef Filename);
} // namespace exegesis
} // namespace llvm
#endif
``` |
Sybra pulvereoides is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1939.
References
pulvereoides
Beetles described in 1939 |
Stucchi may refer to:
Stucchi (cycling team), an Italian professional cycling team
Stucchi & Co., the later name (beginning in 1901) of Prinetti & Stucchi
Giosuè Stucchi, former Italian professional football player
See also
Stussy and Cool S |
Reuven Snir (; born 1953) is an Israeli Jewish academic, Professor of Arabic language and literature at the University of Haifa, Dean of Humanities, and a translator of poetry between Arabic, Hebrew, and English. He is the winner of the Tchernichovsky Prize for translation (2014).
Biography
Reuven Snir was born in Haifa to a family which had immigrated from Baghdad in 1951. The language spoken at home between his parents was the Iraqi spoken Arabic, but as a Sabra – a native-born Israeli Jew – Hebrew was his mother tongue, while Arabic was for him, as dictated by the Israeli-Zionist educational system, the language of the enemy, furthermore, Arabness and Jewishness were considered as mutually exclusive.
He was educated at the Nirim School in Mahne David, a transit camp (ma‘barah) established near Haifa for the immigrating Arab Jews. Then he moved to the Hebrew Reali School in Haifa. He obtained his M.A. from the Hebrew University (1982) for a thesis which included edition of an ascetic manuscript entitled Kitāb al-Zuhd by al-Mu‘afa ibn ‘Imran from the 8th century.
In 1987, he was granted Ph.D. for a dissertation written at the same university about the mystical dimensions in modern Arabic poetry.
While studying at the Hebrew University, he served as a senior news editor, at the Voice of Israel, Arabic Section (1977–1988). Between 2000 and 2004, he served as the Chair of the Department of Arabic Language and Literature at the University of Haifa. Since 1996, he has been serving as an Associate Editor of the Arabic-language journal Al-Karmil – Studies in Arabic Language and Literature. He participated in the international exhibition in honor of the Syrian poet and literary scholar Adunis held at the Institut du monde arabe in Paris, which resulted in the publication of Adonis: un poète dans le monde d’aujourd’hui 1950-2000 (Paris: Institut du monde arabe, 2000).
He served as a fellow at Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin (2004–2005), Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies (2000 and 2008), the Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies (2018–2019), and taught at Heidelberg University (2002) and Freie Universität Berlin (2005). Following a course he gave in Berlin, his students published the first collection of short stories by Iraqi Jews translated into German.
Research interests
Since the start of his academic career, Snir has concentrated on several subjects stemming from one comprehensive research plan in an attempt to investigate the internal dynamics of the Arabic literary system, the interrelations and interactions between its various sectors, such as the canonical and non-canonical sub-systems, and the external relationships with other non-literary systems (e.g. religious, social, national, and political) and with foreign cultural systems. Another central theoretical axis of Snir's studies, especially during the last decade, is the issue of identity based on what has been argued in the theoretical discourse of cultural studies that identities are subject to a radical historicization, and are constantly in the process of change and transformation and they are about questions of using the resources of history, language and culture in the process of becoming rather than being: not “who we are” or “where we came from”, so much as what we might become, how we have been represented and how that bears on how we might represent ourself.
Publications
Snir has been publishing in English, Arabic and Hebrew. The following are the topics about which he published his major studies:
The Modern Arabic Literary System
An Operative Functional Dynamic Historical Model for the Study of Arabic Literature Based on the assumption that no literary critic can deal systematically with literary phenomena without relating them, either implicitly or explicitly, to some framework of facts or ideas, Snir published studies outlining a theoretical framework that would make possible the comprehensive analysis of all the diverse texts that make up modern Arabic literature.
These studies led to a book length study on the topic.
Among the chapters of the book: “The Modern Arabic Literary System,” which refers to the topic of popular literature and its legitimation; “The Literary Dynamics in the Synchronic Crosssection,” which presents both the canonical and the noncanonical literature on three levels texts for adult, for children and the translated texts, with a summary of the internal and external interrelationships; and “Outlines of the Diachronic Intersystemic Development,” examines the issue of the diachronic interactions that obtain between the literary system and various other literary as well as extra-literary systems.
His last book is Modern Arabic Literature: A Theoretical Framework, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017
The Iraqi Poet ‘Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayyati (1926-1999)
Poetry was once the principal channel of literary creativity among the Arabs and served as their chronicle and public register, recording their very appearance on the stage of history. During the second half of the 20th century however the novel became the leading genre. This change in the status of literary genres is not exclusive to Arabic literature and has much to do with the hermetic nature of modernist poetry, which has become self-regarding and employs obscure imagery and very subjective language. In an attempt to present the great change that occurs in Arabic poetry during the 20th century, Snir published a study of the poetry of the Iraqi poet ‘Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati, one of the standard bearers of modern Arabic poetry.
The meaning of the title of the book is based on an utterance by the Persian mystic and forerunner of Sufism, al-Husayn ibn Mansur al-Hallaj who was executed in 922. following his preaching which was considered as blasphemy. Al-Azhar University in Cairo banned the circulation of the book for what was described as defaming Islam by titling the study with a reference to an utterance which might be interpreted as heresy.
Arab-Jewish Identity and Culture
Since the late 1980s, Snir has been investigating Arab-Jewish identity against the backdrop of the gradual demise of Arab-Jewish culture. Until the 20th century, the great majority of the Jews under the rule of Islam adopted Arabic as their language; now Arabic is gradually disappearing as a language mastered by Jews. In his studies on the topic he has referred to a kind of unspoken agreement between the two national movements, Zionism and Arab nationalism – each with the mutually exclusive support of a divine authority – to perform a total cleansing of Arab-Jewish culture. Both of them have excluded the hybrid Arab-Jewish identity and highlighted instead a “pure” Jewish-Zionist identity against a “pure” Muslim-Arab one. In the modern period, Jews were nowhere as open to participation in the wider modern Arab culture as in Iraq, where the Jewish community had lived without interruption for two and a half millennia. In his major study in the field, Snir has provided a documented history of the modern Arab culture of Iraqi Jews.
Apart from the Hebrew book, Snir has published in recent years articles about various aspects of Arab Jewish culture, chronicling the demise of that culture. The following are the major areas of his research in this field: Arab-Jewish culture and journalism, the cultural Arabic activities of Iraqi Jews, and the Egyptian Jews and their conflicting cultural tendencies.
The Emergence and Development of Palestinian Theatre
One of Snir's major research projects has been the investigation of the development of Palestinian theatre. His first contribution in the field was included in a special volume of Contemporary Theatre Review on “Palestinians and Israelis in the Theatre.”
In 2005 he published a book which summarized his findings.
The study endeavors to outline the historical development of Palestinian dramatic literature and theatre from its hesitant rise before 1948 and the first theatrical attempts, to the heavy blow which these attempts suffered as a result of the establishment of the State of Israel, to regeneration of the professional theatre out of the ashes of the 1967 defeat, through to the activities of the 1970s and the role they played in Palestinian nation-building.
Religion, Mysticism and Modern Arabic Literature
The connections between Arabic literature and Islamic mysticism were in the centre of some of Snir's investigations and publications. In 2005 he summarized his findings in a book which deals with the synchronic status of traditional literature in the literary system and the diachronic relationship between Arabic literature and Islam in modern times. Also, within the generic cross-section, it deals with the mystical theme in Arabic poetry, its literary and extra-literary concretization in the writings of one author, and its materialization in one text.
Arabic Science Fiction
As the study of non-canonical texts (i.e. those literary works that have been rejected by the dominant circles as illegitimate) and their relationship with canonical texts is essential if we wish to arrive at an adequate understanding of the historical development of Arabic literature, he has undertaken to explore the genre of science fiction and the process of its canonization in Arabic literature.
The Poetry of Mahmud Darwish
Concentrating broadly on how Palestinian poetry has been chronicling the nakba (the catastrophe of 1948) and its unending agonies, Snir has studied a specific chronicle of the Palestinian people in the mid-1980s against the backdrop of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and prior to the outbreak of the first intifada in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. In fact, it is a chronicle undertaken by a single poet, Mahmud Darwish (1941–2008) mainly in one collection, Ward Aqall [Fewer Roses] (1986), and more specifically in one poem, “Other Barbarians Will Come”.
Entries in Encyclopedias
Snir served as a Contributing Editor for Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture (London & New York: Routledge, 2005) for which he has contributed the entries on Arab-Jewish culture. He also contributed to several other international encyclopedia.
Translations
Translations into Arabic
Snir's translations of Hebrew poetry into Arabic were published in Mifgash-Liqa’ (Israel), Farādīs (Paris), and on the Internet, such as in www.elaph.com. An anthology of Hebrew poetry translated into Arabic was published on the Internet.
He also published a collection of translated poems by two Hebrew poets, Ronny Someck and Amir Or.
Translations into Hebrew
Adonis, Maftah Pe‘ulut ha-Ruah (Index of the Acts of the Wind (Tel Aviv: Keshev, 2012)
Mahmud Darwish ― 50 Shenot Shira (Mahmud Darwish ― 50 Years of Poetry) (Tel Aviv: Keshev, 2015)
Translations of Arabic literature, especially poetry, into Hebrew were published in literary supplements, magazines and books (Helikon, Moznaim, ‘Iton 77, Mifgash-Liqa’, Ha’aretz, Ma‘ariv, Al HaMishmar).
Translations into English
Reuven Snir, Baghdad ― The City in Verse (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013)
External links
Reuven Snir’s website
University of Manchester
Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin:
http://www.wiko-berlin.de/index.php?id=196&no_cache=1&tx_wikofellows_pi1[action]=details&tx_wikofellows_pi1[uid]=410
Interviews
Snir: My Israeli-Jewish Identity was imposed by Zionism
Snir: Israeli Intellectuals Consider Arab Culture as Worthless
Snir: The Literature Written in Arabic in Israel is an Integral Part of the General Arabic Literature
References
1953 births
Living people
Israeli translators
Arabic–Hebrew translators
Israeli Jews
Iraqi Jews
Israeli people of Iraqi-Jewish descent
Academic staff of the University of Haifa
Academics of the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies
Jewish translators
Israeli Arabists |
Henry Peavey (March 3, 1882 – December 27, 1931) was the cook and valet of Hollywood silent film director William Desmond Taylor. Peavey worked for Taylor for six months prior to Taylor's murder in 1922.
Employment by Taylor
Prior to working for William Desmond Taylor, Peavey was employed by the wife of director Christy Cabanne. Peavey was hired by Taylor after he dismissed his previous butler, Edward F. Sands, for forging his signature on checks.
Three days before Taylor's murder, Peavey had been arrested for "social vagrancy" and charged with being "lewd and dissolute". Taylor was scheduled to appear in court on Peavey's behalf on February 2, 1922, but was murdered the day before.
Taylor's death
Peavey discovered Taylor's body at 7:30 on the morning of February 2, 1922. He was repeatedly questioned by police and reporters for possible leads, but was of little help. Some Hearst reporters suspected that Peavey was withholding information, so they kidnapped him a few weeks after the crime and attempted to scare him into a confession. In a 1930 interview, Peavey expressed the (widely unsupported) opinion that Mabel Normand had been the person who killed Taylor.
Death
A few months after the Taylor murder, Peavey left Los Angeles and moved to San Francisco. In 1930, he was admitted to the Napa State Hospital with general paresis due to an untreated case of syphilis. He died there of tertiary syphilis on December 27, 1931.
References
External links
The William Desmond Taylor Case
1882 births
1931 deaths
African-American people
Deaths from syphilis
American domestic workers
Place of birth unknown |
The Brevik Line () is a railway which runs from Eidanger to Brevik in Porsgrunn, Norway. The single track and electrified branch line of the Vestfold Line is exclusively used for freight traffic to Norcem Brevik hauled by CargoNet.
First proposed in 1875, the Norwegian State Railways (NSB) started construction in 1892, allowing the railway to be officially opened on 15 October 1895. An early important service was correspondence with a train from Oslo to a coastal ferry, as it was the closest line to Agder until 1927. The Brevik Line was originally built as a narrow gauge railway, but was converted to standard gauge in 1921 and electrified in 1949. From the opening until 1964 the line saw between ten and nineteen daily round trips with a commuter train to Skien. All passenger transport was terminated in 1968.
Route
The Brevik Line branches from the Vestfold Line at Eidanger Station and runs for to Brevik Station, making it located entirely within Porsgrunn. The railway is single track, standard gauge and electrified at , but lacks centralized traffic control, automatic train control, and GSM-R. Excluding spurs, the line has eighteen bridges and eleven level crossings. It reaches a maximum elevation of above mean sea level and a minimum of . The line is owned and maintained by the Norwegian National Rail Administration. The only regular traffic on the line is the hauling of limestone for Norcem Brevik. Operated by CargoNet, the trains run to the limestone mine in Porsgrunn.
The Brevik Line branches from the Vestfold Line at the now disused Eidanger Station, which is located from Oslo. The Brevik Line is connected to Eidanger Station from the east side, so trains running to Porsgrunn and Skien can run through, while trains continuing on the Vestfold Line must switch direction. The line passes a halt at Prestealléen ( from Eidanger) before reaching Nystrand Station (). The station served a popular recreational area and generated a lot of the holiday and weekend traffic on the line. After passing a halt at Mule () the line reaches Skjelsvik Station (). Southwards the line runs a relatively straight section, passing a halt at Valen () before reaching Heistad Station (). There was a spur to Heistad Fabrikker.
South of Heistad the line branches, with a spur running to the Grenland Terminal. This section includes a tunnel. The main line continues past a halt at Ørvik () before reaching Norcem Brevik. South of this point the railway has been demolished. There was a spur to the factory. The line formerly continued past Dalen Station () through the Trosvik Tunnel before terminating at Brevik Station (). In Brevik there was a spur which ran down to the port.
History
Planning
The first public meeting for planning a railway in the Grenland region was conducted on 19 January 1874. At a second meeting on 28 January a planning committee was appointed, with representatives from the various municipalities in the area. It proposed three alternative routes for a railway: a continuation of the proposed Vestfold Line from Larvik, a railway down the valley of Lågendalen from Kongsberg, or a link from the Kongsberg–Drammen Line via Siljan to Skien. The Vestfold alternative was the cheapest and was thus preferred. The committee's proposals called for a branch from the Vestfold Line to Brevik, although it would run from Porsgrunn via Roligheten and Kleveland.
The branch was estimated to cost 226,000 Norwegian speciedaler. Two thirds would be financed by the state and the remaining 70,000 speciedaler would have to be financed through local purchase of shares in the railway company. Brevik Municipality bought half the shares, but it was not possible to fill up the quota with private sales. When Parliament voted over the construction of the Vestfold Line in 1875, the branch to Brevik was dismissed.
Discussion of a branch to Brevik resumed in 1887, when parliamentarian Livius Smitt proposed for Parliament a line from Eidanger to Brevik on behalf of the municipal council. It was considered by the legislature in 1888, but only 39 parliamentarians supported it, compared to the 68 who voted the proposal down. Thus the following year detailed planning commenced to better the political support for a line. Funding for the Brevik Line was dismissed by Parliament again in 1890, but the following year, on 4 July 1890, a majority voted in favor of the line. The condition was that 30,000 Norwegian krone (NOK) be funded locally.
Most of the railway would be located in the former Eidanger Municipality. Eidanger Municipal Council was not particularly interested in the railway, and was not willing to pay for expropriation in their own municipality. Thus Brevik Municipality was forced to pay for all expropriation along the line and limited their support for the entire project to NOK 16,000. Brevik Municipal Council passed the plans and their financing on 31 March 1893. However, there was not community consensus as to the location of Brevik Station, with large camps each preferring Strømtangen and Setretangen. The municipal council voted in favor of Strømtangen on 25 June.
Construction
Built by the Norwegian State Railways, construction commenced in 1892 and was initially estimated to take one year. However, it took three years, largely because of inferior geological conditions, in part caused by clay in the ground. Construction did fall within the NOK 750,000 budget. Of this, Brevik Municipality ended up paying NOK 90,000, which would stand as a major burden for them for years. Export of ice for cooling was a major industry in Eidanger from the 1850s to the 1970s. There were several small dammed-up ice lakes, and four of these had to be expropriated to give way for the railway. The construction work was initially led by S. H. Strøm, and from January 1894 by M. Olsen. Surveying started in May 1894 and allowed negotiations for expropriation to commence in the fall, which lasted a half year. Earthwork hauling started in the spring of 1893, first with 100 men and by the summer increasing to 200.
All wages were paid as piece work. Work was conducted for ten hours, six days a week and paid an average NOK 3.05 per hour. A labor union was established on 28 July 1893. Most of the workers were nomadic navvies which moved to the area for the period they worked on the line, and then moved onwards to a new project. A significant portion of the works were Swedish. Earthwork was dug using spades and picks. Horses were only used for hauling heavy stones. Most of the work was conducted in clay, limestone and Disambiguated: dolomite. The telegraph cables were laid in early 1895. To match Vestfold Line, the railway was built with narrow gauge (). The official opening took place on 15 October 1895, officiated by King Oscar II.
Operational history
An important function of the line was that it allowed correspondence with the coastal ferry route onwards to Kristiansand, which commenced in 1896 because Brevik at the time was the furthest along the coast the railway had reached. A daily night train with direct service to Oslo was offered, initially with a travel time of six hours and seven minutes. Tickets for the two could be purchased together and the ferry would wait up to an hour for a delayed train. This was supplemented with a direct commuter service to Porsgrunn, initially bringing the number of daily trains to 20. The exact number varied throughout the years, but did not exceed 26 until the 1950s. The arrival of the railway led to growth in Brevik, as it created numerous jobs both in the railway and shipping industry. Although the passenger service first and foremost served commuters into Porsgrunn and Skien, it also saw a large reverse traffic of city-dwellers travel to the Eidangerfjord to recreate. In July and August NSB sold 9,600 tickets to the segment. This further resulted in the growth in summer cabins in the area built by the affluent.
Plans for a railway ferry service to Continental Europe were launched in 1912, when representatives from market towns along the coast from Vestfold to Agder were called to discuss the matter. Council Carl Stousland was the main initiator, and visited various ports in Denmark searching for a suitable site. By 1915 he had settled on Frederikshavn and stated that it would provide the fastest service from Norway to Hamburg, Germany. Two ferries would be required, each using seven hours on a crossing and allowing for two return services per day. However, Stousland never succeeded at realizing the plans.
Plans to drop the night service were articulated in 1903, but discarded. However, the poor timing for passengers from Drammen and Vestfold, in addition to surplus cost of keeping sleeping cars, forced the night service to a halt from 1918. Instead a late evening service was run, terminating at Brevik at 01:25. To secure compatibility with the Bratsberg Line, which had been opened in 1917, the section of track past Grenland to Eidanger and onwards to Brevik was converted to standard gauge in 1921. When it opened on 16 June it succeeded a period of four years where the segment from Eidanger to Skien had dual gauge. From the same year the Oslo service was re-routed via the Bratsberg Line and Kongsvinger to Oslo. A spur to the cement factory at Dalen was built in the early 1920s, but removed again during the late 1940s.
In general the local trains to Skien were hauled using a NSB Class 32 steam locomotives, and the express train by NSB Class 30. With the extension of the Sørlandet Line to Kragerø with the 1927 opening of the Kragerø Line, Brevik was no longer the outermost railway station along the southern coast. Long-haul and postal traffic was lost, and by 1934 the coastal ferry service was terminated. In cooperation with commercial interests, NSB ran a summer service from Kongsberg marketed as the "bathing train" to attract inlanders to the coast. Ridership peaked in 1920, when 362,384 passengers traveled on the line. Initially the freight traffic was minimal, with between three and four thousand tonnes in the early 1920. This was soon boosted and hit 25,000 tonnes in the 1930s. A halt at Ørvik opened on 26 June 1923 and on 27 July 1933 halts were opened at Prestealléen, Mule, Valen and Dalen. A spur to Heistad Fabrikker opened in 1936.
The Brevik Line opened with electric traction from 19 June 1949, along with the Bratsberg Line through Grenland. Thus electric trains from Oslo could reach Brevik via that route. The Vestfold Line would not be electrified until the mid-1950s. With the electrification the line saw a major increase in traffic—by 1951 there were eighteen round trips and nineteen from 1957, operating at a fixed, hourly headway. Following the 1962 opening of the Brevik Bridge the railway saw a sharp decline in patronage as the bus service was rerouted, capturing more of the traffic. Thus NSB decided to terminate the commuter trains to Skien from 1 February 1964. The express trains followed suit and since 26 May 1968 there has only been freight trains on the line.
A spur line to Isola Fabrikker opened on 1966 and a new spur line to the cement factory opened on 30 September 1974, replacing an aerial tramway. Norcem has since been the main customer for freight trains on the line, with 900,000 tonnes of limestone hauled in 1998. Proposals for reopening the line were launched in 1989, but never materialized. Grenland Harbour upgraded the port terminal at Tangen during the late 1980s and a branch to the Grenland Terminal was opened in 1993, with the port authority hoping that an international ferry service would be started. However, the plans never materialized. Two El 13 locomotives collided at Norcem on 18 September 1998, although neither motorman was seriously injured. CargoNet started a weekly container train service each from Brevik to Oslo and Bergen in 2014, allowing for transit from ship traffic.
See also
Narrow gauge railways in Norway
References
Bibliography
Railway lines in Vestfold og Telemark
Railway lines opened in 1895
Electric railways in Norway
1895 establishments in Norway
Porsgrunn
3 ft 6 in gauge railways in Norway
Standard gauge railways in Norway |
A trial is the presentation of information in a formal setting, usually a court.
Trial may also refer to:
An experiment, research study, or test
Bernoulli trial, any experiment with two possible random outcomes
Clinical trial, a medical research study
Evaluation, e.g., of software products in a trial version
Sea trial, the final stage of constructing and testing a ship
People with the name
MC Trials, an Australian hip hop MC with Funkoars
Antoine Trial (1737–1795), a French tenor whose name is used to describe a certain type of tenor voice ('trial')
Arts, entertainment, and media
Games
Mock Trial (card game), a 1910 card game invented by Lizzie Magie
Trials (series), a platform racing video game series and the first game in the series
Music
Trial (album), a 2012 album by the Pillows
Trial (band), an American political straight-edge hardcore band
Trials (band), an American heavy metal band
"Trial", scene 2 from the first act of Einstein on the Beach, composed by Philip Glass
Not to be confused with "Trial/Prison", which is Act 3 and Scene 1.
Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
Trial (film), a 1955 American film
"Trial" (Batman: The Animated Series), a 1995 episode of Batman: The Animated Series
Trial, a 1955 novel by Don Mankiewicz
Trials (journal), an online open-access medical journal
Law
Bench trial, a trial in which a judge or panel of judges makes all decisions
Brought to trial, to calendar a legal case for a hearing
Civil trial, a trial governed by civil procedure, to settle lawsuits or civil claims (non-criminal disputes)
Criminal trial, a trial governed by criminal procedure, aimed to achieve either the conviction or acquittal of the defendant
Jury trial, or trial by jury, a lawful proceeding in which a jury makes a decision or findings of fact
Mock trial, an act or imitation trial similar to a moot court, that simulates a lower-court trial (while a moot court simulates an appellate court hearing)
Trial at bar, a trial before two more judges
Trial by combat (also called wager of battle, trial by battle, or judicial duel), a method of Germanic law to settle accusations in the absence of witnesses or a confession in which two parties in dispute fought in single combat
Trial by ordeal, a trial by which the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting them to a painful task
Sports
Classic trials, motoring competitions of skill and/or reliability
Motorcycle trials, an offroad competitive test using specialist motorcycles
Mountain bike trials, an obstacle bicycle competition, derived from the motorcycle sport
:Category:Olympics trials, tournaments to select competitors for the Olympic Games
Time trials
Unicycle trials, an obstacle unicycle competition
Linguistics
Trial (number), a grammatical number referring to 'three items'
Other uses
Trial (ship), several ships
See also
Bisha'a, trial by ordeal among the Bedouin
Mistrial (disambiguation)
The Trial (disambiguation)
Trial by fire (disambiguation)
Trial Run (disambiguation)
Try (disambiguation)
Tryall (also known as Tryal), a ship which was wrecked in 1622 |
The Fedden car (or F-car) was a British automobile produced after the Second World War by Roy Fedden Ltd. It was never manufactured.
Designed by Roy Fedden, assisted by Alec Moulton, Ian Duncan, Peter Ware, and Gordon Wilkins, the styling resembled the contemporary Jowett Javelin, with a sloping rear, four doors, seating for six, and rear spats. The design drew inspiration from the Volkswagen Type 1, including the rear-mounted engine and rear swing axle suspension. The car was powered by a horizontally-mounted sleeve valve three-cylinder air-cooled radial engine, which had the carburettor between the rear window and the passenger compartment. The engine sat over the torque converter and rear axle, which contributed to a high center of gravity and a tendency to skid.
Of monocoque construction, the F-car was assembled in three distinct sections, each joined with four bolts. Intended to simplify repairs, it left the car with "a somewhat industrial feel". There were also issues with vibration, overheating, and a tendency to skid, doubtless exacerbated by the swing axle, which was unfamiliar to British drivers; the same issue arose in connection with the Chevrolet Corvair. (In testing, the company's test driver Alec Caine suffered a serious wreck due to the engine's pendulum effect.)
Only a single prototype was built. The F-car never entered production, as the company, Roy Fedden Limited, went into liquidation in April 1947.
The prototype later disappeared, reportedly being stored in a shed at the Cranfield Aeronautical College in the 1960s.
Notes
Sources
Christopher, John. The Race for Hitler's X-Planes. The Mill, Gloucestershire: History Press, 2013.
Automobiles powered by radial engines
Cars introduced in 1947
British brands
Cars of England
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles |
Mahnike is a sub-clan of the Sial clan of Rajputs and Jats. They mostly inhabit the village of Mahnika Thatta near Wijhalke on the right bank of the Chenab river near the Jhang-Lalitan road in the province of Punjab in Pakistan.
See also
Sial
Sheikhan
Talhi Mangini
Teja Berwala
Mirza Sahiba
Social groups of Pakistan
Punjabi tribes |
Kamigatake Dam is a gravity dam located in Gifu Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for power production. The catchment area of the dam is 34 km2. The dam impounds about 5 ha of land when full and can store 215 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1934 and completed in 1935.
References
Dams in Gifu Prefecture
1935 establishments in Japan |
Headon Warren and West High Down is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) located at the westernmost end of the Isle of Wight. The SSSI encompasses Headon Warren, a heather clad down to the north, the chalk downs of West High Down and Tennyson Down to the south, and the Needles, The Needles Batteries and Alum Bay to the west.
The site was notified in 1951 by the Nature Conservancy Council (NCC), for both its biological and geological features, and that designation is now maintained by Natural England as successor body to the NCC. Most of the land within the SSSI is owned and managed by the National Trust.
The SSSI
Headon Warren is an example of a lowland acid heath and West High Down and Tennyson Down are chalk ridges with a rich calcareous grassland community; the close proximity of these two different plant communities in a maritime setting is of scientific interest. The vegetation on the warren is dominated by heather, bell heather, gorse and dwarf gorse. There is a ground cover of heathland plants, and the Dartford warbler breeds here. There are also areas of scrubland, and the cliffs of The Needles, The Needles Batteries and Alum Bay are included in the site.
The chalk downland has a typical flora of calcareous maritime grassland, with nine species of orchids and large populations of such rare plants as early gentian and tufted centaury. On the cliffs, the rare plants hoary stock and rock samphire grow. Breeding birds on the cliffs include herring gull, fulmar, kittiwake, cormorant and shag, with smaller populations of razorbill, puffin and guillemot, and the peregrine falcon also breeds here.
The coast between Alum Bay and Totland Bay is of interest geologically, providing a complete sequence of the sedimentary rocks from the Chalk Group to the Bembridge Limestone. There are many fossils of mammals and reptiles from the Tertiary period, and an important assemblage of plant fossils.
References
Sites of Special Scientific Interest on the Isle of Wight |
Myra K. Wolfgang (May 1914 – April 1976) was a labor leader and women's rights activist in Detroit from the 1930s through the 1970s. She was most active in the labor movement, advocating for the working poor and for women in the workforce.
Early life and family
Myra (Komaroff) Wolfgang was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in May 1914 to Jewish Eastern European Immigrants. Her parents, Abraham and Ida Komaroff, raised her and her two siblings in a politically liberal environment that valued independent thinking and their Jewish culture. Her parents did not emphasize religion, and chose to marry in Montreal's labor temple rather than a synagogue. Wolfgang was often quoted as saying she was "a union-made union maid."
In 1915, the family moved to Detroit, where her father started a business selling real estate. After World War I he opened an office in downtown Detroit and the family moved to a larger home on Westminster Avenue. After making her way through the Detroit school system, Myra went to study commercial art and interior design at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. One year later, the Great Depression hit. This made continuing her education impossible. In the summer of 1932, Wolfgang returned to Detroit to live with her family.
Early career
In 1932, while looking for work, Wolfgang became involved at Detroit's Local 705 of the then Detroit Waiters Union. She was hired the same day, working for Louis Koenig, secretary-treasurer of the Local 705, as a receptionist. Koenig noticed her enthusiasm for the job, began to instruct her in union history and procedures, and called her "my protégée."
In 1934, Wolfgang was elected to Local 705's executive board as its recording secretary. In 1936 Governor Frank Murphy recognized her for her efficient oversight of Local 705 and appointed her to the Domestic and Personal Service Department of the Michigan Employment Security Commission. In 1937, Wolfgang helped organize and participated in a successful sit-down strike at the F.W. Woolworth five-and-dime store in Detroit. This was the first store and public building strike.
Later career
In the 1940s and '50s, Wolfgang ran the Detroit Joint Council and became vice president of the Hotel Employees & Restaurant Employees International Union. After Koenig retired, Wolfgang became the Secretary Treasurer and chief executive officer of Local 705. She was active in the enactment of the 1966 Michigan minimum wage law, which required employers to pay each employee a minimum $1 an hour.
In 1974, Wolfgang chaired and was integral of the organization of the Coalition of Labor Union Women (CLUW). More than 3,000 women came to its first meeting from over 82 labor unions across the United States. The CLUW focused on helping women become leaders in their own unions by instructing them on how to present issues and craft arguments during contract talks. Wolfgang was also a lifelong member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and insisted on racially integrated crews created by her union's hiring hall.
Death and legacy
Just before her 62nd birthday, Wolfgang died in April 1976 from a brain tumor. Nicknamed the "Battling Belle of Detroit" by Detroit's local media and championed as "the most important woman unionist in the country" by the Detroit Free Press, she devoted her entire life to the labor and women's rights movements, continuously pushing for the rights of the working class.
Archival collections
The Myra Wolfgang Papers are held by the Walter P. Reuther Library of Labor and Urban Affairs at Wayne State University. The collection contains .25 linear feet of records relating to her work for the hotel, Motel, and Restaurant Employees Union and her involvement in the women's rights movement.
The Walter P. Reuther Library also holds the Coalition of Labor Union Women Records, which contains 88 linear feet of material documenting the group's activities from 1972 to 2001.
References
Further reading
finding aid for the Myra Wolfgang Papers, Wayne State University, Detroit. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
1914 births
1976 deaths
Labor rights
American women's rights activists
Activists from Detroit
American trade unionists
American trade union leaders
20th-century American Jews
Canadian emigrants to the United States |
Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School District (PVPUSD) is a school district headquartered in Palos Verdes Estates, California with facilities in all four cities of the Palos Verdes Peninsula.
