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Operation Karbala 8 (Persian: عملیات کربلای ۸) was an operation which was commenced by Iran on 7 April 1987 with the --Islamic-- code of "Ya Saheb al-Zaman" (Persian: یا صاحب الزمان).
Operation Karbala 8 was launched with the goal of destruction of Iraqi forces, and strengthening the obtained positions of operation Karbala 5 in 5 days by Iran in the east of Basrah operation area (Shalamcheh) by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps ground forces.
During the night of April 6 to 7, Iranian command attacked. 40,000 Iranian Pasdaran attempted to breach the last line of defense protecting access to Basra. The Iranian offensive failed as the Iraqis were trained in defensive combat and had stronger firepower. On April 9 and 12 the Iranian government, against past principles, tried to win the battle using chemical weapons. At nightfall Iranian artillery poured phosgene gas in the Iraqi 3rd Army Corps' sector. These bombings caused only minimal Iraqi losses of 20 dead and 200 wounded, and did not break the defensive layout around Basra.
Iran claimed that 250 persons from Iran and 5,000 persons from the Iraqi army were killed, and that 200 Iraqis were captured by Iranian forces -- as well as the spoils of war which were obtained by Iran. It also claimed that Iraqi forces used chemical weapons against Iran at this operation.
See also
Operation Karbala-1
Operation Karbala-2
Operation Karbala-4
Operation Karbala-5
Operation Karbala-6
Operation Karbala-7
Operation Karbala-9
Operation Karbala-10
References
Operations Karbala
Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War |
Mamil (or MAMIL) is an acronym and a pejorative term for a "middle-aged man in Lycra" – that is, men who ride an expensive racing bicycle for leisure, while wearing body-hugging jerseys and bicycle shorts.
The word was reportedly coined by British marketing research firm Mintel in 2010. It gained further popularity in the United Kingdom with the success of Bradley Wiggins in the 2012 Tour de France and at the 2012 Summer Olympics, held in London. The British UCI World Championships victories in recent years have also spurred interest in cycling in the UK.
In Australia the popularity of this sort of cycling has been associated with the Tour Down Under and the 2011 Tour de France winner Cadel Evans. Former Prime Minister Tony Abbott has been described as a "mamil".
And in Slovakia, for example, the popularity of racing cycling and wearing colorful Lycra on the roads rose after Peter Sagan begun winning in Tour de France and World championships.
Buying an expensive road bicycle has been described as a more healthy and affordable response to a midlife crisis than buying an expensive sports car.
There are documentaries investigating this cycling culture. MAMIL is the title of a one-man play by New Zealand playwright Greg Cooper, written for actor Mark Hadlow. It is also the title of a feature-length documentary directed by Nickolas Bird and produced by Bird, Eleanor Sharpe and Mark Bird.
References
External links
Neologisms
Acronyms
Cycling
Middle age
Pejorative terms for men |
Sheykh Khomat (, also Romanized as Sheykh Khomāţ) is a village in Shavur Rural District, Shavur District, Shush County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 264, in 39 families.
References
Populated places in Shush County |
Sue Ellen Bernal Bolnik (born 25 September 1982) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRI. She currently serves as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing the Mexico state.
References
1982 births
Living people
Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican women politicians
Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education alumni
Deputies of the LXII Legislature of Mexico |
Enguerrand (or Engrand, Ingrand) is a medieval French name, derived from a Germanic name Engilram (Engelram, Ingelram), from Angil, the tribal name of the Angles, and hramn "raven".
The Old Frankish name is recorded in various forms during the 8th to 11th centuries, the oldest attestation being Angalramnus, the name of a bishop of Metz of the 8th century; other forms include Angilrammus, Angelramnus, Ingalramnus, Ingilramnus, Ingelranmus, Engilramnus, Engilhram, Engilram, Engelram and Hengelrannus. The Old French form Enguerran(d) is recorded as borne by a number of high medieval noblemen of Picardy. The name was taken to England with the Norman Conquest, and was adopted there as Ingram by the late medieval period.
The name was also conflated with a number of distinct, similar-sounding Germanic names, such as Ingerman, which has as its first element the name Ingvar.
Notable people with these names include:
Given name
Angalram (Ingelram) (died 791), bishop of Metz
Ingerman of Hesbaye (fl. 8th century), also recorded as Enguerrand, a Duke of Hesbaye
Ingelram count of Harelbeke (Enguerrand of Flandres), d. c. 853
Engelram, Chamberlain of France (died 877), Chamberlain to Charles the Bald
Enguerrand I of Ponthieu (died 1045), a Count of Ponthieu
Enguerrand, count of Saint-Pol (fl. 1040s)
Enguerrand II of Ponthieu (died 1053), another Count of Ponthieu
Enguerrand I, Lord of Coucy (died 1116), scandalous Lord of Coucy
Enguerrand (bishop of Glasgow) (died 1174)
Enguerrand III, Lord of Coucy (died 1242)
Enguerrand de Marigny (died 1315), Chamberlain of Philip IV the Fair, King of the French
Enguerrand VI, Lord of Coucy (died 1347), another Lord of Coucy
Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy (died 1397), another Lord of Coucy and Earl of Bedford
Enguerrand de Monstrelet (died 1453), a French chronicler
Enguerrand Quarton (c.1410 – c.1466), French painter and manuscript illuminator
Surname
Christine Engrand (born 1955), French politician
Georges Enguerrand, French cyclist at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Max Ingrand (1908–1969), French artist working in stained glass
See also
Ingram (given name)
Ingram (surname)
References |
Naina Devi (27 September 1917 – 1 November 1993) also known as Naina Ripjit Singh, was Indian vocalist of Hindustani classical music, most known for her thumri renditions, though she also sang dadra and ghazals. She was a music producer at All India Radio and later with Doordarshan. She started her musical training under Girja Shankar Chakravarty in her teens, later restarted it with Ustad Mushtaq Hussain Khan of Rampur-Sahaswan gharana and Rasoolan Bai of Benaras gharana, in the 1950s. Born in an aristocratic family in Kolkata, she was married into the royal family of Kapurthala State at age 16, and was started singing in concerts only after her husband died in 1949, and she moved to Delhi.
In 1974, she was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian honour given by Government of India.
Early life and training
Born Nilina Sen, in an aristocratic Bengali family in Kolkata, where her grandfather was Keshub Chandra Sen, nationalist leader and social reformer from the Brahmo Samaj movement. One of five siblings: (Sunit, Binita, Sadhona, Nilina and Pradip), Nilina received a liberal upbringing from their parents Saral Chandra Sen, a barrister and Nirmala (Nellie). She first got interested in music, when her uncle, Panchu took young Nilina to a concert of Angurbala, at a local theatre. Thereafter, she went to listen to Agurbala at her home in Masjid Bari Street. Eventually she trained for nine years under Girija Shankar Chakravarty (1885–1948), noted vocalist and teacher, known for revitalising the khayal tradition in Bengal.
In 1934, at the age of 16, she married Ripjit Singh (1906- 1953), third son of Raja Charanjit Singh of princely Kapurthala State. After her marriage she moved to Kapurthala in Punjab and wasn't allowed to sing. Though her husband died in 1953, when she was 32 years of age.
Career
After the death of husband in 1953, she moved to Delhi, where she spent the rest of her life. Here she came in touch with Sumitra Charat Ram, an arts patron and wife of Lala Charat Ram of DCM Shriram Group, who then ran Jhankar Committee, a small performing arts organisation in Delhi, which paved way for the establishment of Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra in 1952, with Devi as its artistic director. In the following years, she also remained a music producer of All India Radio, Delhi, and producer with state-run Doordarshan TV channel. Meanwhile, after arriving in Delhi, she started her musical training once again, first under Ustad Mushtaq Hussain Khan (d. 1964), the doyen of Rampur-Sahaswan gharana, who was then teacher at the Bhartiya Kala Kendra, and later under Rasoolan Bai of Benaras gharana, where she learned the purab ang style of Thumri, and started performing although under the name, Naina Devi.
In her Thumri singing, she stressed on the need to study Nayika Bheda (Ashta Nayika), the eight different kind of heroines classified in the Natya Shastra, to render thumri effectively. Though she also sang in other genres like qawwali and ghazal.
Later in life, she got interested in the traditional form of kirtan, she went to Vrindavan and learnt it and subsequently trained three of her senior disciples in the form.
She also taught notable disciples like Shubha Mudgal, Madhumita Ray and Vidya Rao. In 2011, one of her disciples, Vidya Rao wrote a memoir about her titled, Heart to Heart: Remembering Naina Devi.
Personal life
She has four children, two sons, Ratanjit Singh (b.1940), Karanjit Singh (b. 1945), and two daughters Nilika Kaur (b. 1935) and Rena Kaur (b. 1938), who founded the Naina Devi Foundation in 1994. Her elder sister, Sadhana Bose (1911–1973) was a noted dancer and film actress of the 1930s and 40s. Her other sister Rani Binita Roy was married into the
royal family of Chakma. Naina Devi's two paternal aunts were dowager Maharanis of two well known princely states of India. Suniti Devi, Maharani of Cooch Behar, queen consort of Nripendra Narayan Bhup Bahadur, Maharaja of Cooch Behar. Maharani Suniti Devi's son Jitendra Narayan Bhup Bahadur, Maharaja of Cooch Behar married princess Indira Raje Gaekwad of Braoda, only daughter of Sayajirao Gaekwad, Maharaja of Baroda. Jitendra Narayan and Indira Devi's second daughter Gayatri Devi, Maharani of Jaipur was the most well known Indian royal face in her lifetime. The other aunt of Naina Devi was Suchrau Devi, Maharani of Mayurbhanj, queen consort of Ram Chandra Bhanj Deo, Maharaja of Mayurbhanj.
Published works
Mushtaq Hussain Khan (Biography), by Naina Ripjit Singh. Sangeet Natak Akademi, 1964.
Thumri, Its Development and Gayeki, Journal, Volume 6, Issue 1. ITC Sangeet Research Academy.1985. pp. 13–17.
References
Bibliography
1917 births
1993 deaths
Singers from Kolkata
Bengali Hindus
Indian women classical singers
Hindustani singers
Indian arts administrators
Thumri
Indian radio producers
Indian women television producers
Indian television producers
All India Radio people
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
Indian music educators
Indian artistic directors
20th-century Indian singers
Women educators from West Bengal
20th-century Indian educators
Women Hindustani musicians
20th-century Indian women singers
Women musicians from West Bengal
Educators from West Bengal
All India Radio women
Indian women music educators
20th-century Indian women educators
Women radio producers |
Mariagerfjord Municipality () is a municipality (Danish, kommune) in North Jutland Region in Denmark. It covers an area of 723.63 km² (2011) and a has a population of 41,859 (2023).
On 1 January 2007 Mariagerfjord municipality was created as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipal Reform" of 2007), consisting of the former municipalities of Arden, Hadsund and Hobro, and the major part of Mariager, and a very small part of Aalestrup and a very small part of Nørager municipality.
The municipality consists of the land around Mariager Fjord, its namesake.
Locations
Politics
Municipal council
Mariagerfjord's municipal council consists of 29 members, elected every four years.
Below are the municipal councils elected since the Municipal Reform of 2007.
References
Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
Municipal mergers and neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map
External links
Municipal Key Figures - area
Municipalities of the North Jutland Region
Municipalities of Denmark
Populated places established in 2007 |
Barby Wells is a Republican Party activist. She is the founder of the Teenage Republicans.
References
External links
Washington County Teenage Republicans
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American political activists
Republicans (United States) |
Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths, also called Guts Muth or Gutsmuths (9 August 1759 – 21 May 1839), was a teacher and educator in Germany, and is especially known for his role in the development of physical education. He is thought of as the "grandfather of gymnastics" – the "father" being Friedrich Ludwig Jahn. GutsMuths introduced systematic physical exercise into the school curriculum, and he developed the basic principles of artistic gymnastics.
Biography
He was born in Quedlinburg. He attended the University of Halle from 1778 to 1782, where he studied pedagogy. Sometime after 1785 while a private tutor in Schnepfenthal (where he remained his entire life) he was appointed as a teacher, and it was there he taught gymnastics supervised by Salzmann. In 1793, GutsMuths published , the first systematic coursebook on gymnastics.
His literary output on both moral and physical education continued upwards of twenty-five years after the production of his seminal work .
The full title of the manual is Gymnastics for Youth: Or a practical guide to Delightful and Amusing exercises for the Use of Schools, An Essay Toward the Necessary Improvement of Education Chiefly as It Relates to Body. Wolff is acknowledged as being an influence on the writing, and especially the intellectual movement called naturalism, embodied in the work of the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau and using the prior gymnastics of ancient Greece. GutsMuths used the exercises known to his students in composing those within the work, his students were taken from European countries, and his work relied on a foundation of thought originating in the European tradition. Gutsmuths is thought to have in some way imitated Johann Bernhadt Basedow and his Philanthropinum. Ultimately Gutsmuths' work was most influential in the formalizing of a novel way of understanding physical exercise.
He describes twenty-nine different exercises in his manual. GutsMuths designed the core of the curriculum as the Greek pentathlon and new exercises he himself had invented. His work also included climbing, dancing, jumping, military exercises, running, swimming, throwing, and walking. The second edition contained additional information on balancing, bathing, carrying, declamation, fasting, leaping exercises, lifting, manual labour, organising an open air gymnasium, pulling and wrestling.
Gutsmuths described gymnastics as culture for the body, which is integral to an holistic education with the aim of building a foundation of strength of character and achieving self-control. The first principle of an education in gymnastics for him was that it might:
A chapter of the book (Ball mit Freystäten (oder das Englische Base-ball) (English: Ball with Free Station, or English Base-ball)) contains a description of a precursor to modern baseball, including the first description of what would evolve into the strikeout rule.
English language editions of Gymnastik für die Jugend
An edition was published in London in 1800, printed by J.Johnston, and in the United States of America, within the state of Philadelphia, printed by William Duane in 1802.
A second edition of Gymnastic for the Youth was published in 1804.
P.H. Clias, a Captain in the English army and Superintendent of gymnastics in the Royal Military College (after 1822), was a follower of the teachings of GutsMuths. He subsequently wrote his own work on gymnastics, which was in its fourth edition in 1825.
GutsMuths died on 21 May 1839 in Waltershausen.
Notes
1759 births
1839 deaths
Artistic gymnastics
German educational theorists
History of gymnastics
People associated with physical culture |
Texas Trouble Shooters is a 1942 American Western film directed by S. Roy Luby and written by Arthur Hoerl. The film is the fifteenth in Monogram Pictures' "Range Busters" series, and it stars Ray "Crash" Corrigan as Crash, John "Dusty" King as Dusty and Max "Alibi" Terhune as Alibi, with Julie Duncan, Glenn Strange and Riley Hill. The film was released on June 12, 1942.
Plot
Cast
Ray "Crash" Corrigan as 'Crash' Corrigan
John 'Dusty' King as 'Dusty' King
Max Terhune as 'Alibi' Terhune
Julie Duncan as Judy Wilson
Glenn Strange as Roger Denby
Riley Hill as Bret Travis
Kermit Maynard as Pete
Eddie Phillips as Wade Evans
Frank Ellis as Duke
Ted Mapes as Slim
Gertrude Hoffmann as Granny Wilson
Steve Clark as Bill Ames
Jack Holmes as Perry
See also
The Range Busters series:
The Range Busters (1940)
Trailing Double Trouble (1940)
West of Pinto Basin (1940)
Trail of the Silver Spurs (1941)
The Kid's Last Ride (1941)
Tumbledown Ranch in Arizona (1941)
Wrangler's Roost (1941)
Fugitive Valley (1941)
Saddle Mountain Roundup (1941)
Tonto Basin Outlaws (1941)
Underground Rustlers (1941)
Thunder River Feud (1942)
Rock River Renegades (1942)
Boot Hill Bandits (1942)
Texas Trouble Shooters (1942)
Arizona Stage Coach (1942)
Texas to Bataan (1942)
Trail Riders (1942)
Two Fisted Justice (1943)
Haunted Ranch (1943)
Land of Hunted Men (1943)
Cowboy Commandos (1943)
Black Market Rustlers (1943)
Bullets and Saddles (1943)
References
External links
1942 films
1940s English-language films
American Western (genre) films
1942 Western (genre) films
Monogram Pictures films
Films directed by S. Roy Luby
American black-and-white films
Range Busters
1940s American films |
Sir Howard William Kennard GCMG, CVO (23 March 1878 – 12 November 1955) was a British diplomat.
Early life
Kennard was born on 23 March 1878 in Brighton, the son of Arthur Challis Kennard and Anne Homan Mulock, and educated at Wixenford School and Eton College.
In Poland
He was a British Chargé d'affaires, and subsequently Ambassador to Poland until 1939. Despite being pro-Polish, he nevertheless urged Poland to negotiate moderation with Germany. During the Czechoslovak Crisis, he briefed Viscount Halifax on 10 September 1938 by pointing out that "the Poles, especially the ruling classes, do not feel the same horror of Nazism as is felt in democratic countries... among the peasants there is a dislike of Jews which counterbalances the disgust with which other countries regard the manifestations of German anti-Semitism" and that there was a great dislike by Poland towards the Czechs. He made it clear to London, which was then in negotiations with the Soviet Union for a defensive alliance, that Russia was "violently disliked and distrusted in Poland" and that any kind of transit on land or by air to Czecho-Slovakia over Polish territory would be resisted by force of arms.
In March the following year, he gave his support to the Anglo-Polish defensive guarantee, which ultimately drew England into the war. He became ambassador to the Polish government-in-exile until 1941. and was also ambassador to Switzerland and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
Somerset
In 1939, Kennard was listed as occupying Langham House, Rode Hill, Somerset.
References
Bibliography
The Story of Mulock: The Pedigree of the Mulock Family of Ireland by Sir Edmund Thomas Bewley (Ponsonby & Gibbs, 1905)
By Virtue & Faith: A History of the Mulock & Mullock Families by Robert Hughes-Mullock FRAS (2012)
1878 births
1955 deaths
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Poland
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Switzerland
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Yugoslavia
People educated at Eton College
People educated at Wixenford School |
The House of Quiñones (Casa de Quiñones) is an old and noble Spanish family that emerged in Castile and León in the 12th century and became one of the most prominent dynasties of the Spanish kingdom until the 20th century. The original family gave rise to several branches, one of which became Conts of Luna from the 15th century to the 19th century, in turn giving rise to other branches including the marquesado de Alcedo.
Origin
The founder of what became the House of Quiñones was an Asturian nobleman named Pedro Alvarez Quiñones, who is first seen in the mid 12th-century as tenente (Lord) of Luna and lord of the village of Quiñones del río in León. The family would come to be known by a toponymic surname indicating their derivation from the latter village. One of these traced said this man married with Violante Ponce de León, family of Kings of León with one daughter of a King Alfonso IX of León. A son named Suero and trunk of the lineage fought in the war of succession of the house of burgundy. His was son Pedro S. Quiñones de Mendoza, he was general of the border and he married Juana G. Bazan but when he had no succession, his sister Leonor inherited him, who will be the third lady of Luna's house.
The Quiñones lineage continued through the Middle Ages in the reconquest of the southern peninsula against the Arabs and established itself as a first-rank noble house, fighting in the internal struggles of the House of Trastamara, playing a leading role in politics Castilian since they belonged to the royal lineage.
Several current Spanish noble families derive from the House of Quiñones: the House of Count of Luna, as direct heirs of Violante Ponce de León, and its small count of Bañuelos. From the House of Luna (Counts since 1462) come the lesser noble houses of the Marquesados de Alcedo (since 1891) San Carlos o Montevirgen (created in 1796 for Charles VII of Napoles) from which There were and there are many gentlemen in Europe.
In the house of the moon counts, the marriage bonds since its foundation have always been with families of equal or higher rank, noble descent and economy.
References
El libro de Oro de los reyes, Ed. Victoria, Pedro López Ayala, 1996.
El libro de oro de los duques, Ed. Pensador, Ruth Escolar 2000.
Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia, Ed. E. Michael Gerli, Samuel G. Armistead, Taylor and Francis, 2003.
Michael Maclagan and Jiri Louda, Lines of Succession, MacDonald & Co., 1981.
Alonso de Haro, Libro de oro de los linajes ducales y nobiliarios del reino de Castilla, 1993.
Salazar y Acha, Jaime de; Masnata y de Quesada, David (1990). "Precisiones y nuevos datos sobre el entorno familiar de Alfonso X el Sabio fundador de Ciudad Real" (PDF). Cuadernos de Estudios Manchegos (in Spanish). Instituto de Estudios Manchegos (20): 210–231. ISSN 0526-2623.
Álvarez Álvarez, César (1981). «Los Quiñones-Condes de Luna durante la Baja Edad Media». Tierras de León: Revista de la Diputación Provincial (Diputación de León) 21 (44): 45–60. ISSN 0495-5773.
Gutiérrez González, José Avelino (2003). «La formación del dominio político y territorial. Del Realengo al Señorío». Arqueología y Territorio medieval (Universidad de Jaén) (10-2): 9-43. ISSN 1134-3184.
Spanish noble families |
Charlotte Manson (born Charlotte Manson Schwartz; January 21, 1917 – December 15, 1996) was an American radio actress whose career was interrupted by paralysis.
Born and raised in Brooklyn, Manson was the only child of Etta T. Manson and Morris Schwartz. From ages 5 through 8, she performed in children's plays at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. Also as a child, she participated in Junior Olympics.
Manson was the first female member of Madison High School's debate team. She attended Hunter College, where her performance as Ophelia in the dramatic club's production of Hamlet led to her receiving a scholarship to New York University (NYU) if she would act with the Washington Square Players, which she did. She graduated from NYU with a degree in English in 1938. In 1939, she acted in summer stock on Long Island.
Early in her career, Manson appeared in a few films as an extra and in bit parts. After she became regularly employed in radio, she received a contract to star in a film, but the producer found another actress whom he preferred for the role. Manson's contract was paid off the day she arrived in Hollywood, ending that opportunity.
Manson's early work in radio included a variety of roles in different programs. Her career gained stability, however, when a radio director saw her perform on Broadway in a Theater Guild production of Ringside Seat. The result was a long-term contract to star as Bryn Barrington in Society Girl on CBS radio. Following that role, she moved to Chicago, where she starred in the drama Stepmother for 18 months. She later had the leading female role in King's Row. Her other roles on radio included Marjorie Whitney on The Romance of Helen Trent, Rose Kransky on Guiding Light, Patsy Bowen on Nick Carter, Master Detective and Dr. Carson McVicker on Road of Life. She also was a supporting actress on The Brighter Day.
Manson was active in commercials on radio. Her roles in that regard included being the Camay Girl on Big Sister, the Puritan Girl on True or False, the Ronson Girl on Twenty Questions, and the Speidell Girl on Stop the Music. Perhaps her biggest commercial role was as Carol Douglas, beauty consultant. The manufacturer of the products she endorsed paid six secretaries to write letters answering beauty questions that listeners addressed to the fictitious Douglas.
On September 14, 1958, Manson fell down steps in an accident that caused a double fracture of her neck and paralyzed her. However, citing her faith in God and in herself, she resisted her doctors' prognosis that she might never walk again. After 10 weeks, she began wearing a steel brace and had some movement. She was able to resume playing Gillian Gray on This Is Nora Drake on radio. Her brace was removed on February 15, 1959, and her doctors at the Hospital for Joint Diseases in Manhattan described her recovery as a "medical miracle".
Personal life
In 1949, Manson married singer Dick Brown in New York. In her spare time she visited New York radio stations promoting his records.
References
20th-century American actresses
1917 births
1996 deaths
American child actresses
American radio actresses
American soap opera actresses
American stage actresses
Actresses from New York City
Hunter College alumni
New York University alumni |
The Savages is the completely missing ninth serial of the third season in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in four weekly parts from 28 May to 18 June 1966.
In this serial, the Doctor (William Hartnell) and his travelling companions Steven (Peter Purves) and Dodo (Jackie Lane) arrive on an unnamed planet where they encounter two distinct people - the Elders and the Savages. They soon discover the Elders are the evil ones, draining the primitive Savages for their life source to remain young and powerful forever. This serial marks the final appearance of Purves as Steven.
To date, the serial is missing from the BBC archives. Although audio recordings, still photographs, and 8mm clips of the story exist, no episodes of this serial are known to have survived.
Plot
The TARDIS materialises on a distant planet in the far future. The First Doctor, Steven and Dodo find the planet inhabited by both an advanced, idyllic civilisation (the Elders), and bands of roaming savages. The Elders welcome the Doctor, greeting him as "The Traveller from Beyond Time" and revealing they have admired his exploits from afar and predicted that he would soon be arriving here. Their leader Jano showers the Doctor and his companions with compliments and gifts, reinforcing the idyllic nature of the society of the Elders. However, the Doctor becomes suspicious of the Elders' seemingly perfect civilisation, but it is Dodo who finds the secret. The soldiers Exorse and Edal are sent outside the Elder city and use advanced weapons to capture the savages, entrapping them and returning them to the city. The Elders are only able to maintain the energy needed to run their civilisation by draining the life force of the helpless savages. The Doctor, appalled, tries to stop the Elders and persuade them of the wrong they are doing by building a civilisation on such immoral grounds.
Jano's response is to have the Doctor himself subjected to the energy transfer process. The Doctor is put into the transfer device and his life force is channelled into the Elder Jano, who desires his intelligence. Yet the plan backfires when the Doctor's personality takes over Jano, imbuing him with the Doctor's mannerisms, outlook and morality. The two identities cause Jano a personality crisis.
Dodo and Steven have meanwhile ventured outside the city and made contact with the savage leaders Chal and Tor, who are respectively pleased and antagonised by their presence. The savages are the remnants of a once highly skilled and artistic race, but over the centuries the energy transfer process has stymied their creativity and ability. Chal hides the two fugitives in a deep cave system, pursued by the guard Exorse, whom Steven overpowers. They return to the city and find a weak but determined Doctor, and help him escape the city.
The time travellers now help the Savages fight back against the Elder guards. The Doctor realises that the Elders must be forced, not persuaded, to change their ways as their whole civilisation must change overnight. His mixed personality convinces Jano to help the Savages and he tries to convince the other Elders to treat the Savages as equals, while Exorse too has realised the error of his ways. Jano and Exorse begin the destruction of the technology underpinning the society and are soon joined in the destruction by the Doctor, Steven and Dodo. The end of the technology means the end of the oppression, and Jano and Chal begin to talk of how a new society can be built together. The Doctor surprises Steven by convincing him to remain behind as a mediator. When both sides agree to accept Steven's decision, he decides to stay. The Doctor and a heartbroken Dodo bid their friend goodbye, before they head back to the TARDIS.
Production
Working titles for this story included The White Savages. This was the first serial of the series to have an overall title divided into numbered parts or episodes. All stories up until and including The Gunfighters had individual episode titles for each episode.
Cast notes
This was Purves' last appearance as companion Steven Taylor. He later said that "I was unhappy to leave it, actually, I didn’t particularly want it to stop there, but the policy of the programme had changed and they’d decided that they were not going to keep the companions onboard for longer than a year, or so I understand."
Clare Jenkins later played Tanya Lernov in The Wheel in Space (1968) and The War Games (1969). Frederick Jaeger later played Sorenson in Planet of Evil (1975) and Professor Marius in The Invisible Enemy (1977). Ewen Solon appeared as Vishinsky in Planet of Evil. Patrick Godfrey later played Major Cosworth in The Mind of Evil (1971). Robert Sidaway later played Captain Turner in The Invasion (1968). Kay Patrick previously appeared as Poppaea in The Romans (1965).
Broadcast and reception
In the guidebook The Discontinuity Guide, it was described as a serial that "plays intelligent games with witless SF clichés. Whilst not aspiring to greatness it does create an effective atmosphere."
Commercial releases
In print
A novelisation of this serial, written by Ian Stuart Black, was published by Target Books in March 1986.
Home media
The complete soundtrack recordings, as recorded off-air by fans and coupled with linking narration by Peter Purves, has been released on CD. All four episodes of this serial are missing from the BBC archive. A few brief off-air 8 mm film recordings made by an unknown Australian fan represent the only extant clips (which include the departure of Steven) and were made available on the DVD box set release Lost in Time. A reconstruction has been made with telesnaps, production stills and the complete soundtrack.
References
External links
First Doctor serials
Doctor Who missing episodes
Doctor Who serials novelised by Ian Stuart Black
1966 British television episodes |
Hero No.1 is a 1997 Indian Hindi-language comedy film directed by David Dhawan. It stars Govinda and Karishma Kapoor with an ensemble supporting cast of actors.
The film borrows the theme of Bawarchi, which was itself a remake of Bengali film Galpo Holeo Satti. It was remade in Telugu as Goppinti Alludu. Upon its release, the film was successful, grossing at the box office against a production budget of and was the seventh highest grossing film of the year. The film promised to be the family one providing wholesome entertainment from 90s.
Plot
Rajesh, the son of rich businessman Dhanraj Malhotra, escapes from his home and reaches Europe. Meena, the granddaughter of Dinanath Tripathi, also travels to Europe as she has secured a scholarship to study there.
The two meet and fall in love. Dhanraj reaches Europe in search of Rajesh and discovers he loves Meena. They return to India for the two to get married. However, destiny has something else in store for them.
When Dinanath finds out about Rajesh being Dhanraj's son, he breaks the alliance in rage. As later Dinanath's servant Babu escapes, they're now in search of new servant. Rajesh disguises as servant Raju and begins to work at the Tripathis. He solves the problems of family members also including Dinanath's 3 sons, daughter Shanno and other granddaughter Dimple, winning hearts of everyone.
Dinanath finds some valuables missing from the home. Police arrive and find Dhanraj, disguised as a Chowkidar. Raju and Dhanraj are insulted by the family members. Meena reveals Raju's identity and the sacrifices he made for her. Dinanath realises their true love for each other. The film ends happily with Rajesh and Meena's marriage.
Cast
Govinda as Rajesh "Raju" Malhotra
Karishma Kapoor as Meena Nath Tripathi
Kader Khan as Dhanraj Malhotra, Raju's father.
Paresh Rawal as Dinanath Tripathi, Meena's paternal grandfather.
Tiku Talsania as Vidyanath Dinanath Tripathi, Meena's eldest paternal uncle.
Anil Dhawan as Jeevannath Dinanath Tripathi, Meena's second paternal uncle.
Satish Shah as Somnath "Pappi" Dinanath Tripathi, Meena's youngest paternal uncle.
Himani Shivpuri as Shanno Nath Dinanath Tripathi/ Shanno Sunil Mishra, Meena's fraternal aunt.
Shakti Kapoor as Mohan "Babu" Singh, Tripathis' former servant.
Shashi Kiran as Sunil Mishra, Meena's fraternal uncle.
Rita Bhaduri as Mallika Vidyanath Tripathi, Meena's eldest paternal aunt.
Shagufta Ali as Sugandha Jeevannath Tripathi, Meena's second paternal aunt.
Rakesh Bedi as Sharmaji, Dhanraj's secretary.
Omkar Kapoor as Shekhar Jeevannath Tripathi, Meena's paternal cousin.
Harish Kumar as Arvind Sharma, Meena's prospective husband. (special appearance)
Soundtrack
Anand–Milind came up with a chart-topping score yet again for a Govinda-David Dhawan film. The music, especially the song, "Sona Kitna Sona Hain", emerged a winner on countdown shows and is remembered till date. The other songs also gained mass popularity like "Saaton Janam", "Maine Paidal", "Main Tujko Bahga Laya", "Mohobbat Ki Nahi" and "U. P. Wala". The songs were extremely popular among the masses and are often heard even now. Poornima earned herself a Zee Cine Awards nomination for "Sona Kitna Sona Hain", but she lost to Lata Mangeshkar for Dil To Pagal Hai.
References
External links
1997 films
1990s Hindi-language films
Films scored by Anand–Milind
Films directed by David Dhawan
Hindi films remade in other languages
Indian comedy-drama films
1997 comedy-drama films |
Thomas Enders (born December 21, 1958) is a German business executive who served as the chief executive of Airbus (formerly EADS, Airbus Group) from 2012 until 2019. Since 2019, he has been the president of the German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP).
Early life and education
The son of a shepherd, Enders studied economics, politics, and history at the University of Bonn and the University of California, Los Angeles. He completed his doctorate in political science at the age of 28 on a scholarship of Konrad Adenauer Foundation.
Career
Enders started out his career with early work experience as an assistant at the German Parliament. In 1988, he worked as a researcher at the German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP) in Bonn and at the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) in London. Enders also serves as a Major in the German Army Reserve, and spent two years in the planning staff of the Federal Ministry of Defence from 1989 until 1991.
Enders joined the marketing department of DaimlerChrysler Aerospace in 1991 and held several functions at DASA until he was promoted to head the defence and security systems business in the frame of the merger of EADS in 2000. In 2005, he was appointed co-CEO (first with co-CEO Noël Forgeard, then Louis Gallois), a role he relinquished in 2007 when the company modified its corporate governance, giving away with double-CEO and double-Chairman structures. As a result of the governance change, Enders was appointed CEO of Airbus, the Group's largest Division. As CEO of the commercial aircraft division, he was responsible for the A320neo launch in 2010, a sales success that forced Boeing to launch the 737 MAX.
