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Sutton Elbert Griggs (June 19, 1872 – January 2, 1933) was an author, Baptist minister, and social activist. He is best known for his novel Imperium in Imperio, a utopian work that envisions a separate African-American state within the United States. He was African-American.
Biography
Early years
Griggs was born Elbert Sutton Griggs (he later changed the order of his given names) in 1872 in Chatfield, Texas, to the Rev. Allen R. and Emma Hodge Griggs, the second of eight children. His grandfather was born free in Africa before transport to America as an enslaved man. His father, a former Georgia slave, became a prominent Baptist minister and founder of the first black newspaper and high school in Texas. Sutton worked closely with his father on the National Baptist Convention's Education Committee. He wrote frequently later in life of his deep respect for his parents' characters and accomplishments.
Sutton Griggs attended Bishop College in Marshall, Texas and Richmond Theological Seminary. Upon graduation, he became pastor of the First Baptist Church in Berkley, Virginia. There he married Emma Williams, a teacher, in 1897. In 1899, he became pastor of Tabernacle Baptist Church in East Nashville and corresponding secretary of the National Baptist Convention. From 1894 to 1898, Griggs served as co-founder and publisher of the Virginia Baptist newspaper.
Career
Griggs was a prolific author, writing more than thirty books and pamphlets in his lifetime and selling them door-to-door or at the revival meetings at which he preached. His first novel, Imperium in Imperio, published in 1899, is his most famous. In 1901, Griggs founded the Orion Publishing Company to sell books to the African American market. None of his four subsequent novels achieved the success of Imperium in Imperio, but he produced a steady stream of social and religious tracts, as well as an autobiography.
An admirer of W. E. B. Du Bois and a supporter of the Niagara Movement and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Griggs was strongly influenced by contemporary social theory. He believed that the practice of social virtues alone could advance a culture and lead to economic success. The more radical ideas expressed in his novels, particularly Imperium in Imperio, have led him to be sometimes characterized as a militant separatist in the mold of Marcus Garvey. During his lifetime, however, his integrationist philosophy and courting of white philanthropy earned him the scorn of self-help advocates. His 1923 nonfiction book Guide to Racial Greatness; or The Science of Collective Efficiency advocated for racial uplift through collective efficiency.
Griggs's careers in both the church and social welfare sphere were active and itinerant. In Houston, he helped establish the National Civil and Religious Institute. In 1914, he founded the National Public Welfare League. From 1925 to 1926, he served as president of the American Baptist Theological Seminary, which his father helped found. His longest tenure—19 years as pastor of Tabernacle Baptist Church in Memphis—saw him act on his belief in the social mission of churches, providing the only swimming pool and gymnasium then available to African Americans in the city.
Death and legacy
The Wall Street Crash of 1929 stripped the Tabernacle of investment funds and led to its bankruptcy. Griggs returned to Hopewell Baptist Church in Denison, Texas, then to a brief pastorship in Houston. Shortly after resigning that post in 1933, he died in Houston, and was buried in Dallas.
Griggs as an author
Griggs's first novel follows a familiar formula: two childhood friends are separated by wealth, education, skin tone, and political outlook; one is a militant and one an integrationist. A traumatic incident galvanizes the more moderate friend into action, and the two work together to redress the injustice.
Imperium in Imperio (1899) follows this plotline with a startling twist: the revelation of an African American "empire within an empire," a shadow government complete with a Congress based in Waco, Texas. The light-skinned and more militant Bernard Belgrave who has been hand-picked to serve as president advocates a takeover of the Texas state government, while the dark-skinned Belton Piedmont argues for assimilation and cooperation. Bernard reluctantly has Belton executed as a traitor only after Belton resigns from the Imperium (an act that is tantamount to suicide), leaving the potentially violent and unstable Bernard in control of the Imperium as the novel ends.
The Hindered Hand, written in 1905 as a direct reply to Thomas Dixon's The Leopard's Spots, contains graphic accounts of sexual violence and lynching, and was among the most popular African-American novels of the period. In the novel's third edition, Griggs published a supplement entitled "A Hindering Hand: The Poor White and the Negro" which further criticized Dixon for instilling racism among poor whites against African Americans.
With a stiff prose style and long rhetorical passages punctuated by melodramatic events, Griggs' novels are not models of "literary" styling. However, for the African-American audiences for which they were written, the novels provided a rare opportunity to read about the political and social issues that preoccupied them, including violence, racism, and the pursuit of political and economic justice. At the time of his death, his works had been largely forgotten in wider literary circles.
Although he outsold more famous contemporaries, Griggs remained largely invisible in literary histories of the time. A re-issue of Imperium by the Arno Press in 1969 revived interest in Griggs, and the West Virginia University Press has since republished all five of his novels. Imperium has been embraced as an important addition to the history of utopian literature, western fiction, and African-American literature.
Footnotes
Works
Imperium in Imperio: A Study of the Negro Race Problem: A Novel. 1899. — HTML full text.
Overshadowed: A Novel. Nashville, TN: Orion Publishing Co., 1901.
Unfettered: A Novel. Nashville, TN: Orion Publishing Co., 1902.
The Hindered Hand; or, The Reign of the Repressionist. Nashville, TN: Orion Publishing Co., 1905.
The One Great Question: A Study of Southern Conditions at Close Range. Philadelphia, PA: Orion Publishing Co., 1907.
Pointing the Way. Nashville, TN: Orion Publishing Co., 1908.
Needs of the South. Nashville, TN: Orion Publishing Co., 1909.
Wisdom's Call. Memphis, TN: National Sentiment Moulding Bureau, 1911.
The Story of My Struggles. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1914.
How to Rise. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1915.
Life's Demands; or, According to Law. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, n.d. [c. 1916].
Building Our Own: A Plea for a Parallel Civilization: An address by Sutton E. Griggs. Memphis, TN: National Sentiment Moulding Bureau, n.d. [1920s].
Light on Racial Issues. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, n.d. [c. 1921].
Meeting the Great Test: Constructive Criticism of the Negro Race. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1922.
Guide to Racial Greatness; or, The Science of Collective Efficiency. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1923.
Kingdom Builders' Manual: Companion Book to Guide to Racial Greatness. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1924.
Triumph of the Simple Virtues; or, The Life Story of John L. Webb. Hot Springs, AR: Messenger Publishing Co., 1926.
The Winning Policy. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1927.
Basis of Hope for the Negro in the South. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1929.
Plan for Solving the Race Problem. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1929.
Proper Approach to the Race Question in the South. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1929.
The Nation's New Policy Toward the Negro. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, n.d. [1920s].
Friction Between the Races: Causes and Cure. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, n.d. [1920s].
Why the Nation Does Not Handle the Race Question. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, n.d. [1920s].
Further reading
Tess Chakkalakal and Kenneth W. Warren (eds.), Jim Crow, Literature, and the Legacy of Sutton E. Griggs. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2013.
Finnie D. Coleman, Sutton E. Griggs and the Struggle Against White Supremacy. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 2007.
Arlene A Elder, The "Hindered Hand": Cultural Implications of Early African-American Fiction. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978.
M. Giulia Fabi, "Race Travel in Turn-of-the-Century African American Utopian Fiction," in Passing and the Rise of the African American Novel. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2001.
John Cullen Gruesser, Black on Black: Twentieth-Century African American Writing about Africa. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2000.
---, The Empire Abroad and the Empire at Home: African American Literature and the Era of Overseas Expansion. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2012.
---, A Literary Life of Sutton E. Griggs: The Man on the Firing Line, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022.
---, "Seeking Justice through Novel Writing and Book Publishing: Sutton Griggs's Commitment to Literature and Battles in Print," Baptist History & Heritage, 50.2 (Summer 2015): 4-16.
Randolph Meade Walker, The Metamorphosis of Sutton E. Griggs: The Transition from Black Radical to Conservative, 1913-1933. Memphis, TN: Walker Publishing, 1991.
External links
"Sutton Elbert Griggs," Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Society.
Sutton Griggs website
1872 births
1933 deaths
19th-century American novelists
20th-century American novelists
African-American novelists
American memoirists
American male novelists
American social sciences writers
People from Navarro County, Texas
Baptist ministers from the United States
19th-century American male writers
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century African-American writers |
Charles Evans (November 13, 1850February 8, 1935) was an American librarian and bibliographer.
Evans was named one of American Libraries 100 most important library and information science leaders of the 20th century. Evans is most well known as the bibliographer and compiler of the first 12 volumes of his book, American Bibliography: A Chronological Dictionary of All Books, Pamphlets, and Periodical Publications Printed in the United States of America from the Genesis of Printing in 1639 Down to and Including the Year 1830, with Bibliographical and Biographical Notes. He was also a founder of the American Library Association along with Melvil Dewey.
Biography
Early life
The son of Irish immigrants Charles Peter and Mary Ewing Evans, Evans was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on November 13, 1850. Evans' parents both died before he was ten years old, at which point Evans and eventually his older brother, Thomas John, were sent to live and study at the Boston Asylum and Farm School for Indigent Boys on Thompson Island. Evans was so grateful for the education he received here, that decades later he donated a copy of each volume of his American Bibliography to the school, with an inscription from "an old Farm School boy." In this donation, he is quoted as saying that because of the Boston Asylum and Farm School, he came to value and live by “obedience, fidelity, individual character and industry. Possessed of these, there is nothing which may not be obtained in life”. In 1914, Evans was invited back to address students and guests at the school's 100th anniversary celebration.
Early stages of Evans' career
Evans studied under Samuel Eliot—a trustee of the Boston Athenaeum—at the Boston Asylum and Farm School, and made such an impression on him that by the time Evans turned 16, on June 12, 1866, Eliot had hired him as assistant librarian at the Boston Athenaeum. Evans did not have formal training of the scholars, bibliographers, and librarians who surrounded him. Because of this, library scholars were reluctant to aid him in his bibliography project. It was here that Evans met William Frederick Poole, the librarian who would make the biggest impact on Evans' life when it came to his knowledge and appreciation for the organization and classification in libraries. Years later into his career, Evans would recommend Poole join the American Library Association.
Career Timeline
1872-1878 Organizer and Librarian at the Indianapolis Public Library
1884-1887 Organizer and Assistant Librarian at the Enoch Pratt Free Library in Baltimore, MD
1887-1889 Organizer at the Omaha Public Library
1889-1892 Librarian at the Indianapolis Public Library
1892-1895 Classifier of the collections at the Newberry Library in Chicago
1895-1896 Organizer at the Virginia Library of the McCormick Theological Seminary of Chicago
1896-1901 Librarian at the Chicago Historical Society
Controversy surrounding Evans
Evans was known to oppose the relocation of libraries and was more than once consequently asked to submit his resignation due to the fuss he caused. In 1892, he was fired from the Indianapolis Public Library for publicly disagreeing with the board's plans to open a new building, which Evans believed would too-soon be congested with an influx of books. In 1901, Evans was dismissed from his post as librarian at the McCormick Theological Seminary in Chicago due to his quarreling over which classification to use – the committee wished to use Charles Cutter's system (which organized books by subject), while Evans demanded that they use the classification system he was both used to and fond of. Around the same time, Evans compiled his Charter, Constitution, By-laws, Roll of Membership, MDCCCLVI-MDCCCCI: List of Officers and Members, MDCCCCI (Chicago, 1901, printed for the Society) with several glaring factual errors, but when he refused to republish it correctly, they fired him.
American Library Association
In 1876, Evans, along with Melvil Dewey of the Dewey Decimal Classification system, co-founded the American Library Association. Evans recommended other integral members - renowned librarians he'd met along the way - to become a part of the association. These members then came together at a conference held in Philadelphia, where Evans would give a speech on his "The Sizes of Printed Books" paper, which was published in ALA's first volume of the Library Journal. In 1877, he became the American Library Association's first treasurer. Evans continued to contribute to the Library Journal.
American Bibliography
Evans officially began working on American Bibliography - his lifelong goal - in 1901 and compiled it over a course of years through 1934. Originally, Evans stored his notecards in corset boxes with the dates contained within written on the illustration's waistline. Publication took a few hiatuses during World War II in between volumes, but eventually, all desired volumes were published, including some that were published posthumously by outsiders eager to continue Evans' work, particularly Roger Bristol. The first volume was published by Evans himself and covered the span of 1639-1740. All succeeding volumes were published on borrowed money for both publication purposes and travel purposes, as Evans preferred to travel around the United States in order to actually see the books he was including in his work, though when he was not able to travel, he was known to include "ghost" titles, as well as skip publications altogether due to the amount of space, and therefore money, they would take up in his printed book. It is said that American Bibliography lacks a proper representation of Harvard dissertations and broadsides. The first 12 volumes of Evans’ American Bibliography are dedicated to individuals of influence in his life and work.
The entire Evans Collection was eventually photographed and put onto microfilm, and is available at many research libraries. A paywalled fully searchable digital edition titled Early American Imprints, Series I: Evans, 1639-1980 is for sale from Readex, as part of its Archive of Americana.
Other writings
Evans was also actively involved in both Library Journal and Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, and he was known to write for them from time to time, as well.
Marriage and children
Evans married Lena Young, who supported and encouraged his work efforts, on April 8, 1883.
Gertrude, born in 1884
Eliot Howland, born in 1886
Charles Sumner, born in 1888, who became a well-known golfer later in life. Chick Evans
Constance Evans, born in 1889
Death
Charles and Lena remained married until her death on October 5, 1933. Charles Evans died of a stroke on February 8, 1935.
Honors, awards and memberships
1910 Elected to American Antiquarian Society
1926 Elected to Colonial Society of Massachusetts
1933 Became honorary member of the American Library Association
1934 Brown University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Letters
References
1850 births
1935 deaths
American librarians
American Library Association people
American bibliographers |
Lofoten District Court () was a district court in Nordland county, Norway. The court was based in the town of Svolvær. The court existed until 2021. It served the municipalities of Flakstad, Moskenes, Vestvågøy, and Vågan which are all located in the Lofoten archipelago. Cases from this court could be appealed to Hålogaland Court of Appeal. The court was led by the chief judge () Ingrid Johanne Lillevik. This court employed a chief judge, one other judge, and two prosecutors.
The court was a court of first instance. Its judicial duties were mainly to settle criminal cases and to resolve civil litigation as well as bankruptcy. The administration and registration tasks of the court included death registration, issuing certain certificates, performing duties of a notary public, and officiating civil wedding ceremonies. Cases from this court were heard by a combination of professional judges and lay judges.
History
On 26 April 2021, the court was merged with the Salten District Court to create the new Salten og Lofoten District Court.
References
Defunct district courts of Norway
Organisations based in Svolvær
2021 disestablishments in Norway |
Ivar Stafuza (born 6 November 1961) is an Argentinean retired footballer.
References
External links
Argentine men's footballers
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
1961 births
Boca Juniors footballers
Club Atlético Banfield footballers
Guaraní Antonio Franco footballers
Talleres de Remedios de Escalada footballers
Argentine Primera División players
Primera Nacional players
Torneo Argentino A players
People from Reconquista, Santa Fe
Footballers from Santa Fe Province |
Bloomfield High School is the sole public high school serving the town of Bloomfield, Connecticut, United States.
Overview
Bloomfield High School has been a four-year high school since 1985, changing from a three-year high school as the school age population and public school attendance declined. The campus consists of the Bloomfield High School main building and the Harris Agricultural Science Center.
Notable alumni
Dwight Anderson (class of 2000) - football player for the Saskatchewan Roughriders
Marcus Cooper (Class of 2008) - cornerback for the Chicago Bears
Dwight Freeney (class of 1998) - football player (Super Bowl XLI-winning Indianapolis Colts)
Jimmy Greene (class of 1993) - Grammy Award-nominated jazz alto saxophonist
Jessica Hecht (class of 1982) - actress
Tyrique Jones (born 1997) - basketball player for Hapoel Tel Aviv in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
Jay Karas (class of 1990) - film and television director and producer
Matt Lawrence (class of 2003) - football player for the Baltimore Ravens
Andrew Pinnock (class of 1999) - former NFL football player
Lewis Rome (class of 1950) - Bloomfield mayor and Connecticut state senator
Anika Noni Rose (class of 1990) - Tony Award-winning singer-actress
Nykesha Sales (class of 1994) - professional women's basketball player
Kory Sheets (class of 2004) - running back for the Oakland Raiders
Julian Stanford (class of 2008) - Football player for the Carolina Panthers
Doug Wimbish - Bass Player for Living Colour
Arthur Ganson (class of 1973) - American sculptor
Athletics
CIAC State Championships
References
External links
Bloomfield, Connecticut
Schools in Hartford County, Connecticut
Public high schools in Connecticut |
The 2023 Tour of Romania was a cycling stage race that should have taken place in Romania from 18 to 22 October 2023. The race will be the 56th edition of the Tour of Romania. The tour was initially rated as a 2.1 event, as part of the 2023 UCI Europe Tour.
The race was cancelled for unspecified reasons in September 2023.
Route
See also
2023 in men's road cycling
2023 in sports
References
External links
2023 UCI Europe Tour
2023 in Romanian sport
2023
Tour of Romania |
```swift
// A structure to represent the information about a movie.
// snippet-start:[ddb.swift.batchgetitem.movie]
import Foundation
import AWSDynamoDB
// snippet-start:[ddb.swift.batchgetitem.info]
/// The optional details about a movie.
public struct Info: Codable {
/// The movie's rating, if available.
var rating: Double?
/// The movie's plot, if available.
var plot: String?
}
// snippet-end:[ddb.swift.batchgetitem.info]
public struct Movie: Codable {
/// The year in which the movie was released.
var year: Int
/// The movie's title.
var title: String
/// An `Info` object providing the optional movie rating and plot
/// information.
var info: Info
// snippet-start:[ddb.swift.batchgetitem.movie.init]
/// Create a `Movie` object representing a movie, given the movie's
/// details.
///
/// - Parameters:
/// - title: The movie's title (`String`).
/// - year: The year in which the movie was released (`Int`).
/// - rating: The movie's rating (optional `Double`).
/// - plot: The movie's plot (optional `String`).
init(title: String, year: Int, rating: Double? = nil, plot: String? = nil) {
self.title = title
self.year = year
self.info = Info(rating: rating, plot: plot)
}
// snippet-end:[ddb.swift.batchgetitem.movie.init]
// snippet-start:[ddb.swift.batchgetitem.movie.init-info]
/// Create a `Movie` object representing a movie, given the movie's
/// details.
///
/// - Parameters:
/// - title: The movie's title (`String`).
/// - year: The year in which the movie was released (`Int`).
/// - info: The optional rating and plot information for the movie in an
/// `Info` object.
init(title: String, year: Int, info: Info?) {
self.title = title
self.year = year
if info != nil {
self.info = info!
} else {
self.info = Info(rating: nil, plot: nil)
}
}
// snippet-end:[ddb.swift.batchgetitem.movie.init-info]
// snippet-start:[ddb.swift.batchgetitem.movie.init-withitem]
///
/// Return a new `MovieTable` object, given an array mapping string to Amazon
/// DynamoDB attribute values.
///
/// - Parameter item: The item information provided in the form used by
/// DynamoDB. This is an array of strings mapped to
/// `DynamoDBClientTypes.AttributeValue` values.
init(withItem item: [Swift.String:DynamoDBClientTypes.AttributeValue]) throws {
// Read the attributes.
guard let titleAttr = item["title"],
let yearAttr = item["year"] else {
throw MovieError.ItemNotFound
}
let infoAttr = item["info"] ?? nil
// Extract the values of the title and year attributes.
if case .s(let titleVal) = titleAttr {
self.title = titleVal
} else {
throw MovieError.InvalidAttributes
}
if case .n(let yearVal) = yearAttr {
self.year = Int(yearVal)!
} else {
throw MovieError.InvalidAttributes
}
// Extract the rating and/or plot from the `info` attribute, if
// they're present.
var rating: Double? = nil
var plot: String? = nil
if case .m(let infoVal) = infoAttr {
let ratingAttr = infoVal["rating"] ?? nil
let plotAttr = infoVal["plot"] ?? nil
if ratingAttr != nil, case .n(let ratingVal) = ratingAttr {
rating = Double(ratingVal) ?? nil
}
if plotAttr != nil, case .s(let plotVal) = plotAttr {
plot = plotVal
}
}
self.info = Info(rating: rating, plot: plot)
}
// snippet-end:[ddb.swift.batchgetitem.movie.init-withitem]
// snippet-start:[ddb.swift.batchgetitem.movie.getasitem]
///
/// Return an array mapping attribute names to Amazon DynamoDB attribute
/// values, representing the contents of the `Movie` record as a DynamoDB
/// item.
///
/// - Returns: The movie item as an array of type
/// `[Swift.String:DynamoDBClientTypes.AttributeValue]`.
///
func getAsItem() async throws -> [Swift.String:DynamoDBClientTypes.AttributeValue] {
// Build the item record, starting with the year and title, which are
// always present.
var item: [Swift.String:DynamoDBClientTypes.AttributeValue] = [
"year": .n(String(self.year)),
"title": .s(self.title)
]
// Add the `info` field with the rating and/or plot if they're
// available.
var info: [Swift.String:DynamoDBClientTypes.AttributeValue] = [:]
if self.info.rating != nil {
info["rating"] = .n(String(self.info.rating!))
}
if self.info.plot != nil {
info["plot"] = .s(self.info.plot!)
}
item["info"] = .m(info)
return item
}
// snippet-end:[ddb.swift.batchgetitem.movie.getasitem]
}
// snippet-end:[ddb.swift.batchgetitem.movie]
``` |
Yersiniops sophronicus, common name Yersin's ground mantis, is a species of praying mantis native to North America.
See also
List of mantis genera and species
References
Amelidae
Mantodea of North America
Insects described in 1908 |
Nahlin Mountain is a mountain on the north side of the Nahlin River in far northwestern British Columbia, Canada.
See also
Nahlin Plateau
References
One-thousanders of British Columbia
Cassiar Country
Taku Plateau
Interior Mountains |
```c++
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
// Original code copyright 2014 Foxit Software Inc. path_to_url
#include "core/fpdfapi/font/cpdf_fontglobals.h"
#include <utility>
#include "core/fpdfapi/parser/cpdf_document.h"
#include "third_party/base/ptr_util.h"
#include "third_party/base/stl_util.h"
CPDF_FontGlobals::CPDF_FontGlobals() {
memset(m_EmbeddedCharsets, 0, sizeof(m_EmbeddedCharsets));
memset(m_EmbeddedToUnicodes, 0, sizeof(m_EmbeddedToUnicodes));
}
CPDF_FontGlobals::~CPDF_FontGlobals() {}
CPDF_Font* CPDF_FontGlobals::Find(CPDF_Document* pDoc, uint32_t index) {
auto it = m_StockMap.find(pDoc);
if (it == m_StockMap.end())
return nullptr;
return it->second ? it->second->GetFont(index) : nullptr;
}
CPDF_Font* CPDF_FontGlobals::Set(CPDF_Document* pDoc,
uint32_t index,
std::unique_ptr<CPDF_Font> pFont) {
if (!pdfium::ContainsKey(m_StockMap, pDoc))
m_StockMap[pDoc] = pdfium::MakeUnique<CFX_StockFontArray>();
return m_StockMap[pDoc]->SetFont(index, std::move(pFont));
}
void CPDF_FontGlobals::Clear(CPDF_Document* pDoc) {
m_StockMap.erase(pDoc);
}
``` |
José Ignacio López de Arriortúa (born 18 January 1941) is a Spanish businessman who held senior positions at Opel, General Motors and Volkswagen. He was known for his assertive style dealing with suppliers, managing lean production and driving down cost.
Early life and education
Lopez was born in Amorebieta, Basque Country, Spain, where his father ran a car repair workshop. He studied manufacturing engineering and operations control in Bilbao. He was awarded a Doctor of Engineering in 1966.
Career
Lopez started his career at Westinghouse and Firestone in Spain.
Lopez joined GM in 1980. Initially working at the Zaragoza plant, he became Head of Purchasing for GM's subsidiary Opel in Rüsselsheim in 1987. There he established consumer price driven production methods dubbed "Purchased Input Concept Optimisation with Suppliers" or PICOS, which reversed commonly held supplier-manufacturer relations in the automotive industry. When GM Europe President Jack Smith was promoted to CEO of the parent GM, Lopez was appointed global Vice President of Procurement where he relocated to Detroit, and applied his PICOS processes which resulted in reported savings of US$1bn. After only one year in his position, Lopez abruptly resigned from GM in 1993, purportedly as executives decided to build an automotive plant with his lean production system in Poland or Hungary instead of his native Spain as initially promised. Smith offered to promote Lopez to president of North American operations, but Lopez had already departed for Wolfsburg having accepted a position at Volkswagen. In leaving Detroit, Lopez has claimed that his family wanted to return to Europe.
In 1993, Volkswagen poached Lopez and three GM purchasing executives, and he was appointed Head of Process Optimization and Procurement. VW chairman Ferdinand Piëch who aimed to cut costs had wooed Lopez with the promise that a plant would be built in the Basque region of Spain, while Lopez's lean production system would be applied to the existing Wolfsburg plant. GM immediately filed a civil suit against VW for corporate espionage for Lopez taking documents to VW relating to key GM trade secrets for factory operations, supplier prices, and Opel new car designs, plus Lopez's hiring would have violated his non-compete clause with GM. Around the same time, in what was called the "Lopez Affair" by the press, German authorities raided the offices and homes of Lopez and the three former GM executives as part of an investigation that led to criminal charges being filed on December 12, 1996 (the charges were dropped in 1998), while US authorities unsuccessful requested his extradition from Spain on similar charges. Three days after a U.S. court in Detroit ruled that federal racketeering laws could be invoked in GM's civil suit against VW which could potentially result in triple damages, Lopez resigned from VW on November 30, 1996, which was also seen as a step for VW to distance itself from the scandal. In 1997 a settlement was reached where VW paid $100 million in damages to GM, and agreed to buy $1 billion in GM parts over seven years.
After resigning from VW in 1996, Lopez established a consulting practice in Spain and later on unsuccessfully attempted to establish a Spanish car company.
Lopez Effect
Lopez introduced a number of changes to the supply chains and production methods at Volkswagen and GM known as "Purchased Input Concept Optimisation with Suppliers" or PICOS. The particular focus was on reduction of supplier prices so that a target end price of cars could be achieved. While he was at Opel, the manufacturer's input prices continuously fell, while prices in the overall market increased. The reduction in supplier prices was achieved by systematic price negotiations in a competitive market where a larger number of suppliers faced increasingly integrated car companies. Lopez' success in those price negotiations that resulted in a positive impact on overall cost basis had been dubbed "Lopez Effect". However, as suppliers increasingly struggled to deliver at cost, input part quality started to deteriorate which in turn had a negative effect car build quality. The "Lopez Effect" is therefore used for both those effects.
Automotive News suggested that Lopez “knows all the tricks--how to use emotion, flattery, jokes, threats, ruthlessness, even lying if need be” to wring cuts from reluctant suppliers. In an example of his strong-arm tactics, he was known to march "into a supplier's office, announcing that the company's work was subpar or overpriced, and issuing an edict for corrective action" for the supplier to keep its contract with GM. It was suggested that Lopez even shared proprietary information with competitors to force lower bids from suppliers. Supporters said that Lopez sent GM teams to a supplier to make it more competitive in terms of cost and quality, creating a "win-win" situation for the supplier and GM.
References
1941 births
Living people
Spanish industrial engineers
Volkswagen Group executives
General Motors executives
Opel people
People from Bilbao |
A carburetor (also spelled carburettor or carburetter) is a device used by a gasoline internal combustion engine to control and mix air and fuel entering the engine. The primary method of adding fuel to the intake air is through the Venturi tube in the main metering circuit, though various other components are also used to provide extra fuel or air in specific circumstances.
Since the 1990s, carburetors have been largely replaced by fuel injection for cars and trucks, but carburetors are still used by some small engines (e.g. lawnmowers, generators, and concrete mixers) and motorcycles. In addition, they are still widely used on piston engine driven aircraft. Diesel engines have always used fuel injection instead of carburetors.
Etymology
The name "carburetor" is derived from the verb carburet, which means "to combine with carbon", or, in particular, "to enrich a gas by combining it with carbon or hydrocarbons". Thus a carburetor mixes intake air with hydrocarbon-based fuel, such as petrol or AutoGas (LPG).
The name is spelled "carburetor" in American English and "carburettor" in British English. Colloquial abbreviations include carb in the UK and North America or Carby in Australia.
Operating principle
Air from the atmosphere enters the carburetor (usually via an air cleaner), has fuel added within the carburetor, passes into the inlet manifold, then through the inlet valve(s), and finally into the combustion chamber. Most engines use a single carburetor shared between all of the cylinders, though some high-performance engines historically had multiple carburetors.
The carburetor works on Bernoulli's principle: the static pressure of the intake air reduces at higher speeds, drawing more fuel into the airstream. In most cases (except for the accelerator pump), the driver pressing the throttle pedal does not directly increase the fuel entering the engine. Instead, the airflow through the carburetor increases, which in turn increases the amount of fuel drawn into the intake mixture.
The main disadvantage of basing a carburetor's operation on Bernoulli's Principle is that being a fluid dynamic device, the pressure reduction in a venturi tends to be proportional to the square of the intake airspeed. The fuel jets are much smaller and fuel flow is limited mainly by the fuel's viscosity so that the fuel flow tends to be proportional to the pressure difference. So jets sized for full power tend to starve the engine at lower speed and part throttle. Most commonly this has been corrected by using multiple jets. In SU and other variable jet carburetors, it was corrected by varying the jet size.
The orientation of the carburetor is a key design consideration. Older engines used updraft carburetors, where the air enters from below the carburetor and exits through the top. From the late 1930s, downdraft carburetors become more commonly used (especially in the United States), along with side draft carburetors (especially in Europe).
Fuel circuits
Main metering circuit
The main metering circuit consists of a pipe which reduces to a narrows before widening again, forming a venturi. Fuel is introduced into the air stream through small tubes (the main jets) at the narrowest part of the venturi, where the air is at its highest speed.
Downstream of the venturi is a throttle (usually in the form of a butterfly valve) which is used to control the amount of air entering the carburetor. In a car, this throttle is connected to the vehicle's throttle pedal, which varies engine speed.
At lesser throttle openings, the air speed through the venturi is insufficientt to maintain the fuel flow, therefore the fuel is instead supplied by the carburetor's idle and off-idle circuits.
At greater throttle openings, the speed of air passing through the venturi increases, which lowers the pressure of the air and draws more fuel into the airstream. At the same time, the reduced manifold vacuum results in less fuel flow through the idle and off-idle circuits.
Choke
During cold weather fuel vaporizes less readily and tends to condense on the walls of the intake manifold, starving the cylinders of fuel and making cold starts, difficult. Additional fuel is required (for a given amount of air) to start and run the engine until it warms up, provided by a choke valve
While the engine is warming up the choke valve is partially closed, restricting the flow of air at the entrance to the carburetor. This increases the vacuum in the main metering circuit, causing more fuel to be supplied to the engine via the main jets. Prior to the late 1950s the choke was manually operated by the driver, often using a lever or knob on the dashboard. Since then, automatic chokes became more commonplace. These either use a bimetallic thermostat to automatically regulate the choke based on the temperature of the engine's coolant liquid, an electrical resistance heater to do so, or air drawn through a tube connected to an engine exhaust source. A choke left closed after the engine has warmed up increases the engine's fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions, and causes the engine to run rough and lack power due to an over-rich fuel mixture.
However, excessive fuel can flood an engine and prevent it from starting. To remove the excess fuel, many carburetors with automatic chokes allow it to be held open (by manually, depressing the accelerator pedal to the floor and briefly holding it there while cranking the starter) to allow extra air into the engine until the excess fuel is cleared out.
Another method used by carburetors to improve the operation of a cold engine is a fast idle cam, which is connected to the choke and prevents the throttle from closing fully while the choke is in operation. The resulting increase in idle speed provides a more stable idle for a cold engine (by better atomizing the cold fuel) and helps the engine warm up quicker.
Idle circuit
The system within a carburetor that meters fuel when the engine is running at low rpm.The idle circuit is generally activated by vacuum under the throttle plate, which causes a low-pressure area in the idle passage/port thus causing fuel to flow through the idle jet. The idle jet is set at some constant value by the carburetor manufacturer, thus flowing a specified amount of fuel.
Off-idle circuit
Many carburetors use an off-idle circuit, which includes an additional fuel jet which is briefly used as the throttle starts to open. This jet is located in a low-pressure area behind the throttle. The additional fuel it provides is used to compensate for the reduced vacuum that occurs when the throttle is opened, thus smoothing the transition from the idle circuit to the main metering circuit.
Power valve
In a four-stroke engine it is often desirable to provide extra fuel to the engine at high loads (to increase the power output and reduce engine knocking). A 'power valve', which is a spring-loaded valve in the carburetor that is held shut by engine vacuum, is often used to do so. As the airflow through the carburetor increases the reduced manifold vacuum pulls the power valve open, allowing more fuel into the main metering circuit.
In a two-stroke engine, the power valve operates in the opposite manner: in most circumstances the valve allows extra fuel into the engine, then at a certain engine RPM it closes to reduce the fuel entering the engine. This is done in order to extend the engine's maximum RPM, since many two-stroke engines can temporarily achieve higher RPM with a leaner air-fuel ratio.
Metering rod / step-up rod
A metering rod or step-up rod system is sometimes used as an alternative to a power valve in a four-stroke engine in order to supply extra fuel at high loads. One end of the rods is tapered, which sits in the main metering jets and acts as a valve for fuel flow in the jets. At high engine loads, the rods are lifted away from the jets (either mechanically or using manifold vacuum), increasing the volume of fuel can flow through the jet. These systems have been used by the Rochester Quadra jet and in the 1950s Carter carburetors.
Accelerator pump
While the main metering circuit can adequately supply fuel to the engine in steady-state conditions, the inertia of fuel (being higher than that of air) causes a temporary shortfall as the throttle is opened. Therefore, an accelerator pump is often used to briefly provide extra fuel as the throttle is opened. When the driver presses the throttle pedal, a small piston or diaphragm pump injects extra fuel directly into the carburetor throat.
The accelerator pump can also be used to "prime" an engine with extra fuel prior to attempting a cold start.
Fuel supply
Float chamber
In order to ensure an adequate supply at all times, carburetors include a reservoir of fuel, called a "float chamber" or "float bowl". Fuel is delivered to the float chamber by a fuel pump. A floating inlet valve regulates the fuel entering the float chamber, assuring a constant level.
Unlike in a fuel injected engine, the fuel system in a carbureted engine is not pressurized. For engines where the intake air travelling through the carburetor is pressurized (such as where the carburetor is downstream of a supercharger) the entire carburetor must be contained in an airtight pressurized box to operate. However, this is not necessary where the carburetor is upstream of the supercharger.
Problems of fuel boiling and vapor lock can occur in carbureted engines, especially in hotter climates. Since the float chamber is located close to the engine, heat from the engine (including for several hours after the engine is shut off) can cause the fuel to heat up to the point of vaporization. This causes air bubbles in the fuel (similar to the air bubbles that necessitate brake bleeding), which prevents the flow of fuel and is known as 'vapor lock'.