History
The Palos Verdes School District (PVSD) formed on January 26, 1925 as an elementary school district officially when unincorporated Palos Verdes withdrew from the Los Angeles City Elementary School District. The District began by serving 26 students from kindergarten through 8th grade in its first facility set up in two rooms above a drug store in Malaga Cove Plaza. High school students were sent out of the District to attend Los Angeles City schools in Redondo Beach. The first official school on the Peninsula, Malaga Cove School, opened in 1926 followed by Miraleste School in 1929. The school district continued to grow and, between 1955 and 1965, enrollment went from 2,285 to 13,204 students.
Attempts to form a unified school district on the Peninsula, which would provide an educational program for all K-12 students to attend school on the Peninsula failed to pass in 1953, 1954, and 1957. Finally, in October of 1960, voters elected to form a unified school district. On July 1, 1961, PVSD officially unified and became the Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School District (PVPUSD). In September 1961 Palos Verdes High School, the first public high school on the Peninsula, opened with an enrollment of 2,043 students.
By 1973 enrollment in the District reached a high of 17,836 students resulting in serious overcrowding. Various measures were used to address the issue including redrawing attendance boundaries. The District also studied the viability of a year-round schedule with double sessions, extended-day sessions, reduction of high school graduation requirements and the purchase of portable classrooms.
PVPUSD changed greatly in the 1970s largely due to changes in the way the District was funded. Prior to 1972, most District income came from local property taxes which were based on assessed property value. In 1974 however, student enrollment became the most important factor in determining District income. While the District had a high enrollment in 1973, the next year enrollment started to drop thus reducing the District's funding.
Due to budget shortfalls, the District cut student programs and started to lay off its teachers in 1975. Local efforts to increase revenue limits per student were defeated. Through 1979, the District made further reductions in its staffing, closed facilities and cut student programs including sports. In 1992, Miraleste High School and Palos Verdes High School were closed and all high school students on the Peninsula were funneled to the former Rolling Hills High School campus, re-named Peninsula High School.
As of October 2016, the PVPUSD serves the four cities on the Peninsula as well its unincorporated areas with enrollment of approximately 11,500 students. The District includes: two early childhood centers, ten elementary schools, three intermediate schools, two high schools and one continuation school.
In 1992 84.5% of relevant voters voted approved Proposition Z to move the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) portion of Rancho Palos Verdes to PVPUSD but Stephen E. O'Neil, a judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, blocked the transfer.
In 2019 the district began admitting students whose grandparents live on the Peninsula. It did so after enrollment declined by 500 students over the previous five years, causing a 10% decline in revenue.
Governance
The district is headed by a superintendent - Dr. Devin Serrano - and governed by a five-person, publicly elected school board.
The current board members are:
Ami Ghandi (term expires in 2024)
Linda Reid (term expires in 2024)
Linda Kurt (term expires 2026)
Sara Deen (term expires in 2026)
Julie Hamill (term expires in 2026)
Attendance areas
The PVPUSD serves the cities of Palos Verdes Estates, Rancho Palos Verdes, Rolling Hills, and Rolling Hills Estates.
Parts of the city of Rancho Palos Verdes, known as Eastview, are served both by the PVPUSD, and the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD). Two LAUSD-owned schools fall within the city of Rancho Palos Verdes: Dodson Middle School and Crestwood Elementary School.
In 1999, an optional attendance boundary was agreed upon by the two school districts in which residents in Eastview could opt to either send their children to PVPUSD schools or LAUSD schools. Middle school-aged students in the area may attend Miraleste Intermediate School and high school-aged students attend both Palos Verdes Peninsula High School in Rolling Hills Estates and Palos Verdes High School in Palos Verdes Estates.
Students whose parent or guardian works on the Palos Verdes peninsula or is a member of the United States military, or whose grandparents live in the district, may attend PVPUSD schools.
Demographics
In 1985, there were 1,365 students born outside of the United States. 346 were from Japan, 214 were from Taiwan, 150 were from Korea, and others originated from several countries including Iran, Mexico, other countries in Latin America, and the Philippines. In 1988, the district had 1,559 students born outside of the United States. 434 were from Japan, 249 were from Taiwan, and 193 were from Korea.
Schools
There are three high schools, Palos Verdes Peninsula High School (formerly called Rolling Hills High School), Palos Verdes High School (the latter located just a half block from the Pacific Ocean) and Rancho Del Mar High School (located on Crest Road in Rolling Hills). In the 1970s–1980s the high schools were: Palos Verdes High School, Rolling Hills High School, and Miraleste High School.
Primary schools
Preschools
Miraleste Early Learning Academy
Valmonte Early Learning Academy
Elementary schools
Cornerstone Elementary School
Dapplegray Elementary School
Lunada Bay Elementary School
Mira Catalina Elementary School
Montemalaga Elementary School
Point Vicente Elementary School
Rancho Vista Elementary School
Silver Spur Elementary School
Soleado Elementary School
Vista Grande Elementary School
Intermediate schools
Miraleste Intermediate School
Palos Verdes Intermediate School
Ridgecrest Intermediate School
High schools
Palos Verdes High School – grades 9–12
Palos Verdes Peninsula High School – grades 9–12
Rancho Del Mar High School – continuation
References
External links
Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School District
Peninsula Education Foundation
School districts in Los Angeles County, California
Unified School District |
Fabula Magna is the third full-length studio album by German gothic metal band Coronatus. Thematically it focuses on myths, tales and legends.
Reception
The album received mixed reviews from the German musical press. Metal Hammer awarded four out of seven points in a review and cited stereotypics of the genre. The Sonic Seducer's reviewer was positive though about the mix of classic gothic metal and elements of medieval metal, a new style in Coronatus' repertoire. The overall album was criticised though for being too overloaded.
Track listing
Personnel
Carmen R. Schäfer – vocals
Lisa Lasch – vocals
Jo Lang – guitars
Aria Keramati Noori – guitars
Fabian Merkt – keyboards & programming
Todd G. Goldfinger – bass
Mats Kurth – drums
References
2009 albums
Coronatus albums
Massacre Records albums |
In theoretical physics, a chiral anomaly is the anomalous nonconservation of a chiral current. In everyday terms, it is equivalent to a sealed box that contained equal numbers of left and right-handed bolts, but when opened was found to have more left than right, or vice versa.
Such events are expected to be prohibited according to classical conservation laws, but it is known there must be ways they can be broken, because we have evidence of charge–parity non-conservation ("CP violation"). It is possible that other imbalances have been caused by breaking of a chiral law of this kind. Many physicists suspect that the fact that the observable universe contains more matter than antimatter is caused by a chiral anomaly. Research into chiral symmetry breaking laws is a major endeavor in particle physics research at this time.
Informal introduction
The chiral anomaly originally referred to the anomalous decay rate of the neutral pion, as computed in the current algebra of the chiral model. These calculations suggested that the decay of the pion was suppressed, clearly contradicting experimental results. The nature of the anomalous calculations was first explained in 1969 by Stephen L. Adler and John Stewart Bell & Roman Jackiw. This is now termed the Adler–Bell–Jackiw anomaly of quantum electrodynamics. This is a symmetry of classical electrodynamics that is violated by quantum corrections.
The Adler–Bell–Jackiw anomaly arises in the following way. If one considers the classical (non-quantized) theory of electromagnetism coupled to massless fermions (electrically charged Dirac spinors solving the Dirac equation), one expects to have not just one but two conserved currents: the ordinary electrical current (the vector current), described by the Dirac field as well as an axial current When moving from the classical theory to the quantum theory, one may compute the quantum corrections to these currents; to first order, these are the one-loop Feynman diagrams. These are famously divergent, and require a regularization to be applied, to obtain the renormalized amplitudes. In order for the renormalization to be meaningful, coherent and consistent, the regularized diagrams must obey the same symmetries as the zero-loop (classical) amplitudes. This is the case for the vector current, but not the axial current: it cannot be regularized in such a way as to preserve the axial symmetry. The axial symmetry of classical electrodynamics is broken by quantum corrections. Formally, the Ward–Takahashi identities of the quantum theory follow from the gauge symmetry of the electromagnetic field; the corresponding identities for the axial current are broken.
At the time that the Adler–Bell–Jackiw anomaly was being explored in physics, there were related developments in differential geometry that appeared to involve the same kinds of expressions. These were not in any way related to quantum corrections of any sort, but rather were the exploration of the global structure of fiber bundles, and specifically, of the Dirac operators on spin structures having curvature forms resembling that of the electromagnetic tensor, both in four and three dimensions (the Chern–Simons theory). After considerable back and forth, it became clear that the structure of the anomaly could be described with bundles with a non-trivial homotopy group, or, in physics lingo, in terms of instantons.
Instantons are a form of topological soliton; they are a solution to the classical field theory, having the property that they are stable and cannot decay (into plane waves, for example). Put differently: conventional field theory is built on the idea of a vacuum – roughly speaking, a flat empty space. Classically, this is the "trivial" solution; all fields vanish. However, one can also arrange the (classical) fields in such a way that they have a non-trivial global configuration. These non-trivial configurations are also candidates for the vacuum, for empty space; yet they are no longer flat or trivial; they contain a twist, the instanton. The quantum theory is able to interact with these configurations; when it does so, it manifests as the chiral anomaly.
In mathematics, non-trivial configurations are found during the study of Dirac operators in their fully generalized setting, namely, on Riemannian manifolds in arbitrary dimensions. Mathematical tasks include finding and classifying structures and configurations. Famous results include the Atiyah–Singer index theorem for Dirac operators. Roughly speaking, the symmetries of Minkowski spacetime, Lorentz invariance, Laplacians, Dirac operators and the U(1)xSU(2)xSU(3) fiber bundles can be taken to be a special case of a far more general setting in differential geometry; the exploration of the various possibilities accounts for much of the excitement in theories such as string theory; the richness of possibilities accounts for a certain perception of lack of progress.
The Adler–Bell–Jackiw anomaly is seen experimentally, in the sense that it describes the decay of the neutral pion, and specifically, the width of the decay of the neutral pion into two photons. The neutral pion itself was discovered in the 1940s; its decay rate (width) was correctly estimated by J. Steinberger in 1949. The correct form of the anomalous divergence of the axial current is obtained by Schwinger in 1951 in a 2D model of electromagnetism and massless fermions. That the decay of the neutral pion is suppressed in the current algebra analysis of the chiral model is obtained by Sutherland and Veltman in 1967. An analysis and resolution of this anomalous result is provided by Adler and Bell & Jackiw in 1969. A general structure of the anomalies is discussed by Bardeen in 1969.
The quark model of the pion indicates it is a bound state of a quark and an anti-quark. However, the quantum numbers, including parity and angular momentum, taken to be conserved, prohibit the decay of the pion, at least in the zero-loop calculations (quite simply, the amplitudes vanish.) If the quarks are assumed to be massive, not massless, then a chirality-violating decay is allowed; however, it is not of the correct size. (Chirality is not a constant of motion of massive spinors; they will change handedness as they propagate, and so mass is itself a chiral symmetry-breaking term. The contribution of the mass is given by the Sutherland and Veltman result; it is termed "PCAC", the partially conserved axial current.) The Adler–Bell–Jackiw analysis provided in 1969 (as well as the earlier forms by Steinberger and Schwinger), do provide the correct decay width for the neutral pion.
Besides explaining the decay of the pion, it has a second very important role. The one loop amplitude includes a factor that counts the grand total number of leptons that can circulate in the loop. In order to get the correct decay width, one must have exactly three generations of quarks, and not four or more. In this way, it plays an important role in constraining the Standard model. It provides a direct physical prediction of the number of quarks that can exist in nature.
Current day research is focused on similar phenomena in different settings, including non-trivial topological configurations of the electroweak theory, that is, the sphalerons. Other applications include the hypothetical non-conservation of baryon number in GUTs and other theories.
General discussion
In some theories of fermions with chiral symmetry, the quantization may lead to the breaking of this (global) chiral symmetry. In that case, the charge associated with the chiral symmetry is not conserved. The non-conservation happens in a process of tunneling from one vacuum to another. Such a process is called an instanton.
In the case of a symmetry related to the conservation of a fermionic particle number, one may understand the creation of such particles as follows. The definition of a particle is different in the two vacuum states between which the tunneling occurs; therefore a state of no particles in one vacuum corresponds to a state with some particles in the other vacuum. In particular, there is a Dirac sea of fermions and, when such a tunneling happens, it causes the energy levels of the sea fermions to gradually shift upwards for the particles and downwards for the anti-particles, or vice versa. This means particles which once belonged to the Dirac sea become real (positive energy) particles and particle creation happens.
Technically, in the path integral formulation, an anomalous symmetry is a symmetry of the action , but not of the measure and therefore not of the generating functional
of the quantized theory ( is Planck's action-quantum divided by 2). The measure consists of a part depending on the fermion field and a part depending on its complex conjugate . The transformations of both parts under a chiral symmetry do not cancel in general. Note that if is a Dirac fermion, then the chiral symmetry can be written as where is the chiral gamma matrix acting on . From the formula for one also sees explicitly that in the classical limit, anomalies don't come into play, since in this limit only the extrema of remain relevant.
The anomaly is proportional to the instanton number of a gauge field to which the fermions are coupled. (Note that the gauge symmetry is always non-anomalous and is exactly respected, as is required for the theory to be consistent.)
Calculation
The chiral anomaly can be calculated exactly by one-loop Feynman diagrams, e.g. Steinberger's "triangle diagram", contributing to the pion decays, and . The amplitude for this process can be calculated directly from the change in the measure of the fermionic fields under the chiral transformation.
Wess and Zumino developed a set of conditions on how the partition function ought to behave under gauge transformations called the Wess–Zumino consistency condition.
Fujikawa derived this anomaly using the correspondence between functional determinants and the partition function using the Atiyah–Singer index theorem. See Fujikawa's method.
An example: baryon number non-conservation
The Standard Model of electroweak interactions has all the necessary ingredients for successful baryogenesis, although these interactions have never been observed and may be insufficient to explain the total baryon number of the observed universe if the initial baryon number of the universe at the time of the Big Bang is zero. Beyond the violation of charge conjugation and CP violation (charge+parity), baryonic charge violation appears through the Adler–Bell–Jackiw anomaly of the group.
Baryons are not conserved by the usual electroweak interactions due to quantum chiral anomaly. The classic electroweak Lagrangian conserves baryonic charge. Quarks always enter in bilinear combinations , so that a quark can disappear only in collision with an antiquark. In other words, the classical baryonic current is conserved:
However, quantum corrections known as the sphaleron destroy this conservation law: instead of zero in the right hand side of this equation, there is a non-vanishing quantum term,
where is a numerical constant vanishing for ℏ =0,
and the gauge field strength is given by the expression
Electroweak sphalerons can only change the baryon and/or lepton number by 3 or multiples of 3 (collision of three baryons into three leptons/antileptons and vice versa).
An important fact is that the anomalous current non-conservation is proportional to the total derivative of a vector operator, (this is non-vanishing due to instanton configurations of the gauge field, which are pure gauge at the infinity), where the anomalous current is
which is the Hodge dual of the Chern–Simons 3-form.
Geometric form
In the language of differential forms, to any self-dual curvature form we may assign the abelian 4-form . Chern–Weil theory shows that this 4-form is locally but not globally exact, with potential given by the Chern–Simons 3-form locally:
.
Again, this is true only on a single chart, and is false for the global form unless the instanton number vanishes.
To proceed further, we attach a "point at infinity" onto to yield , and use the clutching construction to chart principal A-bundles, with one chart on the neighborhood of and a second on . The thickening around , where these charts intersect, is trivial, so their intersection is essentially . Thus instantons are classified by the third homotopy group , which for is simply the third 3-sphere group .
The divergence of the baryon number current is (ignoring numerical constants)
,
and the instanton number is
.
See also
Anomaly (physics)
Chiral magnetic effect
Global anomaly
Gravitational anomaly
Strong CP problem
References
Further reading
Published articles
Textbooks
Preprints
Anomalies (physics)
Quantum chromodynamics
Standard Model
Conservation laws |
Helicampodus is an extinct genus of shark-like eugenodont fish that lived during the Late Permian to Early Triassic period. Fossils of Helicampodus have been found in Asia. The largest teeth of Helicampodus kokeni are about 2.7 cm in length, which points to a maximum size of around 2 m based on its relatives. It was first placed in the Helicoprionidae family but the more recent authors have put it in Edestidae.
References
Prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera
Edestidae
Prehistoric animals of Asia |
Protein was an American punk, alternative, post-grunge, metal band, formed in 1994 in San Francisco, California, United States.
Forming their first band after they were kicked out of a San Francisco-area high school, vocalist/guitarist Josh Zee (the son of a professional folksinger) and drummer Dan Thompson, played for several years in various local bands before forming the grungy alternative pop band, Protein, in 1994. The duo played several shows before replacing their part-time bassist with Russ Violet, and made a good showing at a San Francisco music-industry showcase in 1996. Signed to Sony's Work subsidiary, Protein released their debut album, Ever Since I Was a Kid, in 1997. A second album, Songs About Cowgirls, was released in 1999. They toured extensively throughout the U.S. on "The Warped Tour" and also toured Europe and Japan as part of MTV Asia Summer Fest.
Members
Josh Zee - Guitars/Vocals
Russ Violet - Bass
Dan (Danny) Thompson - Drums/Vocals
Solo work
After their release from Sony in 2000, the members of the band moved onto other projects:
Josh Zee moved to the San Francisco Bay Area, where he met and collaborated with Teal Collins to form The Mother Truckers, a band that fused Southern rock, country, and blues. They then moved the band to Austin, Texas in 2005 and spent a decade, procuring a residency and grew a sizeable fanbase and released four albums: Something Worth Dying For, Broke, Not Broken, Let's All Go To Bed, and Van Tour. The Mother Truckers toured across the United States and Europe, performing with acts such as Willie Nelson, Merle Haggard, George Jones, Shooter Jennings, The Supersuckers, among others.
Russ Violet joined the San Francisco-based group The Monolith to record and release the 2004 album Here Comes The Monolith.
Dan Thompson joined Zee as drummer for The Mother Truckers from 2004 to 2007. During this time, he played with other musicians such as Les Claypool of Primus, Mark Rivera (Billie Joel), Vince Neil, Jakob Dylan, and Doug Grean. In 2008, he played drums for Scott Weiland on his solo album, "Happy" in Galoshes, touring the United States, and performing on TV shows such as The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and Last Call with Carson Daly. In 2010, he joined The Alan Parsons Live Project.
Discography
References
Alternative rock groups from California
American post-grunge musical groups
Heavy metal musical groups from California
Punk rock groups from California |
Ellen Maria Duncan (2 April 1850 – 1937) was an Irish art gallery director and critic. She was the first curator of the Municipal Gallery of Modern Art in Dublin, now known as the Hugh Lane Gallery.
Biography
Ellen (Ellie) Duncan, née Douglas, was born in Dublin to Thomas and Sarah Collis Douglas. She received her education at Alexandra College before completing it at the Royal Irish Academy of Music.
She married James (Jim) Duncan in Dublin on 25 July 1892 and they had two children, Beatrix (Betty) and Alan who went to Paris in the 1920s and mixed with Beckett and Joyce. Ellie's husband was a staff officer in the Teacher's Pension Office at Dublin Castle. Ellie Duncan wrote for various newspapers and magazines including the Burlington Magazine, Studio and the Athenæum. By 1901 she is identified in the census as a journalist; she was known for having coined the phrase "The drama of the drawingroom". Ellie occasionally acted in the many theatrical performances that took place around Dublin in the aftermath of the Revival.
In 1907, Ellie Duncan founded the United Arts Club and remained its honorary secretary until 1922 and she and her husband Jim remained life-long "honorary members" thereafter. In the 20s and 30s she spent most of her time in London and Paris mixing with literary luminaries such as Beckett. By 1911 she had become an art critic, and in the census artist Casimir Markievicz was recorded as staying with the family. His wife Constance Markievicz doesn't appear on any census forms in 1911, which may be because she was arrested for the first time that year and she might have been in jail. Alternatively, she may have taken part in the boycott of the census carried out by the suffragists.
In 1911 and 1912, Duncan arranged two important art exhibitions in Dublin, the first time such Avant-garde artists and their paintings were shown in Ireland. Among the art was work from Cézanne, Matisse, Rouault, Picasso, Denis, Vlaminck, and Signac. The exhibitions were arranged through the Dublin United Arts Club and entitled Works by Post Impressionist Painters and Modern French pictures. Duncan went on to become the first curator of the Municipal Gallery of Modern Art, Dublin, from 1914 to 1922. She was involved in the process to ensure Hugh Lane's works were kept with the gallery in Dublin. Duncan also refused to hang art donated to the gallery which was commissioned by the government in Westminster to depict scenes from the First World War. Duncan was a life long friend of Percy French who was a member of the club. He had re-located to London in 1900 but returned regularly to Ireland to entertain, often staying at the club or with the Duncan's at their flat in Ely Place, Dublin. Their daughter Beatrix (Betty) collaborated with French in his entertainment, especially in the war years. Bettie determined war paintings were inappropriate to display in the aftermath of the Easter Rising executions. Many of her papers and letters are today kept in the National Library of Ireland's Department of Manuscripts
References and sources
19th-century births
1937 deaths
Alumni of the Royal Irish Academy of Music
Irish women journalists
People educated at Alexandra College
Museum people from Dublin (city) |
Éamonn Mongey (1925 – 23 September 2007) was an Irish Gaelic footballer who played as a midfielder and as a centre-back at senior level for the Mayo county team.
A native of Castlebar, Mongey's family was steeped in the GAA. His father was president, vice-president and secretary of Castlebar Mitchels on different occasions in the early part of the last century, and his brother Finn was also county secretary for a period.
He won an interprovincial colleges championship in 1942, and at the age of 16 had his first outing for the Mayo senior team against Roscommon in a Connacht league that replaced the National League which had been suspended because of the War. He remained a regular member of the starting fifteen until his retirement following the conclusion of the 1955 championship. During that time he won two All-Ireland medals, five Connacht medals and two National League medals.
Mongey experienced a lengthy club career with Castlebar Mitchels, winning numerous county championship medals.
Having qualified as a barrister, Mongey was appointed Registrar of the High Court in Dublin and had a doctorate in law as well as a degree in public administration. He was also a member of the Rathmines and Rathgar Musical Society.
He wrote a regular column on Gaelic football for The Sunday Press for many years.
References
1925 births
2007 deaths
Castlebar Mitchels Gaelic footballers
Connacht inter-provincial Gaelic footballers
Irish barristers
Mayo inter-county Gaelic footballers
Winners of two All-Ireland medals (Gaelic football)
Irish columnists
The Sunday Press people |
Ketuanan Melayu (Jawi script: كتوانن ملايو; "Malay Overlordship" or "Malay Supremacy") is a political concept that emphasises Malay preeminence in present-day Malaysia. The Malays of Malaysia have claimed a special position and special rights owing to their longer history in the area and the fact that the present Malaysian state itself evolved from a Malay polity. The oldest political institution in Malaysia is the system of Malay rulers of the nine Malay states. The British colonial authorities transformed the system and turned it first into a system of indirect rule, then in 1948, using this culturally based institution, they incorporated the Malay monarchy into the blueprints for the independent Federation of Malaya.
The term Tanah Melayu in its name, which literally means "Malay homeland", assumes proprietorship of the Malay states. In this method, the colonial government strengthened Malay ethno-nationalism, Malay ethnicity and culture and Malay sovereignty in the new nation-state. Though other cultures would continue to flourish, the identity of the emerging political community was to be shaped by the "historic" political culture of its dominant Malay ethnic group. The Chinese and Indian immigrants, who form a significant minority in Malaysia, are considered beholden to the Malays for granting them citizenship in return for special privileges as set out in Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia. This quid pro quo arrangement is usually referred to as the Malaysian social contract. The concept of ketuanan Melayu is usually cited by politicians, particularly those from the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO).
The phrase ketuanan Melayu did not come into vogue until the early 2000s decade. Historically, the most vocal political opposition towards the concept has come from non-Malay-based parties, such as the Malaysian People's Movement Party (Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia) and Democratic Action Party (DAP); in the 2000s decade, the multiracial People's Justice Party (Parti Keadilan Rakyat, or PKR) also positioned itself against ketuanan Melayu, advocating instead ketuanan rakyat (supremacy of the people). The idea of Malay nationalism gained attention in the 1940s, when the Malays organised themselves to protest the Malayan Union's establishment, and later fought for independence. During the 1960s, there was a substantial effort challenging Malay nationalism led by the People's Action Party (PAP) of Singapore — which was a state in Malaysia from 1963 to 1965 — and the DAP after Singapore's expulsion. However, the portions of the Constitution related to Malay nationalism were "entrenched" after the race riots of 13 May 1969, which followed an election campaign focused on the issue of non-Malay rights and Malay nationalism. This period also saw the rise of "ultras" who advocated a one-party government led by UMNO, and an increased emphasis on the Malays being the "definitive people" of Malaysia — i.e., only a Malay could be a true Malaysian.
The riots caused a major change in the government's approach to racial issues, and led to the introduction of an aggressive affirmative action policy strongly favouring the Malays, the New Economic Policy (NEP). The National Culture Policy, also introduced in 1970, emphasised an assimilation of the non-Malays into the Malay ethnic group. However, during the 1990s Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad rejected this approach, with his Bangsa Malaysia policy emphasising a Malaysian instead of Malay identity for the state. During the 2010s decade politicians began stressing the phrase ketuanan Melayu, and publicly chastised government ministers who questioned the social contract.
Malaysian Malays
Ethnic Malays which make up the majority population of Malaysia at 50.4%, are an ethnic group of Austronesian people predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, including the southernmost parts of Thailand, the east coast of Sumatra, the coast of Borneo, and the smaller islands which lie between these locations. The true origin of ethnic Malays is still the subject of studies among historians, anthropologists and linguists. A popular theory suggested that the people who spoke Austronesian languages first arrived in Maritime Southeast Asia between 2,500BCE and 1,500BCE, as a part of Austronesian expansion from Taiwan to Southeast Asia.
However, a recent genetic studies carried out by HUGO (Human Genome Organisation) involving almost 2,000 people across Asia, points to another theory of Asian migration pattern. The HUGO findings support the hypothesis that Asia was populated primarily through a single migration event from the south and that the South East Asian region was populated first which contained the most diversity, then continuing slowly North with its diversity being lost.
Hindu and Buddhist influences arrived through trade contacts with the Indian subcontinent. The beginning of the first Millennium saw the rise of ancient Malay states in the coastal areas of Malay Peninsula, notably the Red Earth Kingdom (1st century), Gangga Negara (2nd century), Langkasuka (2nd century), Kedah (2nd century) and Pahang (5th century). Between 7th and 13th centuries, many of these small, often prosperous peninsular maritime trading states became part of the Srivijaya empire, a kingdom centred in Palembang, Sumatra.
By the 15th century, the Malacca Sultanate, whose hegemony reached over much of the western Malay archipelago, had become the centre of Islamization in the east. The Malaccan tradition was transmitted onwards and fostered a vigorous ethos of Malay identity. Since this era, the Islamic faith became closely identified with Malay society and played a significant role in defining the Malay identity. The close identification of the Malays with Islam continued until the 20th century and was finally entrenched in the Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia as well as in the national philosophy of Brunei known as the Malay Islamic Monarchy.
The present-day Malaysian Malays are divided broadly into "Malays proper" or "Peninsular Malays" (Melayu Anak Jati or Melayu Semenanjung) and "foreign Malays" or "Islander Malay" (Melayu Anak Dagang or "Melayu Kepulauan"). The Malays proper consist of those individuals who adhere to the Malay culture which has developed in the Malay Peninsula. Among notable groups are Kedahan Malays, Kelantanese Malays and Terengganuan Malays. The foreign Malays consist of descendants of immigrants from other part of Malay Archipelago who became the citizens of the Malay sultanates and were absorbed and assimilated into Malay culture at different times, aided by similarity in lifestyle and common religion (Islam). Among notable groups are the Javanese, Minangkabau and Bugis Malays.
Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia defines a Malay as a Malaysian citizen born to a Malaysian citizen who professes to be a Muslim, habitually speaks the Malay language, adheres to Malay customs, and is domiciled in Malaysia or Singapore. Though this definition is not according to ancestry lineage, it is however correct in the sense of social behaviours. Culture, which controls a great proportion of general mentality and social behaviour, is succeeded through the mother tongue and religion. Article 160 unites Malays from different ethnic groups as the prevailing race and thus embraces them with the political prowess to dominate and rule over other races: Chinese, Indians, Kadazan, Iban, Orang Asli etc. This is also apparent from the name of UMNO (United Malays National Organisation), who are a staunch political proponent of this role.
Pre-independence
Early Malay nationalism
Malay nationalism as an organised political movement existed since the invasion by foreign powers. However, the ethnic Chinese and Indian immigrants, forming a minority of the population, did not see themselves as Malayans. A report by the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies in the early 1930s found that "the number of non-Malays who have adopted Malaya as their home is only a very small proportion of the whole population".
Although the British effectively held de facto control over Malaya, de jure the country was governed by the Malays themselves, and merely being temporarily administered by the British. The High Commissioner, Sir Hugh Clifford made a speech outlining the British ideology during their rule in Malaysia, in which he urged "everyone in this country [to] be mindful of the fact that this is a Malay country, and we British came here at the invitation of Their Highnesses the Malay Rulers, and it is our duty to help the Malays to rule their own country."
The colonial authorities adopted an open "Pro-Malay" policy so the Malays could, in the words of High Commissioner Sir Laurence Guillemard, be equipped "to take their proper place in the administrative and commercial life of these States." In reality, the non-elite Malays felt marginalised by the economic and political policies of the colonial government, and felt increasingly separated and disconnected from the Malay elite.
The local-born non-Malay communities soon began a campaign for self-rule. In 1936, the Malayan-born Indian community asked High Commissioner Sir Shenton Thomas to grant them a share of administrative appointments. Thomas rejected the request, referring to the local-born Indians as "foreigners". Although the colonial government appeared to view the Chinese as a "transient labor force," with statistics indicating most Chinese migrants eventually returned home, some historians have contended that the local-born Chinese population was steadily growing during the period. Nevertheless, the colonial government insisted it would be dangerous to consider the Chinese as having "a tendency to permanent settlement"; the locally born Indian community — comprising 20% of the Indian population, the rest being manual labourers having migrated for similar reasons as the Chinese at around the same time — was likewise largely ignored.
The colonial government ensured that the Malays would continue to maintain their "traditional" peasant lifestyle as much as possible, restricting movement, economic enterprises and education. This policy was maintained in the belief that education of Bengalis in India had led to discontent and rebellion. They involved only the Malay ruling class in government and administrative issues. Despite the exclusion of non-Malays from positions of authority, much of the civil service rank and file comprised non-Malays, many of them Indians who were specifically brought in for this purpose. A number of historians have described the pro-Malay policies as designed merely to preserve the position of the colonial authorities, rather than to strengthen that of the Malays; some have characterised the approach as keeping "the races at just the right distance from each other to have the disparate elements of Malaya work in remote harmony".