In May 2012, the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders approved Enders' nomination to become CEO of EADS. Shortly after his nomination, Enders embarked on a plan to merge with UK-based BAE Systems, which would have created the world's leading defence company. However, the merger plan – the only remaining realistic opportunity to fulfill the company's Vision2020 strategy – failed ultimately due to political intervention. He also merged the group with the commercial aircraft division and took control of the CSeries, pending regulatory review. In late 2012, EADS and its shareholders – namely Daimler AG, Lagardère Group and the French state – agreed to revamp the company's corporate governance, thereby considerably reducing political influence in the Group. Although Germany, France and Spain are shareholders of the group, none hold any special blocking rights, meaning the company is governed solely by the Board of Directors and the Executive Management. After the failure of the merger with BAE Systems, Enders initiated a review of the company's strategy, which was completed in July 2013. Among others, the outcome resulted in the rebranding of the Group from EADS to Airbus Group in January 2014.
In early 2017, Enders announced his intention to renew his three-year mandate in 2019. On 15 December 2017, the Airbus board – under the leadership of chairman Denis Ranque – confirmed Enders would not stay beyond April 2019 amid corruption allegations in sales campaigns. By the end of his time at Airbus, Enders was widely credited with unifying a company previously divided along national lines, as well as simplifying its governance to reduce political influence.
In January 2021, Enders joined the advisory board of the aerospace start-up Lilium. As announced in June 2021, he will serve as Chairman of the Board following the planned business combination with Qell.
Role in politics
During his time in office, Enders clashed with the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel over industrial or defense policy and resigned from the conservative CSU party over Germany's opposition to the 2011 military intervention in Libya. He frequently accompanied Merkel on state visits abroad. In Germany, he served as chairman of the German Aerospace Industries Association (BDLI) from 2005 to 2012 and in the presidium of the Federation of German Industries (BDI).
Under the premiership of David Cameron, Enders was appointed to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom's Business and Advisory Group in his capacity as chief executive of Airbus and later as chief executive of EADS. Between 2010 and 2011, he served on the High-Level Group on Aviation and Aeronautics Research launched by European Commissioners Siim Kallas and Máire Geoghegan-Quinn. Since 2015, he has been serving as a member of the European Commission's High-level Group of Personalities on Defence Research chaired by Elżbieta Bieńkowska.
Controversy
During his time at Airbus, Enders grappled with scrutiny over the company's sales practices after it uncovered inaccuracies in its filings to U.S. regulators over arms technology sales. He also faced criticism in French media and inside parts of the aerospace group for overseeing sweeping compliance probes that led to dozens of senior departures without specific allegations.
In 2017, Enders became one of more than a dozen people being formally investigated by Austria's public prosecutor as part of a long-running probe into alleged fraud over a €2 billion deal for 18 Eurofighter combat jets. In remarks aimed at Defense Minister Hans Peter Doskozil, he called the claims "cheap election rhetoric," and announced that "we will not let part of the Austrian government use us as a punching bag that it can beat to score cheap political points".
Later that year, French anti-corruption investigators questioned Enders and other company executives as witnesses in an investigation centered on the sale of Astrium satellites to Kazakhstan in 2010.
Other activities
Government agencies
Economic Development Board (EDB), Member of the International Advisory Council
Corporate boards
Helsing, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2022)
Lilium, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2021)
Lufthansa, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2020)
Linde, Deputy Chairman of the Supervisory Board (since 2017)
HSBC Trinkaus & Burkhardt, Member of the Advisory Board (since 2012)
Knorr-Bremse, Member of the Supervisory Board (2020–2022)
Carl Zeiss Optronics, Chairman of the Supervisory Board (until 2012)
Non-profit organizations
AmCham Germany, Member of the Board of Directors
AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe, Member of the Board
Atlantik-Brücke, Member and former Chairman (2005-2009)
Atlantic Council, Member of the International Advisory Board
Berlin Bosphorus Initiative (BBI), Member of the Advisory Board
Bilderberg Group, Member of the Steering Committee
German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP), Member of the Steering Committee
Deutsches Museum, Member of the Board of Trustees
International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), Member of the Advisory Council
Max Planck Society, Member of the Senate (since 2014)
Munich Security Conference, Member of the Advisory Council (since 2014)
Federation of German Industries (BDI), Member of the Presidium (2009-2019)
Recognition
2014 – European Manager of the Year
2015 – Legion of Honour
2017 – Aviation Week Person of the Year
2019 – Tony Jannus Award for distinguished achievement in commercial air transportation.
2019 – Aviation Week & Space Technology 2019 Philip J. Klass Award for Lifetime Achievement (co-winner)
Personal life
Enders is married to Friederike, an economist. The couple has four sons and lives on a farm in Gmund am Tegernsee.
Enders has a helicopter pilot's license and is a fan of skydiving. In November 2010, he performed a paradrop from the Airbus A400M Atlas.
See also
Fabrice Brégier
Louis Gallois
References
External links
Living people
1958 births
University of Bonn alumni
German chief executives
Airbus people
Members of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group |
List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 1807
This is a list of the MPs or members of Parliament elected to the House of Commons for the constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom in the 1807 United Kingdom general election, the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom, and their replacements returned at subsequent by-elections, arranged by constituency.
By-elections
List of United Kingdom by-elections (1806–18)
See also
List of parliaments of the United Kingdom
Unreformed House of Commons
References
UK MPs 1807–1812
1807 in the United Kingdom
1807 |
Arnaud Kerckhof (born March 13, 1984) is a French professional basketball player for BC Orchies of LNB Pro B.
On June 18, 2013, after three seasons at Boulazac Basket Dordogne, he decided to prolong his stay with the team despite its relegation to Pro B. He played an important role in the recovery of his club in Pro A during the playoffs in 2017.
He re-signed with Boulazac Basket Dordogne on July 13, 2017.
On August 10, 2018, after eight years at Boulazac, he signed with BC Orchies.
References
External links
RealGM profile
1984 births
Living people
BCM Gravelines players
BC Orchies players
French men's basketball players
Nanterre 92 players
Olympique Antibes basketball players
Sportspeople from Calais
Point guards |
Biographical Dictionary of Republican China is a biographical dictionary in four-volumes, often abbreviated as BDRC or referred to as "Boorman." It was published from 1967 to 1971 by Columbia University Press, edited by Howard L. Boorman, Director of the Research Project on Men and Politics in Modern China at Columbia University, with Richard C. Howard and O. Edmund Clubb. It includes 600 biographical articles written by some seventy-five contributors on men and women prominent in China's Republican period (1911-1949). Their careers are followed beyond 1949, some until 1966. More than half of the subjects are in politics, military, diplomacy or administration; a little more than a quarter intellectuals, such as scholars, journalists, propagandists; 10.8% in the arts; 7% in professions such as doctors, jurists, and clergy; and only 6.2% in business.
Volume IV includes bibliographical references for all volumes. A fifth volume, A Personal Name Index, compiled by Jane Krompart, is a full name-index to the biographies in the first four volumes, with Chinese characters for more than 90% of the Chinese names, references to three other English-language biographical dictionaries, and the dates of death for those who died since the original entries.
Reception
John K. Fairbank reviewed the first volume in the American Historical Review He noted that Boorman had retired from the Foreign Service and now worked at Columbia University, where Martin Wilbur had created an oral history project. Fairbank compared Boorman's project to Arthur W. Hummel Sr.'s two-volume Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644-1912), which he called the "chief vestibule to Chinese history in modern times." In comparison, Boorman "has been able to surmount some appalling difficulties." Eminent Chinese, he said, had the advantage of biographical data generated in stable forms by the imperial bureaucracy and the imperial examination system. But the Republican period was divided into the Peking government and warlord period (1912-1928) and the Nationalist period (1928–1949), each with a number of political parties and conflicting social and cultural systems.
The French Marxist historian Jean Chesneaux congratulated Boorman and his colleagues for including not only political and intellectual figures, but also bourgeois professionals and non-Han subjects. He then criticized the overemphasis on figures with ties to the West, an "optical error" coming from the fact that so many of the contributors were themselves Chinese scholars living in the United States. He regretted that coverage focused on careers without discussion of views or significance, especially on figures on the left. He suggested that the coverage should also have included influential foreigners whose careers were important for Chinese history; the only such representation was a six column article, "Lei Ming-yuan" (Father Vincent Lebbe). The historian Lucien Bianco said it was unfortunate that the articles were not signed, although contributors might have felt protected when writing on controversial figures. He found that the selection was tilted toward liberals and the "third force," many of whom were among the contributors to the volume, also a difference in the relative length of the articles in favor of Guomindang figures and scientists, as opposed to communists, writers, and artists. Still, he said, these were "cavils."
Professor David Lindenfeld found that nearly half of the figures in these volumes had studied abroad, but the selection was not "plutocratic," showing that the educational system offered the chance for upward mobility. Some 10% were Christian. Lindenfeld used the BDRC data on birth, family background, education, and so forth to argue that the differences between Christians and non-Christians were "not as great as one might expect."
Another reviewer suggested a sixth volume with a topical index would be desirable, but added that this would be "greedy."
Christian Henriot, while commenting on the BDRC "served generations of China historians as the main reference work one would turn to to seek biographical information when studying the Republican period," added that while scholars continue to rely on it, among students it is very likely that the BDRC is "no longer a resource," since "the internet-born generation will more likely rely on digital resources and tools and Google and Wikipedia, not to mention their Chinese avatar like Baidu." He hoped that his X-Boorman project, putting the BDRC online with pinyin romanization would remedy this situation.
X-Boorman digital revival 2021
In 2021, X-Boorman: a digital revival announced "X-Boorman", a project of Elites, Networks and Power in modern China. The project allows entrance into BDRC original articles and produces data sets and a graph visualization instrument to feed into the Modern China Biographical Database.
Volumes
. Online at Internet Archive here.
Online at Internet Archive here
Online at Internet Archive here.
Online at Internet Archive here.
Further reading
Armand, Cécile, and Christian Henriot. "Chapter 3 X-Boorman: The Biographical Dictionary of Republican China in the Digital Age". In Knowledge, Power, and Networks, (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2022) doi: 10.1163/9789004520479_004
Notes
External links
Books about China
1967 books
1970 books
1971 books
1979 books
Biographical dictionaries |
Mount Pleasant Methodist Church is historic Methodist church in Waldron, Arkansas. It is a single-story wood-frame structure, originally built in 1891 on land donated by Joseph Self, a locally prominent farmer. The church is finished in weatherboard, and has a steeply pitched gable roof, with a bell tower at the front (north) end. A shed-roof addition extends to the south (rear) of the building. The interior features a distinctive gambrel ceiling, finished in flush pine boards painted white.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Scott County, Arkansas
References
Methodist churches in Arkansas
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Churches completed in 1891
Buildings and structures in Scott County, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Scott County, Arkansas |
The men's triple jump at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics will be held at the Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys on 13 and 15 July.
Medalists
Records
, the existing world junior and championship records were as follows.
Results
Qualification
Qualification: Standard 15.90 m (Q) or at least best 12 qualified (q)
Final
Participation
According to an unofficial count, 29 athletes from 25 countries participated in the event.
References
External links
WJC12 triple jump schedule
Triple Jump
Triple jump at the World Athletics U20 Championships |
Rodney Carl Rowe (born 30 July 1975) is an English former footballer who played for a number of clubs in Northern England.
Career
Huddersfield Town
Rowe signed a professional contract at Huddersfield Town on 12 July 1993, where he spent 5 years at his home-town club. He played a total of 46 games, mostly from the sub's bench, and scored five goals. One of these goals came in a Football League Trophy tie where he scored the winner. Rowe also played for Scarborough and Bury during this time, on loan. He played three games for Bury without scoring, and played 18 for Scarborough scoring twice in all competitions.
York City
Rowe spent three years at York, playing 108 games and scoring 28 in all competitions. He received a £150 fine in March 1998, while playing for City, after pushing a woman into a wheelie bin, admitting to common assault at Selby Magistrates' Court. Also during this time Rowe was loaned out to Halifax Town.
Gillingham
Rowe signed for Gillingham on 23 November 1999 for £30,000 and failed to impress. He played 23 games in all competitions, 14 of those appearances coming from the bench, scoring just four goals during that time.
Hull City
Rowe signed for Hull City in 2001 on a free transfer. Hull turned out to be his last Football League club and scored eight goals in 37 appearances. Rowe then dropped down to non-League, in 2002, to play for Emley.
Non-League career
Only months after signing for Emley, where Rowe played 15 game and scored four goals, he signed for Ashton United. In 2003, he left Ashton for Ossett Town where he stayed until 2005 when he moved onto Farsley Celtic. He stayed there until 2006 and signed for Bradford Park Avenue. Rowe is thought to have left the club soon after signing.
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Huddersfield
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Scarborough F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
York City F.C. players
Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Wakefield F.C. players
Ashton United F.C. players
Ossett Town A.F.C. players
Farsley Celtic F.C. players
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. players
English Football League players |
Kleis' Kunsthandel was a commercial art gallery, frame shop and gilder's business in Copenhagen, Denmark. It developed into one of the leading art dealers in the city under the management of Vakdemar Kleis, its owner from 1878 until 1918. It was based at Vesterbrogade 58 from 1878 until 1972. It hosted the first Den Frie Udstilling (Free Exhibition) in 1891. Another branch was located at Østergade 4. It closed in 1988.
History
Origins
The company was founded in 1831 when Jeppe Jensen Kleis (1804-1882) established a glazier's business and frame shop in Vesterbro.
Little is known about his early life. It is believed that he came from Lemvig. His htpimds for assuming the name Kleis(s) are unknown. He was married to Ane Mathea Severin (1817-1905) Four of their eight children survived to adulthood. They resided at Udenbus Vester Quarter outside Copenhagen's Western City Gate at the time of the 1840 and 1845 census-
Valdemar Kleis, 18681918
In 1868, Jeppe Jensen Kleis passed the company to his son, Valdemar Kleis (1845-1918), under whose management it would later develop into one of the leading art dealers in the city. Valdemar Kleis expanded the activities with a gilding business, specializing in the gilding of artistically carved frames. The company was from 1878 based at Vesterbrogade 58. The building was identical to the adjacent Wegener House at No. 60. Kleis would later also open a branch at Østergade 4 in the city centre. He was the owner of both buildings.
Kleis' Kunsthandel hosted the first Den Frie Udstilling- It opened on 27 March 1891.
had his debut as an artist at an exhibition in Kleis' Kunsthandel in 1893.
In 1893, Kleis arranged a large exhibition with young French artists with assistance from Mogens Ballin. The artists represented on the exhibition included Vuillard, Bonnard, Sérusier, Banson,
Bernard and Grafikeren Valloton. Lleis had to guarantee DKK 1,000 worth of sales and also paid for the fraight. The exhibition was no commercial succes, partly because the works that were sent very small to the extent that Ludvig Find described it as #almost like a stamp collection"..
The Vesterbrogade building was at some point expanded with a Mansard roof with a three-bay gabled wall dormer.
Kleis resided with his family in the apartment on the first floor of his Besterbro building at the time of the 1880 and 1885 census. He later bought a villa at Strandmøllen in Springforbi north of Copenhagen. He also owned a villa in Vedbæk and later Villa Strandbakken on Nordre Strandvej in Rungsted. His daughter Ekba married on 4 September 1909 the Nørrebro-based furniture maker Rudolph Rasmussen.
Georg Kleis
The firm was after Valdemar Kleis' death in 1918 handed down to his son Georg Kleis (1893-1980). Another son, sculptor Hjalmar Kleis (1883-1965), managed a branch on Strøget.
In 1918, Kleis' Kunsthandel played host to Herwarth Walden's Der Sturm. International Kunst. Ekspressionister og kubister.
He owned Sjælsøvang north of Copenhagen. He was an enthusiastic fruit grower and beekeeper. He also owned a house in Hornbæk.
Closure
The branch on Vesterbrogade closed after Georg Kleis' death in 1972. Its former building was destroyed by fire on 17 October 1973 and was later reconstructed to a different design.
The Strøget branch was at some point ceded to Vagn Aage Axelsen (1919-96). It specialized in classical art.
Further reading
Kleis, Georg: [https://bibliotek.dk/da/work/870970-basis:41365811
Valdemar Kleis : 1845 - 7. januar - 1945 : den gamle Kunsthandel paa Vesterbro]] (1945)
References
External links
Svend Hammershøi exhibition
Shops in Copenhagen
Defunct companies of Denmark
Danish companies established in 1831 |
Yoshitaka is a masculine Japanese given name and a Japanese surname.
Possible writings
Yoshitaka can be written using many different combinations of kanji characters. Here are some examples:
義孝, "justice, filial piety"
義隆, "justice, noble"
義貴, "justice, precious"
義高, "justice, tall"
吉孝, "good luck,filial piety"
吉隆, "good luck, noble"
吉貴, "good luck, precious"
吉高, "good luck, tall"
善孝, "virtuous, filial piety"
善隆, "virtuous, noble"
善貴, "virtuous, precious"
善高, "virtuous, tall"
芳孝, "fragrant/virtuous, filial piety"
芳隆, "fragrant/virtuous, noble"
芳貴, "fragrant/virtuous, precious"
芳高, "fragrant/virtuous, tall"
好孝, "good/like something, filial piety"
喜孝, "rejoice, filial piety"
喜隆, "rejoice, noble"
慶隆, "congratulate, noble"
由貴, "reason, precious"
由高, "reason, tall"
The name can also be written in hiragana よしたか or katakana ヨシタカ.
Notable people with the given name Yoshitaka
, Japanese artist
, Japanese basketball player
, Japanese anesthesiologist
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese businessman
, Japanese daimyō
, Japanese video game composer and bass guitarist
, Japanese shogi player
, Japanese long-distance runner
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese samurai
, Japanese daimyō
, Japanese baseball player
, Japanese politician
, Japanese video game designer
, Japanese middle-distance runner
, Japanese daimyō
, Japanese video game composer
, Japanese politician
, Japanese politician
, Japanese actor
, Japanese rugby sevens player
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese golfer
Notable people with the surname Yoshitaka
, Japanese judoka
, Japanese actress
Fictional characters
Yoshitaka Moriyama (森山 由孝), a character in the manga series Kuroko's Basketball
Yoshitaka Nakabayashi (中林 義貴), protagonist of the manga series He is my Master
Yoshitaka Waya (和谷 義高), character in Hikaru no Go
See also
Yositaka
Japanese-language surnames
Japanese masculine given names
Masculine given names |
In mathematics, the theory of finite sphere packing concerns the question of how a finite number of equally-sized spheres can be most efficiently packed. The question of packing finitely many spheres has only been investigated in detail in recent decades, with much of the groundwork being laid by László Fejes Tóth.
The similar problem for infinitely many spheres has a longer history of investigation, from which the Kepler conjecture is most well-known. Atoms in crystal structures can be simplistically viewed as closely-packed spheres and treated as infinite sphere packings thanks to their large number.
Sphere packing problems are distinguished between packings in given containers and free packings. This article primarily discusses free packings.
Packing and convex hulls
In general, a packing refers to any arrangement of a set of spatially-connected, possibly differently-sized or differently-shaped objects in space such that none of them overlap. In the case of the finite sphere packing problem, these objects are restricted to equally-sized spheres. Such a packing of spheres determines a specific volume known as the convex hull of the packing, defined as the smallest convex set that includes all the spheres.
Packing shapes
There are many possible ways to arrange spheres, which can be classified into three basic groups: sausage, pizza, and cluster packing.
Sausage packing
An arrangement in which the midpoint of all the spheres lie on a single straight line is called a sausage packing, as the convex hull has a sausage-like shape. An approximate example in real life is the packing of tennis balls in a tube, though the ends must be rounded for the tube to coincide with the actual convex hull.
Pizza packing
If all the midpoints lie on a plane, the packing is a pizza packing. Approximate real-life examples of this kind of packing include billiard balls being packed in a triangle as they are set up. This holds for packings in three-dimensional Euclidean space.
Cluster packing
If the midpoints of the spheres are arranged throughout 3D space, the packing is termed a cluster packing. Real-life approximations include fruit being packed in multiple layers in a box.
Relationships between types of packing
By the given definitions, any sausage packing is technically also a pizza packing, and any pizza packing is technically also a cluster packing. In the more general case of dimensions, "sausages" refer to one-dimensional arrangements, "clusters" to -dimensional arrangements, and "pizzas" to those with an in-between number of dimensions.
One or two spheres always make a sausage. With three, a pizza packing (that is not also a sausage) becomes possible, and with four or more, clusters (that are not also pizzas) become possible.
Optimal packing
The empty space between spheres varies depending on the type of packing. The amount of empty space is measured in the packing density, which is defined as the ratio of the volume of the spheres to the volume of the total convex hull. The higher the packing density, the less empty space there is in the packing and thus the smaller the volume of the hull (in comparison to other packings with the same number and size of spheres).
To pack the spheres efficiently, it might be asked which packing has the highest possible density. It is easy to see that such a packing should have the property that the spheres lie next to each other, that is, each sphere should touch another on the surface. A more exact phrasing is to form a graph which assigns a vertex for each sphere and connects vertices with edges whenever the corresponding spheres if their surfaces touch. Then the highest-density packing must satisfy the property that the corresponding graph is connected.
Sausage catastrophe
With three or four spheres, the sausage packing is optimal. It is believed that this holds true for any up to along with . For and , a cluster packing exists that is more efficient that the sausage packing, as shown in 1992 by Jörg Wills and Pier Mario Gandini. It remains unknown what these most efficient cluster packings look like. For example, in the case , it is known that the optimal packing is not a tetrahedral packing like the classical packing of cannon balls, but is likely some kind of octahedral shape.
The sudden transition in optimal packing shape is jokingly known by some mathematicians as the sausage catastrophe (Wills, 1985). The designation catastrophe comes from the fact that the optimal packing shape suddenly shifts from the orderly sausage packing to the relatively unordered cluster packing and vice versa as one goes from one number to another, without a satisfying explanation as to why this happens. Even so, the transition in three dimensions is relatively tame; in dimensions the sudden transition is conjectured to happen around 377000 spheres.
For dimensions , the optimal packing is always either a sausage or a cluster, and never a pizza. It is an open problem whether this holds true for all dimensions. This result only concerns spheres and not other convex bodies; in fact Gritzmann and Arhelger observed that for any dimension there exists a convex shape for which the closest packing is a pizza.
Example of the sausage packing being non-optimal
In the following section it is shown that for 455 spheres the sausage packing is non-optimal, and that there instead exists a special cluster packing that occupies a smaller volume.
The volume of a convex hull of a sausage packing with spheres of radius is calculable with elementary geometry. The middle part of the hull is a cylinder with length while the caps at the end are half-spheres with radius . The total volume is therefore given by.
Similarly, it is possible to find the volume of the convex hull of a tetrahedral packing, in which the spheres are arranged so that they form a tetrahedral shape, which only leads to completely filled tetrahedra for specific numbers of spheres. If there are spheres along one edge of the tetrahedron, the total number of spheres is given by
.
Now the inradius of a tetrahedral with side length is
.
From this we have
.
The volume of the tetrahedron is then given by the formula
In the case of many spheres being arranged inside a tetrahedron, the length of an edge increases by twice the radius of a sphere for each new layer, meaning that for layers the side length becomes
.
Substituting this value into the volume formula for the tetrahedron, we know that the volume of the convex hull must be smaller than the tetrahedron itself, so that
.
Taking the number of spheres in a tetrahedron of layers and substituting into the earlier expression to get the volume of the convex hull of a sausage packing with the same number of spheres, we have
.
For , which translates to spheres the coefficient in front of is about 2845 for the tetrahedral packing and 2856 for the sausage packing, which implies that for this number of spheres the tetrahedron is more closely packed.
It is also possible with some more effort to derive the exact formula for the volume of the tetrahedral convex hull , which would involve subtracting the excess volume at the corners and edges of the tetrahedron. This allows the sausage packing to be proved non-optimal for smaller values of and therefore .
Sausage conjecture
The term sausage comes from the mathematician László Fejes Tóth, who posited the sausage conjecture in 1975, which concerns a generalized version of the problem to spheres, convex hulls, and volume in higher dimensions. A generalized sphere in dimensions is a -dimensional body in which every boundary point lies equally far away from the midpoint. Fejes Tóth's sausage conjecture then states that from upwards it is always optimal to arrange the spheres along a straight line. That is, the sausage catastrophe no longer occurs once we go above 4 dimensions. The overall conjecture remains open. The best results so far are those of Ulrich Betke und Martin Henk, who proved the conjecture for dimensions 42 and above.
Parametric density and related methods
While it may be proved that the sausage packing is not optimal for 56 spheres, and that there must be some other packing that is optimal, it is not known what the optimal packing looks like. It is difficult to find the optimal packing as there is no "simple" formula for the volume of an arbitrarily shaped cluster. Optimality (and non-optimality) is shown through appropriate estimates of the volume, using methods from convex geometry, such as the Brunn-Minkowski inequality, mixed Minkowski volumes and Steiner's formula. A crucial step towards a unified theory of both finite and infinite (lattice and non-lattice) sphere packings was the introduction of parametric densities by Jörg Wills in 1992. The parametric density takes into account the influence of the edges of the packing.
The definition of density used earlier concerns the volume of the convex hull of the spheres (or convex bodies) :
where is the convex hull of the midpoints of the spheres (instead of the sphere, we can also take an arbitrary convex body for ). For a linear arrangement (sausage), the convex hull is a line segment through all the midpoints of the spheres. The plus sign in the formula refers to Minkowski addition of sets, so that refers to the volume of the convex hull of the spheres.
This definition works in two dimensions, where Laszlo Fejes-Toth, Claude Rogers and others used it to formulate a unified theory of finite and infinite packings. In three dimensions, Wills gives a simple argument that such a unified theory is not possible based on this definition: The densest finite arrangement of coins in three dimensions is the sausage with . However, the optimal infinite arrangement is a hexagonal arrangement with , so the infinite value cannot be obtained as a limit of finite values. To solve this issue, Wills introduces a modification to the definition by adding a positive parameter :
allows the influence of the edges to be considered (giving the convex hull a certain thickness). This is then combined with methods from the theory of mixed volumes and geometry of numbers by Hermann Minkowski.
For each dimension there are parameter values and such that for the sausage is the densenst packing (for all integers ), while for and suffiricently large the cluster is densest. These parameters are dimension-specific. In two dimensions, so that there is a transition from sausages to clusters (sausage catastrophe).
There holds an inequality:
where the volume of the unit ball in dimensions is . For , we have and it is predicted that this holds for all dimensions, in which case the value of can be found from that of .
References
Euclidean solid geometry |
Jason Harris (born 24 November 1976) is an English footballer who played in the English Football League for a number of clubs before dropping into non-League football.
References
External links
English men's footballers
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Dover Athletic F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Harrogate Town A.F.C. players
Nuneaton Borough F.C. players
Goole A.F.C. players
Bridlington Town A.F.C. players
Ossett Town A.F.C. players
Selby Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
1976 births
Living people
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Sutton, London |
```xml
import { ApplicationRef, NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { platformBrowserDynamic } from '@angular/platform-browser-dynamic';
import { bootloader, createInputTransfer, createNewHosts, hmrModule, removeNgStyles } from '@angularclass/hmr';
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';
import { ApolloModule, Apollo } from 'apollo-angular';
import { HttpLinkModule } from 'apollo-angular-link-http';
import { RouterModule } from '@angular/router';
import { take } from 'rxjs/operators';
import { StoreModule, Store } from '@ngrx/store';
import { apiUrl, createApolloClient, log } from '@gqlapp/core-common';
import ClientModule from '@gqlapp/module-client-angular';
import { MainComponent, metaReducers } from './Main';
const createApp = async (modules: ClientModule) => {
const client = createApolloClient({
apiUrl,
createNetLink: modules.createNetLink,
createLink: modules.createLink,
connectionParams: modules.connectionParams,
clientResolvers: modules.resolvers,
});
@NgModule({
declarations: [MainComponent],
bootstrap: [MainComponent],
imports: [
BrowserModule,
HttpClientModule,
ApolloModule,
HttpLinkModule,
RouterModule.forRoot(modules.routes),
StoreModule.forRoot(modules.reducers, { metaReducers }),
...modules.modules,
],
providers: [],
})
class MainModule {
constructor(public appRef: ApplicationRef, apollo: Apollo, private appStore: Store<any>) {
apollo.setClient(client);
}
public hmrOnInit(store: any) {
if (!store || !store.state) {
return;
}
this.appStore.dispatch({ type: 'SET_ROOT_STATE', payload: store.state });
log.debug('Updating front-end', store.state.data);
// inject AppStore here and update it
// this.AppStore.update(store.state)
if ('restoreInputValues' in store) {
store.restoreInputValues();
}
// change detection
this.appRef.tick();
delete store.state;
delete store.restoreInputValues;
}
public hmrOnDestroy(store: any) {
store.disposeOldHosts = createNewHosts(this.appRef.components.map((cmp) => cmp.location.nativeElement));
this.appStore.pipe(take(1)).subscribe((state) => (store.state = state));
// save input values
store.restoreInputValues = createInputTransfer();
// remove styles
removeNgStyles();
}
public hmrAfterDestroy(store: any) {
// display new elements
store.disposeOldHosts();
delete store.disposeOldHosts;
// anything you need done the component is removed
}
}
function main() {
const result = platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(MainModule);
if (__DEV__) {
result.then((ngModuleRef: any) => {
return hmrModule(ngModuleRef, module);
});
}
}
// boot on document ready
bootloader(main);
};
export default new ClientModule({
onAppCreate: [createApp],
});
``` |
The Castle of Almada () is a medieval castle located in the civil parish of Almada, Cova da Piedade, Pragal e Cacilhas, in the municipality of Almada, Portuguese Setúbal.
History
The castle was founded in a strategic position, on a site settled by Muslim forces during the Iberian occupation, referred to as al-Madan (which means gold mine or silver mine), suggesting that the site was built on mineral extraction in the region or epoch, and referred to in the Geografia Nubiense of Muhammad al-Idrisi (dating to the 12th century.
During the Portuguese Reconquista of Lisbon (around 1147), Almada was assaulted and conquered by the combined forces of King D. Afonso and a crusader army. Following its conquest, the settlement's defenses were reinforced and expanded following the foral (charter) issued of 1170.
King D. Sancho I signed a new foral in 1190. During this period, Almohad forces under the command of caliph Abū Yūssuf Yaʿqūb bin Yūssuf al-Manṣūr following their conquest of the Algarve, advanced to the north, expelling Portuguese forces from citadels in Alcácer do Sal and Palmela, and destroyed the defensive lines in Almada (1191). The Portuguese monarch reconquered the fortifications in 1195, and began the construction of a castle on the site. It was only following the battle of Navas de Tolosa (1212), when Christian forces registered a decisive victory over Muslim forces in the Iberian peninsula, that the lost territories were recaptured from the Tagus to Évora.
On 24 February 1255, King D. Afonso III (1248-1279) reconfirmed to the Order of Santiago, in the person of Master Paio Peres Correia and his commander, the control of the castles first donated by D. Sancho I, and later confirmed by Afonso II (1211-1223), namely Alcácer do Sal, Almadar do Sal, Almada, Arruda and Palmela.
The castle was expanded and reinforced during the reign of King D. Dinis I and, later, under the direction of King Ferdinand (1367-1383).
During the succession crisis of 1383-1385, when the city of Lisbon was under siege (1384), Almada was encircled by forces loyal to Castile, by Condestável D. Nuno Álvares Pereira who was unsuccessful in liberating the region.
During the reign of King D. Manuel I (1495-1521) a tower was constructed on the south wall of the castle fortifications.
During the context of the Portuguese Restoration War (1640-1668), in the reign of King D. Afonso VI (1656-1683) the town was defended by the old castle, and was rebuilt in order to maintain the defense of Lisbon, resulting in the construction of a line of bastions.
The castle was damaged during the events of the Lisbon earthquake (1 November 1755), but was only reconstructed around 1760, obtaining the actual extent and plan.
It was decommissioned in 1825, and Lieutenant Fulgêncio Gomes dos Santos Vale received orders to collect all the arms material onsite, and transfer it the military arsenal in Lisbon. But, the site was garrisoned in 1831, during the context of the Portuguese Civil War (1828-1834). In this period, the site was commanded by Colonel Manuel de Freitas e Paiva. It was visited by King D. Miguel (1828-1834) on 18 February 1832. When Liberals advanced into Lisbon, they defeated Miguelists in the Battle of Cova da Piedade (also known as the Battle of Cacilhas) on 23 June 1833, forcing their retreat to the Castle of Almada. These forces were defeated on the following day.
Between 1865 and 1866 there were repairs completed, in order to coordinate with the various defensive batteries on the southern margin of the Tagus. With the loss of its defensive function, its garrison was reduced and its command assigned to reformist officials, classifying it as a first and second class fort.
In 1868, the public garden was inaugurated, providing landscapes and views of the Tagus.
When the first Portuguese Republic was proclaimed in the country (5 October 1910), it was occupied by Republicans, without any resistance.
During the pandemic of 1918, the site was used to serve as a temporary hospital.