To avoid pressurizing the float chamber, vent tubes allow air to enter and exit the float chamber. These tubes usually extend into the carburetor throat, placed to prevent fuel from sloshing out of them into the carburetor.
Diaphragm chamber
If an engine must be operated when the carburetor is not in an upright orientation (for example in a chainsaw or airplane), a float chamber and gravity activated float valve would not be suitable. Instead, a diaphragm chamber is typically used. This consists of a flexible diaphragm on one side of the fuel chamber, connected to a needle valve which regulates the fuel entering the chamber. As the flowrate of the air in the chamber (controlled by the throttling valve/butterfly valve) decreases, the diaphragm moves inward (downward), which closes the needle valve to admit less fuel. As the flowrate of the air in the chamber increases, the diaphragm moves outward (upward) which opens the needle valve to admit more fuel, allowing the engine to generate more power. A balanced state is reached which creates a steady fuel reservoir level, that remains constant in any orientation.
Other components
Other components that have been used on carburetors include:
Air bleeds allowing air into various portions of the fuel passages, to enhance fuel delivery and vaporization.
Fuel flow restrictors in aircraft engines, to prevent fuel starvation during inverted flight.
Heated vaporizers to assist with the atomization of the fuel, particularly for engines using kerosene, tractor vaporizing oil or in petrol-paraffin engines
Early fuel evaporators
Feedback carburetors, which adjusted the fuel/air mixture in response to signals from an oxygen sensor, in order to allow a catalytic converter to be used
Constant vacuum carburetors (also called variable choke carburetors), whereby the throttle cable is connected directly to the throttle cable plate. Pulling the cord caused raw gasoline to enter the carburetor, creating a large emission of hydrocarbons.
Constant velocity carburetors use a variable throttle closure in the intake air stream before the accelerator pedal operated the throttle plate. This variable closure is controlled by intake manifold pressure/vacuum. This pressure-controlled throttle provides relatively even intake pressure throughout the engine's speed and load ranges.
Two-barrel and four-barrel designs
The basic design for a carburetor consists of a single venturi (main metering circuit), though designs with two or four venturi (two-barrel and four-barrel carburetors respectively) are also quite commonplace. Typically the barrels consist of "primary" barrel(s) used for lower load situations and secondary barrel(s) activating when required to provide additional air/fuel at higher loads. The primary and secondary venturi are often sized differently and incorporate different features to suit the situations in which they are used.
Many four-barrel carburetors use two primary and two secondary barrels. A four-barrel design of two primary and two secondary barrels was commonly used in V8 engines to conserve fuel at low engine speeds while still affording an adequate supply at high.
The use of multiple carburetors (e.g. a carburetor for each cylinder or pair of cylinders) also results in the intake air being drawn through multiple venturi. Some high-performance engines have used multiple two-barrel or four-barrel carburetors, for example six two-barrel carburetors on Ferrari V12s.
History
In 1826, American engineer Samuel Morey received a patent for a "gas or vapor engine", which ran on turpentine mixed with air. The design did not reach production. In 1875 German engineer Siegfried Marcus produced a car powered by the first petrol engine (which also debuted the first magneto ignition system). Karl Benz introduced his single-cylinder four-stroke powered Benz Patent-Motorwagen in 1885.
All three of these engines used surface carburetors, which operated by moving air across the top of a vessel containing the fuel.
The first float-fed carburetor design, which used an atomizer nozzle, was introduced by German engineers Wilhelm Maybach and Gottlieb Daimler in their 1885 Grandfather Clock engine. The Butler Petrol Cycle car—built in England in 1888—also used a float-fed carburetor.
The first carburetor for a stationary engine was patented in 1893 by Hungarian engineers János Csonka and Donát Bánki.
The first four-barrel carburetors were the Carter Carburetor WCFB and the identical Rochester 4GC, introduced in various General Motors models for 1952. Oldsmobile referred the new carburetor as the "Quadri-Jet" (original spelling) while Buick called it the "Airpower".
In the United States, carburetors were the common method of fuel delivery for most US-made gasoline (petrol) engines until the late 1980s, when fuel injection became the preferred method. One of the last motorsport users of carburetors was NASCAR, which switched to electronic fuel injection after the 2011 Sprint Cup series.
In Europe, carburetors were largely replaced by fuel injection in the late 1980s, although fuel injection had been increasingly used in luxury cars and sports cars since the 1970s. EEC legislation required all vehicles sold and produced in member countries to have a catalytic converter after December 1992. This legislation had been in the pipeline for some time, with many cars becoming available with catalytic converters or fuel injection from around 1990.
Icing in aircraft engine carburetors
A significant concern for aircraft engines is the formation of ice inside the carburetor. The temperature of air within the carburetor can be reduced by up to 40°C (72°F), due to a combination of the reduced air pressure in the venturi and the latent heat of the evaporating fuel. The conditions during the descent to landing are particularly conducive to icing, since the engine is run at idle for a prolonged period with the throttle closed. Icing can also occur in cruise conditions at altitude.
A carburetor heat system is often used to prevent icing. This system consists of a secondary air intake which passes around the exhaust, in order to heat the air before it enters the carburetor. Typically, the system is operated by the pilot manually switching the intake air to travel via the heated intake path as required. The carburetor heat system reduces the power output (due to the lower density of heated air) and causes the intake air filter to be bypassed, therefore the system is only used when there is a risk of icing.
If the engine is operating at idle RPM, another method to prevent icing is to periodically open the throttle, which increases the air temperature within the carburetor.
Carburetor icing also occurs on other applications and various methods have been employed to solve this problem. On inline engines the intake and exhaust manifolds are on the same side of the head. Heat from the exhaust is used to warm the intake manifold and in turn the carburetor. On V configurations, exhaust gases were directed from one head through the intake cross over to the other head. One method for regulating the exhaust flow on the cross over for intake warming was a weighted eccentric butterfly valve called a heat riser that remained closed at idle and opened at higher exhaust flow. Some vehicles used a heat stove around the exhaust manifold. It as connected to the air filter intake via tubing and supplied warmed air to the air filter. A vacuum controlled butterfly valve pre heat tube on the intake horn of the air cleaner would open allowing cooler air when engine load increased.
See also
Bernoulli's principle
Fuel injection
Humidifier
List of auto parts
List of carburetor manufacturers
Venturi effect
References
German inventions
Carburettors
Engine fuel system technology
Engine components |
A torpedo is a self-propelled explosive projectile that operates underwater.
Torpedo may also refer to:
Animals
Torpedo (genus), the genus of electric rays
More generally, any electric ray (order Torpediniformes)
Food
Torpedo or Torpil, a Turkish and Balkan dessert
Liquorice torpedo
"Syrian torpedo", English-language slang for a kibbeh, a torpedo-shaped stuffed croquette
One of the many slang terms for a submarine sandwich
Weapons
Formerly a naval mine, a stationary explosive device placed in water, to destroy vessels
Spar torpedo, an explosive device affixed to a spar extending from a boat, used to attack other vessels
land torpedo, an obsolete term for land mine
"Aerial torpedo", a naval term for early flying bombs and pilotless aircraft weapons
Aerial torpedo, a self-propelled torpedo dropped into the water from aircraft
Bangalore torpedo, an explosive device for land use
Human torpedo, also called "Chariot", a variety of swimmer delivery vehicle of World War II
Transport
Torpedo wagon, also known as a bottle wagon, a tank car design to carry molten steel
Torpedo (car), an early form of usually large touring coachwork with smooth shape from front to rear
Railroad torpedo, a device to warn approaching trains upon entering protected trackage
Narco torpedo, a type of clandestine towed underwater barge used for illicit cargos
Pontiac Torpedo, a full-sized car produced by Pontiac from the 1940 through the 1948 model years
Music
"Torpedo", a 1995 song by Eraserheads from the album Cutterpillow
Torpedo (album), a 2022 album by Welsh band Feeder
Fiction
Torpedo (comics) or Torpedo 1936, a Spanish comic book series
Torpedo (2012 film), a Belgian film by Matthieu Donck
Torpedo (2019 film), a Belgian action and war film
Torpedo (Marvel Comics), a Marvel Comics character
Torpedo (G.I. Joe), a character in the G.I. Joe universe
Photon torpedo, fictional weapon popularized by the science fiction saga Star Trek
Torpedo (Bob's Burgers), an episode of the animated series Bob's Burgers
Sports
FC Torpedo Kutaisi, a Georgian Football Club
FC Torpedo Minsk, a Belarusian Football Club
FC Torpedo Moscow, a Russian Football Club
FC Torpedo-RG, a Russian Football Club
FC Torpedo Zaporizhzhia, a Ukrainian Football Club
FC Torpedo-ZIL, a defunct Russian Football Club, now FC Moscow
FC Torpedo-BelAZ Zhodino, a Belarusian Football Club
HC Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod, a Russian Ice Hockey Club
Torpedo punt, a specialised kick used in Australian Rules Football
Torpedo system, a strategy in ice hockey
"The Torpedo", a nickname of the Russian auto racing driver Daniil Kvyat
"Torpedo" Tom Blower (1914–1955), British long-distance swimmer
"Thorpedo", a nickname of the Australian swimmer Ian Thorpe
Other uses
Torpedo (petroleum), explosive used in an oil well to start or increase the flow of oil
Torpedo, Pennsylvania
"Torpedo", 1920s slang for a hit man or "hired gun"
"Torpedo", in American cigar slang, a cigar with a pointed tip, also called a pyramid or belicoso
A type of drinking game (see shotgunning)
A US beer keg with a capacity of 5.23 US gallons |
Events in the year 1907 in Portugal.
Incumbents
Monarch: Charles I
Prime Minister: João Franco
Events
Arts and entertainment
Sports
Leixões Sport Club founded
Births
28 March – Lúcia dos Santos, nun (died 2005).
11 August – José Delfim, Portuguese footballer (d. unknown).
8 September – Casimiro de Oliveira, racing driver (died 1970)
6 November – Delfim Santos, academic, philosopher, educationist, essayist and book and movie reviewer (died 1966).
Deaths
1 August – Ernesto Hintze Ribeiro, politician (born 1849)
References
1900s in Portugal
Portugal
Years of the 20th century in Portugal
Portugal |
```objective-c
/*
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
*/
/*!
* \file src/contrib/msc/core/utils.h
* \brief Common utilities for msc.
*/
#ifndef TVM_CONTRIB_MSC_CORE_UTILS_H_
#define TVM_CONTRIB_MSC_CORE_UTILS_H_
#include <tvm/ir/source_map.h>
#include <tvm/relax/expr.h>
#include <tvm/relay/expr.h>
#include <string>
#include <tuple>
#include <vector>
namespace tvm {
namespace contrib {
namespace msc {
using Expr = tvm::RelayExpr;
using RelaxCall = tvm::relax::Call;
using RelayCall = tvm::relay::Call;
namespace msc_attr {
/*! \brief Mark the name for the expr. */
constexpr const char* kName = "Name";
/*! \brief Mark the optype for the expr. */
constexpr const char* kOptype = "Optype";
/*! \brief Mark the optype for the expr. */
constexpr const char* kOpattrs = "Opattrs";
/*! \brief Mark the layout for the expr. */
constexpr const char* kLayout = "Layout";
/*! \brief Mark the share reference for the expr. */
constexpr const char* kSharedRef = "SharedRef";
/*! \brief Mark the unique name for the func. */
constexpr const char* kUnique = "Unique";
/*! \brief Mark the input layout for the func. */
constexpr const char* kInputLayouts = "InputLayouts";
/*! \brief Mark the consumer type for the func. */
constexpr const char* kConsumerType = "ConsumerType";
} // namespace msc_attr
/*!
* \brief Utils for Common.
*/
class CommonUtils {
public:
/*!
* \brief Check if the index is in range.
* \return The valid index.
*/
TVM_DLL static size_t GetIndex(int index, size_t max_size);
/*!
* \brief Check if the index is in range.
* \return The valid indices.
*/
TVM_DLL static std::vector<size_t> GetIndices(const std::vector<int>& indices, size_t max_size);
/*!
* \brief Compare version with version in config
* 0 for same version, 1 for greater version, -1 for less version
*/
TVM_DLL static int CompareVersion(const std::vector<size_t>& given_version,
const std::vector<size_t>& target_version);
TVM_DLL static int CompareVersion(const Array<Integer>& given_version,
const Array<Integer>& target_version);
/*!
* \brief Get attr key.
* \return The attr key.
*/
TVM_DLL static const String ToAttrKey(const String& key);
};
/*!
* \brief Utils for String.
*/
class StringUtils {
public:
/*!
* \brief Check if the String contains a substring.
* \return Whether substring is contained.
*/
TVM_DLL static bool Contains(const String& src_string, const String& sub_string);
/*!
* \brief Check if the String starts with a substring.
* \return Whether string starts with substring.
*/
TVM_DLL static bool StartsWith(const String& src_string, const String& sub_string);
/*!
* \brief Check if the String ens with a substring.
* \return Whether string endswith substring.
*/
TVM_DLL static bool EndsWith(const String& src_string, const String& sub_string);
/*!
* \brief Split the String into sub Strings.
* \return The SubStrings.
*/
TVM_DLL static const Array<String> Split(const String& src_string, const String& sep);
/*!
* \brief Join the SubStrings into String.
* \return The String.
*/
TVM_DLL static const String Join(const Array<String>& sub_strings, const String& joint);
TVM_DLL static const String Join(const std::vector<std::string>& sub_strings,
const std::string& joint);
/*!
* \brief Replace the substring old to new in String.
* \return The replaced String.
*/
TVM_DLL static const String Replace(const String& src_string, const String& old_str,
const String& new_str);
/*!
* \brief Split the String into two sub Strings, only split by the frist seq.
* \return The SubStrings.
*/
TVM_DLL static const std::tuple<String, String> SplitOnce(const String& src_string,
const String& sep,
bool from_left = false);
/*!
* \brief Get the tokens between left and right.
* \return The Tokens.
*/
TVM_DLL static const Array<String> GetClosures(const String& src_string, const String& left,
const String& right);
/*!
* \brief Get the first token between left and right.
* \return The Token.
*/
TVM_DLL static const String GetClosureOnce(const String& src_string, const String& left,
const String& right, bool from_left = true);
/*!
* \brief Change string to upper.
* \return The String.
*/
TVM_DLL static const String Upper(const String& src_string);
/*!
* \brief Change string to lower.
* \return The String.
*/
TVM_DLL static const String Lower(const String& src_string);
/*!
* \brief Change Object to String.
* \return The String.
*/
TVM_DLL static const String ToString(const runtime::ObjectRef& obj);
/*!
* \brief Compare String arrays.
* \return Whether two array are same.
*/
TVM_DLL static bool CompareArrays(const Array<String>& left, const Array<String>& right,
int size = -1);
};
/*!
* \brief Utils for Array.
*/
class ArrayUtils {
public:
/*!
* \brief Replace the element old to new in Array.
* \return The replaced Array.
*/
template <typename T>
TVM_DLL static const Array<T> Replace(const Array<T>& src_array, const T& old_ele,
const T& new_ele) {
Array<T> new_array;
for (const auto& a : src_array) {
if (a == old_ele) {
new_array.push_back(new_ele);
} else {
new_array.push_back(a);
}
}
return new_array;
}
/*!
* \brief Find the index of element.
* \return The index, -1 if not found.
*/
template <typename T>
TVM_DLL static int IndexOf(const std::vector<T>& array, const T& ele) {
for (size_t i = 0; i < array.size(); i++) {
if (array[i] == ele) {
return i;
}
}
return -1;
}
/*!
* \brief Downcast elements in the array.
* \return The downcasted array
*/
template <typename T>
TVM_DLL static const Array<T> Cast(const Array<PrimExpr>& src_array) {
Array<T> new_array;
for (const auto& s : src_array) {
if (s->IsInstance<tvm::tir::AnyNode>()) {
new_array.push_back(T(-1));
} else {
new_array.push_back(Downcast<T>(s));
}
}
return new_array;
}
template <typename T>
TVM_DLL static const Array<Array<T>> Product(const Array<Array<T>>& arrays) {
Array<Array<T>> p_arrays;
if (arrays.size() == 1) {
for (const auto& a : arrays[0]) {
p_arrays.push_back(Array<T>{a});
}
return p_arrays;
}
Array<Array<T>> sub_arrays;
for (size_t i = 0; i < arrays.size() - 1; i++) {
sub_arrays.push_back(arrays[i]);
}
for (const auto& p_array : Product(sub_arrays)) {
for (const auto& a : arrays[arrays.size() - 1]) {
Array<T> sub_array = p_array;
sub_array.push_back(a);
p_arrays.push_back(sub_array);
}
}
return p_arrays;
}
};
/*!
* \brief Utils for Span.
*/
class SpanUtils {
public:
/*!
* \brief Set <key>value</key> to the Span.
* \return The new Span.
*/
TVM_DLL static const Span SetAttr(const Span& span, const String& key, const String& value);
/*!
* \brief Get the value in <key>value</key> from the Span.
* \return The value String.
*/
TVM_DLL static const String GetAttr(const Span& span, const String& key);
/*!
* \brief Get all the key:value in format <key>value</key> from the Span.
* \return The Attrs Map.
*/
TVM_DLL static const Map<String, String> GetAttrs(const Span& span);
};
/*!
* \brief Utils for Expr.
*/
class ExprUtils {
public:
/*!
* \brief Get the input types of call.
* \return The input types.
*/
TVM_DLL static const Array<String> GetInputTypes(const String& optype, size_t inputs_num,
bool as_relax);
/*!
* \brief Get the input types of call.
* \return The input types.
*/
TVM_DLL static const Array<String> GetInputTypes(const RelaxCall& call);
/*!
* \brief Get the input types of call.
* \return The input types.
*/
TVM_DLL static const Array<String> GetInputTypes(const RelayCall& call);
/*!
* \brief Get the scalar value of ndarray.
* \return The scalar value.
*/
template <typename T>
TVM_DLL static const T GetScalar(const runtime::NDArray& array, size_t i = 0) {
if (array->dtype.code == kDLInt) {
if (array->dtype.bits == 8) {
return T(reinterpret_cast<int8_t*>(array->data)[i]);
} else if (array->dtype.bits == 16) {
return T(reinterpret_cast<int16_t*>(array->data)[i]);
} else if (array->dtype.bits == 32) {
return T(reinterpret_cast<int32_t*>(array->data)[i]);
} else if (array->dtype.bits == 64) {
return T(reinterpret_cast<int64_t*>(array->data)[i]);
}
} else if (array->dtype.code == kDLUInt) {
if (array->dtype.bits == 1) { // bool
return T(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(array->data)[i]);
} else if (array->dtype.bits == 8) {
return T(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(array->data)[i]);
} else if (array->dtype.bits == 16) {
return T(reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(array->data)[i]);
} else if (array->dtype.bits == 32) {
return T(reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(array->data)[i]);
} else if (array->dtype.bits == 64) {
return T(reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(array->data)[i]);
}
} else if (array->dtype.code == kDLFloat) {
if (array->dtype.bits == 32) {
return T(reinterpret_cast<float*>(array->data)[i]);
} else if (array->dtype.bits == 64) {
return T(reinterpret_cast<double*>(array->data)[i]);
}
}
LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to get scalar from array " << array;
}
/*!
* \brief Get the scalar value of relax constant.
* \return The scalar value.
*/
template <typename T>
TVM_DLL static const T GetScalar(const relax::Constant& constant, size_t i = 0) {
return GetScalar<T>(constant->data, i);
}
/*!
* \brief Get the scalar value of relay constant.
* \return The scalar value.
*/
template <typename T>
TVM_DLL static const T GetScalar(const relay::Constant& constant, size_t i = 0) {
return GetScalar<T>(constant->data, i);
}
};
} // namespace msc
} // namespace contrib
} // namespace tvm
#endif // TVM_CONTRIB_MSC_CORE_UTILS_H_
``` |
is a dam in Takaoka, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan, completed in 1958.
References
Dams in Kōchi Prefecture
Dams completed in 1958 |
Neotonnoiria is a genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae. It is known from Brazil, Panama, Costa Rica and Peru, and contains only one species, Neotonnoiria maculipennis. The genus was originally named Tonnoiria by Octave Parent in 1929; however, this was preoccupied by Tonnoiria Malloch, 1929, so it was renamed to Neotonnoiria by Harold E. Robinson (1970).
References
Dolichopodidae genera
Neurigoninae
Diptera of North America
Diptera of South America
Monotypic Diptera genera
Taxa named by Harold E. Robinson |
Mont Ngafula is a municipality (commune) in the Lukunga District of Kinshasa, in the western part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It is in the hilly southern area of Kinshasa and is intersected by the Lukaya River valley in its southern portion.
The boundary with the Ngaliema commune is defined by the Lukunga River.
Residence in the area is relatively new; in the 1970s, it became home to a small number of upper and middle-class business executives, politicians and other relatively affluent people. However, many of the would-be extravagant compounds commissioned remain incomplete, mainly due to the drastic economic decline that characterized the latter portion of the Mobutu era.
Demographics
See also
Claudine André
References
Communes of Kinshasa
Lukunga District |
Raja Kaiya Vacha () is a 1990 Indian Tamil-language comedy film, directed by Suresh Krissna. The film stars Prabhu, Gautami and Revathi with Nassar, Sarathkumar, Nagesh, Janagaraj, Anandaraj, and Poornam Viswanathan in supporting roles. It was released on 7 December 1990.
Plot
Raja is a con artist who falls in love with Vijaya. First, she thinks that he was a police officer and asks him to find lost belongings. However, Raja steals to fulfill her wishes. One day, the police arrests Raja in front of Vijaya. Raja is sent to jail but is welcome like a king in jail. Vijaya leaves the town with her father. When Raja is released, he decides to find Vijaya.
Meanwhile, Johnny, a worker union leader, often strikes and works with a competitor company manager named Vaidyaraj. Many general manager of the company resigned, so Raja tries to get the job to see Vijaya, who also works there. The company chairman engages Raja, who in turn engages his friend Japan as a company security officer. Divya, the company chairman's granddaughter and a polio patient, falls in love with Raja. The strikes and workers problem within the company begins to disappear, and Vaidaraj gets furious.
Vijaya begins to understand Raja's heart. Divya's grandfather proposes to Raja to marry her, but Raja says that he is in love with Vijaya. Johnny and Vaidaraj plan to kill Raja, so they put a bomb in the factory. Vaidyaraj reveals that he is the brother of the company chairman. He and Johnny eventually get killed. Finally, Raja saves the factory and marries Vijaya.
Cast
Prabhu as Raja
Gautami as Vijaya
Revathi as Divya (extended cameo appearance)
Nassar as Johnny
Sarathkumar as Vaidyaraj
Anandaraj as Japan
Nagesh as Vijaya's father
Janagaraj as Raghu
Poornam Viswanathan as the company chairman and Divya's grandfather
Ponnambalam as Goon
Suresh Krissna
Charle in a guest appearance
G. Venkateswaran as himself (guest appearance)
Laxman Sivaramakrishnan as himself (guest appearance)
Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja, with lyrics written by Vaali, Pulamaipithan, Kanmani Subbu and Piraisoodan. The song "Mazhai Varudhu" is based on Bageshri raga.
Reception
N. Krishnaswamy of The Indian Express wrote, "The film has a classy look, but in the quest for comedy, director Suresh Krishna seems to have taken the story line rather too lightly". C. R. K. of Kalki wrote the earlier parts of the film had youthful factor; following the strike at the car factory, the story began to strike and gradually succumbed to the formula and slipped away.
References
External links
1990 comedy films
1990 films
1990s Tamil-language films
Films about con artists
Films directed by Suresh Krissna
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
Films set in Bangalore
Indian comedy films |
Patrick "Pat" Jarrett (born 2 October 1972) is a Jamaican sprinter who specialised in the 100 metres. He represented Jamaica at the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics. He was also the 1999 Jamaican 100 m champion and a quarter-finalist at the 1999 World Championships in Athletics.
He won the 100 m bronze at the 1999 CAC Championships and helped the Jamaican relay team to the bronze at the 1999 Pan American Games. He received a doping ban for two years in 2001, after testing positive for stanozolol at the Jamaican Championships.
Currently coaching Current athletes include Barbara Pierre (2016 World 60m Champion, 2008 Beijing 100m Olympian and 2011 Pan American Games 100m Silver Medalist) and Ramon Gittens ( 2016 60m Bronze Medalist, 2012 Olympian, 2012 Barbados 100m National Champion) Desmond Lawrence (2017 4th US Indoor Championships)16 World 60m Champion, 2008 Beijing 100m Olympian and 2011 Pan American Games 100m Silver Medalist) and Ramon Gittens ( 2016 60m Bronze Medalist, 2012 Olympian, 2012 Barbados 100m National Champion) Desmond Lawrence (2017 4th US Indoor Championships)
Sprint Coach, Athletes in Action – Youth USATF (Raleigh, NC) 2015–Present
Sprint specialist for the 100m, 200m, 400m and Sprint relays
Sprint Coach, Enloe HS (Raleigh, NC) 2017–Present
Sprint specialist for the 100m, 200m, 400m and Sprint relays.
Sprint Coach, Saudi Arabia Federation (Raleigh, NC) March – May 2017
Sprint specialist for the 100m, 200m, 400m and Sprint relays
Sprint Coach, Virginia Beach Flames – Youth AAU (Virginia Beach, VA) 2010, 2009
Sprint specialist for the 100m, 200m, 400m and Sprint relays.
Coached several athletes to the 2010 and 2009 Nationals including 2009 Girls 100m and 200m National AAU Champion
Career
Jarrett originally started out running for Farmingdale High School in Long Island, New York, where he was ranked #1 in the 100 m in New York state from 1990-91. Afterwards, he attended St. John's University and starred on the track team from 1991 until he dropped out in 1993, academically ineligible. After a modest but short career at St. John's, he moved to New York Tech to continue running. He came to prominence in 1999 when he won the bronze medal in the 100 m at the 1999 CAC Championships, finishing behind Obadele Thompson and Kim Collins. He was selected for the 4×100 metres relay team at the 1999 Pan American Games and the squad won the bronze in at time of 38.82 seconds. He won the 100 m at the Jamaican Championships that year, running a time of 10.30 seconds. He was Jamaica's only representative in the 100 m at the 1999 World Championships in Athletics and he reached the quarter-finals stage but was knocked out as he finished fifth in his race. Regardless, his time of 10.22 seconds was a new personal best. Along with Garth Robinson, Christopher Williams and Ray Stewart, he finished fifth (upgraded to fourth after Nigeria was disqualified) in the heats of the 4×100 metres relay in his second competition of the championships.
He improved his personal best to 10.14 seconds at the National Championships in 2000, and his third place behind Williams and Lindel Frater finish guaranteed him a place in the Jamaican Olympic team. He reached the second round of the 100 m, along with his compatriots, at the 2000 Sydney Olympics but he finished last in his race, pulling up before the finish line. He was not selected for the relay at the Olympics and the Jamaican team of Frater, Dwight Thomas, Williams and Llewellyn Bredwood set a national record in the final.
At the 2001 Penn Relays Jarrett helped the Jamaican team including Donovan Powell, Byron Logan and Chris Williams to third place with a time of 38.68 seconds. He also improved his 100 m best to 10.12 seconds, ahead of Mark Lewis-Francis. He finished second at the Jamaican National Championships that year but his doping test from the competition was positive for the banned steroid stanozolol. He contested the test but the IAAF upheld the decision and he was banned from athletics for a period of two years.
He returned from the ban in 2003 and his next major appearance came at the 2004 Athens Olympics. He did not earn an individual spot, but was chosen for the relay and a team comprising Dwight Thomas, Jarrett, Winston Smith and Michael Frater recorded a time of 38.71 seconds for fourth in the heats (which was not enough to make the final). In 2005 he was fifth at both the IAAF Meeting Zagreb and the Tsiklitiria meeting in Athens (where he ran a season's best of 10.15 seconds).
Personal bests
All information taken from IAAF profile.
See also
List of doping cases in athletics
References
11. http://www.newsday.com/sports/local-colleges-ncaa-mark-for-tech-s-jarrett-as-he-runs-6-5-in-1.395010
External links
1977 births
Living people
Jamaican male sprinters
Olympic athletes for Jamaica
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 Pan American Games
Doping cases in athletics
Jamaican sportspeople in doping cases
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Jamaica
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
New York Institute of Technology alumni
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
20th-century Jamaican people
21st-century Jamaican people |
This is a list of the first women lawyer(s) and judge(s) in the U.S. State of Colorado. It includes the year in which the women were admitted to practice law (in parentheses). Also included are women who achieved other distinctions such becoming the first in their state to graduate from law school or become a political figure.
Firsts in Colorado's history
Lawyers
First females: Mary Sternberg Thomas and Josephine M. Luthe (1891)
First female to practice before the U.S. District Court and the Colorado Court of Appeals: Mary Lathrop (1897) in 1898:
First female (water lawyer): Vena Pointer (1926)
First Hispanic American female: Betty Ann Camunez (1972)
First Asian American female (Japanese descent): Mariko Tatsumoto Layton (1977)
State judges
First female: Ida L. Gregory in 1903
First female (district court): Irena Ingham in 1938
First female (Colorado Court of Appeals: Aurel M. Kelly in 1974
First female (Chief Judge; Colorado Court of Appeals): Aurel M. Kelly in 1998
First female (Seventeenth Judicial District Court): Dorothy Binder (1956) in 1978
First female (Colorado Supreme Court): Jean Dubofsky (1967) in 1979
First African American female: Claudia Jordan (1980) in 1994
First Hispanic American female (Fourth Judicial District Court): Theresa M. Cisneros (1983) in 1997
First female (Chief Justice; Colorado Supreme Court): Mary Mullarkey in 1998
First openly lesbian female: Mary A. Celeste in 2000
First Asian American female (Korean descent): Chelsea Malone
First female (Fifth Judicial District): Karen Romeo in 2008
First openly (Latino American) lesbian female (Colorado Supreme Court): Monica Márquez (1997) in 2010
First Asian American (female) (Colorado Appellate Court): Neeti Pawar in 2019
Federal judges
First female (U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado): Zita Leeson Weinshienk in 1979:
First Hispanic American female (U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado): Christine Arguello (1980) in 2008
First Asian American (female) (U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado): Regina M. Rodriguez in 2021
First openly lesbian female (U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado): Charlotte Sweeney in 2022
Attorney General of Colorado
First female: Gale Norton (1978) from 1991-1999
Deputy Attorney General
First female: Marty Albright
First Hispanic American (female) to serve as the Chief Deputy Attorney General: Christine Arguello (1980) in 2000
Assistant Attorney General
First female: Clara Ruth Mozzor in 1917
Deputy District Attorney
First female: Dorothy Binder (1956) in 1958
State Public Defender
First female: Megan Ring in 2018
Political Office
First openly lesbian female (Colorado House of Representatives): Jennifer Veiga (1988) from 1997-2003
Colorado Bar Association
First female (president): Kathryn Tamblyn in 1982
Firsts in local history
Dorothy Binder (1956): First female district court judge in Adams and Bloomfield Counties, Colorado (1978)
Kim Shropshire: First Asian American female to serve as a Judge of the 6th Judicial District (San Juan, La Plata, and Archuleta Counties, Colorado) (2022)
Cheryl Rowles-Stokes (1995): First African American Chief Deputy District Attorney in the 18th Judicial District Office of the District Attorney (2001-2012) and first African American female judge in Arapahoe County (2012).
Marsha Baer Yeager: First female District Attorney and judge in Boulder County, Colorado
Lolita Buckner Innis: First African American (female) to serve as the Dean of the University of Colorado Law School (2021)
Deni Eiring: First female to serve as a Judge of the Cheyenne County Court in the 15th Judicial District (2022)
Karen Romeo: First female district court judge in Clear Creek, Eagle, Lake and Summit Counties, Colorado (2008)
Mary Lathrop (1897): First female lawyer in Denver, Colorado [Denver County, Colorado]
Mary A. Pate: First female police judge in Denver, Colorado (1910)
Zita Weinshienk: First female judge in Denver County, Colorado
Claudia Jordan (1980): First African American female judge appointed to the Denver County Court bench and the first in Colorado (1994).
Mary A. Celeste: First openly LGBT female judge appointed to the Denver County Court, Colorado (2000). She was also the first female (and openly LGBT female) to serve as the Presiding Judge of the Denver County Court (2008).
Beth McCann: First female District Attorney for Denver, Colorado (2018) [Denver County, Colorado]
Nicole M. Rodarte: First woman of color (who is of Latino descent) to serve as Presiding Judge of the Denver County Court (2022)
Grace Storey Merlo: First female to serve on the Twenty-Second Judicial Branch (1987) [Dolores and Montezuma Counties, Colorado]
Irena Ella Sweet Ingham McGarry (c. 1920s): Reputed to be the first female lawyer in El Paso County, Colorado
Marie Shelton Holloway: First female judge in Garfield County, Colorado (1948–1964)
Ashley Burgemeister: First female judge in Gunnison County, Colorado
Christine A. Carney: First female judge in Larimer County, Colorado (1998)
Mary Beth Buescher: First female lawyer in Grand Junction, Colorado [Mesa County, Colorado]
Mary Johnson: First female judge in Pitkin County, Colorado (c. 1960s)
Carrie Clyde Holly: First woman attorney in Pueblo County
Cynthia Mitchell: First female Pueblo County Attorney, Colorado (2017)
See also
List of first women lawyers and judges in the United States
Timeline of women lawyers in the United States
Women in law
List of first minority male lawyers and judges in Colorado
List of first minority male lawyers and judges in the United States
Bibliography of Colorado
Geography of Colorado
History of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
List of Colorado-related lists
Outline of Colorado
References
External links
State of Colorado
Attorney General for Colorado
Supreme Court of the State of Colorado
Colorado, List of first women lawyers and judges in
Colorado lawyers
History of Colorado
Colorado, List of first women lawyers and judges in
Lists of people from Colorado
Lawyers and judges in Colorado, List of first women
Colorado, List of first women lawyers and judges in
Lawyers and judges in Colorado, List of first women
first |
Drug testing may refer to:
Clinical trial
Drug test
Drug Testing and Analysis (journal)
Equine drug testing
Drug reaction testing
Drug checking
Drug Testing (The Office)
Drug testing reagents (category) |
Malcolm Poole (born 6 November 1949) is a retired field hockey player from Australia, who was a member of the team that won the silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
References
External links
1949 births
Living people
Australian male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Field hockey players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Place of birth missing (living people)
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics |
Robert I. Levy (1924 – 29 August 2003, Asolo, Veneto, Italy) was an American psychiatrist and anthropologist known for his fieldwork in Tahiti and Nepal and on the cross-cultural study of emotions. Though he did not receive a formal degree in anthropology, he spent most of his adult life conducting anthropological fieldwork or teaching in departments of anthropology. In developing his approach to anthropology, he credited his cousin, the anthropologist Roy Rappaport, and Gregory Bateson (another famous anthropologist who never received a graduate degree in anthropology).