In the 1920s, the local-born Chinese, who retained significant economic power, began pushing for a greater role in Malayan government. Much of the Chinese community, which now made up 45% of the Malayan population, still comprised transient laborers. Nevertheless, the Straits Chinese — which comprised the bulk of local-born Chinese — wanted to be given government positions and recognised as Malayans. One Straits Chinese leader asked, "Who said this is a Malay country? ... When Captain [Francis] Light arrived, did he find Malays, or Malay villages? Our forefathers came here and worked hard as coolies — weren't ashamed to become coolies — and they didn't send their money back to China. They married and spent their money here, and in this way the Government was able to open up the country from jungle to civilization. We've become inseparable from this country. It's ours, our country..." Malay intellectuals objected to this reasoning, claiming that such reasoning is totally absurd and proposing an analogy with the Chinese as masons and Malaya as a house. A paid mason, they argued, was not entitled to a share in the ownership rights to a home he built. As such, they opposed any attempt to grant the Chinese citizenship or other political rights.
A number of Indonesian ethnic groups such as the Javanese and Bugis had migrated within the Malay Archipelago throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and were most quickly assimilated into the Malay cultural identity. Eventually, the Chinese-Malayan appeals appeared to have some impact on the British. In 1927, the Governor of the Straits Settlements referred to the Chinese as "indigenous inhabitants of British Malaya".
Just before the Second World War, Malay nationalism began emphasising ketuanan Melayu, which had once been taken for granted. It was feared that British policies now seemed geared towards creating a common Malayan nationality inclusive of the Chinese and Indians. Some Malays thus sought to preserve the status quo with the British as a bulwark against the non-Malays. Others began calling for an independent and sovereign Malay nation, such as "Greater Indonesia".
The Malayan Union (1946–48)
After the end of the Second World War, the British announced the establishment of the Malayan Union, which would loosen immigration policies, reduce the sovereignty of the Malay rulers, and abstain from recognising Malay supremacy, establishing Malaya as a protectorate of the United Kingdom. As local-born residents, most Chinese and Indians qualified for citizenship under the Union's principle of jus soli. With equal rights guaranteed to all, the Malays became dissatisfied with that. Even their traditional stronghold, the civil service, would be open to all Malayans. In the first place, the Malays did not consider themselves to be included under the label of "Malayans".
The Malays became politically conscious, protesting the Union's formation. At one gathering, placards declared that "Malaya Belongs to the Malays. We do not want the other races to be given the rights and privileges of the Malays." One Malay organisation informed the British that the Union's citizenship provisions would lead to "the wiping from existence of the Malay race along with their land and Rulers". A group of Malay royalists and civil servants led by Dato' Onn Ja'afar formed the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to protest the Malayan Union's formation.
Although the Union was established as planned, the campaign continued; in 1948, the British replaced the Malayan Union with the Federation of Malaya. The Federation restored sovereignty to the Malay rulers, tightened immigration and citizenship restrictions, and gave the Malays special privileges. Nevertheless, the avowed goal of the British remained the same as in 1946: to introduce "a form of common citizenship open to all those, irrespective of race, who regarded Malaya as their real home and as the object of their loyalty."
Limited opposition to ketuanan Melayu and UMNO during this period came from a coalition between the All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) and the Pusat Tenaga Rakyat (PUTERA). Although one of PUTERA's constituent organisations had insisted on ketuanan Melayu as a "National Birthright" of the Malays, PUTERA joined the AMCJA in championing equal political rights for non-Malays. After the British refused to heed the PUTERA-AMCJA coalition, it pulled out of talks with the British, later launching a major hartal (general strike) to protest perceived defects in the new polity. After the Federation was formed over their objections, the coalition disbanded.
Prior to the Federation, non-Malays were generally uninvolved in Malayan politics and nationalism, both essentially Malay in nature; being more interested in the politics of their respective homelands, non-Malays never significantly backed the Malayan Union openly but their silence was a support to it. The AMCJA, though mostly non-Malay, did not represent a large section of the non-Malay communities in Malaya. The lack of interest in or loyalty to Malaya amongst the non-Malays seemed to justify ketuanan Melayu — Malay self-rule.
Some historians have argued the Union's failure made the Chinese aware of the need for political representation. The Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) — a communal political party campaigning for Chinese political rights — was formed soon after the Federation's formation. Others claim that the main driving force behind non-Malay involvement in Malayan politics, and their assertion of certain rights, was the increasing number of local-born non-Malays. The same report from the British Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies cited earlier stated that Malayan-born non-Malays "have never seen the land of their origin and they claim that their children and their children's children should have fair treatment." The inaugural President of the MCA was Tan Cheng Lock, a local-born Chinese who had led the AMCJA until its breaking up.
Towards independence
Its initial goals achieved, UMNO established itself as a political party to fight for independence. At the same time, the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) launched an armed insurgency to form a communist government in Malaya, culminating in the Malayan Emergency which lasted until after independence. The insurgency was marked by a clear racial divide; opposition to the insurrection was almost entirely Malay, while Chinese dominated the communist ranks. The British encouraged the establishment of the Communities Liaison Committee (CLC), comprising the top echelon of Malayan politicians from different communities, to address sensitive issues, especially those related to race. Compromises on a number of issues, including citizenship, education, democracy, and Malay supremacy, were agreed on. Eventually, a "bargain" between the Malays and non-Malays was formulated; in return for giving up ketuanan Melayu, the Malays would be assisted in closing the economic gap between the Malay and non-Malay communities. CLC member E.E.C. Thuraisingham later said, "I and others believed that the backward Malays should be given a better deal. Malays should be assisted to attain parity with non-Malays to forge a united Malayan Nation of equals."
Problems continued to crop up. Many Chinese Malayan youths drafted into the army to stave off communist attacks fled the country; most participants were English- and not Chinese-educated. To the Malays, this indicated that the Chinese had no particular loyalty towards Malaya and justified ketuanan Melayu, heightening similar perceptions caused by the apparent racial dichotomy between those in fierce opposition to the communists and those supporting the MCP.
In the early 1950s, Onn Ja'afar proposed to open UMNO membership to all Malayans, and renaming it the United Malayan National Organisation, which would have diluted its identity as a champion of ketuanan Melayu. Defeated in an internal power struggle, he resigned in 1951 to found the Independence of Malaya Party (IMP). He was succeeded by Tunku Abdul Rahman (often known as "the Tunku"), who insisted on initial Malay sovereignty. Expressing concern over a lack of loyalty to Malaya among non-Malays, he demanded they clarify their allegiance before being accorded citizenship, going on to state: "For those who love and feel they owe undivided loyalty to this country, we will welcome them as Malayans. They must truly be Malayans, and they will have the same rights and privileges as the Malays." Not long after, in 1952, however, he appeared to contradict himself, and insisted that Malays safeguard their special position: "Malaya is for the Malays and it should not be governed by a mixture of races."
During this period, some Straits Chinese began taking interest in local politics, especially in Penang, where there was an active Chinese secessionist movement. Identifying more with the British than the Malays, they were especially angered by references to them as pendatang asing (foreigners). Avoiding both UMNO and the MCA, they believed that while UMNO and Malay extremists were intent on extending Malay privileges and restricting Chinese rights, the MCA was too "selfish", and could not be relied on. Uncomfortable about the merger of the Straits Settlements with Malaya, they did not feel a sense of belonging in a "Malaya for the Malays" where they were not considered bumiputra ("sons of the soil"). One Straits Chinese leader indignantly declared, "I can claim to be more anak Pulau Pinang [a son of Penang] than 99 per cent of the Malays living here today." With the government's stout rejection of secession, the movement eventually petered out.
Some suggested that the non-Malays did not feel loyal to Malaya because they did not consider themselves to be of Malayan nationality and adhere strictly to their own ethnic cultural backgrounds. To counter this, in 1952 citizenship was granted to nearly all local-born non-Malays, and dual citizenship prohibited, forcing non-Malays to choose between their ancestral homeland and Malaya. In contrast to the Malay's hypothesis, a majority of the non-Malays remained, thus proving their allegiance to Malaya. They are the ancestor of modern-day non-Malay Malaysian.
As Malaya moved to self-government, the British initiated the Member System, modelled on the cabinet system; like the CLC, it drew on members of different communities, and was later described as setting a precedent for the power-sharing multiracial Malayan and Malaysian cabinets post-independence. At the same time, the British also began laying the framework for a national education system that would create "a sense of common citizenship". The Barnes Report that they commissioned, however, was strongly objected to by the Chinese community for being "saturated with Malay nationalism" and bolstering ketuanan Melayu. The Fenn-Wu Report, favoured by the Chinese, did not meet with Malay approval. In the end, the Barnes Report's recommendations for English-medium "national schools" were implemented by the 1952 Education Ordinance, over vocal Chinese protests, who were upset by the lack of provision for non-Malay vernacular schools. In 1956, a committee headed by Tun Abdul Razak re-evaluated the education system. The "Razak Report" recommended that vernacular primary schools be permitted to continue, but share a common syllabus with national schools. Vernacular secondary schools would not be sanctioned; only national secondary schools would be funded. The Chinese community strenuously objected to the Razak Report as well, launching an organised campaign against it; the MCA's refusal to oppose the Report cost it politically in some Chinese constituencies. Nevertheless, the Razak Report's recommendations were largely successful, and many of them remain in place as of 2006.
Possible origins of ketuanan Melayu
According to many historians, the root cause of ethnic strife and ketuanan Melayu was a lack of mixing between the Malays and non-Malays. An exception to this were the Straits Chinese, who managed to assimilate reasonably well, despite the assimilation taking 600 years including intermarriage. According to the Ming Shi-lu, the ancestors of the Straits Chinese were "gifts" given to the Sultan of Malacca as a recognition of both bilateral ties between the Ming Dynasty and the sultanate, and of Malay sovereignty. At the time, most were rich merchants during British rule instead of manual labourers and many habitually spoke Malay, dressed in the Malay style, and preferred Malay cuisine.
The British educational policies regards the different races in Malaysia — providing minimal public education for Malays, and leaving non-Malays to their own devices — did not help matters. The Malays, predominantly rural-dwellers, received no encouragement to socialise with the more urban non-Malays. The economic impoverishment of the Malays which set them apart from the better-off Chinese also fanned racial sentiments.
Another contributing factor to ketuanan Melayu was the World War II Japanese occupation. The war "awakened a keen political awareness among Malayan people by intensifying communalism and racial hatred". Japanese policies "politicised the Malay peasantry", intentionally fanning the flames of Malay nationalism. Two Malay historians wrote that "The Japanese hostile acts against the Chinese and their apparently more favourable treatments of the Malays helped to make the Chinese community feel its separate identity more acutely..." A foreign commentator agreed, stating that "During the occupation period ... Malay national sentiment had become a reality; it was strongly anti-Chinese, and its rallying cry [was] 'Malaya for the Malays'..."
The Alliance - 1955 Federal Legislative Council elections
Although UMNO supported ketuanan Melayu, it formed an "Alliance" with the MCA and the Malayan Indian Congress (MIC) to contest the 1955 Federal Legislative Council elections. This took many by surprise, as the MCA had strenuously insisted on equal political rights for all citizens. Its President, Tan Cheng Lock, was himself a Straits Chinese, albeit not as extremist as the secessionists. Although initially dismissed as a marriage of convenience, the Alliance won 51 out of 52 seats available. The sole remaining seat went to the Pan-Malayan Islamic Party (PMIP; later known as PAS), a Malay-based party and strong advocate of ketuanan Melayu. The total defeat of non-communal parties led the Alliance to perceive the political atmosphere as inhospitable for multi-racial parties. A coalition government comprising mono-racial parties in which party leaders privately brokered compromise decisions was thought more stable and better suited to Malayan politics.
Prior to the election, Dato' Onn Ja'afar had changed his approach, forming the Parti Negara after IMP suffered crushing losses to the Alliance in local elections. Advocating stronger pro-Malay policies recognising Malay political dominance, the Parti Negara failed to shake the Alliance's grip on power. However, some believe Parti Negara's proposals helped sway UMNO politicians towards more radically pro-Malay policies. The British themselves insisted on handing over power only to a multiracial government, and the Alliance was considered to meet this requirement.
Independence and formation of Malaysia
Independence and the Constitution
The Federation of Malaya became officially independent from the British Empire in 1957. The new state's Constitution contained provisions, such as Article 153, guaranteeing the Malays certain privileges as a form of affirmative action. The Reid Commission, which drafted the Constitution, stated that Article 153 was to be temporary in nature, and should be reviewed by Parliament 15 years after independence. The Constitution itself did not explicitly state this, however, nor did it clarify the purpose of Article 153. It did declare all Malayans equal under the law, without mention of "Malay sovereignty" or any other ideas related to ketuanan Melayu. Jus soli citizenship — the granting of citizenship to anyone born in the Federation — was also granted, albeit without retrospective effect; it was a major concession by the Malays, who had vigorously campaigned against jus soli citizenship in the Malayan Union.
On the other hand, Malay and Islam became the national language and official religion, while the Malay rulers remained. This was taken to mean that the Malays were accorded deference as the definitive people of Malaya — i.e. being a Malayan would be the same as being a Malay — and in the eyes of many, gave Malaya a Malay identity. One academic suggested that "The Malays have a deep-rooted feeling that they alone are the bumiputras, the sons of the soil, and as such have certain special rights over the land." Indeed, the Tunku said in 1964 that "It is understood by all that this country by its very name, its traditions and character, is Malay. ... In any other country where aliens try to dominate economic and other fields, eventually there is bitter opposition from the indigenous people. But not with the Malays. Therefore, in return, they must appreciate the position of the Malays..." It has been suggested that a Malaysian nationality did not emerge because "all the national symbols in Malaysia were derived from the Malay tradition".
The Constitutional restraint on the size of rural Parliamentary constituencies was later removed, providing what one commentator called "an indirect buttress" to Malay special rights; as Malays were concentrated in rural areas, this indirectly enhanced Malay political power. The original Constitution had implicitly followed "one man, one vote". The change was denounced as "giving one man one vote, another a number of votes: not on the basis of, say, intellectual ability or geographical accident, but in order to ensure the dominance of a particular group."
The constitutional provisions, which have been referred to as the "Malay Agenda", evoked little sentiment from non-Malays, despite most of them gaining citizenship and thus becoming theoretically equal to Malay citizens under the Constitution. This could be attributed to acceptance of the social contract, of which one historian wrote: "At the elite level, non-Malays recognized that Malays were politically superior by virtue of their indigenous status and that the Malaysian polity would have a Malay character ... Malays were to be assured of safe majorities in both the state and federal parliament ... Malays would control the highest positions of the government and ... dominate members of the federal cabinet." A Malay historian wrote that "In return the Chinese gained more than overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia had dreamed of — equal citizenship, political participation and office holding, unimpaired economic opportunity, and tolerance for their language, religion, and cultural institutions."
Some expressed trepidation at Article 153; shortly before independence, the China Press suggested that while special rights "may be excusable at the start of the building of a nation," if "the period of 'special rights' is not restricted, or the scope of special rights is not clearly defined, then endless disputes ... will arise later on," and argued that special rights would eventually divide instead of unite Malayans. Nevertheless, at the time of independence, some historians assert, "there was a genuine sense of common citizenship, common aspirations, a common destiny." This was about to change.
Merger
In 1961, when the Malayan government began discussing a possible merger with neighbouring Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei, problems of ethnic power relations arose again. The "Malaysia" proposal sans Sabah and Sarawak went back more than a decade; earlier negotiations had proved fruitless. The Singaporeans themselves were not anxious to be ruled by what they considered a Malay government. By 1961, however, Singapore had grown receptive to the idea of joining Malaysia, largely because of the prevailing idea at the time that industrial Singapore could not survive without access to Malayan markets.
The Malayan government was not keen on having the Chinese Singaporean population push the Malays into a minority position in the new Malaysia. Many Malays felt that upsetting the Malay-dominated nature of the armed forces and police might place them in a dangerous situation. It was also argued that the inferior economic position of the Malays would be emphasised by the entry of even more rich Chinese, setting the stage for major discontent. The Malayans decided to resolve this by merging with Sabah and Sarawak; both of these colonies had large native populations whom the colonial authorities considered "Malay". Under Article 160 of the Constitution, most of them were not Malay; the natives were mainly animists or Christians instead of Muslims as required. To resolve this issue, the government expanded its informal definition of "Malay" to include these people.
Sabahans and Sarawakians could not see how they would benefit from merger. Many regarded Malaya as being only for the Malays, a group they did not include themselves in. The spectre of "Malaysia" — the inclusion of the phrase "Malay" being considered frightening — with its official religion of Islam and official language of Malay, did nothing to soothe their fears of "Malay domination". For merger to come about, they insisted the natives of Sabah and Sarawak be awarded the same privileges as Malays. A 20-point agreement between Sabah and the Malayan government, and a slightly different 18-point agreement by Sarawak, was later agreed upon. After much negotiation and a show of support from the British for a merger, the impasse was resolved. Although natives of Borneo were denied the privileges of Malays, merger was effected on 16 September 1963.
"Malaysian Malaysia!"
In the 1963 Singapore state elections, the Alliance challenged the governing People's Action Party (PAP) through the Singapore Alliance Party. UMNO politicians actively campaigned in Singapore for the Singapore Alliance, contending that Singaporean Malays were being treated as second-class citizens under the Chinese-dominated, though ostensibly multiracial, PAP government. However, all of the UMNO-backed Malay candidates lost to the PAP. The PAP politicians, who saw this as a betrayal of an earlier agreement with the Alliance not to contest elections in Malaya and Singapore (respectively), decided to run on the mainland in the 1964 general election. Although the PAP attracted large crowds at its rallies, it won only one seat — that by Devan Nair, who represented the Bangsar constituency. It is thought by some historians that Finance Minister and MCA President Tan Siew Sin's appeal to the Chinese to avoid challenging the Malay special rights and risk merger with Indonesia helped the MCA retain its status as the "undisputed leader of the Chinese in the Malayan peninsula". Nevertheless, UMNO leaders were furious with the PAP.
New problems soon cropped up. Lee Kuan Yew, the leader of the Singaporean government and the PAP, declared his open opposition to ketuanan Melayu, calling for a "Malaysian Malaysia" instead of the implied Malay Malaysia. He argued that "Malays began to migrate to Malaysia in noticeable numbers only about 700 years ago. Of the 39% Malays in Malaysia today, about one-third are comparatively new immigrants like (Syed Jaafar Albar), who came to Malaya from Indonesia just before the war at the age of more than thirty. Therefore, it is wrong and illogical for a particular racial group to think that they are more justified to be called Malaysians and that the others can become Malaysian only through their favour."
Lee later lamented: "Malaysia — to whom does it belong? To Malaysians. But who are Malaysians? I hope I am, Mr Speaker, Sir. But sometimes, sitting in this chamber, I doubt whether I am allowed to be a Malaysian. This is the doubt that hangs over many minds, and ... [once] emotions are set in motion, and men pitted against men along these unspoken lines, you will have the kind of warfare that will split the nation from top to bottom and undo Malaysia." At times, however, Lee worsened things by making racial comments of his own. Many of his speeches harped on the ethnic composition of Malaysia, reminding listeners that the non-Malays were now in the majority, with 61% of the population to the Malays' 39% asking at one point, "Why should we go back to old Singapore and once again reduce the non-Malays in Malaya to a minority?" Lee exacerbated deteriorating PAP–UMNO relations by constantly demanding that the federal government "smack down their 'ultras'", whose ranks included prominent UMNO leaders such as Syed Jaafar Albar and Syed Nasir Ismail.
Lee's statements upset many, especially Alliance politicians. Tan Siew Sin called him the "greatest, disruptive force in the entire history of Malaysia and Malaya." The Tunku considered Lee too extremist in his views, while other UMNO politicians thought Lee was simply pandering to Malaysian Chinese with his rhetoric. Lee's statement about allegedly recent Malay migration met with stinging rebuttals; Albar declared: "To say that the Malays are in the same category as other races is an insult..." The UMNO newspaper Malaya Merdeka warned: "If the Malays are hard-pressed and their interests are not protected," they would merge Malaysia with Indonesia. It was this that the Tunku feared the most. To him, the ultras were not the real extremists — it was those who sought a "Greater Indonesia" to "fix" the Chinese that were the real threat.
The strain in race relations led to the Singaporean 1964 Race Riots, which PAP Malay politician Othman Wok later insinuated were planned beforehand by the ultras. In the year following the riots, tension continued growing. Syed Jaafar Albar declared that "Wherever I am, I am a Malay", drawing harsh return fire from Lee, who stated in Parliament: "If I had been going round and saying what [he] has been saying — wherever I am, I am a Chinese — where would we be? But I keep on reminding the people that I am a Malaysian. I am learning Bahasa Kebangsaan [Malay, the national language] and I accept Article 153 of the Constitution."
Lee insisted that he was not opposed to Malay special rights or Article 153, saying: "if the immigrant communities ... do not see the problems, if they can't feel what it is like to be a poor Malay, and don't feel for him, then I can say very soon he will manifest his disaffection in a very decisive way and the whole country will be thrown into turmoil." Few from the Alliance took this claim seriously. UMNO politicians insisted that a "Malaysian Malaysia" implied total equality, entailing the removal of Malay privileges. Senu Abdul Rahman, a federal Minister, felt Lee's advocacy of equality would deny the Malays the possibility of economic participation: "What we want is opportunity, the opportunity to obtain economic wealth for our people." Condemning Lee for stating he was a Malaysian by his own right, Senu asked: "The right which Lee is enjoying today did not fall from the sky or out of the blue. It was given to him. Doesn't he have some feeling of gratitude to the natives of this country?" Lee answered: "No, I am not enjoying anyone's hospitality. I am here as of right. And 61 per cent of the people of Malaysia have to stand by that or it is lost. Without it they would have no future." Some, such as Syed Jaafar Albar, took Senu's stance further and referred to the Malays, as the Bumiputra, as "masters of the house", whose hospitality was being abused by the bangsa asing (aliens) or orang tumpangan (lodgers) such as Lee. This provoked a response from Cabinet member Lim Swee Aun insisting "we are co-owners, not lodgers, not guests."
Some went against the common view held in UMNO. Ismail Abdul Rahman told Parliament that "...both the Alliance and the PAP subscribe to the concept of a Malaysian Malaysia," but differed in their methods. Ismail characterised the PAP's approach as "non-communalism straightaway," while the Alliance required "two steps. First, inter-racial harmony; second, and ultimate state of non-communalism." Such statements were dismissed by Lee as lip service that could not be taken seriously unless the ultras were reined in.
Separation
Lee continued his campaign, forming the Malaysian Solidarity Council (MSC) comprising multi-racial parties such as the PAP, the People's Progressive Party (PPP) and the United Democratic Party (UDP) in 1965. At the MSC's first and only general meeting, several leaders from these parties gave speeches supporting a Malaysian Malaysia. D.R. Seenivasagam of the PPP accused the Alliance of using Article 153 to "bully non-Malays", while Ong Kee Hui of the Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP) said that "We see an attitude of intolerance and mounting signs of denial of political equality to people who are non-Malays. For the sake of our country and ourselves, this must be stopped and the drift to narrow racialism checked. Political equality should be accorded to all who live here and make this country their home, irrespective of their racial origin."
Soon after, UMNO backbencher Mahathir bin Mohamad attacked Lee in Parliament: "[The Singaporean Chinese] have never known Malay rule and cannot bear the idea that the people they have so long kept under their heels should now be in a position to rule them." Lee responded with an unscripted speech made entirely in Malay opposing the government's pro-Malay policies: "Of course there are Chinese millionaires in big cars and big houses. Is it the answer to make a few Malay millionaires with big cars and big houses? ... If we delude people into believing that they are poor because there are no Malay rights or because opposition members oppose Malay rights, where are we going to end up? You let people in the villages believe that they are poor because we don't speak Malay, because the government does not write in Malay, so he expects a miracle to take place [when Malay becomes the sole national language]. The moment we all start speaking Malay, he is going to have an uplift in the standard of living, and if doesn't happen, what happens then? Meanwhile, whenever there is a failure of economic, social and educational policies, you come back and say, oh, these wicked Chinese, Indian and others opposing Malay rights. They don't oppose Malay rights. They, the Malay, have the right as Malaysian citizens to go up to the level of training and education that the more competitive societies, the non-Malay society, has produced. That is what must be done, isn't it? Not to feed them with this obscurantist doctrine that all they have got to do is to get Malay rights for the few special Malays and their problem has been resolved."
Eventually, the Tunku — fed up with all the politicking and convinced that any further clashes of rhetoric would only degenerate into violence — asked Singapore to secede. Singapore became an independent nation in 1965, with Lee as its first Prime Minister. Although Article 152 of the Constitution of Singapore names the Malays as "indigenous people" of Singapore and mandates special safeguarding of their rights and privileges, the article does not specify any policies for such safeguarding.
Some later blamed the formation of Malaysia for strengthening ketuanan Melayu: "A reinforcement of Malay rights — which during the previous five or six years [prior to the formation of Malaysia] had been withering away as the Reid Commission might have suspected they would — took place against a background of general unequal treatment" after Malaysia's formation.
13 May and the New Economic Policy
Issues of language
The Constitution specified a ten-year delay after independence in changing the national language from English to Malay. As the scheduled date in 1967 drew near some extremists Chinese began to agitate for a more liberal language policy permitting some instances of Mandarin in public affairs. Conservatives from UMNO and PAS lashed out against them, but the Alliance proposed a compromise in the National Language Bill establishing Malay as the official language, but permitting English under certain circumstances and the use of non-Malay languages for non-official purposes. The Tunku described it as "a course guaranteeing peace", but the Bill was widely derided by many Malays, who formed the National Language Action Front in hope of repealing or amending it. The leadership of the Tunku was also openly questioned.
13 May
In 1969, a general election was held. It was the first to be contested on a major scale by non-Malay-based opposition parties, other than the 1964 election where the PAP challenged the Alliance in Peninsular Malaysia. The two main opposition parties on this front in 1969 were the Democratic Action Party (DAP) — the Malaysian successor to the PAP, widely seen as Chinese-based — and the Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (Gerakan), an ostensibly multiracial party led by former MCA stalwart, Lim Chong Eu, and other middle-class intellectuals like Tan Chee Khoon and Syed Hussein Alatas. Both proposed policies on language, education, and Malay rights that were diametrically opposed to those of the government, with the DAP continuing where Lee Kuan Yew had left off with the "Malaysian Malaysia" campaign. Some, mostly from the DAP, called for the elevation of English, Mandarin and Tamil to official language status, along with Malay. Stronger government support for the Chinese education stream was also demanded.
PAS, on the other hand, attempted to garner votes by accusing UMNO of selling out the Malays' indigenous rights to "pendatang asing". When the results were released, PAS had made minor inroads, but the DAP and Gerakan managed to topple the Alliance from power in three states, and nearly eradicated the Alliance's traditional two-thirds majority in Parliament. A large part of these gains came at the expense of the MCA, which soon announced that it would not participate in the new government after the election, as the MCA no longer had a mandate to represent Chinese interests in the government. The jubilant DAP and Gerakan organised victory parades in the national capital of Kuala Lumpur on 11 and 12 May, where participants taunted the Malays while bearing slogans such as "Semua Melayu kasi habis" ("Finish off all the Malays"), "Ini negara Cina punya" (" This country is Chinese owned"). Nevertheless, the shocked Malays blamed Chinese voters for betraying "the Alliance formula by voting for an opposition that had revived fundamental questions of language and Malay special rights".
Malay conservatives welcomed the MCA's move, feeling an UMNO- and Malay-dominated government would better serve their purposes. UMNO held its own rally, which soon became a riot, on 13 May. This would later be euphemistically labelled as the "13 May Incident". UMNO supporters gathered at Harun's house on the evening of 13 May, where the rally was due to start, with many brandishing parangs (machetes) and other weapons after hearing the Chinese was insulting Malay and killed a few Malay passer-by and motorists and looted Malay stores and destroyed their homes. Some leaders condemned the "insults" of the "infidels" at the previous victory parades, calling the counter-rally a means "to protect Malay dignity" . Soon, the crowd began attacking Chinese who is also armed with bat and machetes and ready to charge. The rioting spread, and, despite the military being called in, continued for another two days.
As a result of the riots, Parliament was suspended, and a state of national emergency was declared. A National Operations Council (NOC) was formed to oversee the administration of the country under emergency rule. Although the rioting had died down, tensions continued to simmer. A non-Malay boycott of Malay goods and services received "near total" support, while many Malays, such as Mahathir Mohamad and Raja Muktaruddin Daim began calling for an autocracy led by UMNO alone, and the removal of the Tunku. According to some sources, one group of "ultras", comprising Syed Nasir Ismail, Musa Hitam, and Tengku Razaleigh, felt that the power-sharing Constitution had failed, and agreed that the country had to be "returned" to the Malays. They allegedly agreed to summon Mahathir to Kuala Lumpur, where he led his anti-Tunku campaign.
Mahathir wrote an open letter to the Tunku, accusing him of "giving the Chinese what they demand ... you have given them too much face." Soon, students at higher educational institutions across the country began to hold mass demonstrations, calling for the Tunku to step down in favour of a leader who would restore "Malay sovereignty". Sporadic rioting, believed to have been instigated by the Tunku's opponents, broke out.
Instead of bowing to their demands, the Tunku had Mahathir and Musa Hitam expelled from UMNO. The Minister of Home Affairs, Ismail Abdul Rahman, alleged that "These ultras believe in the wild and fantastic theory of absolute dominion by one race over the other communities, regardless of the Constitution. ... Polarisation has taken place in Malaysian politics and the extreme racialists among the ruling party are making a desperate bid to topple the present leadership."
The Malay Dilemma and New Economic Policy
Mahathir spent his political exile writing The Malay Dilemma, where he contended "that the Malays are the original or indigenous people of Malaya and the only people who can claim Malaya as their one and only country. In accordance with practice all over the world, this confers on the Malays certain inalienable rights over the forms and obligations of citizenship which can be imposed on citizens of non-indigenous origin." (Referring to the social contract.)
Mahathir expressed discomfort with "far too many non-Malay citizens who can swamp the Malays" when "...suddenly it has dawned upon the Malay that he cannot even call Malaya his land. There is no more Tanah Melayu — land of the Malays. He is now a different person, a Malaysian, but a Malay Malaysian whose authority in Malaya — his land — is now not only shared with others, but shared unequally. And as if this is not enough, he is being asked to give up more and more of his share of influence." Mahathir's defence of Malay rights focused both on the "definitive people" line of reasoning and the argument in favour of affirmative action, which the Reid Commission had chosen: "It is not... for reasons of Malay superiority that preferential treatment for Malays in scholarship awards was insisted upon. ... They are a means of breaking down the superior position of the non-Malays in the field of education. The Malays are not proud of this treatment." Shortly after becoming Prime Minister, Mahathir denied he had altered any of his views since he wrote the book.
Mahathir and Musa Hitam later rejoined UMNO and the government under Tun Abdul Razak, the second Prime Minister, whose New Economic Policy (NEP), was based on some of the reforms Mahathir's book had advocated. The NEP's stated goal was elimination of "the identification of race with economic function". To achieve this, it targeted a 30% share of the economy for the "Bumiputra" — "sons of the soil," a term referring to Malays and other indigenous peoples — by 1990. This became known as the "30 per cent solution" setting the "Bumiputra quota" for many items, including new public share listings and new private housing schemes. Certain commentators alleged that this fostered "a close to 'zero-sum' attitude chiefly between the Malays and Chinese". The NEP's stated aim, however, was not to directly redistribute wealth but to enlarge the economic pie while providing a larger share of the gains for Malays, thus increasing participation in the economy for all.