Following the 26 August 1931 revolt, the revolutionary airman José Manuel Sarmento de Beires (who along with António Jacinto de Silva Brito Paes, had completed the first aerial flight from Lisbon to Maucau on 2 April 1924) left the air base at Alverca, to bomb the fortification. He failed in this attempt, with his bomb falling in the town square (today Almada Velha), causing the death of three people and injuring many onlookers, including children flying kites in the vicinity. The name of the square was later referred to as the Largo das Vitimas (square of the victims) on 26 August 1931, with an inscription inscribed on a plaque to mark the tragic event and its victims.
During the Second World War, the castle received new artillery. It was garrisoned until the Carnation Revolution, when the garrison revolted on the day of the event. Following 1976 its installations were occupied by the forces of the GNR Guarda Nacional Republicana (Republican National Guard), when the building was reconstructed for this purpose.
In the 1990s, the municipal authority of Almada, in the ambit of the restoration of the historical centre of Almada Velha, the public garden was reformulated and improved.
By the early 21st century, the castle and fortifications became occupied by a contingent of the Destacamento de Intervenção de Setúbal (Setúbal Intervention Detachment) of the GNR.
References
Notes
Sources
Almada
Almada
Castles of the Order of Santiago
Campo Entrincheirado
Almada |
Serb diaspora () refers to the diaspora communities of ethnic Serbs. It is not to be confused with the Serbian diaspora, which refers to migrants, regardless of ethnicity, from Serbia. Due to generalization in censuses outside former Yugoslavia to exclude ethnicity, the total number of the Serb diaspora population cannot be known by certainty. It is estimated that 2–3 million Serbs live outside former Yugoslavia.
Migrational waves
There were several waves of Serb emigration:
First wave took place since the end of 19th century and lasted until World War II and was caused by economic reasons; particularly large numbers of Serbs (mainly from peripheral ethnic areas such as Herzegovina, Montenegro, Dalmatia, and Lika) emigrated to the United States.
Second wave took place after the end of the World War II. At this time, members of royalist Chetniks and other political opponents of communist regime fled the country mainly going overseas (United States and Australia) and, to a lesser degree, United Kingdom.
Third, and by far the largest wave, was economic emigration started in the 1960s when several Western European countries signed bilateral agreements with Yugoslavia allowing the recruitment of industrial workers to those countries, and lasted until the end of the 1980s. Main destinations were West Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, and to a lesser extent France and Sweden. That generation of diaspora is collectively known as gastarbajteri, after German gastarbeiter, "guest-worker", since most of the emigrants headed for German-speaking countries.
Most recent emigration took place during the 1990s, and was caused by both political and economic reasons. The Yugoslav wars caused many Serbs from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to leave their countries in the first half of the 1990s. The international economic sanctions imposed on Serbia caused economic collapse with an estimated 300,000 people leaving Serbia during that period, 20% of which had a higher education.
Serb diaspora by states
Notable people
The list include Serbs born abroad, people of full or partial Serbian descent and immigrants from Serbia or Serbian native communities who made significant career abroad.
Actors
Sasha Alexander
Milla Jovovich
Stana Katic
Karl Malden
Bojana Novakovic
Holly Valance
Natasha Stankovic
Artists and designers
Roksanda Ilincic
Beauty pageants and models
Tijana Arnautović
Myriam Klink
Veruska Ljubisavljević
Romina Mattar
Monika Radulovic
Military people
Pierre Marinovitch
Mikhail Miloradovich
Peter Tekeli
Marko Ivanovich Voinovich
Matija Zmajevic
Musicians
Alex Lifeson
Alexander Zonjic
Luigi von Kunits
Lene Lovich
Politicians
Claudia Pavlovich Arellano
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha
Sava Vladislavich
George Voinovich
Scientists
Mileva Marić
Mihajlo Pupin
Miodrag Radulovacki
Nikola Tesla
Sportspeople
Jelena Dokic
Milan Lucic
Pete Maravich
Kristina Mladenovic
Milan Vučićević
Daniel Nestor
Andrea Petkovic
Gregg Popovich
Milos Raonic
Alex Smith
Velimir Stjepanović
Danijel Šarić
Milan Trajkovic
James Trifunov
Bill Vukovich
Gisela Dulko
Víctor Manuel Vucetich
Luka Dončić
Writers
Charles Simic
Steve Tesich
Vladimir Voinovich
Other
Nick Vujicic
See also
Serbian diaspora
Office for Cooperation with the Diaspora and Serbs in the Region
Notes
References
Sources |
```smalltalk
using System.IO;
using System.Threading;
using JetBrains.Annotations;
namespace Volo.Abp.BlobStoring;
public class BlobProviderSaveArgs : BlobProviderArgs
{
[NotNull]
public Stream BlobStream { get; }
public bool OverrideExisting { get; }
public BlobProviderSaveArgs(
[NotNull] string containerName,
[NotNull] BlobContainerConfiguration configuration,
[NotNull] string blobName,
[NotNull] Stream blobStream,
bool overrideExisting = false,
CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
: base(
containerName,
configuration,
blobName,
cancellationToken)
{
BlobStream = Check.NotNull(blobStream, nameof(blobStream));
OverrideExisting = overrideExisting;
}
}
``` |
Eugenie Peterson (, ; 22 May, 1899 – 25 April 2002), known as Indra Devi, was a pioneering teacher of yoga as exercise, and an early disciple of the "father of modern yoga", Tirumalai Krishnamacharya.
She went to India in her twenties, becoming a film star there and acquiring the stage name Indra Devi. She was the first woman to study under the yoga guru Krishnamacharya at the Mysore Palace, alongside B.K.S Iyengar and K. Pattabhi Jois who went on to become yoga gurus. Moving to China, she taught the first yoga classes in that country at Madame Chiang Kai-shek's house.
Her popularization of yoga in America through her many celebrity pupils in Hollywood, and her books advocating yoga for stress relief, earned her the nickname "first lady of yoga". Her biographer, Michelle Goldberg, wrote that Devi "planted the seeds for the yoga boom of the 1990s".
Early years
Eugenie "Zhenya" Peterson was born on 12 May 1899 in Riga in the Russian Empire (now Latvia), to Vasili Peterson, a Swedish bank director, and Aleksandra Labunskaya, a Russian noblewoman who acted at the Nezlobina Theatre. Eugenie was given a Russian Orthodox baptism. She went to high school in Saint Petersburg, graduating with a gold medal in 1917. She briefly attended drama school in Moscow. In the Russian Revolution, her father served as an army officer and went missing in action in the civil war. Eugenie and her mother escaped to Latvia as the Bolsheviks came to power in 1917, losing the family fortune; in 1920 they moved to Poland, and in 1921 to Berlin, where she became an actress and dancer.
In 1926, attracted by a notice in a bookshop in Tallinn, she went to hear Jiddu Krishnamurti at a Theosophical Society meeting in the Netherlands; his chanting of Sanskrit mantras around a campfire had a powerful effect on her. She later said "It seemed to me, I was hearing a forgotten call, familiar, but distant. From that day everything in me turned upside down."
Career
India
Devi's fascination with India began at 15 when she read a book by poet-philosopher Rabindranath Tagore and a yoga instruction book by Yogi Ramacharaka. In Berlin, she worked as an actor in The Blue Bird, touring Europe, and accepted a proposal of marriage from the banker Herman Bolm, on condition she could first go to India; he agreed and paid for the trip. She set off on 17 November 1927, crossing India from south to north, wearing a sari for the first time, sitting on the floor and eating with her fingers. She came back three months later, a changed woman, speaking only of India, and returned Bolm's engagement ring. She soon went back to India, selling her valuables to pay for the trip. At the Theosophical Society in Adyar (Madras, now Chennai), dancing "an Indian temple dance", she met Jawaharlal Nehru, starting a long-term friendship, and the Indian film director Bhagwati Mishra, who gave her a part in Sher-e-Arab (Arabian Knight): the 1930 premiere made her a film star in India, under a new stage name, Indra Devi. In 1930, she married Jan Strakaty, a commercial attache to the Czechoslovak consulate in Bombay, and for some years lived as a society hostess there.
She became interested in yoga, Nepal's prince Mussoorie showing her some asanas, and she was impressed by the yoga guru Krishnamacharya's demonstration of apparently stopping his heart. She asked to study with him; in 1938, he reluctantly accepted her as a student after his employer, the Maharaja of Mysore, spoke on her behalf. She was obliged to keep to the strict vegetarian diet and the monastic hours, with lights out at 9pm. She was the first foreign woman among his students in the yogasala in the Mysore Palace, studying alongside B.K.S Iyengar and K. Pattabhi Jois who went on to become world-famous yoga teachers. When she was leaving India to follow her husband to China, Krishnamacharya asked her to work as a yoga teacher there.
China
In 1939, she held what are believed to be the first yoga classes in China and opened a school in Shanghai at the house of Madame Chiang Kai-shek, wife of the nationalist leader and a new yoga enthusiast.
The classes began with 20 minutes of relaxation in shavasana, followed by bridge, shoulderstand, gentle backbends such as cobra pose, lotus position (including leaning right forward into Yogamudrasana), and headstand, against a wall for beginners. There were many Americans and Russians among her pupils; she also taught free classes in orphanages. More and more people began to call her Mataji, which means "respected mother".
India and China
Her husband died unexpectedly in 1946, and Devi returned to India, arriving in Bombay as the British Raj was coming to an end. She was hosted by the maharajah of Tehri Garhwal at his palace in the Himalayas. She was hoping to stay in Kashmir to teach yoga in a centre to be run by the Cambodian monk Bellong Mahathera, but her mother called her back to Shanghai, where Devi's house was being requisitioned by the army in the Chinese Civil War. Devi arrived there in time to sell many of her possessions before the house was taken over. She claimed later that she had wanted to return to India, but she obtained a United States visa, and sailed on the troopship USS General W. H. Gordon to San Francisco at the end of 1947.
United States
In California, assisted by her experience as a diplomat's wife with a patrician manner and the natural confidence of the wealthy, she met the author and philosopher Aldous Huxley and Krishnamurti, giving her access to spiritually-inclined Americans; an especially valuable contact was the diet and health guru Paul Bragg, who advised film and stage stars. In 1948 she opened a yoga studio at 8806 Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, the first in Los Angeles; she had a distinctive style and appearance, as she normally wore a sari. Her friends Magaña and Walt Baptiste opened a yoga school in San Francisco in 1952; she became godmother to their son Baron Baptiste, who went on to found Baron Baptiste Power Yoga.
Devi taught her own form of hatha yoga, with asanas (postures) and pranayama (breath control); she avoided spiritual teaching, which she preferred to leave to yoga gurus. Her teaching style was in Stefanie Syman's words "gentle and even relaxing". She was almost immediately successful in attracting leading stars, including men as well as women; Syman notes that "she could charm the pants off men". Elliott Goldberg gives a different explanation for her success, attributing it to her packaging of yoga for women as a "beauty secret, youth elixir, and health tonic". More generally, in his view, Devi saw yoga as a remedy for anxiety and stress, noting that this transformed yoga from something that dissolved the ego to something that strengthened it, because, he commented, Americans did want to change "but not all that much". Devi's advocacy of yoga for stress relief contributed, in Goldberg's view, to the widespread acceptance of yoga in America, and earned her the nickname "first lady of yoga".
She taught yoga to many celebrities including Greta Garbo, Eva Gabor, and Gloria Swanson. Also among her students were Ramon Novarro, Robert Ryan, Yul Brynner, Jennifer Jones, and the violinist Yehudi Menuhin, who brought Iyengar to the West.
Her books, including the 1953 Forever Young, Forever Healthy and the 1959 Yoga for Americans described a gentle, relaxing style of yoga using a small number of asanas, practised slowly. Devi's biographer, Michelle Goldberg, describes Yoga for Americans as having "a chipper, secular practicality perfectly calibrated for Eisenhower's America." Devi introduced the book as of value to artists, "businessmen and sportsmen, models and housewives" and office workers. Menuhin wrote the foreword. The two books were "an enormous success", and were translated into languages including French, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, and Spanish.
In 1953 Devi married the German anthroposophical physician Sigfrid Knauer. In the mid-1950s she was granted American citizenship and changed her legal name to Indra Devi. In 1960 she visited the USSR, seeing Saint Petersburg (then Leningrad) for the first time in 40 years, and meeting the government ministers Andrei Gromyko and Alexei Kosygin at the Indian ambassador's reception at the Sovetskaya Hotel. Devi later recorded several instructional talks on yoga, including "Renew Your Life with Yoga."
Latin America
In 1961, Knauer bought Devi a large ranch near Tecate in Mexico; she opened the Indra Devi Foundation there. From 1966, she became close to the Hindu guru Sathya Sai Baba, and she travelled often from Tecate to Bangalore and Puttaparthi. She closed the Tecate operation in 1977 and moved with her very ill husband to Bangalore. In 1984 she and Knauer made a trip to Sri Lanka, where he died.
In 1985 she moved to Argentina. In 1987 she was elected president of honour of the International Yoga Federation, and of the Latin American Union of Yoga under the presidency of Swami Maitreyananda at Montevideo, Uruguay. She died in Buenos Aires in 2002.
Legacy
Biographer Michelle Goldberg comments that for most of her life, Devi's "only goal" was to bring yoga to the West, and when it became "a ubiquitous part of cosmopolitan urban culture, signifier of a lifestyle at once wholesome and sexy" in the 1990s, she had certainly succeeded, even if the new yoga is "much more vigorous than the style she taught".
Yoga remains, Goldberg writes, as Devi had made it, a predominantly female pursuit, despite the energetic workouts of Power Yoga; she created the link in the Western mind between yoga and organic food, "holistic spas, and biodynamic beauty products". Goldberg also notes that yoga in the West is "a hybrid culture", with "an immense gulf between the limber young women in Lululemon yoga gear ... and the ash-smeared half-naked yogins .. on the banks of the Ganges".
Works
See also
Yoga in Russia
Yoga in the United States
Notes
References
Sources
An authorised English version of the article is available on the Wild Yogi website.
1899 births
2002 deaths
People from Riga
People from Kreis Riga
Russian yogis
American yoga teachers
American centenarians
Converts to Hinduism
Russian Hindus
Russian people of Swedish descent
Russian centenarians
American Hindus
American people of Swedish descent
American people of Russian descent
Modern yoga pioneers
Women centenarians
Naturalized citizens of the United States |
Tyler Mitchell (born April 12, 1995) is an American photographer. He is based in Brooklyn, New York, and is best known for his cover photo of Beyoncé for the cover of Vogue.
Early life
Mitchell grew up in Marietta, Georgia. In ninth grade, he purchased a Canon camera and taught himself how to make skateboarding videos. He was inspired by Spike Jonze to learn how to make videos and taught himself how to edit through YouTube tutorials. Mitchell attended The Westminster Schools of Atlanta.
In 2015, Mitchell created and published his first book at the age of 20 after visiting Havana, Cuba, on a six-week photography program. While he was there he documented skateboarding life and the architecture in Havana and turned it into a 108-page book called El Paquete.
Mitchell went on to attend New York University Tisch School of the Arts, where he studied cinematography in film and television. While at Tisch, he studied with Deborah Willis and graduated in 2017.
Career
Before photographing Beyoncé for the cover of American Vogues September 2018 issue at the age of 23, he got a lot of experience making and editing short films at home and also shot music videos for rapper Kevin Abstract during his freshman year of college. Additionally, before the Vogue cover, Mitchell worked with Teen Vogue to document and photograph teen gun control activists for the magazine's digital issue. A couple months later, Mitchell became the first African American to photograph for the cover of American Vogue, and also one of the youngest photographers ever to do so. In 2019, the Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery acquired one of the portraits of Beyoncé by Mitchell for their permanent collection.
Mitchell has also shot for companies like Marc Jacobs, JW Anderson, Converse, Nike, and Givenchy. His work includes fashion photography, artistic photography, and film projects, which include autobiographical topics and themes of identity.
In 2019, Mitchell had his first solo exhibition at the Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam from April 19 to June 5 called I Can Make You Feel Good, which included video works, photographs, and installations. The exhibition traveled to the International Center of Photography in New York and was shown there until May 2020.
Legacy and style
Mitchell has been praised for documenting nuanced expressions of black life, which he has referred to as a "Black utopic vision". His exhibition I Can Make You Feel Good features photographs of black people enjoying daily life, predominantly outdoors, which The New York Times asserts "challenges the art historical renderings of leisure time as the purview of the white gentry." He explores cultural reclamation in his professional work as fashion photographer.
Mitchell cites Ryan McGinley and Larry Clark as early influences. His work has also been contextualized in reference to artists including Kehinde Wiley, Jamel Shabazz, and Nadine Ijewere.
Exhibitions
I'm Doing Pretty Hood in My Pink Polo, Red Hook Labs Gallery and Aperture Gallery, 2018
Labs New Artists II (group exhibition), Red Hook Labs Gallery, Brooklyn, New York, June 2018
The Way We Live Now (group exhibition), Aperture Foundation, New York City June – August 2018
I Can Make You Feel Good, Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam, April–June 2019
I Can Make You Feel Good, International Center of Photography, Jan 2020 – May 2020
Books
I Can Make You Feel Good. 2020.
Awards
Forbes 30 under 30 - Art & Style 2019
British Fashion Council - New Wave Creative
Dazed Digital - Dazed 100 2016
BET - BET's Future 40 list 2020
2021 Award for Editorial, Advertising and Fashion Photography, Royal Photographic Society
References
External links
Living people
African-American photographers
21st-century American photographers
The Westminster Schools alumni
People from Marietta, Georgia
1995 births
Photographers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Artists from Atlanta
American photographers
21st-century African-American artists |
```xml
import { expect } from '@playwright/test';
import { loadFixture } from '../../playwright/paths';
import { test } from '../../playwright/test';
test.describe('Design interactions', async () => {
test.slow(process.platform === 'darwin' || process.platform === 'win32', 'Slow app start on these platforms');
test('Unit Test interactions', async ({ app, page }) => {
// Setup
await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Create in project' }).click();
const text = await loadFixture('unit-test.yaml');
await app.evaluate(async ({ clipboard }, text) => clipboard.writeText(text), text);
await page.getByRole('menuitemradio', { name: 'Import' }).click();
await page.locator('[data-test-id="import-from-clipboard"]').click();
await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Scan' }).click();
await page.getByRole('dialog').getByRole('button', { name: 'Import' }).click();
await page.getByText('unit-test.yaml').click();
// Switch to Test tab
await page.click('a:has-text("Test")');
// Run tests and check results
await page.getByLabel('Run all tests').click();
await expect(page.locator('.app')).toContainText('Request A is found');
await expect(page.locator('.app')).toContainText('Request B is not found');
await expect(page.locator('.app')).toContainText('Tests passed');
// Create a new test suite
await page.click('text=New test suite');
// Rename test suite
await page.getByRole('heading', { name: 'New Suite' }).locator('span').dblclick();
await page.getByRole('textbox').fill('New Suite 2');
await page.getByRole('textbox').press('Enter');
// Add a new test
await page.getByLabel('New test').click();
// Rename test
await page.getByLabel('Unit tests').getByRole('heading', { name: 'Returns' }).locator('div').dblclick();
await page.getByLabel('Unit tests').getByRole('textbox').fill('Returns 200 and works');
await page.getByLabel('Unit tests').getByRole('textbox').press('Enter');
await page.getByLabel('Unit tests').getByText('Returns 200 and works').click();
// Use autocomplete inside the test code
// TODO(filipe) - add this in another PR
});
});
``` |
New Pelion Hut is the largest alpine hut in the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park in the Central Highlands of Tasmania, Australia
History
It was built in 2001. It sleeps up to 60 people, in six separate rooms, and has a large common area that can be divided in two by a roller door. It is heated by a small gas heater that runs for 45-minute intervals. New Pelion Hut is located approximately halfway along the Overland Track, approximately 100 m from the Douglas Creek, and is a popular base for several day walks. Even though the hut is relatively new, it suffers from condensation. It is recommended that some of the windows are to left ajar.
Facilities
New Pelion Hut has similar facilities to most of the other huts on the Overland Track. These include:
Bunks (No Mattresses)
Table & Benches
Composting toilet
Rainwater tank
Tent Platforms
Group Campsite (Tent platforms)
Helipad (Authorised use only)
Gas Heater & clothes drying rack
Access
New Pelion Hut is primarily accessed on foot. There is a helipad located next to the hut, however this is mainly used for maintenance and emergencies. There are three maintained walking tracks to access New Pelion Hut:
The Overland Track from Cradle Mountain.
The Overland Track from Lake St Clair.
The Arm River Track from the North East (Near Lake Rowallan).
Surrounding Mountains
There are a number of mountains that can be accessed from New Pelion Hut. These include:
Mount Ossa (Highest Mountain in Tasmania, Australia)
Mount Pelion East
Mount Oakleigh
Mount Thetis
Mount Achilles
Mount Pelion West
References
External links
http://www.cradlehuts.com/index.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20050306190403/http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/recreation/tracknotes/overland.html#huts
Mountain huts in Australia |
Lilium superbum is a species of true lily native to the eastern and central regions of North America. Common names include Turk's cap lily, turban lily, swamp lily, lily royal, or American tiger lily. The native range of the species extends from southern New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New York, west to Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas, and south to Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida.
Description
Lilium superbum grows from high with typically three to seven blooms, but exceptional specimens have been observed with up to 40 flowers on each stem. It is capable of growing in wet conditions. It is fairly variable in size, form, and color. The color is known to range from a deep yellow to orange to a reddish-orange "flame" coloring with reddish petal tips. The flowers have a green star at their center that can be used to distinguish L. superbum from the Asiatic "tigerlilies" that frequently escape from cultivation. It grows in swamps, woods, and wet meadows.
Uses
The roots were a food source for Native Americans, and the flowers provide nectar for hummingbirds and larger insects.
Status
It is listed as endangered in Florida, New Hampshire, Alberta and Saskatchewan and threatened in Kentucky, and exploitably vulnerable in New York.
Etymology
The Turk's cap common name is derived from the reflexed shape of the flower petals, which presumably resemble a type of hat worn by early Turkish people.
Toxicity
Cats
Cats are extremely sensitive to lily toxicity and ingestion is often fatal; households and gardens that are visited by cats are strongly advised against keeping this plant or placing dried flowers where a cat may brush against them and become dusted with pollen that they then consume while cleaning. Suspected cases require urgent veterinary attention. Rapid treatment with activated charcoal and/or induced vomiting can reduce the amount of toxin absorbed (this is time-sensitive so in some cases vets may advise doing it at home), and large amounts of fluid by IV can reduce damage to kidneys to increase the chances of survival.
Traditional uses
The bulbs were made into soups by some Native Americans.
References
External links
USDA Plants Profile for Lilium superbum (turk's-cap lily)
Missouri Botanical Garden, Kemper Center for Home Gardening: Turkscap lily (Lilium superbum)
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Information Network−NPIN: Lilium superbum (Turk's-cap lily) — with horticultural info.
superbum
Flora of the Eastern United States
Flora of the Northeastern United States
Flora of the Southeastern United States
Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Endangered flora of the United States |
Bangladesh Rubber Board (বাংলাদেশ রাবার বোর্ড) is an agency under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change. It was established to revive the almost rubber cultivation. Syeda Sarwar Jahan is the chairman of the board.
History
Bangladesh Rubber Board was established on 5 May 2013 through the Bangladesh Rubber Board Act 2013. In October 2016, Bangladesh joined the Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries. Bangladesh Rubber Board started operations on 30 April 2019.
In October 2020, Syeda Sarwar Jahan was appointed the chairman of the Bangladesh Rubber Board after she retired as chairman of Bangladesh Food Safety Authority. She replaced Md Nurul Alam Chawdhury, who was appointed to the Bangladesh Tea Board.
Almost 68 thousand ton of latex was produced in Bangladesh in 2022. The first rubber industrial fair of Bangladesh was held in Chittagong.
References
Organisations based in Chittagong
2016 establishments in Bangladesh
Government agencies of Bangladesh
Rubber industry |
Yau Yue Commercial Bank () was a bank in Hong Kong.
Background
The bank was founded in 1953. In the banking crisis of 1965, bank runs occurred in several small and medium-sized banks. In 1966, the British Hong Kong government asked The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation to take over the bank. The bank was bankrupted in 1969.
References
Banks established in 1953
Banks disestablished in 1969
Defunct banks of Hong Kong |
David Kwasi Amankwah is a Ghanaian politician. He was the member of the Parliament that represented Asunafo North Constituency of the Brong Ahafo region in the Parliament of Ghana.
Early life and education
Amankwah was born on 16 June 1943 and he hails from the Brong-Ahafo Region of Ghana. He had his tertiary education at the University of Cape Coast in the Central Region. He has a Bachelor of Science degree in education.
Occupation
Kwasi Amankwah is a teacher as well as a politician.
Political career
He was elected into the 1st parliament of the 4th republic of Ghana on 7 January 1993 after he emerged winner at the 1992 Ghanaian parliamentary election held on 29 December 1992.
He was then re-elected into parliament during the 1996 Ghanaian general elections. He contested on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress with Osei Benjamin Kuffour of the New Patriotic Party (NPP) and Michael Maham Nabla of the People's National Convention (PNC). Kwasi Amankwah emerged as winner with 20,326 votes of the valid votes cast. Benjamin Osei Kuffour of the NPP was the 1st runner up with 17,048 votes while PNC's candidate Michael Maham Nabla came third place with a total votes of 618 votes. These represent 41.80%, 35.10% and 1.30% respectively. Kwasi Amankwah represented the Asunafo North Constituency in the Brong Ahafo region and was replaced by Benjamin Osei Kuffour of the NPP in the 2000 Ghanaian General elections.
References
Living people
People from Brong-Ahafo Region
Ghanaian MPs 1997–2001
1943 births |
The Savannah Cotton Exchange was established in 1876 in Savannah, Georgia, United States. Its function was to provide King Cotton factors, brokers serving planters' interest in the market, a place to congregate and set the market value of cotton exported to larger markets such as New York City or London. By the end of the 19th century, factorage was on the decline as more planters were selling their products at interior markets, thus merely shipping them from Savannah via the extensive rail connections between the city and the interior.
The cotton exchange went out of business in 1951.
History
General William Washington Gordon II was a chairman of the exchange after serving in the Battle of Jonesboro (1864).
In the June 10, 1878, edition of the New York Times, the exchange published the following report, sent the previous day, as a summary for May's business:
100 East Bay Street
The exchange moved to 100 East Bay Street location, in 1887, where the building still stands, with the former warehouses down below on River Street now replaced by a tunnel through to Factors Walk. The city allowed the exchange to build on top of Drayton Street ramp, as long as they left the ramp accessible below, hence its unique design. As the Savannah Morning News reported it, the day after its official opening: "The building is built in the center of a slip leading to the river, and is raised thirty-five feet or so from the ground by iron pillars, so as to give free access to River street."
The building's architect was William G. Preston, whose design was favored over eleven other architects. It is located in Savannah's Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and the Cotton Exchange building is a contributing property.
The building has been home to Solomon's Masonic Lodge since 1976. It was established by founder of the Province of Georgia, General James Oglethorpe, in 1734.
On Labor Day in 2006, a car smashed into the building, causing substantial damage.
The Savannah Chamber of Commerce has erroneously been mentioned as currently occupying the building, but they are former tenants, having been there in the first part of the 20th century; they are now based across the street at 101 East Bay Street.
Gallery
References
External links
Old Savannah Cotton Exchange — Historical Marker Database
The rear of the building, and Drayton Street ramp, viewed from River Street – Google Street View, May 2019
Savannah Cotton Exchange
Savannah Cotton Exchange
Cotton Exchange
Cotton Exchange
Savannah Cotton Exchange
Savannah Cotton Exchange
Savannah Cotton Exchange
Savannah Cotton Exchange
Savannah Cotton Exchange
Savannah Historic District
Cotton industry in the United States |
Dr. Fred Noel Spiess (December 25, 1919 – September 8, 2006) was a naval officer, oceanographer and marine explorer. His work created new advances in marine technology including the FLIP Floating Instrument Platform, the Deep Tow vehicle for study of the seafloor, and the use of acoustics for underwater navigation and geodetic positioning.
Education and career
Spiess (pronounced SPEES) was born in Oakland, California. He received an undergraduate degree from the University of California, Berkeley and a master's degree from Harvard University. He received his doctorate in physics from UC Berkeley in 1951.
After graduating in 1941 from Berkeley, he received a commission from the US Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps. During World War II, he made a record 13 war patrols on submarines in the Pacific Ocean and was awarded Silver and Bronze Stars for gallantry in combat. He continued in the Naval Reserve from 1946–56 and retired with the rank of captain, serving as the Deputy Oceanographer of the Navy from 1969 to 1974. Spiess' method for reckoning the position of an object from successive sonar contacts is still a standard for training of US Naval Officers.
Spiess joined the Marine Physical Laboratory at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1952 and served as director of the laboratory from 1958 to 1980. He served as director of the Scripps Institution from 1964 to 1965.
Spiess was awarded the John Price Wetherill Medal in 1965 and the Maurice Ewing Medal in 1983. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1985. He was a fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, and was awarded their Pioneers of Underwater Acoustics Medal in 1985 for "his leadership and insight in applying acoustics to study the ocean and the sea floor, for his many ingenious scientific and engineering contributions; for his introduction of students, scientists, and many others to underwater acoustics."
R/P FLIP
Spiess is worked on the creation of R/P FLIP (Floating Instrument Platform), a unique research platform that is towed to the work area and then rotated to a vertical position to form a stable observation post in deep water. Spiess collaborated with Fred Fisher and Phillip Rudnick in development of the vessel.
FLIP has been used to study the acoustics of whales and other marine mammals, heat exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere, and the effects of seismic waves on water.
Deep Tow
The development of the echo sounder for seafloor mapping was refined during World War II. Soon research ships crossing the oceans outlined the mid-ocean ridges, fracture zones, and deep-sea trenches. Because these devices sent out broad-beam sound waves from the sea surface, details of the seafloor shape remained obscured by fuzzy smeared-out echoes. Ship navigation was so inaccurate that features smaller than a few kilometers across could not be mapped with any certainty. Spiess’ solution to the resolution and mapping problem was twofold; bring the echo sounder close to the seafloor and locate the device within a seabed survey navigation network.
During the 1960s, Spiess and his engineers at the Marine Physical Laboratory of Scripps developed the Deep Tow instrument for mapping the deep seafloor from an altitude of tens of meters. The deep-tow instrument used a narrow-beam downward-looking echosounder, side-scan sonars, and subbottom profiling system to map features in unprecedented detail, e.g., geologic observations that approached that of outcrop mapping for land geologists. Evolution of the Deep Tow to improve seafloor mapping saw the addition of a magnetometer, cameras, video, water samplers, plankton nets, and other instruments as more varied seafloor environments were examined.
The Deep Tow instrument was notably used in Project FAMOUS, the first-ever geologic mapping of the median rift valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Acoustic transponders
Spiess recognized that obtaining detailed images of the seafloor was only one component that is necessary for making geologic maps of the deep-sea floor. The position of the Deep Tow vehicle must be known to within a few meters, thus leading to the development of the first seafloor acoustic transponder positioning system for working in deep water. The acoustic transponder capability eventually evolved into instruments for acoustic geodetic measurements by combining the technologies of seafloor acoustic beacons with shipboard GPS positioning. This geodetic system has been successfully deployed for directly measuring the direction of movement and speed of the oceanic Juan de Fuca lithospheric plate and for documenting movement on submarine landslides.
RISE expedition and black smoker hydrothermal vents
During the mid 1970s, several Deep Tow cruises to the mouth of the Gulf of California at 21o N resulted in production of a geologic map of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) spreading ridge axis. The map was then used as the base for conducting diving programs using both French and US crewed submersibles. These were the CYAMEX and RISE expeditions; the latter led by Spiess and Ken Macdonald. One of Spiess' projects during the RISE expedition (with Bruce Luyendyk) was to use the crewed submersible ALVIN for seafloor gravity measurements across the axis of spreading. The diving expedition ultimately resulted in the discovery of high temperature black-smoker vents for which Spiess and his coauthors received the Newcomb Cleveland Prize for the best paper published in Science magazine in 1980.
Death
Spiess died September 8, 2006, in San Diego, California, of cancer.
See also
Tanya M Atwater
Kathleen Crane
War in the Pacific
Allied submarines in the Pacific War
References
Pearce, Jeremy. (September 25, 2006). Fred N. Spiess, 86; Helped Design Marine Station. The New York Times, p. A27
Obituary notice, Scripps Institution of Oceanography News
American oceanographers
Scripps Institution of Oceanography faculty
1919 births
2006 deaths
Harvard University alumni
Scientists from Oakland, California
People from San Diego
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Deaths from cancer in California
Marine geophysicists
United States Navy personnel of World War II |
The Telkom PGA Pro-Am was a golf tournament on the Sunshine Tour. It was founded in 2005 and is played at the Centurion Country Club in Tshwane, South Africa.
Winners
References
External links
Sunshine Tour
Former Sunshine Tour events
Golf tournaments in South Africa
Sport in Gauteng
Recurring sporting events established in 2005
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2013
City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality |
```javascript
const aws = require('aws-sdk'),
s3 = new aws.S3();
exports.handler = function (event, context) {
'use strict';
const eventRecord = event.Records && event.Records && event.Records[0];
console.log('got record', eventRecord);
if (eventRecord) {
if (eventRecord.eventSource === 'aws:s3' && eventRecord.s3) {
s3.deleteObject({Bucket: eventRecord.s3.bucket.name, Key: eventRecord.s3.object.key}, context.done);
}
}
};
``` |
The Football League Third Division was the third tier of the English football league system in 1920–21 and again from 1958 until 1992. When the FA Premier League was formed, the Third Division become the fourth tier of English football. In 2004, following the formation of the Football League Championship, the division was renamed Football League Two.