Robert Levy initially trained as a psychoanalytic psychiatrist and had a private practice in psychiatry for several years before he became involved in an ethnographic research project in the Society Islands (Tahiti), organized by anthropologist Douglas Oliver. He did field work in the Society Islands for twenty-six months, first during a pilot study in July and August 1961, then for two years between July 1962 and June 1964. He published this research in a number of articles and the book Tahitians: mind and experience in the Society Islands (1973), which was selected as a finalist for the National Book Awards in 1974. In this seminal work both in the ethnography of Polynesian societies and in psychological anthropology, he first demonstrated what he called person-centered ethnography, an approach to fieldwork that drew on his training as a clinical psychiatrist to understand individual feelings, experience, and motivation within a given cultural setting.
From 1964 to 1966 he was a senior scholar in the Institute of Advanced Projects at the East–West Center and research associate in anthropology at Bishop Museum, Honolulu. In 1969 he took a faculty position as professor in the newly established anthropology department at the University of California, San Diego, where he taught for many years.
His other major fieldwork site was the Newar city of Bhaktapur in Nepal.
After retiring from UCSD in 1991, he was appointed research professor of anthropology at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and research professor of anthropology at Duke University.
He received a number of awards for his scholarly activities. He was elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1996. In 2001 the Society for Psychological Anthropology honored him with its Lifetime Achievement Award.
He died while on holiday in the Italian town of Asolo, from complications of Parkinson's disease. A number of articles relating to his research, as well as a brief memorial written by his wife, were published in a special volume of Ethos (December 2005, Vol. 33, No. 4), the journal of the Society for Psychological anthropology.
His students included the anthropologists Douglas Hollan, Paula Levin, Steven Parish.
References
Select bibliography
Levy, Robert I. (1971) "The community functions of Tahitian male transvestites." Anthropological Quarterly 44:12-21.
Levy, Robert I. (1973) Tahitians: mind and experience in the Society Islands. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Levy, Robert I. 1984. "Emotion, knowing, and culture." pp. 214–237 in Culture Theory: essays on mind, self, and emotion., edited by R. Shweder and R. LeVine. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Levy, Robert I. 1990. Mesocosm: the organization of a Hindu Newar city in Nepal. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Levy, Robert I. and Douglas Hollan. 1998. "Person-Centered Interviewing and Observation in Anthropology." pp. 333–364 in Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, edited by H. R. Bernard. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
1924 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Neurological disease deaths in Veneto
Psychological anthropologists
American psychiatrists
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
Jewish anthropologists
20th-century American anthropologists
Members of the National Academy of Medicine |
The Vaalkop Dam is a combined gravity and earth-fill type dam located in North West Province, South Africa. Its reservoir is located at the confluence of the Elands River and the Hex River, part of the Crocodile basin. The dam was established originally in 1972 and was renovated in 2008 in order to supply water for the platinum and associated metals mining operations in the area. The dam mainly serves for irrigation purposes, municipal water supply and industrial uses. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked high.
The Vaalkop Dam lies near Pilanesberg, ESE from the outer perimeter of the ancient crater formation.
See also
List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa
References
External links
R264m water scheme flows on
Vaalkop Dam Nature Reserve
Vaalkop Dam Species Diversity Report, October 2009
Dams in South Africa
Dams completed in 2010
Crocodile River (Limpopo)
Buildings and structures in North West (South African province)
21st-century architecture in South Africa |
North Stoneham is a settlement and ecclesiastical parish and former civil parish, now in the civil parish of Eastleigh Town, in the Tastleigh district, in south Hampshire, England. It is located in between Eastleigh and Southampton . It was formerly an ancient estate and manor. Until the nineteenth century, it was a rural community comprising a number of scattered hamlets, including Middle Stoneham, North End, and Bassett Green, and characterised by large areas of woodland. The former 1,000-acre North Stoneham Park was redesigned by Capability Brown in the eighteenth century, and was one of the largest ornamental parklands in Hampshire.
History
For some centuries, the Willis Fleming family of North Stoneham Park were lords of the manor of North Stoneham, ( Eastleigh) and the principal landowners in the parish. The estate was purchased by Sir Thomas Fleming in 1599 from Henry Wriothesley, a young Earl of Southampton who inherited the title and estate at the age of eight. Thomas Fleming built a new house on the estate. In the second half of the 1770s the estate's gardens were redesigned by Capability Brown. From 1818 a new house was commissioned on the estate by John Willis Fleming to a design by Thomas Hopper. Work continued until 1844 when Fleming died. The house was demolished around 1940. The stables survived to become housing.
The church of St. Nicolas stands in Stoneham Lane, on the edge of the former park, while opposite is the former rectory, now an office complex.
The aviation pioneer, Edwin Moon, selected the flat field at North Stoneham Farm for his first flight in 1910, on what is now Southampton Airport.
The Stoneham War Shrine was built in 1917–18 in memory of thirty-six local men killed in World War I. The Shrine was restored in 2011.
North Stoneham and neighbouring South Stoneham are together sometimes referred to as 'the Stonehams' but are situated in different modern-day local authority areas: North Stoneham is in the Borough of Eastleigh and South Stoneham is in the city of Southampton.
Development plans
In the early 1990s, Southampton Football Club considered building a 25,000-seat stadium in the area to replace their stadium in the city, The Dell. However, by 1999 the plan had been abandoned in favour of a 32,000-seat stadium, St Mary's in the St Mary's area of Southampton, which opened in 2001. Following consultation with residents across the borough, North Stoneham was chosen as the preferred site for a new housing development, plans for which were put to the council in 2015. As well as 1,100 new homes, the plans for the £70m scheme include a new primary school, nursery, community centre, care home, shops and play facilities, to be built on a 62-hectare area of the former North Stoneham Park estate, which was landscaped by Lancelot "Capability" Brown.
Civil parish
In 1931 the parish had a population of 700. On 1 April 1932 the parish was abolished and merged with Eastleigh and Chilworth.
References
External links
The Fleming Estate in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight.
The Restoration of Stoneham War Shrine.
Currie, C. K. (1992). North Stoneham Park: its origin and development. Retrieved on 2009-02-07.
The Willis Fleming Historical Trust
North Stoneham Park
North Stoneham House
The Parish of North Stoneham with Bassett
Villages in Hampshire
Former civil parishes in Hampshire
Borough of Eastleigh |
Atlas Obscura is an American-based online magazine and travel company. It was founded in 2009 by author Joshua Foer and documentary filmmaker/author Dylan Thuras. It catalogs unusual and obscure travel destinations via user-generated content. The articles on the website cover a number of topics including history, science, food, and obscure places.
History
Thuras and Foer met in 2007, and soon discussed ideas for a different kind of atlas, featuring places not commonly found in guidebooks. They hired a web designer in 2008 and launched Atlas Obscura in 2009.
Sommer Mathis (formerly of The Atlantic CityLab) was the site's editor-in-chief from 2017 to 2020. She was succeeded by Samir Patel, formerly of Archaeology magazine, who became the site's editorial director in 2020 and editor-in-chief in 2021.
David Plotz remained as the site's CEO for five years (October 2014 – November 2019). Warren Webster, former president and CEO of digital publisher Coveteur, and co-founder of website Patch, assumed the position in March 2020.
Obscura Day
In 2010, the site organized the first of the international events known as Obscura Day. Thuras has stated that one of the site's main goals is "Creating a real-world community who are engaging with us, each other and these places and getting away from their computers to actually see them." As of 2021, Atlas Obscura has originated Atlas Obscura Societies organizing local experiences in nine cities, including New York, Philadelphia, Washington D.C., Chicago, Denver, Los Angeles, and Seattle.
In October 2014, Atlas Obscura hired journalist David Plotz as its CEO. In 2015, Atlas Obscura raised its first round of major funding, securing $2 million from a range of investors and angels including The New York Times. In September 2016, the company published its first book, Atlas Obscura: An Explorer's Guide to the World's Hidden Wonders written by Foer, Thuras, and Ella Morton under Workman Publishing Company.
Gastro Obscura
Following a second fundraising effort that netted $7.5 million, in late 2017 the site launched Gastro Obscura, a food section covering "the distinctive food locations of the world."
Publications
Joshua Foer, Ella Morton, and Dylan Thuras, Atlas Obscura: An Explorer's Guide to the World's Hidden Wonders, Workman Publishing Company, 2016
Dylan Thuras, Rosemary Mosco, and Joy Ang, The Atlas Obscura Explorer's Guide for the World's Most Adventurous Kid, Workman Publishing Company, 2018
Cecily Wong and Dylan Thuras, Gastro Obscura: A Food Adventurer's Guide, Workman Publishing Company, , 2021
Dylan Thuras, Atlas Obscura Explorer's Journal: Let Your Curiosity Be Your Compass, Workman Publishing Company, , 2017
Atlas Obscura Page-A-Day Calendar 2023: 365 Days of Extraordinary Destinations, Bizarre Phenomena, and Other Hidden Wonders, Workman Publishing Company, , 2022
References
External links
Presentation by Ella Morton on Atlas Obscura: An Explorer’s Guide to the World's Hidden Wonders, 22 October 2016
Online magazines published in the United States
American travel websites
Magazines established in 2009
Tourism magazines
Magazines published in New York City |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:C24H28O4}}
The molecular formula C24H28O4 (molar mass: 380.484 g/mol, exact mass: 380.1988 u) may refer to:
Diethylstilbestrol dipropionate (DESDP)
Riligustilide
Molecular formulas |
Shayne Brodie (born 30 May 1973) is a Fijian sailor. He competed in the Tornado event at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
Fijian male sailors (sport)
Olympic sailors for Fiji
Sailors at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Tornado
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Lana Harch (born 23 November 1984 in Hampton, Queensland, Australia) is a former Australia women's national soccer team international who plays for Queensland Lions FC.
Harch was adjudged player of the match in the 2008–09 W-League Grand Final and was the W-League Player of the Year.
In November 2013, Harch retired from football.
Harch graduated from the University of Southern Queensland and currently works as a teacher at the Westside Christian College in Goodna, Ipswich.
International goals
Honours
Individual
2009 Julie Dolan Medal: Best player in the 2008–09 W-League
Club
2008–09 W-League Premiership and Championship with Brisbane Roar
References
1984 births
Living people
Australian women's soccer players
Brisbane Roar FC (A-League Women) players
A-League Women players
University of Southern Queensland alumni
Women's association football forwards
People from the Darling Downs
Sportswomen from Queensland
Soccer players from Queensland |
Walter S. Painter (1877-1957) was an American architect who is chiefly noted for his work with the Canadian Pacific Railway as its chief architect. Painter's most significant works include the redesigned Banff Springs Hotel, the Cave and Basin Hot Springs bathhouse in Banff, Alberta and a series of railroad stations and hotels for the Canadian Pacific. In later life Painter worked with school designs in Chile, and promoted a system of prefabricated concrete houses.
Painter began his practice as a theater architect. Painter was chief designer with Canadian Pacific from 1906 to 1913. A partnership with Canadian architect Francis S. Swales lasted two years, from 1911-1912. Painter built a house at 533 Buffalo Street in Banff in 1913, close to the railroad and the Banff Springs Hotel, which has been preserved as a community arts centre.
References
19th-century American architects
1877 births
1957 deaths
Canadian Pacific Railway people
20th-century American architects |
Sievering Studios were film production studios located in Sievering, a suburb of the Austrian capital Vienna.
The studios were established in 1916 by the film pioneer Alexander Kolowrat for use by his Sascha-Film. After the First World War they functioned as the largest film studios of the new Austrian Republic and a number of major productions were made there during a boom period for the country's film industry during the silent era of the 1920s. Directors such as Michael Curtiz and Alexander Korda worked there during the decade.
Following the Anschluss of 1938, Sievering was incorporated as part of the new company Wien Film by the Nazi authorities. After the Second World War it was located in the American Sector of Occupied Vienna. Control of the property of the former Wien Film, including the Sievering Studios, were placed under the control of director Karl Hartl.
In 1949 the studio facilities were used for the production of the British film The Third Man by Carol Reed. The building housing the studios was demolished during the 1970s following the sharp decline in Austrian film production.
References
Bibliography
Drazin, Charles. Korda: Britain's Movie Mogul. I.B.Tauris, 2011.
Fritsche, Maria. Homemade Men in Postwar Austrian Cinema: Nationhood, Genre and Masculinity. Berghahn Books, 2013.
Von Dassanowsky, Robert. Austrian Cinema: A History. McFarland, 2005.
Austrian film studios
Demolished buildings and structures in Austria
Buildings and structures demolished in the 1970s |
Hector Bertram Gray (6 June 1911 – 18 December 1943) was an officer of the Royal Air Force, and a member of the British Army Aid Group, who was posthumously awarded the George Cross for "most conspicuous gallantry" in resisting torture after the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong in 1941.
Early life
Gray was born on 6 June 1911 in Gillingham, Kent the son of Lionel and Adela (née Duff) Gray, his father was a musician. Gray joined the Royal Air Force as an aircraft apprentice at RAF Halton.
Long distance flight
In November 1938 Gray, then a Sergeant Pilot with the RAF Long Range Development Flight, was acting as a radio operator/mechanic in one of three Vickers Wellesley bombers that flew non-stop for two days from Ismailia, Egypt to Darwin, Australia (7,162 mi/11,525 km) setting a world distance record. The Wellesley's record remained unbroken until November 1945 but it remains the longest by a single engined aircraft. Gray was awarded the Air Force Medal for the flight.
British Army Aid Group
Gray smuggled medicine into the prisoner of war camp to help the many seriously ill prisoners incarcerated there and was a conduit for news from the outside world. When the Japanese grew suspicious he was tortured and interrogated for six months but refused to divulge the names of fellow officers, such as Captain Douglas Ford of the Royal Scots, and Colonel Lanceray Arthur Newnham of the Middlesex Regiment. He was executed by firing squad, with fellow prisoners, on 18 December 1943 and buried in Stanley Military Cemetery in Hong Kong. Notice of his award was published in the London Gazette on 19 April 1946.
Honours and awards
28 April 1939 Sergeant Hector Bertram Gray of the Royal Air Force Long Range Development Unit was awarded the Air Force Medal in recognition of services rendered to crews of two aircraft which flew from Ismailia to Port Darwin in November 1938 on world's long-distance record flight.
19 April 1946 Flight Lieutenant Hector Bertram Gray AFM is posthumously awarded the George Cross "in recognition of most conspicuous gallantry in carrying out hazardous work in a very brave manner".
References
Royal Air Force officers
British recipients of the George Cross
Royal Air Force recipients of the George Cross
Recipients of the Air Force Medal
People executed by Japan by firing squad
Royal Air Force personnel killed in World War II
1911 births
1943 deaths
Executed British people
20th-century executions by Japan
People from Gillingham, Kent
Executed people from Kent
British torture victims
World War II prisoners of war held by Japan
British World War II prisoners of war
Burials at Stanley Military Cemetery
Military personnel from Kent
Japanese war crimes |
Melbourne Burning is a 1946-1947 painting by Australian artist Arthur Boyd. It has been described as "his apocalyptic image of Melbourne burning, like a Biblical narrative in the context of the second world war". The painting has been reported to have displayed in the Perth office of Robert Holmes à Court. It was purchased by David Walsh for AUD 3.2 million. It is "one of Walsh's favourite works". The painting is the collection of the Museum of Old and New Art.
References
Australian paintings |
The Creative & Media Studio School is a studio school located at the Netherhall Learning Campus in Huddersfield, in the English county of West Yorkshire, England.
The school was established in 2010. The school was initially housed in the premises of the other schools in the Netherhall Federation; however a dedicated building has been completed and was officially opened on 15 November 2013.
School specialisms include Drama, Music, Textiles, Graphics, Fashion and Media, with qualifications at GCSE, BTEC or A Level.
References
External links
Creative & Media Studio School official website
Studio schools
Secondary schools in Kirklees
Educational institutions established in 2010
2010 establishments in England
Arts organizations established in 2010 |
Emeopedus griseomarmoratus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1956.
References
Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1956 |
'General' Elijah Combs (April 17, 1770 in Frederick County, Virginia – September 12, 1855 in Hazard, Perry County, Kentucky), is the son of John Combs and his wife, Nancy Harding. He migrated to Kentucky from North Carolina in 1792 bringing with him his wife and several slaves (called: 'Anne', 'Nance' and 'Jake'). He is listed as deeding roughly 10 acres for what became the Town of Hazard to the town in 1826.
Elijah was the Founder of Hazard, Perry County, Kentucky on November 2, 1820 which he named after General Oliver Hazard Perry, a hero of the War of 1812. Perry County was formed by the Kentucky General Assembly from portions of Clay and Floyd Counties in Kentucky.
In addition to founding Hazard, Elijah was a Whig politician. In 1832 he was listed as the Jailer for Perry County. In 1833 he was listed as its Magistrate. In 1836 and 1837 he was listed as the Sheriff. In 1840 he served in the Kentucky State House.
Elijah went by the title 'General' and was known to dress up as a 'general' in his regimental uniform as the 'General of the local militia' for Hazard and Perry County. Although no evidence of an actual command as a General has been found, he is listed as making a materials request after the War of 1812 (for the State of Kentucky).
During the 1840 Presidential Election, Elijah was running for a seat in the Kentucky House of Representatives which he won. He gave speeches on behalf of the Whig candidate for President, William Henry Harrison.
Elijah married Sarah 'Sally' Roark, the daughter of patriot US Revolutionary militia war spy, Michael Roark.
His father-in-law, Michael Roark was paid by the US government to spy on the Creek and Cherokee Indians. Some historians think that Elijah also participated in the War of 1812 in either the Creek War in the Southern States or on the Canadian frontier. Since he named the town and County after Oliver Hazard Perry, a leader in battles at the Canada–US border, questions surround the connection.
Elijah and Sally had 6 known children:
Jesse Combs (1798-1874) Clerk of the Perry County Court until his death
Mary 'Polly' Combs
Lucinda 'Cindy' Combs
Jackson G. Combs (1816-1857)
Elijah Combs, Jr(1819-1866)
Jade Miller(1815-unknown)
References
Members of the Kentucky House of Representatives
Kentucky Whigs
American militia generals
People from Kentucky in the War of 1812
1770 births
1855 deaths
People from Hazard, Kentucky
Kentucky sheriffs |
Phyllonorycter alpina is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found from Germany to Italy and from France to Ukraine.
The larvae feed on Alnus viridis. They mine the leaves of their host plant. They create a lower-surface, long and narrow tentiform mine, usually between two lateral veins. The lower epidermis has one or more strong folds. The frass is deposited in a clump in the angle of the mine closest to the midrib. The cocoon is white and peppered with frass grains.
External links
bladmineerders.nl
Fauna Europaea
alpina
Moths of Europe
Moths described in 1856 |
Peacebuilding is an activity that aims to resolve injustice in nonviolent ways and to transform the cultural and structural conditions that generate deadly or destructive conflict. It revolves around developing constructive personal, group, and political relationships across ethnic, religious, class, national, and racial boundaries. The process includes violence prevention; conflict management, resolution, or transformation; and post-conflict reconciliation or trauma healing before, during, and after any given case of violence.
As such, peacebuilding is a multidisciplinary cross-sector technique or method that becomes strategic when it works over the long run and at all levels of society to establish and sustain relationships among people locally and globally and thus engenders sustainable peace. Strategic peacebuilding activities address the root or potential causes of violence, create a societal expectation for peaceful conflict resolution, and stabilize society politically and socioeconomically.
The methods included in peacebuilding vary depending on the situation and the agent of peacebuilding. Successful peacebuilding activities create an environment supportive of self-sustaining, durable peace; reconcile opponents; prevent conflict from restarting; integrate civil society; create rule of law mechanisms; and address underlying structural and societal issues. Researchers and practitioners also increasingly find that peacebuilding is most effective and durable when it relies upon local conceptions of peace and the underlying dynamics that foster or enable conflict.
Defining peacebuilding
The definition of peacebuilding varies depending on the actor, with some definitions specifying what activities fall within the scope of peacebuilding or restricting peacebuilding to post-conflict interventions. Even if peacebuilding has remained a largely amorphous concept without clear guidelines or goals, common to all definitions is the agreement that improving human security is the central task of peacebuilding. In this sense, peacebuilding includes a wide range of efforts by diverse actors in government and civil society at the community, national, and international levels to address the root causes of violence and ensure civilians have freedom from fear (negative peace), freedom from want (positive peace) and freedom from humiliation before, during, and after violent conflict.
Although many of peacebuilding's aims overlap with those of peacemaking, peacekeeping and conflict resolution, it is a distinct idea. Peacemaking involves stopping an ongoing conflict, whereas peacebuilding happens before a conflict starts or once it ends. Peacekeeping prevents the resumption of fighting following a conflict; it does not address the underlying causes of violence or work to create societal change, as peacebuilding does. Peacekeeping also differs from peacebuilding in that it only occurs after conflict ends, not before it begins. Conflict resolution does not include some components of peacebuilding, such as state building and socioeconomic development.
While some use the term to refer to only post-conflict or post-war contexts, most use the term more broadly to refer to any stage of conflict. Before conflict becomes violent, preventive peacebuilding efforts, such as diplomatic, economic development, social, educational, health, legal and security sector reform programs, address potential sources of instability and violence. This is also termed conflict prevention. Peacebuilding efforts aim to manage, mitigate, resolve and transform central aspects of the conflict through official diplomacy; as well as through civil society peace processes and informal dialogue, negotiation, and mediation. Peacebuilding addresses economic, social and political root causes of violence and fosters reconciliation to prevent the return of structural and direct violence. Peacebuilding efforts aim to change beliefs, attitudes and behaviors to transform the short and long term dynamics between individuals and groups toward a more stable, peaceful coexistence. Peacebuilding is an approach to an entire set of interrelated efforts that support peace.
Peace-building is a term of more recent origin that, as used in the report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (2000), defines "activities undertaken on the far side of conflict to reassemble the foundations of peace and provide the tools for building on those foundations something that is more than just the absence of war. "
In 2007, the UN Secretary-General's Policy Committee defined peacebuilding as follows: "Peacebuilding involves a range of measures targeted to reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict by strengthening national capacities at all levels for conflict management, and to lay the foundations for sustainable peace and sustainable development. Peacebuilding strategies must be coherent and tailored to specific needs of the country concerned, based on national ownership, and should comprise a carefully prioritized, sequenced, and therefore relatively narrow set of activities aimed at achieving the above objectives."
History of peacebuilding
As World War II ended in the mid-1940s, international initiatives such as the creation of the Bretton Woods institutions and The Marshall Plan consisted of long-term postconflict intervention programs in Europe with which the United States and its allies aimed to rebuild the continent following the destruction of World War II. The focus of these initiatives revolved around a narrative of peacekeeping and peacemaking.
Norwegian sociologist Johan Galtung coined the term "peacebuilding" in 1975, arguing that "peace has a structure different from, perhaps over and above, peacekeeping and ad hoc peacemaking... The mechanisms that peace is based on should be built into the structure and be present as a reservoir for the system itself to draw up. ... More specifically, structures must be found that remove causes of wars and offer alternatives to war in situations where wars might occur." Galtung's work emphasized a bottom-up approach that decentralized social and economic structures, amounting to a call for a societal shift from structures of coercion and violence to a culture of peace.
Then, as the Cold War and the various phenomena of its fizzling came to a close (e.g. civil wars between Third World countries, Reagonomics, "Bringing the State Back In"), American sociologist John Paul Lederach further refined the concept of peacebuilding through several 1990s publications that focus on engaging grassroots, local, NGO, international and other actors to create a sustainable peace process, especially with respect to cases of intractable deadly conflict where he was actively mediating between warring parties. From a political-institutional perspective, he does not advocate the same degree of structural change as Galtung. However, Lederach's influence in the conceptual evolution of peacebuilding still reflects Galtung's original vision for "positive peace" by detailing, categorizing, & expanding upon the sociocultural processes through which we address both direct and structural elements of violent conflict.
Peacebuilding has since expanded to include many different dimensions, such as disarmament, demobilization and reintegration and rebuilding governmental, economic and civil society institutions. The concept was popularized in the international community through UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali's 1992 report An Agenda for Peace. The report defined post-conflict peacebuilding as an "action to identify and support structures which will tend to strengthen and solidify peace in order to avoid a relapse into conflict". At the 2005 World Summit, the United Nations began creating a peacebuilding architecture based on Kofi Annan's proposals. The proposal called for three organizations: the UN Peacebuilding Commission, which was founded in 2005; the UN Peacebuilding Fund, founded in 2006; and the UN Peacebuilding Support Office, which was created in 2005. These three organizations enable the Secretary-General to coordinate the UN's peacebuilding efforts. National governments' interest in the topic has also increased due to fears that failed states serve as breeding grounds for conflict and extremism and thus threaten international security. Some states have begun to view peacebuilding as a way to demonstrate their relevance. However, peacebuilding activities continue to account for small percentages of states' budgets.
Categorizing approaches to peacebuilding
In a very broad sense, there are three primary approaches to peacebuilding, which each correspond to three primary types of peace: (1) negative peace vs. (2) positive peace (Galtung) vs. (3) justpeace (Lederach, sometimes spelled "just peace"). In turn, these three types of peace correspond respectively to three primary types of violence: (1) direct violence vs. (2) structural violence vs. (3) cultural violence.
Negative peace: direct violence
Negative peace refers to the absence of direct, or "hot" violence, which refers to acts that impose immediate harm on a given subject or group. In this sense, negative peacebuilding (aimed at negative peace) intentionally focuses on addressing the direct factors driving harmful conflict. When applying the term "peacebuilding" to this work, there is an explicit attempt by those designing and planning a peacebuilding effort to reduce direct violence.
Positive peace: structural violence
Positive peace refers to the absence of both direct violence as well as structural violence. Structural violence refers to the ways that systems & institutions in society cause, reinforce, or perpetuate direct violence. In this sense, positive peacebuilding (aimed at positive peace) intentionally focuses on address the indirect factors driving or mitigating harmful conflict, with an emphasis on engaging institutions, policies, and political-economic conditions as they relate to exploitation and repression.
Justpeace: cultural violence
Justpeace (or "just peace") refers to the absence of all three types of violence enumerated above: direct, structural, & cultural. Cultural violence refers to aspects of culture that can be used to justify or legitimize direct or structural violence—the ways in which direct or structural violence look or feel "right" according to the moral fabric of society. In this sense, just peacebuilding (aimed at justpeace) intentionally combines the methods of "positive peacebuilding" (as described above) with a special focus on building and transforming sustainable relationships among conflicting sectors & cultures in such a way that promotes more alignment between each culture's mores (standards of "right" behavior or conditions) and the extent to which those mores are built/equipped to prevent, resolve, and heal patterns of direct and structural violence.
When Lederach first proposed the term in the late 1990s, he wrote:
Institutionalising peacebuilding
Following periods of protracted violence, peacebuilding often takes shape in the form of constitutional agreements, laying out a path for co-operation and tolerance between former warring factions. A common method that has been applied in a variety of states is consociationalism. Initially set forth by political scientist Arend Lijphart, consociationalism calls for a power-sharing form of democracy. Identified by four aspects: grand coalition, mutual veto, proportionality and segmental autonomy; it aims to generate peace across societies that have been torn apart by their internal divisions. Ultimately, consociationalism aims to create a stable society that is able to outlast and overcome differences that may remerge. Examples of consociational agreements can be seen in Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Lebanon.
In an effort to de-emphasise the importance of ethnicity, critics of consociationalism such as Brian Barry, Donald L. Horowitz, and to a certain extent, Roland Paris, have developed their own brands of constitutional peacebuilding that rely on the existence of a moderate society.
Centripetalism as advocated by Horowitz, encourages political parties of divided societies to adopt a moderate campaign platform. Through the alternative vote and a distributive requirement, centripetalism aims to create a society that votes across ethnic or religious lines, allowing civic issues to take precedence.
Components of peacebuilding
The activities included in peacebuilding vary depending on the situation and the agent of peacebuilding. Successful peacebuilding activities create an environment supportive of self-sustaining, durable peace; reconcile opponents; prevent conflict from restarting; integrate civil society; create rule of law mechanisms; and address underlying structural and societal issues. To accomplish these goals, peacebuilding must address functional structures, emotional conditions and social psychology, social stability, rule of law and ethics, and cultural sensitivities.
Preconflict peacebuilding interventions aim to prevent the start of violent conflict. These strategies involve a variety of actors and sectors in order to transform the conflict. Even though the definition of peacebuilding includes preconflict interventions, in practice most peacebuilding interventions are postconflict. However, many peacebuilding scholars advocate an increased focus on preconflict peacebuilding in the future.
There are many different approaches to categorization of forms of peacebuilding among the peacebuilding field's many scholars.
Barnett et al. divide postconflict peacebuilding into three dimensions: stabilizing the post-conflict zone, restoring state institutions, and dealing with social and economic issues. Activities within the first dimension reinforce state stability post-conflict and discourage former combatants from returning to war (disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, or DDR). Second dimension activities build state capacity to provide basic public goods and increase state legitimacy. Programs in the third dimension build a post-conflict society's ability to manage conflicts peacefully and promote socioeconomic development.
A mixture of locally and internationally focused components is key to building a long-term sustainable peace. Mac Ginty says that while different "indigenous" communities utilize different conflict resolution techniques, most of them share the common characteristics described in the table below. Since indigenous peacebuilding practices arise from local communities, they are tailored to local context and culture in a way that generalized international peacebuilding approaches are not.
The theorist I. William Zartman introduces the concept of a "ripe moment" for the commencement of peace negotiations in a conflict. Zartman's thesis outlines the necessary (but not sufficient) conditions that must be fulfilled before actors in a conflict will be willing to faithfully engage in peace negotiations. Institutions or countries looking to build peace must therefore "seize" upon these moments to begin the process of peace negotiations.
A mutually hurting stalemate (MHS):
All sides in a conflict must be engaged in a stalemate, such that none of the actors can successfully escalate the conflict to achieve victory.
The stalemate must also be "mutually hurting", such that the continuation of the conflict is n according to each sides' cost-benefit analyses.
A way out:
Peacebuilding and peace negotiating actors can provide the necessary security that enables peace negotiation to occur.
Approached in game-theoretical terms, Zartman argues that the presence of an MHS and a means of escaping the stalemate transform conflicts from a prisoner's dilemma to a chicken game.
Without these features, Zartman argues that belligerents will lack the necessary motivations to pursue peace. Therefore, the sides in a conflict will either not engage in peace negotiation, or any peace will be short-lived.
Peacebuilding and cultural heritage
In today's world, peacebuilding also means maintaining and protecting the economic and cultural foundations of a community and the population. The protection of culture and cultural assets is therefore becoming increasingly important nationally and internationally. United Nations, UNESCO and Blue Shield International deal with the protection of cultural heritage and therefore with peacebuilding. This also applies to the integration of United Nations peacekeeping.
In international law, the UN and UNESCO try to establish and enforce rules. It is not a question of protecting a person's property, but of preserving the cultural heritage of humanity, especially in the event of war and armed conflict. According to Karl von Habsburg, founding president of Blue Shield International, the destruction of cultural assets is also part of psychological warfare. The target is the opponent's identity, which is why symbolic cultural assets become a main target. It is also intended to address the particularly sensitive cultural memory, the growing cultural diversity and the economic basis (such as tourism) of a state, a region or a municipality.
Major organizations
International organizations
The United Nations participates in many aspects of peacebuilding, both through the peacebuilding architecture established in 2005–2006 and through other agencies.
Peacebuilding architecture
UN Peacebuilding Commission (PBC): intergovernmental advisory body that brings together key actors, gathers resources, advises on strategies for post-conflict peacebuilding and highlights issues that might undermine peace.
UN Peacebuilding Fund (PBF): supports peacebuilding activities that directly promote post-conflict stabilization and strengthen state and institutional capacity. PBF funding is either given for a maximum of two years immediately following conflict to jumpstart peacebuilding and recovery needs or given for up to three years to create a more structured peacebuilding process.
UN Peacebuilding Support Office (PBSO): supports the Peacebuilding Commission with strategic advice and policy guidance, administers the Peacebuilding Fund and helps the Secretary-General coordinate UN agencies' peacebuilding efforts.
Other agencies
UN Department of Political Affairs: postconflict peacebuilding
UN Development Programme: conflict prevention, peacebuilding, postconflict recovery
UNESCO: through democracy, the promotion of human rights and global citizenship
The World Bank and International Monetary Fund focus on the economic and financial aspects of peacebuilding. The World Bank assists in post-conflict reconstruction and recovery by helping rebuild society's socioeconomic framework. The International Monetary Fund deals with post-conflict recovery and peacebuilding by acting to restore assets and production levels.
The EU's European Commission describes its peacebuilding activities as conflict prevention and management, and rehabilitation and reconstruction. Conflict prevention and management entails stopping the imminent outbreak of violence and encouraging a broad peace process. Rehabilitation and reconstruction deals with rebuilding the local economy and institutional capacity. The European Commission Conflict Prevention and Peace building 2001–2010 was subjected to a major external evaluation conducted by Aide a la Decisions Economique (ADE) with the European Centre for Development Policy Management which was presented in 2011. The European External Action Service created in 2010 also has a specific Division of Conflict Prevention, Peacebuilding and Mediation.
Governmental organizations
France
French Ministry of Defence: operations include peacekeeping, political and constitutional processes, democratization, administrative state capacity, technical assistance for public finance and tax policy, and support for independent media
French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs: supports peace consolidation, including monitoring compliance with arms embargoes, deployment of peacekeeping troops, DDR, and deployment of police and gendarmerie in support of the rule of law
French Development Agency: focuses on crisis prevention through humanitarian action and development
Germany
German Federal Foreign Office: assists with conflict resolution and postconflict peacebuilding, including the establishment of stable state structures (rule of law, democracy, human rights, and security) and the creation of the potential for peace within civil society, the media, cultural affairs and education
German Federal Ministry of Defence: deals with the destruction of a country's infrastructure resulting from intrastate conflict, security forces reform, demobilization of combatants, rebuilding the justice system and government structures and preparations for elections
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development: addresses economic, social, ecological, and political conditions to help eliminate the structural causes of conflict and promote peaceful conflict management; issues addressed include poverty reduction, pro-poor sustainable economic growth, good governance and democracy
Japan
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA): supports peacebuilding. In response to Minister Taro Aso's statement in his speech in 2007, the Ministry is conducting the project (平和構築人材育成事業) to train civilian specialists from Japan and other countries who can work in the field of peacebuilding.
Switzerland
Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA): following the bill passed by the Swiss Federal Parliament in 2004 which outlined various measures for civil peacebuilding and human rights strengthening, the Human Security Division (HSD) of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA) has been responsible for implementing measures which serve to promote human security around the world. It is the competence centre for peace, human rights and humanitarian policy, and for Switzerland's migration foreign policy. To this end, the FDFA gets a line of credit to be renewed and approved by Parliament every four years (it was CHF 310 million for the 2012–2016 period.) Its main peacebuilding programmes focus on 1. the African Great Lakes region (Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo), 2. Sudan, South Sudan and the Horn of Africa, 3. West Africa and Sahel, 4. Middle East, 5. Nepal, 6. South Eastern Europe and 7. Colombia.