The main rationale for the NEP as set out in the Second Malaysia Plan was to address the "economic imbalance" between the Chinese and Malays. In 1969, the Malay share of equity reportedly stood at 1.5% while the Chinese held 22.8%; the rest was largely in foreign hands. Some detractors argued that while the Chinese share of the economy had increased at the Malays' expense, more significant growth in inequality had occurred between the richest and poorest Malays — between 1957 and 1970, the wealthiest 20% of Malays' share in the Malay portion of the economy reportedly increased from 42.5% to 52.5% while the poorest 40% saw a decrease from 19.5% to 12.7%.
The NOC issued a report of its own analysing the root causes of the 13 May violence, suggesting that even in the civil service, a traditional Malay employer, non-Malays outnumbered the Malays in many areas, with substantial Malay majorities only in the Police and Armed Forces. The report concluded: "Allegations that the non-Malays are excluded are regarded by the Malays as deliberate distortion. The Malays who already felt excluded in the country's economic life, now began to feel a threat to their place in the public services. No mention was ever made by non-Malay politicians of the almost closed-door attitude to the Malays by non-Malays in large sections of the private sector in this country."
According to the Second Malaysia Plan, the NEP aimed to "create a Malay commercial and industrial community" through "wholly owned enterprises and joint ventures". Prior to this, the government had, in the words of a local economist, played "administrative, supportive, and regulatory" roles in attempting to address the economic imbalance, but avoided "represent[ing] direct and active efforts in promoting" Malay interests. Now, the government would not only "[limit] access of the Chinese and Indian population to universities, public jobs and public money," but also actively intervene in the economy to give "[the Bumiputra] a bigger piece of the business action". One criticism of this increased intervention was that UMNO supposedly "became a major beneficiary of the expanded role of the state".
There had been limited affirmative action programmes before. However, these mostly focused on the civil service, as Article 153 of the Constitution did. Admission to higher education was largely merit-based. The Tunku government preferred laissez-faire policies, minimising economic intervention. Although some agencies, such as the Rural Industrial Development Agency (RIDA), which attempted to aid Malay entrepreneurs, existed, their programs were criticised as being based on handouts and favouring the politically connected. RIDA was renamed as the Majlis Amanah Rakyat (The Indigenous People's Trust Council) or MARA in 1965, and came to symbolise the development of Malay entrepreneurship.
Although the NEP was aimed at addressing economic imbalances, it soon became associated with ketuanan Melayu. While the two were rarely directly equated, they were often mentioned together, with the implication that the NEP was derived from ketuanan Melayu. The NEP's greater intervention in the economy led some to "equate UMNO's monolithic image as the undisputed champion of Malay supremacy with the party's ability to shore up lucrative business deals."
Constitutional amendments and other policy changes
Parliament finally reconvened in 1971. Although the NEP was passed without its approval, Parliament's consent was required to amend the Constitution. The government-tabled Constitution (Amendment) Act 1971, in conjunction with some amendments to the Sedition Act, limited freedom of speech on "sensitive issues" such as the national language, Malay special rights, the Malay rulers, and the provisions for citizenship. These restrictions also applied to Members of Parliament, over-ruling their previous Parliamentary immunity. The amendments also clarified Article 152's meaning, and included the "natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak" under Article 153, extending the formerly Malay-only rights to all Bumiputra. In addition, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) could now direct any university or college to implement a proportion-based quota system favouring the Bumiputra. All higher educational institutions immediately enacted quota systems on the orders of the Education Ministry; some later questioned the move's constitutionality on the grounds that the King himself had not issued any directive.
To cap all this, the amendment of articles touching on the "sensitive issues" mentioned, as well as the clause governing this rule on amendments, was forbidden without the consent of the Conference of Rulers. Effectively entrenching the "sensitive" Articles, this was heavily criticised by opposition MPs. It was claimed that if Parliament could be prevented from discussing particular issue, Parliamentary sovereignty was undermined. It was also unclear if the ban from speaking on "sensitive issues" applied to the ban itself. Nevertheless, the provisions were passed. The Internal Security Act (ISA), which effectively allows the government to detain anyone it deems a threat to national security for an indefinite period without judicial review, was also amended in 1971 to stress the "preservation of intercommunal harmony".
Many of these changes saw fierce opposition in Parliament and abroad. When the proposed changes were first announced, the British press charged they would "preserve as immutable the feudal system dominating Malay society" by "giving this archaic body of petty constitutional monarchs incredible blocking power". The censorship of sensitive issues was labelled as paradoxical when contrasted with Tun Abdul Razak's speaking of "the full realization that important matters must no longer be swept under the carpet..." Other critics argued that Article 153 was nothing more than a "paper rice bowl", and in any case, did not even include the orang asli (native people) or aborigines within the scope of its privileges, rendering its rationale somewhat suspect.
Another important policy change came in the field of education. In 1970, the government made Malay the medium of instruction for primary, secondary, and tertiary education, replacing English. Although government funding for the Chinese and Tamil education streams continued, many non-Malays considered this new policy to be "the most discriminatory" thus far. The government's rationale was that this would provide better educational opportunities for the Malays, especially those who formerly had to make the transition from Malay-medium primary and secondary schools to English-medium universities. It was also argued that uniting students under one language would provide for greater racial harmony, while indirectly underscoring the "Malay nature of the state".
The same year that the medium of instruction was changed to Malay, the National Culture Policy (NCP) was announced. Syed Nasir Ismail described the government's policies as aimed at creating a "Bumiputra Muslim identity" (identiti Islam Kebumiputraan) for Malaysians. In essence, the NCP's goal was to eventually assimilate the non-indigenous peoples into an indigenous Malaysian identity. Despite stiff opposition from Chinese pressure groups, the government refused to withdraw the NCP. To foster national unity, the Rukunegara, or national ideology, was also introduced. Although the Rukunegara itself contains no references to ketuanan Melayu or the social contract, a government commentary mentioned the "position of Malays and other Natives, the legitimate interests of the other communities, and the conferment of citizenship" as key aspects of the Constitution while insisting: "No citizen should question the loyalty of another citizen on the ground that he belongs to a particular community." One political pundit described it as a formal declaration of the social contract or "Racial Bargain".
Politics and "Malay dominance"
The old Alliance model, where each race was represented by one party, was repudiated with the formation of the Barisan Nasional (BN, or the National Front) in 1974. Several former opposition parties, including Gerakan, the PPP and PAS, joined the UMNO-led BN. Although the MCA and MIC were included, their influence was diluted by other non-Malay parties in the coalition. In 1977, PAS' expulsion left UMNO as the sole Malay representative in BN, although some ostensibly multiracial parties provided token Malay representation. After its departure, PAS took a different approach to Malay privileges, denouncing the NEP as racial discrimination and "unIslamic".
In 1974, Mahathir was appointed as a Minister in Tun Razak's Cabinet. He became the Deputy Prime Minister just two years later, under Tun Hussein Onn, who had succeeded Tun Razak upon the latter's sudden death.
During the 1970s — the heyday of the NEP — "Malay dominance" was a largely accepted fact of life for Malaysians. Whereas the 1957 to 1969 period was viewed as a time when "Malay dominance" was at least tempered by a form of "inter-ethnic bargaining" within the Alliance government, from the 13 May Incident onwards, political pundits argued that the political environment was now under marked "hegemonic control" from the Malays and UMNO; in 1970, one Cabinet member pronounced that Malay special rights would remain for "hundreds of years to come". The Tunku observed in 1977 that "it appears in the minds of the non-Bumiputras that they are being turned into second-class citizens in the country." The government's ethnic policies continued to be based on and justified by the two basic arguments Mahathir had applied in his Dilemma; the "historical" status of Malay primacy over Malaya, and the "special needs" of the Malays. As public discussion or questioning of these issues had been criminalised, there were few locally published works critically discussing Malay supremacy, complicating attempts to evaluate it or establish further grounds for government policy beyond the main two traditionally put forth.
The ultras who had allegedly plotted to exploit the post-13 May chaos were now in control of the country. Razaleigh, the Finance Minister, was hailed as the "Father of the Bumiputra Economy" . Musa Hitam and Mahathir, both rising stars on the political scene, maintained their image as "ultras", although it is unclear if this was their intention. Journalist K. Das once claimed Musa had told him "that a young Malaysian politician has to play the race card to the hilt even if there was not a single chauvinistic bone in his body." After retiring, Musa said that "the national leaders tend to look for a scapegoat when faced with a desperate crisis situation" and use racial tactics to fill their "empty stomach".
UMNO Youth in particular maintained its "ultra" image from the 1960s. One of its vice-presidents said in response to discussion of opening different teams in UMNO based on political ideology that "The original cause of UMNO is to fight for the interests of the Malay race and this must continue. We do not want factions in UMNO." In 1980, Tun Hussein Onn announced that he would be handing power over to Mahathir due to poor health. Mahathir took office in 1981, with Musa Hitam as his deputy.
Mahathir's first premiership, Malay vs Chinese, new economic policies, and Bangsa Malaysia
Affirmative action and Chinese protests
The affirmative action policies of the NEP continued under Mahathir. Political pundits considered this administration, in its early period, to be a continuation of the "hegemonic control" of Malaysian politics by the Malays, and by UMNO in particular. During this time, Mahathir focused on consolidating his power within UMNO and the government. As a result, there was little active confrontation between the Malays and the non-Malays on the issue of ketuanan Melayu at the time.
In 1981, the MCA assessed the NEP and other government policies from a Chinese point of view. Its findings expressed concern over a number of problems, including alleged disrespect of the citizenship of the Malaysian Chinese and the Malay-dominated civil service, claiming the NEP's goal of eradicating identification of race with economic function had been abrogated. In addition, it was argued that non-Malays were under-represented in Parliament and the Cabinet because of gerrymandering; mostly Malay rural Parliamentary constituencies outnumbered heterogeneous urban constituencies, despite the total population of urban constituencies exceeding that of rural ones. However, UMNO avoided directly confronting the MCA over the issue.
Tensions rose after the 1986 general election when it appeared that UMNO on its own commanded a working Parliamentary majority, allowing it to govern without the support of other parties. Several UMNO leaders seriously discussed the possibility of governing alone; one, Abdullah Ahmad, publicly espoused permanent Malay supremacy and relegating non-Malays to second-class citizenship. Such calls for unilateralism were eventually disregarded, and the Barisan Nasional government continued. However, some UMNO officials warned non-Malay parties to avoid "playing with fire" by questioning the Malays' special rights and privileges or Hak Keistimewaan Orang Melayu. At the UMNO General Assembly that year, Mahathir stated: "We do not wish to rob other people of their rights. But let no one try to rob us of our rights." When Parliament reconvened, the DAP began raising objections to what they alleged was the division of Malaysians into "first and second class citizens". In response, some UMNO MPs began referring to the non-Malays as pendatang asing (foreign immigrants, or aliens) in Parliament. When the DAP attempted to enquire about the distribution of economic equity among the races to evaluate the NEP's progress, the Standing Orders of Parliament were amended to forbid such inquiries. This led the DAP to allege that the NEP's aims had been met, and that it could be allowed to expire in 1990.
Some, such as Petaling Jaya city councillor Richard Yeoh, believe that Abdullah Ahmad, an aide of Mahathir's, was the first to use the term "ketuanan Melayu". Yeoh described the context in which Ahmad used it as "a fairly benign speech and most of us might have had no problem with it, but it has been taken to mean Malay supremacy by some Umno leaders who don't necessarily know what it means."
Ethnic tension continued to grow shortly after Mahathir narrowly defeated Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah for the UMNO Presidency in 1987. Around this time, several deposit-taking co-operatives (DTCs), some associated with the MCA, collapsed. To save Chinese investors, the MCA asked the government to bail out the DTCs, citing a previous bailout of Bumiputra financial institutions. UMNO's reluctance to acquiesce led MCA Deputy President Lee Kim Sai to warn that the MCA might quit the government. Later that year, the government posted several non-Chinese-educated staff to senior positions in Chinese vernacular schools. Anwar Ibrahim, then Education Minister, refused to yield to protests from the MCA, and stated that the decision was final, despite a previous informal agreement on the issue between the Malay and Chinese communities.
The Gerakan, MCA and DAP held rallies and boycotted classes in Chinese primary schools to protest the move; UMNO Youth held its own rallies to assert ketuanan Melayu, hosting banners with slogans such as "revoke the citizenship of those who opposed the Malay rulers", "13 May has begun", and "soak it [the keris, a Malay dagger] with Chinese blood". Future Prime Minister and then UMNO Youth Chief Najib Razak (the son of Tun Razak) threatened to bathe a keris with Chinese blood. The flames were fanned further when in an unrelated incident, a Malay soldier ran amok in a predominantly Chinese area, killing one and injuring another two.
The government then launched Operation Lalang (Weeding Operation), detaining 55 people under the ISA. More were arrested over the next few months. Although most were opposition politicians — including Parliamentary Opposition Leader Lim Kit Siang — a few from BN were included. All BN politicians were released from detention after two months, while those from the opposition remained in custody for much longer. The government later justified these detentions on grounds of security, stating that the detainees had played up the issue of Chinese education to incite racial sentiment. Some of Mahathir's supporters saw this as a vindication of his rejection of the Tunku's "compromise" with the non-Malays, teaching the non-Malays not to criticise the government and its pro-Malay policies.
Many critics did not take this explanation seriously. UMNO was in crisis at the time, with Mahathir's faction narrowly defeating Razaleigh's in the party elections. Razaleigh's supporters filed a lawsuit alleging irregularities in the election process which appeared likely to succeed, triggering new party elections. In this context, one MCA politician charged that the government had pursued a "hidden agenda," deflecting public attention from UMNO's crisis with a "deviation in the implementation of the Chinese education policy." The Tunku himself claimed that Mahathir used the issue to mobilise the Malays "as a united force to a common enemy — and the imaginary enemy in this case was the Chinese community."
In the end, Mahathir's camp "won" the court case when it was held that as the party was an illegal organisation under the Societies Act due to some of its branches not being formally registered, the plaintiffs' case was invalid; an illegal society could not hold new elections for its leaders. Mahathir immediately set up "UMNO (Baru)" (New UMNO), transferring all of old UMNO's assets to the new party. Most of his supporters also joined UMNO (Baru), and eventually the "(Baru)" was dropped, making it, for all intents and purposes, the same as the old UMNO. When the Supreme Court agreed to hear an appeal on the case, the government suspended and later sacked Lord President Salleh Abas and five other Supreme Court judges, triggering the 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis. The new Supreme Court later dismissed the case.
Razaleigh then formed the Semangat 46 (Spirit of '46) party to challenge the government. In the 1990 general election, ketuanan Melayu was used as an issue, with UMNO accusing Semangat 46, PAS, the DAP and other opposition parties of conspiring to end Malay supremacy. The government also repeatedly warned that the 13 May riots would be repeated if it did not maintain its two-thirds majority in Parliament. Full-page advertisements depicting bloodshed and carnage were published in major national newspapers. Tensions rose further when the Tunku called on voters to support Semangat 46 instead of the new UMNO, with several UMNO politicians demanding that his title of "Bapa Kemerdekaan" (Father of Independence) be withdrawn, and his statue removed from Parliament House. Despite this, the government retained its two-thirds Parliamentary majority, with Semangat 46 winning only eight seats.
Reviewing and reworking economic policies
Prior to the expiration of the NEP in 1990, there was much debate over whether the policy should be renewed, replaced, or scrapped altogether. The government organised an official review of the NEP in the years leading up to its expiration. The NEP had been faced with a number of criticisms throughout its lifetime, most of them related to political corruption and other inefficiencies.
One point of dispute was the calculation of Malay equity. Although officially, as of 1992, the Malays controlled 18% of the economy, some dismissed this figure as misleading. It was argued that as in reality, much of this amount comprised equity held by government agencies, therefore it belonged to Malaysians as a whole. The practice of awarding public works contracts mainly to Bumiputras was argued to be stifling Malay competency by providing little incentive to improve. Many Bumiputra contractors in turn subcontracted their jobs to others, who were in some cases Chinese; "Ali Baba" arrangements with "the Malay [Ali] using his privileges to acquire licences and permits denied the non-Malay, then accepting a fee to be the front-man while the non-Malay [Baba] ran the business," were prevalent. Some suggested that the NEP "might have worked, if the Malay had actually wanted to learn the ropes. But more often than not, he just wanted to be rich."
Some said the disbursement of shares favoured the politically connected, many of whom immediately sold the shares at market price, reaping the arbitrage instead of holding on and increasing the Malay share of equity, which the policy was intended to do. Although the NEP managed to create a class of Malay millionaires, it was charged that this was mainly due to cronyism, benefiting only the politically connected. Some agreed, but argued against taking action; one PAS politician stated: "The Malays do not want justice to affect their interests." Other commentators have suggested that although most of the benefits under the NEP accrued to the politically connected, the government intended for them to "trickle down to the Malay masses", and also for the Malay nouveau riche to provide "entrepreneurial role models" for other Malays.
During the 1980s, concern continued to grow about discrimination in higher education. At this point, the Education Minister told Parliament of "dissatisfaction" and "disappointment" among non-Malays concerning "lessening opportunities" for higher education. Later in 1997, then Education Minister Najib Tun Razak defended the quotas as necessary, claiming that only 5% of all local undergraduates would be Malays if quotas were abolished.
Another criticism was that the NEP and other affirmative action had actually reduced the Malays' self-confidence, despite Mahathir's intention of building a Malay business class to serve as role models for impoverished Malays. One Malay journalist opined: "[U]nder this New Economic Policy, no Bumiputra could ever be sure that such 'victories' as came his way were fully deserved." The NEP was also criticised for seeking to improve the Malays' overall share of the economy, even if this share were to be held by a small number of Malays. Some quarters accused the NEP of being too heavy-handed in its approach towards affirmative action, maintaining it had "deprived qualified non-Malays of opportunities for higher education and job promotions" and forcing many non-Malays to emigrate instead. This, combined with the impressions of the NEP as corrupt and associated with ketuanan Melayu, led to "deep resentment", particularly among the Chinese. The NEP was criticised as "set[ting] those Malaysians so honoured with it above the rest, granting them the preferential treatment of the NEP," while "divid[ing] Malaysians into first- and second-class citizens".
In 1990, the NEP was replaced by the National Development Policy (NDP), which continued most of the NEP-era policies. The Malay share of the economy, though substantially larger, was not near the 30% target according to government figures. In its review of the NEP, the government found that although income inequality had been reduced, some important targets related to overall Malay corporate ownership had not been met. Both Mahathir and the Tunku had expressed concern that the Malays remained too reliant on the Chinese economically.
Claims that the NEP had retarded economic growth were dismissed; it was posited that the NEP had managed to avert further racial rioting, which would have hurt economic growth more than the NEP. The NEP was also defended as having created a Malay middle class and improving standards of living without compromising the non-Bumiputra share of the economy in absolute terms; statistics indicated that the Chinese and Indian middle classes also grew under the NEP, albeit not as much as the Malays'. The overall Malaysian poverty rate had shrunk from 50% at independence to 7%. It was also argued that ethnic stereotypes had been largely stamped out due to the NEP's success in creating a Malay upper class. Although many of the NEP's goals were restated by the NDP, the new policy appeared to be geared more towards wealth retention and creation, as opposed to simple redistribution. Nevertheless, many of the policies from the NEP era were retained under the NDP, which was set to expire in 2020.
Bangsa Malaysia and political liberalisation
During the 1990s, Mahathir and UMNO made a public about-face on the government's cultural policies, with the formation of the Wawasan 2020 (Vision 2020) and Bangsa Malaysia (Malaysian Race) plans. Mahathir named one obstacle to establishing Malaysia as a developed nation by the year 2020 as: "the challenge of establishing a matured, liberal and tolerant society in which Malaysians of all colours and creeds are free to practice and profess their customs, cultures and religious beliefs and yet feeling that they belong to one nation." Mahathir proposed the establishment of "one Bangsa Malaysia with political loyalty and dedication to the nation". After the government's 1995 general election victory, Mahathir elaborated: "Bangsa Malaysia means people who are able to identify themselves with the country, speak Bahasa Malaysia (the Malaysian or Malay language) and accept the Constitution."
Mahathir later explained that "The idea before was that people should become 100 per cent Malay in order to be Malaysian. We now accept that this is a multi-racial country. We should build bridges instead of trying to remove completely the barriers separating us." Such a dramatic change was perceived by the non-Malay communities as a "complete retraction" of earlier policies emphasising assimilation of non-Malays. The government took measures to stress this change, decreasing emphasis on Malay as the one and only national language by permitting local universities to use English as the medium of instruction for certain subjects. Diplomas from the MCA-sponsored and Chinese-majority Tunku Abdul Rahman College (TARC) were officially recognised by the government for employment in the civil service. For the first time, religions other than Islam were given airtime on state radio and television, although they were not allowed to proselytise. Lion dances — a traditional Chinese performance which had been banned for decades — were not only permitted but even attended by Mahathir and other top government officials.
Although the early 1990s saw marked economic growth, commentators suggested that Mahathir's liberal policies had played the key role in his popularity and the Barisan Nasional's landslide 1995 election victory. One pundit wrote that "Most Malaysians could not remember a time of greater prosperity or lesser inter-ethnic recrimination. ... Economic indicators alone would not have captured the pride that Malaysians had discovered, perhaps for [the] first time, in being Malaysian."
Lim Kit Siang attributed the opposition's defeat to Mahathir's liberalism and the government's adoption of the DAP's stance on issues like "language, culture and education". Some, however, doubted Mahathir's sincerity. One UMNO Youth official suggested that "The Barisan government's flexible move ... only shows that we are enjoying the highest level of tolerance purely based on the level of confidence in terms of political and economic position of the Malays. We share the political power with the Chinese. When they need to increase their political support from their community it is very important for them to serve the main concerns of the Chinese. So, why shouldn't we allow that? We can ... achieve a win-win situation. This is a purely political move. ... Similarly we UMNO Youth have to be often seen as a very racialist political group fighting for the Malay interests. ... However, those finished agendas that we have done, such as Islam, Bahasa Melayu [the Malay language] and the special status of the Malays, should not be questioned in any circumstance because these are very sensitive issues."
In the latter part of the 1990s, government policies were loosened to combat the Asian economic crisis by encouraging foreign investment. In 1999, a new opposition party supported by Mahathir's former deputy, Anwar Ibrahim (who had been jailed for sodomy after his controversial sacking) led to a revival of the "13 May" warnings. However, the government maintained its Parliamentary majority. In 2003, Mahathir officially resigned as Prime Minister, and was succeeded by his deputy, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.
Abdullah's administration, Ketuanan Melayu, and meritocracy
Reviewing Ketuanan Melayu
Prior to Abdullah's ascension in 2003, although ketuanan Melayu had been enunciated by several prominent Malay leaders, it had not been given a proper name. Around this time, the term "ketuanan Melayu" — "ketuanan" being roughly translated to "belongings" or "possessions" — came into common usage, even entering the government-approved secondary school curriculum.
A government-approved secondary school history textbook published in 2004 by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, the government-owned publishing company, defined ketuanan Melayu as:
Semangat cinta akan apa saja yang berkaitan dengan bangsa Melayu seperti hak politik, bahasa, kebudayaan, warisan, adat istiadat dan tanah air. Semenanjung Tanah Melayu dianggap sebagai tanah pusaka orang Melayu.
Its English translation is as follows:
A passion for all that is related to the Malay race, such as political rights, language, culture, heritage, tradition and the homeland. The Malay peninsula is regarded as the Malays' land by birthright.
In 2003, the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) political party Youth Information Chief Azimi Daim stated: "In Malaysia, everybody knows that Malays are the owners of this land [Malay Peninsula] . We rule this country as provided for in the federal constitution. Any one who touches upon Malay affairs or criticizes Malays is [offending] our sensitivities."
Although its proponents claimed that ketuanan Melayu was directly derived from Article 153 of the Constitution, the Reid Commission which drafted the framework for the Constitution had stated that the provisions for Malay privileges were to be temporary in nature, and eventually abolished, citing the only reason for their existence as tradition and economic necessity as a form of affirmative action for the Malays. Despite this, those who challenge ketuanan Melayu or "Malay rights" were still often berated, especially by politicians from UMNO. Many UMNO politicians continued referring to non-Malays as "orang pendatang" or "pendatang asing" (foreign immigrants).
Meritocracy
Before leaving office, Mahathir had condemned Malays who relied on their privileges. Abdullah continued this, warning Malays to learn to live without crutches or end up in wheelchairs. His administration began the practice of meritocracy, which Mahathir had tentatively proposed, and university admissions quotas were eliminated. However, some charged that this did not eliminate discrimination in education. The pre-university stream was divided into two; one course prepared students for the Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia (STPM) standardised examination, lasting two years, while the other comprised various matriculation courses graded by individual lecturers, typically lasting a year.
Critics dismissed meritocracy as a sham, arguing that it was unfair to consider the two streams equivalent for admissions purposes. Though ostensibly open to non-Bumiputra, critics alleged that most who took matriculation were Malays.
Previously, the constitutionality of Malay- or Bumiputra-only matriculation courses had been questioned, as the amended Article 153 prohibited refusal of admission to students on grounds of race alone. As a result, matriculation courses were opened to non-Bumiputra. However, some in UMNO considered meritocracy too harsh on rural Malay students, disadvantaging them compared to their urban counterparts, and called for the restoration of quotas to avoid an "uneven playing field".
At the 2004 UMNO General Assembly, Deputy Permanent Chairman Badruddin Amiruldin waved a book on 13 May Incident, warning: "Fifty-eight years ago we had an agreement with the other races, in which we permitted them to menumpang [reside temporarily] on this land. ... Let no one from the other races ever question the rights of Malays on this land. Don't question the religion, because this is my right on this land." Then Higher Education Minister Shafie Salleh also declared at the assembly that non-Bumiputras would never be permitted to enter the Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), which is Bumiputra-only: "I will not compromise on this matter."
Then at the following year's General Assembly, Education Minister and UMNO Youth head Hishammuddin Hussein — the son of Tun Hussein Onn — brandished the keris while calling for the restoration of the NEP as part of the National Development Policy (NDP) that Mahathir had initiated. According to Hishammuddin, the keris symbolised the role of UMNO Youth in championing the Malay race. Meanwhile, his deputy, Khairy Jamaluddin — Abdullah Badawi's son-in-law — discussed the revival of the NEP in the form of a separate entity titled as the New National Agenda (NNA). Hishammuddin would later describe the keris as a "unifying symbol", stating that "The young people today no longer see it as a symbol to uphold ketuanan Melayu."
"Racial politics"
Chinese politicians within the government raised issues with the Constitution in late 2005. Lim Keng Yaik of Gerakan asked for a re-examination of the social contract to ascertain whether Bangsa Malaysia could be achieved. Lim was severely criticised by many prominent Malay politicians, including Khairy Jamaluddin and Ahmad Shabery Cheek. The Malay press, mostly owned by UMNO, also ran articles condemning the questioning of the social contract. Lim responded: "How do you expect non-Malays to pour their hearts and souls into the country, and to one day die for it if you keep harping on this? Flag-waving and singing the 'Negaraku' (national anthem) are rituals, while true love for the nation lies in the heart."
A year earlier, Abdullah had mentioned the most "significant aspect" of the social contract as "the agreement by the indigenous peoples to grant citizenship to the immigrant Chinese and Indians". Although Abdullah went on to state that the character of the nation changed to "one that Chinese and Indian citizens could also call their own," the speech went largely unremarked. Finally, Lim stated that the Malay press had blown his comments out of proportion and misquoted him. The issue ended with UMNO Youth chief Hishammuddin Hussein warning people not to "bring up the issue again as it has been agreed upon, appreciated, understood and endorsed by the Constitution."
In January 2006, the government announced a Rukunegara awareness campaign. The government press agency, BERNAMA, quoted the Tunku as saying in 1986 that "The Malays are not only the natives but also the lords of this country and nobody can dispute this fact". The articles of the Constitution touching on the official religion of Islam, the monarchy, the status of Malay as the national language, and Malay special rights were described as "clearly spell[ing] out the acknowledgment and recognition that the Malays are the indigenous 'pribumi' [natives] of this land." It was then stated that the new emphasis on the Rukunegara was to prevent further questioning of the social contract, which "decides on the political polarity and socio-economic standing of Malaysians".
Later, a survey of Malaysians found that 55% of respondents agreed politicians should be "blamed for segregating the people by playing racial politics". Mukhriz Mahathir — Mahathir's son and an UMNO Youth leader — defended UMNO's actions because of economic disparities, insisting that "As long as that remains, there will always be people to champion each race to equalise things." Shahrir Abdul Samad, the chairman of the BN Backbenchers' Club, argued that politicians were simply responding to "a country ... divided into different races," asking, "if you talk about Malay issues to the Malay community, is that playing racial politics?" M. Kayveas, the President of the PPP, disagreed: "Every 12 months, the parties go back to one race championing their own causes and, at the end of the day, when the general election comes, we talk about 'Bangsa Malaysia'."
Reflecting the mutual climate of distrust and racialist policies in both Singapore and Malaysia (in Singapore, the policies allegedly being pro-Chinese), Lee Kuan Yew sparked another debate in September on the role of Malay primacy in Malaysian politics, stating that the Chinese had been "systematically marginalised" in both Malaysia and Indonesia. The resulting diplomatic incident, with ensuing denials of marginalisation from Malaysian government politicians, led to Lee issuing an apology for his remarks which also attempted to justify them. Abdullah indicated he was not satisfied with what he referred to as a "qualified apology", but the Malaysian government accepted it nevertheless.
The following month, a controversy arose after the Asian Strategic and Leadership Institute (ASLI) issued a report calculating Bumiputra-held equity at 45% — a stark difference from the official figure of 18.9%, used by politicians to justify the retention or revival of the NEP. One local analyst suggested that "If Bumiputra equity is 45 per cent, then surely the next question is, why the need for Bumiputera rights? It has implications for government policy and it (removing indigenous rights) is one thing UMNO will never accept at present." The report's methodology was criticised for using market value instead of par value for its calculations of equity, and limiting its scope to a thousand publicly listed companies. It also included government-linked companies (GLCs) as Bumiputra-owned companies. Some, however, criticised the government, alleging that par value did not accurately reflect the value of the enterprises studied, and claimed that a portion of GLC equity should be considered Bumiputra-held. The report was later withdrawn, but the controversy continued after an independent media outlet cited a study following the government methodology that indicated Bumiputra equity had passed the 30% mark in 1997.
At the Johor UMNO convention that same month, Johor Menteri Besar (Chief Minister), Abdul Ghani Othman, criticised the Bangsa Malaysia and "meritocracy" policies. Ghani described Bangsa Malaysia as a threat to the Malays and their Constitutional position, suggesting it could "threaten national stability" as well. Ghani insisted that the policy "be applied in the context ... with the Malays as the pivotal race", and described meritocracy as a "form of discrimination and oppression" because rural Malay students could not compete with their urban counterparts. In the resulting controversy about his remarks, several federal ministers criticised Ghani, with one saying that Bangsa Malaysia "has nothing to do with one race given a pivotal role over others", and another arguing that "It does not impinge on the rights of Bumiputeras or other communities." Ghani stood by his comments, declaring that the proponents of Bangsa Malaysia were also advocating a "Malaysian Malaysia", as Lee Kuan Yew had, even though "the government has rejected it from the start." Najib, the Deputy Prime Minister, suggested that any effort to define Bangsa Malaysia politically would be fruitless, and as such the debate was unnecessary; he also insisted that "It does not question the special rights of the Malays, our quota or anything of that sort." The UMNO Annual General Assembly that year was the first to be televised in full; it became a subject of controversy when delegates such as Hashim Suboh made speeches utilising heavy racial rhetoric; Hishammuddin, who had brandished the kris again, was asked by Hashim when he would "use it". After the assembly, Hishammuddin insisted that the kris was not a symbol of Malay supremacy.