Founder clubs of the Third Division (1920)
Most of these clubs were drawn from what was then the top division of the 1919–20 Southern Football League, in an expansion of the Football League south of Birmingham. As Cardiff City was long considered a potential entrant for the Second Division due to their FA Cup exploits and Southern League dominance, they were sent directly into the Second Division and Grimsby Town, who finished in last place in the Second Division in 1919–20, were relegated.
Brentford
Brighton & Hove Albion
Bristol Rovers
Crystal Palace (inaugural champions in 1920–21)
Exeter City
Gillingham
Grimsby Town
Luton Town
Merthyr Town
Millwall
Newport County
Northampton Town
Norwich City
Plymouth Argyle
Portsmouth
Queens Park Rangers
Reading
Southampton
Southend United
Swansea Town
Swindon Town
Watford
The split Third Divisions
This league continued in 1921–22 as Football League Third Division South whilst the Football League Third Division North was formed with the Northern clubs, the two Divisions jointly forming the third tier.
Geographical separation was abolished in 1958 with the creation of the Football League Fourth Division.
As a single Third Division
The original members in 1958–59 were:
From Third Division North: Accrington Stanley, Bradford City, Bury, Chesterfield, Halifax Town, Hull City, Mansfield Town, Rochdale, Stockport County, Tranmere Rovers, Wrexham
From Third Division South: Bournemouth, Brentford, Colchester United, Newport County, Norwich City, Plymouth Argyle, Queens Park Rangers, Reading, Southampton, Southend United, Swindon Town
Relegated from Second Division: Doncaster Rovers, Notts County
Of these, Bournemouth, Bradford, Brentford, Hull, Norwich, Notts, QPR, Reading, Southampton, and Swindon have made the top flight in either the First Division or the Premier League era. Stockport, Doncaster, Notts County and Rochdale were the first to be relegated into the Fourth Division the following season (1959–60), starting the bottom-four-team turnover tradition for the third tier. As with the Second Division, the champion and runner-up were automatically promoted; the third place was also promoted automatically beginning in 1974. Play-offs for the third promotion place were introduced in 1987. AFC Bournemouth, formerly Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic, hold the record as the club to have spent most time in this Division.
The Third Division of English football lasted for a total of 72 years, the first 38 years as two regionalised divisions (although just 31 seasons were played due to the advent of World War II) before a 34-year run as a national division. Plymouth Argyle were the most successful team at this level during these years, winning the national title twice, having already won the southern section twice.
In 1992 the FA Premier League started and the Football League was reduced in numbers, leading to the Third Division becoming the fourth tier. See Football League One for subsequent third-tier history.
Winners of the Third Division
See List of winners of English Football League One and predecessors for winners before 1992 and List of winners of English Football League Two and predecessors for winners afterwards.
References
3
Eng
Eng |
Pastré or Pastre may refer to:
People
Eugène Pastré (1806–1868), French shipowner from Marseille
Geneviève Pastre (1924-2012), French poet and lesbian activist
Count Jean Pastré (1888-1960), French polo player
Jean-Baptiste Pastré (1804-1877), French banker and arms-dealer
Jonet-Pastré, French Olympic sailor
Jules Pastré (1810-1902), French banker, businessman and equestrian
Countess Lily Pastré (a.k.a. Marie-Louise Double de Saint-Lambert) (1891-1974), French heiress and patron of the arts
Michel Pastre (born 1966), French jazz saxophonist
Nicole Véra Claire Hélène Maurice Pastré, 7th Princess Murat, wife of Joachim, 7th Prince Murat
Olivier Pastré (born 1950), French banker and economist
Ulysse Pastre (1864-1930), French politician
Places
Château Pastré, a chateau in Marseille. |
```python
__author__ = "saeedamen" # Saeed Amen
#
#
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
#
#
import pytest
import pandas as pd
from findatapy.timeseries import Filter
def test_filtering_by_dates():
filter = Filter()
# filter S&P500 between specific working days
start_date = '01 Oct 2008'
finish_date = '29 Oct 2008'
# read CSV from disk, and make sure to parse dates
df = pd.read_csv("S&P500.csv", parse_dates=['Date'], index_col=['Date'])
df = filter.filter_time_series_by_date(start_date=start_date,
finish_date=finish_date,
data_frame=df)
assert df.index[0] == pd.to_datetime(start_date)
assert df.index[-1]== pd.to_datetime(finish_date)
if __name__ == '__main__':
pytest.main()
``` |
The Wellborn Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.
See also
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
Paleontology in Texas
References
Paleogene geology of Texas |
Bol or Bal or Bel () in Iran may refer to:
Bol, Mazandaran, Iran
Bol, Chabahar, Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran
Bal, Qasr-e Qand, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran
Bal-e Bala, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran
Bal-e Pain, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran
Bal, Zanjan, Iran |
All Saints Church, East Ham is a Church of England church in East Ham, east London. It was set up around 1880 in an iron mission church (within the parish of Emmanuel Church) to meet the development of the Woodgrange Estate. This was replaced by a parish of its own with a permanent church in the Early English style on Romford Road in 1886.
References
Church of England church buildings in East Ham
Church of England church buildings in Forest Gate
1880 establishments in England
1886 establishments in England
19th-century Church of England church buildings |
Rudolf "Rudi" Schmidt (15 March 1914 – 23 February 2000) was a highly decorated Major in the Luftwaffe during World War II. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.
Despite being half Jewish, or Mischling under the Nuremberg Laws, Schmidt enlisted in the Luftwaffe and served with distinction.
Awards and decorations
Flugzeugführerabzeichen
Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords
Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold with Pennant
Iron Cross (1939)
2nd Class
1st Class
German Cross in Gold (13 August 1942)
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 28 March 1945 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the II./Kampfgeschwader 26
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
TracesOfWar.com
Ritterkreuztraeger 1939-1945
1914 births
2000 deaths
People from Plauen
Military personnel from the Kingdom of Saxony
Luftwaffe pilots
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Reichsmarine personnel
Kriegsmarine personnel
Condor Legion personnel
German World War II pilots
Military personnel from Saxony |
Wolfram Grajetzki (born 1960, in Berlin) is a German Egyptologist. He studied at Free University of Berlin and made his Doctor of Philosophy at the Humboldt University of Berlin. He performed excavations in Egypt, but also in Pakistan. He published articles and several books on the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, on administration, burial customs and queens. He is also a researcher at the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, UK, working on the project 'Digital Egypt for Universities'.
Works
Two Treasurers of the Late Middle Kingdom (British Archaeological Report S1007) Oxford, 2001 ISSN 0143-3067
Burial Customs in Ancient Egypt: Life in Death for Rich and Poor Duckworth Egyptology, London 2003
Ancient Egyptian Queens: A hieroglyphic Dictionary, Golden House Publications, London 2005,
The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History,Archaeology and Society, Duckworth Egyptology, London 2006,
Court Officials of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, Duckworth Egyptology, London 2006, (Italian translationː Dignitari di corte del Medio Regno, 2020 )
The People of the Cobra Province in Egypt: A Local History, 4500 to 1500 BC, Oxbow Books , Oxford 2020,
References
German Egyptologists
Living people
1950 births
German male non-fiction writers
Archaeologists from Berlin |
Lift Every Voice is a studio album by American jazz pianist Andrew Hill featuring performances recorded in 1969 and released on the Blue Note label in 1970. The original album features Hill with a large choir performing five original compositions and the 2001 CD reissue added six additional compositions recorded in 1970 as bonus tracks.
Reception
The Allmusic review by Richard S. Ginell awarded the album 4 stars calling it a "remarkably advanced fusion of voices and jazz quintet".
Track listing
All compositions by Andrew Hill
"Hey Hey" - 7:55
"Lift Every Voice" - 8:06
"Two Lullabies" - 5:44
"Love Chant" - 5:42
"Ghetto Lights" - 5:13
Bonus tracks on CD reissue:
"Blue Spark" - 5:57
"A Tender Tale" - 6:58
"Drew's Tune" - 6:22
"Mother Mercy" - 5:16
"Natural Spirit" - 7:25
"Such It Is" - 5:37
Recorded on May 16, 1969 (tracks 1-5), March 6, 1970 (tracks 6-8) and March 13, 1970 (tracks 9-11).
Personnel
Original LP (1-5):
Andrew Hill - piano
Woody Shaw - trumpet
Carlos Garnett - tenor saxophone
Richard Davis - bass
Freddie Waits - drums
Joan Johnson, LaReine LaMar, Gail Nelson, Antenett Goodman Ray - vocals
Lawrence Marshall - vocals, conductor
Bonus tracks, 1970 recording (6-11):
Andrew Hill - piano
Lee Morgan - trumpet
Bennie Maupin - alto flute, bass clarinet, tenor saxophone
Ron Carter - bass
Ben Riley - drums
Benjamin Franklin Carter, Milt Grayson, Hugh Harnell, Ron Steward, Lillian Williams - vocals
Lawrence Marshall - vocals, conductor
References
Blue Note Records albums
Andrew Hill albums
1970 albums
Albums recorded at Van Gelder Studio
Albums produced by Francis Wolff |
Elias Abuelazam (, , born August 29, 1976), also known as Elias Abullazam, is an Israeli convicted murderer, and a suspect of serial killings and stabbings with a racial motive. He is suspected in a string of eighteen stabbing attacks from May to August 2010 which resulted in five deaths. Most of the alleged attacks occurred in Genesee County, Michigan (particularly in and around Flint). Five stabbings occurred elsewhere: three in Leesburg, Virginia, one in Toledo, Ohio, and one in his native home in Ramla, Israel. All of his alleged victims were described as "small framed" (e.g. short, thin, non-muscular) men, most of them African Americans.
During the investigation, Michigan media dubbed Abuelazam the "Flint Serial Slasher" and the "Flint Serial Stabber". He was and weighed at the time of his booking. Abuelazam has been convicted in one of the murders, that of 49-year-old Arnold Minor, which occurred on August 2, 2010, in Flint. He is currently serving a sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for that crime. As a result, Genesee County prosecutors have announced Abuelazam will not stand trial for the other crimes in their jurisdiction, nor will authorities in Toledo or Leesburg try him. On May 2, 2017, Abuelazam confessed to a 2009 murder in Leesburg.
Personal life
Abuelazam was born in Israel, to a well-to-do Arab Christian family. As a child, he moved to the United States with his family after his mother remarried; he acquired a Green Card, but never gained US citizenship. According to the State Department, Abuelazam changed his last name to Abullazam in March 1995.
Until 2008, Abuelazam worked at Piedmont Behavioral Health Center, LLC, an adolescent psychiatric facility in Leesburg, Virginia (now called North Spring Behavioral Healthcare) as a mental health technician. After moving to Michigan, he worked as a clerk at Kingwater Market in Beecher from July 5 to August 1, 2010. Most customers knew him as "Eli." He was cited for giving alcohol to a minor July 29, the same day a 59-year-old man was stabbed in Flint. Abuelazam's legal address is in Bradenton, Florida, according to the warrant. He previously lived in Grand Blanc, according to state records. Abuelazam most recently lived in a house belonging to his uncle on Maryland Avenue, on Flint's east side.
Abuelazam married Jessica Hirth (also known as Jessica Nimitz and Jessica Abuelazam) on July 30, 2004. He reportedly subjected her to emotional abuse. After they divorced in 2007, Abuelazam married again. Jessica and her parents later expressed shock after he was accused of the murders and stabbings.
Crimes
Police and prosecutors claim that between May and August 2010, Abuelazam would drive around late at night, approach small-framed men who were walking alone, ask for directions or help fixing his vehicle, a green-colored Chevrolet TrailBlazer, and then stab them, usually in the chest or stomach. Abuelazam's alleged victims have been mostly black, and police in Leesburg suspect the attacks may have been racially motivated, since the population there is mostly white. Genesee County prosecutors, however, have declined to speculate on his motive, while noting the population of Flint is mostly black.
Abuelazam is also suspected of having stabbed a friend in the face with a screwdriver while on a visit to his family in Ramla in early 2010. Police did not pursue the case because the friend refused to press charges.
Leesburg Police have said Abuelazam is also a suspect in an unsolved homicide from March 2009.
Investigation
In Genesee County on August 4, 2010, it was announced that a series of stabbings dating back to May 2010 were the work of one man, and a multi-jurisdictional task force was set up to investigate. The next week on August 9, 2010, police in Leesburg connected three hammer attacks against black men there via their victims' descriptions of the suspect, video surveillance footage of the attacks that matches his description and vehicle, and the similar mode of operation. The next day Toledo Police claimed a stabbing of a black man there also matched the suspect.
Arrests
First arrest
Abuelazam was arrested August 5, 2010 in Arlington, Virginia, during a traffic stop. He was taken into custody because he had a warrant out for his arrest for simple assault and later released on personal bond.
Second arrest and extradition
Abuelazam was arrested by U.S. Customs and Border Protection officers on August 11, 2010, at 10:00 p.m. ET in Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, while preparing to board a Delta Air Lines flight bound for Tel Aviv. On August 13, 2010, he waived his right to fight extradition to Michigan. Abuelazam's family hired Lansing based attorneys Brian Morley and Edwar Zeineh. He was flown to Flint on August 26, 2010, and lodged in the Genesee County Jail.
Abuelazam was held in solitary confinement, likely for his safety and because he had "scarred a lot of lives" with his actions, according to Genesee County Sheriff Robert Pickell. At his arraignment, he was ordered held without bond by the judge, even after the prosecutor asked for $10 million bail.
Arnold Minor murder trial
During the evidentiary hearing for the Arnold Minor murder case, the judge ruled that evidence of the other Genesee County attacks could be used in the trial. The trial began on May 8, 2012. The prosecution's key piece of evidence was a drop of Minor's blood on a pair of pants found in Abeulezam's luggage. On May 15 the prosecution rested after calling 50 witnesses, including other victims and their relatives, as well as several forensic experts, in addition to Abuelazam's uncle, who assisted police in his capture.
Two days later on May 17, Abuelazam's attorneys presented an insanity defense. Their sole expert witness was a psychiatrist hired by his attorneys who diagnosed him with paranoid schizophrenia and said Abuelazam told him he committed the crimes because of "evil spirits." The doctor also said Abuelazam told him he attempted suicide in 1997 and was diagnosed as psychotic by an Israeli psychologist in 2009. The prosecution responded by attacking the psychiatrist's credibility, noting that his field of expertise was addiction medicine. The next day, the prosecution refuted the psychiatrist's diagnosis with two of their own mental health experts.
Two psychologists who testified on behalf of the prosecution agreed that although Abuelazam has an unspecified personality disorder and he lacked empathy, his attacks were too planned out and organized for him to be considered legally insane. On May 22, 2012, after only an hour of deliberation, the jury found Abuelazam guilty of Minor's murder. On June 25, 2012, Abuelazam was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.
Dismissed charges
On August 26, 2010, the Genesee County Prosecutor's Office charged him with one count of assault with intent to commit murder for an attack on July 27, 2010. On September 20, 2010, he was charged with four additional counts of assault to commit murder. The victims in those crimes are: Bill Fisher, who was attacked June 26, 2010; Richard Booker, who was attacked July 19, 2010 in Genesee Township, Michigan; Etwan Wilson, who was attacked August 1, 2010 near Pierson Road in northern Flint; and Da'Von Rawls of Flint.
On October 8, 2010, an Ohio grand jury indicted Abuelazam and charged him with felonious assault in the stabbing of church janitor Tony Leno in Toledo, Ohio.
On October 21, 2010, he was charged with murder in the stabbing deaths of Frank Kellybrew and Darwin Marshall of Flint, Michigan.
On November 4, 2010, he was charged with two counts of resisting and obstructing a police officer causing injury and three counts of resisting and obstructing a police officer after he attempted to punch a deputy and had to be tasered with the help of four other officers on October 27, 2010.
On November 12, 2010, he was charged with malicious destruction of property for smashing out the windows of a car belonging to James Augsberger, boyfriend of witness Lucinda Mann.
On November 23, 2010, he was charged with assault with intent to murder in the stabbing of Antoine Jackson on July 12, 2010, in Burton, Michigan.
Appeals
Abuelazam hired a new attorney, Christopher M. Smith, who filed an appeal based on the original trial judge's rejection of a motion for a change of venue due to the extensive media coverage of the case which, they claimed, wrongly called him a serial killer, and refuted the judge's decision to allow evidence of the other attacks or testimony of his other alleged victims. On June 10, 2014, the Michigan Court of Appeals upheld Abuelazam's conviction. Smith then appealed that decision to the Michigan Supreme Court, which declined to hear it on November 25, 2014.
Deportation lawsuit
On August 1, 2014, Abuelazam filed a case in federal court against the Immigration and Naturalization Service and the United States Attorney General asking to be deported to Israel to face charges of an attempted murder that happened in Latrun on October 1, 2009. Michigan authorities believed the lawsuit to be frivolous and expected it to be dismissed, noting that it is legally impossible because of Abuelazam's life without parole status, since convicts cannot be deported until their full sentence is served.
In popular culture
The Abuelezam case was profiled on a July 8, 2013 episode of the Investigation Discovery show Blood, Lies & Alibis titled "Serial Slasher." It featured re-enactments of some of his attacks, the investigation and his arrest, actual footage of some of his attacks and his arrest and trial, as well as testimony by Genesee County law enforcement officials, local media, surviving victims, and Arnold Minor's relatives.
See also
List of homicides in Michigan
List of serial killers in the United States
Further reading
Catching a serial killer: How they got Elias Abuelazam from The Flint Journal
References
External links
Abuelazam's listing at the Michigan Department of Corrections website
1976 births
21st-century criminals
Clerks
Israeli Arab Christians
Israeli emigrants to the United States
Israeli people convicted of murder
Israeli prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Living people
People convicted of murder by Michigan
People from Ramla
People with personality disorders
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Michigan
Suspected serial killers |
The 2008–09 season was Hartlepool United's 100th year in existence and their second consecutive season in League One. Along with competing in League One, the club also participated in the FA Cup, League Cup and League Trophy. The season covers the period from 1 July 2008 to 30 June 2009.
Players
Current squad
Transfers
Transfers in
Loans in
Transfers out
Results
Pre-season friendlies
League One
Results summary
Results by matchday
Results
FA Cup
League Cup
Football League Trophy
Squad statistics
Appearances and goals
|}
Goalscorers
Clean Sheets
Penalties
Suspensions
References
Hartlepool United
Hartlepool United F.C. seasons
2000s in County Durham |
RadioactiveGiant is a multimedia film and television production studio and global multi-platform distributor, and multimedia publisher. The company was founded by Albert Sandoval in 2006 and has its headquarters in Santa Monica, California.
RadioactiveGiant is a content producer and multi-platform distributor of feature films, TV, live broadcasts, made-for-web and other innovative media formats. It produces and distributes work for major studios, TV networks, independent producers, media publishers, advertisers and interactive media developers worldwide. The company develops multi-screen media channels for delivery by fiber, satellite and IP transport. RadioactiveGiant also produces interactive digital media for mobile and home entertainment platforms.
References
External links
Official site
Film distributors of the United States |
Associations Incorporation Act 1981 (Victoria) is the act of the Parliament of Victoria in Australia to make provision for the incorporation of certain associations, for the regulation of these incorporated associations.
It was assented to on 5 January 1982 and came into operation on 1 July 1983 after being printed in the Government Gazette on 25 May 1983 (p. 1238).
Among other changes, it amended the Evidence Act 1958. Consumer Affairs Victoria administers this legislation.
Purpose
The aim of the act is to provide a way for the:
registration and incorporation of associations
regulation, accountability and governance of associations
External links
Legislation Administered by Consumer Affairs Victoria
Parliamentary information on bill
Legislation on AustLII
References
Victoria (state) legislation
1981 in Australian law
1980s in Victoria (state) |
Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. It is not attested in writing but has been partly reconstructed through the comparative method. Proto-Celtic is generally thought to have been spoken between 1300 and 800 BC, after which it began to split into different languages. Proto-Celtic is often associated with the Urnfield culture and particularly with the Hallstatt culture. Celtic languages share common features with Italic languages that are not found in other branches of Indo-European, suggesting the possibility of an earlier Italo-Celtic linguistic unity.
Proto-Celtic is currently being reconstructed through the comparative method by relying on later Celtic languages. Though Continental Celtic presents much substantiation for Proto-Celtic phonology, and some for its morphology, recorded material is too scanty to allow a secure reconstruction of syntax, though some complete sentences are recorded in the Continental Gaulish and Celtiberian. So the main sources for reconstruction come from Insular Celtic languages with the oldest literature found in Old Irish and Middle Welsh, dating back to authors flourishing in the 6th century AD.
Dating
Proto-Celtic is usually dated to the Late Bronze Age, ca. 1200–900 BC. The fact that it is possible to reconstruct a Proto-Celtic word for 'iron' (traditionally reconstructed as *īsarnom) has long been taken as an indication that the divergence into individual Celtic languages did not start until the Iron Age (8th century BCE to 1st century BCE); otherwise, descendant languages would have developed their own, unrelated words for their metal. However, Schumacher and Schrijver suggest a date for Proto-Celtic as early as the 13th century BC, the time of the Canegrate culture, in northwest Italy, and the Urnfield culture in Central Europe, implying that the divergence may have already started in the Bronze Age.
Sound changes from Proto-Indo-European
The phonological changes from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) to Proto-Celtic (PC) may be summarized as follows. The changes are roughly in chronological order, with changes that operate on the outcome of earlier ones appearing later in the list.
Late PIE
These changes are shared by several other Indo-European branches.
*e is colored by an adjacent laryngeal consonant:
eh₂, h₂e > ah₂, h₂a
eh₃, h₃e > oh₃, h₃o
Palatovelars merge into the plain velars:
ḱ > k
ǵ > g
ǵʰ > gʰ
Epenthetic *a is inserted after a syllabic sonorant if a laryngeal and another sonorant follow (R̥HR > RaHR)
Laryngeals are lost:
before a following vowel (HV > V)
following a vowel in syllables before the accent (VHC´ > VC´)
following a vowel before a consonant, or word finally, resulting in compensatory lengthening, thus (VHC > V̄C, VH# > V̄#)
between plosives in non-initial syllables (CHC > CC)
Two adjacent dentals become two adjacent sibilants (TT > TsT > ss)
Italo-Celtic
The following sound changes are shared with the Italic languages in particular, and are cited in support of the Italo-Celtic hypothesis.
Dybo's rule: long close vowels are shortened (or a laryngeal is lost) before resonant + stressed vowel. Note that something like Dybo's rule seems to have also operated in Germanic (Old English wer < *wiHró-).
īR´ / ? *iHR´ > iR´
ūR´ / ? *uHR´ > uR´
Possibly, post-consonantal laryngeals are lost when before pre-tonic close vowels:
CHiC´ > CiC´
CHuC´ > CuC´
Development of initial stress, following the previous two changes. But note that this seems to have been an areal feature, shared, for example with the Indo-European Germanic languages and the non-Indo-European Etruscan language.
Possibly, vocalization of laryngeals to *ī between a *CR cluster and consonantal *j (CRHjV > CRījV)
Syllabic laryngeals become *a (CHC > CaC)
Syllabic resonants before a voiced unaspirated stop become *Ra (R̥D > RaD)
*m is assimilated or lost before a glide:
mj > nj
mw > w
*p assimilates to *kʷ when another *kʷ follows later in the word (p…kʷ > kʷ…kʷ). But Matasovic points out that: A) this change may have occurred late in Celtic; B) it seems not to have operated on some words in Irish; and C) a very similar assimilation (though in reverse) also occurred in Germanic.
One change shows non-exact parallels in Italic: vocalization of syllabic resonants next to laryngeals depending on the environment. Similar developments appear in Italic, but for the syllabic nasals *m̥, *n̥, the result is Proto-Italic *əm, *ən (> Latin em ~ im, en ~ in).
Word-initially, HR̥C > aRC
Before voiceless stops, CR̥HT > CRaT
CR̥HV > CaRHV
CR̥HC > CRāC
Early PC
Sequences of velar and *w merge into the labiovelars (it is uncertain if this preceded or followed the next change; that is, whether gw > b or gw > gʷ, but Schumacher 2004 argues on p. 372 that this change came first; moreover, it is also found in Proto-Italic, and thus arguably belongs to the previous section):
kw > kʷ
gw > gʷ
gʰw > gʷʰ
gʷ > b
Aspirated stops lose their aspiration and merge with the voiced stops (except that this counterfeeds the previous change, so *gʷʰ > *gʷ doesn't result in a merger; that is, the change *gʷʰ > *gʷ must crucially happen after the sound change gʷ > b has been completed):
bʰ > b
dʰ > d
gʰ > g
gʷʰ > gʷ
*e before a resonant and *a (but not *ā) becomes *a as well (eRa > aRa): *ǵʰelH-ro > *gelaro > *galaro / *gérH-no > *gerano > *garano (Joseph's rule).
Epenthetic *i is inserted after syllabic liquids when followed by a plosive:
l̥T > liT
r̥T > riT
Epenthetic *a is inserted before the remaining syllabic resonants:
m̥ > am
n̥ > an
l̥ > al
r̥ > ar
All remaining nonsyllabic laryngeals are lost.
ē > ī
ō > ū in final syllables
Long vowels are shortened before a syllable-final resonant (V:RC > VRC); this also shortens long diphthongs. (Osthoff's law)
Late PC
Plosives become *x before a different plosive or *s (C₁C₂ > xC₂, Cs > xs)
p > b before liquids (pL > bL)
p > w before nasals (pN > wN)
p > ɸ (except possibly after *s)
ō > ā
ey > ē (but not in Celtiberian or Lepontic)
ew > ow
uwa > owa
Examples
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|PIE
!rowspan=2|PC
!colspan=7|Example
|-
!PIE
!colspan=2|PC
!colspan=2|Old Irish
!colspan=2|Welsh
|-
|colspan=2|*
| *
| *
| *acc. *abonen
| river
|colspan=2|aub
|colspan=2|afon
|-
|colspan=2|*
| *
| *
| *
| brother
|colspan=2|bráthir
|colspan=2|brawd
|-
|colspan=2|*
| *
| *
| *
| old
|colspan=2|sen
|colspan=2|hen
|-
|*
| betweenconsonants
| *
| *
| *
| father
|colspan=2|athir
| edrydd
| cf. home
|-
|colspan=2|*
| *
| *
| *
| true
|colspan=2|fír
|colspan=2|gwir
|-
|colspan=2|*
| *
| *
| *
| wheel
|colspan=2|roth
|colspan=2|rhod
|-
|rowspan=2| *
| in final syllable
| *
| *
| *
| nephew
|colspan=2|niæ
|colspan=2|nai
|-
| elsewhere
| *
| *
| *
| gift
|colspan=2|dán
|colspan=2|dawn
|-
|colspan=2|*
| *
| *
| *
| world
|colspan=2|bith
|colspan=2|byd
|-
|colspan=2|*
| *
| *
| *
| number
|colspan=2|rím
|colspan=2|rhif
|-
|colspan=2|*
| *
| **
| **
| blindage
| cáech—
| one-eyed—
| coeghoedl
| empty, one-eyedage
|-
|colspan=2|*
| *
| *
| *
| god
|colspan=2|día
|colspan=2|duw
|-
|colspan=2|*
| *
| *
| *
| one
|colspan=2|óen oín;áen aín
|colspan=2|un
|-
| rowspan=2| *
| before
|
| *
| * >*
| young
|colspan=2|óac
|colspan=2|ieuanc
|-
| elsewhere
| *
| *
| *
| stream
|colspan=2|sruth
|colspan=2|ffrwd
|-
|colspan=2|*
| *
| *
| *
| mystery
|colspan=2|rún
|colspan=2|rhin
|-
|colspan=2|*
| *
| *
| *
| silent
| táue
| silence(*)
|colspan=2|taw
|-
|colspan=2|*;*
| *
| **
| **
| peoplecow
|colspan=2|túathbó
|colspan=2|tudM.W. bu, biw
|-
| rowspan=2 | *
| before stops
| *
| *
| *
| wide
|colspan=2|lethan
|colspan=2|llydan
|-
| before otherconsonants
| *
| *
| *
| rooster
|colspan=2|cailech(Ogham gen. )
|colspan=2|ceiliog|-
| rowspan=2 | *
| before stops
| *
| *
| *
| act of bearing; mind
|colspan=2|breth, brith|colspan=2|bryd|-
| before otherconsonants
| *
| *
| *
| dead
|colspan=2|marb|colspan=2|marw|-
|colspan=2|*
| *
| *
| *
| subdue
| M.Ir.damnaid| he ties,fastens,binds
|colspan=2|—
|-
|colspan=2|*
| *
| *
| *
| tooth
|colspan=2|dét
|colspan=2|dant|-
| rowspan=2| *
| before obstruents
| *
| *
| *
| lordship
|colspan=2|flaith| gwlad| country
|-
| before sonorants
| *
| *
| *
| hand
|colspan=2|lám|colspan=2|llaw|-
| rowspan=2| *
| before obstruents
| *
| *
| *
| betrayal
|colspan=2|mrath|colspan=2|brad|-
| before sonorants
| *
| *
| *
| grain
|colspan=2|grán|colspan=2|grawn|-
| *
| rowspan=2|(presumably withsame distributionas above)
| *
| *
| *
| to tame
| daimidfodam-| daimid-
| goddef| endure, suffer
|-
| *
| *
| * ?
| *
| known
| colspan=2|gnáth| gnawd| customary
|}
Phonological reconstruction
Consonants
The following consonants have been reconstructed for Proto-Celtic (PC):
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Manner
! rowspan="2" |Voicing
! rowspan="2" | Bilabial
! rowspan="2" | Alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
|-
! |plain
! |labialized
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
!voiceless
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
!voiced
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| |
| |
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Approximant
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Trill
|
|
|
|
|
|}
Allophones of plosives
Eska has recently proposed that PC stops allophonically manifest similarly to those in English. Voiceless stop phonemes /t k/ were aspirated word-initially except when preceded by /s/, hence aspirate allophones [tʰ kʰ]. And unaspirated voiced stops /b d ɡ/ were devoiced to [p t k] word-initially.
This allophony may be reconstructed to PC from the following evidence:
Modern Celtic languages like Welsh, Breton, and all modern Goidelic languages have such plosive aspiration and voice allophony already attested. (But there is no trace of this in Gaulish.)
Several old Celtic languages (such as Old Irish, Old Welsh, and Lepontic) used letters for voiceless stop phonemes to write both voiceless stop phonemes and their voiced counterparts, especially non-word-initially. (But in the case of Lepontic, this is because the alphabet was derived from Etruscan, which has no voice contrasts in plosives.)
The Celtiberian Luzaga's Bronze has the curious spelling of an accusative determiner sdam, where the d is clearly meant to spell [t]. This implies that Celtiberian /d/ had a voiceless allophone .
Evolution of plosives
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) voiced aspirate stops *bʰ, *dʰ, *gʰ/ǵʰ, merge with *b, *d, *g/ǵ in PC. The voiced aspirate labiovelar *gʷʰ did not merge with *gʷ, though: plain *gʷ became PC *b, while aspirated *gʷʰ became *gʷ. Thus, PIE *gʷen- 'woman' became Old Irish and Old Welsh ben, but PIE *gʷʰn̥- 'to kill, wound' became Old Irish gonaid and Welsh gwanu.
PIE *p is lost in PC, apparently going through the stages *ɸ (possibly a stage *[pʰ]) and *h (perhaps seen in the name Hercynia if this is of Celtic origin) before being completely lost word-initially and between vowels. Next to consonants, PC *ɸ underwent different changes: the clusters *ɸs and *ɸt became *xs and *xt respectively already in PC. PIE *sp- became Old Irish s (f- when lenited, exactly as for PIE *sw-) and Brythonic f; while argues there was an intermediate stage *sɸ- (in which *ɸ remained an independent phoneme until after Proto-Insular Celtic had diverged into Goidelic and Brythonic), finds it more economical to believe that *sp- remained unchanged in PC, that is, the change *p to *ɸ did not happen when *s preceded. (Similarly, Grimm's law did not apply to *p, t, k after *s in Germanic, and the same exception occurred again in the High German consonant shift.)
{|class="wikitable"
! Proto-Celtic
! Old Irish
! Welsh
|-
| * > * 'shine'
| las-aid| llach-ar|-
| * > * 'seven'
| secht| saith|-
| * or * 'heel'
| seir| ffêr|}
In Gaulish and the Brittonic languages, the Proto-Indo-European * phoneme becomes a new * sound. Thus, Gaulish petuar[ios], Welsh pedwar "four", but Old Irish cethair and Latin quattuor. Insofar as this new fills the gap in the phoneme inventory which was left by the disappearance of the equivalent stop in PIE, we may think of this as a chain shift.
The terms P-Celtic and Q-Celtic are useful for grouping Celtic languages based on the way they handle this one phoneme. But a simple division into P- / Q-Celtic may be untenable, as it does not do justice to the evidence of the ancient Continental Celtic languages. The many unusual shared innovations among the Insular Celtic languages are often also presented as evidence against a P- vs Q-Celtic division, but they may instead reflect a common substratum influence from the pre-Celtic languages of Britain and Ireland,, or simply continuing contact between the insular languages; in either case they would be irrelevant to the genetic classification of Celtic languages.