United Kingdom
UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office: performs a range of reconstruction activities required in the immediate aftermath of conflict
UK Ministry of Defence: deals with long-term activities addressing the underlying causes of conflict and the needs of the people
UK Department for International Development: works on conflict prevention (short-term activities to prevent the outbreak or recurrence of violent conflict) and peacebuilding (medium- and long-term actions to address the factors underlying violent conflict), including DDR programs; building the public institutions that provide security, transitional justice and reconciliation; and providing basic social services
United States
United States Department of State: aids postconflict states in establishing the basis for a lasting peace, good governance and sustainable development
United States Department of Defense: assists with reconstruction, including humanitarian assistance, public health, infrastructure, economic development, rule of law, civil administration and media; and stabilization, including security forces, communication skills, humanitarian capabilities and area expertise
United States Agency for International Development: performs immediate interventions to build momentum in support of the peace process including supporting peace negotiations; building citizen security; promoting reconciliation; and expanding democratic political processes
United States Institute of Peace:
Nongovernmental organizations
Catholic Relief Services: Baltimore-based Catholic humanitarian agency that provides emergency relief post-disaster or post-conflict and encourages long-term development through peacebuilding and other activities
Conscience: Taxes for Peace not War: Organisation in London that promotes peacebuilding as an alternative to military security via a Peace Tax Bill and reform of the £1 billion UK Conflict, Stability and Security Fund.
Conciliation Resources: London-based independent organisation working with people in conflict to prevent violence and build peace.
Crisis Management Initiative: Helsinki-based organization that works to resolve conflict and build sustainable peace by bringing international peacebuilding experts and local leaders together
Generations For Peace: An Amman-based global non-profit peace-building organization dedicated to sustainable conflict transformation at the grassroots with a focus on youth.
IIDA Women's Development Organisation is a Somali non-profit, politically independent, non-governmental organisation, created by women in order to work for peacebuilding and women's rights defence in Somalia.
Initiatives of Change: global organization dedicated to "building trust across the world's divides" (of culture, nationality, belief, and background), involved in peacebuilding and peace consolidation since 1946 and currently in the Great Lakes area of Africa, Sierra Leone and other areas of conflict.
Institute for Conflict Transformation and Peacebuilding (ICP): Swiss based NGO specialised in peacebuilding, non-violent conflict transformation, mediation and training delivery.
International Alert: London-based charity that works with people affected by violent conflict to improve their prospects for peace and helps shape and strength peacebuilding policies and practices
International Crisis Group: Brussels-based nonprofit that gives advice to governments and intergovernmental organizations on the prevention and resolution of deadly conflict
Interpeace: Geneva-based nonprofit and strategic partner of the United Nations that works to build lasting peace by following five core principles that put people at the center of the peacebuilding process
Jewish-Palestinian Living Room Dialogue Group: Since 1992 models and supports relationships among adversaries, while creating how-to documentary films. From 2003 to 2007, with Camp Tawonga brought hundreds of adults and youth from 50 towns in Palestine and Israel to successfully live and communicate together at the Palestinian-Jewish Family Peacemakers Camp—Oseh Shalom – Sanea al-Salam
Karuna Center for Peacebuilding: U.S.-based international nonprofit organization that leads training and programs in post-conflict peacebuilding for government, development institutions, civil society organizations, and local communities
Nonviolent Peaceforce: Brussels-based nonprofit that promotes and implements unarmed civilian peacekeeping as a tool for reducing violence and protecting civilians in situations of violent conflict
Peace Direct: London-based charity that provides financial and administrative assistance to grassroots peacebuilding efforts and increases international awareness of both specific projects and grassroots peacebuilding in general;
Saferworld: UK-based independent international organisation working to prevent violent conflict and build safer lives;
Search for Common Ground: international organization founded in 1982 and working in 35 countries that uses evidence-based approaches to transform the way communities deal with conflict towards cooperative solutions
Seeds of Peace: New York City-based nonprofit that works to empower youth from areas of conflict by inviting them to an international camp in Maine for leadership training and relationship building
Tuesday's Children: New York-based organization that brings together teens, ages 15–20, from the New York City area and around the world who share a "common bond"—the loss of a family member due to an act of terrorism. Launched in 2008, Project COMMON BOND has so far helped 308 teenagers from 15 countries and territories turn their experiences losing a loved one to terrorism into positive actions that can help others exposed to similar tragedy. Participants share the vision of the program to "Let Our Past Change the Future."
UNOY Peacebuilders (United Network of Young Peacebuilders): The Hague-based network of young leaders and youth organizations that facilitates affiliated organizations' peacebuilding efforts through networking, sharing information, research and fundraising
Research and academic institutes
Center for Justice and Peacebuilding: academic program at Eastern Mennonite University; promotes peacebuilding, creation care, experiential learning, and cross-cultural engagement; teachings are based on Mennonite Christianity
Center for Peacebuilding and Development: academic center at American University's School of International Service; promotes cross-cultural development of research and practices in peace education, civic engagement, nonviolent resistance, conflict resolution, religion and peace, and peacebuilding
Irish Peace Institute: promotes peace and reconciliation in Ireland and works to apply lessons from Ireland's conflict resolution to other conflicts
Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies: degree-granting institute at the University of Notre Dame; promotes research, education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace
United States Institute of Peace: non-partisan federal institution that works to prevent or end violent conflict around the world by sponsoring research and using it to inform actions
University for Peace: international institution of higher education located in Costa Rica; aims to promote peace by engaging in teaching, research, training and dissemination of knowledge necessary for building peace
swisspeace: a practice-oriented peace research institute that is associated with the University of Basel, Switzerland; analyzes the causes of violent conflicts and develops strategies for their peaceful transformation.
CDA Collaborative Learning Projects: an action research and advisory organization dedicated to improving the effectiveness and accountability of peacebuilding, development, and humanitarian efforts wherever communities experience conflict.
Role of women
Women have traditionally played a limited role in peacebuilding processes even though they often bear the responsibility for providing for their families' basic needs in the aftermath of violent conflict. They are especially likely to be unrepresented or underrepresented in negotiations, political decision-making, upper-level policymaking and senior judicial positions. Many societies' patriarchal cultures prevent them from recognizing the role women can play in peacebuilding. However, many peacebuilding academics and the United Nations have recognized that women play a vital role in securing the three pillars of sustainable peace: economic recovery and reconciliation, social cohesion and development and political legitimacy, security and governance.
In October 2000, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (S/RES/1325) on women, peace, and security was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council, after recalling resolutions 1261 (1999), 1265 (1999), 1296 (2000), and 1314 (2000). The resolution acknowledged the disproportionate and unique impact of armed conflict on women and girls. It calls for the adoption of a gender perspective to consider the special needs of women and girls during conflict, repatriation and resettlement, rehabilitation, reintegration, and post-conflict reconstruction.
In 2010, at the request of the Security Council, the Secretary-General issued an updated report on women's participation in peacebuilding. The report outlines the challenges women continue to face in participating in recovery and peacebuilding process and the negative impact this exclusion has on them and societies more broadly. To respond to these challenges, it advocates a comprehensive 7-point action plan covering the seven commitment areas: mediation; post-conflict planning; financing; civilian capacity; post-conflict governance; rule of law; and economic recovery. The action plan aims to facilitate progress on the women, peace and security agenda. The monitoring and implementation of this action plan is now being led jointly by the Peacebuilding Support Office and UN Women. In April 2011, the two organizations convened a workshop to ensure that women are included in future post-disaster and post-conflict planning documents. In the same year, the PBF selected seven gender-sensitive peacebuilding projects to receive $5 million in funding.
Porter discusses the growing role of female leadership in countries prone to war and its impact on peacebuilding. When the book was written, seven countries prone to violent conflict had female heads of state. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf of Liberia and Michelle Bachelet of Chile were the first female heads of state from their respective countries and President Johnson-Sirleaf was the first female head of state in Africa. Both women utilized their gender to harness "the power of maternal symbolism - the hope that a woman could best close wounds left on their societies by war and dictatorship."
Examples in early 21st century
The UN Peacebuilding Commission works in Burundi, Central African Republic, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia and Sierra Leone and the UN Peacebuilding Fund funds projects in Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Guatemala, Haiti, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, Niger, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, South Sudan, Timor-Leste and Uganda. Other UN organizations are working in Haiti (MINUSTAH), Lebanon, Afghanistan, Kosovo and Iraq.
The World Bank's International Development Association maintains the Trust Fund for East Timor in Timor-Leste. The TFET has assisted reconstruction, community empowerment and local governance in the country.
After it had carried out the War in Afghanistan and the War in Iraq, the United States followed its attacks on the two countries by investing $104 billion in reconstruction and relief efforts. The Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund alone received $21 billion during FY2003 and FY2004. The money came from the United States Department of State, the United States Agency for International Development and the United States Department of Defense and included funding for security, health, education, social welfare, governance, economic growth and humanitarian issues.
Civil society organisations contribute to peacebuilding, as is the case in Kenya, according to the magazine D+C Development and Cooperation. After the election riots in Kenya in 2008, civil society organisations started programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future, such as the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC) and peace meetings organised by the church. They supported the National Cohesion and Integration Commission.
Results
In 2010, the UNPBC conducted a review of its work with the first four countries on its agenda. An independent review by the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting also highlighted some of the PBC's early successes and challenges.
One comprehensive study finds that UN peacebuilding missions significantly increase the likelihood of democratization.
Criticisms
Jennifer Hazen contends there are two major debates relating to peacebuilding; the first centres on the role of the liberal democratic model in designing peacebuilding activities and measuring outcomes and the other one questions the role of third-party actors in peacebuliding.
Regarding the debate about the role of the liberal democratic model in peacebuilding, one side contends that liberal democracy is a viable end goal for peacebuilding activities in itself but that the activities implemented to achieve it need to be revised; a rushed transition to democratic elections and market economy can undermine stability and elections held or economic legislation enacted are an inappropriate yardstick for success. Institutional change is necessary and transitions need to be incremental.
Another side contends that liberal democracy might be an insufficient or even inappropriate goal for peacebuilding efforts and that the focus must be on a social transformation to develop non-violent mechanisms of conflict resolution regardless of their form.
With regards to the role of third-party actors, David Chandler contends that external support creates dependency and undermines local and domestic politics, thus undermining autonomy and the capacity for self-governance and leaving governments weak and dependent on foreign assistance once the third-party actors depart. Since the logic of peacebuilding relies on building and strengthening institutions to alter societal beliefs and behaviour, success relies on the populations' endorsement of these institutions. Any third party attempt at institution building without genuine domestic support will result in hollow institutions - this can lead to a situation in which democratic institutions are established before domestic politics have developed in a liberal, democratic fashion, and an unstable polity.
Séverine Autesserre offers a different approach, which focuses on the role of everyday practices in peacebuilding. She argue that the foreign peace builders' everyday practices, habits, and narratives strongly influence peacebuilding effectiveness. Autesserre stresses that international peacebuilders do not fully understand the conflicts they are trying to resolve because they rarely include local leaders in decision making, do not speak the local languages, and do not stay posted long enough to oversee effective change. This leaves decision makers out of touch with the key players in the peacebuilding process.
Jeremy Weinstein challenges the assumption that weak and failing states cannot rebuild themselves. He contends that through the process of autonomous recovery, international peacekeeping missions can be unnecessary for recovery because they assume that conflicts cannot be resolved by the country internally. He describes autonomous recovery as a "process through which countries achieve a lasting peace, a systematic reduction in violence, and postwar political and economic development in the absence of international intervention". Through peace and institutions generated by allowing war to run its natural course, autonomous recovery can be viewed as a success. He claims that war leads to peace by allowing the naturally stronger belligerent gain power, rather than a brokered peace deal that leaves two sides still capable of fighting. Secondly he claims that war provides a competition among providers of public goods until one can control a monopoly. He says that war can create an incentive to create institutions at all levels in order to consolidate power and extract resources from the citizens while also giving some power to the citizens depending upon how much the institutions rely on them for tax revenues.
Virginia Fortna of Columbia University, however, holds that peacekeeping interventions actually do substantively matter following the end of a civil war. She claims that selection bias, where opponents point only to failed peacekeeping interventions and do not compare these missions to those situations where interventions do not occur, is partly to blame for criticisms. Fortna says that peacekeeping missions rarely go into easily resolvable situations while they are sent into tougher, more risky post war situations where missions are more likely to fail, and peace agreements are unlikely to be committed to. When all factors of a certain peacekeeping case study are properly considered, Fortna shows that peacekeeping missions do in fact help increase the chances of sustained peace after a civil war.
Implementation
Michael N. Barnett et al. criticize peacebuilding organizations for undertaking supply-driven rather than demand-driven peacebuilding; they provide the peacebuilding services in which their organization specializes, not necessarily those that the recipient most needs. In addition, he argues that many of their actions are based on organizations precedent rather than empirical analysis of which interventions are and are not effective. More recently, Ben Hillman has criticized international donor efforts to strengthen local governments in the wake of conflict. He argues that international donors typically do not have the knowledge, skills or resources to bring meaningful change to the way post-conflict societies are governed.
Perpetuation of cultural hegemony
Many academics argue that peacebuilding is a manifestation of liberal internationalism and therefore imposes Western values and practices onto other cultures. Mac Ginty states that although peacebuilding does not project all aspects of Western culture on to the recipient states, it does transmit some of them, including concepts like neoliberalism that the West requires recipients of aid to follow more closely than most Western countries do. Barnett also comments that the promotion of liberalization and democratization may undermine the peacebuilding process if security and stable institutions are not pursued concurrently. Richmond has shown how 'liberal peacebuilding' represents a political encounter that may produce a post-liberal form of peace. Local and international actors, norms, institutions and interests engage with each other in various different contexts, according to their respective power relations and their different conceptions of legitimate authority structures. Knowles and Matisek adapt to the inherent problem of peacebuilding by arguing for a better vision of security force assistance (SFA) - donor states/actors trying to build effective host-nation security forces in a weak state - where they shift the focus from military effectiveness (a typical western hegemonic approach) to one that empowers local informal security actors to take ownership of their security and to be a part of the strategic vision of the state. Such an approach attempts to bypass the inherent flaws of SFA imposing a Western security architecture on a state that does not have the institutions, resources, or civil-military relations to support this 'alien' form of security sector reform (SSR).
See also
Education for justice
Environmental peacebuilding
Religion and peacebuilding
Peace and conflict studies
Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir
Nation-building
State-building
Structural-Peace with theatre and simulation
Notes
References and further reading
Adhikari, Monalisa. "Peacebuilding with “Chinese characteristics”? Insights from China's engagement in Myanmar's peace process." International Studies Review 23.4 (2021): 1699-1726.
Doyle, Michael W., and Nicholas Sambanis. "International peacebuilding: A theoretical and quantitative analysis." American political science review 94.4 (2000): 779-801. online
Rae, James DeShaw. Peacebuilding and Transitional Justice in East Timor (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2022).
Humanitarian aid
International development
Global citizenship |
The 2017–18 season was Chornomorets Odesa's 23rd season in the top Ukrainian football league. Chornomorets competed in Premier League and Ukrainian Cup. After finishing at 11th place in Premier League, Chornomorets lost to FC Poltava in play-offs and was relegated to First League. However on 21 June 2018 FC Poltava announce the dissolution of the club. On 3 June 2018 Chornomorets was officially approved by FFU as 2018–19 Ukrainian Premier League participant.
Players
Squad information
Transfers
In
Out
Pre-season and friendlies
Competitions
Overall
Premier League
League table
Results summary
Results by round
Matches
Relegation round
Ukrainian Cup
Statistics
Appearances and goals
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! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Goalkeepers
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! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Defenders
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! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Midfielders
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! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Forwards
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! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Players transferred out during the season
Last updated: 27 May 2018
Goalscorers
Last updated: 27 May 2018
Clean sheets
Last updated: 27 May 2018
Disciplinary record
Last updated: 27 May 2018
References
External links
FC Chornomorets Odesa official website
Chornomorets Stadium official homepage
Chornomorets
FC Chornomorets Odesa seasons |
Meridan Plains is a locality on the north-western edge of the Caloundra urban area in the Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. Traditionally a rural area, the locality is attracting residential development from the expansion of Caloundra. In the , Meridan Plains had a population of 4,589 people.
Geography
Meridan Plains is west-northwest of Caloundra. A large portion of the western boundary follows the Mooloolah River, while a small section aligns with the Bruce Highway. Caloundra Road passes through from west to south-east.
History
Meridan Plains is named either using a corruption of a Kabi language word meaning place of kangaroos or dingoes, or after the birthplace of John Westaway in Devonshire, England.
In early 1861 the tender of Edmund Lander was accepted, by the Commissioner for Crown Lands, for the pastoral run of Mooloolah Plains in the Wide Bay and Burnett District. A year later the lease was transferred to John Westaway.
Lander went on to select in 1869 on the main coach road between Brisbane and Gympie at the Mooloolah Bridge. On this property the Mooloolah Post Office was conducted.
A postal receiving office was established at Mooloolah Plains in charge of Mr. W. H. Westaway in 1874, and in 1890 the office's name was changed to Meridan.
Pacific Lutheran College opened on 26 September 2001.
The primary campus of Meridan State College opened on 1 January 2006, junior secondary in 2008 and the senior secondary campus in 2010.
On 14 June 2019 the boundaries of the localities of Bells Creek and Meridan Plains were reduce to create the new localities of Banya, Corbould Park, Gagalba and Nirimba to accommodate future suburban growth in the Caloundra South Priority Development Area.
Demographics
In the , Meridan Plains had a population of 3,675 people.
In the , Meridan Plains had a population of 4,589 people.
Education
Meridan State College is a government primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for boys and girls at 214 Parklands Boulevard (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 2,711 students with 194 teachers (182 full-time equivalent) and 94 non-teaching staff (64 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.
Pacific Lutheran College is a private primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for boys and girls at Woodlands Boulevard (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 948 students with 75 teachers (69 full-time equivalent) and 60 non-teaching staff (45 full-time equivalent).
References
External links
Suburbs of the Sunshine Coast Region
Caloundra
Localities in Queensland |
Rue Mouffetard () is a street in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, France.
Situated in the fifth (cinquième) arrondissement of Paris, Rue Mouffetard is one of Paris's oldest and liveliest neighbourhoods. These days the area has many restaurants, shops, and cafés, and a regular open market. It is centered on the Place de la Contrescarpe, at the junction of the rue Mouffetard and the rue de Lacepede. Its southern terminus is at the Square Saint-Médard where there is a permanent open-air market. At its northern terminus, it becomes the rue Descartes at the crossing of the rue Thouin. It is closed to normal motor traffic much of the week, and is predominantly a pedestrian avenue.
Origin of the name
The rue Mouffetard runs along a flank of the mont Sainte-Geneviève hill that was called "mont Cétarius" or "mont Cetardus" from Roman times; many historians consider "Mouffetard" to be a derivation of this early name. Over the centuries the rue Mouffetard has appeared as rue Montfétard, Maufetard, Mofetard, Moufetard, Mouflard, Moufetard, Moftard, Mostard, and also rue Saint-Marcel, rue du Faubourg Saint-Marceau ("street of the suburb Saint-Marceau") and rue de la Vieille Ville Saint-Marcel ("old town Saint-Marcel street").
History
The origins of this thoroughfare are ancient, dating back to Neolithic times. As with today's rue Galande, rue Lagrange, rue de la Montagne Sainte-Geneviève and rue Descartes, it was a Roman road running from the Roman Rive Gauche city south to Italy.
From the Middle Ages a church along this section of roadway became centre of a "bourg Saint-Médard" (Saint-Médard village), and from 1724 was integrated into Paris as the main artery of the "Faubourg Saint Médard".
The Diderot family moved at #6 rue Mouffetard in April 1746, where lived also François-Jacques Guillotte, a police officer who wrote an article (Pont militaire) for the Encyclopédie by Diderot.
The area remained relatively unchanged because of its location on the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève, which protected it from Baron Haussmann's redevelopment during the reign of Napoleon III.
Cultural references
In 1910 Alexander Bogdanov delivered a lecture about Empiriomonism.
Lenin replied quoting his own Materialism and Empiriocriticism in response.
At the beginning of Chapter IV of The Sun Also Rises (1926), Ernest Hemingway describes a taxicab heading down the Rue Mouffetard from the Place Contrescarpe.
The area and the street featured prominently in Krzysztof Kieślowski's Trois Couleurs: Bleu (1992), and stands as the central locale and 'character' in Agnès Varda's L'opéra-mouffe (1958).
The iconic Henri Cartier-Bresson photograph Rue Mouffetard was taken on this street in 1954.
References
Mouffetard, rue
Pedestrian streets in France |
Quantum nondemolition (QND) measurement is a special type of measurement of a quantum system in which the uncertainty of the measured observable does not increase from its measured value during the subsequent normal evolution of the system. This necessarily requires that the measurement process preserves the physical integrity of the measured system, and moreover places requirements on the relationship between the measured observable and the self-Hamiltonian of the system. In a sense, QND measurements are the "most classical" and least disturbing type of measurement in quantum mechanics.
Most devices capable of detecting a single particle and measuring its position strongly modify the particle's state in the measurement process, e.g. photons are destroyed when striking a screen. Less dramatically, the measurement may simply perturb the particle in an unpredictable way; a second measurement, no matter how quickly after the first, is then not guaranteed to find the particle in the same location. Even for ideal, "first-kind" projective measurements in which the particle is in the measured eigenstate immediately after the measurement, the subsequent free evolution of the particle will cause uncertainty in position to quickly grow.
In contrast, a momentum (rather than position) measurement of a free particle can be QND because the momentum distribution is preserved by the particle's self-Hamiltonian p2/2m. Because the Hamiltonian of the free particle commutes with the momentum operator, a momentum eigenstate is also an energy eigenstate, so once momentum is measured its uncertainty does not increase due to free evolution.
Note that the term "nondemolition" does not imply that the wave function fails to collapse.
QND measurements are extremely difficult to carry out experimentally. Much of the investigation into QND measurements was motivated by the desire to avoid the standard quantum limit in the experimental detection of gravitational waves. The general theory of QND measurements was laid out by Braginsky, Vorontsov, and Thorne following much theoretical work by Braginsky, Caves, Drever, Hollenhorts, Khalili, Sandberg, Thorne, Unruh, Vorontsov, and Zimmermann.
Technical definition
Let be an observable for some system with self-Hamiltonian . The system is measured by an apparatus which is coupled to through interactions Hamiltonian for only brief moments. Otherwise, evolves freely according to . A precise measurement of is one which brings the global state of and into the approximate form
where are the eigenvectors of corresponding to the possible outcomes of the measurement, and are the corresponding states of the apparatus which record them.
Allow time-dependence to denote the Heisenberg picture observables:
A sequence of measurements of are said to be QND measurements if and only if
for any and when measurements are made. If this property holds for any choice of and , then is said to be a continuous QND variable. If this only holds for certain discrete times, then is said to be a stroboscopic QND variable.
For example, in the case of a free particle, the energy and momentum are conserved and indeed continuous QND
observables, but the position is not.
On the other hand, for the harmonic oscillator the position
and momentum satisfy periodic in time commutation relations which imply that x and p are not continuous QND observables. However, if one makes the
measurements at times separated by an integral numbers of half-periods (τ = kπ/ω), then the commutators vanish. This means that x and p are stroboscopic QND observables.
Discussion
An observable which is conserved under free evolution,
is automatically a QND variable. A sequence of ideal projective measurements of will automatically be QND measurements.
To implement QND measurements on atomic systems, the measurement strength (rate) is competing with atomic decay caused by measurement backaction. People usually use optical depth or cooperativity to characterize the relative ratio between measurement strength and the optical decay. By using nanophotonic waveguides as a quantum interface, it is actually possible to enhance atom-light coupling with a relatively weak field, and hence an enhanced precise quantum measurement with little disruption to the quantum system.
Criticism
It has been argued that the usage of the term QND does not add anything to the usual notion of a strong quantum measurement and can moreover be confusing because of the two different meanings of the word demolition in a quantum system (losing the quantum state vs. losing the particle).
References
External links
Physicsworld article
Measuring quantum information without destroying it
Counting photons without destroying them
Quantum measurement |
Laskowiec may refer to the following places:
Laskowiec, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
Laskowiec, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
Laskowiec, Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Laskowiec, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Laskowiec, Opole Voivodeship (south-west Poland) |
Subağı, formerly and still informally called Tilsülmen, is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Karkamış, Gaziantep Province, Turkey. The village had a population of 110 in 2022 and is inhabited by Turkmens of the Barak tribe.
References
Neighbourhoods in Karkamış District
Turkoman settlements in Gaziantep Province |
The Gilbert Stuart Birthplace and Museum is located in Saunderstown, Rhode Island. Gilbert Stuart was born on December 3, 1755, in the colonial-era house located on the property, becoming a famous American portraitist of the 18th and 19th centuries. The museum consists of the 1751 house in which Stuart was born, an operational snuff mill, an operational grist mill, a mill pond, streams, a fish ladder, 23 acres of nature trails, an herb garden, and a welcome center and art gallery containing paintings by both Gilbert Stuart and his daughter Jane Stuart..
History
The house on the property was built in 1751, and Gilbert Stuart lived there for six years. His father operated the family business in the basement of the house, where a water-powered snuff mill was located. He ground dried tobacco leaves into snuff, a fine powder used widely in the colonial era, and his was actually the first such mill in America. When Stuart was six years old, his family moved to Newport, Rhode Island.
The house served as a private residence and a tavern during the 18th century, and the snuff mill and water wheel were lost. In 1930, the building was restored to its colonial state by Norman Isham and was opened to the public as a museum in 1931. Many of the house's original wood beams remained intact. It also retained its original four corner fireplaces, one in each room in the house. An English snuff mill built in the early 1730s was transported to the property during the restoration, and it is considered faithful in design to the original snuff mill. In addition, a new water wheel was built and attached to the side of the house, allowing the mill to operate by water power from Mattatuxet Brook. An original colonial-era gristmill was built in 1757 and owned by Benjamin Hammond, fitted with a water wheel. The mill remained inoperable until 2007, when the waterwheel was reconnected to the mill's operating gears.
The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.
Museum
The Gilbert Stuart Birthplace operates both docent-guided and self-guided tours of the birthplace and gristmill, and is open from May until mid-October. The house is furnished with original colonial furnishings in every room, though no piece of furniture is original to the house. Each room is also fitted with reproductions of Gilbert Stuart's most famous works, including the famous unfinished Athenaeum Portrait of George Washington (which is portrayed on the one-dollar bill), The Skater, Dr. Hunter's Spaniels, John Jay, and Catherine Brass Yates. Tours of the museum include the operation of the mills, explanation of the fish ladder, talks about the life and artwork of Gilbert Stuart, as well as some descriptions of the colonial furnishings and objects.
Junior docents
The Gilbert Stuart Birthplace used to operate a unique junior docent program, in which children and adolescents could volunteer to give interpretive tours of the museum dressed in colonial attire. The program was designed to teach children about history and the workings of a museum. The Junior docent program is no longer in operation.
Grounds
The Gilbert Stuart Birthplace is located on twenty-three acres of property. The museum features nature trails, which bring tourists to the site of an old colonial burial ground, the Benjamin Hammond cemetery, a scenic overlook of Carr Pond, and the foundation of a colonial fulling mill. The grounds also feature an herb garden, a timber dam, and a boat dock, from which rowboats can be rented by museum members for use on nearby Carr Pond.
Images
See also
Casey Farm
Smith's Castle
List of National Historic Landmarks in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Rhode Island
References
External links
Official website
Gilbert Stuart, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Houses completed in 1751
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Museums in Washington County, Rhode Island
History of New England
National Historic Landmarks in Rhode Island
Stuart, Gilbert
Mill museums in the United States
Tobacco buildings in the United States
Art museums and galleries in Rhode Island
Stuart
Houses in Washington County, Rhode Island
Stuart, Gilbert
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Rhode Island
1751 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Stuart |
World Sparrow Day is a day designated to raise awareness of the house sparrow and then other common birds to urban environments, and of threats to their populations, observed on 20 March. It is an international initiative by the Nature Forever Society of India in collaboration with the Eco-Sys Action Foundation (France) and numerous other national and international organisations across the world.
The Nature Forever Society was started by Mohammed Dilawar, an Indian conservationist who started his work helping the house sparrow in Nashik, and who was named one of the "Heroes of the Environment" for 2008 by Time for his efforts. The idea of marking World Sparrow Day came up during an informal discussion at the Nature Forever Society's office. The idea was to earmark a day for the house sparrow to convey the message of conservation of the house sparrow and other common birds and also mark a day of celebration to appreciate the beauty of the common biodiversity which is taken so much for granted. The first World Sparrow Day was celebrated in 2010 in different parts of the world. The day was celebrated by carrying out different various kinds of activities and events like art competitions, awareness campaigns, and sparrow processions as well as interactions with media.
World Sparrow Day also has a broader vision to provide a platform where people who are working on the conservation of the house sparrow and other common birds can network, collaborate and exchange conservation ideas which will lead to better science and improved results. It aims to provide a meeting ground for people from different parts of the world to come together and form a force that can play an important role in advocacy and in spreading the awareness on the need of conserving common biodiversity or species of lower conservation status.
Sparrow Awards
To encourage efforts made towards this cause and to selflessly conserve the environment, NFS has instituted the first Sparrow Awards in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, on 20 March 2011. In 2013, one of the key facilitators who has joined forces with NFS and supports Sparrow Awards is Sustainuance magazine. The Editor-In-Chief of the magazine, Shashwat D.C. who convened the event and handed out the award to the winners stated, "These awardees are unsung heroes who come from all walks of life. And what is remarkable is that they usually work without any government funding and do not seek any recognition."
Winners of Sparrow Awards 2014
Jag Mohan Garg
N. Shehzad & M. Saud
Jal Grahan Kameti, Piplantri
Winners of Sparrow Awards 2013
Saleem Hameedi, Wildlife Photographer, Illustrator
Aabid Surti, Litterateur & Head Of NGO, Drop Dead
Jayant Govind Dukhande, Mumbai Police
Winners of Sparrow Awards 2012
Dilsher Khan
Ramita Kondepudi
Individuals (VikramYende, Kapil Jadhav, Mahendra Khawnekar and Vishal Revankar)
Mahatma Gandhi Ashramshala
Winners of Sparrow Awards 2011
Bhavin Shah
Narendra Singh Chaudhary
L Shyamal
The Sparrow Company
References
External links
Sparrows
Environmental awareness days
March observances |
Shor Shoreh (; also known as Showr Showreh and Shūr Shūreh) is a village in Sang Sefid Rural District, Qareh Chay District, Khondab County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 199, in 45 families.
References
Populated places in Khondab County |
15 km () is a rural locality (a settlement) in Topkinskoye Rural Settlement of Topkinsky District, Russia. The population was 0 as of 2010.
Streets
There is no streets with titles.
References
Rural localities in Kemerovo Oblast |
In graph theory and polyhedral combinatorics, areas of mathematics, Kotzig's theorem is the statement that every polyhedral graph has an edge whose two endpoints have total degree at most 13. An extreme case is the triakis icosahedron, where no edge has smaller total degree. The result is named after Anton Kotzig, who published it in 1955 in the dual form that every convex polyhedron has two adjacent faces with a total of at most 13 sides. It was named and popularized in the west in the 1970s by Branko Grünbaum.
More generally, every planar graph of minimum degree at least three either has an edge of total degree at most 12, or at least 60 edges that (like the edges in the triakis icosahedron) connect vertices of degrees 3 and 10.
If all triangular faces of a polyhedron are vertex-disjoint, there exists an edge with smaller total degree, at most eight.
Generalizations of the theorem are also known for graph embeddings onto surfaces with higher genus.
The theorem cannot be generalized to all planar graphs, as the complete bipartite graphs and have edges with unbounded total degree. However, for planar graphs with vertices of degree lower than three, variants of the theorem have been proven, showing that either there is an edge of bounded total degree or some other special kind of subgraph.
References
Planar graphs
Theorems in graph theory |
is a Japanese light novel trilogy by Natsume Akatsuki, a spin-off of his KonoSuba: God's Blessing on This Wonderful World! series. It received a light novel sequel and a manga adaptation. An anime television series adaptation produced by Drive aired between April and June 2023.
Characters
Media
Light novels
The Megumin-focused spin-off light novel series is written and illustrated by Akatsuki and Mishima respectively, titled and takes place a year prior to the main series, was released from July 1, 2014, to June 1, 2015, in three volumes. A two-volume sequel, was released on December 28, 2016, and March 1, 2019.
KonoSuba: An Explosion on this Wonderful World!
KonoSuba: An Explosion on this Wonderful World! Bonus Story
Manga
KonoSuba: An Explosion on this Wonderful World!
KonoSuba: An Explosion on this Wonderful World! Bonus Story
Anime
The series was revealed alongside the third season of the main series. Both series will be produced by Drive and directed by Yujiro Abe, with chief direction by Takaomi Kanasaki. The rest of the main staff are returning from previous seasons. It aired from April 6 to June 22, 2023, on Tokyo MX and other networks. The opening theme is "Stay Free" by Machico, while the ending theme is "Jump In" by Megumin (Takahashi) and Yunyun (Aki Toyosaki). Crunchyroll also licensed the series.
Notes
References
External links
Anime and manga based on light novels
Adventure anime and manga
Comedy anime and manga
Crunchyroll anime
Drive (studio)
Fantasy anime and manga
Japanese adventure novels
Japanese comedy novels
Japanese fantasy novels
Kadokawa Dwango franchises
Kadokawa Sneaker Bunko
Light novels
Media Factory manga
Seinen manga
Spin-offs
Tokyo MX original programming
Yen Press titles |
Šimun is a Croatian male given name, equivalent to Simon. It is also a family name in Croatia and Slovakia.
Given name
Šimun Kožičić Benja (ca. 1460-1536), Croatian nobleman
Šimun Katalinić (1889-1977) Croatian rower
Šimun Milinović (1835-1910) Croatian Roman Catholic priest
Šimun Debelić (1902-1945) Croatian veterinarian
Šimun de Michieli-Vitturi, Dalmatian politician
Surname
Eduard Šimun, Slovakian ice-hockey player
Nenad Šimun, Croatian rapper known by his stage name Target
See also
Simun (disambiguation)
Šime
Šimunić
Šimunović
Croatian masculine given names
Masculine given names
Slovak-language surnames
Surnames of Croatian origin |
Emma Jane Reeves is a Welsh screenwriter and playwright, best known for her extensive work in children's television series such as the Tracy Beaker franchise.
Early life and education
Reeves grew up in Wrexham. She gained a degree in English from Magdalen College, Oxford and an MA in creative writing from the University of East Anglia.