In October 2007, Lee provoked more debate after suggesting that "If they (Malaysia) would just educate the Chinese and Indians, use them and treat them as their citizens, they can equal us (Singapore) and even do better than us and we would be happy to rejoin them." UMNO Information Chief Muhammad Muhammad Taib responded, telling the press that Malaysia implemented policies to assist economically disadvantaged Malays, instead of neglecting them as Singapore did, stating also that at one point the Malays would have to compete on a level playing field with other Malaysians.
Loss of BN supermajority
In the 2008 general election, BN was returned to power for the first time without its customary 2/3 supermajority in the Dewan Rakyat, meaning it could no longer pass constitutional amendments without the support of opposition parties. The election results were widely seen as reflecting discontent about the state of the country's economy and increasing ethnic tensions within the country; the three main opposition parties had campaigned on a platform condemning the NEP and the government's response to widening economic disparities. The month after, the Crown Prince of Kelantan Tengku Faris Petra said during an assembly organised by the newly formed Malay Unity Action Front that since the Malays had given in to granting the non-Malays citizenship, the latter should not seek equality or special treatment. In his speech, the prince also called for Malay unity to ensure that Malay sovereignty and supremacy was preserved.
Anwar Ibrahim, former UMNO deputy President and former Deputy Prime Minister, whose Parti Keadilan Rakyat became the second-largest party in Parliament after the elections, and the de facto leader of the opposition Pakatan Rakyat coalition, chose to instead reject ketuanan Melayu in favour of "ketuanan rakyat" (people's supremacy). Celebrating the end of his five-year ban from political activity on 15 April 2008, he told reporters: "We are here to counter the massive propaganda campaign by Umno leaders, who are talking on Malay supremacy. And giving clear definitive answer in reply of this, to say that what we want, what we desire for is a new Malaysia, is supremacy for all Malaysians." A week later, his wife Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, president of PKR, told the press that "we should not keep talking about Malay supremacy or marginalising a certain race, which is not what the people want to see," urging instead the adoption of ketuanan rakyat.
Not long thereafter, Hishammuddin himself apologised for his brandishing of the keris at the three previous UMNO annual general assemblies, saying he was sorry "if it had affected the non-Malays". He refused to comment on whether he would repeat the act in the future. His conditional apology was met with heavy criticism from within UMNO; one media outlet described the reaction as such: "The sentiment among many in the party is that the Chinese and Indians betrayed the BN when they voted for Pakatan Rakyat. There is hurt. There is anger. So why should Hishammuddin be too concerned about what non-Malays think of the keris act?" Many felt that the apology itself threatened Malay supremacy. Abdullah welcomed the apology, saying it was brave and "made it clear to the non-Malays the important role the keris had in the Malay community". In response to questions about the diminishing of Malay supremacy post-elections, he said that it was more about parity for the Bumiputra communities, rejecting the notion of political dominance:
Shortly thereafter, Information Minister Ahmad Shabery Cheek insisted that ketuanan Melayu did not imply a master-slave relationship in any sense between the Malays and non-Malays. Instead, he suggested, it referred to the institution of the Malay monarchs, who had once been the "masters", but gave up their primacy when the Federal Constitution was adopted at independence. Shabery cited Article 182 of the Constitution, which grants the royalty certain legal immunities, as an example of Malay supremacy. However, some prominent members of the royalty such as the Raja of Perlis and former Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Putra Syed Jamalullail have themselves been critical of ketuanan Melayu; in early 2009, the Raja stated that "In Malaysia, every race is tuan [master]... I believe that if everyone understands that every individual of any race, should not be deprived of their rights, then the efforts of certain parties who think that the supremacy or rights should only be given to a particular race can be stopped."
In late 2009, the Cabinet decided to change the curriculum of Biro Tata Negara (National Civics Bureau, or BTN) programmes, which are mandatory for public servants and students studying on public funds. Many, especially politicians from Pakatan Rakyat, had previously criticised BTN programmes as propaganda for ketuanan Melayu; citing this, the Selangor state government banned its civil servants and students from attending BTN courses. Some Ministers and former Prime Minister Mahathir defended BTN as necessary to imbue participants with the values of discipline and honesty, denying they had anything to do with ketuanan Melayu. Minister in the Prime Minister's Department Nazri Aziz insisted the Cabinet was right to demand a change in BTN, calling Mahathir a racist and saying:
Debates about direction of UMNO
Najib Razak soon succeeded Abdullah as prime minister, and his administration began a deliberate shift towards a more inclusive policy. The 1Malaysia programme was begun, and Najib increased direct engagement with the Chinese and Indian communities. In addition to reaching out to non-Malay voters, the initiatives relating to the economy were intended to help Malaysia escape the middle income trap. Specific proposals were brought up, such as reducing the percentage of shares in listed companies that needed to be held by Bumiputra from 30% to 12.5%, and creating new scholarships which did not take race into account. However, backlash against these ideas led to the retention of Bumiputra privileges in the New Economic Model economic plan, and further direct government economic intervention to support Malays. A new government agency, the Unit Peneraju Agenda Bumiputera (TERAJU or Bumiputera Agenda Steering Unit), gave contracts to Malays. Some within UMNO suggested pursuing the opposite political strategy, shifting right to appeal to supporters of the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS). Outside of UMNO new pressure groups emerged to support the retention of the policies favouring Malays.
The 2013 Malaysian general election saw Chinese votes shift further towards the opposition, an event referred to by Najib as the "Chinese tsunami". Following this, the Najib administration shifted back towards a more openly pro-Malay stance. Racial tensions continued to worsen, with minority groups perceiving a decrease in tolerance among the Malay majority. Authorities were seen to tolerate Malay favouritism. In October 2013, an appeals court overturned a previous ruling allowing non-Muslims to use the word "Allah". Churches faced incidents of protest and arson. A public incident involving Indian students eating at school during an Islamic period of fasting led to the students having to change schools.
In the period leading up to the next election, infighting in UMNO increased, leading to defections including the creation of the breakaway Bersatu party. Bersatu was led by former UMNO Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, who later became the overall leader of a new coalition, Pakatan Harapan (Coalition of Hope). Other breakaway parties meant that in the end five parties with a Malay identity contested the election on various sides. This division saw UMNO lean further upon ketuanan Melayu to draw Malay votes, painting the opposition as a Chinese-led alliance that threatened Malay dominance, Islam, and the Malay Sultans.
Government under Pakatan Harapan
The 2018 Malaysian general election saw, for the first time, the ruling Barisan National coalition led by UMNO defeated by the Pakatan Harapan alliance. Despite running campaigns distancing themselves from Najib, UMNO-aligned Chinese parties were almost wiped out, with Pakatan Harapan (most prominently the Democratic Action Party) winning every Chinese-majority seat. Pakatan Harapan was multi-ethnic and ran on a platform of racial equality. Despite this, the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia, previously seen as an electoral ally of UMNO, saw its funding increased by the new government due to its political power.
In addition to a shift in non-Malay votes, the 2018 election also saw urban Malay votes shift away from UMNO. Malay voters and politicians who supported Pakatan Harapan were dubbed as "liberal" (pejoratively implying non-religious or impious) by their political opponents, who increased support for ketuanan Melayu to differentiate themselves from Pakatan Harapan. The intent of the new government to sign the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court were portrayed as anti-Malay actions, as were the promotion of ethnic Chinese into senior political positions. The impact of Ketuanan Melayu was always stronger in West Malaysia than in East Malaysia, where the proportion of Muslims is lower and the population has been more integrated. However, as Ketuanan Melayu has become more prominent, and has taken on religious connotations in addition to its ethnic ones, tensions in East Malaysia have grown. For example, under leadership originating from West Malaysia, the Sarawak branch of PAS protested Christmas and New Year's Eve celebrations in 2018.
Restoration of pro-Malay government
A series of by-elections saw Malay votes shift back towards UMNO and PAS. These parties then formed the Muafakat Nasional coalition, on the explicit basis of promoting Malay-Muslim hegemony. Splits among Bersatu also emerged, dividing Pakatan Harapan along their views of ketuanan Melayu. Tensions erupted into a political crisis, which saw the downfall of Mahathir in favour of his Bersatu deputy Muhyiddin Yassin, who became Prime Minister with the support of a number of parties including UMNO and PAS on a pro-ketuanan Melayu platform.
See also
Baasskap
Bumiputera (Malaysia)
Majoritarianism
Freedom of religion in Malaysia
Notes
References
James Chin. (2009) The Malaysian Chinese Dilemma: The Never Ending Policy (NEP), Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies, Vol 3, 2009
Abdullah, Asma & Pedersen, Paul B. (2003). Understanding Multicultural Malaysia. Pearson Malaysia. .
Adam, Ramlah binti, Samuri, Abdul Hakim bin & Fadzil, Muslimin bin (2004). Sejarah Tingkatan 3. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. .
Goh, Cheng Teik (1994). Malaysia: Beyond Communal Politics. Pelanduk Publications. .
Hickling, R.H. (1991). Essays in Malaysian Law. Pelanduk Publications. .
Hilley, John (2001). Malaysia: Mahathirism, Hegemony and the New Opposition. Zed Books. .
Hwang, In-Won (2003). Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State under Mahathir. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. .
Jawan, Jayum A. (2003). Malaysian Politics & Government. Karisma Publications. .
Josey, Alex (1980). Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years. Times Books International. .
Keith, Patrick (2005). Ousted! Media Masters. .
Khoo, Boo Teik (1995). Paradoxes of Mahathirism. Oxford University Press. .
Lee, Kuan Yew (1998). The Singapore Story. Marshall Cavendish Editions. .
Lim, Kit Siang (1978). Time Bombs in Malaysia (2nd ed.). Democratic Action Party. No ISBN available.
b. Maaruf, Shaharuddin (1984). Concept of a Hero in Malay Society. Eastern Universities Press. .
Maidin, Zainuddin (1994). The Other Side of Mahathir. Utusan Publications & Distributors. .
Means, Gordon P. (1991). Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation. Oxford University Press. .
Milne, R.S. & Mauzy, Diane K. (1999). Malaysian Politics under Mahathir. Routledge. .
Mohamad, Mahathir bin (1970). The Malay Dilemma. Times Books International. .
Musa, M. Bakri (1999). The Malay Dilemma Revisited. Merantau Publishers. .
Noor, Farish A. (2005). From Majapahit to Putrajaya: Searching for Another Malaysia. Silver Fish Books. .
Ongkili, James P. (1985). Nation-building in Malaysia 1946–1974. Oxford University Press. .
Putra, Tunku Abdul Rahman (1986). Political Awakening. Pelanduk Publications. .
Rashid, Rehman (1993). A Malaysian Journey. Self-published. .
Roff, W.R. (1974). The Origins of Malay Nationalism. Penerbit Universiti Malaya. No ISBN available.
Sopiee, Mohamed Noordin (1976). From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation: Political Unification in the Malaysia Region 1945 – 65. Penerbit Universiti Malaya. No ISBN available.
Federal Territory MCA Liaison Committee (Ed.), Malaysian Chinese. Eastern Universities Press. No ISBN available.
Trinidade, F.A. & Lee, H.P. (eds., 1986). The Constitution of Malaysia: Further Perspectives and Developments. Penerbit Fajar Bakti. .
Von Vorys, Karl (1975). Democracy without Consensus: Communalism and Political Stability in Malaysia. Princeton University Press. .
Ye, Lin-Sheng (2003). The Chinese Dilemma. East West Publishing. .
History of Malaysia
Malaysian nationalism
Politics of Malaysia
Ethnocentrism
Ethnic nationalism
Politics and race
Racial and religious quotas in Malaysia
Discrimination in Malaysia
Malaysian political slogans |
Foyers (, meaning "shelving slope") is a village in the Highland council area of Scotland, lying on the east shore of Loch Ness. The village is situated on the B852, part of the Military Road built by General George Wade, northeast of Fort Augustus.
Foyers is also the name of the river which runs nearby into the Loch, which has two waterfalls, the upper one of and the lower one of , known as the Falls of Foyers.
Since the late 19th century, water courses near Foyers have been harnessed to provide hydroelectricity. British Aluminium Company built their first hydro-powered aluminium smelter at Foyers in 1896 - the first in the UK - and it operated until 1967, powered by water captured in Loch Mhòr. The power station element of the plant was then purchased by Scotland's Hydro Board and redeveloped using a 5MW turbine. Subsequently, a new pumped storage power station, with additional capacity of 300MW, was added, becoming fully operational in 1975.
Foyers is the location of Boleskine House, two miles east of the main town, which was the home of author and occultist Aleister Crowley. The house was once owned by guitarist and Crowley collector Jimmy Page.
Foyers was historically a strong Gaelic-speaking area, with 84.1% reporting as Gaelic-speaking in the 1881 census. However, only 4.9% of residents reported as Gaelic-speaking in the 2011 census.
References
Populated places in Inverness committee area
2Foyers |
The 1957 Arizona State–Flagstaff Lumberjacks football team was an American football team that represented Arizona State College at Flagstaff (now known as Northern Arizona University) in the Frontier Conference during the 1957 NAIA football season. In their second year under head coach Max Spilsbury, the Lumberjacks compiled an 8–1 record (3–0 against conference opponents), won the Frontier Conference championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 269 to 65.
The team played its home games at the newly-constructed Skidmore Stadium (later renamed Lumberjack Stadium) in Flagstaff, Arizona. The season opener against Fort Huachuca was the first game played in Skidmore Stadium.
Schedule
References
Arizona State-Flagstaff
Northern Arizona Lumberjacks football seasons
Arizona State-Flagstaff Lumberjacks football |
The Ravena-Coeymans-Selkirk Central Schools are located in Albany County, New York. There are four schools in the district: Albertus W. Becker Elementary, Pieter B. Coeymans Elementary, R.C.S. Middle School, and Ravena-Coeymans-Selkirk High School (R.C.S. High School). Albertus W. Becker Elementary is located in Selkirk, Pieter B. Coeymans is located in Coeymans, and R.C.S. Middle School and R.C.S. High School are located in Ravena.
Places Served
Ravena-Coeymans-Selkirk Schools serve the village of Ravena, and the hamlets of Coeymans, Selkirk, South Bethlehem, Feura Bush, Coeymans Hollow, New Baltimore, Alcove, Hannacroix, and a portion of Glenmont. The district encompasses portions of the towns of Bethlehem, Coeymans, New York, and New Scotland in Albany County and New Baltimore in Greene County.
External links
Ravena-Coeymans-Selkirk Central School District web site
References
School districts in New York (state)
Education in Albany County, New York |
Alberto Augusto Antunes Festa (born 21 July 1939) is a Portuguese retired footballer who played as a right-back.
Club career
Born in Santo Tirso, Porto District, Festa started and finished his 17-year senior career with local club F.C. Tirsense. In between, he represented FC Porto, where he appeared in 114 Primeira Liga matches.
Festa retired at the age of 33, after several injury problems.
International career
Festa earned 19 caps for Portugal over three years. His debut came on 23 January 1963 against Bulgaria, for the 1964 European Nations' Cup qualifiers (1–0 replay loss in Rome).
Festa was selected for the 1966 FIFA World Cup squad, playing three matches in England for the third-placed team.
References
External links
1939 births
Living people
People from Santo Tirso
Portuguese men's footballers
Footballers from Porto District
Men's association football defenders
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
F.C. Tirsense players
FC Porto players
Portugal men's international footballers
1966 FIFA World Cup players |
Rochester Council may be:
Rochester Council (Minnesota)
Rochester Council (New York) |
The 26th European Inline Speed Skating Championships were held in Geisingen, Germany from July 28 to August 3, 2014. Organized by European Confederation of Roller Skating.
Participating nations
19 nations entered the competition.
Medallists
Senior Medal Table
References
Roller skating competitions
2014 in roller sports
2014 in German sport
2010s in Baden-Württemberg |
Hope Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) southeast of the central business district of Hope, in the Kenai Peninsula Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. This airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.
Facilities and aircraft
Hope Airport covers an area of 62 acres (25 ha) at an elevation of 200 feet (61 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 16/34 with a gravel surface measuring 2,000 by 90 feet (610 x 27 m). For the 12-month period ending May 31, 2011, the airport had 480 aircraft operations, an average of 40 per month: 90% general aviation and 10% air taxi.
References
External links
Aerial image as of 3 September 1996 from USGS The National Map
Airports in Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska |
The African American Cultural Heritage Action Fund is a program formed in 2017 to aid stewards of Black cultural sites throughout the nation in preserving both physical landmarks, their material collections and associated narratives. It was organized under the auspices of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The initiative which awards grants to select applicants and advocates of Black history has been led by architectural historian Brent Leggs since 2019. It is the largest program in America to preserve places associated with Black history.
History
The program was conceived as a means towards creating greater resilience and capacity for sensitive and threatened places that tell the stories of the African diaspora. Support from the fund has aided the stabilization and restoration of numerous structures and properties from churches to cemeteries, from the Harriet Tubman Home in Auburn, New York to the Cleveland Public Theater in Ohio. The Fund has an advisory council which includes Ford Foundation president Darren Walker, literary critic and author Henry Louis Gates Jr., educator and historian Lonnie Bunch and actress Phylicia Rashad to name a few. Donors to the Fund have included philanthropist MacKenzie Scott who made a $20 million gift in 2021.
As of February 2022, the fund has raised $70 million. Since it was started, it has given grants to more than 200 preservation projects in overlooked communities.
Simultaneously to fixing dilapidated or threatened bricks and mortar projects, the goal of the fund is also to effect social change in neglected neighborhoods. The award of monies for the reuse and revitalization of culturally meaningful structures and landscapes results in a positive benefit for marginalized residents. Restoration of the home of blues artist Muddy Waters for example is less about just repairing a house - it is also about creating a venue for other musicians to be inspired and perhaps record their own music.
Preserving Black Churches Project
According to Leggs, its executive director, the fund next plans to partner with Black churches as part of an investment in revitalizing community religious centers. A donation of $20 million to the Preserving Black Churches Project was announced on Martin Luther King Day in January 2022. The gift was made by the Lilly Endowment, one of the largest endowments in the United States.
Grantees
In 2018, $1 million was awarded to 16 projects.
August Wilson House, (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
African American Homesteader Sites, (New Mexico, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, and South Dakota)
Buffalo Soldiers at Yosemite, (Yosemite, California)
Civil Rights Sites of Birmingham, (Birmhingam, Alabama)
Freedom House Museum and Virginia National Urban League Headquarters, Alexandria, Virginia)
The Grand Old Lady, (Washington, D.C.)
Historic Roxbury, (Boston, Massachusetts)
John and Alice Coltrane Home, (Huntington, New York)
Mars Hill Anderson Rosenwald School, (Marshall, North Carolina)
Mary and Eliza Freeman Houses, (Bridgeport, Connecticut)
Mountain View Black Officers Club, (Fort Huachuca, Arizona)
Sarah Rector Mansion, (Kansas City, Missouri)
Shockoe Bottom, (Richmond, Virginia)
South Side Community Art Center, (Chicago, Illinois)
Tuskegee University Rosenwald School Program, (Tuskegee, Alabama)
Weeksville's Hunterfly Row Houses, (Brooklyn, New York)
Wilfandel Clubhouse, (Los Angeles, California)
In 2019, $1.6 million was awarded to 22 projects and funding came through the Mellon Foundation.
African Meeting House, (Boston, Massachusetts)
Alabama Historical Commission, (Alabama)
Clinton African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, (Great Barrington, Massachusetts)
Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, (Charleston, South Carolina)
Emmett and Mamie Till Interpretive Center (Sumner, Mississippi)
Explored Landscapes of Afro-Virginia, (Virginia)
The Forum (Chicago, Illinois)
God's Little Acre, (Newport, Rhode Island)
Harriet Tubman Home, (Auburn, New York)
Historic Evergreen Cemetery, (Richmond, Virginia)
Historic Westside Las Vegas, (Las Vegas, Nevada)
Hutchinson House, (Edisto Island, South Carolina)
Langston Hughes House, (Harlem, New York)
McGee Avenue Baptist Church, Stuart Street Apartments, (Berkeley, California)
Morris Brown College's Fountain Hall, (Atlanta, Georgia)
Oregon Black Pioneers Corporation, (Oregon)
Pauli Murray Home and Center for History and Social Justice, (Durham, North Carolina)
Satchel Paige House, (Kansas City, Missouri)
South Carolina African American Heritage Foundation, (South Carolina)
Texas Endangered Historic Black Settlements & Cemeteries, (Texas)
Treme Neighborhood Revival Grants Program, (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Wright Building, (Deland, Florida)
In 2020, 27 grants were awarded totaling $1.6 million in funding.
The Leona Tate Foundation for Change
Muddy Waters Mojo Museum, (Chicago, Illinois)
The Historic Vernon A.M.E Church, (Tulsa, Oklahoma)
Paul Robeson House, (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
Sweetwater Foundation, (Chicago, Illinois)
Historic Mitchelville Freedom Park, (Hilton Head, South Carolina)
The Clifton House, (Baltimore, Maryland)
The Maxville Interpretative Heritage Center, (Joseph, Oregon)
In 2021, 40 recipients were recognized by the African American Cultural Heritage Action Fund and $3 million in monies was disbursed.
African American Heritage Trail of Martha's Vineyard, (West Tisbury, Massachusetts)
Alabama African American Civil Rights Consortium,(Birmingham, Alabama)
Asbury United Methodist Church, (Washington, DC)
Black American West Museum and Heritage Center, (Denver, Colorado)
Cherokee State Resort Historical Park, (Hardin, Kentucky)
Firestation 23, Byrd Barr Place (Seattle, Washington)
Fort Monroe Foundation, (Fort Monroe, Virginia)
4theVille, (St. Louis, Missouri)
Georgia B. Williams Nursing Home, (Camilla, Georgia)
Hampton University, (Hampton, Virginia)
Hayti Heritage Center, St. Joseph's Historic Foundation, (Durham, North Carolina)
Historic Athens, (Athens, Georgia)
History Colorado, (Denver, Colorado)
Hotel Metropolitan Purple Room, (Paducah, Kentucky)
Houston Freedmen's Town Conservancy, (Houston, Texas)
Huston-Tillotson University,(Austin, Texas)
Indiana Landmarks, (Indianapolis, Indiana)
Karamu House, (Cleveland, Ohio)
The League of Women for Community Service, (Boston, Massachusetts)
Montpelier Descendants Committee, (Orange, Virginia)
Mount Zion Baptist Church, (Athens, Ohio)
National Marian Anderson Historical Society and Museum, (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
National Negro Opera Company, (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
New Granada Theater, Hill CDC (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
North Carolina African American Heritage Commission, (Raleigh, North Carolina)
Oakland Public Library, (Oakland, California)
Descendants of Olivewood Cemetery, (Houston, Texas)
Palmer Pharmacy Building, Bluegrass Trust for Historic Preservation (Lexington, Kentucky)
Para la Naturaleza,(San Juan, Puerto Rico)
People's AME Zion Church, The People's Community Development Corporation, (Syracuse, New York)
Prince Hall Masonic Lodge, (Atlanta, Georgia)
Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ, (Chicago, Illinois)
Robbins Historical Society and Museum, (Robbins, Illinois)
City of Sacramento, (Sacramento, California)
Sapelo Island Cultural and Revitalization Society, (Sapelo, Georgia)
Save Harlem Now!, (New York, New York)
St. Simon's African American Heritage Coalition, (St. Simon's, Georgia)
Threatt Filling Station, (Luther, Oklahoma)
Walnut Cove Colored School,(Walnut Cove, North Carolina)
References
External links
African American Cultural Heritage Action Fund
Cultural heritage of the United States
African-American cultural history |
Danilo Arbilla (born 1943 in Casupá) is a Uruguayan journalist and entrepreneur. He was a former President of the Inter American Press Association who had shared the 1992 Maria Moors Cabot prize.
References
Maria Moors Cabot Prize winners
Uruguayan journalists
People from Florida Department
1943 births
Living people |
S1W may refer to:
S1W (group), music group formerly known as Security of the First World that later became part of the hip hop music group Public Enemy
S1W reactor, a type of naval reactor used by the United States Navy |
The is the Japanese-language edition of Wikipedia, a free, open-source online encyclopedia. Started on 11 May 2001, the edition attained the 200,000 article mark in April 2006 and the 500,000 article mark in June 2008. As of , it has over articles with active contributors, ranking fourth behind the English, French and German editions.
As of June 2020, it is the world's second most visited language Wikipedia after the English Wikipedia.
The Japanese Wikipedia has been accused of historical revisionism by a number of scholars. Particular focus has been given to its pages that cover World War II, in particular the page on the Nanjing Massacre (), which has been described as lacking pictures and expressing skepticism in the first paragraph of the introduction.
History
In March 2001, three non-English editions of Wikipedia were created, namely, the German, Catalan and Japanese Wikipedias. The original site address of the Japanese Wikipedia was http://nihongo.wikipedia.com and all pages were written in the Latin alphabet or romaji, as the software did not work with Japanese characters at the time. The home page also showed an early attempt at creating a vertical text.
The first article was named "Nihongo no Funimekusu" (meaning "Phonemics of the Japanese language"). Until late December in that year, there were only two articles.
Awards
In September 2004, the Japanese Wikipedia was awarded the "2004 Web Creation Award Web-Person Special Prize" from the Japan Advertisers Association. This award, normally given to individuals for great contributions to the Internet in Japanese, was accepted by a long-standing contributor on behalf of the project.
Characteristics
The Japanese Wikipedia is different from the English Wikipedia in a number of ways.
Editing
An edit is kept only if it is legal under both Japanese and United States laws, to account for the fact that the vast majority of contributors live in Japan. This has two major consequences:
The fair use provisions of US law are not considered to be applicable. Articles and media files which do not have a GFDL-compatible license are prohibited, even if they would be legal under the "fair use" doctrine in the US.
Materials considered illegal cannot be kept in the archive, even reverted by oneself but caught in history archive. If an illegal edit is inserted between valid versions, an admin may make specific revisions inaccessible from the history.
Quotation is discouraged. There is controversy over the GFDL compatibility of quotations. Articles that contain quotations will be deleted unless they meet all the following legal requirements:
The source is clearly referred to.
The quotation is necessary.
The quoting and quoted works can respectively be regarded as the principal and subordinate both in quantity and quality.
The quoting and quoted works are clearly distinguishable.
Cut-and-paste moves within Wikipedias, including merging, splitting, and translation from another language, are not allowed unless the original article source and date is explicitly referred to in the edit summary, because such moves are considered to be GFDL violations. Articles created in such a manner will be deleted. A comparable policy is in place on the English Wikipedia, but it is only casually enforced.
Editors on the Japanese Wikipedia generally do not create independent lists of volumes of manga, or episodes of anime; however, there are exceptions, e.g. :ja:Q.E.D. 証明終了のエピソード一覧 and :ja:ONE PIECE (アニメ) のエピソード一覧. Articles about manga works usually do not contain lists of chapters. Also lists of episodes of anime embedded in related articles and independent lists of episodes of anime do not contain plot synopsis.
Community
Anonymous contributions are high compared to other major language versions of Wikipedia (see graph).
The Japanese Wikipedia has the lowest number of administrators per active editors (only %).
Edit wars are strongly frowned upon. Articles may be protected as a result of an edit war with as little as three or four edits. Protected pages will not be unprotected unless someone explicitly requests it. Perhaps because of this, the Japanese Wikipedia had the second-highest number of articles protected for over two weeks, after the German Wikipedia. In May 2008, 0.0906% of articles were fully protected (only editable by admins), which was by far the highest percentage among the ten largest Wikipedias. Articles on sensitive topics, such as Japanese war crimes and current territorial disputes, are almost always under lengthy protection.
On April 18, 2010, there was a proposal to create a new namespace specifically for WikiProjects to shorten the name of a WikiProject. This proposal finally passed and a new namespace named "プロジェクト:" (Project:) was created for WikiProjects on September 20 the same year (UTC).
The edition stresses the fact that it is not a news bulletin, and discourages edits on current events.
In keeping with the strong aversion to edit wars, the administrators react negatively to cases where many minor edits are made to a single article in a short period of time.
The Japanese Wikipedia is Japan-centered, due to the fact that the overwhelming majority of editors are Japanese people, nearly all living in Japan. When referring to places outside Japan they are often called "overseas", and references to Japanese perspective on articles are common. They are trying to discourage this tendency.
Policies
Articles will be deleted if they contain the names of private citizens, unless they are public figures (under section B-2 of Japanese deletion policy). For example, an article about Shosei Koda, a Japanese citizen kidnapped in Iraq, does not refer to him by name, but former Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda's name may be mentioned due to his public position. Convicted criminals and their victims are considered private citizens, even if the case was extensively covered in Japanese media, and their names may not be published until their death.
The Japanese edition of the English policy Ignore All Rules (directly linked to one of Five Pillars) is neither a policy nor a guideline.
The Japanese edition of the English Wikipedia how-to guide How to write a plot summary is a formal guideline.
The Japanese edition of the English Wikipedia page Handling trivia (which is an explanatory supplement to the Manual of Style guideline on trivia sections) is a formal guideline as well.
The Japanese edition of the English banning policy is not a policy, for lack of the Arbitration Committee.
Toukou Burokku Irai (Requesting for Block), which has no corresponding rules in English Wikipedia, is frequently used. And often well-known editors who have been active for a long time are blocked indefinitely. The blocked user may appeal for lifting the block, as in the case of blocking in English Wikipedia.
There is no local chapter of the Wikimedia Foundation in Japan.
Culture
Andrew Lih has written that influence from 2channel resulted in many Japanese Wikipedia editors being unregistered and anonymous. Because of the lack of registered editors, Japanese Wikipedia editors as a whole interact less with the international Wikipedia community and the Wikimedia Foundation than editors of other Wikipedias do. Lih also wrote that Japanese Wikipedia editors are less likely to engage in edit wars than editors on Wikipedias of Western languages, and typically they would instead make alternative drafts of articles on their own userspaces.
Jimmy Wales has pointed out at a conference that the Japanese Wikipedia is significantly more dominated by articles about pop culture than other Wikipedia projects, and according to one of his slides, "barely 20 percent" of the articles on the Japanese Wikipedia were about anything else. The Japanese Wikipedia is known to have relatively few moderators as of early March 2010.
Nobuo Ikeda, a known public policy academic and media critic in Japan, has suggested an ongoing "2channel-ization" phenomenon on the Japanese Wikipedia. Ikeda argues that by allowing anonymous editing, the community spawns a type of culture seen in anonymous message boards such as 2channel, where hate speech, personal attacks and derogatory expressions are common, and also the source of entertainment. He also remarks on the "emotional-outlet" and "get rid of stress" aspects of Japanese Internet culture, where 90% of blogs are anonymous, a complete opposite of the U.S. where 80% of blogs are expressed under one's real name. Ikeda's arguments are not the only sources hinting cultural correlation, influence, overlapping users from 2channel.