Q-Celtic languages may also have in loan words, though in early borrowings from Welsh into Primitive Irish, was used by sound substitution due to a lack of a phoneme at the time:
Latin Patricius "Saint Patrick"' > Welsh > Primitive Irish > Old Irish Cothrige, later Pádraig;
Latin presbyter "priest" > early form of word seen in Old Welsh premter primter > Primitive Irish > Old Irish cruimther.
Gaelic póg "kiss" was a later borrowing (from the second word of the Latin phrase osculum pacis "kiss of peace") at a stage where p was borrowed directly as p, without substituting c.
Vowels
The PC vowel system is highly comparable to that reconstructed for PIE by Antoine Meillet. The following monophthongs are reconstructed:
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Type
! colspan="2" | Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! colspan="2" | Back
|- style="text-align:center;"
! long
! short
! long
! short
! long
! short
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
|
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
|
|
| colspan="2"|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
| colspan="2" |
|
|
| colspan="2" |
|}
The following diphthongs have also been reconstructed:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+
! Type
! With -i! With -u|-align=center
!With a-
| ||
|-align=center
!With o-
| ||
|-align=center
|}
Morphology
Nouns
The morphological (structure) of nouns and adjectives demonstrates no arresting alterations from the parent language. Proto-Celtic is believed to have had nouns in three genders, three numbers and five to eight cases. The genders were masculine, feminine and neuter; the numbers were singular, plural and dual. The number of cases is a subject of contention: while Old Irish may have only five, the evidence from Continental Celtic is considered rather unambiguous despite appeals to archaic retentions or morphological leveling. These cases were nominative, vocative, accusative, dative, genitive, ablative, locative and instrumental.
Nouns fall into nine or so declensions, depending on stem. There are *o-stems, *ā-stems, *i-stems, *u-stems, dental stems, velar stems, nasal stems, *r-stems and *s-stems.
*o-stem nounsmakkʷos 'son' (masculine) (Old Irish mac ~ Welsh, Cornish and Breton mab)
However, Celtiberian shows -o- stem genitives ending in -o rather than -ī: aualo "[son] of Avalos".dūnom 'stronghold' (neuter)
*ā-stem nouns
E.g. *ɸlāmā 'hand' (feminine) (Old Irish lám; Welsh llaw, Cornish leuv, Old Breton lom)
*i-stems
E.g. *sūlis 'sight, view, eye' (feminine) (Brittonic sulis ~ Old Irish súil)
E.g. *mori 'body of water, sea' (neuter) (Gaulish Mori- ~ Old Irish muir ~ Welsh môr)
*u-stem nouns
E.g. *bitus 'world, existence' (masculine) (Gaulish Bitu- ~ Old Irish bith ~ Welsh byd ~ Breton bed)
E.g. "rotisserie spit" (neuter)
Velar and dental stems
Before the *-s of the nominative singular, a velar consonant was fricated to *-x : "king" > . Likewise, final *-d devoiced to *-t-: "druid" > .
E.g. "king" (masculine)
E.g. "druid" (masculine)
E.g. "friend" (masculine)
Nasal stems
Generally, nasal stems end in *-on-; this becomes *-ū in the nominative singular: *abon- "river" > *abū.E.g. "river" (feminine)
E.g. "name" (neuter)
*s-stem nouns
Generally,-stems contain an *-es-, which becomes *-os in the nominative singular: 'house' > .
E.g. "house" (neuter)
*r-stem nounsr-stems are rare and principally confined to names of relatives. Typically they end in *-ter-, which becomes *-tīr in the nominative and *-tr- in all other cases aside from the accusative: *ɸater- 'father' > *ɸatīr, *ɸatros.
E.g. *ɸatīr 'father' (masculine)
E.g. *mātīr 'mother' (feminine)
Pronouns
The following personal pronouns in Celtic can be reconstructed as follows:
The following third-person pronouns in Proto-Celtic may also be reconstructed.
Forms of the masculine singular relative pronoun *yo- can be found in the first Botorrita plaque: The form io-s in line 10 is the nominative singular masculine of the relative pronoun from Proto-Indo-European *yo- (Sanskrit ya-, Greek hos), which shows up in Old Irish only as the aspiration for leniting relative verb forms. Line 7 has the accusative singular io-m and the dative singular io-mui of the same root.
Adjectives
Adjectives in Proto-Celtic had positive, comparative, superlative and equative degrees of comparison.
Positive-degree inflection classes
Four inflection classes for positive-degree adjectives are known. Most adjectives belonged to the o-ā class, in which the adjectives inflected like masculine o-stems, neuter o-stems and feminine ā-stems when agreeing with nouns of their respective genders. A much smaller minority of adjectives were i- and u-stems.
Consonant-stem adjectives also existed but were vanishingly rare, with only relics in Old Irish like "hot" < .
Comparative degree
The comparative degree was formed on most adjectives by attaching to the adjective stem. For instance, "old" would have a comparative "older". However, some Caland system adjectives instead had a comparative ending in , which was then extended to . For example, "wide" had a comparative .
Superlative degree
The superlative was formed by simply attaching to the adjective stem. In some adjectives where the stem ends in *s, the suffix is truncated to by haplology. Thus, "old" would have a superlative "oldest" but (stem ) would have a superlative .
Verbs
From comparison between early Old Irish and Gaulish forms it seems that Continental and Insular Celtic verbs developed differently and so the study of Irish and Welsh may have unduly weighted past opinion of Proto-Celtic verb morphology. It can be inferred from Gaulish and Celtiberian as well as Insular Celtic that the Proto-Celtic verb had at least three moods:
indicative — seen in e.g. 1st Gaulish delgu "I hold", Old Irish tongu "I swear"
imperative — seen in e.g. 3rd Celtiberian usabituz, Gaulish appisetu subjunctive — seen in e.g. 3rd Gaulish buetid "may he be", Celtiberian asekatiand four tenses:
present — seen in e.g. Gaulish uediíu-mi "I pray", Celtiberian zizonti "they sow"
preterite — seen in e.g. 3rd Gaulish sioxti, Lepontic KariTe imperfect — perhaps in Celtiberian kombalkez, atibion future — seen in e.g. 3rd Gaulish bissiet, Old Irish bieid "he shall be"
A probable optative mood also features in Gaulish (tixsintor) and an infinitive (with a characteristic ending -unei) in Celtiberian.Pierre-Yves Lambert, La langue gauloise: Description linguistique, commentaire d'inscriptions choisies (Paris: Errance, revised ed. 2003).
Verbs were formed by adding suffixes to a verbal stem. The stem might be thematic or athematic, an open or a closed syllable.
Primary endings
The primary endings in Proto-Celtic were as follows. They were used to form the present, future, and subjunctive conjugations.
Nasal-infix presents
In Proto-Celtic, the Indo-European nasal infix presents split into two categories: ones originally derived from laryngeal-final roots (i.e. seṭ roots in Sanskrit), and ones that were not (i.e. from aniṭ roots). In seṭ verbs, the nasal appears at the end of the present stem, while in aniṭ-derived verbs the nasal was followed by a root-final stop (generally -g- in Old Irish). Aniṭ nasal infix verbs conjugated exactly like basic thematic verbs in the present tense.
On the other hand, the seṭ presents originally had a long vowel after the nasal in the singular and -a- after the nasal in the plural, but the attested Celtic languages levelled this alternation away. Gaulish shows traces of the singular long-vowel vocalism while Old Irish generalized the plural -a- to the singular.
The seṭ nasal-infix presents were further subdivided into subcategories based on the root-final laryngeal. Traditionally two subclasses have long been accepted, the subclass (cited with a -ni- suffix) and (cited with a -na- suffix). nasal-infixed verbs were often leveled to act like verbs, being also cited with a -na- suffix; the only original difference between the two would have been the 3rd-person plural ending in *-nonti instead of *-nanti.
The nasal-infix seṭ verbs in Proto-Celtic underwent multiple levelings. First, the suffixal vowel in the plural forms was harmonized so that they would all be the short counterpart to the vowel in the singular forms. Then all the long vowels in the singular were shortened to make the suffix vowel identical in quality and length across all person-number combinations.
Preterite formations
There were two or three major preterite formations in Proto-Celtic, plus another moribund type.
The s-preterite
The reduplicated suffixless preterite (originating from the PIE reduplicated stative)
The t-preterite
The root aorist
The s-, t-, and root aorist preterites take Indo-European secondary endings, while the reduplicated suffix preterite took stative endings. These endings are:
t-preterite
The Old Irish t-preterite was traditionally assumed to be a divergent evolution from the s-preterite, but that derivation was challenged by Jay Jasanoff, who alleges that they were instead imperfects of Narten presents. Either derivation requires Narten ablaut anyway, leading to a stem vowel i in the singular and e in the plural. The stem vowel in the t-preterite was leveled to *e if the next consonant was either velar or *m, and *i in front of *r or *l.
Suffixless preterites
Many suffixless preterite formations featured reduplication. The nature of the reduplication depends on the structure of the root.
Future formations
One major formation of the future in Celtic, the s-future. It is a descendant of the Proto-Indo-European (h₁)se-desiderative, with i-reduplication in many verbs. The Old Irish a- and s-future come from here.
Another future formation, attested only in Gaulish, is the -sye-desiderative.
Subjunctive formations
Most verbs took one subjunctive suffix in Proto-Celtic, -(a)s-, followed by the thematic primary endings. It was a descendant of the subjunctive of an Indo-European sigmatic thematic formation *-seti. The -ase- variant originated in roots that ended in a laryngeal in Proto-Indo-European; when the *-se- suffix was attached right after a laryngeal, the laryngeal regularly vocalized into *-a-. It would then analogically spread to other Celtic strong verb roots ending in sonorants in addition to the weak verbs, even if the root did not originally end in a laryngeal.
There were also three verbs that did not use -(a)se-, instead straight-out taking thematised primary endings. Two of these verbs are "to be, exist" (subjunctive ) and "to hear" (subjunctive ).
Primary subjunctive formations in Proto-Celtic generally use the e-grade of the verb root, even if the present stem uses the zero-grade.
Imperative formation
Imperative endings in Proto-Celtic were as follows:
Second-person singular imperative
The second-person singular imperative was generally endingless in the active; no ending was generally added to athematic verbs. On thematic -e/o- verbs, the imperative ended in thematic vowel *-e. However, there is also another second-person singular active imperative ending, -si, which was attached to the verb root athematically even with thematic strong verbs.
The thematic deponent second-person singular imperative ending was *-eso. The -the in Old Irish is secondary.
Third-person imperative
The third-person imperative endings in Insular Celtic, Gaulish and Celtiberian have completely separate origins from each other. The Insular Celtic endings are derived from , Gaulish endings from , and the Celtiberian third-person imperative singular ending stems from .
Example conjugations
Scholarly reconstructions Alan Ward, A Checklist of Proto-Celtic Lexical Items (1982, revised 1996), 7–14. may be summarised in tabular format.
Copula
The copula *esti was irregular. It had both athematic and thematic conjugations in the present tense. Schrijver supposes that its athematic present was used clause-initially and the thematic conjugation was used when that was not the case.
Vocabulary
The vast majority of reliably reconstructible lexical items in Proto-Celtic have good Indo-European etymologies, unlike what is found in, for example, the Greek language--at least 90% according to Matasovic. These include most of the items on the Swadesh list of basic vocabulary. But a few words that do not have Indo-European cognates, so may be borrowings from substrate or adstrate Pre-Indo-European languages, are also from basic vocabulary, including *bodyo- ‘yellow’ (though this has possible cognates in Italic), *kani "good," and *klukka'' "stone." It is notable that fully 32 items have been reconstructed for Proto-Celtic with the meaning "fight."
See also
Pre-Celtic
Italo-Celtic
Beaker culture
Urnfield
Hallstatt culture
La Tène culture
Goidelic substrate hypothesis
Ligures
Azilian
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
The Leiden University has compiled etymological dictionaries of various IE languages, a project supervised by Alexander Lubotsky and which includes a Proto-Celtic dictionary by Ranko Matasović. Those dictionaries published by Brill in the Leiden series have been removed from the University databases for copyright reasons. Alternatively, a reference for Proto-Celtic vocabulary is provided by the University of Wales at the following sites:
Proto-Celtic to English Wordlist (PDF)
English to Proto-Celtic Wordlist (PDF)
Celtic languages
Celtic |
Theophilus Capen Abbot (April 29, 1826 – November 7, 1892) was an American educator and the third President of the State Agricultural College (now Michigan State University), serving from 1863 until 1885.
Early life
He was born in Vassalboro, Maine, and spent his early life in Augusta, Maine. At the age of fifteen he entered Colby University (now Colby College) in Waterville, Maine. He graduated in 1845 with his bachelor's degree, and received his A.M. degree from Colby four years later.
Career
After receiving his master's degree, Abbot taught in Vermont, at Bangor Theological Seminary and Colby University in Maine, and in Berrien Springs, Michigan. In 1857, he became the first principal of the Union School (later Ann Arbor High School), the first secondary school to serve the entire city of Ann Arbor, Michigan.
In 1858, Abbot accepted the Professorship of English literature at the newly formed State Agricultural College (later Michigan Agricultural College and now Michigan State University) in East Lansing, Michigan. He also served as the treasurer of the college in 1860, and as secretary pro tempore of the State Board of Agriculture in 1861 and 1862. In December 1862, he was unanimously selected as the third president of the college, a position he held for 22 years (1862-1885) while still continuing to teach. Ill health forced him to step down as president in 1885, and then later from his professorship in 1889. In 1890, he received an honorary LL.D. degree in 1890 from the University of Michigan. His health continued to deteriorate after his retirement and he died on November 7, 1892.
Personal life
On July 5, 1860, Abbot married Sarah Merrylees, a teacher at the Union School in Ann Arbor, and they had two children: Mary Mouat (b. January 10, 1863; d. March 20, 1903) and Joseph Rodney (b. March 30, 1865).
Legacy
Abbot Hall (attached to Mason Hall) in Michigan State University's North Neighborhood.
Abbot Road in East Lansing, Michigan.
Abbot Elementary School, of Ann Arbor Public Schools.
References
External links
Biographical Information (Michigan State University Archives & Historical Collections)
Reports of the Superintendent of Public Instruction of the State of Michigan, Lansing, MI: Hosmer & Kerr, 1858, pp. 437–443
1826 births
1892 deaths
Presidents of Michigan State University
Colby College alumni
Colby College faculty
University of Michigan Law School alumni
People from Vassalboro, Maine
People from Augusta, Maine |
Recognising and recording progress and achievement (RARPA), in the education sector in England, is an approach for measuring the progress and achievement of learners on some further education courses which do not lead to an externally accredited award or qualification. The majority of such courses are in the adult and community learning sector and other non-accredited learning settings.
Background
RARPA was developed by a group of practitioners who were considering the issue of how to recognise and validate learning that takes place where there is no accredited qualification as an outcome. The Learning and Skills Council (LSC) commissioned the Learning and Skills Development Agency (LSDA) and the National Institute of Adult Continuing Education (NIACE) to contribute to the development of the measure as part of the 'New Measures of Success'.
RARPA was developed as part of the Learning and Skills Council’s new measures of success. These new measures aim to harmonise the basis for measuring educational achievement, so that the performance of learners in different parts of the learning and skills sector can be more accurately compared.
Process
RARPA is designed to support teaching and learning practices. It claims to help teachers to deliver personalised learning, with a view to ensuring that learning is taking place and that the learner is making progress. RARPA is intended to encourage learners to engage actively by measuring their own progress and achievements.
RARPA is a tool that can serve as a measure of accountability. This means that the learning experience is subject to the formal inspection and quality assurance processes of the further education sector.
The RARPA approach has five distinct staged processes: aims and objectives, initial assessment, learning objectives, identification of learning, and review and recording.
Aims and objectives
The ostensible aims of the course of learning should be communicated clearly to learners before they make a decision about their individual route to achievement.
Initial assessment
Learners’ previous achievements, current skills and learning needs should be properly considered before a decision has been made about their particular route to achievement.
Learning objectives
A set of learning outcomes should be agreed with each learner that is consistent with their learning goal(s). These outcomes should be based on their identified needs and challenge them to make real progress in their learning achievement There should be opportunities, if necessary, to revise these learning outcomes during the course.
Identification of learning
The progress of learners should be recognised and recorded, through means of formative assessment by the teacher, and by learners themselves.
Review and recording
Learners should be given regular opportunities to assess progress towards their learning outcomes and to review their planned route to achievement. Learners’ success in reaching their planned goal(s) should be recognised through a process appropriate to their needs that summarises their achievements and identifies possible future goals.
See also
Learning and Skills Network
Adult education
Community education
Formative assessment
References
External links
Learning and Skills Council RARPA for action document
Learning and Skills Network
Learning and Skills Network e-briefing, Recognising and Recording Progress and Achievement
National Institute of Adult Continuing Education (NIACE)
Educational assessment and evaluation
Further education colleges in the United Kingdom
Standardised tests in England
Standards-based education |
The African Kingdoms LUMI is a new currency with limited recognition. It was established as legal tender within the 2014 Bank Act of Accompong, a sovereign indigenous village in Jamaica, and issued to the public by the Central Solar Reserve Bank of Accompong as the currency of the Sovereign Maroon State of Accompong with its physical bank notes printed in Canada. The LUMI was created by the then Minister of Finance and Founding Governor of the Bank of Accompong, H.H. Chief Timothy McPherson, who is a global financial engineer that hails from the sovereign Maroon territory of Queen Nanny of the Maroons on the Island of Jamaica.
Although the first AKL Lumi were printed in 2016 for use within Accompong, since 2020 the LUMI has been adopted as the official currency by governmental bodies, including: the Economic Community of the States, Nations, Territories and Realms of the African Diaspora 6th Region (ECO-6), the State of the African Diaspora, the African Kingdoms Federation, the United Kingdoms of Africa, and the African Diaspora Central Bank. However the Bank of Jamaica warned against the currency, stating "Any purported issuance of currency of the island of Jamaica by a person or an entity other than the Bank of Jamaica is unauthorised and in breach of the Bank of Jamaica Act” Furthermore, the African Kingdoms Federation also distanced itself from the LUMI, preferring to create its own currency in 2021 called the Lumi'Ra.
Underwritten by solar energy through power purchase agreements, the currency is worth 100Kwh of solar energy, with a fixed valuation at 4 grains of gold (0.2592 grams) for 1 AKL.
The lumi is no longer used as the Accompong currency. Instead, it is now issued by the African Diaspora Central Bank. The Central Solar Reserve Bank was destituted by Colonel Richard Currie when he replaced Colonel Ferron Williams as the new elected Head of State for Accompong.
See also
Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean
Commonwealth banknote-issuing institutions
African Monetary Union
African Central Bank
Economic integration of West African States
Economic Community of Central African States
Central African CFA franc (CAF)
East African shilling
Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)
Arab Maghreb Union
List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP
Notes
There currently is only 1 banknote, which represents 1 lumi.
In 2021, the African Diaspora Central Bank (ADCB) reported a total of US$1.1 trillion in transactions between Africa and the global Diaspora using LUMI; this is equal to more than a third of the total GDP for continental Africa at US$2.7 trillion in 2021.
References
Currencies of Africa |
The Fishing Boat is an 1865 painting by French painter Gustave Courbet. Done in oil on canvas, the painting depicts a beached fishing boat on the French coastline near Trouville. It is currently in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York.
The work was one of a series of 35 oil paintings that Courbet produced in quick succession during the fall of 1865. Unlike many other marine paintings of that time, the boat is the central feature of the composition rather than a minor element. The Fishing Boat was the first work by Courbet to enter the Met's collection when it was acquired in 1899.
References
1865 paintings
Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Paintings by Gustave Courbet
Water in art
Ships in art |
Musoma is a city in the east shore of lake Victoria of Tanzania. It is the capital of Mara Region, one of the administrative Regions of Tanzania. It also serves as the administrative centre of Musoma Rural District and Musoma Urban District.
Location
The city sits on the eastern edge of Lake Victoria, close to the International borders of Tanzania with Kenya and Uganda. Musoma is located approximately , directly south of the geographical point where the borders of the three East African countries intersect. The town is located approximately , by road, northeast of Mwanza, the nearest large city. Musoma lies approximately , by road, northwest of Arusha, the location of the headquarters of the East African Community. The coordinates of Musoma are:1° 30' 0.00"S, 33° 48' 0.00"E (Latitude:-1.5000; Longitude:33.8000).
History and Etymology
The name Musoma comes from the word Omusoma which means, a spit. The name refers to Musoma's many spits pointing into the surrounding Lake Victoria.
Among the current resident ethnic groups of Mara, the site that later developed into the town of Musoma was first settled by the Kurya subtribe of Abhakabhwa, commonly called Wakabwa. They also gave the name to the location. Hence, Musoma originates from the Kabwa word 'Omusoma', which actually means a piece of land that protrudes into the Lake, essentially, a peninsula. All the kingdoms in Mara, which are actually sub-kingdoms of people with a common ancestry use the word 'Omusoma' (for the Wakabwa, as well as the Wajita and the closely related sub tribes of Wakwaya, Waruri, Wakara, and Wakerewe) and 'Omosoma' (for the many Kurianic sub-tribes such as Abhakerobha - commonly called Wakiroba; Wasimbiti, Wakenye, nk.). The full name is actually "Omosoma (or 'Omusoma') ghwa Nyabhamba".
Musoma was hotly contested and witnessed many intra-ethnic wars, particularly between the Wakabwa and their kins, the Wakiroba - who were second to arrive in the location after the Wakabwa. The Wakabwa brought in their allies, the non-Bantu Luo and were on the tip of winning the war. The Wakiroba turned to their allies, the Wakwaya but were still heading for defeat. Seeing the situation worsen, the Wakwaya and Wakiroba sought support from the Germans, who at that time had arrived in Mwanza but not yet conquered present day Mara. It was under severe attacks by the German Canons that the Wakabwa and their allies the Luo could be defeated and chased away from the area. A legacy of this war are several mass graves just outside Musoma, particularly in Nyabhange (now commonly called Nyabangi) in Kiroba Land. From that time on, the Wakiroba and Wakwaya became resident neighbors of Musoma, dominating its population for a very long time. Now Musoma is significantly cosmopolitan.
The first headquarters of the occupying Germans was established in Nyabangi, but - just like in the case of Bagamoyo on the Indian Ocean Coast, which was the first Capital of German East Africa - it was abandoned due to shallow waters that made an unsuitable location for a harbour. Musoma became the new capital. Today, the old German 'Boma' is testimony to this history of Musoma.
Geography
The city is situated in a heavily indented bay. The Mara River, after which the administrative region of Mara Region is named, flows into Lake Victoria, in nearby Kirumi in Kiroba/Simbiti Land.
Climate
Musoma has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw).
Notable persons from Musoma and Mara
Population
The 2002 national census put the population of Musoma at 104,851. The
2012 Census showed a population of 134,327.
People
Tanzania's founding leader, President Julius Kambarage Nyerere and Tanzania's former Prime Minister, Joseph Sinde Warioba, both attended Mwisenge Middle School in Musoma. The politician and ambassador Paul Bomani was born in Musoma in 1925.
Musoma is home to the Wakiroba subtribe of the Kuria, and to the Kwaya subtribe that is closely related with Wajita, Waruri, Wasimbiti and Wakara. It is also home to the Wajita, Waruri, Wakara, all Kuria sub tribes (including the Wazanaki and Waikizu), and the Luo, among others. Over time, several ethnic groups from other parts of Tanzania and East Africa have chosen Musoma as their home, such as Somalis. Altogether more than 12 ethnic groups live in Musoma.
Notable persons from Musoma and Mara
Musoma has produced many famous Tanzanians. Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere, the father of the nation and de facto leader of its people from 1954 when he became Chairman of Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), attended Mwisenge Primary School in Musoma. So did Justice Joseph Sinde Warioba, the country's former Prime Minister and Vice President. In fact the student list of Mwisenge reads like a 'who is who' in Tanzania's first Republic: Joseph Warioba Butiku, Col. Selemani Kitundu, Moses Mang'ombe, and others.Other senior politicians from Mara include late Bhoke Munanka, Stephen Wassira, late Abel Mwanga, Makongoro Nyerere, Nimrod Mkono, Dr.Steven Kebwe, Shyrose Bhanji, Gaudencia Kabaka and Athony Mtaka .
Mara has also produced many top rank military leaders of the country, including three Chiefs of Defence Forces: Generals David Musuguri, Late Ernest Kyaro, and George Waitara. Other generals from Mara include Late Maj. General Mwita Marwa, Brg. Gen Christopher Gimonge, and Lt. Gen Sylvester Ryoba, Late Col. Dr M M Nsimba and Lt. Col. Dr. Josiah Mekere.
A list of retired Ambassadors who hail from Mara include late James Ndobho, Nimrod Lugoe and Charles Nyirabu (late) and Ambassador Joshua Opanga. Also on the list of notable retired Ambassadors to hail from Mara Region are the former lecturer at the University of Dar es Salaam, Ambassador Dr. Marwa Mwita Matiko (now Advocate of the High Court of Tanzania), Ambassador Mrs Nyasugara Kadege, Ambassador Dr. James Nzagi and Ambassador Professor Joram Mukama Biswaro who is now AU Chairperson's Representative in South Sudan.
Mara has also produced several top notch academics. The list of senior academicians from Mara include: Prof Dominic Kamabarage the Vice Chancelor for Mwalimu Julius Nyerere University of Agriculture and Technology, Prof Majura Selekwa who heads the Mechatronics and Robotics Laboratories at North Dakota State University in USA, Transportation Engineering Professor Deo Chimba of Tennessee State University in USA, Professor Thobias Sando of University of North Florida, Economics professor Samuel Mwita Wangwe, Professor Lloyd M. Binagi, Professor Kohi, Professor Bwatondi, Professor Mohabe Nyirabu and the late Professor Paul Masyenene Biswalo, Professor Sarungi, Professor Daudi Mukangara, Professor Julius Nyang'oro and Professor Sospeter Muhongo, Tanzania's first professor of Geology. Prof. Muhongo is now a minister, Prof Nyankomo Wambura Marwa, associate professor in Blockchain Economics and Development Finance at the University of Johannesburg Business and visiting researcher at Stellenbosch School Business School in South Africa . He also worked with Herbert Smith Center for Technology Management and Entrepreneurship at the University of New Brunswick Canada. Francis Shasha Matambalya, Tanzania's first indigenous professor of international trade was also born in Musoma. He is a scholar of international repute in his area of specialization. Professor Ibrahim Juma, a judge with Tanzania's Court of Appeal also hails from Musoma. Mara has also produced several chemists such as Abdallah A. Kalimbika, Emmanuel Marwa, Peter Musiba, Magori Nyangi and Robert Christopher. Also Geologist Christopher Mkono hail from Mara
Other important people to hail from Mara are Alphayo Kidata, Head of TRA, Dr Samwel Nyantahe of CTI, Musiba Masamba the Meteorologist of Tanzania Meteorological Agency, Dr.Ayub Ryoba of TBC and Esther Matiko the Tarime Urban MP.
Mara has also produced several top-notch athletes: Footballer Mohammed Bakari Tall (Simba and National Team), footballer Mbwana Samata (Simba, TP Mazembe, and National Team; winner of the African Footbal Champions League with TP Mazembe), footballer Amir Kiemba (Simba and National Team, footballer Ally Mchumira (The Young Africans 'Yanga' and National Team), the Isangura Brothers (boxing, Olympians, and Commonwealth Games Medal Winners), the late Bhoke Matambalya (Jeshi Stars and national teams, ladies basketball and netball), the late Feada Faru (Jeshi Stars and national teams, ladies basketball and netball)and Late Sulusi (National athletics), Late Samuel Mahesa (JKT & Jeshi Stars Basketball and National Team).
Mara has also produced several successful business people in Tanzania and East Africa. Probably the most popular of them is industrialist Mwita Gachuma, who possesses several factories in Mwanza. He is also a hotelier. Others include Mr. Vedastus Manyinyi Mathayo who is also a businessman of remarkable stature, numbering among the few local billionaires in Tanzania who hail from Mara.Also there are emerging international social entrepreneurs like Prof Nyankomo Wambura Marwa under his Canadian flagship company of Matumaini Capital Inc.
Source: Masimulizi ya Historia ya Watu wa Mara. Mara Elders Meetings.
Economic activity
Many people in Musoma are engaged in fishing Nile perch from the lake, or own and run small businesses, or are simply employed in the public sector or private sector (both formal and informal). Those living in Musoma Rural District are also Pastoralists, and many grow cotton as a cash crop. There are plans underway to construct a railway line from the port of Tanga on the Indian Ocean, through Arusha, around Serengeti National Park to Musoma. From Musoma, goods will be transferred to barges and transported over Lake Victoria, to Port Bell in Kampala. The project is a joint venture between the governments of Tanzania and Uganda and is expected to cost about US$1.9 billion. The city is also served by Musoma Airport.
Sport
The Tanzanian Premier League football club Biashara United is based in Musoma.
See also
Musoma Airport
Mara Region
Railway stations in Tanzania
References
Populated places on Lake Victoria
Cities in the Great Rift Valley
Populated places in Mara Region
Tanzania–Uganda border crossings
Regional capitals in Tanzania |
was a statesman, diplomat, and legal scholar in Meiji period Japan. A graduate of Harvard Law School, he drew on his connections in the American legal community over the course of his long career in Japanese government, particularly in his role helping to draft the new Meiji Constitution.
Early life
Kaneko was born into a samurai family of Fukuoka Domain (Chikuzen Province's Sawara district, present-day Chūō-ku, Fukuoka), being the son of Kaneko Naomichi (1821-1876), leader of the Ansei Expedition to the Philippines in 1855. At the age of 9, he began his studies at the Shuyukan Han school. At 19, he was selected as a student member of the Iwakura Mission, and journeyed to the United States. He remained there while the rest of the mission continued on to Europe, with the instruction to obtain an education in any subject. At first, seeking a naval career, he planned to attend the United States Naval Academy in Maryland, but a doctor assessed his physical fortitude as insufficient and discouraged any military pursuit. Instead, Kaneko decided to seek a legal education, enrolling at Harvard University in 1876. He prepared for the challenging curriculum by seeking out the personal tutelage of future Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. At Harvard, Kaneko shared lodgings with fellow Japanese student and future fellow-diplomat Komura Jutarō. He also developed a wide circle of contacts in America, including lawyers, scientists, journalists, and industrialists.
While at Harvard, Kaneko visited the apartments of Alexander Graham Bell and spoke on an experimental telephone with a fellow Japanese student, Izawa Shunji. According to Bell, this was the first instance of any language besides English being spoken into the new invention.
After graduating from Harvard in 1878, Kaneko returned to Japan as a lecturer at the University of Tokyo.
Government career
In 1880, Kaneko was appointed as a secretary in the Genrōin, and in 1884 had joined the Office for Investigation of Institutions, the body organized by the Genrōin to study the constitutions of various western nations with the aim of creating a western-style constitution for Japan. The Meiji Constitution that was the product of this committed was promulgated by the Emperor in 1889. Kaneko worked closely with Itō Hirobumi, Inoue Kowashi and Itō Miyoji, and became personal secretary to Itō Hirobumi when the latter became first Prime Minister of Japan. Kaneko was appointed to the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan in 1890, becoming its first secretary. He was subsequently appointed as Vice Minister, then briefly Minister of Agriculture and Commerce in 1898 in the third Itō administration. He was awarded an honorary doctorate (LL.D.) by Harvard in 1899 for his work on the Meiji Constitution.
Perhaps influenced by his own experiences, Kaneko actively promoted the value and necessity of education. His childhood primary school, Shuyukan, having closed in 1871, Kaneko campaigned the Fukuoka regional government to reopen the school and raised funds in support. In 1885, it was reopened as an English vocational school, with all classes held in English. In 1889, Kaneko became the first president of Nihon Law School (now Nihon University), a post he held until 1893.
In 1891, Kaneko was elected to the prestigious Institute of International Law, traveling to its general meeting in Geneva the next year as part of his campaigning to revise the unequal treaties Japan had signed during its forced "opening" in the late 1850s.
In 1900, Kaneko was appointed as Minister of Justice under the fourth Itō administration and was made baron (danshaku) in the kazoku peerage system in 1907.
Russo-Japanese War
In 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War, at the personal request of Itō Hirobumi, Kaneko returned to the United States as a special envoy from the Japanese government to enlist American diplomatic support in bringing the war to a speedy conclusion. Kaneko embarked on a public-relations blitz, publishing editorials in various periodicals and delivering speeches. In April 1904, Kaneko addressed the Japan Club of Harvard University, delivering the tailored message that Japan was fighting to maintain the peace of Asia and to conserve the influence of Anglo-American civilization in the East. While in the United States, Kaneko revived contacts with Theodore Roosevelt, with whom he had been contemporaneously at Harvard (though they did not meet until later, introduced by William Sturgis Bigelow in 1889), and requested that Roosevelt help Japan mediate a peace treaty. When Kaneko met Roosevelt, the president asked for a book that would help explain the character of the Japanese people—what motivates them, their culture and spiritual education in Japan. Kaneko gave Roosevelt a copy of 'Bushido', and several months later, Roosevelt thanked Kaneko, remarking that it enlightened within him a deeper understanding of the Japanese culture and character. Thereafter, Roosevelt eagerly took on the task and presided over the subsequent Treaty of Portsmouth negotiations.