Career
Reeves has written extensively for theatre, including shows based on material she would also work on in television, such as Hetty Feather and The Worst Witch, as well as adaptations of Cool Hand Luke and Little Women. In 2005, she moved into television, gaining her first credit on BBC One's Doctors. She became a prolific children's writer following working on The Story of Tracy Beaker, writing for series like Half Moon Investigations, Chuggington and Young Dracula. She would return to the Tracy Beaker franchise several times, writing for Tracy Beaker Returns, spin-off The Dumping Ground and in 2021, My Mum Tracy Beaker. This was followed by The Beaker Girls that same year.
In 2015, she co-created with David Chikwe the CBBC science-fiction series Eve. It starred Poppy Lee Friar that follows the adventures of a gynoid, a female android, named Eve (also known as Project Eternity) living with a family in suburbia, trying to make sense of human life as a teenage girl. It concluded on 14 December 2016 with an hour-long episode, which was later split into two parts when it was repeated in January 2017. Reeves developed and wrote a new adaptation of The Worst Witch, which ran for four series between 2017 and 2020. She would win 'Best British Children's Television' at the British Screenwriters' Awards for her work. In 2019, she helmed a sequel-reboot of The Demon Headmaster for CBBC.
Reeves has written audio plays for the Big Finish Doctor Who ranges, starting with Torchwood: Forgotten Lives in 2015. She also wrote for the spin-offs The Diary of River Song and The New Adventures of Bernice Summerfield . Outside of the UK, Reeves co-wrote the Lifetime Television movie The Murder of Princess Diana.
References
External links
Living people
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of East Anglia
21st-century British women writers
21st-century Welsh women writers
Welsh dramatists and playwrights
Welsh screenwriters
Welsh television writers
Welsh women dramatists and playwrights
Welsh science fiction writers
British women television writers
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Beilschmiedia laotica is an Asian tree species in the family Lauraceae. Records of occurrence are from Indo-China and in Vietnam it may be called két Lào; no subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life.
References
Flora of Indo-China
Trees of Vietnam
laotica |
Pedicularis dhurensis is a species of flowering plant endemic to Bhutan.
References
Endemic flora of Bhutan
Flora of Bhutan
dhurensis |
Linda strbai is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Viktora and Lin in 2014. It is known from Malaysia.
References
strbai
Beetles described in 2014 |
Slavko Mijušković (, June 28, 1912 – December 15, 1989) was a Yugoslav historian, who studied the history of Montenegro and especially the Bay of Kotor.
Life
Mijušković was born in Kotor. He died in Kotor.
Work
Kotorska mornarica
Ustanak u Boki Kotorskoj 1869 : Zbornik radova sa naučnog skupa
Kulturna baština Balkana i seizmički problemi : radovi sa simpozijuma, Budva 15. i 16. IV 1982.
Pojava kute u orahovcu 1690 godine i kotorski zdravstveni magistrat.
Jedan nepoznati dokumenat u vezi proglašenja Petra I za sveca.
Stav tuđinskih vlasti prema narodnim običajima u Boki Kotorskoj.
Optužba državnog tužioca u Kotoru od 21 novembra 1921 godine protiv nekoliko istaknutih komunista.
Turske mjere protiv ulcinjskih gusara
Borba za srpski jezik u Kotoru za vrijeme austrijske vladavine.
Osnivanje i djelovanje pomorsko-zdravstvenih ustanova u Boki Kotorskoj.
Mijušković stated that the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja is a purely fictional literary product, belonging to the late 14th or early 15th century.
References
External links
1912 births
1989 deaths
Yugoslav historians
People from Kotor
Bay of Kotor |
San Nicolás is the Spanish name for Saint Nicholas, and may refer to:
People
Michael F.Q. San Nicolas, a Guamanian politician
Moisés San Nicolás, an Andorran footballer
Places
Argentina
San Nicolás de los Arroyos, in the province of Buenos Aires
San Nicolás Agreement, signed there
San Nicolás, Buenos Aires, a neighborhood in the city of Buenos Aires
San Nicolás, La Rioja
San Nicolás Partido (province of Buenos Aires)
Aruba
San Nicolaas
San Nicolas Bay Reef Islands
Chile
San Nicolás, Chile, a village and commune in Punilla Province, Ñuble Region
Costa Rica
San Nicolás District, Cartago; see districts of Costa Rica
Cuba
San Nicolás de Bari, province of Mayabeque
Honduras
San Nicolás, Copán
San Nicolás, Santa Bárbara
Mexico
San Nicolás de Carretas (Chihuahua))
San Nicolás de los Garza (Nuevo León)
San Nicolás de Los Ranchos (Puebla)
San Nicolás Buenos Aires (Puebla)
San Nicolás Hidalgo (Oaxaca)
San Nicolás Tolentino (San Luis Potosí)
San Nicolás, Baja California
San Nicolás, Jalisco
San Nicolás, Oaxaca
San Nicolás, Puebla
San Nicolás, Tamaulipas
Nicaragua
San Nicolás, Estelí
Philippines
San Nicolas, Batangas
San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte
San Nicolas, Manila
San Nicolas, Pangasinan
San Nicolas, Canaman, Camarines Sur
Peru
San Nicolás District, Rodríguez de Mendoza (Amazonas)
San Nicolás District, Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald (Ancash)
Spain
La Aldea de San Nicolás, Canaries
St Nicholas' Church, Madrid
Pamplona, Navarre
St Nicholas' Church, Pamplona, a medieval church
San Nicolás (Pamplona borough), a medieval borough
San Nicolás del Puerto (Andalusia)
United States
San Nicolas Island, one of California's Channel Islands
Ships
HMS San Nicolas, Royal Navy ship, formerly Spanish navy ship San Nicolás, captured at the Battle of Cape St Vincent in 1797
, Panamanian cargo ship in service 1949–64, formerly German ship SS Claus Rickmers
SS San Nicolas, a Lake tanker sunk by the German Submarine U-502 on 16-Feb-1942
See also
Church of San Nicolás (disambiguation)
Nicholas of Tolentino, for the Italian saint known as San Nicolas de Tolentino
Nicholas of Tolentino (disambiguation) |
Jodi Kest (born March 30, 1962) is the former head women's basketball coach for the University of Akron.
Career
In her first season at Akron, the Zips posted double digit wins for the first time in more than eight years. That included a six-game winning streak, which was the longest in several years. Prior to coaching at Akron, she coached at Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi. She posted a 73–40 () record there, and was named Independent Coach of the Year in 2003, 2004, and 2005. She announced her resignation from Akron on April 21, 2018 after 12 years at the school.
In the 2004 season, the Islanders went 23–7, setting school records for wins, and winning percentage. She also served as the head women's basketball coach at Gannon University in Pennsylvania for six seasons. She has a career record of 236–172 () as a college head coach. She has also served as an assistant coach at the University of Maine, Cleveland State University, and the University of Nevada, Reno.
She graduated from Mayfield High School and Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania.
Coaching Record
References
External links
Akron Zips coaching bio
1962 births
Living people
Akron Zips women's basketball coaches
American women's basketball coaches
Cleveland State Vikings women's basketball coaches
Slippery Rock University alumni
Texas A&M–Corpus Christi Islanders women's basketball coaches |
Rosenbergia rufolineata is a species of longhorn beetles in the subfamily Lamiinae.
Description
Rosenbergia rufolineata can reach a length of about . This longhorn beetle differs from Rosenbergia straussi for the orange longitudinal lines (hence the Latin name rufolineata) evident in most of the specimens.
Distribution
This species can be found in New Guinea.
References
External links
Insecterra Forum
Cerambycoidea Forum
Batocerini |
Hendrik Carré the Younger (1696–1775), was an 18th-century painter from the Northern Netherlands.
Biography
He was born in The Hague as the son of Hendrik Carré. He became a member of the Confrerie Pictura in 1719.
He was the younger brother of Abraham and the older brother of Johannes, and is known for miniatures, wall decorations, grisailles, and stage decorations for the French theatre of the Hague. He died in The Hague.
Works
His grisaille oil painting Hulde aan Pomona (Homage to Pomona) is in the collection of the Rijksmuseum, Netherlands.
References
Hendrik Carré the Younger on Artnet
1696 births
1775 deaths
18th-century Dutch painters
18th-century Dutch male artists
Dutch male painters
Painters from The Hague |
Cristián Arturo Sánchez Barceló (born 29 May 1972, Concepción) is a Chilean journalist and television presenter.
Personal life
Sánchez is married to Diana Bolocco, a Chilean journalist and TV presenter who is the younger sister of Cecilia Bolocco, the Miss Universe 1987, and the mother of Pedro Cisternas, a professional footballer.
He is the second of seven brothers: Matías, the eldest; José Manuel or Coto; Jaime, a psychologist who also works in TV; Aníbal, deceased in 2021; Felipe or Pipe, a businessman who also worked in TV and Juan Pablo.
A well-known supporter of Colo-Colo, he was a young football player of Cobresal youth ranks in 1989. He has stated that he dreamed of being a professional footballer, so when joined TV program ESPN Nexo, later ESPN FShow, where he performs as presenter and sports commentator, he returned to his roots, since he had also worked as sports journalist in his early career on TV.
Filmography
Television
Cinema
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
Chilean people of Catalan descent
People from Concepción, Chile
Male journalists
Chilean journalists
Chilean television personalities
Chilean television presenters
Chilean sports journalists
Chilean association football commentators
Chilean radio personalities |
The Battle of Doire Leathan took place on 14 September 1590 at Doire Leathan (English: Derrylahan), a townland and hamlet located between Kilcar and Carrick in south-western County Donegal in Ulster, Ireland. Derrylahan is on the eastern shores of Teelin Bay, being just across from the village of Teelin. The battle was part of the ongoing succession dispute for the leadership of the Gaelic lordship of O'Donnell. A combined force of Irish clans and Scottish Redshank mercenaries hired by Iníon Dubh (pronounced 'In-neen Doo') defeated and killed Sir Domhnall Ó Domhnaill (Sir Donnell O'Donnell). The Tanist of Tír Conaill, Sir Domhnall's younger half-brother and Iníon Dubh's son, Red Hugh O'Donnell, was still imprisoned in Dublin Castle, but later rose following a subsequent escape to lead Clan O'Donnell and was a prominent figure during the Nine Years War.
According to the Annals of the Four Masters, "The son of O'Donnell, i.e. Donnell, the son of Hugh, son of Manus, son of Hugh Duv, son of Hugh Roe, son of Niall Garv, son of Turlough of the Wine, attempted to depose his father, after he had grown weak and feeble from age, and after his other son had been imprisoned in Dublin; so that Donnell brought under his power and jurisdiction that part of Tirconnell from the mountain westwards, i.e. from Bearnas to the River Drowes; and also the people of Boylagh and Tir-Boghaine. It was a cause of great anguish and sickness of mind to Ineenduv, the daughter of James Mac Donnell, that Donnell should make such an attempt, lest he might attain the chieftainship of Tirconnell in preference to her son, Hugh Roe, who was confined in Dublin, and who she hoped would become chief, whatever time God might permit him to return from his captivity; and she, therefore, assembled all the Kinel-Connell who were obedient to her husband, namely, O'Doherty, with his forces; Mac Sweeny-na dTuath (Owen Oge), with his forces; and Mac Sweeny Fanad, with his forces; with a great number of Scots along with them. After Donnell O'Donnell had received intelligence that this muster had been made to oppose him, he assembled his forces to meet them. These were they who rose up to assist him on this occasion: Mac Sweeny Banagh (Donough, the son of Mulmurry); a party of the Clann-Sweeny of Munster, under the conduct of the three sons of Owen, the son of Mulmurry, son of Donough, son of Turlough, and their forces; and O'Boyle (Teige Oge, the son of Teige, son of Turlough), with all his forces, assembled. The place where the son of O'Donnell happened to be stationed along with these chieftains was Doire-leathan at the extremity of Tir-Boghaine, to the west of Gleann Choluim Cille. The other party did not halt until they came to them to that place; and a battle ensued between them, which was fiercely fought on both sides. The Scots discharged a shower of arrows from their elastic bows, by which they pierced and wounded great numbers, and, among the rest, the son of O'Donnell himself, who, being unable to display prowess or defend himself, was slain at Doire-leathan, on one side of the harbour of Telinn, on the 14th of September. Seldom before that time had his enemies triumphed over him; and the party by whom he was slain had not been by any means his enemies until they encountered on this occasion; and although this Donnell was not the rightful heir of his father, it would have been no disgrace to Tirconnell to have elected him as its chief, had he been permitted to attain to that dignity. In this conflict were slain along with Donnell the three sons of Owen, son of Mulmurry, son of Donough above mentioned, together with two hundred others, around Donnell."<ref> [https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T100005F/index.html The Annals of the Four Masters, 1590] </ref>
References
Bibliography
Morgan, Hiram. Tyrone's Rebellion''. Boydell Press, 1999.
1590 in Ireland
Battles involving Gaelic Irish tribes
Doire Leathan
History of County Donegal
O'Donnell dynasty |
The Watson ministry (Labour) was the 3rd ministry of the Government of Australia, and the first national Labour government formed in the world. It was led by the country's 3rd Prime Minister, Chris Watson. The Watson ministry succeeded the First Deakin ministry, which dissolved on 27 April 1904 after Labour withdrew their support and Alfred Deakin was forced to resign. The ministry was replaced by the Reid ministry on 17 August 1904 after the Protectionist Party withdrew their support over the Conciliation and Arbitration Bill.
Billy Hughes, who died in 1952, was the last surviving member of the Watson ministry; Hughes was also the last surviving member of the First Fisher ministry, Third Fisher ministry, Second Hughes ministry and Third Hughes ministry.
Ministry
Notes
References
Ministries of Edward VII
Australian Commonwealth ministries
Australian Labor Party ministries
1904 establishments in Australia
1904 disestablishments in Australia
Cabinets established in 1904
Cabinets disestablished in 1904 |
Dingleberry Haze is the first EP released by American rock band The Bloodhound Gang on Cheese Factory Records in November 1994.
Though there are not too many differences between this EP and their next release, Use Your Fingers, there are a few. The major difference is in the track "Coo Coo Ca Choo" which uses a sample from Cream's "Sunshine of Your Love", rather than the heavy guitar riff-laden version that appears on Use Your Fingers.
This CD was written by Jimmy Pop and Daddy Long Legs who is now in the group Wolfpac.
Track listing
All songs written by Daddy Long Legs and Jimmy Pop.
"Go Down" – 2:23
"Cheese Tidbit" – 0:44
"Legend In My Spare Time" – 3:08
"Neighbour Invasion" – 0:07
"Mama Say" – 3:02
"Rang Dang" – 3:04
"Earlameyer The Butt Pirate" – 0:06
"One Way" – 3:07
"Shitty Record Offer" – 0:51
"Coo Coo Ca Choo" – 2:40
"Live At The Apollo" – 2:10
Unreleased tracks
The group was planning on putting more tracks on this EP, but it has been said that they decided against it due to time constraints. Some of these tracks have been released on the band's first album, Use Your Fingers, although they were re-recorded.
Convoy
Hokie Pokie (though it leaked on the internet in 2011)
Ornamental Groove in Floopoid Zee (One of the band's earliest songs)
No Rest for the Wicked
We Are the Knuckleheads
She Ain't Got No Legs
Alternative versions of a few of the songs on this EP are also circulating among fans.
Personnel
Engineer – Bill Fitch, D.J. Mizz, Michael Harmon, Richie Gaglia
Executive Producer – Cousin Mike
Mastered By – Gene Paul
Other [Cover Model] – Grover
Performer – Daddy Long Legs, Jimmy Pop
Performer [The Rest Of The Gang] – Bubba K. Love, Foof, Lazy I, M.S.G. (2), Skip O-Pot 2 Mus*, White Steve
Photography – Nicole Shore
Written-By – Daddy Long Legs, Jimmy Pop
References
1994 debut EPs
Bloodhound Gang albums
Cheese Factory Records EPs |
Flavius Castinus held the position of patricius in the court of Roman Emperor Honorius at the time of the Emperor's death, and most likely for some time before. He also served as consul for the year 424.
Career
In 422 he fought an unsuccessful campaign in Hispania to subdue the Vandals. He was sent to support the Suevi or Suebians, enemies of the Vandals, and came with a force of Gothic foederati. However, the campaign was compromised at the very beginning when, according to one source, "his haughty and inept exercise of command" led to a quarrel between him and the military tribune Bonifacius, a protégé of Empress Galla Placidia. Bonifacius abruptly left the expedition, eventually arriving in Africa, where he began to build up a power base. Castinus continued on to Hispania, where at first he had considerable success against the Vandals in Baetica, managing to put them under a blockade and coming close to forcing them to surrender. Unfortunately at this point the Gothic auxiliaries betrayed him in some unspecified manner, which led to his defeat at the Battle of Tarraco; Castinus was forced to fall back to Tarraco (Tarragona).
The sudden death of the nonentity Emperor Honorius 15 August 423, which followed the death of the more active Constantius III (421) and the exile of Empress Galla Placidia to Constantinople (Spring 423), created a power vacuum "if it can be so described", observes John Matthews, which "was filled, as we should expect, by usurpation." The Eastern Emperor Theodosius II hesitated to nominate a new emperor of the West; Stewart Oost points out that with Honorius' death, "technically and legally he became sole ruler of the whole Roman Empire". Oost also argues that Theodosius reached an agreement with Castinus, where Castinus would act as his vice-regent in the West and in return Theodosius appointed Castinus and the Easterner Victor consuls for 424. If such an agreement was made, Castinus broke it when he joined in declaring Joannes, the senior civil servant, as the new Western Emperor in late 423.
Joannes was an insecure emperor. The Emperor Theodosius invested his young cousin Valentinian III with the honor of Caesar the next year, then dispatched an army against Joannes. The usurper was captured and executed in June/July 425. Castinus's role in these events is unknown; Oost notes of his "acts during the usurper's reign we hear absolutely nothing." Matthews succinctly states that Castinus was sent into exile; while agreeing with Matthews, Oost adds that a "doubtful source says that he found refuge in the Christian magnanimity of another old foe, Count Boniface of Africa."
References
420s deaths
5th-century Romans
5th-century Roman consuls
Imperial Roman consuls
Patricii
Year of birth unknown |
The Long Haul is a 1957 British drama film directed by Ken Hughes and starring Victor Mature, Patrick Allen and Diana Dors.
Plot
An American ex-serviceman leaves Allied-occupied Germany after World War II and is persuaded by his English wife to settle in Liverpool. Looking for work, he becomes a lorry driver. He comes into contact with criminals involved in theft from commercial vehicles and draws close to the girlfriend of a major crime figure.
Cast
Victor Mature as Harry Miller
Diana Dors as Lynn
Patrick Allen as Joe Easy
Gene Anderson as Connie Miller
Peter Reynolds as Frank
Liam Redmond as Casey
John Welsh as Doctor
Meier Tzelniker as Nat Fine
Michael Wade as Butch Miller
Dervis Ward as Mutt
Murray Kash as Jeff
Jameson Clark as MacNaughton
John Harvey as Superintendent Macrea
Roland Brand as Army sergeant
Stanley Rose as Foreman
Barry Raymond as Depot manager
Norman Rossington as Liverpool driver
Arthur Mullard as Minor role
Alfred Burke as drunk in Club (uncredited)
Sam Kydd as Taxi Driver
Madge Brindley as Café Proprietress
Original novel
The film was based on the novel by Mervyn Mills, published in 1956. It was Mills' first novel. According to his obituary, the novel "stemmed from his journeys through early post-war Britain on a moped, before the advent of the motorways, when he absorbed, on the Great North Road, something of the lives of the long-distance lorry drivers, their roadside cafes and the people, often women, who frequented them. The book was turned down by 12 publishers, then accepted by the 13th, and even then Mills had to fight for his artistic integrity with the director and general editor Lovat Dickson to retain the more colourful passages. After so many rejections, this took courage."
The Irish Times called it "an exciting and unusually vivid book."
Development
Film rights were bought by Todon Productions, the film company of Tony Owen and Donna Reed, run by Maxwell Seton. Ken Hughes, who had made films for them before, signed to write and direct.
In July 1956 Diana Dors agreed to play the female lead. Like many Todon films, it was distributed through Columbia. The production was credited to Seton's company, Marksman Films. Columbia were financing a number of films in Britain at the time.
Robert Mitchum originally was announced as the male star. In January 1957 Victor Mature signed. Mature had just made three films in England for Warwick Productions, which also distributed through Columbia: Zarak, Safari and Interpol. Mature had driven trucks for his father's business when younger.
Setton tried to get Raymond Burr to support Mature and Dors but was unable to secure him. A lead role was played by newcomer Patrick Allen whom Setton signed to a three-picture contract over three years.
Production
Filming started 18 February and took place at British Lion studios in Shepperton. There was location filming in the Scottish Highlands.
Critical reception
Leonard Maltin dismissed the film as "Minor fare", whereas DVD Talk commended a "Completely satisfying British B-noir. Sure the story is familiar, but it's handled with cold, professional skill. The performers are perfectly cast here. I'm highly recommending The Long Haul."
Filmink called it "a decent little movie, and Dors was as beautiful and warm as ever, reminding everyone what she was capable of."
Alternative Title
In Spain, the original poster gave it the title 'El Precio de un Hombre', 'The Price of a Man'.
See also
List of American films of 1957
Hell Drivers (1957)
References
External links
The Long Haul at BFI
1957 films
1957 crime drama films
British crime drama films
Films directed by Ken Hughes
Films set in Glasgow
Films set in England
Films set in Liverpool
Columbia Pictures films
Trucker films
1950s English-language films
1950s British films |
Olympiapark Berlin (German for Berlin Olympic Park), previously the () and the (), is a sports and entertainment complex located in Berlin, Germany. The complex served as the Olympic Park of the 1936 Summer Olympics.
History
Early history
”A people's park”
The area in the Grunewald had been promised to the people of Berlin as “a people's park” by Emperor Wilhelm II in 1904. Due to this, when the later signed a lease for a horseracing track, they had to agree that their land would also host “general sports functions”
Grunewald Race Course
A horse race track at Hoppegarten just east outside the city held its first races as early as 1868. The “Union-Klub” was one of the main organizations behind the early development of that site. Due to a loss of spectators, the Union-Klub started looking for a new site to the west of Berlin by the time they settled upon a site in Ruhleben, where the club would lease land and manage a horse racing track from 1884 until 1893. In 1906 Victor von Podbielski was able to arrange for the “Union-Klub to find another location in the Grunewald. In February 1907, the organization signed a 30-year lease for land north of Döberitzer Heerstraße. This would become the Gunewald Race Course.
The Grunewald Race Course was the original sporting venue on the site now occupied by Olympiapark Berlin. This horse racing venue was designed by Otto March, and opened May 3, 1909. The venue had a capacity of 40,000. Its center contained an 85,000 square meter depression slated to eventually house a stadium. That stadium planned for the center of the racecourse would come only five years later.
Deutsches Sportforum (1912–1925)
Plans to build an Olympic sports complex in the area of the Racetrack can be traced as far back as 1906 prior to Germany's athletic participation in the 1906 Intercalated Games.
During the 1912 Summer Olympics, the city of Berlin was designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to host the 1916 Summer Olympics during the 14th IOC Conference which was held in Stockholm on May 27, 1912. Berlin had previously bid unsuccessfully for the 1908 Summer Olympics, and had hosted the 10th IOC Conference (where the host for the 1912 Summer Olympics had been voted on) on May 27, 1909. Berlin defeated bids from Alexandria, Egypt; Amsterdam, Netherlands; Brussels, Belgium; Budapest, Hungary; and Cleveland, United States in the bid for 1916 Summer Olympics.
The stadium for this was to be located in Charlottenburg, in the Grunewald Forest, to the west of Berlin.
The government of Germany decided not to build in the nearby Grunewald forest, or to renovate buildings that already existed. Because of this desire, they hired the same architect who originally had built the "Rennverein" (the Grunewald Race Course) Otto March. The organizing committee's evaluation of the site a site led them to decide that the area inside the Grunewald Race Course offered enough room for a suitable venue to be built. Access to this stadium was provided by a tunnel passage under the racetrack. The tunnel was 65 feet wide, and provided access to the south end of the stadium. This tunnel is one of the few surviving portions of the former race track. The stadium was sunk into the ground on inside of the racetrack, so as not to disturb the view of the racing action.
The Berlin Racing Association contributed a piece of land on the northern end of the Grunewald for the stadium. The land had been originally rented by the Racing Association from the Forest Department.
Work on the stadium, the Deutsches Stadion (), began in August 1912. When it opened, it held over 18,500 spectators, and had a seating capacity of 11,500. March decided to bury the stadium in the ground ("Erdstadion", in German). On 8 June 1913 the stadium was dedicated with the release of 10,000 pigeons. 60,000 people were in attendance. The stadium contained a 650-foot running track surrounded by a 720-yard cycling track. A 108-yard swimming pool was located on the outer edge of the cycling tack. The stadium also was alternatively known by the names Grunewaldstadion and Berlin Stadium. The stadium was inaugurated May 15, 1913, following a mere 200-day construction schedule. The opening ceremony of the stadium occurred June 8, 1913. Otto March had died April of that year, thus he was unable to see the opening of the stadium.
One unique facet of the venue was a large oak located just outside the eastern edge of the stadium. Otto March made the decision to leave the oak. It was a decision inspired by the holy olive tree that had blessed the Ancient Olympic Games in Olympia. The oak was named the “Podbielski-Eiche” after the State Minister.
Organization continued despite the onset of World War I in 1914, since it was not expected that the war would continue for long enough to interrupt the games. Eventually, though, the Games were cancelled due to the war.
The stadium was closed on July 26, 1914, and by 1915 the stadium was being used as a military hospital. It would be a year until sports would again take place in the stadium.
May 15th 1920 the “Deutsche Hochschule für Leibesübungen” () (DHfL) was founded by Berlin's Friedrich-Wilhelms-University. This sports institution was also referred to alternately as the “German Institute for Physical Education”. The German University for Athletics utilized the Deutsches Stadion.
Beginning in the summer of 1921, a two-story university building was constructed north of the stadium's swimming pool. May 26, 1922, this new building, which included a gymnasium, fencing hall, and a dining and reading room, was opened.
In 1925, Theodor Lewald suggested that the complex be named the “Sportforum”. September 16, 1925, the board of the German Committee for Physical Training (the DRA) officially began using the name “Deutsches Sportforum” () for the complex.
Deutsches Sportforum (1925–1933)
The stadium was outgrown the by German Institute for Physical Education. The DRA, which before WWI had been the “National Committee for the Olympic Games” (Germany's NOC), supplemented the stadium's facilities by building the "Deutsches Sportforum" complex, alternately referred to as the “Deutsches Sportsforum” (). The facilities were largely dedicated to educating physical education teachers, as well as to studying sport science. The buildings of the Sportforum were constructed northeast of the stadium. Werner March, son of Otto March, won a contest relating to the construction of the complex, and served as its architect. Werner largely collaborated with brother Walter March on this and other projects he would later work on for the sports complex.
The cornerstone of the complex was laid by on October 18, 1925, the anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig.
A women's dormitory for students was constructed at the northwest end of the grounds. A tunnel beneath the cycling track connected the stadium with the northern portion of the complex, which allowed the stadium's track and the new running track to both be utilized for competition and practice respectively. A planned gymnasium had begun construction in 1926, but was only half complete when the entire project was halted in 1928 due to insufficient funds to continue construction.
Prior to the onslaught of the Great Depression, Werner March had made a design for the renovation of the Deutsches Stadion into a venue with a 65,000-person capacity as a part of revived plans to hopefully host the Olympic Games in Berlin.
Planned expansion and original Olympic preparations
The training fields and training halls of the complex received great usage. Studies were undertaken for the complex's expansion in 1928, after work had halted on the existing portions of the complex. Eventually, in the course of these studies, it was realized that Deutsches Stadium's infield was too large, leading to poor sightlines, and its maximum capacity of 40,000 spectators was deemed to be too small to serve as an Olympic Stadium if Berlin, as was being considered, were to host the Olympics in 1936. The reason the stadium could not be expanded beyond 40,000 due to the Grunewald Race Course. If the Race Course were to be retained, the stadium's height could not be increased.
The need for an expanded Sportforum was furthered on April 25, 1931, when the International Olympic Committee announced Berlin as the host of the 1936 Summer Olympic Games. Berlin was awarded the 1936 Summer Olympics on May 26, 1930. at the 30th IOC Conference, held in Lausanne, Switzerland.
After Berlin was awarded the Olympics, plans were drawn up to renovate the Deutsches Stadion extensively. The venue only held 30,000 spectators, which by then had become insufficient host the Olympics. The cycling track would be completely eliminated, and the current 650 yard running track would be removed as well and replaced with a new 433 yard track (adhering to the international dimensions). The field would be sunken deeper, and new rows of seats were to be constructed at the bottom of the current stands. Its seating capacity would as a result of this planned renovation been increased from 30,000 to 80,000 spectators. The tunnel entrance at the south end, crossing below the Grunewald Race Course, was a source of congestion during events. Plans were made to relieve this congestion by building a new eastern tunnel, and by a new entrance to the entire complex would be constructed on the side facing the main city-center, which was only 5 miles to the east of the complex. The stadium's expansion was to be of a modern steel and reinforced concrete structure.
One unique and appealing aspect of the original stadium had been the inclusion of a swimming pool. In the plans to renovate the stadium, attempts were made to retain the union between the swimming pool and the athletic stadium. Initially, plans were considered to move the pool to a location inside the stadium between the outer edge of the new running track and the stands, either on the west or east side of the stadium. Werner March than decided against this direct union, and instead located a swimming stadium outside the stadium, at a 90-degree angle to its longitudinal axis. It was to be at the same level of the outside gallery of the Olympic Stadium, and half as high as the stands of the stadium, placing the swimming venue in-line with the stadium's entrance. An enclosed arcade was thereafter added to the plans as well.
A model of these plans was publicly displayed at the German Building Exhibition in July 1931. The plan received approval from sport governing bodies. The DRA began discussions to execute the plans. The Berlin Racing Association had changed their stance from a previously voiced opposition to renovating the stadium, to a more favorable attitude towards the project on the condition that they were to be compensated for the horse races that would have to be suspended during the construction process. The Ministry of Agriculture then agreed to lease the entire grounds to the Racing Association with the condition that the sub-lease of the stadium by the DRA should be continued. The land east of the racecourse was made available for building the planned tunnel.
In January 1932, the City of Berlin put forth a surprise counter plan. The City's Municipal Construction Councilor Wagnar made the suggestion that a temporary wooden stadium instead should be built on the fair grounds for the Olympics. This plan was favored by the city because it did not want to pay for roadway expenses necessitated by the DRA's plan. Theodor Lewald rejected the city's plan for a temporary venue.
Planning continued. Additional aspects of the project would include the expansion of the Sportforum, finishing the half-completed gymnasium, the construction of a large sporting hall and of a new student dormitory.
March's plans for the Olympic Stadium were accepted by the IOC in June 1933.
At a meeting of the Construction Committee of the Organizing Committee (for the Olympics) on July 15, 1933, presided over by Carl Diem several aspects were added to the plan. It was decided to complete the gymnasium and include a small swimming pool in its basement. It was also decided that there would be a gymnastic and assembly hall with connected living quarters and a restaurant added to the complex, as well as two small buildings to serve as dressing rooms on the track field. Construction was set to begin at the beginning of October 1933.
Reichssportfeld (1933–1949)
Olympic preparations by the Nazi Reich
When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, they decided to use the Olympic Games in 1936 for propaganda purposes. With this in mind, Hitler made plans for the construction of a great sports complex in Grunewald named the “Reichssportfeld”, with a brand-new Olympiastadion as its centerpiece. Architect Werner March remained in charge of the project, assisted by his brother Walter March.
The games had been awarded to Berlin in 1931 when Germany's government was the democratic Weimar Republic and the original plans for the Sportforum had been drawn up under this government. Construction on the proposed expansion of the Sportforum was set to commence in October 1933, but in March of that same year the Nazis had come to power in Germany. The German Committee for Physical Training was dissolved, and the deed to the Sportforum was transferred to the Nazi government. Around this time the complex was renamed the “Reichssportfeld” ().
It was questioned whether the construction and half of the cost for the stadium (with the other half being paid for by the national government in the form of subsidies) should fall onto the City of Berlin. The city already was going to pay for the construction of the approach roads to the Olympic Stadium, this expense was the main reason they had hoped to place a temporary stadium elsewhere in January 1932, and the expense of leasing land from the Prussian Forestry Department for use as parking lots to serve the Stadium. The City of Berlin named the conditions under which they would assume the additional expenditure of the stadium's construction. The first was that the entire area of the Grunewald Racecourse, the including the Grunewald Racecourse's stadium, which had previously been leased to the Berlin Racing Association, would now be leased directly by the city for a minimum of 30 years by the Prussian Forestry Department (who were the owners of the land). As a result, the Racing Association would then become a sub-lessee of the City of Berlin. Their second condition was for the Reich to forfeit any claims it had to ownership of the stadium, resigning this right solely to the City of Berlin. This far into their negotiations Adolf Hitler visited the Deutsches Stadion on October 5, 1933, and announced his decision. Hitler was quick in his decision to alter the existing architectural plans for the Olympic venues, as he desired more grand and extravagant venues than those that had been proposed before the IOC in 1931 by Berlin's bid team.
Thus, four days after construction on the earlier proposed expansion to the Sportforum had previously been set to commence, those plans were killed.
Werner March had been commissioned to create sketches for the new “Reichssportfeld” on October 5, 1933, the very same day that Hitler had announced his intentions to build it. Dr. Diem was called-in from a trip abroad in order to work on the project's proposals with Werner March. The main outline of their plans was created hastily, and received Hitler's approval.
The question arose whether or not the new stadium for the Olympics should be built on the footprint of the original Deutsches Stadium, providing it with a direct connection to its predecessor, or instead located 162 yards east of it. Moving east would align it on a direct axis with the Schwarzburg Bridge along the main east-west street approaching the complex. This would provide the entire complex with a stricter symmetry, and thus was the option favored by Hitler.
The Berlin Racing Association was made to vacate their use of the complex, as the Grunewald Race Course was to be demolished in order to create the Reich Sports Field. The Berlin Racing Association were to be compensated according to Hitler's orders, by receiving the funding from the “Racing Association” as well as the “Union Club and the Society for Steeplechasing” to expand the race tracks that the Berlin Racing Association also owned in Hoppegarten and Karlshorst.
In November 1933 the Nazi Reich Ministry of Finance established the Stadium Construction Office. Authority over this organization belonged to the Government Construction Counciller Sponzholz. In December 1933 the Minister of the Interior created the “Construction Committee for the Reich Sport Field”. State Secretary Hans Pfundtner served as the Committee's chairman. October 11, 1933, the proposed construction schedule was submitted to Hitler. October 31st Hitler visited the complex along with Reich Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick, approving the plans in principle. Nonetheless, Hitler voiced a number of concerns surrounding the architectural appearance of the buildings, and his wishes for stone to be used in the construction of the complex as frequently as possible, rather than concrete.