In 2006, , a Japanese Wikipedian, stated that on the Japanese Wikipedia most people start out as page editors and uploaders of images, and that the majority of people continue to serve in those roles. Some people apply to become administrators. Kizu said "Unfortunately, some apply for this role out of a desire for power! And then are surprised when they get rejected."
There are threads of textboards named "" () related to the Japanese Wikipedia on 2channel. In these textboards, the Japanese Wikipedia community informally discuss with other editors anonymously. On Twitter, they use accounts associated with their username and "#jawp" for mentioning the Japanese Wikipedia.
Controversies
Attention was drawn to the Japanese Wikipedia article on Kozo Iizuka (), which used to describe his accomplishments in detail, with no mention of how he killed a woman and her young daughter in the Higashi-Ikebukuro runaway car accident that made him a household name in Japan. An administrator applied protection to the article and later explained that the Japanese Wikipedia community takes legal risks arising from potential privacy violations very seriously, as there is no local chapter of the Wikimedia Foundation to support them in court.
Allegations of historical revisionism
In a 2018 book, Florian Schneider of Leiden University compared and contrasted Chinese (Wikipedia and Baidu) and Japanese articles () on the Nanjing Massacre. Schneider was critical of some aspects of each version, but noted that a 2015 version of the Japanese article attempted to justify the rape and murder of Chinese civilians by claiming Japanese soldiers were doing it in the context of apprehending Chinese defectors. Schneider also noted that there were also few to no images on the article; instead it contained a single image of Japanese soldiers checking Chinese prisoners for weapons.
In a 2019 paper, Karl Gustafsson of Stockholm University compared various Chinese and Japanese Wikipedia articles. Gustafsson was critical of aspects of both versions. For the Nanjing Massacre article, Gustafsson noted that the first paragraph of the Japanese version expressed doubt about the details of the incident and "thereby portrays the Japanese military less negatively". For the article on the Battle of Shanghai, Gustafsson noted that the Japanese article generally emphasized violence by the Chinese combatants against both Japanese soldiers and civilians, while omitting mentions of civilian deaths from Japanese air raids. Gustafsson described the Japanese article as framing the Japanese invasion of the city as a reaction to Chinese aggression.
In a 2021 article published in Slate magazine, Yumiko Sato expressed concerns regarding certain articles on the Japanese Wikipedia, suggesting the presence of historical revisionism and whitewashing. Notable articles mentioned included the Japanese Wikipedia articles on the Battle of Hong Kong (), comfort women (), the Nanjing Massacre (), and Unit 731 ().
Study
At the 10th Wiki Workshop on 11 May 2023 hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, Taehee Kim, David Garcia, and Pablo Aragón analyzed which articles were controversial on the Japanese Wikipedia. They found that articles on the "Historical recognition and post-war settlement" portal were particularly reverted, and that of the top 20 most controversial articles, 11 were related to Japanese war crimes and topics commonly associated with Japanese right-wing ideology. They also performed a network analysis of editors who mutually reverted other edits in general, and found that those editors were more likely to be editors of articles discussing topics susceptible to right-wing revisionist narratives.
Notes
References
Further reading
Lih, Andrew. The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia. Hyperion, New York City. 2009. First Edition. (alkaline paper).
External links
Japanese Wikipedia
Japanese Wikipedia mobile version
Wikipedias by language
Internet properties established in 2001
Japanese-language websites
Japanese encyclopedias
2001 establishments in Japan |
```kotlin
package io.gitlab.arturbosch.detekt.rules.style
import io.gitlab.arturbosch.detekt.api.CodeSmell
import io.gitlab.arturbosch.detekt.api.Config
import io.gitlab.arturbosch.detekt.api.Configuration
import io.gitlab.arturbosch.detekt.api.Entity
import io.gitlab.arturbosch.detekt.api.Rule
import io.gitlab.arturbosch.detekt.api.config
import io.gitlab.arturbosch.detekt.rules.isConstant
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.psi.KtAnnotationEntry
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.psi.KtCallExpression
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.psi.KtLiteralStringTemplateEntry
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.psi.KtParameter
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.psi.KtPrimaryConstructor
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.psi.KtProperty
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.psi.KtPsiUtil
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.psi.KtStringTemplateExpression
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.psi.KtValueArgument
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.psi.psiUtil.containingClass
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.psi.psiUtil.getQualifiedExpressionForReceiver
import org.jetbrains.kotlin.psi.psiUtil.getStrictParentOfType
/**
* All the Raw strings that have more than one line should be followed by `trimMargin()` or `trimIndent()`.
*
* <noncompliant>
* """
* Hello World!
* How are you?
* """
* </noncompliant>
*
* <compliant>
* """
* | Hello World!
* | How are you?
* """.trimMargin()
*
* """
* Hello World!
* How are you?
* """.trimIndent()
*
* """Hello World! How are you?"""
* </compliant>
*/
class TrimMultilineRawString(config: Config) : Rule(
config,
"Multiline raw strings should be followed by `trimMargin()` or `trimIndent()`.",
) {
@Configuration("allows to provide a list of multiline string trimming methods")
private val trimmingMethods: List<String> by config(listOf("trimIndent", "trimMargin"))
override fun visitStringTemplateExpression(expression: KtStringTemplateExpression) {
super.visitStringTemplateExpression(expression)
if (expression.isRawStringWithLineBreak() &&
!expression.isTrimmed(trimmingMethods) &&
!expression.isExpectedAsConstant()
) {
report(
CodeSmell(
Entity.from(expression),
"Multiline raw strings should be followed by `trimMargin()` or `trimIndent()`",
)
)
}
}
}
fun KtStringTemplateExpression.isRawStringWithLineBreak(): Boolean =
text.startsWith("\"\"\"") &&
text.endsWith("\"\"\"") &&
entries.any {
val literalText = (it as? KtLiteralStringTemplateEntry)?.text
literalText != null && "\n" in literalText
}
fun KtStringTemplateExpression.isTrimmed(trimmingMethods: List<String>): Boolean {
val nextCall = getQualifiedExpressionForReceiver()
?.selectorExpression
?.let { it as? KtCallExpression }
?.calleeExpression
?.text
return nextCall in trimmingMethods
}
@Suppress("ReturnCount")
private fun KtStringTemplateExpression.isExpectedAsConstant(): Boolean {
val expression = KtPsiUtil.safeDeparenthesize(this)
val property = getStrictParentOfType<KtProperty>()?.takeIf { it.initializer == expression }
if (property != null && property.isConstant()) return true
val argument = expression.getStrictParentOfType<KtValueArgument>()
?.takeIf { it.getArgumentExpression() == expression }
if (argument?.parent?.parent is KtAnnotationEntry) return true
val parameter = expression.getStrictParentOfType<KtParameter>()
?.takeIf { it.defaultValue == expression }
val primaryConstructor = parameter?.parent?.parent as? KtPrimaryConstructor
if (primaryConstructor?.containingClass()?.isAnnotation() == true) return true
return false
}
``` |
Cambria (keɪm-bri-ə) is a producer of engineered quartz surfaces in the United States. It is located in Le Sueur, Minnesota, with additional facilities throughout the United States, and in Ontario, Canada. Cambria is privately held and owned by the Davis family.
Kitchen countertops
Cambria produces quartz surfaces, primarily for use as kitchen countertops. It is used in a similar manner as granite, except that it is not porous, and thus requires no periodic sealing. The look of any quartz countertop compares to granite in that the colors are deep and consistent.
The process of creating the countertops is different than granite, in that it is an engineered product, consisting of a minimum of 93% quartz and 7% epoxy binder and dyes. An engineered product that requires no sealer has the advantage in that it requires no harsh chemicals to seal, nor does it emit harmful chemicals into the air, making it potentially more environmentally friendly. Engineered quartz however may be damaged by heat unlike granite.
Sun Country Airlines
In July 2011, Cambria purchased Sun Country Airlines out of bankruptcy for $34 million after the collapse of the Ponzi scheme of Tom Petters and Petters Group Worldwide, the former owner of the airline.
Cambria sold Sun Country in 2018.
Cambria Silo
A silo, located on US 169 between St. Peter and Le Sueur, is rented by Cambria to store quartz granules and slabs. The silo was repainted with the Cambria logo. Cambria was ordered to remove the sign by MnDOT because it violated state law against advertisements along public highway corridors and county ordinance in historic preservation districts. Cambria was allowed to keep the silo repainted because it claimed to use the silo as a site to sell its products thereby bypassing the law through a rational nexus exemption. Prior to the Cambria logo, the silo was painted to appear like a can of 7 UP and later as an advertisement for 7 Up.
Legend of Cambria movie
In 2018, Cambria released the movie Legend of Cambria. Narrated by Colin Farrell and directed by Alexei Tylevich. The film depicts the fantastical origin story of the Cambria brand, pulling heavily from Celtic mythology. The short film was 40 minutes long.
References
External links
Companies based in Eden Prairie, Minnesota |
The Sakuradamon incident was an unsuccessful assassination attempt against Japanese Emperor Hirohito on January 8, 1932, at the gate Sakuradamon in Tokyo, Empire of Japan.
The attack was carried out by Korean independence activist Lee Bong-chang, a member of the Korean Patriotic Organization. Lee threw a grenade at the Japanese Emperor, but the grenade failed to kill him. Lee was promptly arrested, tried, sentenced, and executed on October 10, 1932. He is now remembered as a martyr in South Korea, where the attack is sometimes referred to as the Patriotic Deed of Lee Bong-chang ().
In the aftermath of the attack, Japanese authorities stepped up their search for Kim Ku and other members of the Korean Provisional Government, which had funded the operation.
Background
From 1910 to 1945, Korea was a colony of the Empire of Japan. In 1919, protests against Japanese rule were held throughout Korea, in what became known as the March 1st Movement. After the Japanese violently cracked down on the protests, numerous Koreans fled the peninsula and continued resisting the Japanese from abroad.
Japan began creating pretexts to invade Manchuria in Northeast China in 1931. In the July 1931 Wanpaoshan Incident, it sensationalized a minor dispute between Chinese and Korean farmers in order to stir up anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea and Japan. This even led to violent clashes between Koreans and Chinese in their respective countries. On September 18, 1931, the Empire of Japan staged the Liutiaohu incident (bombing of a Manchu railroad) and Mukden Incident, which increased anti-Japanese sentiment amongst the Chinese.
Lee Bong-chang
Lee Bong-chang (1900–1932) was an ethnic Korean born in Korea that lived in Japan between 1925 and 1930. Lee saw himself as a "New Japanese" (), and hoped to fit in in Japan. He adopted a Japanese name and eventually learned to pass as a Japanese person. But one day, he was arrested and detained for 11 days because he had a letter from a childhood friend written in Korean in his pocket. The experienced shocked him, and somewhat soured him on trying to fit in. He continued to work in Japan, but after another incident where he watched a Korean being publicly shamed for being unable to speak Japanese fluently, he decided to join the Korean independence movement.
In late 1930, Lee went to the Korean Provisional Government (KPG) headquarters in Shanghai, China. Lee suggested to a group of Koreans that they should attack the Emperor. Overhearing this suggestion, Kim Ku, a prominent leader in the KPG, took Lee at his word, and recruited him for the attack. To this end, he created the Korean Patriotic Organization (KPO), a militant wing of the KPG.
Preparation
In March 1931, Kim and Lee met in secret. Kim asked Lee about the situation in Japan, and eventually asked if Lee would be willing to return to Japan to assassinate the Emperor. Lee agreed. Excited, Kim sought out Kim Hong-il, an ethnic Korean who served in the Chinese National Revolutionary Army and managed weapons for Shanghai. The two Kims theorized that the Emperor would be about away from a crowd in public appearances, and that they should use a lighter grenade that could be thrown farther, albeit at the cost of a weaker explosion.
Preparation for the attack happened slowly; the KPG was plagued with infighting and poor funding throughout its history. Eventually, by November 1931, Kim managed to acquire everything they needed for the mission. One grenade was acquired from Kim Hong-il. Another grenade, which Lee was to use to commit suicide, was from Chinese military officer Liu Zhi. The funding ($1,000, worth $ in ) came from Korean Americans. At a KPG meeting on December 6, Kim announced the goal of his mission and asked for approval. KPG leaders such as Jo So-ang and were aghast, and initially rejected it because they found the mission too expensive and unlikely to succeed. But because everything was already prepared, they eventually relented.
On December 13, Lee swore an oath to make the attack on the Japanese Emperor, then took a now famous photo with the grenades and his written oath. On December 15, Kim gave Lee the two grenades and taught him how to use them. Lee asked if he could test a grenade to see how large the explosion would be, but Kim declined and assured him it would be large. Kim also told Lee to hide the two grenades near his groin while boarding the ship to Japan.
On December 17, Lee departed from Shanghai to Kobe, and he eventually made his way to Tokyo by December 22. On either December 28 or 29, Lee saw an article in the Tokyo Asahi Shinbun that said that the Emperor would be present at a public military parade on January 8 in Yoyogi Park. He decided that that would be the day for the attack. In early January, he sent a telegram to the anxiously waiting Kim with the date.
Lee set about preparing for the attack. Following instructions from Kim, he modified the grenades so that the pin wouldn't need to be pulled out in order to have the grenade detonate; this would make for a quicker attack. On January 6, he toured the parade venue in advance. He realized that the venue was so large that he wouldn't be able to get close enough for the attack. He changed plans, and decided to attack from the road, when the Emperor was moving.
Around this time, he obtained the business card of a military police officer, which later proved crucial to the attack.
Assassination attempt
At 8:50 am on January 8, 1932, he arrived at Harajuku Station. He ate breakfast and inspected the area. He found security to be too tight there, so he took the Tokyo subway to Yotsuya. There, he overheard a newspaper boy saying that the Emperor would not pass through the area, but that he would through Akasaka-mitsuke. At 9:40 am, Lee arrived there only to find that the Emperor had already passed through and gone to the park. He had no choice but to wait until the Emperor returned from the rally. But while trying to pass the time, he missed the Emperor's return trip as well.
Disheartened, Lee asked a railway worker how he could possibly see the Emperor. The railway worker advised him to go to the Sakuradamon gate. He rushed to a taxi and instructed the driver to go as close as possible to the gate. When he disembarked, he attempted to go onto the lawn of the Metropolitan Police Headquarters, but was stopped by police. Lee showed them the business card of the military police officer he had obtained earlier and explained that he just wanted to see the Emperor. They let him through.
He rushed towards a spot closest to the gate, where there was already a crowd of people watching the Emperor, who had just passed by. He squeezed past the crowd, and took a grenade out of his right pocket, and threw it at the procession. It landed on the back of the second horsedrawn carriage. It went off with a weak explosion, and only damaged a small part of the vehicle. No humans were injured. Lee felt frustrated at Kim, who had declined to let him test a grenade earlier. He also later learned that the second carriage did not contain the Emperor, and only contained a Minister of the Imperial Household. In his haste, he also forgot to use the second grenade.
Aftermath
The police initially tried to arrest the man next to Lee, but Lee voluntarily identified himself as the culprit.
Later, when the Emperor was eating lunch, he was informed of Lee's identity. The Emperor reportedly showed little interest in the incident, saying "Ah, he's probably a member of the [Korea] Independence Party!" and immediately asked about an unrelated meeting scheduled for that afternoon. On the other hand, the general Japanese public was shocked by the attack. That same day, at 5:12 pm, the Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi accepted responsibility for the conditions that led to the attack, and submitted a letter of resignation to the Emperor, who rejected it, as the Prime Minister had only just formed a cabinet.
During interrogations, Lee quickly confessed that Kim was the mastermind behind the attack. Lee was eventually charged with high treason. Japanese prosecutors also indicted Kim, and the Supreme Court ordered the Japanese Consul-General in Shanghai to bring him to Japan. The Japanese police had already been searching for Kim, and in fact had raided the headquarters of the (an organization secretly linked to the KPG) a few days before Lee's attack, but did not find Kim or other members of the KPG. They escalated their search, and dispatched investigators from Tokyo to Shanghai. Meanwhile, they also requested help from the French Consulate General, but were rejected.
Kim Ku learned of the attack's outcome the following day, and was initially extremely disappointed. He was then reassured by others around him, who told him that the attack was significant for harming the image that the Emperor was divine. That same day, Kim was quietly warned by his allies in the French Concession, who had been harboring him against the wishes of Japan, that they would have difficulty protecting him after the attack. He quickly fled the concession.
Chinese newspapers reported excitedly about the attack and covered it regularly for weeks. They often praised Lee and Koreans in general. Historian claims this helped alleviate tensions between Koreans and Chinese people. However, the reporting drew criticism from Japanese observers. On January 12, a group of Japanese protestors in Qingdao went to the office of The Republic Daily News. The disagreement , which lasted for more than a week and required the intervention of 600 Japanese soldiers from two warships to stop. The newspaper was subsequently discontinued. In Shanghai, a diplomatic row emerged between the Japanese consulate general and the Mayor of Shanghai Wu Tiecheng because of the Chinese praise of the attack.
That day the KPG held an emergency cabinet meeting, where they agreed to have Kim's Korea Independence Party (KIP) publicly accept responsibility for the attack. The KIP published a brief statement through a Chinese newspaper:The KPO conducted a number of other attacks on Japanese officials, with most being unsuccessful. But three months later, they conducted a successful bombing in Hongkou Park in Shanghai, which killed Japanese General Yoshinori Shirakawa.
Legacy
Lee was posthumously honored by the government of the Republic of Korea with the Order of Merit for National Foundation in 1962, and a commemorative postage stamp in 1992. There is a statue of Lee in Hyochang Park in Seoul, South Korea.
See also
Yun Bong-gil
Notes
References
Sources
1932 in Japan
1932 crimes in Japan
Anti-imperialism in Korea
Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea
Empire of Japan
Failed assassination attempts in Japan
Tokyo Imperial Palace
Korean independence movement
Hirohito
January 1932 events
1930s in Tokyo
Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
Kim Ku |
Donovan Scott (born September 29, 1947) is an American character actor best known for his role as cadet Leslie Barbara in the 1984 film Police Academy, in which he was part of an ensemble cast.
Biography
Scott studied for two and a half years at the prestigious American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco.
He toured as both an actor and artistic director of a theatrical troupe.
In 1977, Scott settled in Los Angeles and worked extensively in both film and television.
In 1979, he made his film debut in Steven Spielberg's 1941.
Scott also appeared in the music video for Olivia Newton-John's 1981 hit "Physical", and co-starred in Lucille Ball's 1986 ABC-TV series Life with Lucy.
From 1993 to 1994 Scott stayed in Russia and Ukraine (the Crimea) where he made 'The Children of Captain Grant' as film director, screenplay and actor.
In 2016, Scott told San Diego Gay and Lesbian News he was working with his improv group at the ACME Comedy Theatre in Los Angeles, as well as working on a 'Santa script' for television.
Filmography
References
External links
1947 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American gay actors
Male actors from California
People from Chico, California
21st-century American LGBT people |
Graft (stylised as GRAFT) is a design studio conceived as a ‘label’ for architecture, urban planning, exhibition design, music and the “pursuit of happiness”. Graft was founded in 1998 in Los Angeles, California by Lars Krückeberg, Wolfram Putz and Thomas Willemeit, and headed by partner Alejandra Lillo from 2007 until early 2011. A second Graft office was opened 2001 in Berlin, followed by a third office in Beijing in 2004, which is headed by founding partner Gregor Hoheisel.
Company history and statement of intent
The name GRAFT was derived from the terminology of botany, the grafting of one shoot onto another genetically different host. The practice believed that the traditional boundaries of architecture needed to be questioned, as it continually changes when it engages with global and local environments.
Selected Projects
Current
MIR NOLA Shotgun, New Orleans, Louisiana United States
Qinhuangdao Hotel & Residences, China
Recently Completed
2010 KU 64 Children's Dental Clinic, Berlin, Germany
2010 Dalian Daily Towers, Dalian, China
2010 Sichuan Airlines VIP Lobby, Beijing, China
2010 Studio Simmen, Berlin, Germany
2009 AO Project, Tokyo, Japan
2009 Boulevard of the Stars, Berlin, Germany
2009 MIR NOLA Camelback, New Orleans, Louisiana United States
2009 W New York Downtown Hotel and Residences, New York City, New York United States
2009 Poolscape Restaurant and Bars, City Center, Las Vegas, Nevada United States
2009 Residential Commune, Tbilisi, Georgia
2009 Hotel Iveria Tbilisi, Georgia
2009 Lakeside Villa, Berlin, Germany
2009 Platoon Kunsthall, Seoul, South Korea
2009 Loft Kullman, Hamburg, Germany
2009 Kanera 1D, 1E, 1H, 1X
2008 KU 64 Dental Clinic, Berlin, Germany
2008 Sakanela Urban Development, Tbilisi, Georgia
2008 The Pink Project, New Orleans, Louisiana United States
2008 Gongti F+B Club, Beijing, China
2008 Ao-Di Next Gene 20 Villa, Taiwan
2008 Tsinandali Winery & Hotel, Georgia
2008 Bird Island Villas, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2008 Hausvogteiplatz, Berlin, Germany
2008 Gongti Hotel, Beijing, China
2008 Panorama Tower 3, Las Vegas, Nevada United States
2008 Germany Unity Flag, nomadic
2008 Kinderdentist Dr. med. dent. Mokabberi, Berlin, Germany
2008 Gingko Bacchus Restaurant, Chengdou, China
2008 The Emperor Hotel, Beijing, China
2008 Brand, Monte Carlo Resort and Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada United States
2008 DC Melrose Store, Los Angeles, California United States
2008 Dental Lounge, Düsseldorf, Germany
2007 Panorama Towers 1+2, Las Vegas, Nevada United States
2007 Opticon Flagship Store, Hamburg, Germany
2007 Eric Paris Salon, Beijing, China
2006 Riga Treehouses, Vecaki, Latvia
Awards and prizes
2013
Design Award of the Association of German Architects (BDA), awarded for GRAFT's KU 64 Children's Dental Clinic
2011
European Prize for Architecture, awarded for GRAFT's Pink Project and humanitarian concerns
2010
Contract Magazine's 2010 Designers of the Year
2009
Boulevard der Stars competition, 1st place
Columbiaquartier competition, 2nd place
Kanera 1D, Steel Innovation Prize
The Pink Project, Gold, Design Award of the Federal Republic of Germany
Thermopal Designers Collection, Red Dot Design Award
Thermopal Designers Collection, nominee, Design Award of the Federal Republic of Germany
2009 American Architecture Awards, Make It Right Shotgun House
AR-Architectural Review Awards, Make It Right Shotgun House
International Architecture Award, Kinderdentist
Good Design, Kanera 1D
INDEX: Design 2009 Award, finalist, Pink Project
AIA Restaurant Design Awards, finalist, Gingko Restaurant
Illumination Awards, Award of Merit, Gingko Bacchus Restaurant
Gingko Bacchus, finalist, AIA Restaurant Design Awards
Gingko Bacchus, Award of Merit, Illumination Awards
2008
Archip, Public Interior/Innovation, highest award for the Interior Design of KU64
Bird Island competition, finalist
The Emperor Hotel, finalist, Best of Year, Hospitality/Hotel/International, Interior Design Awards
The Emperor Hotel, finalist, Best Hotel Design and Best Guest Room, Gold Key Awards
Eric Paris Salon, honorable mention, Best New Retail Store, or more, SADI Award
Graftworld, finalist, Innovation, 6th Saint-Gobain Gypsum International Trophy
Kanera 1E, Red Dot Design Award
Kanera 1E, nominee, Design Award of the Federal Republic of Germany
Kinderdentist, Best of Year finalist, Healthcare, Interior Design Awards
Opticon, Grand SADI Award
The Pink Project, Yellow Pencil, Environmental Design/Installations, D&AD Awards
The Pink Project, Exhibit, Best of Year, Interior Design Awards
The Pink Project, shortlist, Gute Gestaltung, Deutscher Designer Club
The Pink Project, selected for German Pavilion, XI Venice Biennale of Architecture
Studio Jeanot Simmen competition, 1st place
2007
Dalian Daily competition, 1st prize
Eric Paris Salon, finalist, Best of Year, Interior Design Awards
Graftworld, 1st Place, Innovation, The Rigips Trophy
Hotel Q, Bar Design of the Year, Mixology Awards
Mercedes Benz&Maybach Trade Fair Booth, finalist, Design Award of the Federal Republic of Germany
Samana Luxury Resort, Best Unbuilt Project, Hospitality Design Awards
Sci-Fi, Gold Medal, 20th Annual Exhibit Design Award
2006
nominee, Iakov Chernikov International Prize for Young Architects
HEWI Modular Wall, finalist, Best of Year, Interior Design Awards
Hotel Q, True Stylish Hotel award, World Hotel Award
Mercedes Benz & Maybach Trade Fair Booth AMI 2006, Award der ausgezeichneten Messeauftritte, Category XL, ADAM Silber Award
Moonraker, finalist, Best of Year, Interior Design Awards
Sci-Fi, Gold Medal, 20th Annual Exhibit Design Award
STACK, Best Dramatic Space, Boutique Design Award
STACK, finalist, Gold Key Award
STACK, People's Choice Award (and finalist), Restaurant Design Award, AIA LA
STACK, finalist, Fine Dining, Hospitality Design Restaurant Award
STACK, shortlist, Hotel/Restaurant, contractworld Award
STACK, Best New Restaurant, Las Vegas Weekly Readers' Choice Awards
2005
FIX, finalist, Restaurant Design Award, AIA LA
Hotel Q, Hospitality Design Award
Hotel Q, Travel and Leisure Award
Hotel Q, Best of Category, Floor Coverings, contractworld Award
Hotel Q, ArTravel Award
Panorama Towers, Unbuilt Category, AIA NV Design Awards
Wave of the Future Award
2004
Hotel Q, Auszeichnung, Hans Schaefers Preis
Hotel Q, Honor Award, AIA LA
Neue Sentimental Film Headquarters, 2nd Prize, contractworld Award
Panorama Towers, Unbuilt Category, AIA NV Design Awards
2003
Zeal Pictures Office, 2nd Prize, Best Office, Femb Award
Zeal Pictures Office, European Design Awards
Exhibitions
Graftworld- Scenographic Architecture at AEDES, Berlin January–February 2007
After the Flood: Building on Higher Ground at A+D Museum: Los Angeles April–July 2008. Featuring Make it Right and Pink Project
Publications
Architecture in Times of Need, Kristin Feireiss, Publisher Prestel, 2009
Hatch: the New Architectural Generation,Kieran Long, Laurence King Publishers, 2008,
Graftworld Aedes Exhibition, Published by Aedes,
External links
GRAFT official website
Interview with GRAFT
References
Restaurant design |
Rockland High School may refer to a school in the United States:
Rockland High School (1909) - a former high school in Rockland, Massachusetts
Rockland Senior High School - a current high school in Rockland, Massachusetts |
Lambert Wyts or Lambert Wijts (1542 – ?) was a Flemish courtier, draughtsman and diarist. Born into a prominent family in the County of Flanders he became a courtier in the service of the Habsburg dynasty. In this role, he made three diplomatic trips respectively to Spain, Turkey and the Holy Roman Empire. He kept a diary of his travels which contribute to the understanding of contemporary circumstances in those countries. In particular, his diary regarding his trip to Turkey, with its drawings of events and local people and their dress, is of importance in this regard. In the past he has been mixed up with a contemporary Fleming from Mechelen by the name Lambert de Vos, a trained artist who traveled at the same time to Turkey where he made various drawings of local costumes and sights.
Life
Lambert Wyts was born in 1542 as the son of Josse Wyts and Catherine Villain dit de la Boucharderie. His father was a member of a local aristocratic family in Flanders and held the title of lord of Wildenburg, Berentrode and Wytsvliet. The grandfather of Lambert had served the Emperor Maximilian I and his son Philip I of Castile. Lambert's mother was born in the local aristocracy, and had the title 'lady of de la Boucharderie', which refers to the stone-cutting trade. His father was appointed in 1524 as ‘watergraaf’ and ‘moermeester’ of Flanders, which put him in charge of the local water management. The family also operated a commercial fish pond. His father died in 1544.
Lambert was one of fifteen children. His brother Paul (died in 1600) became lord of Wytsvliet after the death of their father while his brother Jan (born in 1528) became lord of Wildenburg after the death of their father. Their sister Cecile (died in 1602) took the title 'de la Boucharderie' and married François de Croix in 1554. Very little is known about Lambert's youth and training. Most details about him are derived from his diary on his travels as a courtier to Spain, Turkey and Germany. In his diary he states that he had previously traveled to Italy where he resided for four or five years. He had also joined the appeal to join in 1565 the Maltese in their resistance to the Ottomans. He had further fought in Sicily, Naples and Hungary.
After his trips to Spain, Turkey and Germany he returned to Flanders in 1575. Lambert married Lievine Geerolfs. He was recorded living in Brussels in 1578. It is not known when or where he died.
The Itinera in Hispaniam, Viennam et Constantinopolim
General
Lambert Wyts is now known mainly because of the diary he kept during his travels as a courtier to Spain, Turkey and Germany. The diary, sometimes referred to in Latin as 'The Itinera in Hispaniam, Viennam et Constantinopolim' (Voyages to Spain, Vienna and Constantinople) is written in 16th-century French and ended up in the collection of Prince Eugene of Savoy. It is now kept at the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek in Vienna. In the diaries he deals separately with the three trips he made. In particular his report on his stay in Turkey is of great interest as it contains his drawings of the local people he met in Turkey as well as of some official engagements he attended. The diary further contains several pages with the signatures and short messages of persons Wyts met on his travels, so that the diary also constitutes a form of Album Amicorum.
He included in his diary water color drawings of the Sultan, the reception of the ambassadors and various costumes and customs of the peoples living in Constantinople. These drawings call to mind the 'Turkish costume books', a genre in Western art that became popular from the 16th century. The Flemish painter Pieter Coecke van Aelst's widow Mayken Verhulst published in 1553 a nearly five-metre-long monumental frieze entitled Ces Moeurs et fachons de faire de Turcz (Customs and Fashions of the Turks). It records van Aelst's impressions collected during his journey to Constantinople which he made in 1533 as part of the retinue of the Habsburg diplomat Cornelis de Schepper. The French geographer and courtier Nicolas de Nicolay followed with his Quatre premiers livres des navigations (Four first book of travels) published in 1567, which recorded de Nicolay's observations about the Ottoman court and peoples collected during his 1551 mission to Constantinople. The text was illustrated with 60 images engraved after original drawings by de Nicolay.
About 120 costume books or portions of them are currently known in manuscript, in addition to a large number of prints. With the rise of the Ottoman Empire both militarily and politically, the European nations wanted to learn how to deal with this new power. This created an interest in pictorial representations of Turkish buildings and people which gave an impetus to the genre of the Turkish costume book. These depictions familiarized Europeans with the exotic ways of the Turks and gave them clues to how Ottoman society worked. Not only did they serve as guides for diplomats and other visitors to the Sultan’s court, but they also satisfied the curiosity and quelled the fear that westerners felt for the Ottomans. These costume books were also meant to entertain the European audiences for which they were intended. Amateur and professional artists aimed to satisfy the demand for such representations. Another Fleming who created a costume book is Lambert de Vos, a trained artist from Mechelen who traveled to and resided in Constantinople in 1572, the same year as Wyts. Wyts has sometimes been confused with Lambert de Vos. In the beginning, most artists were European but from the 18th century such costume books were also produced by local artists in response to the demand for such illustrated publications.