Later career
From 1906, Kaneko served as a member of the Privy Council, and was elevated in title to viscount (shishaku) in 1907.
In his later years he was engaged in the compilation of a history of the Imperial family and served as secretary general of the association for compiling historical materials about the Meiji Restoration. He completed an official biography of Emperor Meiji in 1915. He was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun in 1928, and elevated to hakushaku (count) in 1930.
Kaneko was a strong proponent of good diplomatic relations with the United States all of his life. In 1900, he established the first .
According to the records of the America-Japan Society, Kentaro Kaneko founded that organization in Tokyo, in March 1917, and became its first president. In 1938, during a time of increasingly strident anti-American rhetoric from the Japanese government and press, he established the , a political association calling for a "Japanese-American Alliance", together with future Prime Minister Takeo Miki. He was one of the few senior statesmen in Japan to speak out strongly against war with the United States as late as 1941.
On his death in 1942, Kaneko was posthumously awarded the Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Honors
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (April 1, 1906)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (November 10, 1928)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (May 16, 1942; posthumous)
Junior First Rank (May 16, 1942; posthumous)
See also
Suematsu Kenchō – sent on the same mission as Kaneko in 1904 but to Europe
Notes
References
Duus, Peter. The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895-1910 (Twentieth-Century Japan - the Emergence of a World Power, 4). University of California Press (1998). .
Hane, Mikiso. Modern Japan: A Historical Survey. Westview Press (2001).
Kaneko, Kentarō. A sketch of the history of the constitution of Japan. Unwin Brothers (1889) ASIN: B00086SR4M
Katz, Stan S. The Art of Peace, an illustrated biography about Prince Iesato Tokugawa and his allies, Horizon Productions (2019)
Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 44090600
Matsumura, Masayoshi. Nichi-Ro senso to Kaneko Kentaro: Koho gaiko no kenkyu. Shinyudo. , translated by Ian Ruxton as Baron Kaneko and the Russo-Japanese War: A Study in the Public Diplomacy of Japan (2009) Preview
Morris, Edmund. Theodore Rex. Modern Library; Reprint edition (2002).
External links
National Diet Library Photo & Bio
History of Japanese at Harvard
1878 Portrait Photo, from the papers of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr
Japanese diplomats
People of Meiji-period Japan
Government ministers of Japan
Members of the House of Peers (Japan)
Kazoku
Japanese people of the Russo-Japanese War
People from Fukuoka
Harvard Law School alumni
1853 births
1942 deaths
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
Nihon University people |
A. aureus may refer to:
An abbreviation of a species name. In binomial nomenclature the name of a species is always the name of the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the species name (also called the species epithet). In A. aureus the genus name has been abbreviated to A. and the species has been spelled out in full. In a document that uses this abbreviation it should always be clear from the context which genus name has been abbreviated.
Some of the most common uses of A. aureus are:
Afrixalus aureus, the golden banana frog or golden dwarf reed frog, a frog species found in Eswatini, Mozambique, South Africa and possibly Zimbabwe
Amblyglyphidodon aureus, a damselfish species from the Western Pacific
Apogon aureus, the ring-tailed cardinalfish, a fish species
Arctocebus aureus, the golden angwantibo, a strepsirrhine primate species found in Cameroon, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon
See also
Aureus (disambiguation) |
The Chelan River is a tributary of the Columbia River, in the U.S. state of Washington. Just long, it is the shortest river in Washington. Lake Chelan Dam is located at the river's source: the outlet of Lake Chelan. Nearly the entire river's flow is diverted to the Lake Chelan Powerhouse, downstream near the river's mouth. Thus the Chelan River is almost always dry. Statistics on the streamflow are taken at the tailrace of the powerhouse, measuring the water that would flow through the river were it not diverted, although not including small tributaries, including Daybreak Canyon, that join the Chelan riverbed from the Lake Chelan Dam to the canal outlet.
Course
The Chelan River originates at the outlet of Lake Chelan, in the city of Chelan at the southern end of the lake. Lake Chelan Dam, also in the city of Chelan, blocks the river. The dry riverbed runs through a steep and rocky gorge, dropping before reaching the Columbia River near the community of Chelan Falls. Only the first short section of the river between Lake Chelan and Lake Chelan Dam is filled with water. The rest is called the "bypassed reach".
The Lake Chelan Powerhouse is located adjacent to the river's former mouth. Diverted water is dropped through hydroelectric turbines and released into the Columbia River at Columbia river mile 503.3 (810 km). The tailrace is essentially an arm of the Columbia River with no gradient due to the impoundment of the Columbia by Rocky Reach Dam.
River modifications
Although Lake Chelan is a natural lake its water level and discharge via the Chelan River has been controlled by Lake Chelan Dam since construction was completed in 1927. Due to the dam, the river is nearly always dry, although sometimes water is spilled over the dam, temporarily recreating a small streamflow in the old Chelan River. The river's water is used not only for hydroelectric power but also irrigation and drinking water. In addition, during the summer the water level of Lake Chelan is maintained at a relatively high elevation for scenic and recreational purposes. Normally water flow in the dry bypassed reach occurs in spring and early summer, when snow melt raises Lake Chelan to levels requiring spill for flood control.
The river's water is diverted through a long power tunnel, which ends with a drop through turbines at the powerhouse.
Most of the Chelan River's "bypassed reach" is owned by Chelan County PUD No. 1, the utility which also owns and operates Lake Chelan Dam.
In 2009 a different release pattern from the Lake Chelan Dam has allowed the riverbed to hold water again.
Natural history
Due to the steepness of the Chelan River canyon, anadromous fish were not able to migrate up the river to Lake Chelan even before the dam was built. The lake and the river's upper reach supports various non-anadromous fish species. Columbia River fish have been found in the powerhouse's tailrace.
See also
List of Washington rivers
Tributaries of the Columbia River
Video tour of Chelan river. Features drone footage of the Chelan Gorge - amazing views! River at @ 0:56-5:18
References
Rivers of Washington (state)
Rivers of Chelan County, Washington
North Cascades of Washington (state)
Tributaries of the Columbia River |
```javascript
export default {
"printWidth": 77,
"semi": false
}
``` |
Shoe Island is a small island or islet in the Beaver Island archipelago in Lake Michigan. It is about in size and located in eastern St. James Township, Charlevoix County, Michigan. It became part of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge in 1943, and was designated as part of the Michigan Islands Wilderness Area in 1970.
Like several other components of the Michigan Islands NWR, Shoe Island was formed during the Wisconsin glaciation. Geologically, it is a heap of boulders and gravel left behind by a retreating glacier. Islets of this type form good nesting places for freshwater seabirds.
References
Protected areas of Charlevoix County, Michigan
Islands of Lake Michigan in Michigan
Uninhabited islands of Michigan
Islands of Charlevoix County, Michigan |
WTNS (1560 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Coshocton, Ohio, United States, the station is owned by Coshocton Broadcasting Co.
History
WTNS received its operating license December 30, 1947.
References
External links
TNS
TNS
Radio stations established in 1947
1947 establishments in Ohio |
Procerapachys is an extinct genus of ants which existed 37 to 42 million years ago. A member of the subfamily Dorylinae of the family Formicidae, Procerapachys was first described by American entomologist William Morton Wheeler in 1915.
References
Dorylinae
Fossil ant genera
Eocene insects
Fossil taxa described in 1915
Fossil taxa described in 2009
†
Eocene genus first appearances
Prehistoric insects of Europe |
Naturalism may refer to:
Realism (arts), naturalism in the arts
Naturalism (literature), a literary movement beginning in the late 19th century
Naturalism (theatre), a movement in European drama and theatre
Naturalism (philosophy), the idea that only natural laws and forces operate in the universe
Naturalism (horse) (1988–2018), a racehorse
See also
Naturalness (disambiguation)
Naturism (disambiguation)
Natural history, a domain of inquiry involving organisms
Naturalist, a person who studies natural history
Naturalistic fallacy, the mistake of explaining something as being good reductively, in terms of natural properties
Naturalistic observation, a research methodology
Critical naturalism, an idea of Roy Bhaskar
Ethical naturalism, or moral naturalism or naturalistic cognitivistic definism
Humanistic naturalism, a branch of philosophical naturalism
Liberal naturalism, a heterodox form of philosophical naturalism
Metaphysical naturalism, a philosophical basis for science
Poetic naturalism, an approach of Sean M. Carroll
Political naturalism, a belief that there is a natural law
Religious naturalism, combines a naturalist worldview with ideals associated with many religions
Sociological naturalism, the view that the natural world and the social world are roughly identical
Spiritual naturalism, combines a naturalist approach to spiritual ways of looking at the world |
Heather McDonald (born 1959) is an American playwright, director, librettist, and professor.
Early life
Mcdonald is originally a Canadian citizen. She graduated from the University of Florida with a BFA in English. She is an MFA graduate of New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.
Career
Heather McDonald has published eight plays, two screenplays, and a libretto. Her plays have been performed nationally and all over the world.
She has attended the Sundance Institute twice, first as a director, and most recently as a playwright for the 2010 Playwrights Retreat at Ucross.
McDonald has been a regular teacher at the Kennedy Center Intensive at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. The program is a two-week session of writing workshops and discussions about the business of playwriting.
George Mason University
McDonald is a full-time professor at George Mason University. Her courses include playwriting workshop, advanced playwriting, the screenplay, and advanced playwriting workshop.
McDonald pioneered the Ten-Minute Play Festival, where students produce, direct, and act in ten-minute plays written by students.
Theater of the First Amendment
Heather McDonald was an artistic associate of the Theater of the First Amendment.
"Since 1990, TFA has produced 44 full productions and numerous staged readings of new work. Our productions have won 12 Helen Hayes Awards (DC’s equivalent of the Tony Awards) out of 37 nominations. Many plays originating at TFA have been published, produced nationally and internationally, televised and broadcast, or recorded as award-winning original soundtrack CDs".
In June 2011, TFA hosted Playwrights in Mind: A National Conversation, a playwrights conference. It was sponsored by the Dramatists Guild and featured many celebrated playwrights, including David Ives, Stephen Schwartz, Mame Hunt, Molly Smith, Christopher Durang, Emily Mann, and Julia Jordon.
Personal life
She resides in Baltimore.
Bibliography
Produced plays
Rain and Darkness: Hitting for the Cycle
Available Light
The Rivers and Ravines
Faulkner's Bicycle
Dream of a Common Language
When Grace Comes In
An Almost Holy Picture
The Two Mary's
Stay
Screenplays
Rocket 88
Walking After Midnight
Opera
The End of the Affair (libretto)
References
American librettists
American dramatists and playwrights
American theatre directors
American women theatre directors
Florida State University alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
George Mason University faculty
Living people
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Women librettists
1959 births |
Mohan Priyadarshana De Silva (born 23 December 1966) is a Sri Lankan politician, Former Cabinet Minister, and member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka. He belongs to the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna. Mohan P. de Silva is a lawyer by profession and was educated at St. Aloysius' College, Galle. Following the mass resignation of the Sri Lankan cabinet in the wake of the 2022 Sri Lankan protests, he was appointed as the Minister of Water Supplies by President Gotabaya Rajapaksa on 18 April 2022, he served in this role until 9 May 2022 following another resignation of the Sri Lankan Cabinet.
References
External links
Mohan Priyadharshana de Silva
Members of the 14th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 16th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Freedom Party politicians
Living people
1966 births
Alumni of St. Aloysius' College, Galle |
Little Bonnet Lake, in Highlands County, Florida, is about west of Lake Letta and about twice as far south of Lake Lotela. This lake is bounded on the southwest by a rail line and on the southeast and part of the north side by citrus groves. Woods are on the east, part of the west and part of the north. A golf course borders Little Bonnet Lake on the northwest.
On the lake's northeast shore is a public boat ramp, that is reached by going through the area's golf course. A canal allows boats to travel east to Lake Letta and by a series of canals a number of area lakes may be accessed from Little Bonnet Lake. There are no public swimming beaches, but fishing is allowed. The HookandBullet.Com website says the lake contains blue catfish, gar and bowfin.
References
Lakes of Highlands County, Florida
Lakes of Florida |
(8014) 1990 MF is a sub-kilometer near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid in the Apollo group. It was discovered by American astronomer Eleanor Helin at the Palomar Observatory in California on 26 June 1990. The asteroid measures approximately in diameter. On 23 July 2020, it came within 0.055 AU of the Earth—about 21 times the Moon's distance.
References
External links
008014
Discoveries by Eleanor F. Helin
008014
19900626 |
The Nagar Muslims are a Muslim community found in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. They are Muslim converts from the larger Nagar Brahmin community. The Nagar are also known as Nagar Shaikh.
Origin
The Ahar pargana of Bulandshahr District was held by the Nagar and Nagar artisans prior to the Muslim conquest of the region in the 11th century. During the invasion of Muhammad Ghori, many of them along with their ruler from the Barnwal community converted to Islam in a deal to prevent further bloodshed and to save the remaining community. During those times, there was a common practice in which part of the community would convert to Islam and the invader would grant clemency to the remainder of the community. The Barnwal converts were called Barani and the Nagar converts were called Nagar Muslims. Even today, many prominent Muslims from Western Uttar Pradesh belong to these communities. As the Nagar played a key role in the 1857 War of Independence, most of their estates were confiscated. They were led by Sohrab Khan, who set himself up as the independent ruler, taking advantage of the collapse of British authority.
Present circumstances
The Nagar are largely endogamous, although there have been a few cases of intermarriage with the Behlim Shaikh of Bulandshahr city, a community of similar status. There remains a marked preference to marry close kin, and they practice both cross cousin and parallel cousin marriages. The Nagar are Sunni Muslims, and largely Barelvi. Their customs are similar to other Shaikh communities in the Doab region. The Nagar generally speak standard Urdu.
See also
Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh
References
Social groups of Uttar Pradesh
Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh
Shaikh clans |
Marie Manning (née de Roux; 1821 – 13 November 1849) was a Swiss domestic servant who was hanged on the roof of London's Horsemonger Lane Gaol on 13 November 1849, after she and her husband were convicted of the murder of her lover, Patrick O'Connor, in the case that became known as the "Bermondsey Horror". It was the first time that a husband and a wife had been executed together in England since 1700. The novelist Charles Dickens attended the public execution, and in a letter written to The Times on the same day wrote,
I believe that a sight so inconceivably awful as the wickedness and levity of the immense crowd collected at that execution this morning could be imagined by no man, and could be presented in no heathen land under the sun.
Dickens later based one of his characters—Mademoiselle Hortense, Lady Dedlock's maid in Bleak House—on Manning's life.
Background
Marie Manning was born Marie de Roux in the Swiss city of Lausanne, and entered domestic service in England. Initially maid to Lady Palk of Haldon House, Devon, she entered the service of Lady Blantyre at Stafford House, London, in 1846. On 27 May 1847 she married publican Frederick George Manning at St James's Church, Piccadilly. Mr Manning's background was chequered; he had worked on the railways but was discharged on suspicion of being involved in several robberies. After the marriage, Marie continued her friendship with Patrick O'Connor, a gauger in the London Docks. He was also a moneylender who charged extraordinary interest, and in so doing had become wealthy.
Murder
On 9 August 1849, O'Connor dined with the Mannings at their home, 3 Miniver Place, Bermondsey. Following a plan, the Mannings murdered their guest by shooting him at close range in the back of the head and buried his body under the flagstones in their kitchen, where it was found a week later on 17 August when a police officer noticed a damp corner stone on the floor, around which the earth was soft. That same day Mrs Manning visited O'Connor's lodgings at Greenwood Street, Mile End Road, stealing the dead man's railway shares and money. She returned the next day to complete the robbery. However, it is apparent that the couple had planned to double-cross each other; Marie fled with most of the loot, Frederick fled with the smaller portion. James Coleman, the landlord who resided at 1 Miniver Place, later gave evidence at the trial.
Trial and execution
Marie was tracked down to Edinburgh, where she was caught after trying to exchange some of O'Connor's property (a listing of his possessions had been published). The ten certificates of shares of the Huntingdon, Wisbech, and St. Ives Railway were found in her possession. Elsewhere, Frederick was caught on the island of Jersey. They were tried at the Old Bailey on 25 and 26 October 1849. The trial was not one of the most fascinating in terms of legal problems, except that it was argued that the jury had to include people of French or Swiss ancestry in fairness to Marie.
O'Connor's stockbroker, Francis Stevens, gave evidence identifying the railway shares: "I know them by the numbers, and by my initials. I delivered them on the 6th of August last. They are amongst the advertised shares, and are numbered 6,460 to 6,469" He also identified ten Amiens and Boulogne shares, numbered 48,666 to 48,674 inclusive, supplied to the deceased.
During the trial, Frederick said that he "never liked [O'Connor] very much". Both he and Marie were found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging, Marie yelling imprecations at the British as a 'perfidious race'. The couple were reconciled shortly before they were executed by William Calcraft at Horsemonger Lane Gaol on 13 November 1849. A death mask of Marie was acquired by Dr Thomas Grierson for his Thornhill Institute in Dumfries then in 1965 by Dumfries Museum on the dispersal of Grierson's collections.
Reaction
Charles Dickens wrote a letter to The Times decrying the 'wickedness and levity' of the mob during the execution.
Herman Melville paid "half a crown" for a spot on a roof overlooking the execution. He wrote in his diary, "The man & wife were hung side by side - still unreconciled to each other - What a change from the time they stood up to be married, together!"
Wilkie Collins in his novel The Woman In White (1860) has one of his heroines comment (referring to the fat villain, Count Fosco) that "Mr. Murderer and Mrs. Murderess Manning were not both unusually stout people?" The novel is set in 1850, a year after the "Bermondsey Horror".
References
Attribution
Further reading
Borowitz, Albert (1981). The Woman Who Murdered Black Satin: The Bermondsey Horror. Ohio State University Press.
Diamond, Michael (2003). Victorian Sensation. Anthem Press
1821 births
1849 deaths
People from Lausanne
People executed for murder
People executed by the United Kingdom by hanging
Swiss people executed abroad
Executed British people
Executed Swiss women
19th-century executions by England and Wales
Swiss female murderers
Swiss emigrants to the United Kingdom
Swiss people convicted of murder
Executed Swiss people
19th-century Swiss women
1849 murders in the United Kingdom
Murder in London
1840s murders in London |
Linda Gibboney (born March 7, 1951) is an American actress, best known for her roles on soap operas and serials. These roles included "Sybil Thorne, R. N." on All My Children (1979–1981) and "Jenny Deacon Kendall' on Search for Tomorrow (1982–1983). Serial roles include Gina Blake DeMott Capwell Timmons Lockridge on Santa Barbara (1984–1985), and "Jessica Gardner" on Generations (1989–1991). She was also on an episode of Married... with Children.
She won a Soap Opera Award for her role as Gina Capwell, but was replaced by Robin Mattson.
She is now a college professor at UCLA.
Filmography
Married... with Children as Miss McGowen Teacher’s Pets (1 episode, 1992)
Generations (1989) TV series as Jessica Gardner #2 (unknown episodes, 1989–1991)
Doogie Howser, M.D. as Mrs. Iger (1 episode, 1989)
Highway to Heaven as Mother (1 episode, 1988)
Dynasty as Maid (1 episode, 1986)
Santa Barbara as Gina Blake Lockridge (various episodes, 1984–1985)
Search for Tomorrow (1951) TV series as Jenny Deacon (unknown episodes, 1982–1984)
All My Children as Sybil Thorne (various episodes, 1979–1981)
Alien Zone (1978) (as Kathie Gibboney) as Julie
The Brady Bunch (as Kathie Gibboney) as Linda (1 episode, 1973)
External links
1951 births
Living people
Actresses from New York City
American television actresses
American film actresses
American soap opera actresses
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American women |
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<div xmlns:rev="path_to_url~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" class="refsynopsisdiv"><pre class="synopsis"><span class="comment">// In header: <<a class="link" href="../../../accumulators/reference.html#header.boost.accumulators.numeric.functional_hpp" title="Header <boost/accumulators/numeric/functional.hpp>">boost/accumulators/numeric/functional.hpp</a>>
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KCID (1490 AM) (now Salt & Light's local Spanish Catholic) is a radio station broadcasting a Spanish religious format. Licensed to Caldwell, Idaho, United States, the station serves the Boise area. The station is currently owned by Salt & Light Radio.
Former owners Journal Broadcast Group announced July 22, 2009 that KCID, along with sister station KGEM 1140AM, were to be sold to Salt & Light Radio for $950,000. The sale closed on September 25, 2009, and the station will be converted to Salt & Light's local Spanish Catholic radio format.
References
External links
FCC History Cards for KCID
CID
Caldwell, Idaho
Radio stations established in 1989 |
Bomba (Abruzzese: ) is a comune and town in the province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Silvio Spaventa and Bertrando Spaventa were born in Bomba.
Main sights
Parish church of Santa Maria del Popolo
Sanctuary of San Mauro Abate
Church of San Mauro fuori le mura
Ethnographic Museum
Remains of the urban walls and gates (c. 12th century)
Archaeological site of Monte Pallano, perhaps including remains of the ancient Frentani town of Pallanum (VI century b.C.)
References
Cities and towns in Abruzzo |
A by-election was held in the state electoral district of Coffs Harbour on 3 November 1990. The by-election was triggered by the resignation of Matt Singleton ().
Dates
Result
Matt Singleton () resigned.
See also
Electoral results for the district of Coffs Harbour
List of New South Wales state by-elections
References
1990 elections in Australia
New South Wales state by-elections
1990s in New South Wales |
Willis Nelson Dysart (March 15, 1923 in Omega, Georgia - November 8, 2011) was an American mental calculator. His talent for arithmetic emerged at the age of three after his mother taught him to count. He quit school in the third grade (age 9) and pursued a career as a lightning calculator.
In 1938 Robert Ripley featured Dysart in his 'Believe It Or Not' newspaper column and introduced what would become Dysart's stage name - 'Willie the Wizard'.
In 1940 Dysart was recruited by a local radio station to tally votes in the US presidential election. Dysart would very quickly (much more quickly than rival radio stations aided by calculating machines) give "the exact standing of any candidate on the board, including his current total, the percentage of votes counted at that point and the probable outcome of the contest on the basis of existing information". Not content with that, Dysart would provide a little entertainment by, for instance, asking for the birth dates of the candidates and immediately giving the years, months, hours, minutes and seconds they had lived to that moment.
Dysart has given many live demonstrations of his skill at a range of venues. He has also appeared on numerous television shows, including I've Got a Secret, You Asked For It, The Art Linkletter Show and The Joe Pyne Show, which made him famous in the United States. He has also been the subject of psychological studies.
Although excelling at all kinds of arithmetic, Dysart's most startling demonstrations have been in addition and multiplication. Multiplying a pair of three-digit numbers is for Dysart a trivial task, which is why he breaks larger numbers into groups of three digits before multiplying them (many of the multiplications reported to have been made by Dysart involve six or nine-digit numbers). In this respect Dysart is unique among the documented calculators, some of whom – most notably Dutchman Wim Klein – multiplied large numbers by breaking them up into groups of two-digit numbers but never three-digit numbers. It took Dysart less than 10 seconds to multiply a pair of nine-digit numbers.
Dysart died on November 8, 2011 in Long Beach, California.
References
Mental calculators
People from Tift County, Georgia
People from Colquitt County, Georgia
1923 births
2011 deaths |
Joannes, Ioannes or John Gennadius (, 1844–1932) was a Greek diplomat, writer, and speaker, best known for his donation of his collection of Greek books and art to the Gennadius Library.
Early and personal life
Gennadius was born in Athens on , the son of Georgios Gennadios, a man of letters, and Artemis Gennadios, a descendant of Ioannis Benizelos. His father died when he was 10. He was educated at the English-language Malta Protestant College and at the University of Athens. In November 1862, at age 18, he left the university and traveled to London. In Britain, he worked at Ralli Brothers, returning briefly to Athens to work as a journalist.
Gennadius married in London on 27 December 1902 Florence Laing Kennedy (1853–1952), the widow of the artist Edward Sherard Kennedy and daughter of Samuel Laing. There were two ceremonies, first at the Greek Church of St Sofia, then at the Anglican church of St Peter, Cranley Gardens. They set up household at 14 De Vere Gardens, Kensington. They moved to East Molesey, Surrey, in 1924. Gennadius died in London in 1932 and his wife died in 1952.
Diplomatic career
His first public role was during the Dilessi murders in 1870. Four travelers in Greece were murdered by brigands, prompting an "angry outburst of anti-Greek feeling in London". Though his employers, the Ralli Brothers, told him to remain silent, he researched the incident and wrote a 192-page pamphlet about it which he then delivered to one hundred members of Parliament. He was fired from his job, but became a hero to Greeks in Greece and abroad. In 1873, the Greek government appointed him Second Secretary in Constantinople. In 1874, he was transferred to London, and in May 1875, he was named Chargé d'Affaires. He then had a series of increasingly senior postings in London, Vienna, the Netherlands, and the United States, but was recalled to Athens in 1892. It was only in 1910 that he was reappointed as Minister in London and The Hague. He retired in 1918, but served as the Greek representative to the Washington Naval Conference from 1921 to 1922.
Book collecting and public life
Gennadius had started collecting books young. In 1867, for the Exposition Universelle in Paris, he prepared an exhibit and catalogue raisonné for all of the newspapers and periodicals published in Greece in 1866. In 1872, his personal library was not especially notable. The one "treasure" of his collection at that time was a first edition of the Erotokritos. During the period 1874 to 1880, his collecting became more systematic, including not just books, but also drawings and prints on Turkish and Greek life and costume. In the 1880s, he "formed the 'grand design' that was to dominate his collecting for the rest of his life: to form a library that represented the creative genius of Greece at all periods, the influence of her arts and sciences upon the western world, and the impression created by her natural beauty upon the traveller", with the plan of donating it to the National Library of Greece.
In the meantime, he organized various activities in support of Greece. He arranged the donation of 6,000 books to the Parliamentary Library. He helped form the Greek Committee, with Lord Rosebery as president. He helped found the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.
In 1922, he offered his collection of 24,000 volumes to the American School of Classical Studies in Athens. A site for a library building was donated by the Greek government and funding for the building by the Carnegie Corporation. Gennadius and his wife formally dedicated it on April 23, 1926.
Honors
Gold Cross of the Order of the Redeemer, Greece, 1879
Honorary Doctor of Civil Law, Oxford University, 1882
Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 1918
External links
American School of Classical Studies, Joannes Gennadius Papers
Modern Greek Visual Prosopography
Notes
Book and manuscript collectors
1844 births
1932 deaths
Greek male writers
Writers from Athens
Greek non-fiction writers
19th-century Greek writers
20th-century Greek writers
Ambassadors of Greece to the United Kingdom
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order |
Carlos Baliño (13 February 1848 – 18 June 1926) was a Cuban writer, revolutionary and one of the first proponents of Marxism in Cuba.
He was born in Guanajay, Cuba.
His early writings were poetry and prose. By 1869 his writings had gained notability for their anti-colonial and pro-independence inclinations; thus placing him at odds with the colonial authorities. He was forced into exile and lived in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he studied architecture.
In 1892, while living in the United States he, along with Jose Marti, founded the Cuban Revolutionary Party.
In 1902, a year after the United States signed the Platt Amendment, Baliño returned to Cuba. While in Cuba he began to write more often, appearing in El Mundo and El Proletario, among other publications. In 1905 he published Bases Fundamentales (Principal Bases).
In his writings Baliño addressed the position of the proletariat, the question of political power and argued for the creation of a classless society based on the socialization of the means of production. From the early 1900s he gradually moved towards Marxism.
In 1906, he signed the charter of the Socialist Party of Cuba, which emerged from the consolidation of the Socialist Workers' Party and the International Socialist Group, also created with his contribution. Being a member of the Socialist Group of Havana, in 1910 he came to take his presidency replacing Ramón Belmonte, after the most prominent workers in the Havana Sewerage Strike were expelled from the country.
Baliño edited various Socialist newspapers and in 1925 was amongst the founders of the Communist Party of Cuba.
He was an early critic of neocolonialism and wrote the prologue and translation to Scott Nearing’s 1921 anti-imperialist work, The American Empire.
References
1848 births
1926 deaths
19th-century Cuban poets
Cuban male poets
Cuban essayists
Male essayists
Writers from Havana
20th-century Cuban poets
20th-century male writers
19th-century translators |
Agnes Noyes Goodsir (18 June 1864 – 11 August 1939) was an Australian portrait painter who lived in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s.
Biography
Goodsir was born in Portland, Victoria, Australia, one of eleven children born to David James Cook Goodsir, Commissioner of Customs at Melbourne, and Elizabeth Archer (née Tomlins).
Her early art training started with Arthur T. Woodward at the Bendigo School of Mines and Industries from 1898 to 1899, and in 1899 some of her work was raffled in Bendigo to partly finance her study in Paris. The years following World War I saw a virtual exodus of Australian artists on a sort of Grand Tour to Paris, all intent on being part of the explosion of the arts taking place there. Painters like Rupert Bunny, Stella Bowen and Max Meldrum were drawn there by the appeal of the Left Bank. Others like Margaret Preston and Grace Crowley were inspired to develop in new directions by post-war Parisian art.
Goodsir attended the Académie Delécluse, the Académie Julian (under Jean-Paul Laurens) and then the Académie Colarossi. From about 1912 she shuttled between London and Paris, but finally settled in Paris in 1921 at 18 rue de l'Odéon.
During her time in Paris Goodsir painted portraits of cosmopolitan women including her partner, Rachel Dunne, nicknamed Cherry. The Parisienne, a portrait of Cherry was painted around 1924.
Her work was acclaimed and exhibited at the New Salon, the Salon des Indépendants, and the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts in Paris as well as at the Royal Academy and the Royal Institute in London.
On a short visit to Australia in 1927, she exhibited at the Macquarie Galleries in Sydney and the Fine Arts Gallery in Melbourne. In 1938, four of her oils were shown at the sesquicentennial exhibition at the Art Gallery of New South Wales.
She was a member of the Societe Nationale des Beaux-Arts.
Goodsir died in Paris, France in 1939.
Goodsir's work showed strong composition and technique, favouring oils over watercolours. Despite turning out a large number of still lifes and interiors, her forté was portraits, including Katharine Goodson, Leo Tolstoy, Ellen Terry, Banjo Paterson, Bertrand Russell, Dame Eadith Walker, Countess Pinci and Italian leader Benito Mussolini.
Collections
Works are held in:
the National Gallery of Victoria - The letter, (Woman reading)
the Bendigo Art Gallery
the National Gallery of Australia - In a Latin Quarter studio and The Parisienne.
the Art Gallery of New South Wales - Chinese skirt
the State Library of New South Wales - A. B. Paterson, Banjo
Legacy
The Goodsir Scholarship awarded by the Bendigo Art Gallery is named in memory of her.
In 1978 a street in the Canberra suburb of Chisholm was named Goodsir Place in her honour.
Gallery
References
Further reading
K Quinlan, In A Picture Land Over The Sea: Agnes Goodsir, 1864-1939, Bendigo, 1998
1864 births
1939 deaths
People from Portland, Victoria
Lesbian painters
Australian lesbian artists
Australian LGBT painters
Australian women painters
19th-century Australian painters
20th-century Australian painters
19th-century Australian women artists
20th-century Australian women artists
Académie Colarossi alumni
Académie Delécluse alumni
Australian expatriates in France |
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Oxygen Green Party (1)
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The Congress of the Republic of Colombia () is the name given to Colombia's bicameral national legislature.
The Congress of Colombia consists of the 108-seat Senate, and the 188-seat Chamber of Representatives, Members of both houses are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms.
The composition, organization and powers of Congress and the legislative procedure are established by the fourth title of the Colombian Constitution. According to article 114 of the Constitution, the Congress amends the constitution, makes the law and exercises political control over the government and the public administration. In addition, the Constitution and the law grant other powers to Congress, including certain judicial powers and electing senior judges and other senior public officials.
Both houses of Congress meet at the neoclassical Capitolio Nacional ("National Capitol") building in central Bogotá, the construction of which began in 1847 and was not concluded until 1926. Each house has its own election procedure and individual powers distinguishing them from the other, which are further discussed in the article for each individual house.
Congress
Eligibility
Each house has its own eligibility requirements established by the Constitution, but there are common rules of ineligibility and incompatibility (régimen de inhabilidades e incompatibilidades), determined by the Constitution.
Anyone who has been sentenced to deprivation of liberty (detention) at any time except for political crimes and culpable negligence; hold dual citizenship and are not native-born citizens; held a public employment position with political, civil, administrative or military authority or jurisdiction within the year prior the election; participated in business transactions with public entities or concluded contracts with them, or were legal representatives of entities which handled taxes or quasi-fiscal levies within the six months prior to the election; lost their mandate (investidura) as members of Congress or holds ties of marriage or kinship with civil servants holding civil or political authority may not be elected to Congress. In addition, relatives through marriage or kinship who are registered candidates for the same party for an office elected on the same day may not be members of Congress. The constitution also bans election to or membership in more than one office or body, even if the terms only overlap partially.