On December 14, 1933, Hitler had the March brothers called into his office, and decided to have them create a third design for an Olympic Stadium. This is the plan that was used, and contained not only the Olympic Stadium that would be built, but also other elements that were built such as the Olympischer Platz, parade grounds with the “Führerloge”, the Olympic Bell Tower along the east-west axis the Coubertinplatz, and the swimming stadium placed on the north-south axis. Hitler approved plans for complex the same day.
In late fall of 1933 demolition work began on the old Deutsches Stadion, and work commenced on the completion of the gymnasium that had been left half-finished since 1928. Construction took place from 1934 to 1936. Complying with Hitler's wishes, the stadiums were largely built using natural stone instead of concrete, requiring 39,538 cubic yards of stone.
Demolition of the horse race track began in March 1934.
Werner March preserved much of the woods on the slopes on all sides of the complex. A significant portion of the land was untouched woods and meadows. Despite a long history of use on the site, the majority of the Olympic Park's land was completely free of any existing buildings, with the existing buildings of the Sportforum in the far north end of the complex constituting exception to this. The north end's arrangement was largely governed by its existing structures. In other areas of the park, March desired to preserve much of the natural landscape. March had Professor Wiepking-Jürgensman assist in transplanting 40,000 trees to the northern portion of the park, in order to unite it with the surrounding natural landscape.
Access to the site was significantly improved through the creation of new roadways. The complex was already a short distance north of Heerstrasse, the primary east-west thoroughfare out of the city. Friedrich-Friesen-Allee, one of two streets that had served the site, was widened. A new street was built, creating an approach from the west. This road branched off from Heerstrasse and terminated in front of the location of the Olympic Bell Tower. An approach from the east was also established by extending the Schwarzburg Allee, which was thereafter renamed as Olympische Strasse. This street crossed railway tracks over a wide bridge, and then led into the Olympic Square. The Underground and Municipal railway stations serving the site were expanded, with new exits built allowing visitors to leave in close proximity to the Olympic Stadium. Semicircular parking lots were constructed in at the south of the Reich Sport Field within the greenbelt surrounding the grounds.
The Olympic Bell contained within the 77-meter Olympic Bell Tower featured the Olympic Rings with an eagle, the year 1936, the Brandenburg Gate, the date August 1–16, and a motto between two swastikas: “I call the youth of the world” and 11. Olympic Games Berlin inscribed upon it. It was located amongst the tiers of the Maifeld stand, acting as the pinnacle of the Reich Sports Field's western end. An observation deck inside provided views of the city of Berlin. During the games it would be utilized as an observation post for administrators, police officials, doctors, and media officials.
The hanging of the Olympic Bell began Monday, May 11, 1936. The first trial ringing occurred on May 20.
The Olympic Stadium was filled with spectators for the first time on July 5 for a pre-Olympic test.
The main focal point of the entire complex's composition was to be the Olympic Stadium, which was located at the middle of the Reich Sport Field. 86,400 square yards (two times the area which was occupied by the stadiums stands) surrounding the stadium were left open, serving as public promenades around the stadium. Werner March had been proud of the fact that spectators could empty the Olympic Stadium in thirteen and a half minutes, as compared to the previous Summer Olympic Stadium (Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum), which would take fifteen and a half minutes to empty. March was the stadium's architect for the majority of the project, though Hitler ultimately replaced him with Albert Speer as the stadium's architect.
March's stadium was modern in its aesthetics, which did not match the Nazi's goal to utilize the Olympics to display themselves as an imperial power in the mold of the Roman Empire. March's design lacked the monumental scale and neo-classical architecture that were the core values of Nazi architecture. Hitler allegedly had even threatened to cancel the Berlin games altogether if March's stadium was not altered to his satisfaction. After being appointed, Speer designed a neo-classical facade for the stadium literally overnight in order to meet Hitler's satisfaction. Speer's design was used, and clad March's stadium's exposed steel frame with stone. Characteristically of Nazi architecture, Speer's design placed stone pillars and colonnades over steel supports.
March aspired to design a Modern monument, while Hitler hoped to create a distorted vision of ancient Rome, much as he aspired to do politically.
The stadium's exterior height gave it a profile 54 feet tall, but the stadium was sunk 45 into the ground, both allowing greater spectator circulation into and out of the stadium as the upper seating ring was located nearer to the ground-level since the lower ring was below-ground, as well as creating a much larger interior than is expected by visitors due to its exterior profile only showing a portion of the venue. This effect is similar to that of Michigan Stadium. Unlike most previous Olympic Stadiums (such as Panathenaic Stadium and Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum) March's new Olympic Stadium took the shape of an oval rather than utilizing the traditional open-ended horseshoe-shape that many other Olympic Stadiums had.
The stadium's neoclassical design was intended to evoke similarities to the Colosseum in Rome. Its size was intended to be imposing.
The stadium's columns were decorated with Olympic imagery. The stadium's interior featured grand concourses covered with Nazi flags.
Aware of the political significance of architecture as a mode to promote Nazi ideology, Hitler demanded that the Olympic Stadium be constructed entirely using German materials.
The stadium was constructed on an east-west orientation.
The stadium could hold 120,000 spectators, and had seating room for 65,000.
The 65 foot wide tunnel that served the previous Deutsches Stadium was repurposed to serve as both an underground path providing access to VIP loges, as well as a path for athletes to enter the stadium from, as it was connected with the Marathon tunnel which was built for the Olympic marathon to provide a point for Marathon competitors to run into the stadium and to provide a sort of prop door allowing for large equipment to be brought into the stadium. The Marathon tunnel was accessed from outside the stadium through the ‘Marathon Gate’ into the Olympic Plaza. These stairs were aethstetically connected with the Maifeld. It was in this area of the stadium that the Olympic cauldron was located during the ceremonies. The 65-foot entrance tunnel leftover from Deutsches Stadium was also connected to the new stadium's cellar level, and to two competitor's tunnels which provided access to the field. The tunnel also received a 13 foot wide and 600 yard long expansion at its north end passing underneath the “Reich Academy for Physical Education” training grounds and connecting the Olympic Stadium with the swimming stadium. As it passes below the fields, this tunnel expansion also functioned as the corridor of subterranean dressing rooms for the training grounds located dirrectly above.
The stadium's construction lasted from late 1933 to 1936.
The Berlin Olympic Village was built 18 km east of the Reichssportfeld.
The Olympic cauldron contained within the stadium utilized propane to keep Olympic Flame burning continually. The propane in the cauldron was first tested May 28th, 1936.
Another venue that was built for the Olympics was the Haus des Deutschen Sports.
Also in the Westend, not far from the Reichssportfeld complex, were the Deutschlandhalle and Mommsenstadion, which also served as venues of the 1936 Summer Olympics. The Deutschlandhalle hosted the wrestling competition, the weightlifting competition, and the boxing competition. It also hosted other events during the Olympics, such as the “Festival for the Participants”, which was held on the final day of the Olympics. The Mommestadion hosted four matches of the football competition. The Mommsenstadion still exists today, but the Deutschlandhalle was demolished in 2011.
The Reichsportfeld's reflected the chauvinistic ideology of the Nazi regime not only in its architectural composition, but also through statues and engravings celebrating Aryan athletic youth. The four stone pylons of Maifeld were named “Frisian”, “Franconian”, “Saxon”, and “Swabian” after early Germanic tribes. The Dietrich Eckart amphitheatre furthered the fabricated Greco-German links to the new regime.
When the Reichssportfeld was finished, it was 1.32 square kilometres (325 acres). The complex could be described as being designed on Wagnerian scale. It consisted of (east to west): the Olympiastadion, the Maifeld (Mayfield, capacity of 50,000) and the Dietrich Eckart amphitheatre (capacity of 25,000), in addition to various places, buildings and facilities for different sports (such as football, swimming, equestrian, and field hockey) in the northern part.
1936 Olympics (August 1–16, 1936)
The 1936 Olympics were held from August 1 to August 16. The opening ceremony climaxed with the end of the Olympic Torch Relay lighting of the Olympic flame in the Olympic cauldron. The Olympic Flame was a tradition originated during the previous two Summer Olympics, held in Amsterdam and Los Angeles, and the torch relay first occurred at the 1936 games. Carl Diem, who himself was not a Nazi, had thought of the idea, which was approved greatly by Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels, as he believed that it was a spectacular way in which to publicize the Olympics.
Many of the more memorable moments of the 1936 Olympics took place within the Reichssportfeld, such as African-American runner Jesse Owens’ four track and field medals at the Olympic Stadium.
At the beginning of the games the “International Congress of Physical Education Students” met in the 1,200 spectator Cupola Hall of the Sportforum, which also hosted the foils and saber fencing competitions. Fencing was also held in the larger gymnasium, where fencing floors and temporary stands for 500 spectators were built. Each of these venues held four fencing floors.
The Olympic Stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies, athletics, equestrian jumping, four matches of the football competition, two matches of the handball competition, as well as the baseball demonstration. The stadium was also the site of both the starting line and the finishing line of the marathon.
The Olympic Stadium also hosted numerous performances during the Olympics. One such show was the “Festival Play”, which was performed on August 1, 3, 7,18, and 19. Other performances that took place during the games at the Olympic Stadium included “Music and Dances of Nations” (August 10th) and the “Military Concert” (August 13th).
The Maifeld held the dressage and polo competitions. For dressage two 28,000-person stands were temporarily erected perpendicular to the main grandstand of the Maifeld, as with a temporary 6,000-person stand erected parallel to the main grandstand.. This allowed for the utilization of just the center portion of the main Maifeld grandstand, creating a more intimate venue for dressage. For the polo competition the entire grandstand, which held 44,0000 standing spectators and 4,500 seats, was utilized. For Polo two temporary stands were built on the sides of the Maifeld, perpendicular to the main grandstand, accommodating an additional 75,000 spectators. The stadium also hosted a non-Olympic event called the “Relay of the Continents” on the final day of the Olympic Games.
The Maifield held other events during the Olympics. One such event was the “School Children's Demonstration” held August 9.
The Tennis Courts and the Tennis Stadium held basketball. The Tennis Courts also held the épée fencing. On the surfaces of courts 1 through 4 basketball courts were built. Additionally wooden stands for spectators along the sides consisted of one row of 112 seats for the press and guests of honour, and standing room for 720 persons on each side. On the west side was a separate platform for the judges. Opposite this, on the east stand, was the announcement board. These venues were located on the eastern edge of the Reich Sports Complex. On each of the south tennis courts two fencing floors were erected, along with stands identical to those erected for the basketball courts.
The Olympic Swimming Stadium hosted diving, swimming component of the modern pentathlon, swimming, and water polo events. The venue also served as a training venue for the sport of swimming.
Field hockey was held at the Hockey Stadiums (Hockey Stadium, and Hockey Stadium #2).
Gymnastics were contested at the Dietrich Eckhart Amphitheatre. The Amphitheatre also hosted various performances during the games. One of the shows that took place at the venue during the Olympics was “Herkales”, which was performed on August 4, 7, 16, 18. The venue also hosted the “Olympic Concert” (August 19) and Berlin Youth events (August 2, 5, 6, and 14).
Haus des Deutschen Sports () held fencing events, as well as the fencing component of the modern pentathlon.
After the Olympics
After the Olympics the complex initially saw between twenty and twenty-five large-scale events per year.
The “Hochschule für Leibesübungen” (), was ordered by Hitler to end all operations, and was replaced by a new school, the “Reichsakademie für Leibesübungen” (), on April 15, 1936. The school served the purposes of the paramilitary SA sports training under the façade of being a school for physical education.
The final of the 1937 German football championship was played at the Olympic Stadium on June 20, 1937. FC Schalke 04 defeated 1. FC Nuremberg 2–0. After that, all German championship finals were held there until 1944, as well as six German cup finals between 1936 and 1942.
On September 28, 1937, the Reichssportfeld hosted ceremonies celebrating Benito Mussolini's visit to Berlin.
May 1, 1939, Hitler utilized the viewing stand at the Olympic Stadium for his May Day address, in which he expounded upon his theory of "Lebensraum" Exactly four months later (September 1, 1939) Hitler acted upon this theory by invading Poland, thus commencing World War II.
North of the main hockey stadium, a large grass field, which held six playing fields and had previously housed a second field hockey stadium for the Olympic preliminaries, was used by the Reich Academy as training grounds, as well as by various sporting associations for competition.
World War II
In the earlier years of World War II the complex, the “Hitlerjugend”, “Army Sports Festivals”, and regular ”War Championships" as a critical part of the entertainment programs for German troops.
The sports complex had been made well-prepared for wartime early on. The underground areas near the Marathon tunnel had a concrete ceiling and separating walls built to transform them into bunkers. At the beginning of the war, Blaupunkt produced anti-aircraft weapon primers there. When allied bombing of the complex intensified in late 1944, the stadium's underground facilities were prepared for use as a makeshift HQ for Nazi Germany's national radio network, “Großdeutscher Rundfunk”.The administration building to the north of the Olympischer Platz was utilized as an ammunition depot, with other buildings of the complex used to house stockpiles of food and wine.
The Reichssportfeld was heavily bombed by Allied forces during the Second World War. The Olympic Stadium sustained some damage, but was nevertheless in relatively good condition.
November 12, 1944, the Olympischer Platz was one of ten sites where Hitler's last contingents were sworn in.
The Bell Tower was used by the Nazis to store archives, including films. The Bell Tower was the only major component of the sports complex to be destroyed during the war. The Red Army troops set the contents of the tower, the film stored by the Nazis, on fire, turning the tower itself into a makeshift chimney. The tower was severely damaged and weakened by the fire.
The administration building near the Olympischer Platz was destroyed after the stored ammunition exploded.
Post–World War (1945–1949)
After Germany's unconditional surrender in May 1945, the Reichssportfeld had been scarred with bomb craters, emptied ammunition boxes, burnt equipment, barricades, and corpses.
Much of the damage from World War II was repaired once the war ended. In fact, only days after Germany's unconditional surrender in May 1945, the area of the former Reichssportfeld was cleaned up.
Carl Diem, the Secretary General of the Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games, made himself the director of the ‘Reichssportfeld’ administration, and along with other former employees of the complex, helped to begin the clean-up process.
June 20, 1945, Diem opened the Swim Stadium, which was largely undamaged, to the public.
After the Red Army retreated from the portion of the city that contained the complex, British troops took control of the Sportfeld on July 1, 1945. The British Army closed the Olympic Park, as they wanted to utilize the complex themselves.
In 1952 the British Army in Berlin set up their headquarter on the Sportforum. They also used the sports facilities, and set up a cricket field on Körnerplatz, in front the Haus des Deutschen Sports.
The Queen's Official Birthday was celebrated by British military occupying forces on the Maifeld annually, and the British military also utilized the Maifeld for sports such as cricket. Since 2012, the Mailfeld, having enough space for two cricket fields, is home to the cricket clubs of Berlin, after they had to give up the Körnerplatz.
Due to the damage in incurred, the Olympic Bell Tower was demolished by British engineers on February 15, 1947. The Olympic Bell, which was contained inside, had survived the fire, and fell along with the tower when it was demolished. As the result of its 77-meter fall with the tower, the bell cracked has since been unable to ring. To prevent the bell from falling victim to metal hunters, it was buried in the Olympic Square.
Former heavyweight world champion Max Schmeling held a boxing match, in the amphitheatre, which had been renamed the “Waldbühne”, on October 31, 1948, in front of an audience of 24,000. This was ultimately his final bout.
Control of the Sportfeld was handed over to the German authorities on June 12, 1949. Exactly one year later, the Berlin Senate decided to rename the “Reichssportfeld” the “Olympiapark Berlin”.
Olympiapark Berlin (1949–present)
Post–World War II and Cold War era (1949–1989)
The West German football championship final was held at the Olympic Stadium six times between 1950 German football championship and 1962, before the introduction of the Bundesliga.
The Olympic Plaza had a giant antenna built in 1951 that transmitted signals for transistor radios in Berlin.
In 1956 the Olympic Bell was unburied, but only so that it could serve as a practice target for anti-tank ammunition.
The Bell Tower was rebuilt from 1960 and 1962 according to Werner March's original blueprints. This came as the result of efforts by Werner March, amongst others, to rebuild the bell tower. This tower is almost one meter taller than the original one in height. During the reconstruction of the bell tower, the “Langemarckhalle”, as it had been destroyed when the tower was demolished. The Olympic Bell Tower has since become a popular tourist site, providing panoramic views of Berlin, of Berlin, Spandau the Havel valley, Potsdam, Nauen and Hennigsdorf. The Olympic Bell has been placed outside the Olympic Stadium to serve as a memorial. The Bell Tower contains a replica of the original Olympic Bell instead.
Inside the Olympic Stadium, “Führerloge”'' on the Honorary Stand was decreased in height by a meter to eliminate the visual effect it historically possessed, and to assist in “de-nazi-fying” the stadium.
On August 24, 1963 Hertha BSC played their first regular match at the Olympic Stadium, moving to the venue after joining the Bundesliga. The match was a 1–1 tie against 1. FC Nürnberg. In 1965, the German Football Association found Hertha BSC guilty of bribery and relegated them to the Regionalliga Berlin. Hertha had illegally bribed several football players in an attempt to add them to the team, following their disinterest in playing in Berlin because of recent construction the Berlin Wall in 1961. Hertha moved out of the Olympic Stadium, and back into their old home at the “Plumpe”, until rejoining the first division in 1968. In 1971, Hertha BSC sold off the “Plumpe”. Other teams have also used the Olympic Stadium, like Tasmania, Tennis Borussia and Blau-Weiß 90 when they played in the Bundesliga.
In 1966, the former “Reichssportfeld” was placed under the “Monument Conservation of West Berlin”. In November 1966, a new floodlight system was installed at the Olympic Stadium.
In 1969, the original ash-covered running track was replaced by synthetic one made of Rekortan. The new material was being tested at the Berlin Olympic Stadium before it was installed at the Olympic Stadium for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany.
The Olympic Stadium was renovated for the 1974 FIFA World Cup hosted by West Germany. This renovation most notably included the addition of a partial roof over the stadium's main tribunes in the northern and southern stands, covering 26,000 seats. The roof was designed by Dübbers and Krahe. This roof, a modern construction made of Plexiglas and steel, provided a modern and light in appearance which aesthetically contrasted the traditional and heavy construction of the original stadium. The renovation also added press stands, modernized the restrooms, and separated the reporters trench from the stands with a Plexiglas wall.
The late 1970s were a successful era for Hertha BSC at the Olympic Stadium, reaching the semifinals of the UEFA Cup in 1979 and the finals of the German Cup both in 1977 and 1979. After a decline through the 1980s, Hertha fell into the Amateur-Oberliga Berlin in 1986 and moved to the smaller Poststadion. Hertha recovered, and joined the 2. Bundesliga for the 1988–1989 season, and returned to the Olympic Stadium.
In 1972 the Summer Olympics again were held in Germany, with West Germany hosting the games in Munich. The main concentrations of venues for these games were also organized in an Olympic Park.
Since 1985, the Olympic Stadium has hosted all DFB-Pokal finals, and from 1985 to 2009 also the women's DFB-Pokal finals.
Decade of German reunification (1989–1999)
After the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, a match was held January 27, 1990, between Hertha and East Berlin's FC Union at the Olympic Stadium. 50,000 spectators attended.
The Olympic Stadium's Hertha BSC rejoined first division for their 1990 season, but fell back to the second division in 1991. Hertha would remain in the second division until they rejoined the first division in 1997. The Olympic Stadium's Hertha BCS has continued to improve since rejoining the first division, gaining international prestige by qualifying for the UEFA Champions League.
Berlin had originally been planning to bid for the 2004 Summer Olympics, but instead decided in November 1989 to bid for the 2000 Olympics. The Olympic Park was to play a major role in the Olympics had Berlin's bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics been successful. On September 23, 1993, Berlin was voted out in the second round of the IOC vote.
On September 8, 1994, after over a half-century, the British military completely ended their military presence at the Olympic Park. A northern section of the park was reopened to the public, no longer being occupied by the British military. British Prime Minister John Major and Governing Mayor of Berlin Eberhard Diepgen revealed a commemorative plaque on the Adlerplatz in front of the “Haus des Deutschen Sports” in a ceremony marking the date.
The fate of the Olympic Stadium was debated in 1998. Due to its Nazi origins, some advocated demolishing it to replace it with a new stadium, while others preferred to let it slowly deteriorate much like the Colosseum.
There were a number of plans that entailed the demolition of the stadium, but on May 26, 1998, the Berlin Senate instead voted to renovate the stadium. December 1, 1998, the Senate voted in favor of the plan by “von Gerkan, Marg and Partner (gmp)”. May 9, 2000, an agreement for the funding of the stadium was reached with Walter Bau-AG.
A new millennium
To go along with the start of the new millennium, the park received a modernized Olympic Stadium. As part of Germany's preparations for the 2006 FIFA World Cup the Olympic Stadium received a complete renovation. Construction at the Olympic Stadium began in September 2000. The renovation provided the Olympic Stadium with a new roof made of a semitransparent Teflon membrane (more specifically made of a PTFE-coated glass fiber). The material used provides an even lighter appearance than the roof installed for the 1974 World Cup had. Much like the roof installed for the 1974 World Cup had, the lightness and transparency of the new roof provides a visual contrast to the heaviness of the stadium's construction. The roof mimics the tiers of seating by providing a gap at the Marathon Gate. Unlike the roof that was installed for the 1974 World Cup, this roof covered all of the stadium's seating. The roof appears almost to float above the stadium. The new roof is supported by 20 steel columns interior, the distance between each ranging from 32 to 40 meters. The roof is also supported by 132 exterior columns, which are located completely outside of the seating area. The roof rises 68 metres over the seats, and 39.99 meters over the field-level. The weight of the roof is 3,500 tons. The roof's construction is 42,000 m² consisting of a 27,000 m² upper roof membrane distributed into 77 sectors, a 28,000 m² lower roof membrane, and a 6006 m² glass surface. The renovation preserved the stadium's running track. The renovation also repaired the stone of the original stadium construction, rebuilt the lower tier of seats at a new angle, and lowered the playing field by 2.65 meters (8.7 feet). The renovation also added state-of-the-art lighting and sound. The renovation also created 76 new VIP boxes in the inner gallery between the lower and upper seating rings, and 13 new skyboxes were installed within the former press stands of the upper ring. A number of new restaurants were added to the stadium during the renovation. A chapel was built inside the stadium as well, and was opened just prior to the World Cup. The chapel construction project wound up receiving the “iF Gold Award”, and in 2007 the “red dot award”. The renovated Olympic Stadium possesses the largest seating capacity of German stadiums at 74,500. It also has a total 113 VIP stands, and two underground parking garages accommodating 630 cars.
The renovation began on July 3, 2000, with a groundbreaking ceremony officiated by Chancellor of Germany Gerhard Schröder, Mayor of Berlin Eberhard Diepgen, Franz Beckenbauer and Dr. Ignaz Walter. The stadium continued to host events during the renovation, including the annual DFB-Pokal final, Hertha BSC, and Berlin Thunder games. January 9, 2002, in the mist of the Olympic Stadium's renovation, construction crews found an unexploded World War II bomb buried beneath a seating section. Berlin police defused the bomb outside of the stadium.
The new stadium was inaugurated in a ceremony on July 31, 2004. Work nonetheless continued on the stadium and the surrounding areas of the Olympiapark until 2006. The 2006 FIFA World Cup final was held at the stadium on July 9.
The Germany national football team played their first match at the stadium September 8th, 2004, in a 1–1 tie against the Brazil national football team.
The Olympic Stadium project has received multiple awards and recognition. In 2004 the Olympic Stadium renovation won the German Steel Building Award. In April 2005 the UEFA officially awarded the Olympiastadion Berlin as a “Five-Star-Stadia”, the highest ranking possible for European stadiums. Other honors the stadium received in 2005 include the Light Architecture Awards for “Modification, Restoration, and Roof-construction”. The renovation also received recognition from the German Architecture Awards for “Modification, Restoration, and Roof-construction” In 2006 the Olympic Stadium won the Architecture Award Berlin. In 2007 the Olympic Stadium won the IOC/AKS Award in Golf, an IPC/IAKS Special-award, the BDA Architecture award for “best ambience”. In 2013 the stadium received the FM Efficiency Award. In 2014 the Olympic Stadium received the Location Award 2014 second place category honor for “Major Events” and the first place category honor for “Stadiums, Arenas, and Multi-function-halls”.
In 2004, Hertha constructed the Amateurstadion, a 5,400 person capacity stadium located near the Olympic Stadium. Their second team plays there.
In 2005 the antenna in the Olympic Plaza was removed.
Prior to hosting the 2009 IIAF World Championships in Athletics, the Olympic Stadium's track was re-surfaced. The new track was colored blue, the team color of Hertha BSC.
From 2010 until 2012 a new ice arena complex (the Eisporthalle) was constructed for 4 million euros at a former parking lot of the complex.
The Olympiapark would have been utilized had Berlin been selected as Germany's bid city for the 2024 Summer Olympics. German instead chose Hamburg and its bid over Berlin. Hamburg ultimately dropped out of the bid process during the candidate city phase.
The Olympiapark was one of the main venues of the 2023 Special Olympics World Summer Games.
Venues
Current
The Amateurstadion Berlin is a 5,400 spectator capacity stadium. The capacity allows 4,300 standing places and 1,100 seats (of which 750 are covered). This venue was added to the complex in 2004. The stadium is officially named Stadion auf dem Wurfplatz.
Deutsches Sportforum ()
Cupola Hall is a 1,200 spectator auditorium which hosted part of the foils and sabre fencing competitions as well as the “International Congress of Physical Education Students” during the 1936 Summer Olympics
Gymnasium is a gym that started construction in 1926, but was put on hold in 1928 due to a lack of funding. Its construction was resumed in 1934, and completed in 1936. The gymnasium held portions of the foils and sabre fencing competitions during the 1936 Summer Olympics.
Schwimmhaus
Sportmuseum Berlin ()
Eisporthalle () is an ice rink complex that contains two 60x30 meter ice rinks. One rink is entirely indoors, and has seating for 1,000 spectators. The second rink is enclosed by walls on 3 sides, and open on the fourth side.
Haus des Deutschen Sports () is a venue that was built for the 1936 Summer Olympics. It is located northeast of the Olympic Stadium. It held part of the fencing competition and the fencing component of the modern pentathlon competition of the 1936 Olympics.
Maifeld () was created as a huge lawn (112,000 square metres, 28 acres) for gymnastic demonstrations, specifically annual May Day celebrations by Hitler's government. In more recent years the Maifeld has also hosted many concerts.
Olympiapark Schwimmstadion Berlin () is an aquatics venue located in Berlin, Germany, constructed for the 1936 Summer Olympics. Located north of the Olympic Stadium, it hosted the diving, swimming, water polo, and the swimming part of the modern pentathlon events.
Olympiastadion: a 74,064 stadium located in the southern part of the park. It was built for the 1936 Olympic Games.
Reitsport-Anlagen Am Olympiastadion () are equestrian facilities located in the Olympiapark
Landesreiterschule ()
Reiter-stadion () is an equestrian stadium
Tennis Courts are a series of tennis courts in the complex. These courts hosted the épée fencing and basketball competitions of the 1936 Summer Olympics.
Tennis Stadium is a tennis venue within the complex. It hosted the basketball competition, épée fencing component of the modern pentathlon competition.
Waldbühne ( or Forest Stage): an amphitheatre seating over 22,000 spectators. It was designed by German architect Werner March in emulation of a Greek theatre and built between 1934 and 1936 as the Dietrich-Eckart-Bühne (Dietrich Eckart Stage), a Nazi thingplatz for the 1936 Summer Olympics. Since World War II it has been used for a variety of events, including boxing matches, film showings and classical and rock concerts. The venue is located off Friedrich-Friesen-Allee just northeast of Glockenturmstraße. For the 1936 Olympics it had a capacity of 20,000 spectators, and held various performances, in addition to holding the gymnastics competition.
Hockey Stadion was an 18,000 seat stadium, one of two that hosted the 1936 Olympic field hockey competition It remains as a modern hockey field.
Other facilities
Olympic Square is a large plaza located in front of the Olympic Stadium. In the center of this plaza lie two towers, 156 feet tall, with the Olympic Rings suspended between them. To the east of this plaza is the Bell Tower, located at a location on an axis with the center point between the two towers. This plaza was built for the 1936 Olympics. Its two towers were built to architecturally accentuate the longitudinally symmetrical arrangement of the complex.
Olympic Bell Tower (or Glockenturm, the German term for a bell tower)
Olympischer Platz is a former parade grounds
Former
Deutsches Stadion () aka Olympiastadion () was a multi-use stadium initially used as the stadium of German football championship matches. The stadium was built in 1913, and demolished in 1933. It was replaced by the current Olympic Stadium in 1936. The capacity of the stadium was 40,000 spectators. Located in the Grunewald Race Course, it was intended to host the 1916 Summer Olympics that were cancelled due to World War I.
Grunewald Race Course: a horse racing-track in the Grunewald Forest. Belonging to the Berliner Rennverein, the course was designed by Otto March. The racecourse opened in 1909, the racetrack existed until 1934, when its demolition was required to make room for the Olympic Stadium.
Hockey Stadion #2 was a 3,200-seat stadium, one of two that hosted the 1936 Olympic field hockey competitions. It was a temporary venue, and primarily hosted the Olympic preliminary matches for field hockey.
Sport events
Annual events
DFB-Pokal at Olympic Stadium
Frauen DFB Pokal at Olympic Stadium
Internationales Stadionfest at Olympic Stadium
Spring final round of the DFB Cup
ISTAF Berlin since 1921. Was first held at Deutsches Stadium, moved to the Olympic Stadium, held there since.
Notable sporting events
1936 Summer Olympics
European Maccabi Games 2015
American football
1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994 American Bowls at Olympic Stadium
Association football
1974 FIFA World Cup matches at Olympic Stadium
With the demolition of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, a spontaneous feeling of sympathy between Hertha BSC and FC Union from Eastern Berlin arose, which culminated in a friendly match at the Olympiastadion with 50,000 spectators (January 27, 1990).
September 8, 2004, Brazil played Germany at the Olympic Stadium, shortly after the re-inauguration of the stadium.
2006 FIFA World Cup matches at Olympic Stadium, including the final match
2007 DFB Cup Final
2008 UEFA Cup
2015 UEFA Champions League Final at Olympic Stadium
Athletics
2009 IAAF World Championships in Athletics at the Olympic Stadium.
Baseball
August 10, 1936, an Olympic baseball exhibition game was held between two American baseball teams at the Olympic Stadium with an attendance thought to be over 100,000 (possibly 110,000), considered the world record for the attendance of a baseball game at that time.
Boxing
October 31, 1948, 24,000 attended former Heavyweight World Champion Max Schmeling held his final boxing match, at the Waldbühne audience of 24,000.
Gymnastics
2005 International German Gymnastics Festival at the Olympic Stadium.
Notable entertainment events
Opening and closing ceremonies of the 1936 Olympics
Closing ceremony of the 2006 World Cup
The reinauguration celebrations of the newly renovated Olympic Stadium were carried out on July 31, 2004, and August 1, 2004. Celebrations began with performances from P!nk, Nena and Daniel Barenboim. It climaxed at night with the opening ceremony. On the second day, friendly matches were played between different levels of the club Hertha BSC and numerous visiting teams.
Other events
Benito Mussolini's visit to Berlin climaxed with an event at the Olympic Stadium on June 20, 1937. Joseph Goebbels had estimated that more than three million people partook in the ceremony, whether along the parade route to the Reichsportfeld, inside the Olympic Stadium, or outside of the stadium on the Mayfield.
Inaugural Pyronale, a two-day international pyrotechnics competition at the Olympic Stadium in 2006. Drew 50,000 spectators.
2007 Pyronale Fireworks World Championships was held at the Mayfield in September.
2008 Pyronale Fireworks World Championships was held on the Mayfield.
Nearby attractions
Unité d'Habitation of Berlin
References
Olympic Parks
Sports venues in Berlin
Venues of the 1936 Summer Olympics |
```java
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package org.flowable.cmmn.engine.impl.agenda.operation;
import java.util.Map;
import org.flowable.cmmn.api.runtime.PlanItemInstanceState;
import org.flowable.cmmn.engine.impl.persistence.entity.PlanItemInstanceEntity;
import org.flowable.cmmn.engine.impl.util.CommandContextUtil;
import org.flowable.cmmn.model.EventListener;
import org.flowable.cmmn.model.PlanItemTransition;
import org.flowable.common.engine.impl.interceptor.CommandContext;
/**
* @author Joram Barrez
*/
public class OccurPlanItemInstanceOperation extends AbstractMovePlanItemInstanceToTerminalStateOperation {
public OccurPlanItemInstanceOperation(CommandContext commandContext, PlanItemInstanceEntity planItemInstanceEntity) {
super(commandContext, planItemInstanceEntity);
}
@Override
public String getNewState() {
return PlanItemInstanceState.COMPLETED;
}
@Override
public String getLifeCycleTransition() {
return PlanItemTransition.OCCUR;
}
@Override
public boolean isEvaluateRepetitionRule() {
// Only event listeners can be repeating on occur
return planItemInstanceEntity.getPlanItem() != null && planItemInstanceEntity.getPlanItem().getPlanItemDefinition() instanceof EventListener;
}
@Override
protected boolean shouldAggregateForSingleInstance() {
return true;
}
@Override
protected boolean shouldAggregateForMultipleInstances() {
return true;
}
@Override
protected void internalExecute() {
planItemInstanceEntity.setEndedTime(getCurrentTime(commandContext));
planItemInstanceEntity.setOccurredTime(planItemInstanceEntity.getEndedTime());
CommandContextUtil.getCmmnHistoryManager(commandContext).recordPlanItemInstanceOccurred(planItemInstanceEntity);
}
@Override
protected Map<String, String> getAsyncLeaveTransitionMetadata() {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Occur does not support async leave");
}
@Override
public String getOperationName() {
return "[Occur plan item]";
}
}
``` |
Sterba's corydoras (Corydoras sterbai) is a member of the South American Corydoras genus of freshwater aquarium catfish and one of the most popular species of Corydoras due to its attractive markings. The fish is native to the Guaporé River region between Bolivia and Brazil.
Sterba's cory is distinguishable from other Corydoras species as it has white spots on a black background on its head. It is occasionally confused with Corydoras haraldschultzi; the difference is that the latter has a pattern of black dots on a white background on the head. C. sterbai has recently become available in an albino form and a black form.
Like many Corydoras species, Sterba's corydoras is a shoaling catfish, and thus should ideally be kept in groups of 5 or more. In the wild it can be found in Brazil and thus, wild caught fish prefer soft, acidic water. However, Sterba's corydoras is a hardy fish and tank bred specimens have adapted to a wider range of water conditions. However, like almost all fish it will not tolerate high levels of nitrates.
Unlike some other catfish they are not good algae eaters, but are good at "cleaning up" leftover food and detritus from the substrate.
Corydoras sterbai are relatively small for catfish, growing to a maximum size of only .