Voyage to Spain
His first trip described in his diary was a trip he took to Spain as a courtier accompanying Anna of Austria, the daughter of Emperor Maximilian II on her way to get married with the King Philip II of Spain in 1570. The future queen had set out from Prague in the company of her brothers, the Archdukes Albert and Wenceslaus. In September 1570 Wyts joined the party in Antwerp from which they set out and traveled by ship via Zeeland to Spain. He recounts that in the vicinity of the Isle of Wight, a helmsman of one of the ships in the convoy caused a near collision with the ship of Anna of Austria. The helmsman was grabbed and thrown into the sea. He describes the dress of the women of Biscay and recounts that the party of Anna of Austria was met by 2,000 envoys of the king of Spain, including about 50 musicians. The party travelled on via Burgos and Valladolid to Segovia. The royal wedding took place in Segovia on 14 November and the new Queen made her entry into Madrid on 27 November.
Wyts remained in Madrid for another half year. He travelled during that time to Toledo with three fellow Flemings. He describes the presence of a large contingent of Flemish artisans working on various projects for the king including the construction and administration of the Royal Palace of El Pardo, Aranjuez and El Escorial. When the Archdukes left Madrid in May 1571 to travel to Barcelona to embark on the return trip, Wyts left not long after and caught up with them in Aranjuez on 10 June. He left ahead of the Archdukes to travel to Barcelona where he had to attend to some business. Here he had to wait for the arrival of the ships that would take them to Genoa. The flotilla of ships, commanded by John of Austria (the illegitimate son of Emperor Charles V, left the port of Barcelona on 17 July and arrived in Genoa on the 26th. They traveled on via Piacenza and Mantua to Innsbruck. He writes in glowing terms about the statue of emperor Maximilian I in Innsbruck created by his fellow Fleming Alexander Colyn. He traveled on to Vienna where he arrived on 26 August and remained at the Imperial court until 16 April 1572.
Voyage to Turkey
Wyts states that he took the second trip described in his diary to satisfy his desire for travel. He managed to join the retinue of 20 people who accompanied David Ungnad von Sonnegg, the emperor's envoy to the Sultan of Turkey, on his mission to Constantinople to deliver tribute offerings to the Sultan. The party set off on 16 April 1572 descending the Danube to Belgrade, and passing through Buda. From Belgrade the trip was continued over land. After arriving in Constantinople on 15 June 1572 they first had an audience with the Vizier Mehmet and a few days later with the Sultan Selim II. Wyts describes the audience with some detail, including a physical description of the Sultan and a discussion on religion between the Sultan and the European ambassadors. The drawing he made of the audience with the Sultan shows the Sultan seated in the centre on a throne underneath an arched building. The building's style is similar to that of architecture in Flanders at the time. Three people are lying prostrate before the Sultan. The Sultan is watching the foreign envoys hand over the annual tribute to his servants. One of the presents is a golden table clock the hands of which are visible. In other remarks in his account on his trip to Turkey, Wyts notes that Constantinople is a city with residents of various backgrounds such as Greek, Turks and Jews. Their mission completed, the imperial envoys and Wyts left Constantinople on 24 August 1572. He was sick during the first days of the return trip, which ended in Bratislava, where he remained for a while and witnessed the crowning of Rudolf II as king of Hungary.
The part of his book on his voyage to Turkey has various appendices which deal with matters such as the crowning of Rudolf II, the life and teachings of Muhammed, Muslim laws and the Turkish customs, ceremonies, superstitions and justice system, the Turkish manner of taking baths and also the 73 drawings he had made of civil and military costumes including the portrait of the Sultan.
Voyage to Germany
He commences his account of his trip through Germany with a long description of Vienna. He set out on 16 April 1573 and traveled via Linz, Salzburg, Munich, Augsburg, Ulm, Speyer, Worms, Frankfurt, Mainz, Koblenz, Cologne and Aachen. A few days out, he ran into Count Paul de Salm, grand sommelier of the duke of Lorraine. He was invited to join de Salm's party on its return to Lorraine. He separated from de Salm on 8 May in Neuhaus. From Aachen on he traveled on via Maastricht, Antwerp, Brussels, Leuven, Namur and finally Dinant where he met his mother in her home on 2 June 1575. This is where his book ends.
References
External links
1542 births
Flemish writers
Flemish courtiers
16th-century Flemish painters |
In the irrigation industry, matched precipitation rate (MPR) is a term that is used to calculate the amount of precipitation in a given area is uniform. In order to be "matched" all sprinkler heads in a given zone must have the same rate of precipitation. This can be achieved by matching the gallonage of a standard rotor to its arc and reducing range accordingly (i.e. 2 gallons at 90 degrees, 4 gallons at 180 degrees, or 8 gallons if the head does a full circle) or by using MPR nozzles or sprinklers. Virtually all major sprinkler manufactures offer some type of MPR nozzle or sprinkler. The primary benefit and main goal of MPR sprinklers is to prevent water waste from run-off while still ensuring that the area receives adequate moisture.
Formula
The mathematical formula for determining precipitation rate is (GPM x 96.3 ÷ area) = PR
History
The first MPR nozzles, the MP Rotator, were produced by Nelson Irrigation in 2003, and acquired by Hunter Industries in 2007. Since then the popularity of these highly uniform yet low application sprinklers has caused every major sprinkler manufacturer to produce their own version of an MPR sprinkler, including Rain Bird and Toro.
References
Irrigation |
Emmanuel Libano Noruega (born 23 August 1983) is a footballer who currently plays for Liga de Elite club Chao Pak Kei. He is a defender who has been capped by the Macau national team.
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Macau people of Indian descent
Macau men's footballers
Macau men's international footballers
G.D. Lam Pak players
Chao Pak Kei players
Men's association football defenders
Liga de Elite players |
The A 30 road is an A-Grade trunk road in Sri Lanka. It connects Vavuniya with Parayanalankulam.
The A 30 passes through Poovarasankulam and Pandisurichchan to reach Parayanalankulam.
References
Highways in Sri Lanka
Transport in Vavuniya District |
Black Settlement Burial Ground, is a cemetery in Willow Grove, near Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.
It is located uphill from Saint John harbour, and has a view of nearby market and the harbour.
The cemetery was founded in 1831, and is the resting place for many American Black loyalists and Black refugees who left the US for Saint John during the War of 1812. Around the same time, the location also housed a church and a school for the Black community. A replica church was constructed in the 1980's. There are no grave markers in the cemetery.
The cemetery was refurbished in 2015. The cemetery featured in Anna Minerva Henderson's sonnet The Old Burying Ground.
References
1831 establishments in New Brunswick
African-American cemeteries in Canada
Black Canadian culture in New Brunswick
Cemeteries in New Brunswick
Tourist attractions in New Brunswick |
Joseph Donald Reid Cabral (June 9, 1923 – July 22, 2006) was a Dominican politician and lawyer. Reid became president during the "triumvirate" from December 28, 1963 to April 25, 1965.
Biography
Donald Reid Cabral was born in Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic. He was the son of William Reid, a Scottish immigrant from Perthshire who worked as a banker in Santo Domingo. His mother, Auristela Cabral Bermúdez, had come from a politically affluent family, and was a descendant of three ex-presidents of the Dominican Republic (Buenaventura Báez, José María Cabral and Marcos Antonio Cabral). Reid Cabral enrolled in the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo where he studied Law.
Reid was married to Clara Tejera Álvarez, who served as first lady during his presidency.
Politics
Donald Reid Cabral first served as an ambassador to the United Nations and Israel. He was part of the Council of State that formed in 1962 and 1963, after the overthrow of the regime of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo.
Reid also chaired the triumvirate which ruled the Dominican Republic following the overthrow of the constitutional government of Juan Bosch (1963–1965), and in that capacity he was the Secretary of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of the Armed Forces. In 1965 a pro-Juan Bosch uprising occurred, which would ultimately lead to his overthrow, although the US tried to end it in the Operation Power Pack.
From 1986 to 1988 he acted as the nation's foreign minister. In the last stage of his life was closely linked to the Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), founded by Joaquín Balaguer.
Business
In 1947, Donald Reid Cabral founded, along with Rogelio Pellerano, Reid & Pellerano Co., later Grupo ReidCo, a major automotive distributor in Dominican Republic.
Ancestors
References
1923 births
2006 deaths
Presidents of the Dominican Republic
Báez family
Permanent Representatives of the Dominican Republic to the United Nations
Ambassadors of the Dominican Republic to Israel
Presidents of political parties in the Dominican Republic
Social Christian Reformist Party politicians
People from Santiago de los Caballeros
Dominican Republic people of French descent
Dominican Republic people of Galician descent
Dominican Republic people of Portuguese descent
Dominican Republic people of Scottish descent
Dominican Republic people of Spanish descent
Dominican Republic people of Walloon descent
White Dominicans |
Otto Michael (1859 - 1934) was a German explorer, zoologist and entomologist.
He made three expeditions to the Amazon, 1885-1888 (until 1887 accompanied by Paul Hahnel ), 1889–1893 and
1894-1921, collecting mainly Lepidoptera for the dealership Otto Staudinger Andreas Bang-Haas.
References
Anonym 1933 [Michael, O.] Insektenbörse 50 147.
Lamas, G. 1979 [Michael, O.] Bol. Colon. suiza Peru 1979(2) 36-38, 2 Fig.
Lamas, G. 1981 [Michael, O.] Rev. Per. Ent. 23 1980(1) 25-31.
Wrede, H. 1933 [Michael, O.] Ent. Z. 47 85-86.
Wrede, H. 1934 [Michael, O.] Ent. Z. 48(18) 137-138, 1 Fig.
External links
Otto Michael from Eulau by Matuszkiewicz from Sprottau, 1955.
1859 births
1934 deaths
German entomologists
Explorers from the German Empire |
Angeliki Kiourtsaki (; born August 18, 1954), known as Angela Dimitriou (, ), is a Greek singer.
She is also famous in the Arab countries across the Middle East, with her song "Margarites" hitting the top of the charts in Lebanon, among other places. She made a song with Egyptian singer Amr Diab called "Ana Bahebak Aktar." Both songs were produced by Minos-Emi Greece A&R manager Vangelis Yannopoulos through his connections with EMI Arabia. She also covered Marc Almond's song "Death's Diary", in Greek titled "Astrapes kai Vrontes" (Lightnings and Thunders). She is often criticized because of her low education and her comic manner of verbal expression. Angela Dimitriou's biggest hit and signature song is "Fotia Sta Savvatovrada" ("Fire on Saturday Nights") produced by Sony Music A&R manager Yannis Doulamis. Her CD single Ah Patrida Mou went gold. On 14 March 2010, Alpha TV ranked Dimitriou the ninth top-certified female artist in the nation's phonographic era (since 1960).
Discography
1979: Antzela Dimitriou
1980: Gia Ti Na 'rtheis Arga gold
1983: Oti Poume Metaxi Mas
1983: Mia Vradia Sta Bouzoukia No. 1
1984: Mia Vradia Sta Bouzoukia No. 2
1984: Peste Tou
1985: Poia Thisia - Gold platinum
1986: Dio Fones - Gold
1987: Kanonise To
1987: Mia Vradia Stin Fantasia No. 1 - Gold
1988: Mia Vradia Stin Fantasia No. 2
1988: Mia S'agapo Mia Se Miso gold
1989: Na Sou Orkisto - Gold
1990: Esi Ti Les - Platinum
1991: Exerountai - Platinum
1992: Fotia Sta Savvatovrada: 1982–1992 Deka Hronia Tragoudi - Double Platinum
1992: Kokkino Tis Fotias - Gold platinum
1993: Ftaiei O Erotas (CD single)
1993: Ftaiei O Erotas - Platinum
1994: Pes Afto Pou Theleis (first co operation with Foivos) - Gold platinum
1995: Gynaika Ego - Gold platinum
1996: Ektos Eleghou I Amartia
1996: Mi Mas Agapas - gold Platinum
1997: Ta Zeibekika Tis Antzelas
1998: 100% - Gold platinum
1999: Margarites (CD single)
1999: Kane Stin Akri - Gold platinum
2000: Mavri Lista - Gold platinum
2001: Hilia Prosopa
2002: Ti Na Ta Kano Afta Pou Eho (CD single)
2002: Opou Me Paei I Kardia gold
2004: Kyria Me Gnorises, Kyria Tha Meino...Live gold
2004: Gia Sena (CD single)
2004: The Best Of Antzela Dimitriou
2004: Pios Eisai
2005: S'eho?
2006: Oxygono + Live
2007: Ah! Patrida Mou - Gold
2007: Ta' Da Ola gold
2008: Ftaine Oi Antres
2010: Gyalina Ftera gold
2011: Meine Ekei - Gold
2013: Come Back - gold Platinum
2015: Standard gold platinum
Singles
2014: Apo 'do Kai Pera (cd single)
2016: Oti Mou Anikei (cd single)
2016: Anexartiti (cd single)
2017: An Nyhtosei (cd single)
2018: An Eiha Enan Anthropo (cd single)
2018: De M' Aggizei I Krisi (cd single)
2019: Patera Na 'Souna Edo (cd single)
2019: Kita Me (cd single)
2020: Vale Rdio (cd single)
2020: Tha Synehiso (cd single)
2020: Vges (Single)
References
External links
20th-century Greek women singers
Singers from Athens
Living people
Greek laïko singers
1954 births
Minos EMI artists
21st-century Greek women singers |
The Wenzaobang or Wenzao River (), often mispronounced as Yunzaobang, is a river in Shanghai, China. It flows from the Wusong River in Jiading District to the Huangpu River in Baoshan District and is in length.
References
Rivers of Shanghai |
Pterolophia dentifera is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Olivier in 1795.
References
dentifera
Beetles described in 1795 |
Charles Swain may refer to:
Charles Swain (athlete) (1885–1974), Australian athlete
Charles Swain (poet) (1801–1874), English poet and engraver
Charles L. Swain (1866–?), Democratic politician from Ohio, United States
Charles Bunker Swain, member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1877 |
Church Cottage Museum is a 16th-century cottage in Broughton, City of Preston, Lancashire, England.
The cottage is grade II listed and is operated as a small museum, open on Sunday afternoons.
The cottage was built in the 16th century and over time was used as an inn and a school room as well as a residence. After the death of its last tenant in 1986 the building became neglected, but it was restored after local fundraising which included a grant from British Aerospace and was opened as a museum by Princess Alexandra in 1995.
References
Museums in the City of Preston
Grade II listed buildings in Lancashire
Grade II listed houses
Broughton, Lancashire
Grade II listed museum buildings |
Deep Song, a solo modern dance by Martha Graham, premiered on December 19, 1937, at the Guild Theatre in New York City. Performed to music by Henry Cowell, the piece was the second work created by Graham in response to the Spanish Civil War. The first, Immediate Tragedy, was introduced in 1937.
Theme, score, set and costume
According to program notes, Deep Song was "not meant to be an exact picture of a Spanish woman but presents the torture of mind and body experienced in common by all people who react to such suffering as the Spanish people have faced."
When Cowell was composing the music for Immediate Tragedy, Graham requested another movement, which he called Cante Hondo, Spanish for "deep song". In Flamenco music, deep songs (cante jondo) are the most serious of the vocal form. Sometimes, Graham used both compositions for Immediate Tragedy; other times, she used only the original sarabande. Deep Song was choreographed to Cante Hondo on its own.
The music for both ballets was lost for decades. Cante Hondo was discovered in 2003 behind a desk at the Martha Graham Dance Company's offices. The score for Immediate Tragedy has never been found.
Graham designed both the set and costume for Deep Song. The set consisted of a single long low wooden bench, similar to the one constructed for Lamentation. It suggested both a coffin and mourners' pew, and served as an axis for the soloist's motions.
The costume alluded to Pablo Picasso's powerful mural Guernica, painted in the same year Deep Song was made. As Graham danced, the lines of her body in the long striped black and white dress formed graphic strokes of white against the black velvet backdrop.
Choreography
The choreography embodied the suffering of the Spanish people. "It was full of strange, strong creation, full of angular spasms, of Picasso style abstractions in plane and three-dimensional mobility, expressing as no newspaper story with a Madrid date line has done of the struggle..."
Program notes for the troupe's 2015 season described "the forms of the dance – its swirls, crawls on the floor, contractions and falls" as "kinetic experiences of the human experience in war... It is the anatomy of anguish from tragic events."
Critical reception
From the outset, the solo was received favorably, although some reviewers thought the piece overwrought. The Boston Transcript'''s critic wrote, "the dancer seemed to be overplaying her hand, so that what began as a moving portrait ended, by overstatement, in losing some of its point."
Another reviewer, noted the dance was "exaggerated in delineation and repetitious in content but a highly effective though stylized portrayal of a tortured mind and body."
Following a Graham retrospective in 1944, The New York Times' dance critic John Martin wrote the work was not among those that "seemed to do most completely what they set out to do," but could be categorized with dances having "aspects, elements, passages of beauty and power." He referred to Deep Song in particular as an "extraordinary evocation."
Performance history Deep Song was presented fairly frequently from its premiere to the mid-1940s. In January 1938, Graham performed the solo at the New York Hippodrome in the second "Dance for Spain" benefit concert. The event may have been where she first met future husband and dance partner Erick Hawkins, who was appearing with Ballet Caravan.
During the 1980s, Graham, who disliked revivals, was persuaded to reprise some of her earlier dances. Deep Song was restaged in 1988. Graham alone had danced the solo role, but did not remember all the choreography. Martha Graham worked with principal dancer, Terese Capucilli, to recreate the work. Barbara Morgan photographs were used to bring the work back to life. Capucilli spent hours alone in the studio with the photographs on the floor in order to find the transitional material necessary for phrasing and emotional content. She would then bring these into the rehearsals with Graham to be reworked and molded. Since the original score was lost at the time, Cowell's Sinister Resonance was used in its place.
Since its reconstruction, Terese Capucilli, Christine Dakin, Joyce Herring, Alessandra Prosperi, Miki Orihara and then Xin Ying, Blakeley White McGuire, Carrie Ellmore-Tallitsch, have appeared in the solo role.Deep Song is in the current Martha Graham Dance Company repertory.
References
External links
Martha Graham, Deep Song Photo: Barbara Morgan, Performing Arts Encyclopedia'', Library of Congress
Deep Song (excerpt), performed by Blakeley White McGuire
1937 ballet premieres
Ballets by Martha Graham
Ballets set in Spain |
Bleher's rainbowfish (Chilatherina bleheri) is a species of rainbowfish in the subfamily Melanotaeniinae.
Etymology
It is named in honor of Heiko Bleher, a German botanist and ichthyologist.
Distribution and habitat
Bleher's rainbowfish is found in Lake Holmes in the lower Mamberamo system of West Papua in Indonesia. With a preference for shallow, abundant plant life, this rainbowfish lives in a foothill region surrounded by jungle.
References
Chilatherina
Freshwater fish of Western New Guinea
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Taxa named by Gerald R. Allen
Fish described in 1985 |
Federico Taborda (born 1 November 1988) is a professional Argentine footballer who currently plays as a goalkeeper.
Club career
FK Senica
Taborda made his professional Fortuna Liga debut for Senica against Spartak Trnava on July 21, 2018, in a 1:0 home victory, after an own-goal by a member of broader Slovak national team, Matúš Čonka .
Honours
FC U Craiova 1948
Liga II: 2020–21
References
External links
FK Senica official club profile
Futbalnet profile
1988 births
Living people
People from Pergamino
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Civitanovese Calcio players
Slovak First Football League players
FK Senica players
Liga II players
FC U Craiova 1948 players
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Slovakia
Expatriate men's footballers in Slovakia
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Footballers from Buenos Aires Province |
Ananda Sukarlan (born in Jakarta, 10 June 1968) is an Indonesian-Spanish classical composer and pianist.
Background
He is the son of Sukarlan and Poppy Kumudastuti. He started his music lessons at the age of 5 from his older sister, Martani Widjajanti. After graduating from Kolese Kanisius (Canisius College, Jakarta) in 1986, he then went to Europe when he was 17, graduated with summa cum laude in 1993 from the Royal Conservatory of The Hague under the guidance of Naum Grubert and was a prize winner of many international competitions, such as the Nadia Boulanger Award of Orleans. He has performed in many overseas festivals with symphony orchestras and ensembles of Berlin, Rotterdam, nearly all symphony orchestras in Spain, Paris, Wellington as well as appearances in radios and TVs throughout Europe. He was the first Indonesian artist who established the cultural relationship between Portugal and Indonesia by performing as a soloist with the Portuguese National Symphony Orchestra in 2000, right after the re-opening of the diplomatic relationship between the two countries. He is the only Indonesian listed in the book "2000 outstanding musicians of the 20th century" and "The International Who's Who in Music" published by Cambridge. Until the beginning of 2010 he has recorded 14 CDs, which include the complete piano works of Santiago Lanchares, David del Puerto, Jesus Rueda, Toru Takemitsu as well as works by Peter Sculthorpe, Amir Pasaribu, Trisutji Kamal, Theo Loevendie and of course himself.
As an equally successful composer, his works have been commissioned and performed by the Associated Board of Royal Schools of Music, Indonesian Opera Society, among others. His collaboration with prominent choreographer Chendra Panatan has given birth to many works for ballet, performed both in Europe and Indonesia. His groundbreaking opera written for one soprano only, based on a monologue by Seno Gumira Ajidarma, "IBU -- yang anaknya diculik itu" (Mother, whose son had been kidnapped) was just premiered in June 2009 in Jakarta. Until now he has written works for orchestra and instruments, but it is his production for voices, such as his more than 150 songs for voice and piano, choral works, 2 operas, 2 cantatas ("Ars Amatoria" and "LIBERTAS") and theatre works that consolidated his high reputation as a composer by being frequently performed all around the world. Other celebrated chamber / solo works include the string quartet "Lontano" for Midori Goto and her quartet, a guitar solo piece for Miguel Trapaga, many works for piano solo (a series of Rapsodia Nusantara based on Indonesia folk melodies, a series of virtuosic Etudes, and 37 easy piano pieces compiled as "Alicia's piano book") and multiple pianos. Projects in 2014 include his third opera, "Clara". He is also working on a series of musical works written for disabled musicians, on a commission by Fundacion Musica Abierta of Spain.
His works have been the object of studies for many doctoral thesis and other musical researches by many students, professionals, musicians and musicologists in the U.S, Europe and Australia.
He is a founding member of Musica Presente and of Yayasan Musik Sastra Indonesia.
Although a Muslim himself Ananda is highly critical of Jakarta governor Anies Baswedan, whom he accuses of pandering to Islam extremists. When Baswedan showed up at a college reunion, Ananda chose to leave the room, an activity that he did spontaneously without asking anyone to follow what he did, as a declaration of his own views and morals. Hundreds of alumni, sharing the same views and moral conviction as Ananda also chose to leave the room with their own will. Unlike what most media reported, some attendants and alumni stayed until the end of Baswedan's speech.
His main residence at hills of Cantabria Santander, Spain.
Honours and awards
1988, Amsterdam, Eduard Elipse Award in Netherlands National Music Competition.
1993 First Prize "Nadia Boulanger" — Concours International d’Orleans (Orleans, France, 1993).
1993 First Prize "Xavier Montsalvatge" — Concurso de Musica del Siglo XX Xavier Montsalvatge, Ginora, Spain
1994 First Prize "Blanquefort Piano Competition", Bordeaux, France
1995 First Prize and Special Prize for The Best Interpreter of Spanish Music "City of Ferrol Piano Competition", Galicia, Spain
1995 Second Prize "Sweelinck-Postbank", Amsterdam, the Netherlands
1995 Third Prize "Fundacion Guerrero Competition", Madrid, Spain
1996 Second Prize "Vienna Modern Master Performers Recording Award"
2000 Outstanding Musicians on the 20th Century.
2001 Nominee Unesco Prize
2003 Mont Blanc Asia for his contribution for classical music industry in Indonesia
The first Indonesian pianist who be written in The International Who's Who in Music book.
Compositions
Opera
Pro Patria (for 6 soloists, men's chorus, dancers and chamber orchestra) in 7 scenes, libretto by Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana adapted by Ananda Sukarlan, from his book "Kalah dan Menang"
Mengapa Kau Culik Anak Kami (for soprano & baritone soloists, 3 dancers & 9 instrumentalists) in 2 acts, based on a play by Seno Gumira Ajidarma
Ibu—yang anaknya diculik itu (a "pocket opera" for soprano solo accompanied by piano + flute doubl. piccolo, both also playing small percussions instruments) based on a monologue by Seno Gumira Ajidarma—the sequel of "Mengapa Kau Culik Anak Kami".
Cantata
No. 1 Ars Amatoria (for soprano & baritone soloists, children's and men's choruses, 2 dancers and 4 instrumentalists, conducted by the pianist) based on poems by Sapardi Djoko Damono
No. 2 Libertas (for baritone soloist & mixed choir, accompanied by 8 instrumentalists. There is also a version for a symphony orchestra as the accompaniment) based on poems by Chairil Anwar, Ilham Malayu, Sapardi Djoko Damono, Walt Whitman, Luis Cernuda, WS Rendra, Hasan Aspahani
Choral (a cappella)
Jokpiniana No. 1, for SSAATTBB 4'
Kita Ciptakan Kemerdekaan, for SSATBarB (from the cantata LIBERTAS) 3'30
Para Papa Mozart, for SSAATTBB 3'
Psalm 148, for SSAATTBB 4'
Parallel Madrigals (very short pieces for a cappella chamber choirs, each could be performed separately)
Hei! Jangan Kau Patahkan, for 4-part treble voices
A Hymn for the Olympic Sportsmen, for 4-part treble voices
Choral and orchestral
Stanza Suara, for 6-part choir, orchestra and angklung
Marzukiana Pianistica, 2 fantasies for piano & orchestra
Marzukiana Violinistica, 2 fantasies for violin & orchestra
The Voyage to Marege , for orchestra with flute concertante & optional didgeridoo
The Arrival of Islam (part 2 from The Voyage to Marege'''), for flute concertante & orchestra with optional didgeridoo
Love at the times of Srivijaya (from The Voyage to Marege, with different beginning & ending), for orchestra
Wagner's Restless Nights, a short overture for piano & orchestra
Fons Juventatis, a short overture for piano & orchestra
An Ode to the Nation, for tenor solo, children's choir & orchestra (based on speeches by B.J. Habibie)
Overture to Clara, for orchestra
Overture to Tumirah, for orchestra
Chamber music
Requiescat, for English horn & string quartet or string orchestra (Intermezzo from the cantata LIBERTAS) 5'
Lontano, for string quartet (choreographic interlude from the opera "Mengapa Kau Culik Anak Kami") 5'
Rescuing Ariadne, for flute & piano 6'30"
Prelude and Intermezzo from the opera "Ibu", for flute & piano 6'
Chamber music written for handicapped pianists (LH normal, RH only functioning with 2 fingers). Can be played by normal (intermediate level) pianists
Someone's stolen her heart (and I found it), for viola & piano 3'
The Sleepers, for violin & piano 3'
Sweet Sorrow, for violin & piano
Funfair Fanfare, for trumpet & piano 3'
Nothing Gold can stay (Robert Frost), for soprano & piano 2'
Daun Jati (S. Yoga), for baritone (with falsetti) & piano 2'
The Pirates are Coming, for 1 pianist with only 2 fingers acc. by 1 pianist (both hands)
Piano(s)
The Humiliation of Drupadi, for 2 pianos 6'
Schumann's Psychosis, for 3 pianos 6 pianists 5'30"
5 Etudes for Solo Piano Rapsodia Nusantara no. 1 - 10 (number still growing) for piano solo
Just a Minute!, 13 pieces for left hand alone
37 easy to moderately difficult pieces in "Alicia's First Piano Book"Vocal works (accompanied by piano otherwise indicated)
Senyap Dalam Derai, 6 songs for soprano
Gemuruhnya Malam, 4 songs for baritone
Canda Empat Penjuru, 4 short songs (Autumn, Winter, Spring, Summer) for baritone
A Untuk Akis, Alam dan Angkasa, 5 songs for baritone
Ilham di Penjara, 3 songs for high voice
Nyanyian Malam, 12 songs for medium voice
Love and Variations, 8 songs for soprano & baritone duet
Sajak 3 Bagian, for tenor and guitar
Arias from the opera "Pro Patria"
3 duets (soprano & baritone) from Cantata no. 1 "Ars Amatoria"
Haikus (soprano, clarinet & cello) on haikus by Abang Edwin SA
Bibirku Bersujud di bibirmu (soprano, fl/alt fl, violin, piano), a "choreographic essay" based on a poem by Hasan Aspahani 14'
Two songs on poems by Walt Whitman, for medium-high voice & piano ("I sit and look out" and "Darkness and my lover"
Two Sapardi songs for Binu, for medium voice
Solo Instrumental
Satria Sendiri, for bassoon solo (from the opera "Mengapa Kau Culik Anak Kami") 3'
You had Me at Hello, 3 pieces for flute solo (choreographic intermezzi from the cantata "Ars Amatoria") 7'
The 5 Lovers of Drupadi, for guitar solo 5'30"
3 Star Signs, for oboe solo (one of them is for circular breathing). each 1 - 2 mins
Bachlindrome, for cello solo
Discography
The Pentatonic Connection (Music influenced by Javanese & Balinese Gamelan)
Complete Piano Works of
Trisutji Kamal: CD 1 from "Complete Piano Works series" : Elaborations of Indonesian Folkmelodies and Individual Works
Trisutji Kamal (Complete Piano Works Series) : CD 2 Sunda Seascapes (7 pieces, 1990) & Music for Films (5 pieces).
Jesus Rueda: Complete Works for Strings and piano (with the Arditti Quartet)
Jesus Rueda: Works for piano & ensemble (including 2 piano concerti)
Santiago Lanchares: Complete Piano Works
Music on and off the Keys (music by Theo Loevendie etc.)
Peter Sculthorpe: Spirits of Place (mostly piano music, and 2 Trios)
David del Puerto: Symphony no. 2 "Nusantara" for piano & orchestra
David del Puerto: Complete works for piano solo
References
External links
Official website
Indonesian classical pianists
Indonesian classical composers
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century classical composers
University of Hartford alumni
Royal Conservatory of The Hague alumni
Indonesian Muslims
Indonesian expatriates in Spain
Musicians from Jakarta
1968 births
Living people
Choral composers |
The blessing scam, also called the ghost scam or jewelry scam, is a confidence trick typically perpetrated against elderly women of Chinese origin. The scam originated in China and Hong Kong and victims have fallen to it worldwide including in Chinatowns and overseas Chinese communities. The object of the scam is to persuade the victim to put valuables into a bag, which the perpetrator then secretly swaps for a different bag, enabling them to take the valuables.
Operation of the scam
The scam typically requires three people. One approaches the victim and casually begins a conversation, introducing the topic of a certain healer, herbalist, traditional doctor or psychic. The second con artist, a shill, appears to coincidentally overhear the conversation, and states that they know of and have been helped by the healer in — for example, that the healer cured their broken hand or healed their mother after a stroke. This provides social proof, lending credibility to the first con artist's depiction of the healer's powers.
The two then persuade the mark to visit the healer. In some variants, they happen upon a relative of the healer who also is purported to have special powers; in others, they meet the healer himself. The healer then states that a ghost or spirit is following the mark, and that a family member is in danger or some other ill is about to befall them. The healer offers to perform a blessing ritual to get rid of the evil spirits or ghost.