Members of Congress may not hold another public or private office (except university professorship); manage matters or conclude contracts, in their name or that of someone else, with public entities or persons administering taxes or serve as a member of any board or executive committee of decentralized public entities or institutions administering taxes.
Violations of the rules of ineligibility, incompatibility, conflict of interest lead to the loss of one's mandate (investidura) as congressmen; as does an absence (during the same session) to six plenary sessions, failing to take their seat within eight days following the first meeting of the house, improper use of public funds or duly proven influence peddling. The Council of State rules on the loss of mandate within twenty days of the request made by a citizen or the executive committee of the appropriate house.
Members of Congress enjoy immunity for their opinions and the votes that they cast in the exercise of their office. For crimes committed during their term, only the Supreme Court of Justice may order the arrest and try them.
Replacement of members
Members of Congress do not have alternates (suplente) and are only replaced in the event of a temporary or permanent absences, as decreed by law, by the next non-elected candidate on the list from which he/she was elected, ranked in order of registration or votes received. Permanent absences include death, physical incapacity, nullification of the election, justified and accepted resignation, disciplinary sanctions and the loss of one's mandate. Temporary absences include maternity leave and temporary deprivation of liberty from crimes other than those signalled in the paragraph below.
In the wake of the parapolitics scandal, a political reform in 2009 created the so-called silla vacía (empty seat) mechanism, according to which anyone who has been sentenced for membership, promotion or funding of illegal armed groups; drug trafficking; intentional wrongdoing against the public administration or mechanisms of democratic participation or crimes against humanity cannot be replaced. Likewise, any congressmen who resigns after having been formally indicted in Colombia for any of these crimes or who is temporarily absent after an arrest warrant has been issued for any of these crimes is not replaced. These rules not only apply to Congress, but to all other directly elected bodies - departmental assemblies, municipal councils and local administrative boards. These provisions were strengthened by the 2015 constitutional reform, which added fraudulent wrongdoings against public administration as a crime not resulting in replacement.
Shared powers
Although each house of Congress serves a particular role and have individual powers distinguishing them from one another, both houses have certain powers in common, according to Article 135 of the Constitution; namely:
Electing its executive committees and its secretary general for a two-year period
Request from the government the information that the house may need, except information regarding diplomatic instructions and classified documents
Determine the convening of sessions reserved to address oral questions by congressmen to cabinet ministers and the answers of the latter
To fill the positions established by law necessary for the execution of powers
Seek from the government the cooperation of government agencies to improve the performance of their duties
Organizing its internal maintenance of order.
To summon (by writing, with five days anticipation) and require ministers, permanent secretaries and heads of administrative departments to attend sessions. In cases the officials fail to attend without an excuse deemed reasonable by the house, the house may file a censure motion.
Propose censure motions against ministers, permanent secretaries and heads of administrative departments for matters related to their official duties or for ignoring the summons of Congress. A censure motion must be tabled by at least a tenth of the members of the respective house, and the vote takes place after the conclusion of a debate with a public hearing of the respective official. Approval of the motion requires an absolute majority, and, if successful, the official is removed from office. If unsuccessful, no new motion on the same matter may be proposed unless it is supported by new facts. The decision of a single house is binding on the other.
Commissions of either house may also summon any natural or juridical person to testify (in writing or orally) during a special session on matters directly related to investigations pursued by the committee (Article 137).
Joint sessions
The Congress meets as a single body (Congreso pleno) only on exceptional occasions, determined by article 18 of Law 5 of 1992. These occasions are:
Inauguration of the President of the Republic, or the Vice President when acting as President
Receive foreign heads of State and government
Election of the Comptroller General
Election of the Vice President in the case of a vacancy
Recognizing the physical incapacity of the Vice President
Electing magistrates of the Disciplinary Chamber of the Superior Council of the Judiciary
Deciding on censure motions against cabinet ministers
In joint sessions of Congress, the President of the Senate acts as President of the Congress and convenes, chairs and directs the session.
Sessions
The Congress meets twice a year in two ordinary sessions: the first from July 20 to December 16, and the second from March 16 to June 20. These two sessions form a single legislative year, legally known as a legislature (legislatura), of which there are four during the course of a single congressional term.
The executive branch can call for extraordinary sessions at any time, but never after June 20 in an election year, and Congress may only discuss the issues submitted for its consideration by the government during these sessions.
Commissions
Each house elects permanent commissions, whose number, composition and responsibilities are determined by law. These commissions, whose existence stems from the Constitution, are known as permanent constitutional commissions and there are currently 14 in Congress - seven in each house. The current permanent commissions are:
First commission (19 senators, 35 representatives): responsible for constitutional amendments, statutory laws, constitutional rights and duties, territorial organization, regulation of control organisms, peace, structure organization of the central administration, ethnic affairs and other administrative matters.
Second commission (13 senators, 19 representatives): responsible for foreign policy, defence, the military and police, treaties, diplomatic and consular appointments, foreign trade, borders, citizenship, immigration and aliens, military service, public honours and monuments, harbours and other foreign trade matters.
Third commission (15 senators, 29 representatives): responsible for finance, taxes, monetary policy, central bank, authorization of loans, monopolies, economic regulation, national planning, financial markets, stock markets, insurance and savings.
Fourth commission (15 senators, 27 representatives): responsible for budget laws, fiscal supervision, disposition of national goods, industrial property, patents, trademarks, management of national public institutions and offices, quality and price control for administrative contracts.
Fifth commission (13 senators, 19 representatives): responsible for agriculture, the environment, natural resources, land management, fishing and maritime affairs, mining and energy.
Sixth commission (13 senators, 18 representatives): responsible for communications, fees, public calamities, service delivery, communications media, scientific and technological research, radio and television, geostationary orbit, digital communication and computer systems, air space, public works and transport, tourism, education and culture.
Seventh commission' (14 senators, 19 representatives): responsible for civil servants, trade unions, mutual aid societies, social security, benefits, recreation, sports, health, community organizations, housing, economic solidarity, women and the family.
Legal commissions are those created by the law, responsible for specific matters outside the competence of the constitutional commission. Three legal commissions exist in both houses - human rights, ethics and congressional rules and document accreditation; two legal commissions exist only in the House of Representatives - public accounts and the investigation and accusation commission. In addition, there are special commissions and incidental commissions.
Senate
The Senate has 102 elected members for four-year terms.
Electoral system
According to the Colombian Constitution, 100 senators (senadores) are elected from a single national constituency. The remaining two are elected in a special national constituency for Indigenous communities. The current threshold in order to obtain seats is 3% of valid votes nationally.
Eligibility
To be a senator, a person must be a natural-born Colombian citizen over the age of 30 at the time of the election. Representatives of indigenous communities seeking election as a representative of indigenous communities in the Senate must have held a traditional authority role in their community or have been the leader of an indigenous organization.
Exclusive powers of the Senate
Approve or reject the resignations of the President and the Vice President.
Approve or reject all military promotions conferred by the government on commissioned officers.
Grant leaves of absence for the President in cases other than sickness, and determine the qualification of the Vice President to serve as President.
Allow for the transit of foreign troops through Colombian territory.
Authorize the Government to declare war on a foreign nation.
Elect the Constitutional Court justices.
Elect the Attorney General.
Take cognizance of the charges brought by the House of Representatives against the President (or whoever replaces him/her) and members of the Comisión de Aforados even if they may have ceased to exercise their functions. The Senate determines the validity of the charges concerning actions or omissions that occurred in the exercise of these duties, and adopts disciplinary measures if need be. The Senate's impeachment powers are limited, as the Constitution explicitly states the punishments which may be imposed, and, the accused faces trial before the Supreme Court of Justice for common crimes.
Chamber of Representatives
The House has 166 elected members for four-year terms.
Electoral system
The House of Representatives is elected in territorial constituencies, special constituencies and an international constituency.
Each department (and the capital district of Bogotá D.C.) form territorial electoral constituencies (circunscripciones territoriales). Each constituency has at least two members, and one more for every 365,000 inhabitants or fraction greater than 182,500 over and above the initial 365,000. For the current legislative term (2014-2018), 161 of the 166 House members are elected in territorial constituencies.
There are also three special constituencies, electing the remaining five members: one for Indigenous communities currently with one representative, one for Afro-Colombian communities (negritudes) currently with two representatives and one for Colombian citizens resident abroad currently with one representative. As a result of the 2015 constitutional reform, the number of seats allocated to Colombian citizens resident abroad will be reduced to one, from 2018 onward, as an additional special seat will be created for the territorial constituency of Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina to represent the archipelago's Raizal community.
The current threshold in order to obtain seats is 50% of the electoral quotient (total votes divided by total seats) in constituencies with over two seats and 30% of the electoral quotient in constituencies with two seats. Seats are then distributed using the distributing number, or cifra repartidora method explained in article 263 of the Constitution.
Eligibility
To be a representative, a person must be a Colombian citizen (by birth or naturalization) over the age of 25 at the time of the election.
Exclusive powers of the House
Elect the Ombudsman.
Examine and finalize the general budgetary and treasury account presented to it by the Comptroller General.
Bring charges to the Senate, at the request of the investigation and accusation commission, for the impeachment of the President (or whoever replaces him/her) and members of the Comisión de Aforados.
Take cognizance of complaints and grievances presented by the Attorney General or by individuals against the aforementioned officials and, if valid, to bring charges on that basis before the Senate.
Request the aid of other authorities to pursue the investigations.
Legislative process
Congress' main power is to enact, interpret, amend and repeal laws (Article 150). Under this responsibility, some of its specific legal powers include approving the national development plan and related appropriations, defining the division of the territory, determining the structure of national administration (including creating, merging or abolishing ministries, departments and other national public institutions), authorizing the conclusion of contracts, loans and asset sales by the government; vesting the President with exceptional powers to issue decrees with force of law for a six-month period; establishing national revenues and expenditures; ratifying international treaties signed by the government and granting amnesties or commutations for political crime (with a two-thirds majority).
Types of laws
The Constitution differentiates between several different types of laws.
Organic laws (leyes orgánicas) regulate legislative activity, including the rules of Congress and both houses, the budgetary process and the approval of the national development plan. Their approval requires an absolute majority of the members of both houses (Article 151 of the Constitution).
Statutory laws (leyes estatutarias) regulate fundamental rights and duties and the procedures for their protection; the administration of justice; political parties and movements; electoral regulations; mechanisms for citizen participation (plebiscite, referendum etc.); states of exception; the military criminal justice system and electoral equality before major presidential candidates. Their approval, amendment and repeal require an absolute majority of the members of both houses and must be completed within a single legislative year. This procedure also includes prior revision by the Constitutional Court (Article 152).
Legislative acts (actos legislativos) amend the Constitution, and they may be presented by ten members of Congress although they may also be introduced by the government, 20% of municipal councillors and departmental deputies or a number of citizens equivalent to at least 5% of registered voters. The procedure for their approval is longer, as they must be approved in two consecutive ordinary sessions. Legislative acts are not the only method to amend the Constitution, nor does Congress hold exclusive powers of constitutional amendment.
Legislative initiative
Bills may originate in either house at the proposal of their respective members. However, legislative initiative is not limited to members of Congress. Bills may be proposed by the government through the appropriate minister(s); the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court of Justice, the Council of Judicial Government, the Council of State, the National Electoral Council, the Inspector General, the Comptroller General and the Ombudsman may also propose bills on matters related to their duties. Finally, a number of citizens equivalent to at least 5% of registered voters at the time or 30% of municipal councillors or departmental deputies also hold legislative initiative under article 155, and these bills benefit from an accelerated procedure (see below).
The above notwithstanding, in certain cases bills may only be initiated by the government (see the second paragraph of article 154). Bills related to taxes may only be introduced in the House of Representatives and those involving international relations may only be introduced in the Senate.
All bills introduced must comply with certain requirements; among others, a title and number, articles and a statement of motives explaining the importance of the bill and the reasons for it.
Legislative procedure
Upon the bill's introduction, the presidents of both houses decide to which permanent constitutional commission the bill will be sent. Once sent to a commission in each house, the chair of said commission will assign one or more member as speaker (ponente), who will study the bill and present a report (ponencia'') on the bill's benefits (or lack thereof), potential improvements to be made or recommending that the bill be rejected. Upon publication of this report, the commission as a whole meets for debate and discussion on the contents of the report. The commission votes on the bill. A bill rejected during this first debate may be reconsidered by the respective house at the request of its author, a member of the house, the government or a spokesperson in case of a popular initiative.
If the commission approves the bill, the commission's chair will again assign speakers, charged with reviewing the bill further and presenting a report for a second debate in the plenary of either house. The report is published for debate in the respective house, and the speaker explains to the full house the bill and the report. Similar to what happens during the first debate in commission, the floor is open to debate and testimony, followed by discussion of the bill in its entirety or by article. If the bill is approved by the house, it is sent to the other house, where it follows the same process through the equivalent commission and later to the floor of the house.
Between the first and second debates, a period of no less than eight days must have elapsed, and between the approval of the bill in either house and the initiation of the debate in the other, at least 15 days must have elapsed (Article 159).
A bill which has received a first debate but not completed the procedure in one legislative year will continue the process in the subsequent legislative year, but no bill can be considered by more than two legislatures.
In the case of differences between the versions approved by the two houses, a conciliation commission made up of an equal number of members of both houses is formed to re-conciliate both texts, or, if not possible, decide by majority vote on a text. The text chosen by the commission is sent to the floor of both houses for debate and approval. If differences persist, the bill is considered defeated (Article 161).
Once a bill has been approved in two debates in each house, the bill is sent to the government (President) for its approval. The Colombian President formally lacks veto power, but may object to a bill and return it to the houses for second debates. The delay for returning a bill with objections is 6 days (no more than 20 articles in the bill), 10 days (21-50 articles) or 20 days (over 50 articles). If the prescribed delay expires without the government having returned the bill with its objections, the President shall approve and promulgate it. If the bill is again adopted by an absolute majority of the members of both houses, the President must sign the bill without objection. However, if the President objected to the bill for unconstitutionality, the bill will be sent, if the houses insist, to the Constitutional Court. The Court then has six days to rule on the bill's constitutionality; a favourable ruling forces the President to sign the bill, an unfavourable decision defeats the bill.
The President may solicit the urgent or accelerated passage of a bill, by which the respective house must take a decision within a 30-day period (Article 163). In addition to this urgent procedure, it is also constitutionally established that priority is given to bills ratifying human rights treaties (Article 164).
A number of citizens equivalent to 10% of registered voters may request a referendum for the repeal of a law. The law is repealed if an absolute majority of voters so decide, as long as turnout is over 25%. No referendums may be held on international treaties duly ratified, the budget or laws pertaining to fiscal and tax matters (Article 170).
Images
Latest election
Colombian parliamentary election, 2022
See also
Chamber of Representatives of Colombia
Senate of Colombia
Politics of Colombia
List of legislatures by country
Notes
References
External links
Senate of Colombia
Chamber of Representatives of Colombia
Congreso Visible, independent oversight of Congress by the Universidad de los Andes
Colombia
Government of Colombia
Legislative branch of Colombia
Colombia |
SRL or S.R.L. may refer to:
a designation equivalent to limited liability company, that may be appended to the end of company names:
Società a responsabilità limitata (Italian)
Sociedad de responsabilidad limitada (Spanish)
Societate cu răspundere limitată (Romanian)
Société à responsabilité limitée (French)
Semantic role labeling, an activity of natural language processing
Sarcalumenin, human protein that regulates calcium transport
Shift register lookup table, a component in digital circuitry
Student Rugby League, UK
Semiconductor ring laser, a type of laser
Statistical relational learning, a subdiscipline of artificial intelligence
Suburban Rail Loop, a proposed rail line in Melbourne, Australia
Survival Research Laboratories, a machine performance art group
Self-regulated learning, a psychological concept related to metacognition
Self-retracting Lifeline, a fall arrester
(see Irish orthography#Abbreviations)
Stimulated Raman Loss, a sub-type of Stimulated Raman spectroscopy
Palo Verde Airport IATA code |
Champion is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language sports drama film written and directed by Suseenthiran. The film stars newcomers Vishwa and Mirnalini Ravi, Narain, Manoj Bharathiraja, and Stun Siva play pivotal roles. The music for the film is composed by Arrol Corelli while cinematography and editing is handled by Sujith Sarang and Thiyagu respectively. The film is produced by Raghavi under the production banner Kalanjiyam Cine Arts. Principal photography of the film commenced on 30 May 2018. The film had its theatrical release on 13 December 2019 and received mixed reviews.
Cast
Vishwa as Jones
Mirnalini Ravi as Sana
Narain as Santha
Manoj Bharathiraja as Gold Star Gopi
Stun Siva as Dhanasekar
Vasuki as Jaya
Sowmika Pandiyan as Pavithra
Vinod Sagar as Rajiv Gandhi
B. H. Tarun Kumar as Bhai
Kutty
Production
The film was announced to be made as a sports drama film mainly based on the sport of football by director Suseenthiran after his previous sports drama films including Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu (2009), Jeeva (2014) which turned out to be successful. The shooting of the film went on floors from 30 May 2018. Mirnalini Ravi was selected to make her lead film debut in the female lead role along with another newcomer Vishwa, the nephew of actor R. K. Suresh. The shooting of the film wrapped up in around 19 September 2019.
The first look poster of the film was unveiled by actor Vishal through his Twitter account on 29 January 2019 coinciding on the eve of emotional 10 years anniversary of director Suseenthiran's filming career since making his directorial debut through Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu which was released on the same day (29 January) in 2009.
Soundtrack
The songs were composed by Arrol Corelli with one song by Vishwa.
Release
The Times of India gave the film a rating of three out of five stars and wrote that "Champion is a redemption for Susienthiran whose last few films were so underwhelming that it felt like the director had become a spent creative force". On the contrary, The Hindu wrote that "Champion only champions the cause for Susienthiran to script better films".
References
External links
2010s Tamil-language films
2019 films
2010s sports drama films
Indian sports drama films
Films directed by Suseenthiran
2019 drama films
Indian association football films |
Russell “Russ” Murphy was a U.S. soccer player who spent time with St. Louis Kutis S.C. He also earned two caps with the U.S. national team in 1957.
Club career
Murphy played with St. Louis Kutis S.C. during the mid-1950s when they were a dominant U.S. team. Kutis won the 1957 National Amateur Cup and National Challenge Cup. Murphy was inducted into the St. Louis Soccer Hall of Fame in 1984.
National team
After Kutis won the 1957 National Cup, the US Football Association decided to call up the entire team to represent the U.S. in two World Cup qualification games. As a result, Murphy earned two caps with the U.S. national team, both losses to Canada. The first was a 5–1 loss on June 22, 1957. The second game was a July 6 loss to Canada.
References
United States men's international soccer players
Soccer players from St. Louis
St. Louis Kutis S.C. players
Living people
American men's soccer players
Men's association football players not categorized by position
Year of birth missing (living people) |
```java
package com.shuyu.gsyvideoplayer.video;
import android.app.AlertDialog;
import android.app.Dialog;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.DialogInterface;
import android.graphics.drawable.Drawable;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import android.view.Gravity;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.MotionEvent;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.view.Window;
import android.view.WindowManager;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.ProgressBar;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;
import com.shuyu.gsyvideoplayer.R;
import com.shuyu.gsyvideoplayer.listener.GSYVideoShotListener;
import com.shuyu.gsyvideoplayer.listener.GSYVideoShotSaveListener;
import com.shuyu.gsyvideoplayer.utils.Debuger;
import com.shuyu.gsyvideoplayer.utils.NetworkUtils;
import com.shuyu.gsyvideoplayer.video.base.GSYBaseVideoPlayer;
import com.shuyu.gsyvideoplayer.video.base.GSYVideoPlayer;
import java.io.File;
import moe.codeest.enviews.ENDownloadView;
import moe.codeest.enviews.ENPlayView;
/**
* uiui
* Created by shuyu on 2016/11/11.
*/
public class StandardGSYVideoPlayer extends GSYVideoPlayer {
//dialog
protected Dialog mBrightnessDialog;
//dialog
protected Dialog mVolumeDialog;
//dialog
protected Dialog mProgressDialog;
//progress
protected ProgressBar mDialogProgressBar;
//progress
protected ProgressBar mDialogVolumeProgressBar;
//
protected TextView mBrightnessDialogTv;
//
protected TextView mDialogSeekTime;
//
protected TextView mDialogTotalTime;
//icon
protected ImageView mDialogIcon;
protected Drawable mBottomProgressDrawable;
protected Drawable mBottomShowProgressDrawable;
protected Drawable mBottomShowProgressThumbDrawable;
protected Drawable mVolumeProgressDrawable;
protected Drawable mDialogProgressBarDrawable;
protected int mDialogProgressHighLightColor = -11;
protected int mDialogProgressNormalColor = -11;
/**
* 1.5.0
*/
public StandardGSYVideoPlayer(Context context, Boolean fullFlag) {
super(context, fullFlag);
}
public StandardGSYVideoPlayer(Context context) {
super(context);
}
public StandardGSYVideoPlayer(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
super(context, attrs);
}
@Override
protected void init(Context context) {
super.init(context);
//ui
if (mBottomProgressDrawable != null) {
mBottomProgressBar.setProgressDrawable(mBottomProgressDrawable);
}
if (mBottomShowProgressDrawable != null) {
mProgressBar.setProgressDrawable(mBottomProgressDrawable);
}
if (mBottomShowProgressThumbDrawable != null) {
mProgressBar.setThumb(mBottomShowProgressThumbDrawable);
}
}
/**
*
*
* @return
*/
@Override
public int getLayoutId() {
return R.layout.video_layout_standard;
}
/**
*
*/
@Override
public void startPlayLogic() {
if (mVideoAllCallBack != null) {
Debuger.printfLog("onClickStartThumb");
mVideoAllCallBack.onClickStartThumb(mOriginUrl, mTitle, StandardGSYVideoPlayer.this);
}
prepareVideo();
startDismissControlViewTimer();
}
/**
* wifi
*/
@Override
protected void showWifiDialog() {
if (!NetworkUtils.isAvailable(mContext)) {
//Toast.makeText(mContext, getResources().getString(R.string.no_net), Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
startPlayLogic();
return;
}
AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(getActivityContext());
builder.setMessage(getResources().getString(R.string.tips_not_wifi));
builder.setPositiveButton(getResources().getString(R.string.tips_not_wifi_confirm), new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
dialog.dismiss();
startPlayLogic();
}
});
builder.setNegativeButton(getResources().getString(R.string.tips_not_wifi_cancel), new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
dialog.dismiss();
}
});
builder.create().show();
}
/**
* dialogdismissProgressDialog
*/
@Override
@SuppressWarnings("ResourceType")
protected void showProgressDialog(float deltaX, String seekTime, long seekTimePosition, String totalTime, long totalTimeDuration) {
if (mProgressDialog == null) {
View localView = LayoutInflater.from(getActivityContext()).inflate(getProgressDialogLayoutId(), null);
if (localView.findViewById(getProgressDialogProgressId()) instanceof ProgressBar) {
mDialogProgressBar = ((ProgressBar) localView.findViewById(getProgressDialogProgressId()));
if (mDialogProgressBarDrawable != null) {
mDialogProgressBar.setProgressDrawable(mDialogProgressBarDrawable);
}
}
if (localView.findViewById(getProgressDialogCurrentDurationTextId()) instanceof TextView) {
mDialogSeekTime = ((TextView) localView.findViewById(getProgressDialogCurrentDurationTextId()));
}
if (localView.findViewById(getProgressDialogAllDurationTextId()) instanceof TextView) {
mDialogTotalTime = ((TextView) localView.findViewById(getProgressDialogAllDurationTextId()));
}
if (localView.findViewById(getProgressDialogImageId()) instanceof ImageView) {
mDialogIcon = ((ImageView) localView.findViewById(getProgressDialogImageId()));
}
mProgressDialog = new Dialog(getActivityContext(), R.style.video_style_dialog_progress);
mProgressDialog.setContentView(localView);
mProgressDialog.getWindow().addFlags(Window.FEATURE_ACTION_BAR);
mProgressDialog.getWindow().addFlags(32);
mProgressDialog.getWindow().addFlags(16);
mProgressDialog.getWindow().setLayout(getWidth(), getHeight());
if (mDialogProgressNormalColor != -11 && mDialogTotalTime != null) {
mDialogTotalTime.setTextColor(mDialogProgressNormalColor);
}
if (mDialogProgressHighLightColor != -11 && mDialogSeekTime != null) {
mDialogSeekTime.setTextColor(mDialogProgressHighLightColor);
}
WindowManager.LayoutParams localLayoutParams = mProgressDialog.getWindow().getAttributes();
localLayoutParams.gravity = Gravity.TOP;
localLayoutParams.width = getWidth();
localLayoutParams.height = getHeight();
int location[] = new int[2];
getLocationOnScreen(location);
localLayoutParams.x = location[0];
localLayoutParams.y = location[1];
mProgressDialog.getWindow().setAttributes(localLayoutParams);
}
if (!mProgressDialog.isShowing()) {
mProgressDialog.show();
}
if (mDialogSeekTime != null) {
mDialogSeekTime.setText(seekTime);
}
if (mDialogTotalTime != null) {
mDialogTotalTime.setText(" / " + totalTime);
}
if (totalTimeDuration > 0)
if (mDialogProgressBar != null) {
mDialogProgressBar.setProgress((int)(seekTimePosition * 100 / totalTimeDuration));
}
if (deltaX > 0) {
if (mDialogIcon != null) {
mDialogIcon.setBackgroundResource(R.drawable.video_forward_icon);
}
} else {
if (mDialogIcon != null) {
mDialogIcon.setBackgroundResource(R.drawable.video_backward_icon);
}
}
}
@Override
protected void dismissProgressDialog() {
if (mProgressDialog != null) {
mProgressDialog.dismiss();
mProgressDialog = null;
}
}
/**
* dialogdismissVolumeDialog
*/
@Override
protected void showVolumeDialog(float deltaY, int volumePercent) {
if (mVolumeDialog == null) {
View localView = LayoutInflater.from(getActivityContext()).inflate(getVolumeLayoutId(), null);
if (localView.findViewById(getVolumeProgressId()) instanceof ProgressBar) {
mDialogVolumeProgressBar = ((ProgressBar) localView.findViewById(getVolumeProgressId()));
if (mVolumeProgressDrawable != null && mDialogVolumeProgressBar != null) {
mDialogVolumeProgressBar.setProgressDrawable(mVolumeProgressDrawable);
}
}
mVolumeDialog = new Dialog(getActivityContext(), R.style.video_style_dialog_progress);
mVolumeDialog.setContentView(localView);
mVolumeDialog.getWindow().addFlags(WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_NOT_FOCUSABLE);
mVolumeDialog.getWindow().addFlags(WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_NOT_TOUCH_MODAL);
mVolumeDialog.getWindow().addFlags(WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_NOT_TOUCHABLE);
mVolumeDialog.getWindow().setLayout(ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT, ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT);
WindowManager.LayoutParams localLayoutParams = mVolumeDialog.getWindow().getAttributes();
localLayoutParams.gravity = Gravity.TOP | Gravity.START;
localLayoutParams.width = getWidth();
localLayoutParams.height = getHeight();
int location[] = new int[2];
getLocationOnScreen(location);
localLayoutParams.x = location[0];
localLayoutParams.y = location[1];
mVolumeDialog.getWindow().setAttributes(localLayoutParams);
}
if (!mVolumeDialog.isShowing()) {
mVolumeDialog.show();
}
if (mDialogVolumeProgressBar != null) {
mDialogVolumeProgressBar.setProgress(volumePercent);
}
}
@Override
protected void dismissVolumeDialog() {
if (mVolumeDialog != null) {
mVolumeDialog.dismiss();
mVolumeDialog = null;
}
}
/**
* dialogdismissBrightnessDialog
*/
@Override
protected void showBrightnessDialog(float percent) {
if (mBrightnessDialog == null) {
View localView = LayoutInflater.from(getActivityContext()).inflate(getBrightnessLayoutId(), null);
if (localView.findViewById(getBrightnessTextId()) instanceof TextView) {
mBrightnessDialogTv = (TextView) localView.findViewById(getBrightnessTextId());
}
mBrightnessDialog = new Dialog(getActivityContext(), R.style.video_style_dialog_progress);
mBrightnessDialog.setContentView(localView);
mBrightnessDialog.getWindow().addFlags(WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_NOT_FOCUSABLE);
mBrightnessDialog.getWindow().addFlags(WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_NOT_TOUCH_MODAL);
mBrightnessDialog.getWindow().addFlags(WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_NOT_TOUCHABLE);
mBrightnessDialog.getWindow().getDecorView().setSystemUiVisibility(View.SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_HIDE_NAVIGATION);
mBrightnessDialog.getWindow().setLayout(ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT, ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT);
WindowManager.LayoutParams localLayoutParams = mBrightnessDialog.getWindow().getAttributes();
localLayoutParams.gravity = Gravity.TOP | Gravity.END;
localLayoutParams.width = getWidth();
localLayoutParams.height = getHeight();
int location[] = new int[2];
getLocationOnScreen(location);
localLayoutParams.x = location[0];
localLayoutParams.y = location[1];
mBrightnessDialog.getWindow().setAttributes(localLayoutParams);
}
if (!mBrightnessDialog.isShowing()) {
mBrightnessDialog.show();
}
if (mBrightnessDialogTv != null)
mBrightnessDialogTv.setText((int) (percent * 100) + "%");
}
@Override
protected void dismissBrightnessDialog() {
if (mBrightnessDialog != null) {
mBrightnessDialog.dismiss();
mBrightnessDialog = null;
}
}
@Override
protected void cloneParams(GSYBaseVideoPlayer from, GSYBaseVideoPlayer to) {
super.cloneParams(from, to);
StandardGSYVideoPlayer sf = (StandardGSYVideoPlayer) from;
StandardGSYVideoPlayer st = (StandardGSYVideoPlayer) to;
if (st.mProgressBar != null && sf.mProgressBar != null) {
st.mProgressBar.setProgress(sf.mProgressBar.getProgress());
st.mProgressBar.setSecondaryProgress(sf.mProgressBar.getSecondaryProgress());
}
if (st.mTotalTimeTextView != null && sf.mTotalTimeTextView != null) {
st.mTotalTimeTextView.setText(sf.mTotalTimeTextView.getText());
}
if (st.mCurrentTimeTextView != null && sf.mCurrentTimeTextView != null) {
st.mCurrentTimeTextView.setText(sf.mCurrentTimeTextView.getText());
}
}
/**
*
*
* @param context
* @param actionBar actionBar
* @param statusBar bar
* @return
*/
@Override
public GSYBaseVideoPlayer startWindowFullscreen(Context context, boolean actionBar, boolean statusBar) {
GSYBaseVideoPlayer gsyBaseVideoPlayer = super.startWindowFullscreen(context, actionBar, statusBar);
if (gsyBaseVideoPlayer != null) {
StandardGSYVideoPlayer gsyVideoPlayer = (StandardGSYVideoPlayer) gsyBaseVideoPlayer;
gsyVideoPlayer.setLockClickListener(mLockClickListener);
gsyVideoPlayer.setNeedLockFull(isNeedLockFull());
initFullUI(gsyVideoPlayer);
//
}
return gsyBaseVideoPlayer;
}
/********************************UI*********************************************/
/**
*
*/
@Override
protected void onClickUiToggle(MotionEvent e) {
if (mIfCurrentIsFullscreen && mLockCurScreen && mNeedLockFull) {
setViewShowState(mLockScreen, VISIBLE);
return;
}
if (mIfCurrentIsFullscreen && !mSurfaceErrorPlay && mCurrentState == CURRENT_STATE_ERROR) {
if (mBottomContainer != null) {
if (mBottomContainer.getVisibility() == View.VISIBLE) {
changeUiToPlayingClear();
} else {
changeUiToPlayingShow();
}
}
} else if (mCurrentState == CURRENT_STATE_PREPAREING) {
if (mBottomContainer != null) {
if (mBottomContainer.getVisibility() == View.VISIBLE) {
changeUiToPrepareingClear();
} else {
changeUiToPreparingShow();
}
}
} else if (mCurrentState == CURRENT_STATE_PLAYING) {
if (mBottomContainer != null) {
if (mBottomContainer.getVisibility() == View.VISIBLE) {
changeUiToPlayingClear();
} else {
changeUiToPlayingShow();
}
}
} else if (mCurrentState == CURRENT_STATE_PAUSE) {
if (mBottomContainer != null) {
if (mBottomContainer.getVisibility() == View.VISIBLE) {
changeUiToPauseClear();
} else {
changeUiToPauseShow();
}
}
} else if (mCurrentState == CURRENT_STATE_AUTO_COMPLETE) {
if (mBottomContainer != null) {
if (mBottomContainer.getVisibility() == View.VISIBLE) {
changeUiToCompleteClear();
} else {
changeUiToCompleteShow();
}
}
} else if (mCurrentState == CURRENT_STATE_PLAYING_BUFFERING_START) {
if (mBottomContainer != null) {
if (mBottomContainer.getVisibility() == View.VISIBLE) {
changeUiToPlayingBufferingClear();
} else {
changeUiToPlayingBufferingShow();
}
}
}
}
@Override
protected void hideAllWidget() {
setViewShowState(mBottomContainer, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mTopContainer, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomProgressBar, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mStartButton, INVISIBLE);
}
@Override
protected void changeUiToNormal() {
Debuger.printfLog("changeUiToNormal");