In the aquarium
In captivity Corydoras sterbai readily accepts a wide variety of prepared and frozen foods. Flake food is a good staple diet (which will only be consumed once it has fallen to the bottom) as are sinking pellets or wafers. They relish live and frozen foods such as bloodworm, daphnia and mosquito larvae, but ideally should only be fed such foods once a week due to the high amount of protein in them.
It is often problematic to feed Corydoras in aquaria with fast feeding mid-water fish such as tetras as flake and sinking pellets are consumed by such fish before they have hit the bottom and sometimes, even while lying on the substrate. However, this problem can be overcome by placing pellets and flake on the aquarium substrate in caves or under bogwood, or other such areas which are not regularly frequented by mid-water fish.
The compatibility of C. sterbai is one of their main selling points as with all other Corydoras species as they are very peaceful catfish and can be kept with other peaceful fish. They should not be kept with overly aggressive bottom dwellers, particularly if there is competition over substrate space as there would be in small tanks or tanks with a large amount of "furniture". Ideal companions would be similar sized tetras or particularly, dwarf cichlids.
Ideally Corydoras sterbai should be housed with a fine substrate such as sand or gravel in order to avoid doing damage to their delicate barbels. However, large gravel will suffice as long as it is not sharp edged. Their only other requirement is that shade be provided for them, by means of overhanging rock, large leaved plants, arching bogwood or caves.
Breeding is not too difficult. A tank with dimensions 18″ x 12″ x 12″ (10 US Gallon) is recommended. The breeding ratio that should be kept is 2 males per female. Good diet together with repeated water changes and drops of temperature are usually sufficient. However, raising the fry is not easy due to its high sensitivity.
Occasionally problems can arise while transporting these fish as they are capable of secreting a chemical toxin when stressed or overcrowded. For this reason they are never shipped with other fish.
Name
The species name of this Corydoras is in honour of Professor Dr. Günther Sterba, professor emeritus of zoology of Leipzig University, member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Professor Sterba is a professional ichthyologist who nevertheless produced several very popular books regarded as virtual bibles for fishkeepers over the 1970s and 1980s, translated into English under the titles Freshwater Fishes of the World, Aquarium Care and (with Dick Mills) The Aquarists' Encyclopedia, despite his degree of isolation at that time by virtue of living in the then German Democratic Republic.
See also
List of freshwater aquarium fish species
References
External links
Sterba's Corydoras as the July 2003 Catfish of the Month.
Corydoras
Taxa named by Joachim Knaack
Fish described in 1962 |
The King Abdullah II Special Operations Training Center (KASOTC) is an installation located in Amman, Jordan that specializes in counter-terrorism, special operations and irregular warfare tactics, techniques and procedures. The base was built by a U.S. construction firm on land donated by the King of Jordan and paid for by the U.S. Defense Department Foreign Military Sales programme, part of the 2005 special appropriation. Management of the construction was undertaken by the United States Army Corps of Engineers.
By 2009, the center had been made operational. The center is managed by active and retired special forces personnel and training staff.
Training
Some courses begin in the classroom, where trainees master abstract concepts and discuss creative solutions. Trainees then apply their knowledge and skill in a variety of field exercises; simulating real-world conditions including live-fire & maneuver. Performance is observed, measured, and evaluated using state-of-the-art feedback systems.
Facilities
The Urban Area contains a wide range of urban and village facilities (56) to simulate realistic neighborhoods, including embassy, residential areas, commercial and industrial facilities, and government buildings; a public square; villas, apartment complexes, and servants quarters; community center, garage, gas station, and shops; light industrial areas; office complexes; and water reservoirs.
An Airbus 300 houses a full-scale A300 aircraft model and control tower with a helicopter landing pad. The A300 also includes some B777 aircraft features and includes initiating targets to stand up from their seats, introduction of smells/sounds of the battlefield and video/audio capture of all training inside and out.
The close-quarters battle (CQB) house is a two-story armored facility with an adjoining three-story tower that provides room-to-room combat practice using live fire. Designed to train for assaults on a major stronghold using a variety of methods including simultaneous foot, vehicle and helicopter approaches. Assaults can be conducted using entry techniques on multiple levels including assaults through multiple floors and rooms.
All the aforementioned facilities takes full advantage of the battlefield effects controlled by the Range Operations Control Center that are audio/video captured using 350 cameras that are fixed through the training areas; the cameras vary between day/night and indoor/outdoor. This capability provides for two purposes, firstly it can be used for the training officer to direct the troops on the ground remotely from the control center, and for the After Action Review (AAR) exercise in which the performance is observed, measured, and evaluated with the trainees.
The Method of Entry (MOE) facility is a suite of facilities to allow the tactical training of method of entry techniques. The facilities contained in this area include various breaching stations, steel cutting station, the Method Of Entry Building and a space for construction to meet client's specific request (mud walls, etc.). The MOE building is a two-story structure used to train forces in methods of entry techniques.
The 8 story Commando Tower is also a platform for wall climbing, fast roping and rappelling.
The electronic shooting ranges have provide for Moving Target Engagement and Falling Plates, Grouping and Zeroing, and Weapon Testing.
Through a joint venture with American Company IPC, KASOTC opened the Falcon4 Simulation Center of Excellence. Falcon4 provides a complete integrated training system progressing from classroom and constructive simulations, to a diagnostic station, simulation and to live fire with moving robotic targets.
The Driver Track enables Non-Emergency Vehicle Operations (NEVO) to safely instruct and practice non-conventional driving techniques, such as evasive maneuvering, high-speed turn negotiation, skid control, and vehicular pursuit. The range is designed to allow travel in both directions, so that a trainee can practice making turns and maneuvers in opposite directions. Vehicles and maintenance provided on-site.
The Annual Warrior Competition
The Annual Warrior Competition is an annual combat-oriented competition that is based on physical ability, team work, communication and individual accuracy which takes place at the King Abdullah II Special Operations Training Center KASOTC in Amman, Jordan. KASOTC created the competition in May 2009.
References
Military of Jordan
Commando training facilities |
Cameron Harry Wilson (born 1 December 2002) is an English professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or right winger for club Scunthorpe United.
Career
Born in Scunthorpe, Wilson played youth football for Goole Town Tigers before joining Scunthorpe United's under-11 team in 2013. He signed his first professional contract with the club in May 2021; he signed a one-year deal with the option of a further year. He made his debut for the club as a substitute in a 3–1 home defeat to Swindon Town on 7 August 2021.
On 6 January 2022, Wilson joined Northern Premier League Premier Division side Scarborough Athletic on a one-month loan deal. The deal was later extended until the end of the season. Wilson was recalled to Scunthorpe on 13 April 2022, he made 17 league appearances for Scarborough and scored twice. Wilson immediately returned to the Scunthorpe side and made his first league start for the club in a 1-1 draw against Stevenage on 18 April 2022. At the end of the 2021–22 season, Wilson's contract was extended for a further year.
Despite initially turning down a new contract and receiving offers from clubs in higher leagues, Scunthorpe announced that Cameron had agreed to a new contract with the club in June 2023.
Style of play
Wilson plays predominantly as an attacking midfielder or right winger.
Career statistics
References
External links
2002 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Footballers from Scunthorpe
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football wingers
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Scarborough Athletic F.C. players
Northern Premier League players
English Football League players |
Sandakzehi-ye Bala (, also Romanized as Sāndakzehī-ye Bālā) is a village in Polan Rural District, Polan District, Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 567, in 92 families.
References
Populated places in Chabahar County |
Mot is a French children's animated television series about a purple monster. Based on the children's comics by Alfonso Azpiri, Mot is from the Monstrous Organicus Telluricus family. The series follows Mot's adventures with his human friend Leo.
Mot has the ability to teleport himself from one universe to another with ease, but not always with great accuracy. In order to voyage through time and space, Mot simply has to find a door opening onto a tiny space equipped with a movable panel, and he arrives unexpectedly in his friend Leo's room via the wardrobe door.
The show ran from 1996 to 1997 and was rebroadcast in the US, France, Spain, Australia, Singapore, the U.A.E., New Zealand, Poland and Hungary throughout the 1990s.
Characters
Mot (Gérard Rinaldi); The principal character of the series and a member of the Monstrous Organicus Telluricus race. He is a teleporting purple monster who generally started episodes by transporting himself into Leo's wardrobe.
Leo (Christophe Lemoine, and later Mathias Kozlowski); As the main human character, Leo partook in all of Mot's adventures. He is Mot's best friend even though he often gets into trouble because of their relationship. It is revealed in the final episode, when Mot travels forward in time, that Leo will become a successful businessman, but is still excited to see his old friend after many years.
Diane (Dominique Vallée & Barbara Tissier); Leo's girlfriend, she is ignorant of Mot's existence but often suspects Leo is hiding something from her. She comes close to discovering Mot on numerous occasions.
Leo's Parents (Mother;Sophie Deschaumes & Father; Cyrille Artaux); Leo's parents are typically clueless to the existence of Mot and often blame Leo for the trouble Mot causes.
Aunt Zelda (Valentine Quintin): Leo's neighbour who constantly seeks to discover what exactly he is hiding from her. She spies on Leo and Mot using binoculars and by hiding behind hedges, trash cans and such. Unfortunately due to her record of unfounded complaints the police no longer take her phone calls seriously and Mot and Leo travel unabated.
Comics
The original comic created by Alfonso Azpiri was the basis for the animated series. A previously orange Mot would teleport Leo to parallel Universes, where they would confront various, usually threatening, situations before returning Home. Mot was published in , a supplement of the Spanish newspaper El País. In France the comic was published from 1988 to 1993, With five volumes being produced, Alfonso stopped work on the highly successful 'Mot the Monster'.
T.1. Monster. Publication date: 1991 Leo is confronted by a 'Monster' in his Closet, Mot over eager to make a new friend causes much havoc and destruction through Leo's House. Mot approaches Leo offering to take him travelling through time and space. At the end of this Volume Leo is left speculating whether or not he dreamt Mot up, and his parents try to convince him to see a psychiatrist.
T.2. The Collector. Publication date: 1991. Mot Takes Leo to the big city, a multitude of lights, sound, machinery and people convince Leo that they won't have an adventure this time. But things are not always what they seem.
T.3. The Green Ireland. Publication Date: 1992. Mot and Leo are confronted by Banshees, Leprechauns and Merlin the Wizard in this Volume. They learn of the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow, the sad songs of the Banshee and how Stonehenge made its way to its current location, all of this does not come easily though.
T.4. New York, New York. Publication Date: 1992 Mot and Leo find themselves in New York, where Mot is free to be Himself. But is that always a good thing? "Oh my friend, we are in the capital of the world. We are in New York ... The only city in the world where I does not attract attention in the street! This will help us in the search for my shadow"
T.5. Never Plus. Publication date: 1993. In this delicious tale, Mot and Leo are surrounded by Fairies, Pirates and Indians, all trying to bid for Mot's "attention".
References
French children's animated fantasy television series
1996 French television series debuts
1997 French television series endings
1990s French animated television series
Television shows based on comics
Lost television shows |
Hoilungea is a recently created placozoan order comprising Cladtertia, Hoilungia, and other yet-undescribed species. Named in 2022, it is believed to be sister to Cladhexea, and corresponds to Clades III, IV, V and VII of the literature.
References
Placozoa
Animal orders |
Sandani Fernando (born 7 September 1995), popularly as Sandani Fernando, is an actress in Sri Lankan cinema and television. Started her career as a model, Sandani later became one of the popular television actresses particularly with the role 'Rashmi' in the popular television serial Haara Kotiya. and 'Madhavee' in the serial Agni Piyapath.
Personal life
Sandani completed her education at Negombo South International School and completed A/Ls through stream.
Career
About a month after the Haara Kotiya teledrama started, she went to study acting at 'Impas Acting and Performing Arts'. In 2018, she made her first music video appearance with the song Priyawee sung by Sirasa Superstar season 6 winner Piyath Rajapakse. After the success of the serial, she was selected to play a recurring role in the second season of the serial titled Kotipathiyo in 2018. In the same year, she acted in the serial Thuththiri, the first Sci-Fi Comedy Mega tele-drama in Sri Lanka. She played the supportive role of an alien called "Tia" in the serial. At the same time, she participated for the reality competition, 'Hiru Mega Stars'.
In 2017, she appeared in the music videos for the song "Yali Hamuwemu" sung by Nirosha Virajini and song "Saavi" by Iraj Weeraratne. In 2018, she made her maiden cinematic appearance with the film 1970 Love Story directed by Aruna Jayawardena. However, the film is yet to release. In 2019, she acted in two television serials: Crime Scene and Hiru Awidin. Then in 2020, she joined the cast of Agni Piyapath directed by Jayaprakash Sivagurunadan and written by Saddha Mangala Sooriyabandara. In the serial, Sandani played the lead role of 'Madhavee', wife of Manuranga, opposite to Saranga Disasekara and Shalani Tharaka. The serial later received popularity and critics acclaim. In 2019 she performed in Pandama by Dhanith Sri. The video later won the award for the Best Music video at Sumathi Awards
Apart from acting, she is also a television presenter currently hosting the musical program Handa Radi Peya telecast in Swarnavahini.
Appeared Music Videos
Priyawee – Piyath Rajapakse
Ai Mama Adare – Piyath Rajapakse
Yali Hamuwemu – Nirosha Virajini
Saavi – Iraj Weeraratne
Pandama – Dhanith Sri
Adambarakaari – Roshan Fernando
Television serials
Filmography
References
External links
Sandani Fernando on YouTube
Sandani Fernando on Instagram
Sandani Fernando on Twitter
Sandani Fernando on Facebook
මම තනියම කොහෙවත් ගිහින් නැහැ
කාන්තාවක් හැටියට ගෙදර වැඩත් කරන්න ඕන
Living people
1998 births
Sri Lankan film actresses
Sri Lankan television actresses
Sri Lankan television personalities
Sri Lankan television presenters
Sri Lankan female models |
```java
/*
* This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
*
* along with this program. If not, see <path_to_url
*/
package com.pokegoapi.util;
import POGOProtos.Inventory.Item.ItemIdOuterClass;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.MissingResourceException;
import java.util.ResourceBundle;
/**
* Offers methods to get information about pokemon as seen in the pokedex.
*/
public class PokeDictionary {
private static final String POKE_NAMES_BUNDLE = "pokemon_names";
private static final String POKE_DESCRIPTIONS_BUNDLE = "pokemon_descriptions";
private static final String ITEM_NAMES_BUNDLE = "item_names";
/**
* An array of all supported locales.
*/
public static final Locale[] supportedLocales = {
Locale.GERMAN,
Locale.ENGLISH,
new Locale("es"),
Locale.FRENCH,
Locale.ITALIAN,
Locale.JAPANESE,
Locale.KOREAN,
new Locale("ru"),
new Locale("zh", "CN"),
new Locale("zh", "HK"),
new Locale("zh", "TW"),
};
private static ResourceBundle getPokeBundle(String bundleBaseName, Locale locale)
throws MissingResourceException {
return ResourceBundle.getBundle(bundleBaseName, locale);
}
/**
* Returns the Pokdex Name for a Pokedex ID including known translations.
* Fallback to the default locale if names do not exist for the given {@link Locale}.
*
* @param pokedexId Pokemon index number
* @param locale target name locale
* @return the Pokemon name in locale
* @throws MissingResourceException if can not find a matched Pokemon name for the given pokedex
*/
public static String getDisplayName(int pokedexId, Locale locale)
throws MissingResourceException {
return getPokeBundle(POKE_NAMES_BUNDLE, locale).getString(String.valueOf(pokedexId));
}
/**
* Returns the Pokdex Description for a Pokdex ID including known translations.
* Fallback to the default locale if names do not exist for the given {@link Locale}.
*
* @param pokedexId Pokemon index number
* @param locale target name locale
* @return the Pokemon description in locale
* @throws MissingResourceException if can not find a matched Pokemon description for the given pokedex
*/
public static String getDisplayDescription(int pokedexId, Locale locale)
throws MissingResourceException {
return getPokeBundle(POKE_DESCRIPTIONS_BUNDLE, locale).getString(String.valueOf(pokedexId));
}
/**
* Returns the item name for a given ItemId including known translations.
* Fallback to the default locale if names do not exist for the given {@link Locale}.
*
* @param itemId Item id
* @param locale target name locale
* @return the item name in locale
* @throws MissingResourceException if can not find a matched Pokemon name for the given pokedex
*/
public static String getDisplayItemName(ItemIdOuterClass.ItemId itemId, Locale locale)
throws MissingResourceException {
return getPokeBundle(ITEM_NAMES_BUNDLE, locale).getString(String.valueOf(itemId.getNumber()));
}
/**
* Returns translated Pokemon name from ENGLISH locale.
* Fallback to the default locale if names do not exist for the given {@link Locale}.
*
* @param engName pokemon ENGLISH name
* @param newLocale the locale you want translate to
* @return translated pokemon name
* @throws MissingResourceException if can not find a matched Pokemon name for the given pokedex
*/
public static String translateName(String engName, Locale newLocale)
throws MissingResourceException {
return getDisplayName(getPokedexFromName(engName), newLocale);
}
/**
* Returns the Pokemon index from the Pokemon name list.
*
* @param pokeName pokemon name in locale
* @param locale the locale on this name
* @return pokedex Pokedex Id if a Pokemon with the given pokedex id exists, else -1.
* @throws MissingResourceException if can not find a matched Pokemon name for the given pokedex
*/
public static int getPokedexFromName(String pokeName, Locale locale)
throws MissingResourceException {
ResourceBundle nameList = getPokeBundle(pokeName, locale);
for (String key : nameList.keySet()) {
if (nameList.getString(key).equalsIgnoreCase(pokeName)) {
return Integer.parseInt(key);
}
}
return -1;
}
/**
* Returns the Pokemon index from the Pokemon name list in ENGLISH.
*
* @param pokeName the Pokemon ENGLISH name
* @return pokedex
* @throws MissingResourceException if can not find a matched Pokemon name for the given pokedex
*/
public static int getPokedexFromName(String pokeName)
throws MissingResourceException {
return getPokedexFromName(pokeName, Locale.ENGLISH);
}
}
``` |
U. nepalensis may refer to:
Ulmus nepalensis, a flowering plant
Uncothedon nepalensis, a clearwing moth
Uropoda nepalensis, a mite with a single pair of spiracles positioned laterally on the body
Utricularia nepalensis, a carnivorous plant |
Qusheh Gonbad (, also Romanized as Qūsheh Gonbad) is a village in Abarghan Rural District, in the Central District of Sarab County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 416, in 83 families.
References
Populated places in Sarab County |
Turbonilla bartolomensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.
Description
The yellow shell has a conic shape. Its length measures 5.6 mm. The whorls of the protoconch are decollated. The nine whorls of the teleoconch are appressed at the summit, flattened in the middle, except the last, which is inflated and strongly rounded. The whorls are marked by
rather strong, well-rounded axial ribs, which are slightly retractively slanting on the early turns and decidedly so on the later volutions. The intercostal spaces about as wide as the ribs marked by 12 deeply incised spiral pits. Of these the fifth is a mere line, while the first four, the sixth, ninth, and tenth are about twice as wide, and the eighth and ninth and eleventh and twelfth form deep broad pits fully three times the width of the last. The suture is moderately constricted. The periphery of the body whorl is strongly inflated, and well rounded. The base of the shell is short, inflated, and well rounded. It is marked by the continuations of the axial ribs, which extend strongly to the umbilical area, between
which poorly defined spiral striations may be seen. The aperture is short and broadly oval. The posterior angle is obtuse. The outer lip is thin, showing the external sculpture within. The inner lip is short, partly reflected, free, and provided with an obsolete oblique internal fold at its insertion. The parietal wall is covered by a very thick callus, which renders the peristome complete.
Distribution
The type specimen was found in the Pacific Ocean off San Bartolome Bay, Baja California
References
External links
To USNM Invertebrate Zoology Mollusca Collection
To World Register of Marine Species
bartolomensis
Gastropods described in 1917 |
Ichnae () was a small fortified town, or castle, in Mesopotamia, situated on the river Bilecha, which itself flowed into the Euphrates. It is said by Isidorus of Charax to have owed its origin to the Macedonians. There can be little doubt that it is the same place as is called Ichniai () by Dio Cassius, and Gachnai () by Plutarch. According to the former writer, it was the place where Crassus overcame Talymenus; according to the latter, that to which the younger Crassus was persuaded to fly when wounded. Its exact position cannot be determined; but it is clear that it was not far distant from the important town of Carrhae.
References
Ancient Mesopotamia
Hellenistic colonies
Former populated places
Lost ancient cities and towns
Fortifications in Asia
Castles in Asia
Lost castles |
Okanagan Valley Railway was a railroad operating former Canadian Pacific Railway track in the Okanagan region of British Columbia, Canada. Service commenced on November 22, 1998. OKAN's line ran from a CP connection at Sicamous to Vernon (46.3 miles). It also had trackage rights on Kelowna Pacific Railway's line (operating former CN track) from Vernon to Kelowna (33.4 miles) and from Lumby Junction to Lumby (14.4 miles). The railroad was owned by OmniTRAX.
Among the businesses served were forestry, farming, chemicals and cement. Okanagan Valley Railway's biggest customer was Owens-Illinois, Western Canada's only producer of glass beverage containers.
When the O-I glass plant closed in Spring 2009, OKAN lost most of its business and ultimately shut down on September 21, 2009.
See also
Kelowna Pacific Railway
References
British Columbia railways
OmniTRAX
Standard gauge railways in Canada |
Upper All's Well Cave is a cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The sentry on guard would use this cave as a look out post and would shout down to the next soldier lower down every 15 minutes 'All's Well', this would in turn be sent to the next soldier until reaching Grand Casemates Square where All's Well pub now stands.
See also
List of caves in Gibraltar
References
Caves of Gibraltar |
Kako (also Mkako or Mkaka) is a Bantu language spoken mainly in Cameroon, with some speakers in the Central African Republic and the Republic of the Congo. The main population centres of Kako speakers are Batouri and Ndélélé in the East Region of Cameroon.
Once grouped with the Gbaya dialect cluster and often still referred to as part of an undefined "Gbaya-Kaka" group, Kako is now grouped in the Bantu language family.
Dialects
Kako can be divided in three main closely related dialects stretching from eastern dialect (Bεra, Bèra) near the Cameroon-Central African Republic border area to a middle dialect (Mgbwako, Mgbako) in near the Batouri area to a western dialect (Mbo-Ndjo'o, Mbo-Ndjokou) near the Bertoua-Doumé area. The difference is the greatest between the eastern Bεra dialect and the western Mbondjóo, with the Mgbwako dialect forming a middle ground.
All three remain mutually intelligible. The Bεra and Mbondjóo dialects have 85.5% of their words in common, of which 26.4% are identical and 59.1% are cognates.
Other known variants of Kako language are Bo-Rong, Lossou, Ngwendjè and Mbéssembo.
Seki language in Gabon and Equatorial Guinea sounds very similar to Kako language.
ALCAM (2012)
According to ALCAM (2012), each clan (in Kako mbó, equivalent to Beti mvog) has its own linguistic variety:
Kakó Mbódo
Kakó Mbóbutu
Kakó Mbónjó
Kakó Mbóngándi
Kakó Mbóróng
Kakó Ngónje
Kakó Ngwájá
Kako Ngbako
Kakó Bera
Kako Mbesámbó
The Kakó Mbesámbó and Kakó Bera found in the arrondissement of Lomié and in Ngoïla (Haut-Nyong department, Eastern Region) came there at during the French colonial era to extract rubber. They are originally from Ndélélé commune of Kadey department, Eastern Region. Their language has not changed much since then.
Without having left Kadey south of Batouri, however, the Kakó Bóli, Loso, Mbópaló, and Gbe have abandoned the Kakó language and now speak Dóóka, a Gbaya language.
Kakó covers most of Kadey Department (Eastern Region), notably most of Batouri and Ndélélé communes and the north of Mbang (Doumé valley), while the south has Mpo speakers and Ketté commune has Gbaya speakers, who are also found in the east of Batouri and the south of Ndélélé.
Kakó is also found in the Central African Republic and the Republic of Congo. The total population speaking this language is estimated at 70,500 speakers.
History
Linguistic and documentary evidence support oral traditions claiming that the people speaking Kako, and thus the language, have migrated to their present positions from further east. Current evidence can trace the language back to the area just east of the current Cameroon-Central African Republic border, around the towns of Berberati and Gaza in the mid 19th century. Further extrapolation into history is speculative, though being a Bantu language it is likely to have followed the Bantu migrations out of their ancestral homeland in the southern Cameroon-Nigeria borderlands.
For their known history, the Kako language has been in close contact with various dialects of the Gbaya language. This has resulted in numerous borrowings of words. In fact, the Bεra dialect of Kako and the Yaáyuwee dialect of Kako share nearly 1% of their words, with a further 10-15% being cognates.
Small group has migrated during last century in Gabon from Cameroon and has settled mainly around Batouri-Mbitam.
Writing System
Kako is written with two standardized alphabets following the general alphabet of Cameroonian languages, one for East Kako{ and the other for west Kako.
Nasalized vowels are indicated using the cedilla: for East Kako and for West Kako.
Tones are usually not indicated, lexical tone never is, but grammatical tone can be indicated with accents when there is ambiguity.
References
Languages of Cameroon
Pomo–Bomwali languages |
HMS Mohawk was one of 16 destroyers built for the Royal Navy shortly before the beginning of Second World War in 1939. Completed in 1938 the ship was initially assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet. She was briefly involved enforcing the arms blockade on the combatants in the Spanish Civil War in early 1939. Mohawk returned home shortly after the start of the Second World War and was assigned convoy escort duties, during which she was damaged by German bombers. She played an active role in the Norwegian Campaign of April–May 1940, escorting convoys to and from Norway.
The ship was assigned to the 14th Destroyer Flotilla (DF) of the Mediterranean Fleet in June and began escorting convoys to Malta and Greece. Mohawk played a minor role in the Battle of Calabria in July and the Battle of Cape Matapan in March 1941. The following month the ship was sunk by torpedoes fired by an Italian destroyer as the 14th DF attacked an Italian convoy, with the loss of 41 of her crew.
Description
The Tribals were intended to counter the large destroyers being built abroad and to improve the firepower of the existing destroyer flotillas and were thus significantly larger and more heavily armed than the preceding . The ships displaced at standard load and at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of and a draught of . The destroyers were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by three Admiralty three-drum boilers. The turbines developed a total of and gave a maximum speed of . During her sea trials Mohawk made from at a displacement of . The ships carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of at . The ships' complement consisted of 190 officers and ratings, although the flotilla leaders carried an extra 20 officers and men consisting of the Captain (D) and his staff.
The primary armament of the Tribal-class destroyers was eight quick-firing (QF) 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark XII guns in four superfiring twin-gun mounts, one pair each fore and aft of the superstructure, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. The mounts had a maximum elevation of 40°. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, they carried a single quadruple mount for the QF two-pounder Mk II "pom-pom" gun and two quadruple mounts for the 0.5-inch (12.7 mm) Mark III machine gun. Low-angle fire for the main guns was controlled by the director-control tower (DCT) on the bridge roof that fed data acquired by it and the rangefinder on the Mk II Rangefinder/Director directly aft of the DCT to an analogue mechanical computer, the Mk I Admiralty Fire Control Clock. Anti-aircraft fire for the main guns was controlled by the Rangefinder/Director which sent data to the mechanical Fuze Keeping Clock.
The ships were fitted with a single above-water quadruple mount for torpedoes. The Tribals were not intended as anti-submarine ships, but they were provided with ASDIC, one depth charge rack and two throwers for self-defence, although the throwers were not mounted in all ships. Twenty depth charges was the peacetime allotment, but this increased to 30 during wartime.
Wartime modifications
Heavy losses to German air attack during the Norwegian Campaign demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the Tribals' anti-aircraft suite and the RN decided in May 1940 to replace 'X' mount with two QF Mark XVI dual-purpose guns in a twin-gun mount. To better control the guns, the existing rangefinder/director was modified to accept a Type 285 gunnery radar as they became available. The number of depth charges was increased to 46 early in the war, and still more were added later. To increase the firing arcs of the AA guns, the rear funnel was shortened and the mainmast was reduced to a short pole mast.
Construction and career
Authorized as one of seven Tribal-class destroyers under the 1935 Naval Estimates, Mohawk was the eleventh ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy. The ship was ordered on 10 March 1936 from John I. Thornycroft & Company and was laid down on 16 July at the company's Woolston, Southampton, shipyard. Launched on 5 October 1937, Mohawk was completed on 7 September 1938 and commissioned two days later at a cost of £339,585 which excluded weapons and communications outfits furnished by the Admiralty. Under the command of Commander Richard Frank Jolly, the ship was initially assigned to the 1st Tribal Destroyer Flotilla with the Mediterranean Fleet and arrived at Malta on 13 October. The following month she patrolled the Malta-Egypt leg of the Royal Air Force (RAF)'s Long-Range Development Flight of three Vickers Wellesley bombers that were preparing to break the world flight distance record by flying from Egypt to Australia non-stop. At the end of the month, Mohawk ferried the British Ambassador to Turkey back to Istanbul from his annual visit to the Helles Memorial and then cruised through the Aegean Sea before returning to Malta.
The flotilla sailed to Gibraltar where the Mediterranean and Home Fleets were gathering for combined exercises. These ran from 28 February to 18 March 1939 and involved dozens of ships from both commands. Mohawk then patrolled the waters off the Mediterranean Spanish coast during the Spanish Civil War to enforce the arms embargo imposed on both sides by the Non-Intervention Committee. On 23 March the ship rescued the crew of a damaged German floatplane that had been forced to land off Barcelona and returned them to Majorca. When Fascist Italy invaded Albania on 7 April, the Mediterranean Fleet was mobilised and remained on a war footing for most of May. During this time the 1st Tribal Destroyer Flotilla was redesignated as the 4th Destroyer Flotilla. By July 7 tensions had decreased such that Mohawk and her sisters , , and were able to escort the aircraft carrier on a visit to Athens, Greece. The following month, the fleet spent a week exercising in the area between the Greek island of Crete and British Cyprus. As tensions rose in Europe later in August, the fleet was mobilised and continued to train in preparation for war with Italy. As part of its preparations, the Admiralty had closed the Mediterranean to British shipping and Mohawk and seven other destroyers escorted one group of ships that had collected at Suez, Egypt, through the Red Sea to reduce the congestion.
Second World War
When Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September, Mohawk was still in the Red Sea. As Italy took steps to prove her neutrality, the destroyers were released from their mission and returned to Alexandria where they began escorting convoys and conducting contraband inspections of non-British ships. This was not the best use of the Tribals and the 4th DF was ordered back to England in October. They arrived at Portland on the 13th and escorted a convoy northwards on 15–16 October. As the ships were approaching Rosyth, Scotland, the Luftwaffe made the first attack of the war on British territory, taking the British by surprise. Only one of Mohawks AA guns was able to fire before a bomber from I Group/Bomber Wing 30 (Kampfgeschwader 30) dropped two bombs that straddled the destroyer. Near-missing the ship, the bombs detonated on impacting the water and sprayed splinters all along its upper deck, killing 15 men and wounding 30. Jolly was mortally wounded, but refused all assistance and continued to conn Mohawk until he passed out. He was posthumously awarded the Empire Gallantry Medal, which was later upgraded to the George Medal. The ship received temporary repairs at Rosyth before she sailed to Hawthorn Leslie's shipyard in Hebburn for permanent repairs. The oil tanker struck a mine on 14 December, while Mohawk and the destroyer were working up, but the British believed that the tanker had been torpedoed. The two ships were ordered to search for the U-boat believed to be responsible and blundered into the minefield. Kelly struck a mine that malfunctioned and did not detonate until it was just abaft the ship's stern. The detonation badly damaged her steering and caused her to take on water. Mohawk was able to take her in tow until a tugboat arrived, after which Mohawk escorted the ships back to the Hawthorn Leslie yard from which both ships had recently emerged.
The destroyer returned to escort duties afterwards, both for convoys and the Home Fleet. While escorting the newly completed ocean liner through the Firth of Clyde on 3 March 1940, Mohawk was slightly damaged when the cargo ship collided with her; repairs were completed on 19 March. The 4th DF was then allocated to Plan R 4, a preemptive occupation of cities in western Norway after a German invasion had begun, and was tasked to escort the troop-laden ships of the 1st Cruiser Squadron to Bergen and Stavanger. The Germans decided to move first and occupied most Norwegian ports in a sea- and airborne assault (Operation Weserübung) on 9 April that took both the Norwegians and the Allies by surprise.
Norwegian Campaign
Receiving word that the RAF had attacked north-bound German warships in the North Sea on 7 April, the Home Fleet put to sea that evening. The 2nd Cruiser Squadron departed Rosyth with its two light cruisers, escorted by Mohawk and the rest of the 4th DF, with orders to sweep through the North Sea before rendezvousing with the main body of the Home Fleet. On the morning of 9 April the 4th DF, minus , was tasked with attacking Bergen, covered by the 18th Cruiser Squadron, but the Admiralty cancelled the attack that afternoon when it received reports that two German light cruisers were in port. As the British ships were falling back on the main body of the Home Fleet, they were attacked by 88 bombers of Bomber Wing 26 (Kampfgeschwader 26) and Bomber Wing 30, sinking Gurkha and lightly damaging the battleship .
After refuelling at Scapa Flow the following day, Mohawk, five of her sisters and two light cruisers departed on the evening of 11 April, arriving off Stadlandet the following morning. The destroyers were split up to search the area for German ships before rendezvousing with the cruisers at dusk, but an inaccurate spot report of a German battlecruiser and cruiser that afternoon forestalled the searches as the destroyers were recalled. On the morning of 13 April the destroyers were sent to search the Romsdalsfjord and only found four merchant ships. As they were leaving Ålesund they were unsuccessfully attacked by a dozen bombers from III Group, Demonstration Wing 1 (Lehrgeschwader 1). The following morning they were ordered north to the Namsos area to examine its suitability for an Allied landing and to coordinate with local Norwegian forces. Harbour facilities were assessed as inadequate and that troops should be landed elsewhere and transferred to destroyers for off-loading at Namsos. The Admiralty ordered that the 148th Infantry Brigade, already at sea, to be diverted to the anchorage at Lillesjona; its troopships arrived there at dawn on 16 April and began transferring their troops to the destroyers after they had completed refuelling. Half-a-dozen Luftwaffe bombers disrupted the transfer that afternoon with little effect. The destroyers unloaded their troops that night and the rest of the troops arrived the following evening. The destroyers and their covering cruisers were ordered home on 19 April.
Mohawk and four other destroyers escorted a small supply convoy to Åndalsnes and Molde that was so heavily attacked by the Luftwaffe on 27 April that they had to abort their mission before two of the ships could complete their unloading. The former town was set on fire, but the ships only suffered splinter damage. They were attacked again the following day as they withdrew. On 1–4 May Mohawk escorted the troopship as she transported No. 1 Independent Company to Mo i Rana. The ship embarked British diplomats in The Hague, the Netherlands, on the 11th. With tensions rising with Italy, the Admiralty ordered a total of 17 destroyers, including Mohawk and her sister transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet on 14 May, although the destroyer received a brief refit before departing.