The purported blessing ceremony requires the mark to put valuables in the bag, reflecting the common religious theme of needing to provide something of value in order to gain blessings. The mark is encouraged to put as much valuable content in the bag as possible. A prayer is then said over the bag containing the valuables, and the mark is reassured that the ghost has been banished, but that to preserve the effect they should not open the bag for some long amount of time.
Unbeknownst to the target of the scam, the bag containing the valuables was swapped during the ceremony for an identical bag containing valueless objects — newspaper instead of cash, for example. When the target opens the bag a month later, they realize that they have been scammed out of all their money.
Communities targeted
Overseas Chinese elderly women are believed to be targeted for several reasons :
Non-reliance on banks – They are likely to have large amounts of cash in their homes rather than in savings accounts.
Social isolation – They often do not speak English, and so are more willing to talk to a stranger who approaches them speaking their own language.
Spiritual beliefs – In the religious traditions prevalent in these communities, it is believable that a healer would be able to spot bad energy and use a ceremony to remove it.
Shame culture – When they are scammed out of their life savings, they are less likely to go to the police or warn their communities because they are ashamed of having been fooled.
Filial piety – There is a strong sense of duty as a parent to protect their family from harm.
These scams have been reported in San Francisco, New York, Los Angeles, Seattle, England, Turkey, Scotland, Australia, and New Zealand.
One source states that the suspects in one case had also traveled to Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Brunei and Cambodia. Over the course of a year, reported cases of the scam have cost San Franciscans alone over $1.5 million.
Law enforcement response
San Francisco issued a public safety alert which, along with media publicity, led a mark to recognize the scam and go to the police. The prosecution was controversial because the scammers claimed they were being forced by organized crime bosses to operate the scam, or their relatives would be harmed.
References
Confidence tricks |
The Wilhelm Raabe Literature Prize () is a German literary award established in 2000 by the city of Braunschweig and the radio broadcaster Deutschlandradio. It is named after the 18th-century writer Wilhelm Raabe and is awarded for an individual work. The prize sum is €30,000, making it one of the most significant German literary awards after the Georg Büchner Prize and the Joseph-Breitbach-Preis.
Recipients
Source:
2000: Rainald Goetz for Abfall für alle
2002: Jochen Missfeldt for Gespiegelter Himmel
2004: Ralf Rothmann for Junges Licht
2006: Wolf Haas for Das Wetter vor 15 Jahren
2008: Katja Lange-Müller for Böse Schafe
2010: Andreas Maier for Das Zimmer
2011: Sibylle Lewitscharoff for Blumenberg
2012: Christian Kracht for Imperium
2013: Marion Poschmann for Die Sonnenposition
2014: Thomas Hettche for Pfaueninsel
2015: Clemens J. Setz for Die Stunde zwischen Frau und Gitarre
2016: Heinz Strunk for Der goldene Handschuh
2017: Petra Morsbach for Justizpalast
2018: Judith Schalansky for Verzeichnis einiger Verluste
2019: Norbert Scheuer for Winterbienen
2020: for Die Dame mit der bemalten Hand
2021: for Besichtigung eines Unglücks
2022: for Trottel
2023: Judith Hermann for Wir hätten uns alles gesagt
Previous Recipients
The award had until 1990 been known as the Wilhelm Raabe Prize.
1944 Ricarda Huch
1947 Fritz von Unruh
1948 Werner Bergengruen
1949 Ina Seidel
1950 Hermann Hesse
1954 Max Frisch
1957 Friedrich Georg Jünger
1960 Gerd Gaiser
1963 Hans Erich Nossack
1966 Heimito von Doderer
1972 Walter Kempowski
1975 Uwe Johnson
1978 Horst Bienek
1981 Hermann Lenz
1984 Alois Brandstetter
1987 Siegfried Lenz
1990 Gerhard Köpf
References
External links
Awards established in 2000
Culture in Braunschweig
German literary awards |
The 2023 Premier Volleyball League (PVL) season is the sixth season of the Premier Volleyball League that started on February 4, 2023, with the first 2023 Premier Volleyball League First All-Filipino Conference.
First All-Filipino conference
Participating teams
Preliminary round
Final round
Final standings
Awards
Invitational conference
Participating teams
Preliminary round
Classification round
11th place match
9th place match
7th place match
Final round
Semifinals
Finals
3rd place match
Championship
Final standings
Awards
Second All-Filipino conference
Changes
Participating teams
Preliminary round
Final round
Final standings
Awards
Conference results
See also
2023 Spikers' Turf season
References
2023 in Philippine sport
Premier Volleyball League
2023 in women's volleyball
Current volleyball seasons |
A mail plane is an aircraft used for carrying mail.
Aircraft that were purely mail planes existed almost exclusively prior to World War II. Because early aircraft were too underpowered to carry cargoes, and too costly to run any "economy class" passenger-carrying service, the main civilian role for aircraft was to carry letters faster than previously possible. In 1934, some mail services in the USA were operated by the United States Army Air Corps, soon ending in the Air Mail scandal.
In the past, mail-carrying aircraft had to carry a special official emblem on the fuselages; in case of British-registered aircraft, a special Royal Air Mail pennant (a blue triangular flag with a crowned bugle emblem in yellow and the letters "ROYAL AIR MAIL" in white) would sometimes be flown as well.
From the late 1940s, mail planes became increasingly rare, as the increasing size of aircraft and economics dictated a move towards bulk carriage of mail onboard airline flights, and this remains the primary method today. Parcel mail, overnight mail and priority mail, however, are still carried aboard what may be considered the spiritual successors of classic, pre-war mail planes; small, general aviation aircraft that have been adapted to the role, with the Cessna 208 and Piper PA-31 Navajo being among the most popular. Cargo airline operators, such as UPS and FedEx, also carry mail along with bulk cargo, aboard converted airliners.
See also
Airmail
Volumetric weight
Short Mayo Composite
References
Plane |
YAGO (Yet Another Great Ontology) is an open source knowledge base developed at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics in Saarbrücken. It is automatically extracted from Wikipedia and other sources.
YAGO3 has knowledge of more than 10 million entities and contains more than 120 million facts about these entities. The information in YAGO is extracted from Wikipedia (e.g., categories, redirects, infoboxes), WordNet (e.g., synsets, hyponymy), and GeoNames.
The accuracy of YAGO was manually evaluated to be above 95% on a sample of facts. To integrate it to the linked data cloud, YAGO has been linked to the DBpedia ontology and to the SUMO ontology.
YAGO3 is provided in Turtle and tsv formats. Dumps of the whole database are available, as well as thematic and specialized dumps. It can also be queried through various online browsers and through a SPARQL endpoint hosted by OpenLink Software. The source code of YAGO3 is available on GitHub.
YAGO has been used in the Watson artificial intelligence system.
See also
Commonsense knowledge bases
Cyc
Evi (software)
Wikidata
DBpedia
References
External links
New Homepage
YAGO Homepage
Max Planck Institute for Informatics
Knowledge bases
Online databases
Creative Commons-licensed databases |
Robert III de Stuteville (died 1186) was an English baron and justiciar.
Life
He was son of Robert II de Stuteville (from Estouteville in Normandy), one of the northern barons who commanded the English at the battle of the Standard in August 1138. His grandfather, Robert Grundebeof, had supported Robert of Normandy at the battle of Tinchebray in 1106, where he was taken captive and kept in prison for the rest of his life.
Robert de Stuteville, the third, occurs as witness to a charter of Henry II of England on 8 January 1158 at Newcastle-on-Tyne. He was a justice itinerant in the counties of Cumberland and Northumberland in 1170–1171, and High Sheriff of Yorkshire from Easter 1170 to Easter 1175. The king's Knaresborough Castle and Appleby Castle were in his custody in April 1174, when they were captured by David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon.
Stuteville, with his brothers and sons, was active in support of the king during the war of 1174, and he took a prominent part in the capture of William the Lion at Alnwick on 13 July (Rog. Hov. ii. 60). He was one of the witnesses to the Spanish award on 16 March 1177, and from 1174 to 1181 was constantly in attendance on the king, both in England and abroad.
He seems to have died in the early part of 1186. He claimed the barony, which had been forfeited by his grandfather, from Roger de Mowbray, who by way of compromise gave him Kirby Moorside.
He is the probable founder of the nunneries of Keldholme and Rosedale, Yorkshire, and was a benefactor of Rievaulx Abbey.
Family
Stuteville by his wife, Helewise de Murdac, he had two sons William and Nicholas and two daughters, Burga, who was married to William de Vesci and Helewise, who was married firstly to William de Lancaster, secondly to Hugh de Morville and thirdly to William de Greystoke. He may have also had sons Robert, Eustace and Osmund.
Robert de Stuteville was probably brother of the Roger de Stuteville who was sheriff of Northumberland from 1170 to 1185, and defended Wark on Tweed Castle against William the Lion in 1174. Roger received charge of Edinburgh Castle in 1177, and he built the first Burton Agnes Manor House. However Roger may have been his kinsman, not his brother, as son of Osmund de Stuteville (b. about 1125, of Burton Agnes, Yorkshire, England, d. before Sep 1202) and his wife (m. abt 1146) Isabel de Gressinghall, daughter of William Fitz Roger de Gressinghall.
References
1186 deaths
12th-century English judges
High Sheriffs of Yorkshire
Year of birth unknown |
Barnabás Berzsenyi (12 February 1918 – 18 June 1993) was a Hungarian fencer. He won a silver medal in the team épée event at the 1956 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1918 births
1993 deaths
Hungarian male épée fencers
Olympic fencers for Hungary
Fencers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Hungary
Olympic medalists in fencing
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
20th-century Hungarian people |
Lukáš Cingel (born 10 June 1992) is a Slovak professional ice hockey forward currently playing for Mountfield HK in the Czech Extraliga (ELH).
He participated for Slovakia at the 2017 IIHF World Championship.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
Slovak ice hockey forwards
Sportspeople from Žilina
Ice hockey people from the Žilina Region
Slovak expatriate ice hockey players in the Czech Republic
Baie-Comeau Drakkar players
HC Sparta Praha players
MsHK Žilina players
HC Lev Praha players
Stadion Hradec Králové players
Ice hockey players at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic ice hockey players for Slovakia
Slovak expatriate ice hockey players in Canada |
Maadi Veettu Mappillai () is a 1967 Indian Tamil-language comedy film, directed by S. K. A. Chari. A remake of the Telugu film Illarikam (1959), it stars Ravichandran and Jayalalithaa, with Nagesh, Rama Prabha, V. K. Ramasamy, Balaji, Major Sundarrajan, T. S. Muthaiah, Udaya Chandrika and P. K. Saraswathy in supporting roles. The film was released on 23 June 1967.
Plot
Somu studies with the help of his maternal uncle Dharmalingam. He falls in love with the daughter of a Sivagnanam i.e. Meena. He gets married to her and stays in their house as Veettu Mappilai. Sivagnanam's wife does not like this and insults him indirectly. Her cousin plots to usurp the wealth, by his son Balu who secretly married Seetha. Somu spots Seetha, his presumed to be dead sister while she was performing on stage. Not knowing they are siblings, Meena suspects Somu's fidelity. Balu and his father creates problems between Somu and Meena. How Somu solves all the problems and paves way for a happy family reunion forms the rest of the film.
Cast
Ravichandran as Somu
Jayalalithaa as Meena
Nagesh as Shankaran
Rama Prabha as Gowri
V. K. Ramasamy as Dharmalingam
Balaji as Balu
Major Sundarrajan as Sivagnanam
T. S. Muthaiah as Sadatcharam
Udaya Chandrika as Seetha
P. K. Saraswathy as Nagamma
Soundtrack
The music was composed by T. Chalapathi Rao.
Release and reception
Maadi Veettu Mappilai was released on 23 June 1967, and distributed by Sri Vinayaka Movies. Kalki noted that the film's various flaws were eclipsed by its comedy.
References
Bibliography
External links
1960s Tamil-language films
1966 comedy films
1967 films
Films scored by T. Chalapathi Rao
Indian black-and-white films
Indian comedy films
Tamil remakes of Telugu films |
The Civil Service Act, 1918 was an Act of the Parliament of Canada that following the First World War. The Act initiated a number of reforms to be made to the Civil Service of Canada and had implications on how Canadian public administration unfolded over the following decades.
The Act was amended in 1938 and 1961. In 1967, the Act was replaced by the Public Service Employment Act 1967 and Public Service Staff Relations Act. The two Acts were amended by the Public Service Reform Act 1992. The Public Service Employment Act 1967 was itself replaced by the Public Service Employment Act 2003.
Background
In 1911, a number of members of the Ontario business community made a proposal to the then leader of the opposition, Robert Borden. In the proposal, they agreed to support Borden in the upcoming election if he instituted reforms in the civil service.
Those who lobbied for the reforms made the argument that until then the Civil Service of Canada had been inefficient largely as a result of patronage. Under a patronage system, the civil service had a tendency to go through a larger turnover than otherwise, as it is largely replaced following the formation of every new government. The direct result of this is a more limited expertise on the part of those occupying important government positions, decreasing productivity and efficiency in government.
More specifically, it was argued that this inefficient organization of the civil service reduced the international comparative advantage of Canada, having negative implications on the financial interests of Canadian businesses. They saw a more professional and skilled civil service as being conducive with these interests.
The Act
A cornerstone of the Act was to shift away from these patronage-based appointments towards merit-based appointments to the civil service. Specifically, the Act called for a Civil Service Commission, which was later renamed the Public Service Commission of Canada, to oversee all appointments to the public service, as means of detaching the politicians from the appointment process.
Competitive exams were introduced with the commission to ensure competency among the service. In addition, much of the civil service was reorganized, and the job-classification system was overhauled.
Effects
The Act led to a more professional, competent and skilled Canadian civil service. Moreover, the decreased turn-over associated with merit-based civil service results in a bureaucracy with interests more aligned with national, as opposed to partisan-political, well-being.
See also
List of Acts of Parliament of Canada
References
1918 in Canadian law
Canadian federal legislation
Government of Canada
Political history of Canada |
Men's giant slalom World Cup 1993/1994
Final point standings
In men's giant slalom World Cup 1993/94 all results count. Christian Mayer won the cup with only one race win.
Note:
In the last race only the best racers were allowed to compete and only the best 15 finishers were awarded with points.
References
fis-ski.com
World Cup
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup men's giant slalom discipline titles |
```xml
import type { Instance as Color } from 'tinycolor2';
import tinycolor from 'tinycolor2';
import isBetween from '@proton/utils/isBetween';
import shade from './shade';
import tint from './tint';
function genMutation(color: Color) {
return function (mutation: number) {
const clone = color.clone();
return mutation > 0 ? tint(clone, mutation) : shade(clone, Math.abs(mutation));
};
}
function genButtonShades(base: Color, light: boolean) {
const hsv = base.toHsv();
if (hsv.s <= 0.3) {
if (light) {
return [70, 50, 0, -5, -10, -15].map(genMutation(base));
} else {
return [-70, -50, 0, 10, 20, 30].map(genMutation(base));
}
}
if (isBetween(hsv.h, 30, 60)) {
if (light) {
const tinted = [90, 80, 0].map(genMutation(base));
const shaded = [-5, -10, -15].map(genMutation(base)).map((c, i) => {
const hsl = c.toHsl();
hsl.h = hsl.h - 5 * (i + 1);
return tinycolor(hsl);
});
return [...tinted, ...shaded];
} else {
const shaded = [-80, -70].map(genMutation(base)).map((c) => {
const hsl = c.toHsl();
hsl.h = hsl.h - 15;
return tinycolor(hsl);
});
const tinted = [0, 10, 20, 30].map(genMutation(base));
return [...shaded, ...tinted];
}
}
if (light) {
return [90, 80, 0, -10, -20, -30].map(genMutation(base));
} else {
return [-80, -70, 0, 10, 20, 30].map(genMutation(base));
}
}
export default genButtonShades;
``` |
The Ballade No. 4 in F minor, Op. 52 is a ballade for solo piano by Frédéric Chopin, completed in 1842 in Paris. It is commonly considered one of the masterpieces of 19th-century piano music.
Of the four ballades, it is considered by many pianists to be the most difficult, both technically and musically. It is also the longest, taking around ten to twelve minutes to perform. According to John Ogdon, it is "the most exalted, intense and sublimely powerful of all Chopin's compositions... It is unbelievable that it lasts only twelve minutes, for it contains the experience of a lifetime."
History
The circumstances of composition are poorly documented, though it appears that Chopin began composing shortly after the completion of Ballade No. 3. By December 1842, the ballade was finished, and he offered it for sale to Breitkopf & Härtel, along with the Heroic Polonaise and the fourth Scherzo.
The work was dedicated to Baroness Rothschild, wife of Nathaniel de Rothschild, who had invited Chopin to play in her Parisian residence, where she introduced him to the aristocracy and nobility.
In the preface to his edition of Chopin's ballades, Alfred Cortot claims that the inspiration for this ballade is Adam Mickiewicz's poem The Three Budrys, which tells of three brothers sent away by their father to seek treasures, and the story of their return with three Polish brides.
Structure
A phrase in the dominant major (marked piano) opens the seven introductory bars and leads into the first subject of sonata-form exposition, a melody with Slavonic coloration. The first theme undergoes four cumulative transformations with decorations, counter-melodies, counterpoint, and a nocturne-like fioritura. The development of the second theme and its intertwining with the first heightens the complexity of the musical structure and builds tension. Through the intertwining and thus the simultaneous development of the two themes, Chopin effectively combines the use of both the sonata form and the variation form. The body of the piece concludes with a series of accented fortissimo chords, followed by a momentary calm of five pianissimo chords. This then suddenly leads into an extremely fast, turbulent coda, written in exuberant counterpoint. Structurally, Ballade No. 4 is decidedly intricate.
Musical analysis
A distinguishing feature of the fourth ballade is its contrapuntal nature. Counterpoint is found only sporadically in Ballades Nos. 1 and 2. The fourth ballade is musically more subtle than the other three, as most of its portions remain melancholic and profound. Although there are some substantial outbursts in the central sections of the music, the coda reveals its greatest momentum.
gives a careful musical analysis of the ballade, characterising its "purposeful ambivalence". Samson divides the complex structure into sections, starting with the bell-like Introduction, bars 1–7: the slow waltz in the first theme and variations — Theme I in F minor, bars 7–22, Variation I, bars 23–36, and Variation II, bars 58–71; and the second theme, Theme II in the subdominant B flat major, bars 80–99, The pastoral second theme is a cross between a barcarolle and a chorale. This is followed by an episode in which the key passes to A-flat major. The return of the Introduction, in an unexpected key, is musically a moment of great pathos. As Samson writes: "The journey from this point to the reprise [of Theme II] is one of the most magical passages in Chopin. The main strands of Theme I are here isolated and presented in contrapuntal combination ... Moreover one of these strands is gradually and beautifully transformed into the unobtrusive return of the introduction in the remote foreground region of A major, a transition made possible by the shared repeated notes of the introduction and Theme I. This is the mid-point of the structure [and] enables his reprise to begin in the unexpected key of D minor."
This further variation of Theme I, Variation III, accomplishes the "canonic aspirations" of previous thematic material, revealing its dynamism and its progressively contrapuntal and polyphonic texture. According to Samson, "The tonal setting of the reprise proves ingeniously deceptive, exploiting the minor third sequence built into Theme I to return the music very quickly to the tonic. The canonic element is thus absorbed unobtrusively into the harmonic flow of the original material." There is a fourth variation of Theme I, Variation IV, at bar 152. It has a "cantabile-decorative treatment of exquisitely moulded ornamental melody". At this point the whole movement at last begins to spring into bloom, as its "nocturne-like" embellishments in the high register become even more adventurous. The unexpected return to D-flat major and Theme II provides a climax of great majesty. Samson writes that: "It is indeed a glorious moment. The deceptive innocence of Theme II is transformed into a powerful apotheosis, building with ever more impassioned fervour towards ... the return to F minor. The structural dominant appears now for the first time in the work and it remains suspended, poised on a precipice of harmonic tension, while a series of pianissimo chords prolongs it in a brief illusion of repose. The bravura closing section which follows seems to exorcise earlier conflicts and tensions in a white heat of virtuosity. These final moments are among the most majestic perorations in all Chopin."
References
External links
Compositions by Frédéric Chopin
1842 compositions
Compositions in F minor
Music with dedications
Piano ballades |
Slate Mountain is a summit in the U.S. state of Nevada. The elevation is .
Slate Mountain was so named on account of its material composition. A variant name is "Slate Peak".
References
Mountains of Churchill County, Nevada |
New Haw is a village which is part of the Borough of Runnymede in Surrey, England. It is located approximately south of Addlestone and southwest by west of London.
Geography
New Haw borders Byfleet, Addlestone, Weybridge, Ottershaw, West Byfleet and Woodham.
The Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, an executive agency of DEFRA, has its central laboratories in a semi-rural part of New Haw. The laboratory is notable as being one of the principal test centres for the H5N1 virus.
New Haw stands on an irregular south-west border close to Woking, the River Wey, the start of the Basingstoke Canal, and the (River Bourne, Addlestone Branch). The Wey Navigation rises through three steep locks in the relatively short New Haw section.
History
"Haw" is an Old English word for "lock gate", and it is possible that New Haw developed following the installation of the "new" lock gate in 1653, near The White Hart pub. The Grade II Listed New Haw lock-keeper's cottage (pictured) dates from 1782 but was heavily rebuilt with steel strengthening beams added above the ground floor windows after a gas explosion and fire in 1982. It appeared as Mr. Bedford's "Cherry Cottage" in the 1964 science-fiction film First Men in the Moon, based loosely on the H.G. Wells novel of the same title published in 1901.
There is a little evidence of New Haw's history. The original village was a hamlet of Woking, around Crockford Park farm, bordering Addlestone.
Several aeroplanes are believed to have crashed in New Haw during the early decades of the 20th century. On 25 May 1912, an Avro Type F cabin monoplane landed upside down on nearby Addlestone Moor. Photographic evidence of this accident is held by Brooklands Museum.
The village centre lies around the junction of Woodham Lane and the Scotland Bridge Road roundabout and on the northwest side of the latter, until recently, a well-established motor vehicle sales business occupied an original 1930s garage, petrol station and workshop known for many years as "Woodham Motors". Although the front of the premises have been somewhat altered in recent years, the pre-war brick-built central two-story clock tower with large two-bay workshop behind survive in good condition and make an interesting local landmark.
With the commuter boom of the 1950/60s, New Haw expanded further southwest down Woodham Lane towards West Byfleet and Woodham and a popular shopping area for local residents is The Broadway, where a number of shops, public houses and restaurants are located.
Churches
In 1873 All Saints School was founded as a school for Poor Persons, probably with a grant from John Marshall-Paine, who had previously lived at Sayes Court, Addlestone. The school opened in 1874 and included accommodation for 92 pupils. School records show that there were frequent absences during harvesting or at other times when help was needed on the farms. Conditions at the school were far from ideal. The schoolroom was often in need of repair, and during the winter of 1906 temperatures plummeted to 1 °C (35 degrees Fahrenheit), and at one time the teacher of the infants was herself only 11 years old.
In 1911 the school became All Saints' Church. It is part of the diocese of Guildford. All Saints' New Haw has a thriving congregation including a range of youth activities and a full programme of events for all ages. In 2009 Bosco's and Claire's Cafe were added to the church buildings.
Amenities
The village has a number of open spaces. The largest is Heathervale Park, a green space bordering the Basingstoke canal. Fullbrook School offers local residents athletic facilities, including a gym, football pitches, and tennis courts. There are a number of public houses throughout the area: the Black Prince (dating from 1937 and still largely unaltered externally) on Woodham Lane and Scotland Bridge Road roundabout, the Station (was the Claremont, then the Catherine of Aragon) next to West Byfleet railway station, and The White Hart adjacent to the Wey Navigation on New Haw Road roundabout with Woodham Lane and Byfleet Road.
Education
Local schools include: New Haw Junior School, Fullbrook School, the Grange Community Infant School, and the Grove nursery.
Transport
The M25 motorway passes, without junctions for more than 3 miles, through the west of the village. The main north-south road, the A318 road in New Haw is one of few A-roads in the South East to have narrow sections for HGVs at the bridge crossing the Wey Navigation and with a sharp bend on the turn-off for Woodham.
The village has two railway stations: West Byfleet and Byfleet and New Haw, which was originally called West Weybridge.
Tug of War
In the 1950s/60s New Haw and Woodham Tug of War club won a number of national titles. They even appeared in the American magazine Sports Illustrated.
References
External links
All Saint's Church webpage.
Villages in Surrey
Borough of Runnymede |
The 23rd Senate of Puerto Rico was the upper house of the 15th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico that met from January 2, 2005 to January 1, 2009. All members were elected in the General Elections of 2004. The Senate had a majority of members from the New Progressive Party (PNP).
The body is counterparted by the 27th House of Representatives of Puerto Rico in the lower house.
Leadership
Members
Membership
References
23
2005 in Puerto Rico
2006 in Puerto Rico
2007 in Puerto Rico
2008 in Puerto Rico
2009 in Puerto Rico |
Caloptilia pterostoma is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Assam and Meghalaya, India.
References
pterostoma
Moths of Asia
Moths described in 1922 |
This is a list of the largest daily changes in the Russell 2000 Index since 1987.
Largest percentage changes
Largest point changes
Largest intraday point swings
Largest daily percentage changes per year
Year has not yet ended.
See also
Russell 2000 Index
List of largest daily changes in the S&P 500 Index
List of largest daily changes in the Nasdaq Composite
List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average
References
External links
https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/%5ERUT/history?p=%5ERUT
Economy-related lists of superlatives
2000_index_changes |
William Simmonds may refer to:
William Simmonds (craftsman) (1876–1968), English draftsman, artist and craftsman
William Simmonds (cricketer) (1892–1957), English cricketer
William Simmonds Chatterley (1787–1822), English actor
W. H. Simmonds (William Henry Simmonds, 1860–1934), newspaper editor in Tasmania |
Rashi's daughters were the three daughters and only children of the medieval Talmudic scholar, Rashi and his wife Rivka. Their three daughters were Yocheved, Miriam and Rachel (11th–12th century). They each married their father's finest students and were the mothers of the leaders of the next generation of French Talmudic scholars. Almost every Ashkenazi rabbinic dynasty traces its ancestry back to either Yocheved or Miriam, and the majority of the tosafists, were recent descendants of Rashi's daughters. All born in Troyes, France, their descendants inhabited Germany, France, and Italy in the early 11th to 15th centuries, with the majority later moving to Eastern Europe, where they established several notable rabbinic dynasties.
Yocheved and family
Yocheved bat Shlomo Yitzchaki (Hebrew: יוכבד בת שלמה יצחקי) was born between 1058 and 1062 in Troyes, and died in 1135 in Ramerupt. She married Meir ben Samuel, son of Samuel of Vives and Miriam. He was born around 1060 in Ramerupt, where he died in 1135, a few months after her.
They had four sons: Isaac ben Meir, Samuel ben Meir, Solomon ben Meir, and Jacob ben Meir. Despite the modern Ashkenazi naming custom, Yocheved's son Solomon was born during her father's lifetime. Yocheved and Meir had at least two daughters: Hannah, who advised the local women to make the blessing after candle lighting and not before, and Miriam. Meir and Yocheved also had a grandson, Isaac ben Samuel of Dampierre.
Yocheved's name appears in MS de Rossi 181.
Miriam and family
Miriam bat Shlomo Yitzchaki (Hebrew: מרים בת שלמה יצחקי) was born between 1058 and 1062 and died after 1090. She married Judah ben Nathan of Paris and Alvina. He was born around 1065 in Mainz and died around 1105 in Paris.
They had a one known daughter, Alvina, a learned woman whose customs served as an example for other Jewish women. They also had three sons: Yom Tov ben Judah, Samson ben Judah and Eliezer ben Judah. Yom Tov later moved to Paris and headed a yeshiva there, along with his brothers.
Rachel and another daughter
Rachel bat Shlomo Yitzchaki (Hebrew: רחל בת שלמה יצחקי) was born in Troyes around 1070. She married Rabbi Eliezer. They had no children.
Almost nothing is known about Rachel except for a letter that Rabbenu Tam wrote to his cousin, Yom Tov, in which he mentioned that their aunt Rachel was divorced from her husband, Eliezer. One of Rashi's responsa discusses the case of his young daughter losing a valuable ring at a time when Yocheved and Miriam were adults, so there was clearly another daughter much younger than her older sisters. In addition, Rashi is mentioned as having a grandson, Shemiah, and a granddaughter, Miriam, whose mother was neither Yocheved nor Miriam.
Avraham Grossman, based on a responsum that details how Rashi mourned for a little girl during a Jewish festival even though such mourning is prohibited, have postulated that he was mourning the death of his own young daughter, who would have been younger than Rachel.
Rashi's family circle
Rashi
Yocheved bat Rashi & Meir ben Samuel
Isaac ben Meir (RIvaM)
Samuel ben Meir (RaShbaM)
Solomon ben Meir
Jacob ben Meir (Rabbeinu Tam)
Margolioth family
Hannah bat Meir & Samuel ben Simhah of Vitry
Isaac ben Samuel (RI HaZaken)
Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre (Rabbeinu Elkhanan)
Samuel ben Elhanan Jaffe
Jaffe family
Miriam bat Rashi & Judah ben Nathan (RIBaN)
Yom Tov ben Judah
Judah ben Yom Tov
Isaac ben Judah
Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon
daughter of Isaac ben Judah & Yechiel of Paris
Moses ben Yechiel
Joseph ben Moses
Matityahu ben Joseph
Abraham ben Matityahu
Lurie family and Treves family
Rachel bat Rashi & Eliezer
Legends
There are a couple of legends about Rashi's daughters, all suggesting that they possessed unusual piety and scholarship.
The best-known states that they were learned in Torah and Talmud at a time when women were forbidden to study Talmud. A responsum of Rashi apparently notes that he is too weak to write and therefore is dictating to his daughter, but this is the result of copyist error, and in fact the responsum says that he was dictating to his grandson, Rashbam. Another version exists in which Rashbam is given explicitly as its author. In a separate responsum from the same period, Rashi dictates to "one of my brothers".
While there is no evidence that Rashi's daughters themselves wore tefillin, it is known that some women in 11th, 12th and 13th centuries France and Germany did and that Rashi's grandson Rabbenu Tam ruled a woman performing any mitzvah that she is not obligated to, including tefillin, must make the appropriate blessing.
References
External links
Video Lecture on Yocheved bat Rashi by Dr. Henry Abramson
Rashi's Daughters: A Novel of Life, Love and Talmud in Medieval France - a modern novel series inspired by the three daughters
French Orthodox Jews
People from Troyes
Medieval Jewish women
Sibling trios
11th-century French women
Women of medieval France
11th-century French Jews |
Professor Farrel Corcoran is an author and retired academic of Dublin City University. He has served as Head of Communication and Dean of the Faculty of Humanities at the university. From 1995 to 2000 he was chairman of RTÉ, the Republic of Ireland's public service broadcaster.
Farrel Corcoran was born in Borrisokane, he went to secondary school in St Finian's College, Mullingar, before entered Maynooth College as a clerical student, following his Humanities studies he left the seminary and became a teacher, in Ireland and abroad. He also worked at RTE. Corcoran went to the US to do postgraduate studies, earning a PhD from University of Oregon.
References
Published works
Books by Farrel Corcoran include:
RTÉ and the Globalisation of Irish Television, Intellect Books, 2004.
Academics of Dublin City University
Living people
People educated at St Finian's College
Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth
University of Oregon alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) |
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