setViewShowState(mTopContainer, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomContainer, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mStartButton, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLoadingProgressBar, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mThumbImageViewLayout, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomProgressBar, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLockScreen, (mIfCurrentIsFullscreen && mNeedLockFull) ? VISIBLE : GONE);
updateStartImage();
if (mLoadingProgressBar instanceof ENDownloadView) {
((ENDownloadView) mLoadingProgressBar).reset();
}
}
@Override
protected void changeUiToPreparingShow() {
Debuger.printfLog("changeUiToPreparingShow");
setViewShowState(mTopContainer, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomContainer, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mStartButton, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLoadingProgressBar, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mThumbImageViewLayout, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomProgressBar, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLockScreen, GONE);
if (mLoadingProgressBar instanceof ENDownloadView) {
ENDownloadView enDownloadView = (ENDownloadView) mLoadingProgressBar;
if (enDownloadView.getCurrentState() == ENDownloadView.STATE_PRE) {
((ENDownloadView) mLoadingProgressBar).start();
}
}
}
@Override
protected void changeUiToPlayingShow() {
Debuger.printfLog("changeUiToPlayingShow");
if (mLockCurScreen && mNeedLockFull) {
setViewShowState(mLockScreen, VISIBLE);
return;
}
setViewShowState(mTopContainer, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomContainer, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mStartButton, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLoadingProgressBar, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mThumbImageViewLayout, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomProgressBar, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLockScreen, (mIfCurrentIsFullscreen && mNeedLockFull) ? VISIBLE : GONE);
if (mLoadingProgressBar instanceof ENDownloadView) {
((ENDownloadView) mLoadingProgressBar).reset();
}
updateStartImage();
}
@Override
protected void changeUiToPauseShow() {
Debuger.printfLog("changeUiToPauseShow");
if (mLockCurScreen && mNeedLockFull) {
setViewShowState(mLockScreen, VISIBLE);
return;
}
setViewShowState(mTopContainer, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomContainer, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mStartButton, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLoadingProgressBar, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mThumbImageViewLayout, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomProgressBar, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLockScreen, (mIfCurrentIsFullscreen && mNeedLockFull) ? VISIBLE : GONE);
if (mLoadingProgressBar instanceof ENDownloadView) {
((ENDownloadView) mLoadingProgressBar).reset();
}
updateStartImage();
updatePauseCover();
}
@Override
protected void changeUiToPlayingBufferingShow() {
Debuger.printfLog("changeUiToPlayingBufferingShow");
setViewShowState(mTopContainer, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomContainer, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mStartButton, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLoadingProgressBar, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mThumbImageViewLayout, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomProgressBar, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLockScreen, GONE);
if (mLoadingProgressBar instanceof ENDownloadView) {
ENDownloadView enDownloadView = (ENDownloadView) mLoadingProgressBar;
if (enDownloadView.getCurrentState() == ENDownloadView.STATE_PRE) {
((ENDownloadView) mLoadingProgressBar).start();
}
}
}
@Override
protected void changeUiToCompleteShow() {
Debuger.printfLog("changeUiToCompleteShow");
setViewShowState(mTopContainer, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomContainer, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mStartButton, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLoadingProgressBar, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mThumbImageViewLayout, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomProgressBar, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLockScreen, (mIfCurrentIsFullscreen && mNeedLockFull) ? VISIBLE : GONE);
if (mLoadingProgressBar instanceof ENDownloadView) {
((ENDownloadView) mLoadingProgressBar).reset();
}
updateStartImage();
}
@Override
protected void changeUiToError() {
Debuger.printfLog("changeUiToError");
setViewShowState(mTopContainer, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomContainer, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mStartButton, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLoadingProgressBar, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mThumbImageViewLayout, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomProgressBar, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLockScreen, (mIfCurrentIsFullscreen && mNeedLockFull) ? VISIBLE : GONE);
if (mLoadingProgressBar instanceof ENDownloadView) {
((ENDownloadView) mLoadingProgressBar).reset();
}
updateStartImage();
}
@Override
protected void onDetachedFromWindow() {
super.onDetachedFromWindow();
dismissVolumeDialog();
dismissBrightnessDialog();
}
/**
* dialoglayoutId
*
* showProgressDialog
*/
protected int getProgressDialogLayoutId() {
return R.layout.video_progress_dialog;
}
/**
* dialogid
*
* showProgressDialog
*/
protected int getProgressDialogProgressId() {
return R.id.duration_progressbar;
}
/**
* dialog
*
* showProgressDialog
*/
protected int getProgressDialogCurrentDurationTextId() {
return R.id.tv_current;
}
/**
* dialog
*
* showProgressDialog
*/
protected int getProgressDialogAllDurationTextId() {
return R.id.tv_duration;
}
/**
* dialogid
*
* showProgressDialog
*/
protected int getProgressDialogImageId() {
return R.id.duration_image_tip;
}
/**
* dialoglayoutId
*
* showVolumeDialog
*/
protected int getVolumeLayoutId() {
return R.layout.video_volume_dialog;
}
/**
* dialog id
*
* showVolumeDialog
*/
protected int getVolumeProgressId() {
return R.id.volume_progressbar;
}
/**
* dialoglayoutId
*
* showBrightnessDialog
*/
protected int getBrightnessLayoutId() {
return R.layout.video_brightness;
}
/**
* dialogtext id
*
* showBrightnessDialog
*/
protected int getBrightnessTextId() {
return R.id.app_video_brightness;
}
protected void changeUiToPrepareingClear() {
Debuger.printfLog("changeUiToPrepareingClear");
setViewShowState(mTopContainer, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomContainer, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mStartButton, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLoadingProgressBar, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mThumbImageViewLayout, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomProgressBar, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLockScreen, GONE);
if (mLoadingProgressBar instanceof ENDownloadView) {
((ENDownloadView) mLoadingProgressBar).reset();
}
}
protected void changeUiToPlayingClear() {
Debuger.printfLog("changeUiToPlayingClear");
changeUiToClear();
setViewShowState(mBottomProgressBar, VISIBLE);
}
protected void changeUiToPauseClear() {
Debuger.printfLog("changeUiToPauseClear");
changeUiToClear();
setViewShowState(mBottomProgressBar, VISIBLE);
updatePauseCover();
}
protected void changeUiToPlayingBufferingClear() {
Debuger.printfLog("changeUiToPlayingBufferingClear");
setViewShowState(mTopContainer, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomContainer, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mStartButton, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLoadingProgressBar, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mThumbImageViewLayout, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomProgressBar, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLockScreen, GONE);
if (mLoadingProgressBar instanceof ENDownloadView) {
ENDownloadView enDownloadView = (ENDownloadView) mLoadingProgressBar;
if (enDownloadView.getCurrentState() == ENDownloadView.STATE_PRE) {
((ENDownloadView) mLoadingProgressBar).start();
}
}
updateStartImage();
}
protected void changeUiToClear() {
Debuger.printfLog("changeUiToClear");
setViewShowState(mTopContainer, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomContainer, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mStartButton, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLoadingProgressBar, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mThumbImageViewLayout, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomProgressBar, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLockScreen, GONE);
if (mLoadingProgressBar instanceof ENDownloadView) {
((ENDownloadView) mLoadingProgressBar).reset();
}
}
protected void changeUiToCompleteClear() {
Debuger.printfLog("changeUiToCompleteClear");
setViewShowState(mTopContainer, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomContainer, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mStartButton, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLoadingProgressBar, INVISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mThumbImageViewLayout, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mBottomProgressBar, VISIBLE);
setViewShowState(mLockScreen, (mIfCurrentIsFullscreen && mNeedLockFull) ? VISIBLE : GONE);
if (mLoadingProgressBar instanceof ENDownloadView) {
((ENDownloadView) mLoadingProgressBar).reset();
}
updateStartImage();
}
/**
*
*/
protected void updateStartImage() {
if (mStartButton instanceof ENPlayView) {
ENPlayView enPlayView = (ENPlayView) mStartButton;
enPlayView.setDuration(500);
if (mCurrentState == CURRENT_STATE_PLAYING) {
enPlayView.play();
} else if (mCurrentState == CURRENT_STATE_ERROR) {
enPlayView.pause();
} else {
enPlayView.pause();
}
} else if (mStartButton instanceof ImageView) {
ImageView imageView = (ImageView) mStartButton;
if (mCurrentState == CURRENT_STATE_PLAYING) {
imageView.setImageResource(R.drawable.video_click_pause_selector);
} else if (mCurrentState == CURRENT_STATE_ERROR) {
imageView.setImageResource(R.drawable.video_click_error_selector);
} else {
imageView.setImageResource(R.drawable.video_click_play_selector);
}
}
}
/**
* UI
*/
private void initFullUI(StandardGSYVideoPlayer standardGSYVideoPlayer) {
if (mBottomProgressDrawable != null) {
standardGSYVideoPlayer.setBottomProgressBarDrawable(mBottomProgressDrawable);
}
if (mBottomShowProgressDrawable != null && mBottomShowProgressThumbDrawable != null) {
standardGSYVideoPlayer.setBottomShowProgressBarDrawable(mBottomShowProgressDrawable,
mBottomShowProgressThumbDrawable);
}
if (mVolumeProgressDrawable != null) {
standardGSYVideoPlayer.setDialogVolumeProgressBar(mVolumeProgressDrawable);
}
if (mDialogProgressBarDrawable != null) {
standardGSYVideoPlayer.setDialogProgressBar(mDialogProgressBarDrawable);
}
if (mDialogProgressHighLightColor != -11 && mDialogProgressNormalColor != -11) {
standardGSYVideoPlayer.setDialogProgressColor(mDialogProgressHighLightColor, mDialogProgressNormalColor);
}
}
/**
* -
*/
public void setBottomShowProgressBarDrawable(Drawable drawable, Drawable thumb) {
mBottomShowProgressDrawable = drawable;
mBottomShowProgressThumbDrawable = thumb;
if (mProgressBar != null) {
mProgressBar.setProgressDrawable(drawable);
mProgressBar.setThumb(thumb);
}
}
/**
* -
*/
public void setBottomProgressBarDrawable(Drawable drawable) {
mBottomProgressDrawable = drawable;
if (mBottomProgressBar != null) {
mBottomProgressBar.setProgressDrawable(drawable);
}
}
/**
*
*/
public void setDialogVolumeProgressBar(Drawable drawable) {
mVolumeProgressDrawable = drawable;
}
/**
*
*/
public void setDialogProgressBar(Drawable drawable) {
mDialogProgressBarDrawable = drawable;
}
/**
*
*/
public void setDialogProgressColor(int highLightColor, int normalColor) {
mDialogProgressHighLightColor = highLightColor;
mDialogProgressNormalColor = normalColor;
}
/************************************* ****************************************/
/**
*
*/
public void taskShotPic(GSYVideoShotListener gsyVideoShotListener) {
this.taskShotPic(gsyVideoShotListener, false);
}
/**
*
*
* @param high
*/
public void taskShotPic(GSYVideoShotListener gsyVideoShotListener, boolean high) {
if (getCurrentPlayer().getRenderProxy() != null) {
getCurrentPlayer().getRenderProxy().taskShotPic(gsyVideoShotListener, high);
}
}
/**
*
*/
public void saveFrame(final File file, GSYVideoShotSaveListener gsyVideoShotSaveListener) {
saveFrame(file, false, gsyVideoShotSaveListener);
}
/**
*
*
* @param high
*/
public void saveFrame(final File file, final boolean high, final GSYVideoShotSaveListener gsyVideoShotSaveListener) {
if (getCurrentPlayer().getRenderProxy() != null) {
getCurrentPlayer().getRenderProxy().saveFrame(file, high, gsyVideoShotSaveListener);
}
}
/**
* view
* GSYVideoHelperremoveview
* GSYVideoControlView onDetachedFromWindow
*/
public void restartTimerTask() {
startProgressTimer();
startDismissControlViewTimer();
}
}
``` |
A leprostatic agent is a drug that interferes with proliferation of the bacterium that causes leprosy.
The following agents are leprostatic agents:
acedapsone
clofazimine
dapsone
desoxyfructo-serotonin
diucifon
ethionamide
rifampicin
rifapentine
sulfameter
thalidomide
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Host defenses are crucial in determining the patient's response to the disease, the clinical presentation, and the bacillary load. These factors also influence the length of therapy and the risk of adverse reactions to medication.
M. leprae cannot be grown on routine laboratory culture media, so drug sensitivity testing in vitro is not possible. Growth and drug susceptibility testing are done by injecting into animal models. One description of a clinical picture that results from tuberculoid leprosy is characterized by intact cell-mediated immunity, a positive lepromin skin reaction, granuloma formation, and a relative paucity of bacilli.
At the other extreme, lepromatous leprosy is characterized by depressed cell-mediated immunity, numerous bacilli within the tissues, no granulomas, and a negative skin test for lepromin. Within these two extremes are the patients with an intermediate or borderline form of leprosy who show a variable lepromin reaction and few bacilli; they may progress to either tuberculoid or lepromatous
leprosy.
Kinds of antileprotic drugs
Sulfone - Dapsone (DDS),
Phenazine derivative - Clofazimine,
Antitubercular drugs - Rifampicin, Ethionamide,
Solapsone,
Other antibiotics - Ofloxacin, Minocycline, Clarithromycin,
Current recommendations for the treatment of leprosy suggest multidrug regimens rather than monotherapy because such a regimen has proven to be more effective, delays the emergence of resistance, prevents relapse, and shortens the duration of therapy. Established agents used in the treatment of leprosy are dapsone, clofazimine, and rifampicin. Treatment of tuberculoid
leprosy is continued for at least 1 to 2 years, while patients with lepromatous leprosy are generally treated for 5 years. In addition to chemotherapy, patients with leprosy need psychosocial support, rehabilitation, and surgical repair of any disfiguration.
Dapsone and Sulfones
The sulfones are structural analogues of PABA and are competitive inhibitors of folic acid synthesis. Sulfones are bacteriostatic and are used only in the treatment of leprosy. Dapsone (Avlosulfon) is the most widely used sulfone for the long-term therapy of leprosy. Although the sulfones are highly effective against most strains of M. leprae, a small number of organisms, especially those found in lepromatous leprosy patients, are less susceptible and can persist for many years, resulting in relapse. Before the introduction of current multidrug regimens, resistance rates were as high as 20% with dapsone monotherapy.
Sulfones, such as dapsone and sulfoxone (Diasone), are well absorbed orally and are widely distributed throughout body fluids and tissues. Peak concentrations of dapsone are reached within 1 to 3 hours of oral administration and have a half-life of 21 to 44 hours; about 50% of administered dapsone is bound to serum proteins. The sulfones tend to remain in the skin, muscle, kidney, and liver up to 3 weeks after therapy is stopped. The concentration in inflamed skin is 10 to 15 times higher than that found in normal skin. The sulfones are retained in the circulation for a long time (12–35 days) because of hepatobiliary drug recirculation. The sulfones are acetylated in the liver, and 70 to 80% of drug is excreted in the urine as metabolites.
Dapsone, combined with other antileprosy agents like rifampicin and clofazimine, is used in the treatment of both multibacillary and paucibacillary M. leprae infections.
Dapsone is also used in the treatment and prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients who are allergic to or intolerant of trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. Acedapsone is a derivative of dapsone that has little activity against M. leprae but is converted to an active dapsone metabolite. It is a long-acting intramuscular repository form of dapsone with a half-life of 46 days. It may prove useful in leprosy patients who cannot tolerate long-term oral dapsone therapy.
The sulfones can produce non-hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia, and sometimes acute hemolytic anemia in persons with a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Within a few weeks of therapy some patients may develop acute skin lesions described as sulfone syndrome or dapsone dermatitis. Some rare side effects include fever, pruritus, paresthesia, reversible neuropathy, and hepatotoxicity.
Clofazimine
Clofazimine is a weakly bactericidal dye that has some activity against M. leprae. Its precise mechanism of action is unknown but may involve mycobacterial DNA binding. Its oral absorption is quite variable, with 9 to 70% of the drug eliminated in the feces. Clofazimine achieves significant concentrations in tissues, including the phagocytic cells; it has a plasma half-life of 70 days. It is primarily excreted in bile, with less than 1% excretion in urine.
Clofazimine is given to treat sulfone-resistant leprosy or to patients who are intolerant to sulfones. It also exerts an antiinflammatory effect and prevents erythema nodosum leprosum, which can interrupt treatment with dapsone. This is a major advantage of clofazimine over other antileprosy drugs. Ulcerative lesions caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans respond well to clofazimine. It also has some activity against M. tuberculosis and can be used as last resort therapy for the treatment of MDR tuberculosis. The most disturbing adverse reaction to clofazimine is a red-brown discoloration of the skin, especially in
light-skinned persons. A rare but serious adverse reaction is acute abdominal pain significant enough to warrant exploratory laparotomy or laparoscopy. Other infrequent side effects include splenic infarction, bowel obstruction, paralytic ileus, and upper GI bleeding.
Ethionamide and Prothionamide
Ethionamide and prothionamide are weakly bacteriocidal against M. leprae and can be used as alternatives to clofazimine in the treatment of MDR leprosy. Both cause GI intolerance and are expensive.
References
Leprosy
Antileprotic drugs |
Shilu Subdistrict () is a former subdistrict of Gusu District, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. The subdistrict was abolished on March 24, 2017, when it was merged into Jinchang Subdistrict.
Administrative divisions
In 2016, before its abolition, Shilu Subdistrict administered the following 7 residential communities:
Caixiang First Village South District Community ()
Caixiang First Village Third District Community ()
Caixiang First Village Fourth District Community ()
Jialing Community ()
Xinji Community ()
Sanlewan Community ()
Zhujiazhuang Community ()
See also
Jinchang Subdistrict
List of township-level divisions of Suzhou
References
Gusu District
Former township-level divisions of Suzhou |
The Hozameen Range (spelled Hozomeen Range in the United States) is a mountain range in southwestern British Columbia and northern Washington, straddling the division between the Coast and Interior regions of that province. It is a subrange of the North Cascades and is neighboured on the east by the Okanagan Range and on the northwest by the unofficially-named Coquihalla Range, which lies between that river and the Fraser. In the northwest part of the range is the one named subrange, the Bedded Range.
There are differences of opinion about the location and boundaries of the subranges of the northern Cascades, although early geologists and topographers had a fundamental agreement on the topic. The Hozomeen Range was seen as bounded by the Skagit River on the west and extending east to the Pasayten River (east of the Sumallo River) and Coquihalla River. The core of the Hozomeen Range under this definition marks the divide between streams in British Columbia that flow west to the Fraser River and those that flow via longer routes via the Nicola River, Thompson River, and Similkameen River tributaries into the Fraser or Okanagan River. This early nomenclature defined the Hozomeen Range as extending south of the US border and including the peaks of the Hozomeen Mountain area.
BCGNIS defines the range as extending south from the Coquihalla River and west of the Tulameen River and Pasayten River, and bounded to the west by the Skagit Range.
Peakbagger.com defines the Hozameen Range as bounded on the west by the Skagit River, the Coquihalla River to the northwest, the Tulameen River to the northeast, and the Similkameen River to the east.
Parks
E.C. Manning Provincial Park is wholly within the boundaries of the Hozameen Range.
References
Mountain ranges of British Columbia
Mountain ranges of Washington (state)
Similkameen Country
Canadian Cascades |
József Gyula Hubertus Szent-Ivány (3 November 1910 – 8 June 1988) was a Hungarian entomologist who specialized in the Lepidoptera. He worked as a curator of the Hungarian National Museum from 1936 to 1945 before emigrating to Australia. He founded the journal Fragmenta Faunistica Hungarica which was edited by Soós Árpád until 1948 when it was renamed as Folia entomologica hungarica.
Szent-Ivány was born in Budapest matriculating in Rimaszombat followed by studies in Vienna, Austria before returning to Budapest. He obtained a doctorate from the Royal Hungarian University in 1936. He used the name Gyula Hubertus since his father József Szent-Ivány (1894–1941) came from a noble land-owning class and was a political leader in Czechoslovakia. He was married to Mária née Lakatos (1919–2012) who also worked in the museum and was an illustrator and specimen preparator. His father-in-law, Géza Lakatos (1890–1967), was in the Hungarian Army and later became Prime Minister of Hungary. During the war he transferred the collections at his own expense from Budapest to Tihany. He moved to western Europe when the Russians invaded Hungary and in the summer of 1950 he decided to emigrate to Australia. He set up a research station in Konedoba in eastern Papua New Guinea in 1954 and worked on rearing and protection of birdwing butterflies, especially Ornithoptera meridionalis which was valuable among collectors. His wife moved to Australia in 1956 along with a daughter. Maria took an interest in Australian botany, illustrating a book on Solanum. He was involved in the search for the grave of Sámuel Fenichel at Stephansort in the 1970s.
Szent-Ivány published more than 87 papers of which more than half were on butterflies. He translated In Quest of Gorillas (Gregory & Raven, 1937) into Hungarian in 1940. Despite moving to Australia, he was a proud Hungarian and his ex-libris included a portrait of Lajos Bíró. He received the Order of Australia (AM) from Queen Elizabeth II in 1985. He was made a Fellow of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1988, a few days before his death in Adelaide. He bequeathed his library and collections to the Hungarian Museum of Natural History in Budapest.
References
External links
Grave at Athelstone Independent Cemetery, Adelaide
Hungarian entomologists
1910 births
1988 deaths
Scientists from Budapest
Members of the Order of Australia
20th-century Hungarian zoologists |
The 85th Expeditionary Air Support Operations Squadron is a provisional United States Air Force unit.
History
It was constituted as the 85th Tactical Control Flight on 7 February 1977, and activated on 1 March of that year with the 602nd Tactical Air Control Wing at Luke Air Force Base. The flight was inactivated there on 1 July 1983. It was redesignated as the 85th Expeditionary Air Support Operations Squadron on 12 February 2009 and simultaneously converted to provisional status. Assigned to Air Combat Command, the squadron is to activate or inactivate as needed.
References
Air support operations squadrons of the United States Air Force |
The Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay competition of the 2018 African Swimming Championships was held on 13 September 2018.
Records
Prior to the competition, the existing world and championship records were as follows.
The following new records were set during this competition.
Results
Final
The final was started on 13 September.
References
Men's 4 x 100 metre freestyle relay |
Cleyrac (; ) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gironde department
References
Communes of Gironde |
Taman is a village development committee in Baglung District in the Dhaulagiri Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,651 and had 509 houses in the village.
References
Populated places in Baglung District |
The Hermit of Island Bay was a well-known personality, and somewhat of a tourist attraction, at the end of the 19th century in Wellington, New Zealand.
His name is recorded as "Persse" by several newspapers of the time, and as "William Persse" by a biographer.
The Hermit lived for 17 years in a cave beside the southern coast, in Island Bay, New Zealand, close to Houghton Bay. The cave had a single opening, through which smoke from his fire exited.
Many tourists approached his cave and interacted with the Hermit, who is reported to have been neither pleased nor unhappy with the attention.
His cave was boarded up and partially destroyed when Queens Drive was built in 1894.
An oil painting, depicting the Hermit in his cave beside his fire, is held in the collection of the national museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa.
References
People from Wellington City
History of Wellington
New Zealand hermits
19th century in Wellington |
Juana Alicia (born 1953) is an American muralist, printmaker, educator, activist and, painter. She has been an educator for forty years. Juana Alicia, as part of the faculty Berkeley City College, founded and directed the True Colors Public Art program. Her sculptures and murals are principally located in the San Francisco Bay Area, Nicaragua, Mexico, Pennsylvania, and in many parts of California.
Biography
Early life
Juana Alicia was born in Newark, New Jersey in 1953. She grew up in an African American community near the Detroit Institute of Art (DIA) in Detroit, Michigan.
Education
Alicia attended the University of California Santa Cruz earning her Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Teaching Aesthetic Awareness from a Cultural Perspective, with a Bilingual Cross-Cultural Emphasis Credential in 1979. Alicia also received her Single Subjects Credential in Art Education in 1980. Three years later, in 1983, Alicia earned her Fifth Year Certificate in Bilingual Education, and received her Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A.) in Drawing and Painting from San Francisco Art Institute (SFAI) in May 1990.
Teaching and jobs
In 1972, Juana Alicia was recruited by labor organizer Cesar Chavez on one of his national speaking tours, to work for the United Farmworkers Union as an artist. She moved to Salinas, California during the peak of the United Farm Worker Movement. Instead of doing direct cultural work, Juana Alicia went to work in the agricultural fields as a field organizer. During the strikes in Salinas in 1973 and 1976, she worked for FreshPict, a strawberry grower. She also worked for Interharvest, a United Fruit-owned lettuce company. She worked up until September 1976 in the fields but then stopped because at the time she was seven months pregnant with her son and was exposed to pesticide poisoning. The poisoning led to chronic pneumonia which she suffered for several years.
After working in the fields, Alicia worked as a paraprofessional in a bilingual classroom next to the hiring hall for the United Farm Workers. Her son was born in December 1976 and she never went back to work in the fields. In 1981, she moved to the Mission District of San Francisco and began to exhibit her art, all while working outside of the arts to make ends meet. Juana Alicia has taught at Stanford University, University of California Santa Cruz, University of California Davis, San Francisco State University, and Berkeley City College. Dedicated to the development of young artists, she co-founded and co-directed the San Francisco Early Childhood School for the Creative Arts and the East Bay Center for Urban Arts. Through her teaching jobs, Juana Alicia has fostered several generations of young muralists and activist artists.
Art & chronology
Alicia's painting style is colorful, complex and dynamic. Through her art, she attempts to convey a sense of shared humanity and appreciation for the environment. Alicia paints in a style that blends realism, abstraction and surrealism together, as needed depending on her subject matter.
Notable murals
Las Lechugeras (1983)
Juana Alicia's first big mural project in San Francisco was Las Lechugeras (The Women Lettuce Workers). It is located on the corner of York and 24th Street in Mission District, San Francisco. The mural is thirty by fifty feet and was begun in 1982. The building the mural is painted on is a Mexican meat market and the owner specified that they wanted a mural that had something to do with food. Alicia came up with a design and immediately she faced criticism that seemed insensitive and racist, but she stood by her work and the design was approved and became the final mural. The mural's main focus is on six women harvesting lettuce heads. One of the women is pregnant (and her uterus is transparent, allowing the viewer to see the fetus) and the others are picking lettuce, wrapping it in plastic or looking out at the field. An airplane sprays pesticides overhead while white men driving in a car pass by. The mural is in a public area and is meant to be community art. This mural depicted female workers and their struggles against working conditions and pesticide poisoning in California. Her experience as a female farm worker as well as an organizer for the United Farm Workers helped shape the mural's content, and so the mural itself is autobiographical. In addition, Alicia intended the mural to be for the largely Latino neighborhood where she painted it. She also wanted viewers, especially American viewers, to think about where their food comes from and who is involved in its production. Las Lechugeras is also significant because of its feminist message in its depiction of strong women at work. It also has a strong environmental and human rights message signified by the crop duster which sprays the workers with no regard to health.
Over time, the mural has degraded from weathering. Alicia has tried several times to raise money to restore the mural, although she would prefer to do a permanent mosaic based on the mural in its place.
After it went up, the artist was given a 90-day warning that the mural would be destroyed because of water damage. Coincidentally, this opened way for her project that was much related to Las Lechugeras.
Alto al Fuego/Cease Fire (1988)
Alicia's Alto al Fuego is a mural which deals with the subject of violence. The main figure, a young man with a mountain behind him, has several rifles aimed at his chest by unknown aggressors. Two large hands are placed between the rifles and the man. The boy is smiling as he confronts the violence. The mural, while dealing with violence also provides a sense of hope that the violence will be prevented.
La Llorona Project, San Francisco
La Llorona (The Weeping Woman), replaced Las Lechugeras. This mural depicts environmental struggles involving women around the world. The mural takes its title from the widespread Mexican myth of a woman who allegedly drowned her children and spends the rest of her life weeping for them. La Llorona mural illustrates stories of women in Bolivia, India, and the Mexico–United States border together. It helps highlight Bolivians in Cochabamba who have advocated to keep Bechtel Corporation from buying the water rights in their country. Indian farm workers in the Narmada Valley who advocate against government's irresponsible dam projects that damage their homes. Finally, the women in black protesting the unsolved murders of women in the city of Juarez, in the Rio Grande and the maquiladora (sweatshops).
She created her in the spring of 2004 at the corners of York and 24th Streets. With sponsorship by The San Francisco Women's Center and the Galeria de la Raza, the support of Las Trenzas Latina Student and Alumnae Organization of UC Berkeley, and funding from The Potrero Nuevo Fund, The San Francisco Mayor's Neighborhood Beautification Fund, the Greppi and Leone family and private donors, the artist was able to complete this mural project.
True Colors Mural Project
Juana Alicia is the founder and director of the True Colors Mural Project. True Colors is a public mural program at Berkeley City College. Through her Mural Design and Creation course at BCC, and also in collaboration with the City of Berkeley's Youth Works Program, Earth Island Institute and other community-based organizations. True Colors helps create one or more public murals each year. This project aims to support the development of young artists and activists for the improvement of the urban environment through a creation and collaboration of public murals. The purpose of the murals is to both educate urban residents. Also, beautify the urban environment with positive messages and images that advocate for ecological sustainability, conservation and restoration. The project recruits, engages and employs under-served, at risk youth from Berkeley and the greater East Bay, in vital community environmental mural arts projects. True Colors trains young artists to design and create community murals with social and environmental justice themes.
The ESAY/Fulbright Project
Juana Alicia works and has worked in Mérida, Yucatán, México at the Escuela Superior de Arte de Yucatán (ESAY) where she is teaching workshops in Chicano Mural History, Design and Technique. The workshops will finish in a mural at the university's new location, in the neo-Mayan art deco train station. Which is an architectural landmark in downtown Mérida. ESAY is a multidisciplinary arts university, featuring visual arts, music, theater, dance and film/multimedia.
The Spiral Voice: Codex Estánfor Juana Alicia's New Murals at Stanford
In 2007, Stanford's Centro Chicano wrote to Juana Alicia, offering a new commission for the Centro. Since a mural that she had created with the Yo Puedo Program during the mid-eighties had been destroyed during a renovation. The Centro requested that she create a new work of art in its place. After touring the site, Juana Alicia drew up several proposals for the exterior and interior walls. She proposed an exterior mural that resembled her work she had recently created for the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Medical Center in San Francisco and in Mexico at the Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana (UTM).
She began the process by creating new murals for the Centro Chicano. The theme of the murals depicted the legacy of Latin American and Indigenous literature. The working title for the piece is Ojas de nuestro legado/Pages from Our Legacies, a play on the words pages of a book and the ojas or pencas del nopal.
San Francisco State Rebound Project Collaboration
in 2018, in collaboration with the San Francisco Rebound Project as well as Alicia's BCC's True Mural Colors Project created a mural at SF State's campus. The name of the mural was Incarceration to Liberation / De la Encarcelación a la Liberación. The artwork focuses on the experience of life inside the prison industrial system and paints a positive image of life after being behind bars. As sponsored by SFSU's Rebound Project, a specific department at SF State that offers special admission to ex-convicts, the mural speaks to this particular community as well as the wider university student body and faculty. Ultimately, the mural placed on the San Francisco State University campus will be used to raise awareness of this organization and garner support for it. As stated by the SFSU website, "Project Rebound is a special admissions program assisting formerly incarcerated individuals who might not normally qualify for university acceptance because of application deadlines and minor academic deficiencies."
Awards
1982 – National Endowment for the Humanities, BIRTH MURAL Best Visual Art Work with a Chicano/Mexicano Theme, through the University of California, Santa Cruz.
1992 – Precita Eyes Mural Arts Center, Master Muralist Award.
1992 – Distinguished Visiting Professor, Oakes College, University of California, Santa Cruz.
1993 – NACS (National Association of Chicano Studies), for Outstanding Contributions to the Arts, Academia and Our Communities.
2000 – Woman of Fire Award, Women of Color Resource Center, Berkeley, Ca.
2004 – California State Senate, Outstanding Contributions as an Oakland Arts Educator.
2006-2007 – Fulbright Fellowship, Escuela Superior de Arte de Yucatán (ESAY), Visiting Professor in Mural Arts/Painting.
2020 – San Francisco Arts Commission (SFAC), Golden Capricorn Award
Quotes
References
External links
El Malcriado
Las Lechugeras
Stanford report on The Spiral Word: El Codex Estánfor
Guide to The Juana Alicia Collected Works Digitized Art Collection
Artist Statement
UCSF Art Collection: Juana Alicia
Edgardo Cervano-Soto: Juana Alicia creates for El Centro Chicano de Estanfor
https://www.estria.org/2018/07/juana-alicia-from-incarceration-to-liberation-mural/
Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution: Oral History Interview
1953 births
Living people
American muralists
Chicano
American artists of Mexican descent
Chicana feminists
Artists from Newark, New Jersey
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
San Francisco Art Institute alumni |
Enrico Bandini (September 13, 1807 – February 27, 1888) was an Italian painter, active in Parma, Italy.
He trained in his native Parma, at the city's Academy of Fine Arts under Giovanni Tebaldi. He painted both portraits and sacred subjects. He painted a Supper at Emmaus for the church of Sala Baganza. He died in Parma.
References
1807 births
1888 deaths
19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Parma
19th-century Italian male artists |
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