Mediterranean service
En route to Alexandria, the ship suffered steering problems and had to divert to Gibraltar for repairs, finally arriving on 29 May to joint the 14th DF. On 27–30 June Mohawk was part of the escort force for convoys coming from the Dardanelles and Greece to Port Said, Egypt. Italy declared war on 10 June and the fleet sortied that night and sailed to within of the Italian coast, losing an elderly cruiser to an Italian submarine before returning to Alexandria on the 14th. Mohawk played a minor role in the Battle of Calabria on 8 July, escorting the battleship . Mohawk and Nubian, together with the destroyers and , were ordered to Gibraltar on 22 August where they were to temporarily join Force H to escort reinforcements for the Mediterranean Fleet as part of Operation Hats. Nubian had engine problems that forced her to put into Malta for repairs while Hostile struck an Italian mine en route the following day off Cap Bon that broke her back. Mohawk took off the survivors while Hero scuttled Hostile with torpedoes. The three ships arrived in Gibraltar on the 29th; the following day, the destroyers proceeded to sea and rendezvoused with the fleet on 2 September.
Mohawk and Nubian were escorting the heavy cruiser during a bombardment of Bardia, Italian Libya, on 17 September when she was torpedoed by an Italian torpedo bomber. Nubian towed her back to Alexandria while Mohawk escorted them until they arrived on the 19th. Three days later, the 14th DF, including Mohawk, bombarded the airfield at Sidi Barrani and nearby targets; the ship returned on 25 September, attacking truck concentrations. While the bulk of the Mediterranean Fleet covered the aircraft carrier as her aircraft attack the Italian Fleet in Taranto on the night of 11/12 November, Vice-Admiral Henry Pridham-Wippell took three light cruisers, escorted by Mohawk and Nubian turned north to attack Italian shipping in the southern Adriatic Sea. They encountered a small convoy of four ships, escorted by the auxiliary cruiser and the torpedo boat . Mohawk was the first to open fire, claiming a hit on Ramb III and then one on the torpedo boat, although both ships were able to break contact. The cruisers sank all of the merchantmen before reuniting with the main body. On the night of 11/12 December, the destroyer escorted the monitor as she bombarded Italian positions near Sollum, Egypt.
1941
Mohawk was one of the escorts for the battleships of the Mediterranean Fleet as they bombarded Bardia on 3 January 1941. The following week she participated in Operation Excess, a series of convoys to resupply Malta and convey reinforcement for the Mediterranean Fleet past Malta. The ship was part of the escort force for the main body of the fleet until one of the other escorts, the destroyer , struck a mine on 10 January that blew off her bow; Mohawk was detailed to tow her stern-first to Malta where they arrived the following day. After refuelling she departed to go to the assistance of the light cruisers and which had been attacked by German Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka" dive bombers. The former's fires burnt out of control and she had to be scuttled. The 14th DF covered the bombardment of Tobruk by the Inshore Squadron on the night of 19/20 January. A few days later, the flotilla formed part of the escort for the damaged Illustrious as she steamed from Malta to Alexandria on 23–25 January.
For most of the Battle of Cape Matapan, Mohawk and the 14th DF escorted the fleet's battleships, but they were detached at dusk on 28 March to find and sink the badly damaged . The flotilla turned around about six hours later based on an erroneous report of a drifting battleship and spotted the burning heavy cruiser early on the morning of the 29th after she had been crippled by the British battleships at point-blank range the previous evening. The British ships picked up survivors and torpedoed the wreck. About an hour later they discovered the drifting heavy cruiser which had had all power knocked out by a torpedo hit earlier in the day. The British rescued the survivors crewmen before sinking the cruiser with three torpedoes and rejoining the main body of the fleet.
The 14th DF escorted a convoy from Egypt to Greece from 1 to 6 April, although the convoy was attacked by Luftwaffe bombers, none of the destroyers were damaged. The flotilla arrived at Malta on 10/11 April with orders to interdict the Italian supply convoys between Italy and Libya at night. The first two patrols were uneventful, but British aircraft had located a small convoy off the Tunisian coast on the afternoon of the 15th. The destroyers sortied at dusk to search for the convoy and spotted it in the early hours of 16 April. The convoy consisted of five cargo ships escorted by three destroyers. Captain Philip Mack, commander of the 14th DF, manoeuvred his ships to silhouette the convoy against the moon and closed to a range of only before his flagship, and her sister opened fire on the trailing destroyer, , at 02:20, quickly disabling her guns and turbines, and setting her on fire.
Mohawk and Nubian were in the rear of the formation and engaged the rearmost freighter, , which was carrying a load of ammunition, causing an explosion and setting her on fire. As the sisters advanced down the side of the convoy, Mohawk withheld fire as all of the targets were being engaged. By 02:35 the leading escort, the destroyer , had turned back and was taken under fire by all of the British ships. As the Italian ship was sinking, her crew was able to fire two torpedoes under manual control. The first of these struck Mohawk just after she had turned to avoid being rammed by the freighter as the destroyer passed through the convoy shortly after 02:45. The torpedo hit Mohawk on the starboard side abreast 'Y' gun mount, knocking out both aft mounts and blowing off the upper stern. Although the ship had stopped and was awash up to 'X' mount, the chief engineer reported five minutes later that he believed that the propellers and their shafts were intact and that the ship could move. Before he could do so, another torpedo struck the port side on the bulkhead that separated the middle and aft boiler rooms at 02:53. Its detonation caused the aft boiler to explode and the upper deck to split down the middle. Mohawk capsized a minute later with her stern touching the shallow bottom with the loss of 41 crewmen. The British ships rescued her surviving crew and Janus had to put four shells into her buoyant forecastle to put the ship fully underwater off the Kerkennah Islands.
Notes
Sources
External links
HMS MOHAWK (L 31) - Tribal-class Destroyer, including Convoy Escort Movements
IWM Interview with survivor William Lashmer
IWM Interview with survivor Peter Blackwell
1937 ships
Maritime incidents in April 1941
Ships built in Southampton
Tribal-class destroyers (1936) of the Royal Navy
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea |
Paul M. Igasaki (born July 25, 1955) was the Chair and Chief Judge of the Administrative Review Board at the U.S. Department of Labor. Previously he was the Deputy Chief Executive Officer of Equal Justice Works, a national organization that advances public interest law through fellowships, loan repayment programs, pro bono programs, conferences and other methods. Prior to joining Equal Justice Works, he was executive director of the Rights Working Group, a unique nationwide coalition of groups and individuals committed to ensuring liberty and justice for all.
Biography
Igasaki served as a consultant on equal employment, diversity, legal services, government, and community affairs matters. Clients included the Epilepsy Foundation, Southeast Asian Research Action Center, U.S. Army, and U.S. Air Force.
Igasaki served as vice chair, chair, and commissioner of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from 1994 until 2002. Noted for his management overhaul of the Commission’s case handling system, his initiatives streamlined the process and eliminated the crippling case backlog. Under his leadership, Igasaki moved the Commission to protect the rights of all Americans, regardless of immigration status and he participated in the development of the Americans with Disabilities Act and the establishment of sexual and racial harassment standards in the United States. Igasaki represented the Commission in the announcement and settlement of the landmark Mitsubishi Motors of America case, which involved the largest discrimination award for sexual harassment.
Prior to his appointment to the Commission by President Bill Clinton, Igasaki was the executive director of the Asian Law Caucus in San Francisco, the nation’s first Asian Pacific American civil rights legal organization. He also served as staff to the late Rep. Robert Matsui’s campaign for the U.S. Senate in California and as a lobbyist and representative for the Japanese American Citizens League, where he worked on funding for the World War II Japanese American redress claims, immigration reform, and the Civil Rights Acts of 1989-91.
Early in his career, Igasaki served as liaison to Asian Americans for the late Chicago Mayor Harold Washington and as counsel to the Chicago Commission on Human Relations. Prior to that he was director of an American Bar Association project to increase resources for civil legal services for the poor. In Sacramento, California, he was awarded a Reginald Heber Smith Fellowship to serve as a staff attorney with Legal Services of Northern California representing poor clients on housing, domestic violence, consumer and other matters. He also served as a graduate legal assistant with the chairman of the California Agricultural Labor Relations Board.
A graduate of Niles West High School (1973), Northwestern University (1976), and the University of California, Davis School of Law (King Hall) (1979), Mr. Igasaki is licensed to practice law in Illinois and California. He was the chair of the American Bar Association’s Individual Rights and Responsibilities Section, the first Asian American to hold that position and has held numerous other ABA posts. He is a member of the board of the Human Rights Center. He was a principal founder of the Chicago Asian American Bar Association and a founder of the National Asian Pacific American Bar Association.
Awards
Igasaki received distinguished alumni awards from UC Davis - King Hall School of Law and Northwestern University. In 2010, he delivered the commencement address at King Hall Law School in Davis, California. He has been honored for his civil rights work by the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund, the American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, and the Sikh Coalition. Igasaki received an honorary law degree from the CUNY Queens Law School, the Outstanding Public Interest Advocate from the National Association for Public Interest Law, the Spirit of Excellence Award from the ABA, the Trailblazer Award from NAPABA, the Japanese American of the Biennium Award from the JACL, the Judge Sandra Otaka "Making History" Award from the Asian American Action Fund of Chicago, the Community Service Award from the Asian Pacific American Bar Association Educational Fund in Washington, D.C. and the Milestone Makers Award from the Asian American Institute in Chicago.
Other
Igasaki lives in Alexandria, Virginia with his wife and his daughter Aiko. His wife Louann Igasaki is a retired Administrative Appeals Judge with the Social Security Administration. He has been a member of the Alexandria Democratic Committee. He was a member of the National Leadership Council of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders for Barack Obama.
A historical connection to his career in civil rights, Igasaki is related to Fred Oyama, a United States citizen who was denied the ability to own land, challenged the California Alien Land Laws at United States Supreme Court in 1948 in Oyama v. California under the premise that he was denied equal protection of the laws and of his privileges as an American citizen. The land in the case was transferred from Igasaki's aunt June Kushino who held the land on behalf of Igasaki's grandfather, an Issei or first generation immigrant then ineligible for citizenship, to Fred Oyama who held the land for his father Kajiro Oyama. The case was successfully argued by former Truman Administration Secretary of State Dean Acheson. Both Igasaki and Acheson's daughter Eldie Acheson served in the Clinton Administration.
See also
List of Asian American jurists
References
External links
1955 births
Activists from California
American civil rights lawyers
American jurists of Japanese descent
California lawyers
Chairs of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Illinois lawyers
Japanese-American civil rights activists
Lawyers from Alexandria, Virginia
Living people
Northwestern University alumni
UC Davis School of Law alumni
United States Department of Labor officials
Virginia Democrats |
Marius Mădălin Martac (born 5 July 1991) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a right back for Liga I club Politehnica Iași. In his career, Martac also played for teams such as Chindia Târgoviște, Corona Brașov or Universitatea Cluj, among others.
Honours
Corona Brașov
Liga II: 2012–13
Chindia Târgoviște
Liga II: 2018–19
Politehnica Iași
Liga II: 2022–23
References
External links
1991 births
Living people
People from Găești
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Liga I players
Liga II players
Liga III players
CSM Corona Brașov (football) players
FC Universitatea Cluj players
AFC Chindia Târgoviște players
FC Politehnica Iași (2010) players
Footballers from Dâmbovița County |
Giampiero Simoni (born 12 September 1969 in Porto San Giorgio) is an Italian former racing driver who made his name in Touring Car racing.
Racing career
His racing career started in karting, becoming world kart champion in 1987. In 1990 he entered the Italian Formula Three Championship. After driving for two years in Formula 3000 (1992–93), he spent two years in the British Touring Car Championship (1994–95), driving for the Alfa Romeo works team in an Alfa Romeo 155. In his first year, he finished 5th in the championship in a dominant team alongside eventual champion Gabriele Tarquini, winning one race in the season. In 1995 the car no longer had the aerodynamic advantage over other teams and he finished a lowly 17th after only driving a part season. 1995 was also spent driving selected races in the DTM. Afterwards, 1996 saw him race in the All Japan GT Championship in a GT500 Toyota Supra. Thereafter his racing activities were sporadic, including a couple of appearances in the 1997 Belgian Procar Championship.
Racing record
Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft Results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete Spanish Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)
† Not eligible for points.
References
1969 births
Living people
Sportspeople from the Province of Fermo
Italian racing drivers
British Touring Car Championship drivers
Italian Formula Three Championship drivers
Karting World Championship drivers |
```go
package client // import "github.com/docker/docker/client"
import (
"bytes"
"context"
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
"net/http"
"strings"
"testing"
"gotest.tools/assert"
is "gotest.tools/assert/cmp"
)
func TestConfigRemoveUnsupported(t *testing.T) {
client := &Client{
version: "1.29",
client: &http.Client{},
}
err := client.ConfigRemove(context.Background(), "config_id")
assert.Check(t, is.Error(err, `"config remove" requires API version 1.30, but the Docker daemon API version is 1.29`))
}
func TestConfigRemoveError(t *testing.T) {
client := &Client{
version: "1.30",
client: newMockClient(errorMock(http.StatusInternalServerError, "Server error")),
}
err := client.ConfigRemove(context.Background(), "config_id")
if err == nil || err.Error() != "Error response from daemon: Server error" {
t.Fatalf("expected a Server Error, got %v", err)
}
}
func TestConfigRemove(t *testing.T) {
expectedURL := "/v1.30/configs/config_id"
client := &Client{
version: "1.30",
client: newMockClient(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
if !strings.HasPrefix(req.URL.Path, expectedURL) {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("Expected URL '%s', got '%s'", expectedURL, req.URL)
}
if req.Method != "DELETE" {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("expected DELETE method, got %s", req.Method)
}
return &http.Response{
StatusCode: http.StatusOK,
Body: ioutil.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader([]byte("body"))),
}, nil
}),
}
err := client.ConfigRemove(context.Background(), "config_id")
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
}
``` |
The Erasers () is a novel by French writer Alain Robbe-Grillet, published in 1953 and earning him the Fénéon Prize the next year.
Plot Introduction
In an unnamed city, someone attempts to assassinate a man, Daniel Dupont, in his home. The assassin appears to have been ordered by a terrorist group to assassinate Dupont for political reasons. After suffering only a slight bullet wound to the arm, Dupont fakes his death with the help of the shady Doctor Juard. A newly promoted investigator, Wallas, tries to find those responsible for the assassination, despite there being no body recovered by the police.
Characters
Wallas — A special agent from the Bureau of Investigations (Bureau d'Enquêtes) who is sent to the city to investigate the (attempted) assassination of Daniel Dupont. Wallas notably resembles the assassin in physical appearance. Wallas is also in search of the ideal eraser. It is an eraser which crumbles into fine dust as it is used, leaving no residue behind on the eraser itself. Wallas has seen such an eraser before, but unfortunately the brand of the eraser was mostly rubbed off and the owner did not know the brand nor where he bought it.
Garinati — The assassin and member of a clandestine group which has been carrying out assassinations every day at precisely 7:30pm for eight days in a row. Dupont is meant to be the ninth target. Garinati fails to kill Dupont because he neglects one step in the precisely detailed plan for the assassination. Garinati has also been tasked by Bona to monitor Wallas.
Laurent — Chief Inspector of the city, who is all too glad to relinquish the case to Wallas. Laurent believes the "assassinations" are a conspiracy promoted by the minister, whom he believes to have a few screws loose. Laurent's dislike of the minister comes from a previous conspiracy pushed by the minister which made his police force a laughing-stock. Laurent spends the majority of the investigation telling Wallas he is wasting his time, and trying to convince himself that Dupont's death is a suicide.
Daniel Dupont — Target of the assassination for reasons unknown. It is possible that it is because of his involvement in politics or his relation with the government and minister. Dupont survives the assassination, suffering a slight bullet-wound to the arm, but he has Doctor Juard help him to fake his death so that the assassins believe they were successful.
Doctor Juard — A doctor of ill-repute in the village who agrees to fake Dupont's death. It is suggested that Doctor Juard is something of a "mob doctor" who has helped out the clandestine group or other criminals in the past.
Bona — Presumed head of the clandestine group carrying out the assassinations.
Fabius — Eccentric and famed figure of the Bureau of Investigations. In some ways he is Wallas' boss. He has reluctantly given Wallas the job because Wallas' head is a few cubic millimeters short of the required size for a special agent, and he therefore believes Wallas is doomed to fail as a special agent.
Style
One element of style Les Gommes employs is the use of free indirect discourse. The narration of the plot is presented from the point of view of the different characters in the novel, sometimes switching viewpoints between paragraphs. The reader has access to the thoughts of investigators, culprits, and victims alike giving a biased, though comprehensive view of the events surrounding the assassination. This stylistic choice allows the reader to conduct their own investigation in parallel to that of Wallas and Laurent. Though the major details of the attempted assassination are known from the prologue, many important details are left out and are mentioned only as the reader and the investigation by Wallas progresses.
The other major stylistic element is the circular nature of the novel, in which actions and descriptions are repeated over and over. This circular movement (both of the plot and of descriptions within the narrative), is further highlighted by the names of the city's streets, such as Circular Boulevard, and the seemingly confusing geography of the city. The same description of Wallas and a cyclist crossing a draw-bridge is repeated multiple times, and there is one instance in which Wallas is idly walking and ends up back where he started. Wallas repeatedly intends to interview Doctor Juard, but he is continually being sidetracked and having to start the investigation over. The circular nature of the novel is also reinforced by similarities (of both appearance and actions) between the investigator Wallas the investigator and the assassin Garinati.
Trivia
Susan Beschta named her 1970s punk rock band The Erasers, taking the name from the novel.
References
1953 French novels
Novels by Alain Robbe-Grillet
French detective novels |
Frank Roscoe Beckwith (December 11, 1904 – August 24, 1965) was a lawyer, civil rights activist, and politician from Indianapolis, Indiana. In 1960 he became the first African American to run as a candidate for President of the United States in a major-party primary.
Early life and education
Frank Roscoe Beckwith was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, on December 11, 1904, to former slaves. He attended Indianapolis Public Schools, Numbers 37 and 26, before graduating from Arsenal Technical High School in 1921. Attorneys Sumner A. Clancy and Asa J. Smith tutored Beckwith in the study of law.
Career
Before he became a successful attorney and civil rights activist, Beckwith published the Indianapolis Tribune for a brief time in the 1920s. He joined the Republican party in 1928. From 1929 to 1933 Beckwith served as director of welfare and safety for the Indiana Industrial Board. In 1935 he drafted and lobbied the Indiana General Assembly to secure a law that provided free transportation for Indiana school children who had to attend public schools outside of their home school districts.
Beckwith established his law office on Indiana Avenue, the cultural and commercial hub of the city's African American community at that time, and made several unsuccessful bids for political offices. In 1936 he ran for a seat as a state representative in the Indiana General Assembly, and in 1938 for a seat on the Indianapolis City-County Council, but lost both elections.
Beckwith remained active in Indianapolis civic affairs during the 1940s. He worked to open the basketball tournament to all public and parochial high schools in Indiana, ending racial segregation in the state tournaments. Beckwith was also involved in efforts to secure laws to increase hiring African-American police officers, construct a new community building at Douglass Park in 1943, and maintain Lockefield Gardens as affordable housing for low income families. In 1943, the year he was admitted to practice before the bar of the U.S. Supreme Court,
Beckwith gave a radio address, "The Negro Lawyer and the War," that the American Bar Association subsequently published in book form.
From 1951 to 1958 Beckwith was a public defender in the Marion County, Indiana, criminal court system. In 1953, Beckwith, as president of the Yankee Doodle Civic Foundation, and Mahala Ashley Dickerson, an Indianapolis attorney who was also his first wife, petitioned the Public Service Commission of Indiana, which resulted in an order to deny a fare increase for the Indianapolis Railways until it discontinued what Dickerson argued was racial discrimination in the employment of its bus and trolley operators. Beckwith also addressed the Indianapolis City Council in 1953, seeking pay raises for employees and personnel of the city's General Hospital (later renamed Wishard Hospital).
In addition to his law practice, Beckwith remained active in Republican Party politics. He served as an Indianapolis precinct committeeman and as a delegate to several of the Indiana Republican Party's state conventions. In 1956 Beckwith served as Indiana's urban coordinator for President Dwight D. Eisenhower's reelection campaign, and elected an alternate delegate from Indiana's Eleventh Congressional District to the Republican National Convention in San Francisco, California. From 1957 to 1961 Beckwith served as a member of the Indiana Commission on Aging and the Aged.
Beckwith lost several races for local, state, and national political offices. In 1959 Beckwith lost his bid for a seat on the city council representing the second district as an independent candidate. In 1960 Beckwith became the first African American to run for President of the United States in a major-party primary. He was one of six candidates in Indiana's Republican primary and received 20,000 votes, roughly equivalent to one-third of one percent of the Republican votes cast in the primary race. Richard M. Nixon was the winner of the Indiana primary and eventually became the Republican Party's presidential nominee. Beckwith also ran unsuccessfully in 1964 for Indianapolis mayor and in the Republican Presidential Primary in Indiana. Barry Goldwater won the Indiana Republican presidential primary and later became the party's nominee. According to March 1964 report in Jet, Beckwith urged the Republican Party to "re-evaluate and strengthen its position with labor as well as minorities" and blamed the persecution of African Americans and the denial of voting rights in the South as the cause for African Americans becoming reliant on welfare in the Midwest cities of Chicago, Indianapolis, and Detroit.
Personal life
In 1951 Beckwith married Mahala Ashley Dickerson, a lawyer and civil rights advocate from Alabama. In 1948 Dickerson became the first African American female attorney admitted to the Alabama State Bar; in 1951 she became the second black female attorney to be admitted to the bar in Indiana. Dickerson and Beckwith practiced together for a year before she opened her own law office in Indianapolis. In 1958, following her divorce from Beckwith, she moved to Alaska, where she was the first African American attorney and one of only a few women practicing law in the state. Dickerson died in Wasilla, Alaska, on February 19, 2007, at the age of ninety-four. Dickerson has triplet sons from an earlier marriage.
In 1964 Beckwith married Bobbie Collins Goolsby in Chicago, Illinois. The former educatorin the Indianapolis Public Schools was president of the Indianapolis-Marion County Public Library Board, a founding member and president of the Board of Directors of Martin University, and a recipient of the Sagamore of the Wabash award (1985). She died in 2004 at the age of eighty-four in a fire that destroyed her Indianapolis home.
Death and legacy
Beckwith died from complications of peritonitis (an abdominal disease) in Indianapolis on August 24, 1965, at the age of sixty. He is buried in Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis.
Beckwith is best known as a lawyer, civic leader, social activist in the early decades of the twentieth century. In 1960 he ran in the Indiana Republican primary, becoming the first African American to run in a major-party presidential primary. He also ran in the Indiana Republican Party presidential primary in 1964, but did not win either contest. Beckwith's legacies as a civil rights activist in Indiana include legislation that he helped draft to provide free transportation to Indiana's school-aged children and his efforts to integrate the city, including hiring more minorities on the city's police force and in its hospitals. Beckwith also helped to open the state's high school basketball tournaments to all of Indiana's public and parochial high schools, ending racial segregation in the state tournaments.
Honors and tributes
Named to The Indianapolis Recorder's Roll of Honor in 1953.
Recipient of the African Methodist Church's Richard Allen Award in 1954.
Indianapolis's Salem Village Park was renamed in Beckwith's honor in 1970.
References
1904 births
1965 deaths
Indiana lawyers
Editors of Indiana newspapers
Indiana Republicans
Politicians from Indianapolis
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century African-American lawyers |
George Whitfield Jack (November 1, 1875 – March 15, 1924) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana.
Jack was nominated by President Woodrow Wilson on March 6, 1917, to a seat vacated by Alexander Boarman. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 16, 1917, and received commission the same day. Jack's service was terminated on March 15, 1924, due to death.
Education and career
Born on November 1, 1875, in Natchitoches, Louisiana, Jack received a Bachelor of Laws in 1898 from Tulane University Law School. He entered private practice in Shreveport, Louisiana from 1898 to 1910. He was the city attorney for Shreveport from 1910 to 1913. He was the United States Attorney for the Western District of Louisiana from 1913 to 1917.
Federal judicial service
Jack was nominated by President Woodrow Wilson on March 6, 1917, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana vacated by Judge Alexander Boarman. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 16, 1917, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on March 15, 1924, due to his death in Shreveport.
References
Sources
1875 births
1924 deaths
United States Attorneys for the Western District of Louisiana
Judges of the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana
United States district court judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson
20th-century American judges
Tulane University Law School alumni
People from Natchitoches, Louisiana
Politicians from Shreveport, Louisiana |
Jason Benjamin Grant, a music historian, is most known for his work uncovering lost music by Telemann and Bach.
He studied at Bates College and then at the University of Pittsburgh, where he obtained his doctorate in 2005 with a dissertation titled The rise of lyricism and the decline of biblical narration in the late liturgical passions of Georg Philipp Telemann.
He presented material from his dissertation at the 2003 meeting of the Wolfenbütteler Arbeitskreises für Barockforschung at the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel, Germany. Part or all of the dissertation was published as Passion, Affekt und Leidenschaft in der Frühen Neuzeit (Suffering, Emotion, and Passion in the Early Modern Period), Harrasowitz Verlag (Wiesbaden, 2005).
Following that, he was visiting assistant professor of music at the University of Pittsburgh.
During the 1990s, Jason Grant was known as an organist, with a special affinity for Baroque music.
Currently, Grant is an Editor-in-Residence of the Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach: The Complete Works for the Packard Humanities Institute.
Bibliography
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American music historians
American musicologists
American classical organists
American male organists
21st-century organists
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American keyboardists
Male classical organists
University of Pittsburgh alumni
Bates College alumni |
Gaultheria rupestris is a shrub in the family Ericaceae. This species is endemic to New Zealand.
Description
This species is can grow up to 1.5 m tall and has branches that are either erect or spreading. Adult leaves are coloured brownish to dark green. G. rupestris produces clusters of white flowers.
References
rupestris
Endemic flora of New Zealand |
Gastrocotyle is a genus of flatworms belonging to the family Gastrocotylidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.
Species:
Gastrocotyle buckleyi
Gastrocotyle indica
Gastrocotyle kurra
Gastrocotyle mozambiquensis
Gastrocotyle trachuri
References
Platyhelminthes |
Julie Fahey is an American Democratic politician currently serving as the Majority Leader in the Oregon House of Representatives. She represents the 14th district, which covers parts of Lane County, including Veneta and western Eugene.
Career
Fahey graduated from the University of Notre Dame in 2000. Fahey served as Treasurer of the Democratic Party of Oregon from 2015 to 2017, and was chair of the Lane County Democratic Party from 2012 to 2014.
In October 2015, Fahey announced her candidacy for the House seat vacated by Val Hoyle, who retired in order to run for Oregon Secretary of State. Fahey defeated James Manning Jr. in the Democratic primary with 60% of the vote, and in the general election defeated Republican Kathy Lamberg with 52% of the vote.
Electoral history
References
External links
Campaign website
Legislative website
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Date of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Democratic Party members of the Oregon House of Representatives
People from Morris, Illinois
Politicians from Eugene, Oregon
Women state legislators in Oregon
Year of birth missing (living people)
Notre Dame College of Arts and Letters alumni |
Prachatice District () is a district in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. Its capital is the town of Prachatice.
Administrative division
Prachatice District is divided into two administrative districts of municipalities with extended competence: Prachatice and Vimperk.
List of municipalities
Towns are marked in bold and market towns in italics:
Babice -
Bohumilice -
Bohunice -
Borová Lada -
Bošice -
Budkov -
Buk -
Bušanovice -
Chlumany -
Chroboly -
Chvalovice -
Čkyně -
Drslavice -
Dub -
Dvory -
Horní Vltavice -
Hracholusky -
Husinec -
Kratušín -
Křišťanov -
Ktiš -
Kubova Huť -
Kvilda -
Lažiště -
Lčovice -
Lenora -
Lhenice -
Lipovice -
Lužice -
Mahouš -
Malovice -
Mičovice -
Nebahovy -
Němčice -
Netolice -
Nicov -
Nová Pec -
Nové Hutě -
Olšovice -
Pěčnov -
Prachatice -
Radhostice -
Stachy -
Stožec -
Strážný -
Strunkovice nad Blanicí -
Šumavské Hoštice -
Svatá Maří -
Těšovice -
Tvrzice -
Újezdec -
Vacov -
Vimperk -
Vitějovice -
Vlachovo Březí -
Volary -
Vrbice -
Záblatí -
Zábrdí -
Zálezly -
Zbytiny -
Zdíkov -
Žárovná -
Želnava -
Žernovice
Geography
Prachatice District borders Germany in the southwest and briefly Austria in the south. Most of the territory has a foothill character, but along the state border, the landscape is mountainous, and in the east, the terrain is only slightly undulating. The majority of the district is located at an altitude of 600–800 m. The territory extends into three geomorphological mesoregions: Bohemian Forest Foothills (north, centre and southeast), Bohemian Forest (south and west), and České Budějovice Basin (small part in the east). The highest point of the district is the mountain Plechý in Nová Pec with an elevation of , the lowest point is the river bed of the Bezdrevský Stream in Malovice at .
From the total district area of , agricultural land occupies , forests occupy , and water area occupies . Forests cover 52.9% of the district's area.
The most important river is the Vltava, which springs here and flows across the Bohemian Forest mountain range. The Volyňka also springs here and flows to the north. The eastern part of the territory is drained by the Blanice River. This part of the district is rich in ponds, otherwise there are not many bodies of water. The largest body of water is the Husinec Reservoir, with an area of . A small part of the Lipno Reservoir also extends into the district. Near Plechý is Plešné Lake, one of the few natural lakes in the country.
From west to south, the Šumava National Park stretches across the territory of the district, while the centre of the territory falls under the protection of the Šumava Protected Landscape Area.
Demographics
A German minority used to live in Prachatice, composing 47% of the district's population by 1930. After the World War II, the German population was expelled, and the district experienced a notable demographic change as more ethnic Czechs were settled in the region.
As of 2023, Prachatice District is the third least populated district in the country.
Most populated municipalities
Economy
The largest employers with headquarters in Prachatice District and at least 500 employees are:
Transport
There are no motorways in the district. The most important road is the I/4, which separates from the D4 motorway and leads through the district to the Czech-German border.
Sights
The most important monuments in the district, protected as national cultural monuments, are:
Birthplace of Jan Hus in Husinec
Kratochvíle Castle
Vimperk Castle
Schwarzenberg Canal (partly)
The best-preserved settlements, protected as monument reservations and monument zones, are:
Prachatice (monument reservation)
Dobrá (monument reservation)
Stachy (monument reservation)
Vodice (monument reservation)
Volary (monument reservation)
Husinec
Netolice
Vimperk
Vlachovo Březí
Stachy-Chalupy
Lažiště
Libotyně
Mahouš
Příslop
Třešňový Újezdec
Vitějovice
Zvěřetice
The most visited tourist destination is the Kratochvíle Castle.
Notable people
References
External links
Prachatice District – profile on the Czech Statistical Office website
Districts of the Czech Republic |
The Islamic College of South Australia was in West Croydon, a suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. It is now a campus of the Australian Islamic College and renamed Australian Islamic College, Adelaide. It offered classes from kindergarten to year 12.
It has been a working school since 1997 but opened in 1926, where it first set up next to the Wandana Mosque on Wandana Avenue in Gilles Plains. It moved to 22A Cedar Avenue in West Croydon in 2000.
The Islamic College of South Australia was owned and managed by the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils (AFIC).
In 2012, the school was in dispute with AFIC in regards to financial irregularities, which were uncovered during a federal audit.
In 2013, a female staff member was dismissed for failing to adhere to the school's dress code. The teachers' union took the matter to Fair Work Australia.
In May 2015, parents with-held their children from attending the college and have accused the board of firing principals and teachers. The Imams Council of South Australia expressed its concern, and the federal education minister said he takes these issues very seriously.
In July 2015, a member of the board took a male student to a haircut salon, forcing him to get a haircut without his mother's permission.
In October 2015, the entire school board was sacked. That December, all government funding for the college was frozen.
In February 2017, the federal Minister for Education and Training, Simon Birmingham, said the school had failed to meet obligations relating to governance, to financial management and to regular reporting. He said that federal funding for the school would cease in April 2017.
In March 2017, it was reported that, following a police request, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission had been undertaking financial investigations into the more than $1 million potentially missing and the high rentals paid to AFIC.
See also
Islam in Australia
Islamic organisations in Australia
Islamic schools and branches
References
External links
http://icosa.sa.edu.au/
Private schools in South Australia
Islamic schools in Australia |
All For Love (Spanish: Amar y vivir) is a Colombian telenovela produced by Fox Telecolombia that premiered on 7 January 2020 on Caracol Televisión, and ended on 14 April 2020. The series is created by Nubia Barreto based on the 1988 telenovela of the same name written by Germán Escallón and Carlos Duplat. It stars Ana María Estupiñán, and Carlos Torres. The video streaming service Netflix acquired the series for the distribution on worldwide. Unlike its original broadcast, Netflix shows a total of 69 episodes.
Plot
Irene (Ana María Estupiñán), the leading voice of the Los Milagrosos group in the market place, meets the mechanic Joaquín (Carlos Torres) when he arrives in the city with just what he is wearing. They cross their destinies while fighting for their dreams, and they will soon realize that they cannot live without each other, even though their struggle to be together will be intense and painful.
Cast
Main
Carlos Torres as Joaquín Herrera
Ana María Estupiñán as Irene Romero
Yuri Vargas as Rocío Galindo
Jim Muñoz as Diego Portilla
Julio Sánchez Cóccaro as Salvador Romero
Alina Lozano as Magola de Romero
Valeria Galvis as Alba Lucía Herrera
Juan Millán as Bryan Portilla
Juana del Río as Celeste Villamarín "La Chacha"
Mario Duarte as Delio Villamizar
Alex Páez as Humberto
Isabel Gaona
Vilma Vera as Elena
Ivonne Gómez as Jenifer Solano
Germán De Greiff as Michael
Pedro Mogollón as Lubián Portilla
Sandra Guzmán as Brighitte
Lina Nieto as Yuri
Jairo Ordóñez as Etilio Cuellar
Alden Rojas as Peluche
Xilena Aycardi as Julia Linero
Camila Jiménez as Coronel Molina
Gustavo Monsalve as Agente Padilla
Guest stars
Paola Jara as Herself
Franklin Gutierrez as a Judge of shows
Episodes
Reception
Ratings
Awards and nominations
Music
The first soundtrack of the series, titled Amar y vivir, was released on 7 January 2020.
References
External links
2020 telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
Caracol Televisión telenovelas
2020 Colombian television series debuts
2020 Colombian television series endings
Spanish-language Netflix original programming
Television shows set in Bogotá |
Tom Vannoppen (born 21 December 1978 in Ham) is a Belgian former cyclist.
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
Belgian male cyclists
People from Ham, Belgium
Cyclo-cross cyclists
Cyclists from Limburg (Belgium) |
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